[ {"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1816, "culture": " English\n", "content": "PRINCIPALITIES OF WALLACHIA AND MOLDAVIA ***\n WALLACHIA AND MOLDAVIA:\n VARIOUS POLITICAL OBSERVATIONS\n BY WILLIAM WILKINSON, ESQ.\n LATE BRITISH CONSUL RESIDENT AT BUKOREST.\n Dobbiamo considerare queste due provincie, Wallachia e Moldavia a guisa\n di due nave in un mar\u2019 tempestoso, dove-rare volte si gode la\n tranquilita e la calma. DELCHIARO\u2014_Revoluxione di Wallachia_.\n PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN,\n Printed by Strahan and Spottiswoode,\n Printers-Street, London.\nAmongst the nations of Europe most given to letters, none have so\nlargely contributed to the general list of publications, relating to the\ncondition and progress of the different countries of the world, as the\nEnglish; and no travellers possess to the same degree as they do the\nlove of describing them, however numerous the accounts that have\npreceded the period of their own experimental observations. Their\njournals, nevertheless, hardly ever fail to create interest, and the\nleast share of novelty in form or matter induces the less travelling\nclass of their countrymen to read them with pleasure.\nTurkey and Egypt in particular have long been favourite themes; and\nindeed the Ottoman empire in every point of view, whether topographical,\nhistorical, administrative, religious, moral, political, military, or\ncommercial, offers an inexhaustible subject for investigation, and an\nendless excitement to curiosity. No regular and minute description has,\nhowever, yet been undertaken of two of its most important and curious\nprovinces, those which divide the principal part of the ancient kingdom\nof Dacia, under the modern denomination of Wallachia and Moldavia,\nalthough in the renewed existence of Greek governments exercising most\nof the prerogatives of independency, in the struggles of two nations\nbetween a strong remnant of Dacian barbarism and the influence of modern\ncivilisation, and in a country comprehending within its own boundaries\nall the productive resources which fall but separately to the share of\nother countries, sufficient matter may be found to render them a subject\nby no means unworthy of notice.\nThese considerations have encouraged me to write the following pages\nwith the view of laying them before the public. An official residence of\nsome years in the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, afforded me\nthe most ample opportunities of observation on every thing they contain\nmost interesting, and I have endeavoured to make an accurate and\nsatisfactory description of them. With regard to their history, I have\nonly dwelt upon the most remarkable events, and have merely given it\nthat extent to which its degree of importance seems entitled. I was\napprehensive that longer and more minute details might be found tedious\nand unnecessary.\nI regret, however, that at the time I wrote this account, I was not\nsufficiently prepared to enter into further particulars with respect to\nthe minerals with which those countries abound; I intend, if I return to\nthem, to bestow as much attention as possible to that particular object,\nand to make it the subject of a future separate treatise.\nI am aware that my present undertaking is deserving of an abler pen; but\nas the character of nations can only be properly understood after some\nlength of residence among them, I trust that the circumstances which\nplace it to my lot, will make the apology of my intrusion, and become a\nmotive of indulgence to its deficiencies in literary merit.\nAs Wallachia was the country of my fixed residence, I naturally chose it\nfor the principal scene of my observations; and indeed the history of\nthe two principalities is throughout so intimately connected, the form\nof their respective governments, the language, manners, and customs of\nthe inhabitants, have ever been so much alike, that a description of the\none renders a distinct account of the other superfluous.\nThe political importance to which these two provinces have risen since\nthe reign of the ambitious Catherine, has given them a place of no small\nconsequence in the general balance of Europe. Most of the European\ncabinets keep an eye upon them from the same motives, though with\ndifferent views; but politics alone have hitherto brought them into\nnotice, and philosophically or philanthropically speaking, it must be\nconfessed that a share of attention, directed by common justice and\nhumanity, was equally due to their definitive fate.\nI have taken an opportunity of introducing into my appendix, a very\ncurious account of the military system of the Ottoman empire, translated\nfrom a Turkish manuscript by an English gentleman, who possesses a\nperfect knowledge of that language, and who has favoured me with it. I\nhave added to it some explanatory notes, rendered necessary by the\nmetaphorical, and in many parts, obscure style of the original writing,\nand which my friend has purposely translated in a literal sense, in\norder not to divest it of that originality of narration which\nconstitutes a great share of its interest.\nThe work was written in 1804, by order of the then reigning Sultan,\nSelim III., with the view of explaining the important advantages of the\nnew military institution, called Nizam-y-Gedid, by which the Ottoman\narmies were trained into a regular form of discipline.\nThis institution, however necessary, and although strongly supported by\nall the higher classes, was so violently opposed by the clamorous\njanissaries, that at length it became impossible to continue it, and\nsince the year 1805, the former regulations, or rather irregularities,\nhave again been prevalent in the Ottoman armies. The same disorders\nwhich the Turkish author so faithfully describes as having existed\nbefore the introduction of the Nizam-y-Gedid, have necessarily followed\nits abolishment, and Turkey will no longer trust to her own means for\nsalvation in future war. Her last one with Russia has made her feel but\ntoo sensibly how far the present form of discipline of her armies may\nprove fatal to her existence, if ever she is abandoned to herself for\ndefence.\n Geographical position and extent of Wallachia and\n Moldavia\u2014historical remarks from the decline of the Dacians to\n Inauguration of the Hospodars.\u2014Present form of government.\u2014Local\n laws.\u2014Tribunals of justice.\u2014Members of the divan, and other\n public functionaries.\u2014Districts.\u2014Ca\u00efmacam of\n Population.\u2014Tribute and taxes.\u2014Other branches of\n revenue.\u2014Metropolitan dignity.\u2014Monasteries. 60\n Gold and silver mines.\u2014Productions.\u2014Restrictions on their\n exportations.\u2014Navigation of the Danube.\u2014Trade of importation. 72\n Bukorest and Tirgovist, the capitals of Wallachia.\u2014Yassi, the\n capital of Moldavia.\u2014A description of them.\u2014Mode of\n Observations on the Greeks in general.\u2014Their introduction to the\n government of the principalities.\u2014Their political\n system.\u2014Causes of the declaration of war between England and\n Russia, and Turkey in 1806.\u2014Those which occasioned the failure\n of the English expedition to Constantinople.\u2014Subsequent change\n of policy of the Ottoman government.\u2014Peace with England.\u2014Peace\n with Russia, and circumstances which mostly contributed to\n it.\u2014Hospodars, Callimacki and Caradja.\u2014Prince Demetrius\n Mourousi\u2019s death.\u2014Caradja\u2019s flight from Wallachia.\u2014Reflections\n on the conduct of the Porte relative to the two\n Climate\u2014its influence.\u2014Education of the\n Boyars.\u2014Schools.\u2014Wallachian tongue.\u2014Modern Greek.\u2014National\n dress, music, and dance.\u2014Amusements.\u2014Holidays.\u2014Manners of\n society.\u2014Marriages.\u2014Divorces.\u2014Religion and\n superstition.\u2014Authority of the church\u2014its independence of the\n patriarchal church of Constantinople. 126\n Peasants.\u2014their manners and mode of\n living.\u2014Emigrations.\u2014Agriculture.\u2014General aspect of the\n country.\u2014An account of the Gypsies Page 155\n Intercourse of foreigners.\u2014Foreign consuls.\u2014How far the natives\n are benefited by their intercourse with foreign residents. 177\n GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE POLITICAL POSITIONS OF THE\n WALLACHIA AND MOLDAVIA.\n GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND EXTENT OF WALLACHIA AND MOLDAVIA\u2014HISTORICAL\n REMARKS FROM THE DECLINE OF THE DACIANS TO THE LAST CENTURY.\nThe principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, situated between 43\u00b0 40\u2032\nand 48\u00b0 50\u2032 north latitude, 23\u00b0 and 29\u00b0 30\u2032 east longitude, occupying a\nspace of 350 miles in length, and 160 in breadth, are separated from the\nAustrian provinces of Temesvar, Transylvania, and Boukovina, by the\nCarpathian mountains; from Russia, by the river Pruth; and from Bulgaria\n(the ancient M\u0153sia), by the Danube.\nIt is sufficiently ascertained that these two provinces, joined to those\nof Transylvania and Temesvar, composed the kingdom of Dacia, finally\nconquered by the Romans.\nThe Dacians were originally a Scythian or Sarmatian tribe, resembling,\nin language and manners, the Thracians; the Greeks, indeed, considered\nthem as a part of the Thracian nation.\nThey were a sober and vigorous people, capable of enduring any hardships\nand privations in war: they did not fear exposing themselves to the\ngreatest dangers, because they looked upon death as the beginning of a\nmuch happier life; and this doctrine, according to Strabo, they held\nfrom a philosopher named Zamolxis, who was held in high repute by them.\nThe progress of the Roman arms, which, under the reign of Augustus, were\ncarried to the banks of the Danube, brought them into contact with the\nDacians, who were at that time governed by a warlike prince named\nB\u00e6rebestes, who boldly set the Roman conquerors at defiance. After his\ndeath, they were divided into four or five different principalities, and\ntheir strength was a good deal broken by the Romans; but their last king\nDecebalus, one of the ablest and most enterprising warriors of his time,\nre-united them into one body towards the 87th year of the Christian \u00e6ra.\nThe first irruption of the Dacians into the territory of the empire,\ntook place during the latter part of Augustus\u2019s reign; and, at times\nrepulsed, at other times successful, they continued to annoy the Romans\nwithout any decisive advantage taking place on either side. At last the\nEmperor Domitian, determined to put a stop to their depredations,\nmarched in person against them.\nThe particulars of the war which ensued are sufficiently detailed in the\nRoman history. The result of it having been such as to compel Domitian\nto sue for peace; he consented to pay to Decebalus an annual sum in the\nshape of a pension, but which, in fact, was nothing less than a tribute.\nIt was regularly paid by the Romans until the year 102, when the Emperor\nTrajan declared his resolution to discontinue it; and the Dacians\nthereby considering themselves no longer bound to observe the treaty of\npeace, crossed the Danube, and laid waste the Roman territory. Upon\nthese acts of hostility, Trajan put himself at the head of a numerous\narmy, and marching against them, forced them to retire, passed the\nDanube in pursuit, engaged and defeated their successive forces, and\nfinally compelled Decebalus to acknowledge himself his vassal. Trajan\nthen returned to Rome, where he received the honour of a triumph, and\nthe title of _Dacicus_.\nBut not long after, Decebalus, eager to shake off the Roman yoke,\ninvaded and plundered the territory of his neighbours the Iazyg\u00e6, who\nwere also tributary to the empire, on their refusal to join him against\nthe Romans. Trajan again took the field at the head of a vast army,\ndetermined to chastise and subdue the Dacians. He reached the banks of\nthe Danube in Autumn, and he thought it prudent to wait there the return\nof the fine season, that he might carry on military operations with more\nfacility and success. It was during this interval, that he caused his\nfamous bridge to be built over the Danube, under the direction of the\narchitect Apollodorus of Damascus; and its present remains are\nsufficiently visible to verify the ancient accounts of this stupendous\nwork. When the water is very low, some of the piles stand two or three\nfeet above it, and render that part of the river difficult of\nnavigation; they are looked upon as rocks by the natives of each side.\nAt the return of the Spring, when the bridge was completed, the Roman\narmy marched over it, and commenced hostilities. The war was long and\ndifficult, but it terminated in the complete subjugation of the Dacians,\nand in the death of their king, Decebalus, who, finding it impossible to\navoid being made prisoner, killed himself that he might not fall alive\ninto the conquerors\u2019 hands.\nDacia was thus converted into a Roman province, and Trajan shortly after\nsent colonies to increase its population. New cities were built, and\npavements were constructed on the high roads, for the greater facility\nof communication.[1] It was governed by a Roman pro-pr\u00e6tor until the\nyear 274.\nUnder the reign of Gallienus, when the empire was already declining,\nvarious parts of Dacia were seized by the Goths, and other barbarous\nnations.\nA few Roman legions yet remained in the country, under the reign of the\nEmperor Aurelian, who, returning from Gaul, came down to Illyria, and\nfinding a great part of Dacia in the hands of the barbarians, foresaw\nthe impossibility of maintaining any possessions in the midst of them,\nand he withdrew a good number of the Roman inhabitants to the other side\nof the Danube, and settled them in M\u00e6sia.\nDuring the space of a hundred years from that period, those of the\nnatives who had remained behind, and their descendants, were incessantly\nexposed to the rapacities of a variety of barbarous tribes, who came\ninto the country for plunder.\nTowards the year 361, the Goths, more powerful than the rest, seemed to\nhave been left in exclusive possession of the province, and were\ninclined to make a permanent stay in it. They embraced the Christian\nreligion, and established it in Dacia; since when, to the present\nmoment, it has never ceased to be predominant amongst its inhabitants.\nIn 376, the Hunns, having over-run the countries possessed by the Goths,\nforced Athanaric, King of the Vizigoths, to retire with all his forces\nto that part of Dacia, situated between the rivers Dniester and Danube,\nnow called Moldavia. He raised a wall between the latter river and the\nPruth, by which he thought himself sufficiently protected against the\nattacks of his enemies. The Hunns, however, were not stopped by it; and\ntheir approach spread such consternation among the Goths of the\ninterior, that those who had the means of escaping, to the number of\nsome hundred thousand, fled for refuge into the Roman territory, and\nwere permitted by the Emperor Valens, to settle in Thrace, upon\ncondition that they should live peaceably there, and serve, when\nrequired, in the Roman armies.\nThe Hunns having penetrated into Dacia, were left masters of it until\nthe year 453, when Ardaric, King of the Gepid\u00e6, a people previously\nconquered by Attila and the Hunns, revolted against them, in consequence\nof Attila\u2019s death. His son and successor, Ellach, marched against them,\nbut being defeated and slain, the Hunns were driven back into Scythia,\nand the Gepid\u00e6 remained masters of all Dacia. They entered into a sort\nof alliance with the Romans, who agreed to pay them a pension. In 550,\ntheir first quarrels with their neighbours, the Lombards, took place;\nand being sometimes assisted by the Emperor Justinian, they carried on\nfrequent hostilities against them, for the space of eight years, at the\nend of which both nations resolved to decide the fate of the war by one\ngreat battle. The Lombards, under their King Alboin, had previously\nformed an alliance with the Avars, a people of Scythian extraction; and,\nassisted by them, they marched to action. Both sides fought with equal\nvalor; but at last victory declared in favour of the Lombards, who,\npursuing the Gepid\u00e6, made a great slaughter among them. The Gepid\u00e6,\neither destroyed, dispersed, or subdued, never after had a king of their\nown, and ceased to be a nation.\nAlboin\u2019s achievements in Dacia attracted the notice of Narses, sent by\nJustinian to conquer Italy: he made offers to him, and finally engaged\nhim to join the expedition with all his forces. The Lombards thus\nabandoned their possessions in Dacia and Pannonia to their friends and\nneighbours the Avars. These, also known by the name of White-Hunns,\nremained in them until their own destruction by the Franks and\nBulgarians. In the 7th century, being joined by other barbarous tribes,\nthey pushed their incursions as far as the gates of Constantinople,\nwhere they were so completely defeated by the Emperor Heraclius, that\nthey could not recover the blow: it was the original cause of their\nrapid decline.\nTowards the close of the same century, a nation, known under the names\nof Slaves and Bulgarians, came from the interior of Russia to that part\nof M\u00e6sia, which has since been called Bulgaria. Soon after a great\nnumber of Slaves, headed by their chief Krumo, crossed the Danube, and\nsettled in Dacia, where they have since been known under the name of\n_Wallachs_. Opinion varies with respect to the origin of this name. Some\nhistorians pretend that the Slaves distinguished by it the Romans of\nM\u00e6sia; whilst others maintain that they meant by it a people who led a\npastoral life, and had given it to the inhabitants of M\u00e6sia, most of\nwhom were shepherds; and that a great number of these, having joined the\nSlaves in Dacia, the name by degrees became a general one amongst its\ninhabitants. The modern Wallachians, however, exclude it altogether from\ntheir language, and call themselves \u201cRumunn\u201d or Romans, giving to their\ncountry the name of Roman-land, \u201cTsara-Rumaneska.\u201d\nSome former inhabitants of Dacia, joined by a number of Slaves and\nBulgarians, separated from the new settlers, and went to the lower part\nof Dacia lying between the rivers Olt and Danube, where they fixed their\nhabitations. They formed themselves into a nation, and chose for their\nchief one _Bessarabba_, to whom they gave the Slavonic title of _Bann_\nor regent. The country within his jurisdiction was called _Bannat_; and\nit retains to this day the name of Bannat of Crayova, the latter being\nthat of its present capital. Several other petty independent states\narose at the same time in various parts of Dacia; but they were\nfrequently annexed to the same sceptre, at other periods dismembered,\naccording to the warlike ardour or indolence and incapacity of their\nvarious chiefs. Their general system, however, consisted in making war\nagainst the Romans of the lower empire, in which they were seconded by\nthe Slaves and Bulgarians of M\u00e6sia, whom they looked upon as their\nnatural allies. This state of things continued to the close of the 9th\ncentury, at which period the Slaves having fallen into decline, various\nhordes, originally Scythians, successively undertook the conquest of\nDacia, driving each other out of it, according to the momentary\nsuperiority of the one over the other. The most remarkable of these were\nthe Hazars, the Patzinaces, the Moangoures, the Ouzes, the Koumans, and\nother Tartars.\nThe natives were treated as slaves by all these hordes of barbarian\nintruders, and great numbers of them were continually retiring to the\nother side of the Carpathians; where they settled under their own\nchiefs, sometimes independent, at others tributary to the kings of\nHungary. The most conspicuous and thriving of these colonies were those\nof Fagarash and Maramosh.\nThe devastations continued in the plains finally drove out all the\nnatives, and in the 11th century the Tartars retired, leaving the\ncountry a complete desert. It remained in this state until the year\n1241, when the inhabitants of Fagarash, conducted by their chief Raddo\nNegro (Rodolphus the Black), crossed the mountains, and took possession\nof that tract of country, which is now called Upper Wallachia. Nearly at\nthe same time, the inhabitants of Maramosh under their chief Bogdan,\ncame and settled in that part which is by some called Moldavia, from the\nname of the river Moldau, which crosses it to fall into the Danube, and\nby the natives and Turks, Bogdania. Raddo Negro and his followers halted\nat the foot of the mountains, where they laid the foundation of a city,\nto which they gave the name of Kimpolung. At present it is reduced to an\nindifferent village; but its original extent is marked by old walls in\nruin; and some inscriptions in its cathedral church attest it to have\nbeen Raddo\u2019s capital. His successors transferred their residence to\nTirgovist, more pleasantly situated in the plains.\nSome Wallachian, Transylvanian, and Hungarian authors differ in opinion\nwith respect to the exact period of Raddo\u2019s and Bogdan\u2019s establishment\nin Wallachia and in Moldavia, and fix it at a different year of the\nearly part of the 13th century; but as they give no satisfactory\nexplanation on the subject, I am disposed to differ from them all, in\nplacing that event in the year 1241, on the strength of the following\nconsiderations:\u20141st. It does not appear probable that the kings of\nHungary, who, at the commencement of the 13th century were very\npowerful, and who looked upon Fagarash and Maramosh as dependencies of\ntheir crown, would have suffered their inhabitants to desert them, in\norder to settle in foreign countries: 2dly, It would seem strange that\nRaddo, Bogdan, and their followers should have quitted their homes in a\nprosperous country, and come to inhabit a desert, without some\nextraordinary event had necessitated so remarkable an emigration: and\n3dly, the best Hungarian historians place in the year 1240 the invasion\nof Battou-Han in the northern countries; and add, that having crossed\nRussia and Poland at the head of 500,000 men, he entered Hungary in the\nyear 1241, where he staid three years, during which he put every thing\nto fire and sword, and finally retired because nothing more was left to\nsatisfy his thirst of blood.[2] It appears, then, extremely probable\nthat the ravages of Battou-Han, and the terror he spread in the adjacent\nprovinces, were the only causes of this emigration, which no historian\nhas yet otherwise accounted for.\nBogdan and Raddo assumed the Slavonic title of Vo\u00efvode, equivalent to\nthat of commanding prince. When tranquillity was restored in Hungary,\nthey acknowledged the supremacy of the Hungarian king; but it does not\nappear that the formalities of the recognition had been such as to bind\ntheir successors; for, at the early part of the principalities, some\nVo\u00efvodes disputed it with success; and from the commencement of the 14th\ncentury, their independency was acknowledged by Hungary.\nThe Bannat of Crayova had been little molested during the great\nincursions of the barbarians: in the 9th century it had become tributary\nto the kings of Hungary, who afterwards held it as a sort of refuge for\nthe knights going to, and coming from, the Holy Land; but soon after\nRaddo\u2019s arrival, the Bann submitted to him the supreme sovereignty of\nthe Bannat, and it has since then been annexed to the principality of\nWallachia.\nDuring the latter part of his life, Raddo raised another city, distant\nabout thirty miles south-west of Kimpolung, on the borders of the river\nArgis: he gave it the name of Court\u00e9 d\u2019Argis, and resided in it\noccasionally. He also built a church here, which, two hundred years\nafter, one of the Vo\u00efvodes beautified in a very conspicuous manner. The\nwhole of the exterior work is entirely of carved marble, something in\nthe style of the steeple of St. Stephen\u2019s church at Vienna, but far more\nelegant. The whole produces a very striking effect; and, as it has\nperfectly preserved its original beauty, it is certainly a monument that\nthe Wallachians may boast of in any part of Europe.\nThe Vo\u00efvodate was not made hereditary; and although it devolved\nsometimes from father to son, the successor was obliged to go through\nthe formality of being elected by the chiefs of the nation.\nSeveral successors of Raddo strengthened the government, the population\nincreased, and a great number of small towns and villages were built in\nthe country. Frequent hostilities against the Hungarians, arising from\nthe claims of sovereignty of the latter, accustomed the Wallachians to\nwar; and in 1391 the Vo\u00efvoide Mirtza collected a numerous force, and\nattacked the neighbouring possessions of the Turks with the view of\nrescuing them from their hands. The Sultan Bajazet being at that moment\nemployed in Asia in a troublesome war with the Prince of Castomona, had\nleft his conquests near the Danube without the means of defence. But\nwhen the news of their invasion reached him, he suspended his operations\nin Asia, and returned to Adrianople, from whence he sent a numerous army\nto Wallachia. The Vo\u00efvode marched to meet the Turks; and, after a bloody\nbattle, he was defeated, and compelled to become tributary to the\nSultan. The annual amount of the tribute was fixed at three thousand\npiasters.[3]\nWallachia continued to pay it until the year 1444; when Ladislas King of\nHungary, preparing to make war against the Turks, engaged the Vo\u00efvode\nDracula to form an alliance with him. The Hungarian troops marched\nthrough the principality and were joined by four thousand Wallachians\nunder the command of Dracula\u2019s son.[4]\nThe Hungarians being defeated at the celebrated battle of Varna,\nHunniades their general, and regent of the kingdom during Ladislas\u2019s\nminority, returned in haste to make new preparations for carrying on the\nwar. But the Vo\u00efvode, fearful of the Sultan\u2019s vengeance, arrested and\nkept him prisoner during a year, pretending thereby to show to the Turks\nthat he treated him as an enemy. The moment Hunniades reached Hungary,\nhe assembled an army and placed himself at the head of it, returned to\nWallachia, attacked and defeated the Vo\u00efvode, and caused him to be\nbeheaded in his presence; after which he raised to the Vo\u00efvodate one of\nthe primates of the country, of the name of _Dan_.\nThe Wallachians under this Vo\u00efvode joined again the Hungarians in 1448,\nand made war on Turkey; but being totally defeated at the battle of\nCossova, in Bulgaria, and finding it no longer possible to make any\nstand against the Turks, they submitted again to the annual tribute,\nwhich they paid until the year 1460, when the Sultan Mahomet II. being\noccupied in completing the conquest of the islands in the Archipelago,\nafforded them a new opportunity of shaking off the yoke. Their Vo\u00efvode,\nalso named Dracula[5], did not remain satisfied with mere prudent\nmeasures of defence: with an army he crossed the Danube and attacked the\nfew Turkish troops that were stationed in his neighbourhood; but this\nattempt, like those of his predecessors, was only attended with\nmomentary success. Mahomet having turned his arms against him, drove him\nback to Wallachia, whither he pursued and defeated him. The Vo\u00efvode\nescaped into Hungary, and the Sultan caused his brother Bladus to be\nnamed in his place. He made a treaty with Bladus, by which he bound the\nWallachians to perpetual tribute; and laid the foundations of that\nslavery, from which no efforts have yet had the power of extricating\nthem with any lasting efficacy. The following is the substance of the\ntreaty:\u2014\n1. \u201cThe Sultan consents and engages for himself and his successors, to\ngive protection to Wallachia, and to defend it against all enemies,\nassuming nothing more than a supremacy over the sovereignty of that\nprincipality, the Vo\u00efvodes of which shall be bound to pay to the Sublime\nPorte an annual tribute of ten thousand piasters.\u201d\n2. \u201cThe Sublime Porte shall never interfere in the local administration\nof the said principality, nor shall any Turk be ever permitted to come\ninto Wallachia without an ostensible reason.\u201d\n3. \u201cEvery year an officer of the Porte shall come to Wallachia to\nreceive the tribute, and on his return shall be accompanied by an\nofficer of the Vo\u00efvode as far as Giurgevo on the Danube, where the money\nshall be counted over again, a second receipt given for it, and when it\nhas been carried in safety to the other side of that river, Wallachia\nshall no longer be responsible for any accident that may befall it.\u201d[6]\n4. \u201cThe Vo\u00efvodes shall continue to be elected by the archbishop,\nmetropolitan, bishops, and boyars[7], and the election shall be\nacknowledged by the Porte.\u201d\n5. \u201cThe Wallachian nation shall continue to enjoy the free exercise of\ntheir own laws; and the Vo\u00efvodes shall have the right of life and death\nover their own subjects, as well as that of making war and peace,\nwithout having to account for any such proceedings to the Sublime\nPorte.\u201d\n6. \u201cAll Christians who, having once embraced the Mahometan faith, should\ncome into Wallachia and resume the Christian religion, shall not be\nclaimed by any Ottoman authorities.\u201d\n7. \u201cWallachian subjects who may have occasion to go into any part of the\nOttoman dominions, shall not be there called upon for the haratsh or\ncapitation tax paid by other _Rayahs_.\u201d[8]\n8. \u201cIf any Turk have a lawsuit in Wallachia with a subject of the\ncountry, his cause shall be heard and decided by the Wallachian divan,\nconformably to the local laws.\u201d\n9. \u201cAll Turkish merchants coming to buy and sell goods in the\nprincipality, shall, on their arrival, have to give notice to the local\nauthorities of the time necessary for their stay, and shall depart when\nthat time is expired.\u201d\n10. \u201cNo Turk is authorised to take away one or more servants of either\nsex, natives of Wallachia; and no Turkish mosque shall ever exist on any\npart of the Wallachian territory.\u201d\n11. \u201cThe Sublime Porte promises never to grant a Ferman[9] at the\nrequest of a Wallachian subject for his affairs in Wallachia, of\nwhatever nature they may be; and never to assume the right of calling to\nConstantinople, or to any other part of the Turkish dominions, a\nWallachian subject on any pretence whatever.\u201d\nThis treaty in many respects advantageous to Wallachia, still forms the\nbasis of its constitution. The first, third, fourth, and latter part of\nthe fifth articles only, have since undergone alterations, which have\nproved in no small degree detrimental to the liberties of that country.\nThe remainder have been, and are to this day, punctually observed.\nThe qualification of a mere tributary prince did not, however, appear to\nthe Sultan Mahomet as implying sufficient submission; and, in order to\nplace the person of the Vo\u00efvode under a more immediate dependence, he\ngave him the rank and title of a Turkish Pashah; a dignity, which has\never since been inseparable from that of Vo\u00efvode or Hospodar.\nThe principality remained in a peaceable state several years after its\nwar with Mahomet, and the weakness and incapacity of several of its\nprinces afforded to the Ottoman court the means of ruling over it with\nincreasing power. In 1544 portions of territory bordering on the Danube\nwere ceded to the Turks; the fortresses of Ibra\u00efl, Giurgevo, and Tourno,\nwhich have much figured in all the subsequent European wars of Turkey,\nwere raised upon them, and were garrisoned by Turkish soldiers. Having\ngained so strong a footing in the country, the conduct of the Turks\nbecame more and more overbearing: its rights and privileges were no\nlonger respected; and the Porte countenanced, or connived at, every sort\nof depredation committed by the soldiers of the garrisons beyond the\nboundaries of the fortresses; and soon treated the principality and its\ninhabitants as on the same footing with all its other Christian\nconquests.\nThis state of things continued to the year 1593, when an individual of\nthe name of Michael was elected to the Vo\u00efvodate. He no sooner held the\nreins of government than he determined to deliver his country from the\nTurkish yoke, and restore it to independency. Circumstances soon\nafforded him an opportunity of putting this plan into execution. The\nPrince Sigismund of Transylvania, also tributary to the Turks, revolted\nagainst them towards this period, at the instigations of the Pope and of\nthe Emperor Rodolphus. With him and with the Vo\u00efvode Aaron of Moldavia,\nMichael formed a league against the enemies of Christianity. But in\norder to give a greater appearance of justice to their proceedings, the\nallies sent a long list of grievances to the Porte, demanded redress,\nand insisted that some satisfactory guarantee were given of a change of\nsystem for the future. These representations not only remained\nunanswered, but, shortly after they were made, a troop of three thousand\nJanissaries came into Wallachia, and went about the country, levying\ncontributions on the villagers, and committing all sorts of outrages. A\nWallachian force was at last sent against them, and they were all put to\nthe sword; after which, Michael, at the head of an army composed of his\nown troops and those of his allies, marched against Giurgevo, and\ncompelled its garrison to retire to the other side of the Danube.\nThe threatening attitude of Michael and his allies induced the Sultan\nAmurat to desist from further provocation, and to wait for a more\nfavourable moment of imposing again his yoke on the principalities; but\nhe died suddenly in 1595, and his successor, Mahomet III., no sooner\nascended the throne than he resolved to carry that plan into execution\nby the means of an overpowering army. Forty thousand Turks and twenty\nthousand Tartars, under the orders of the Grand Vezier, invaded the\nWallachian and Moldavian provinces nearly at the same time, and a long\nwar ensued. The invaders suffered a series of defeats: for five years\nthey renewed the campaign with no better success; and the Sultan was\nfinally compelled to relinquish his claims.\nIn 1600, after the abdication of Sigismund of Transylvania, that\nprincipality became tributary to the Emperor Rodolphus; and as the\nVo\u00efvode Michael, whom the emperor had engaged into his interests, had\nassisted him in defeating the schemes of Cardinal Battori, pretender to\nthe Transylvanian sovereignty, Rodolphus, to reward him, left him the\ngovernment of Transylvania. The Vo\u00efvode fixed his residence in that\nprovince, and appointed a lieutenant in Wallachia. But in the following\nyear the Transylvanians, not satisfied with his administration,\nrevolted, and sent invitations to their former Prince, Sigismund, who\nwas living as a private individual at Clausenburg, to come and resume\nthe supreme authority. An Austrian army, under the command of General\nBaste, was hastily dispatched to stop the progress of the rebellion; and\nMichael, who had repaired to Wallachia, returned with some troops, and\njoined the imperial general. They marched together against the rebels,\nwho had formed an army of equal strength, and an obstinate battle took\nplace, which terminated in the entire defeat of the insurgents, and in\nthe subjection of the whole province. When events had determined the\nfate of Transylvania, the two allied commanders quarrelled in a\ndiscussion concerning the ulterior measures of administration; and\nBaste, resolved by some means or other to get rid of Michael, whose\npretensions appeared to him to have become of a dangerous tendency,\ncaused him to be assassinated. The Wallachian troops were sent back to\ntheir country, and they carried away with them the head of the Vo\u00efvode\nMichael, which was buried in the monastery of _Dialloluy_, near the town\nof Tirgovist, where the monument that was placed over it at the time,\nwith an inscription alluding to the principal events of his life, and to\nthe circumstances of his death, engraved in Slavonian characters, still\nexists.\nThe death of Michael, which took place in 1602, spread great\nconsternation and confusion in Wallachia. The Primates[10] lost time in\ndeliberations on the measures that were to be pursued; and the Turkish\nPashahs of the neighbourhood sent a strong body of troops, which,\ncrossing the Danube at different places, occupied the greatest part of\nthe principality, and put it out of the power of the Wallachians to make\nany effectual resistance. The sultan\u2019s orders for the election of a\nVo\u00efvode of his own choice were soon obeyed, and the principality resumed\nits tributary character; the treaty of Mahomet II. was renewed, but the\namount of the tribute was fixed at a much higher sum. From this period\nforward, Wallachia remained under the power of the Ottoman Sultans; and\nalthough its inhabitants, in the course of the 17th century, made\nfrequent efforts to throw off the yoke, the success of such attempts\nalways proved momentary, and consequently more injurious than beneficial\nto them in the sequel.\nWith regard to Moldavia, the first act of its submission to the Turks\nwas not the effect of conquest, but a voluntary measure of precaution\nand security.[11] It was only in 1536 that this principality consented\nto become tributary to the Sultan, and the event is thus explained by\nall the Moldavian historians.\nIn 1529 the Vo\u00efvode Stephen, being on his death-bed, called to him his\nson Bogdan, who was likely to succeed him, and his principal nobles: he\naddressed them at length on the political situation of the country,\nrepresenting the probability of its being soon attacked by the Turks,\nand the insufficiency of its means to make any effectual resistance\nagainst their power. He dwelt on the ferocious character of the reigning\nSultan Sule\u00ffman I., and recommended to them in the strongest manner,\nrather to seek his clemency by the voluntary offer of a tribute, than\nexpose themselves to his vengeance in resisting his attempts to obtain\nit.\nAfter Stephen\u2019s death, Bogdan neglected some years his father\u2019s advice,\ntill at last he saw the necessity of following it; and he sent, in 1536,\nambassadors to Constantinople to offer the tribute. The Sultan then\nentered into written engagements with him, by which the same privileges\nas those of Wallachia were granted to Moldavia; but in which the tribute\nwas merely called a _Peshkicsh_, or present.\nMoldavia was governed on the same plan as the sister province, and\nfrequently shared the same fate in war; sometimes ravaged by the Turks,\nat other times successful in resisting them. Towards the close of the\n16th century, after its successful co-operation with Wallachia,\nSigismund of Transylvania seized it, deposed the Vo\u00efvode Aaron, his\nfriend and ally, and appointed a man of his own choice, whom he bound to\npay him tribute. But in 1597, a Polish army invaded the province, and\nrescued it from the hands of Sigismund. In 1602 the Poles restored it to\nthe Turks, against whose power the Moldavians never after struggled with\nany permanent success. Their frequent and fruitless efforts to regain\nindependency, exhausted their means and patriotic ardour; and by degrees\nthey became accustomed to the Turkish yoke. The appointment of the\nVo\u00efvodes was left to the pleasure of the Sultans, although the formality\nof the election continued to take place a long time after; but the\ntribute was no longer called a present, and its amount was increased at\nalmost every new appointment.\nAs far, however, as the end of the 17th century, intervening political\nmotives still induced the Porte to show some deference to the privileges\nof the two principalities; but at the early part of the 18th century,\nthe Ottoman Court became less constrained in its policy, and in assuming\nthe right of punishing by death the Wallachian princes, laid the\nfoundations of that system by which both have been governed to the\npresent moment. The event which proved so fatal to the respective\nconstitutions of those states, will show at the same time how far their\npublic spirit must have been subdued, and how rapid appears to have been\nits decline.\nDuring the reign of Sultan Ahmet, the Porte had, in 1695, declared war\nagainst the Emperor; and the Vo\u00efvode Constantine Brancovano Bessarabba\nof Wallachia was directed to form an army, and to march into the\nAustrian states, in order to second the operations of the Grand Vizier\nwho was to commence hostilities from the frontiers of Servia. The\nVo\u00efvode partly obeyed; but, either from a secret hatred to the Turks, or\nfrom being bribed into the Emperor\u2019s cause, probably from both these\nmotives, he abstained from taking any active part in the campaign, and\nby that circumstance alone, favoured the operations of the Austrians. At\nthe conclusion of the peace of Carlowitz, the Emperor Leopold rewarded\nthe Vo\u00efvode\u2019s services by conferring on him the title of Prince of the\nRoman Empire, together with the gift of some landed estates in\nTransylvania. These circumstances could not remain hidden from the\nknowledge of the Ottoman court, who, however, found it necessary to use\ndissimulation; and some years elapsed without any notice being taken of\nthem.\nIn 1710, Bessarabba was drawn into a secret correspondence with the Czar\nPeter the great, the object of which was to obtain his co-operation in\nthat sovereign\u2019s projected war against the Turks. The Vo\u00efvode promised a\ncontingent of thirty thousand men, and an ample supply of provisions and\nother necessaries for the Russian army.\nThe purport of this correspondence became known to the Porte, and the\ndeath of Bessarabba was immediately determined upon; but at the same\ntime it was deemed adviseable to use stratagem instead of open force,\nand it was resolved that he should be drawn into a snare by the Prince\nof Moldavia. Nicholas Marrocordato then governed that province, but he\nwas thought unfit for the execution of the plan; the Porte therefore\nrecalled him, and appointed to the principality Demetrius Cantimir,\nwhose fidelity had been frequently tried both in peace and war. Cantimir\nset out from Constantinople for Moldavia, having instructions and\npositive orders to seize Bessarabba under the colour of friendship,\nalliance, or any pretence which he might think proper, and send him\nalive or dead to Constantinople.[12]\nBut Cantimir, who, it seems, had neither the ambition nor the desire of\nbeing made Vo\u00efvode of Moldavia, having twice before procured that\nprincipality to his younger brother Antiochus, accepted it with the\nexpress condition that he should not be called upon to pay any tribute,\nor to make any of the presents customary at the new nominations. But\nwhen he reached Moldavia the Grand Vezier wrote to him by the Sultan\u2019s\norder, not only to send immediately the usual tribute and presents, but\nalso to prepare provisions for a numerous Turkish army, to throw a\nbridge over the Danube for their passage, and to join the Turks in\nperson with Moldavian troops, besides other intolerable burthens.[13]\nCantimir says, that perceiving now how little faith was to be expected\nfrom the infidels, and esteeming it far better to suffer for the\nChristian cause, he resolved to detach himself from the Turkish\ninterest, and sent a faithful messenger to the Czar, with an offer of\nhis services and principality.\nWith these favourable prospects in Wallachia and in Moldavia, the Czar\nadvanced towards the Ottoman frontiers. In 1711, he arrived with all his\nforces at Yassi, where he remained some days in expectation of the\ncontingent and provisions promised by the Vo\u00efvode of Wallachia. But it\nseems that Bessarabba, as the rupture between the Sultan and the Czar\ndrew near, alarmed at the great preparations of the Turks, and the\napproach of their army, composed of two hundred and twenty thousand men,\nthought it prudent to take no part in the war, and the subsequent\ndisasters of the Russians are in a great measure attributed to the\nfailure of his former promises to the Czar, who had placed too great a\nreliance in them. The events of this war are too well known to need any\nfurther explanation here. When peace was restored, and the Vo\u00efvodate of\nMoldavia had remained vacant by Cantimir\u2019s defection, Nicholas\nMarrocordato was again appointed to it. Bessarabba remained unmolested,\nbut not without the fear of early vengeance. Eager to regain the favour\nof the Ottoman government, and to obtain the assurance of oblivion on\nthe past, he sent large supplies of money, and considerable presents to\nthe Turkish ministers, and to the public treasures; he repeated them so\noften, as to convince the court that he possessed immense wealth, and\nthe Grand Vezier, Ally-Pashah, who was his personal enemy, obtained from\nthe Sultan a formal order for his recall, and for the seizure of his\ntreasures. The Vezier then formed the plan of enforcing this order, and\nit was carried into execution in the following manner:\u2014\nIn 1714, at the beginning of April, being the week of the Passion, when\nthe attention of the Wallachians and their occupations were entirely\ndevoted to the long ceremonies of the Greek church, a Capigee-Bashi[14],\nof the Sultan, arrived at Bukorest with a suite of a hundred men; he\nsent word to the Vo\u00efvode that he was on his way to Hotim upon very\npressing business of the state, and that he should only have time to pay\nhim a visit on the next morning, after which he intended to take his\ndeparture. Accordingly, he went the next day to the palace, and, on\nentering the closet of the Vo\u00efvode, who stood up to receive him, he\nplaced a black handkerchief on his shoulder, conformably to the then\nusual method of announcing depositions to persons high in office in\nTurkey. The Vo\u00efvode was confounded by the unexpected compliment, but the\nmoment he recovered from his first emotions, he burst into a long strain\nof invectives against the Sultan and the Turks, for treating him with so\nmuch ingratitude after the many services he had rendered to the Porte.\nThe Capigee, however, placed a guard about his person, and proceeded to\nthe divan chamber, where he read a _Ferman_, which contained the decree\nof Bessarabba\u2019s deposition, declared him a traitor, and ordered him to\nConstantinople with all his family. After the _Ferman_ had been\npublished, the Capigee secured the public treasure, and all the\nVo\u00efvode\u2019s private property. The frightened inhabitants of Bukorest\nremained tranquil spectators of all these acts of violence, and made no\neffort to release the Vo\u00efvode from his imprisonment. With a nation more\nawakened to its own dignity, and to the value of independence, an event\nof this nature would not, perhaps, have taken place without the support\nof an army, and the shedding of blood; and, indeed, the circumstances of\nthis very occurrence would hardly appear credible, if they were not\nalmost fresh in the memory of the present generation.\nTwo days after Bessarabba\u2019s deposition, one Stephen Cantacuzene, of\nGreek origin, and calling himself a descendant of the imperial family of\nthat name[15], was, by the Sultan\u2019s order, raised to the Vo\u00efvodate.\nOn the 14th April, the Capigee-Bashi left Bukorest with Bessarabba, his\nwife, four sons, three daughters, and grandson, and escorted by the\nTurkish guard. They soon reached Constantinople, and the Vo\u00efvode, with\nall his family, was immediately confined in the state prison of the\nSeven Towers. His treasures not being found so considerable as had been\nexpected, his sons were put to the torture for three successive days,\nthat they might confess where their father had hidden the rest; or that\nthe latter, being a witness to his children\u2019s torments, might come\nforward and make that confession himself. But as these cruelties did not\nproduce the intended effect, the Sultan, exasperated at the apparent\nobstinacy of the sufferers, ordered them to be executed in his presence.\nThe prisoners were conducted to a square, under the windows of the\nseraglio, and a long list of accusations was read to them; it alluded\nparticularly to the treachery of Bessarabba in the Austrian war, and to\nthe indignant expressions he had made use of against the person of the\nSultan, when his recall had been signified to him. The four sons were\nfirst beheaded, one after the other, and the execution of the father\nclosed this scene of butchery. When the Sultan withdrew, the five heads\nwere put upon pikes, and carried about the streets of Constantinople.\nThe bodies were thrown into the sea, but they were picked up by some\nChristian boatmen, and conveyed to a Greek monastery in the little\nisland of Halcky, in the Propontis, where they received burial.\nAs to the unfortunate princess and the remainder of her family, they\nwere shortly after exiled to Cuttaya, in Asia Minor, but three years\nafter they were permitted to return to Wallachia.[16]\nThe Vo\u00efvode Cantacuzene only remained in office two years, and he was\nthe last Wallachian prince, whose nomination was effected through the\nformality of election. This important prerogative of the inhabitants had\nbeen abolished some years before in Moldavia. The Porte found it\nunnecessary to suffer it any longer in Wallachia, and indeed it had,\nsince more than a century, become merely nominal.\nNicholas Marrocordato was transferred from the government of Moldavia to\nthat of Wallachia, and proclaimed by a Turkish Capigee-Bashi in 1716. At\nthis time the Porte was preparing to carry on a defensive war against\nAustria; and had the primates of Wallachia felt the courage to protest\nagainst so manifest a violation of their privileges, they would, most\nprobably, have succeeded in securing a better observance of them.\nSince the commencement of the decline of the Turkish power, the Ottoman\ncourt has made it an invariable policy to infringe little by little on\nthe privileges allowed to foreign nations by treaty; and to conduct, by\nsystematic stratagem, an administration which has been constantly\nfalling in vigour and energy. If any infraction is left unnoticed by the\nparty it concerns, and the article of a treaty, in its modified state,\nis once applied with success to any case to which it may relate, it\nbecomes a precedent which the Porte will obstinately refer to at any\nother time that the strict interpretation of the article is insisted\nupon.\nThus, without assigning any satisfactory reason, and without repealing,\nin a plausible manner, the Wallachian law of election, the Sultan took\nto himself the exclusive right of appointing to the two Vo\u00efvodates. The\nmeasure was not opposed, and its repetition became habitual; and if, at\nthe present moment, the inhabitants of the two Principalities were to\nrecall their right to memory, and claim the enforcement of it, the Porte\nwould consider and treat the proceeding as open rebellion on their part.\nNo prince of Wallachian or Moldavian birth or origin, was ever appointed\nafter the recall of Bessarabba, and the Porte would have been willing to\ngovern the principalities through the means of Turkish Pashahs; but the\nintrigues of the state-interpreter, Alexander Marrocordato, who was then\nendeavouring to secure either of the Vo\u00efvodates to his son Nicholas,\ninduced at the time the Ottoman government to introduce another system,\nwhich subsequent motives have contributed to support to the present day.\nThe Porte selected the new princes from the Greeks of Constantinople,\nwhose long habit of obedience and servile degradation, appeared to\nrender them suitable tools for the new policy adopted, relative to the\ngovernment of the principalities. From that moment the princes have been\nappointed by _Beratt_, an imperial diploma, in which the Sultan, in\nproclaiming the nominations, commands the Wallachian and Moldavian\nnations to acknowledge and obey the bearers of it, as sole depositories\nof the sovereign authority.[17]\nThey were instructed to pursue the plan, of administration of the\nVo\u00efvodes, and thus they were suffered to hold a court, to confer\ndignities and titles of nobility, and to keep up a show of sovereign\nsplendour, circumstances which were most flattering to the vanity of the\nGreeks, and proved useful to the interested views of the Porte. But they\nwere most strictly forbidden to maintain troops, or to collect any,\nunder any pretence whatever. This precaution was indispensable, as it\nprevented the princes from acquiring military power, and the natives\nfrom aspiring to independency.\nIn the course of the last century, a variety of Greek princes succeeded\nto each other in the government of the principalities. One alone,\nConstantine Marrocordato, appointed in 1735 to Wallachia, devoted\nhimself with zeal to the welfare of the country. Some wise institutions,\nto which we shall have occasion to advert in the sequel, attest the\nliberality of his views, and a generosity of character which is not to\nbe traced in any of his successors. But he was twice recalled, because\nhe refused to comply with demands of the Ottoman government, which\nappeared to him incompatible with duties he owed to the Wallachians. The\nother princes, less scrupulous, and more careful of their own interests,\nmarked their administration by the most violent acts of extortion, and\nan invariable system of spoliation. Few of them died of natural death,\nand the Turkish scymetar was, perhaps, frequently employed with justice\namong them. In a political point of view, the short reigns of most of\nthese princes offer nothing of sufficient importance or interest to\ndeserve a place in history.\n INAUGURATION OF THE HOSPODARS\u2014PRESENT FORM OF GOVERNMENT\u2014LOCAL\n LAWS\u2014TRIBUNALS OF JUSTICE\u2014MEMBERS OF THE DIVAN AND OTHER PUBLIC\n FUNCTIONARIES\u2014DISTRICTS\u2014CA\u00cfMACAM OF CRAYOVA\u2014ISPRAVNIKS.\nThe princes of Wallachia and Moldavia, since the choice of them falls on\nthe Greeks, receive their investiture at the Porte, with the pomp and\nceremonies usually observed on creating _Pashahs_ and _Veziers_. The\n_Kukka_, or military crest, is put on their heads by the _Muzhur Aga_,\nand the robe of honour is put on them by the Vezier himself. They are\nhonoured with the standards and military music, and make their oaths of\nallegiance in the presence of the Sultan, to whom they are introduced\nwith the ceremonies usual at a public audience. From the seraglio, they\ngo in solemn and ostentatious procession to the patriarchal church,\nwhere prayers and ceremonies are performed similar to those which were\nformerly observed at the inauguration of the Greek Emperors. They are\naccompanied to their principalities by the Turkish officers appointed to\ninstall them. They make their public entry into the capital of their new\nsovereignty with a great display of magnificence, attended by the\nmetropolitan and dignified ecclesiastics, the members of the divan, and\nthe chief Boyars. They assume, from the ceremonies which are practised,\nthe title of \u201cGod\u2019s Anointed.\u201d[18]\nThe general form of government in both principalities has undergone\nlittle alteration since the exclusion of the native Vo\u00efvodes. The prince\nis invested with absolute authority, and, till lately, was only\ncontrollable in his financial operations, by the divan, representing the\nsenate; still, in levying extraordinary contributions, and in fixing the\nmode of raising them, the signatures of a majority of members are\nrequired as a mere formality; and, although the want of these would\nrender such acts illegal, they would not thereby be put with less vigour\ninto execution.\nThe executive administration is divided into various regular\ndepartments. The divan, composed of twelve members, is the supreme\ncouncil, and is presided by the Prince, who appoints to it new members\nevery year, with the exception of the metropolitan, whose ecclesiastical\ndignity entitles him to a permanent seat. It is convened at least twice\na week, to receive, examine, and decide upon appeals in judiciary\nmatters.\nA Vo\u00efvode of the name of Mathew Bessarabba, who governed Wallachia from\n1633 to 1644, instituted laws which he drew from Justinian\u2019s code, and\nmodified by the customs of the country. His example was soon after\nfollowed in Moldavia. Several princes made alterations in the original\ncodes, and the late princes, Caradja of Wallachia, and Callimacki of\nMoldavia, have made them undergo a new revision, and have published them\nunder their own names.[19] It is in conformity to these laws that all\nsuits are said to be judged, and the sentences framed; but the prince\ninterprets them in his own way, and his will, in fact, is the only\npredominating law.\nThe princes\u2019 decisions are without appeal for the natives of the\ncountry; and, however irregular or unjust they may be, they cannot be\nrevoked by their successors.\nIn any case of moment, where the opinion of the members of the divan\nhappens to be unanimous against that of the prince, or contrary to his\nwishes, the decision of the question is postponed, and the members are\nprivately desired to pronounce according to the views of the prince. As\nthey are aware that non-compliance would be attended with dismissal and\ndisgrace, it is common enough, on similar occasions, that at the next\nsessions they all declare an opinion directly opposite to the one they\nhad last given.\nAt Bukorest, and at Yassi, where the princes reside, there are two\nparticular tribunals appropriated to the revision of commercial and\nother differences existing between the natives and foreign subjects.\nThey are called the Foreign Departments, and are each directed by a\nBoyar, who has the title of chancellor of foreign affairs, and two other\njudges. The business that comes before them is examined and discussed in\nthe presence of an officer attached to the consulate, by which the\nforeign party concerned is protected. The decisions are, conformably to\nthe general sense of the treaties existing between the Porte and foreign\npowers, made according to the local laws; but they are not valid without\nthe prince\u2019s confirmation, which can be withheld, and a timely appeal\nmade either to the Grand Vezier\u2019s tribunal at Constantinople, or to the\nprince\u2019s own judgement, should the nature of the department\u2019s decision\nbear the appearance of partiality or injustice against the foreign\nparty. Cases of this nature are so common, that the consuls are\nfrequently obliged to act the part of attorneys in defending the rights\nof the individuals who are entitled to their protection.\nThere are also separate departments for the police, the treasury, and\ncriminal cases, as well as a variety of petty offices for the different\nbusiness, most of which report directly to the prince, and receive his\ninstructions.\nThe following is an exact list of the chief dignitaries, and the other\nofficers of state, according to their respective ranks and precedence,\nbeginning with the twelve members of the divan.\n_The Metropolitan_, or archbishop.\n_The Banno_, a title taken from the former Banns of Crayova.\n_Vornik de Tsara de Suss_, or judge of the upper country.\n_Vornik de Tsara de Joss_, or judge of the lower country.\n_Logothett_, or chancellor and keeper of the great seal.\n _3d Vornik_, Common judges at the divan.\n _4th Vornik_,\n_Logothett de Obich\u00eby_; his particular business consists in assembling\nthe divan.\n_Vornik de Couttee_, or treasurer for the pensions of the widows of poor\nBoyars.\n_Vornik de Polittia_, or collector of the capitation tax within the city\nof Bukorest.\n_Clutshiar_, or keeper of the code of laws.\n_Clutshiar d\u2019Aria_; although he has a seat, he is not allowed to vote.\nHe is a kind of sergeant-at-arms.\nAccording to old custom, an individual, who is not born or naturalised a\nWallachian or Moldavian, cannot be admitted member of the divan.\n_The first Postelnik_ is principal minister and master of the ceremonies\nat court. His office is of the most confidential nature, and only given\nto Greeks, near relations, or intimate friends of the prince.\n_The Spathar_; his office formerly corresponded to that of minister at\nwar. At present he is director-general of the police throughout the\nprincipality. In Moldavia he is more properly called _Hetman_.\n_The Vestiar_, or treasurer of the principality: he must be a native.\n_The Hetman_; in Wallachia his business consists in carrying into\nexecution the prince\u2019s sentences in matters of judicature. He takes 10\n_per cent._ on the value of the objects to which they relate.\n_Camarash_, or first chamberlain; the prince\u2019s private treasurer, and\njudge over the Jews. He levies a duty upon all merchandise sold by\nretail for his own profit.\n_Armash_, or judge of criminal causes relating to the lower orders; he\nhas the superintendency of the public prisons, and collects the tribute\npaid by the gypsies to government.\n_Agga_, or chief of the police within the city of Bukorest.\n_Portar-Bashi_; he directs the correspondence with the neighbouring\nTurkish Pashahs, and other governors. He also attends upon all the Turks\nof distinction who visit Bukorest.\nAll the preceding offices give the rank of Boyars of the First Class to\nthe persons who are appointed to them, and as such they wear their\nbeards; they are all removed every year; but as they retain the titles\nuntil promotion, those in activity are distinguished from them by the\nadditional one of \u201c_great_,\u201d\u2014\u201c_maray_,\u201d\u2014such as _Logothett-maray_, the\nGreat Chancellor, &c.\nThe Boyars of the Second Class are as follows:\u2014\n_Caminar_, or collector of duties upon wine, brandy, tobacco, and snuff,\nbrought to Bukorest for sale.\n_Paharnik_, or cup-bearer. At state dinners he stands behind the\nprince\u2019s chair, and offers him to drink.\n_Comisso_, or master of the horse.\n_Stolnik_, chief steward at court.\n_Sardar_, chief or colonel of the guards.\nThird Class:\u2014\n_Medelnitsher_; he receives the petitions addressed to the Hospodars,\nand reads all the papers at the divan.\n_Pittar_, superintendent of the prince\u2019s equipages.\n_Sludgier_; he was formerly commissary to the regiment of body-guards:\nit is now an empty title.\n_Shatrar_, keeper of the prince\u2019s tents.\n 2d Logothett All these are public clerks\n 2d Postelnik attached to the offices from\n 2d Vestiar which they derive their titles.\n 3d Logothett\n 3d Postelnik\n 3d Vestiar\nThe renewal of public officers every year naturally creates great\nconfusion in the transaction of public business. The custom arises from\nthe circumstance that the Boyars, whose number in Wallachia amounts to\nnearly thirty thousand, claim public employment, at least, for a time,\nas a right to which they are each entitled. The first families, in\nparticular, consider it as their birthright; but as their chief object\nis gain, they scramble for places with the most indecorous avidity, and\nnever regard their want of capacity for any branch of public service.\nAs every Boyar has some title or other, he is never addressed by his\nname in common intercourse, but by his title preceded by the ancient\nGreek one of \u201c\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd,\u201d such as \u201cArchon-Banno, Archon-Shatrar,\u201d &c.\nA certain ceremony is practised at court upon all promotions and\nnominations. It takes place once or twice every month, when the prince,\nseated on an elevated throne, verbally notifies to the candidate, who is\nintroduced by the First Postelnik, the rank or office to which he raises\nhim. A robe of honour is then placed on his shoulders, and he advances\nin the most respectful attitude, and kisses the prince\u2019s hand. He is\nthen conveyed home in one of the state-carriages, or on one of the\nprince\u2019s horses (according to his new rank) and accompanied by a great\nnumber of Chiohadars, or livery-servants of the court, to whom he pays a\nconsiderable fee.\nThe Boyars of the First Class look upon their titles as corresponding to\nthose of Count and Baron in Germany, and their rank to that of\nMajor-general in Russia. It is true that the Empress Catherine, at the\nperiod of her first war with Turkey, issued an Ukase to that effect; but\nher successors have set it aside. Although most of the principal\nfamilies indulge the idea that none in Europe can boast of more genuine\nnobility, there are very few who can trace their origin any farther than\na century back.[20] The present descendants of Bessarabba and\nCantacuzene are amongst this number. A family in Wallachia bear the name\nof Paleologos, and confidently assert being descended from the race of\nthe last Constantine. It would not be very material to attempt to refute\nsuch pretensions; few could be imposed upon by them. They appear,\nhowever, the more absurd, as the persons who make them cannot in any\nmanner explain upon what grounds they are assumed.\nWallachia is divided into seventeen districts, including the Bannat of\nCrayova composed of five. They are called _Rimnik_, _Buz\u00e9o_, _Sakoy\u00e9ni_,\n_Prahova_, _Yallomitza_, _Ilfov_, _Dimbovitza_, _Vlaska_, _Telly-Orman_,\n_Mousstzello_, _Argis_, _Olt_, _Romanatz_, _Vultza_, _Doltz_, _Gorge_,\n_M\u00e9h\u00e9dintz_. Each of them is governed by two _Ispravniks_ or deputies,\nwhose appointment is renewed every year by the prince. Their business\nchiefly consists in collecting the tribute and other contributions,\nwhich they send to the _Vestiary_, from which they are in a great\nmeasure dependent. The _Ispravniks_ of the Bannat are under the\nimmediate orders of a lieutenant of the prince, who resides at Crayova,\nunder the title of _Ca\u00efmacam_. The Greek princes have substituted this\nappointment to that of the _Banns_, taking the title from that of the\nTurkish minister who fills the office of the Grand Vezier at\nConstantinople during the latter\u2019s absence.\nThe situation of _Ca\u00efmacam_ at Crayova is very lucrative, and generally\ngiven to some of the Greeks who follow the princes into Wallachia with\nthe hope of enriching themselves.\nThe Ispravnicates are also given to persons of that description, jointly\nwith the sons of Boyars, who, at a very early age, commonly make their\n_d\u00e9but_ in public career by those appointments. They receive a salary of\nfive hundred piasters per month, besides which they have perquisites,\nwhich, in some of the richest districts, they extend as far as twenty\nthousand piasters a year.\n POPULATION.\u2014TRIBUTE AND TAXES.\u2014OTHER BRANCHES OF REVENUE.\u2014METROPOLITAN\nThe exact number of population in the two principalities has never been\nproperly ascertained; but the nearest calculation approaches to one\nmillion of souls in Wallachia, and five hundred thousand in Moldavia,\nsince the last peace of Bukorest.\nThis population is, in each principality, divided into three distinct\nclasses; the Boyars, or nobles, of the different orders; the tradesmen\nof all descriptions; and the peasants, with others, who are liable to\nthe common taxes and contributions.\nAll the male peasants are, by their birth, subject to the capitation\ntax, from the age of sixteen; with the exception of some few who compose\na privileged body called _Sokotelniki_, they are divided into\nassociations called _Loods_, each of which is composed of a certain\nnumber of individuals, from five to ten, according to their respective\nmeans, and pays a fixed sum of six hundred piasters every year to the\nprince. According to the registers of the Wallachian Vestiary in 1818,\nthe total of the _loods_ in the seventeen districts, amounted to\neighteen thousand, which, at the rate of six hundred piasters, gave an\nannual income of 10,800,000 piasters.[21] This amount of revenue is\nconsidered as becoming the property of the reigning prince, and not as\ndue by the inhabitants to the Ottoman government, as some writers have\nrepresented.\nThe treaties made by Mahomet II. and Sule\u00ffman I. in leaving to Wallachia\nand to Moldavia the power of choosing their own princes, bound these\nalone to pay an annual tribute; the amount of it was at different\nperiods increased; but it is now fixed at two millions of piasters for\nWallachia, and one million for Moldavia. The Porte has indeed broken its\noriginal engagements by assuming the exclusive right of giving to those\ncountries Greek princes instead of their own; but in doing so, the\nOttoman court did not degrade the character of sovereignty inherent in\nthe native Vo\u00efvodes; and if the present princes did not bear that\ncharacter, their decisions would not be, as they are, without appeal for\nthe natives.\nThe policy of the Porte, and the precarious position of the Greek\nHospodars, have, however, for a long time rendered the fixed amount of\nthe tribute due to the Porte merely nominal; and it is perfectly\nunderstood that the latter, on receiving their appointments, engage to\nsatisfy any calls of the Turkish government, of money and other\nnecessaries.\nBesides the _loods_, there are in Wallachia about one hundred thousand\nindividuals, and a proportionable number in Moldavia, who do not belong\nto the class of peasants, but who pay taxes at an equal rate. These are\nthe tradesmen, Ottoman Jews, and other Rayahs.\nThe privileged class called _Sokotelniki_ is composed of fifteen\nthousand individuals taken from among the peasantry, and who were, till\nlately, perfectly exempted from every kind of contribution levied by\ngovernment; but within a few years the greater number of them have been\nmade liable to an annual capitation tax of twenty piasters each.\nTheir institution dates its origin from a remarkable reform made by\nConstantine Mavrocordato, in 1736, when he had the government of both\nprincipalities at the same time.\nUntil that period, most of the peasants were slaves of the Boyars:\nMavrocordato abolished the system, and no attempt was ever made since to\nrenew it. In order, however, to indemnify in some measure the Boyars for\nthe loss of their slaves, he regulated that each should be allowed to\nexact from a limited number of his peasants an annual tribute, in any\nshape whatever; and that this class of peasants, to whom he gave the\nname of Sokotelniki, should be entirely exempted from the burthen of\npublic imposts.\nEvery Boyar of the first rank is now entitled to eighty Sokotelniki,\neach of whom pays him the annual sum of eighty piasters; some few,\ninstead of receiving money, employ their Sokotelniki in the cultivation\nof their lands, and thus derive a much greater advantage from them.\nThe privilege, however, is not hereditary either with the possessors, or\nthe private tributary. Every rank had a fixed number; and by the\ninattention and neglect of many princes, as well as by the unceasing\nincrease of titles of nobility, the Sokotelniki became so numerous, that\nin 1814 the government in Wallachia determined to allow no longer to\nprivate individuals a considerable amount of revenue which could be\nappropriated to its own use. A new law was therefore made, which formed\ninto government-loods all Sokotelniki who were not attached to the first\nclass of Boyars. The institution of this law was warmly supported by the\nmembers of the divan, who, with their equals, had no loss to apprehend;\nbut it created great discontent in all the other classes affected by it,\nand particularly with the Boyars of Crayova, who being more given to\nagricultural occupations than the other land-proprietors derived great\nadvantage from the employment of their Sokotelniki; and they unanimously\ndetermined to oppose the new regulation, as far as it related to\nthemselves; they threatened to complain to the Porte through the channel\nof the Pashah of Widdin, who appeared willing to second their\nrepresentations with all his influence. The ferocious Haffiz-Alli[22]\nhad at that time the government of Widdin; and as he was the prince\u2019s\npersonal enemy, he would have profited with eagerness of any opportunity\nto do him injury. The prince therefore modified the law relating to\nSokotelniki, and those of the Bannat of Crayova were excluded from it.\nThe following year he succeeded in compelling them to submit to a tax of\ntwenty piasters each.\nAnother privileged class exists in both principalities, and is called\n_Poslujniki_; its number, however, is far inferior, and it is composed\nof some of the foreign peasants who come from Bulgaria, Servia, and\nTransylvania, to settle in the principalities.\nThe Poslujniki are given to the Greek Boyars, and to foreign residents\nof distinction; a custom which has become habitual since upwards of\nfifty years. They pay no money to the persons to whom they are attached;\nbut it is their business to supply them with provisions of wood, barley,\nhay, poultry, eggs, butter, and game, in consideration of which they are\nexempted from government imposts, and receive some protection from their\nchiefs when they experience any vexations from the Ispravniks, or their\nsubalterns.\nConstantine Mavrocordato did not include the gypsies in the abolition of\nslavery; we shall place our remarks on this curious people in a more\nappropriate chapter.\nAt the last peace concluded at Bukorest between Russia and the Porte, it\nwas stipulated that, in consideration of the two principalities having\nborne all the weight of the war, they should not, during the first two\nyears after the day of their restitution, pay any tribute. The agreement\nwas in the sequel merely observed with regard to the lood-system,\nthrough which it had been always customary before the war to collect the\nimposts; and, under a variety of other forms and denominations,\ncontributions were paid to the Ottoman authorities of an amount\nproportionable to the present rates.\nThe most important regular revenues of the princes, after the _loods_,\nare derived from, the following branches:\u2014\n In Wallachia, the salt mines, which annually give 600,000\n The Vinaritt, or tax upon wine; Oyaritt, or tax upon sheep; 1,330,000\n Dismaritt, or tax upon swine and bees; and a tax upon\n cattle feeding upon heaths and commons without licence\n In Moldavia their annual amount is 1,400,000 piasters.\nThe administration of these branches of government is always sold to\nprivate speculators; and the above-specified sums have been paid by them\nin advance the last six years. Some merchants, and others possessed of\nconsiderable fortunes in the country, have acquired their riches by\nthese speculations.\nIn Wallachia it has become customary that most of the public officers\ngive a share of their profits to the prince, who, according to the\nestimate of their amount, receives it in anticipation; the whole\ntogether, with the value of the presents made to him on conferring\ntitles of nobility, secure to him a private income of about two millions\nof piasters.\nThe metropolitan dignity, and all other sees, are in his gift. The\nformer is usually granted for life, or for the time of the giver\u2019s\nreign. Its revenues amount to four hundred thousand piasters. They are\nderived from landed property bequeathed to the metropoly by deceased\nboyars and others, and from an annual capitation tax of fifteen piasters\nlevied on the priests of the lower order, whose number amounts to\nfifteen thousand. The claims of the prince on this important revenue are\nnot so openly avowed as on the civil offices; but they are understood\nwith the person who is raised to the situation, or is confirmed in it by\nthe successor.\nThe bishops of Argis, Rimnik, and Buz\u00e9o, are the next ecclesiastical\ndignitaries in rank, and the only qualified candidates for the metropoly\namong their numerous colleagues. They reside at Bukorest, and they form\nthe supreme council of the church under the presidency of the\narchbishop. This council is the most corrupted tribunal of any in the\ncountry, and its acts and decisions, which proceed from any motives than\nthose of moral tendency, would seem calculated for no other purpose than\nthe encouragement of profligacy, and other disorders in the society. The\nwill of the metropolitan, or that of the prince, is the only rule by\nwhich its concerns are conducted.\nThe constitution of Moldavia does not permit the prince to interfere\nwith the affairs of the ecclesiastical council, nor with the financial\nconcerns of the metropoly. The archbishop is elected by the nobility,\nand must be a native. The bishop of Romano, next in rank, is usually\nchosen to that dignity. The same regulations ought to exist in\nWallachia, but a series of abuses have there rendered many evils\nirremediable.\nBoth principalities abound with monasteries originally established by\ndifferent Vo\u00efvodes, and it was a long time customary with the\ninhabitants to consider as great acts of piety bequests of lands,\nhouses, shops, or sums of money, made to them, insomuch that hardly any\nrich man died without having allotted a portion of his property to such\na purpose.\nThese voluntary gifts had so accumulated, and the value of land has so\nincreased, that some of the monasteries are now the richest\nestablishments in the country. The greater number are in the gift of the\nreigning princes, who let them out for a space of time to the highest\nbidders. Others, being dedicated to the patriarchs of Constantinople and\nJerusalem, are disposed of by them; but although the princes cannot\nappropriate to their own profit any part of their revenues, as they have\nthe right of imposing taxes on them upon certain occasions, they\nfrequently put them under contribution.\nBesides the various important branches of revenue hitherto specified,\nthe reigning princes possess many other means of raising money. The two\nprincipalities are an inexhaustible source of riches to them, and their\nproverbial appellation of \u2018Peru of the Greeks\u2019 is verified by\nexperience.\n GOLD AND SILVER MINES, &c.\u2014PRODUCTIONS.\u2014RESTRICTIONS ON THEIR\n EXPORTATION.\u2014NAVIGATION OF THE DANUBE.\u2014TRADE OF IMPORTATION.\nThe chain of Carpathian mountains which separates the two principalities\nfrom the Austrian dominions, abounds in a variety of minerals. Gold,\nsilver, quicksilver, iron, copper, pitch, sulphur, and coals, are to be\ntraced in many places; but although there is strong reason to believe\nthey exist in abundance, no attempt is made to render them available,\nand this neglect is attributed to various motives, some of which would\nappear sufficiently justifiable.[23] The inhabitants maintain, that to\nundertake a work of a similar magnitude, the employment of a\nconsiderable capital and of a great number of men would be requisite,\nand consequently the country would have to support many heavy burthens\nlong before it would begin to reap any advantage from their intended\nobject; and that even after consenting to any necessary sacrifices, as\nthe fruits of them would only serve to benefit the coffers of the Grand\nSignior, it is thought prudent to abstain altogether from creating so\npowerful an attraction to the leaders of the system of rapacity already\ntoo prevalent in the country.\nOn another hand, it is supposed that the precarious position of the\nGreek Hospodars, who live under the incessant apprehension of sudden\nrecall and disgrace, induces them to bestow their whole attention to\nsuch resources only as are most immediately within their reach, and to\nneglect any plan that merely offers a remote prospect of gain.\nThe Porte then seems to be the only party much interested in this\naffair, as the only one capable of setting it properly on foot, and\nreaping a lasting advantage. Yet the Turks evince the same indifference,\nand political reasons are given in explanation, which, however, are by\nno means satisfactory; for surely no such considerations could prevent\nthem from availing themselves of treasures which they have certainly\nassumed in every way the right of calling their own.\nFrom all these conjectures, however, this conclusion can be drawn,\u2014that\nas long as the principalities remain under Turkish influence, their\nmineralogic riches will be buried in obscurity and oblivion. The rivers\nDimbovitza and Argis, taking their sources in the Carpathians, and\ncrossing Wallachia to fall into the Danube, carry along a considerable\nquantity of grains of gold. The gypsies that belong to government are\nemployed in picking them out of the sand when the waters are low; and\nthey are allowed to pay their tribute partly from the fruits of this\nlabour.\nThe trade of Wallachia and Moldavia, notwithstanding that it labours\nunder a variety of restrictions and partial prohibitions, is one of\ntheir most important sources of opulence. Its details are little known,\nand less noticed beyond the neighbouring countries, although they are by\nno means deserving of inattention.\nOf the common productions of the soil, the most abundant is wheat, of\nwhich the two principalities are supposed to give an annual return of\nten millions of killows,[24] although hardly one-sixth part of their\nextensive and fertile plains is cultivated, and that a certain space of\nthis is sown by Indian corn, barley, and hemp.\nThe other productions, proportionably important in a commercial point of\nview, are the bees-wax, honey, butter, cheese, hides, timber, staves,\nand ship-masts of all sizes and descriptions; and an annual supply of\nfive hundred thousand hare-skins, six hundred thousand okes[25] of\nyellow-berries, and forty thousand kintals[26] of sheep\u2019s wool.\nThe three last-mentioned articles are alone perfectly free of\nexportation; the remainder are kept at the disposal of the Turkish\ngovernment; and it is only in times of abundance, after the usual\nsupplies have been fixed upon for the granaries and arsenal of\nConstantinople, that leave can be obtained to employ in foreign trade\nany portion of them. The exportation of wheat alone is considered as\nunder a permanent prohibition; it is not in the power of the Hospodars\nto suffer any of it to be taken out of the country on private\nspeculation; they must be authorised so to do by Ferman, a permit which\nis never granted to Rayahs, and very seldom to other Europeans, as the\nforeign ministers accredited at the Porte, aware of the difficulty of\nobtaining it, and the value that the Ottoman government would set in the\ngift of it, prefer abstaining altogether from applications on the\nsubject, more especially as their success would only be profitable to\nsome individuals, without being productive of any permanent good to the\ntrade at large.\nThe quality of the Wallachian wheat is inferior, but it is far from\nbeing bad; that of Moldavia is better, and not differing much from the\nPolish wheat. Their ordinary price stands between 2 and 2\u00bd piasters per\nkillow. As an article of general trade, the charges upon it from the\nDanube to Constantinople, would hardly amount to one piaster more. The\nTurkish government send their own ships every year to transport their\nshare of it, which is each time fixed at 1,500,000 killows, as well as\nthe other articles necessary to their use, the quantity of which is not\nfixed, though generally very considerable.\nThe Moldavian timber is far better than that of Wallachia; it is of the\nfinest oak, and perfectly well calculated for the construction of\nvessels. A great number of ships in the Turkish fleet are built of it,\nand fitted out with masts and ropes of Moldavian growth and origin. In\nthe two provinces, these articles are sold at the lowest possible\nprices, and indeed the same thing may be said of all the prohibited\narticles; which, restricted as they are, from the monopoly arrogated by\nthe Porte, have but little demand, except for the local consumption.\nThe hare-skins commonly stand at 35 paras[27] each, in large purchases,\nand the yellow-berries may be had at 40 or 45 paras per oke. The usual\nmethod of securing any quantity of these two articles at the lowest\nprices, is by bespeaking them at the different villages, and paying\nsomething in advance; the villagers engaged in such contracts never fail\nto fulfil them in proper time.\nThe hare-skins are of the first quality, but the yellow-berries are\ninferior to those of Smyrna, and only demanded when the crops in Asia\nMinor have proved deficient.\nThe sheep\u2019s wool is considered to be very good: cleaned and washed, it\nis sold at about 60 paras per oke, or 66 piasters per kintal, when in\nits original state, it is offered at 35 to 40 paras.\nThe principalities abound also in cattle and poultry of all\ndescriptions. Every year they supply Constantinople with 250,000 sheep,\nand 3000 horses. They send, besides, a great number of these, and oxen,\ninto the surrounding provinces, where they are usually sold at great\nprofit.\nAll the productions and commodities that are employed for the exigencies\nof the Ottoman capital, are bought by the local government for about\none-fourth of the prices current in the market, and one-sixth of their\nvalue in Turkey. They are paid for by a deduction from the common\ntribute, and, sometimes, by an extraordinary imposition of an amount\nequal to their cost.\nBefore we proceed to any remarks on the import trade, it is necessary we\nshould say a few words on the town and harbour of Galatz, which may be\ncalled the seaport of the two principalities.\nGalatz is in Moldavia, but nearly touches the frontier of Wallachia: it\nis situated at the beginning of the broadest and deepest part of the\nDanube, distant sixty miles from the Black Sea, sixty-five from Yassi,\nand seventy-two from Bukorest. The river is so far very navigable for\nships not exceeding three hundred tons burthen. Its principal entrance\nfrom the sea is not very easy to make, owing to the islands which divide\nit into three great channels, two of which are very shallow and\ndangerous. But ships bound hither take pilots on board, and with this\nprecaution, very few accidents take place, particularly in the fine\nseason.\nThe navigation of the Danube closes in the month of November; and in the\nseverest winters, even this part of the river is completely frozen over\nfor the space of five or six weeks. In the month of March, ships begin\nto make their appearance again, and as they have not the inconveniency\nof a tide against them, they are enabled to come up close to the wharfs,\nand to remain there until their business is finished.\nGalatz is the great market for the produce of the two principalities,\nand the only landing-place for some principal articles of importation.\nHaving all the resources of a seaport, it is apparently a very\nflourishing town. Its market is always well stocked with the productions\nof the interior. The timber, masts, and staves are conveyed to it along\nthe small rivers, that come from various parts of the country, and fall\ninto the Danube nearest to it. There are public granaries for the wheat,\nand a great number of large warehouses, belonging to private merchants,\nfor all articles. It is chiefly inhabited by commercial men, who,\nnotwithstanding the rigour of the prohibitive measures, often find the\nmeans of exporting some quantity of wheat, and other contraband\narticles; but their principal trade is that of importation. The town and\nits dependencies are governed by two deputies of the Prince of Moldavia,\ncalled _Percalabi_. The number of the fixed inhabitants does not exceed\nseven thousand, but the great concourse of people occasioned every year\nby commercial pursuits, gives it the appearance of being very populous,\nand all the bustle of a place of great trade. The presence, in\nparticular, of a great number of commercial vessels, increases\nconsiderably that appearance.\nAlthough Galatz is the general _dep\u00f4t_ for many goods of importation, it\nis not the principal market for them: they are conveyed to those of\nBukorest and Yassi. Coffee, sugar, pepper, rum, lemons, oranges, and\nforeign wines, are the principal articles of this description. The local\nconsumption of the first, in both provinces, is calculated at 800,000\nokes every year; of the second, 900,000 okes; and of the third 35,000\nokes; that of the others is merely eventual. Their importation, however,\nsurpasses this quantity, and might be still carried to a greater extent,\nas the provinces of Galicia, Boukovina, Transylvania, Temesvar, and\nServia are partly supplied with those articles by the markets of\nBukorest, Yassi, and Galatz.\nThe general system of this import trade is ill contrived, and it is\nsubject to many inconveniencies. The purchasers have recourse to the\nmarkets of Smyrna and Constantinople, where, of course, they buy at high\nprices. The goods, which have already paid custom-house duty in Turkey,\nare taxed with a new duty of the same kind, of three per cent., on being\nlanded or brought into the principalities, as well as with other charges\nof an arbitrary nature, which amount to as much more. The latter are\nnot, indeed, established by the local governments, but merely exacted by\ntheir officers, and as they are tolerated, they become unavoidable,\nunless the proprietors of the goods happen to be subjects of European\ncourts, and as such, receive protection and assistance from the consuls\nresiding in the country.\nWallachia and Moldavia are at present supplied by Germany with all kinds\nof cotton and woollen manufactures and hardware, either by land or by\nthe Danube.\nThe plain and printed calicoes, the chintz, glass and earthenware,\nbrought to their markets, are, without exception, German; but they are\ncalled English, and as such sold at higher prices than they would fetch\nwere their origin made known.\nThe consumption of the woollen cloths is very extensive; that of the\nsuperfine qualities alone is valued at 200,000_l._ sterling every year.\nSome French cloths are brought into the country, but as their prices are\nconsiderably higher than those of Germany, they do not meet with much\ndemand. French cambrics and English muslins are always profitable\narticles to speculators, and never remain long on hand.\nAs furs of all kinds form a part of the national costume, and are,\nbesides necessary, owing to the natural rigour of the climate, they are\nan article of vast importation. Russia supplies the principalities with\nit, and takes in return brandy and wine, and imperial ducats.\nMost of the merchants carrying on trade in these countries, are natives,\nor Greeks. Some have been naturalised in Russia or in Austria, and\nreceive protection from those powers; an advantage which is of no small\nconsequence to their affairs. Of late years, some natives of the Ionian\nislands have began to trade in the principalities, and the English flag,\nborne by their vessels, is now frequently displayed on the Danube.\nSome overland expeditions of goods coming from Smyrna, are now and then\nmade by way of Enos and Adrianople; but they are attended with risk and\ndifficulty; besides which, the amount of charges surpasses by eight per\ncent. those incurred by way of Galatz.\nThe natural richness, and the various resources of Wallachia and\nMoldavia, are such, that if those countries could enjoy the important\nadvantages of a regular government and a wise administration, under\nwhich industry and agriculture should receive their due encouragement,\nthe trade of exports laid open, the commercial intercourse with foreign\nnations set upon a proper footing, and finally, the mines explored, they\nwould in a short time become the most populous and most flourishing\nprovinces of Europe. The harbour of Galatz would soon stand in rivalship\nwith all the ports of the Black Sea, not excepting Odessa.\nThe fertility of the soil is such as to procure nourishment for ten\ntimes the number of the present population, and leave wherewith to\nsupply other countries besides; the common return of cultivation being\nsixteen-fold, and in more favourable seasons, twenty-five.\nNature has furnished them with every possible means of becoming\nprosperous; men have ever proved themselves the determined enemies of\ntheir prosperity.\nBUKOREST AND TIRGOVIST, THE CAPITALS OF WALLACHIA.\u2014YASSI, THE CAPITAL OF\n MOLDAVIA.\u2014A DESCRIPTION OF THEM.\u2014MODE OF TRAVELLING.\u2014BREED OF HORSES.\nBukorest, the present capital of Wallachia, is an extensive dirty town,\nsituated on a low and marshy ground, and containing eighty thousand\ninhabitants, three hundred and sixty-six churches, twenty monasteries,\nand thirty large _hanns_ or caravanserays.\nAbout four hundred years back it was but a small village, belonging to a\nperson called _Bukor_, from whom it derived its name, and retains it to\nthe present day. By degrees it became a town, and it continued\nincreasing, until it surpassed the former capital, Tirgovist, in size.\nThe Vo\u00efvode, Constantine Bessarabba, made it in 1698, the permanent seat\nof government; abandoning with all his nobles the city of Tirgovist,\nmost delightfully situated further in the interior, having on one side a\nbeautiful range of hills, and the other a very fine and extensive plain.\nThe Greek princes having continued to reside at Bukorest, probably on\naccount of its being nearer to the Turks, Tirgovist was by degrees\ndeserted by the remaining part of its inhabitants, and it is now reduced\nto a mere village. It contains many ruins of ancient edifices, amongst\nwhich those of the Vo\u00efvodes\u2019 palace are the most conspicuous. The river\nDimbovitza runs alongside of it.\nYassi,the capital of Moldavia, is a smaller but better-built town,\ncontaining many elegant houses built in the most modern style of\nEuropean architecture, forty thousand inhabitants, and seventy churches.\nOne part of it stands upon a fine hill, and the other is situated in a\nvalley. The prince\u2019s palace is the most extensive edifice in the whole\ntown, and is surrounded by gardens and yards. It is furnished in a style\nwhich is half Oriental and half European, and has room enough to lodge\nconveniently more than a thousand people.\nThe palace of Bukorest was formerly a large building, standing on an\neminence at one extremity of the town, and commanding a full view of it.\nIn 1813 it was accidentally burnt down, and it has not been rebuilt. The\nlate prince had, since that time, resided in two private houses joined\ninto one.\nBoth capitals occupy a great extent of ground, the houses being separate\nfrom each other, and surrounded by yards or gardens, and trees. All the\nbuildings are made of brick, and their walls, outside as well as within,\nare plastered and whitewashed. Tiles are seldom used, and the roofs are\ngenerally covered with wood.\nThe streets of the two capitals, and indeed of all the provincial towns,\nare, without exception, paved with thick pieces of timber, thrown\nacross, and made tight to each other. In some, the surface is made\nsmooth and even, whilst in others, the logs of wood are almost left in\ntheir natural state. In the rainy seasons they are constantly covered\nover with a deep liquid mud, and in the summer, with a thick black dust,\nwhich the least wind renders excessively injurious to the eyes and\nlungs; besides these great inconveniences, a complete renewal, at least\nonce in every six years, is absolutely necessary.\nAt Bukorest, under the wooden pavements, to which the natives give the\nmore appropriate name of _bridges_, there are large kennels, which\nreceive the filth of the houses, and are meant to convey it to the river\nDimbovitza, which runs through the town. Hardly any care is taken to\nkeep the different passages open, and the accumulation of dirty\nsubstances frequently stops them up; in this state they sometimes remain\nfor months in the hot season, during which they produce the most noxious\nexhalations, and occasion fevers of a putrid and malignant\nnature,\u2014diseases to which the natural position of the town must alone\ndispose a great part of the inhabitants.\nIt has been long supposed, and it is still considered impossible to pave\nthe streets with stone, not so much on account of the scarcity of the\nmaterial, as owing to the ground being of a soft clay, which offers no\nhold to it. This idea, very prevalent among the natives, is certainly\nerroneous, and there cannot exist a more convincing proof of it, than\nthe stone pavements constructed by Trajan and the Romans, which have so\nfirmly withstood the destructive hand of time.\nFrom a certain distance, and on elevated ground, the city of Bukorest\noffers itself to the view with great advantage; the mixture of the\nhouses and trees give it a peculiar beauty; but it is like the fine\nscenery of a theatre which charms the distant eye, and on being\napproached is found to be a coarse daub.\nAs late as thirty years back, the Boyars were in the habit of visiting\neach other, and going to court on horseback, and the women of the most\nopulent only, went in coaches. Within that period, the fashion of riding\nin coaches has so increased, and it is now so universal, that no person\nof either sex, who has claims to respectability, can pass the gates of\nhis house otherwise than in a coach, even in the finest weather. The\nBoyars consider it derogatory to their dignity to make use of their\nlegs, and leave to the mob the vulgar practice of walking. The\nconsequence is, that the streets, about seven or eight yards wide, are\nalways full of carriages, and frequent accidents happen to the\nunfortunate pedestrians.\nThe kind of carriage most in use, is the German cal\u00e8che; and the Boyars\nhave introduced the fashion of having theirs ornamented in the most\ngaudy manner; but as they do not so much regard the beauty of the horses\nand harness, nor the dress of the coachman, it is very common to meet in\nthe streets a carriage glittering with gold, drawn by a pair of\nmiserable hacks, and driven by a gypsy in rags.\nThere are many coachmakers, both at Bukorest and at Yassi; but the\ncarriages sent from Vienna are preferred to theirs, and much higher\nprices are paid for them. The Boyars are indifferent as to their\nsolidity, and buy any old vehicle that is made up to deceive the eye,\nand is offered as new; fine ornaments being the only quality in\nestimation, every twelve or eighteen months they are obliged to purchase\na new carriage. On another hand, their own inattention, and the lazy,\nslovenly, and careless habits of their coachmen, render this annual\nexpense indispensable.\nNo coaches of any kind are to be hired, so that travellers, and other\nnon-residents, must submit to the necessity of going on foot. Private\nlodgings are also seldom to be had, and it was but very lately that a\npublic hotel was set up at Bukorest, which, being well furnished, and\nprovided with every requisite commodity, has become very useful to\ntravellers. A German is the proprietor and director of it.\nThe mode of travelling in the two principalities is so expeditious, that\nin this respect it is not equalled in any other country. Their post\nestablishments are well organized; there are post-houses in all\ndirections, and they are abundantly provided with horses. Every idea of\ncomfort must, however, be set aside by those who are willing to conform\nthemselves to the common method of riding post. A kind of a vehicle is\ngiven, which is not unlike a very small crate for earthenware, fastened\nto four small wheels, by the means of wooden pegs, and altogether not\nhigher than a common wheel-barrow. It is filled with straw, and the\ntraveller sits in the middle of it, keeping the upper part of his body\nin an erect posture, and finding great difficulty to cram his legs\nwithin. Four horses are attached to it by cords, which form the whole\nharness; and, driven by one postilion on horseback, they set off at full\nspeed, and neither stop nor slacken their pace, until they reach the\nnext post-house. Within the distance of half a mile from it, the\npostilion gives warning of his approach by a repeated and great cracking\nof his whip, so that, by the time of arrival, another cart is got ready\nto receive the traveller.\nThe Boyars, and other people of respectability in the country, travel in\ntheir own carriages, and at their own pace. In winter, as the snow lies\nabout two months on the ground, sledges are generally used, as well in\ntown as in the country.\nThe Wallachian breed of horses is of a peculiar kind. Their stature is\nvery small, and they have no spirit; but they are strong, active, and\ncapable of enduring great fatigue. Those of Moldavia differ only in\nbeing a little larger in size. Some of the richest people have their\nhorses sent them from Russia and Hungary; but they are merely meant for\ntheir coaches, as, from an aversion to every exercise that occasions the\nleast fatigue, hardly any of them ride on horseback. Handsome\nsaddle-horses, consequently, are seldom seen in the country; the prince\nis the only person who keeps any; but they are chiefly used by his\nAlbanians, or body-guard.\n OBSERVATIONS ON THE GREEKS IN GENERAL.\u2014THEIR INTRODUCTION TO THE\nPRINCIPALITIES.\u2014THEIR POLITICAL SYSTEM.\u2014CAUSE OF THE DECLARATION OF WAR\nBETWEEN TURKEY, RUSSIA, AND ENGLAND IN 1806.\u2014THOSE WHICH OCCASIONED THE\nFAILURE OF THE ENGLISH EXPEDITION TO CONSTANTINOPLE.\u2014SUBSEQUENT CHANGES\n OF POLICY OF THE OTTOMAN GOVERNMENT.\u2014PEACE WITH ENGLAND.\u2014PEACE WITH\n RUSSIA, AND CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH MOSTLY CONTRIBUTED TO IT.\u2014HOSPODARS\n CALLIMACKI AND CARADJA.\u2014PRINCE DEMETRIUS MOUROUSI\u2019S DEATH.\u2014CARADJA\u2019S\nFLIGHT FROM WALLACHIA.\u2014REFLECTIONS ON THE CONDUCT OF THE PORTE RELATIVE\n TO THE TWO PRINCIPALITIES.\nNone of the events that had influenced the political existence, and\nundermined the public spirit of the Wallachian and Moldavian nations,\nproved more ruinous to them than the system of policy introduced by the\nGreeks of the Fannar[28], when they were placed at the head of the\nprincipalities.\nHumiliated, degraded, and oppressed as the Greeks were, since they had\nceased to be a nation, civilisation degenerated among them, in\nproportion to the weight and barbarism of the yoke that had been imposed\non them, and they had insensibly contracted those habits of corruption,\nand servile obedience, which must be inseparable from a state of slavery\nsimilar to theirs. Dissimulation and falsehood became the most prominent\nfeatures of their character; and, in short, the force of the causes\nwhich acted upon them incessantly, familiarised them, by degrees, to\nevery thing that could be degrading and humiliating to man.\nThe ambition of certain Greeks, leading an obscure life at\nConstantinople, was, however roused, when the office of\nstate-interpreter at the Porte, assumed an important appearance under\nthe direction of their countryman, Alexander Mavrocordato, who, from a\npetty merchant at the island of Scio, rose by degrees to that station,\nand was sent in the quality of Ottoman plenipotentiary to the congress\nof Carlowitz, where he distinguished himself as an able negotiator. He\ncaused his son Nicholas to be raised to the governments of Moldavia and\nWallachia, and he suggested to the Porte a new mode of appointment to\nthose principalities, after the elective right had been entirely set\naside. The Ottoman court thenceforward appropriated those two dignities\nto individuals who had once served in the quality of state-interpreter\nto its satisfaction, not so much as a reward for their services, as on\naccount of the knowledge obtained of their personal character and extent\nof abilities.\nOn another hand, the repeated demonstrations of servitude on the part of\nthe Greeks, and the apparent impossibility of their ever becoming a\nnation again, seemed to render them the fittest tools of the Porte\u2019s new\nsystem of government in the principalities; for, although it could not\ntrample upon the whole of their privileges at once, yet, in giving them\nprinces who should be entirely devoted to its interests, and slaves to\nits will, the existence of those privileges was rendered nugatory.\nNo sooner was the possibility of sharing in the public administration\nmanifested to the Greeks, than such as were versed in the Turkish and\nEuropean languages, abandoning all other pursuits, formed themselves\ninto a distinct class, which assumed the title of nobility, and the\nexclusive right of being called to the service of the state.\nIn a short time, however, the number of competitors increased\nconsiderably; all equally eager and impatient to reach the same objects,\nthey introduced a system of intrigue and bribery, which gave rise to\ncontinual changes in the government of the principalities, and\naccustomed the Porte to look upon these as farms which were to be let\nout to the highest bidders; the farmer-princes were therefore deposed\nand recalled, whenever the offers and promises of others of their\ncountrymen appeared more advantageous.\nFrom the period at which this system was introduced, to the beginning of\nthe present century, being a space of ninety years, Wallachia alone has\npassed through the hands of forty different princes, independently of\nthe time it was occupied by the Russians, from 1770 to 1774; by the\nAustrians and Russians, from 1789 to 1792, and by the Russians again,\nThe evils which naturally arose from such a state of things, weighed so\nheavily upon the two nations, that the court of Russia, already\nauthorised by the treaty of Ka\u00efnargik[29], to interfere in their behalf,\ninsisted at the peace of Yassi in 1792, that the Porte should engage to\nmaintain the princes of Moldavia and Wallachia in their respective\nstations, for the space of seven years, and not to molest them in any\nmanner previous to the expiration of that term. This agreement was then\nlegally entered into by the Ottoman plenipotentiaries, but in the sequel\nit was not regularly observed by the Porte, whose frequent infractions\nof it became the subject of continual remonstrance on the part of the\ncourt of Russia. In 1802, however, Prince Ipsilanti was appointed to the\ngovernment of Wallachia, and Prince Alexander Mourousi to that of\nMoldavia, with the express condition which was obtained through the\nnegotiations of the Russian minister at the Porte, that neither of them\nshould be removed from office previous to the term stipulated in the\ntreaty, if they were not proved guilty of an offence that the Russian\nminister should allow to be of a nature which justified their\ndeposition.[30]\nIn 1805, the intrigues of Buonaparte, who sought to involve Turkey in\nhis continental system, prevailed upon the Porte to adopt a line of\nconduct which Russia could not otherwise interpret, than as a systematic\nviolation of its existing engagements, and an approaching alliance with\nFrance, notwithstanding that a public audience of the Sultan was given\nto the Russian envoy, Mr. d\u2019Italinsky, in which a formal exchange of\nratifications took place of a late treaty of defensive alliance\nconcluded between the two powers.\nThe Hospodars, Ipsilanti and Mourousi, were suddenly recalled, without\nthe participation of the Russian embassy; the latter was replaced by\nCharles Callimacki, and the former by Alexander Sutzo, a man who was\nlooked upon as a partisan of Buonaparte, and who had always been\nobnoxious to the interests of Russia.\nPrevious to this circumstance, a certain degree of coolness already\nexisted between the courts of St. Petersburgh and Constantinople; it\noriginated in the Porte\u2019s sudden resolution of suppressing foreign\nprotections, in abolishing all letters-patent, until then granted to\nindividuals, natives of Turkey, who were authorised by such letters to\nplace themselves under the protection of foreign courts, although\nresiding and trading in the Ottoman dominions. More particularly in\ncarrying that resolution into effect, by forcibly and publicly\ncompelling all such individuals, protected by Russia, to give up their\ntitles, without paying the least regard to the representations of the\nRussian embassy.\nIpsilanti\u2019s and Mourousi\u2019s deposition brought things to a crisis. A\nRussian army was immediately sent to the frontiers to enforce the\ntreaties, and having occupied the fortresses of Bender and Hotim, the\nPorte looked upon the measure as a declaration of war, and the Mufti\nissued his _Fetvaa_[31], which declared it legal to repel force by\nforce.\nThe rupture was soon followed by another with England, who had joined\nRussia to oppose the increasing influence of Buonaparte over the Porte.\nWhen, in 1805, the English ambassador, Mr. Charles Arbuthnot, arrived at\nConstantinople, the Porte expressed a wish of renewing the treaty of\naccession made in 1799, the term of which (eight years) was drawing to\nits end. That treaty, framed upon the wisest principles, completed the\ntriple alliance between England, Russia, and Turkey, from which so many\nimportant advantages have accrued to the common cause.\nMr. Arbuthnot not being invested with full powers for that particular\nobject, wrote home for instructions, and received them a short time\nafter; and when on their arrival an offer was made to the Turkish\nministers to commence the work, they very unexpectedly began to draw\nback, and an actual recantation took place, which naturally created the\ngreatest surprise.\nThe intrigues of the French ambassador, and Buonaparte\u2019s progressive\nencroachments in Europe, had made on the minds of the Sultan and his\nministers such an impression, that no remonstrance, no threat could now\ninduce them to perform what they themselves had shown so much wish for\nbefore.\nOn the other hand, the British embassy could not remain indifferent to\nthe recall of the Hospodars, and to the manner in which the foreign\nprotections had been suppressed.\nFrom an impulse of official regard to the complaints and interests of\nthose individuals who were patentees under the English protection, and\nin consequence of the Russian envoy\u2019s solicitations that their efforts\nmight be joined for the purpose of resisting the violent measures\npursued by the Turkish government, the British ambassador made many\nrepresentations to the Porte against its proceedings, and although\nimpartial in principle as to the practice of granting protection to\nnatives of the country, he, at all events, recommended moderation, and a\nless offensive mode of carrying the new system into execution. But\nhaving soon discovered and ascertained beyond a doubt, that all\ninterference was of no avail, that the resolution of the Turkish cabinet\nwas such as to hazard all, sooner than withdraw from the adopted plan,\nhe deemed it expedient to advise the British patentees to proceed, as if\nfrom their own accord, and give up their titles to the Porte, and in the\nmean time recommended in a private manner, the property and personal\nsafety of such individuals, who, by this means, not only avoided the\nresentment of the Turkish government, but were all well treated, and\nsome taken into favour.\nThe British ambassador, however, showed less disposition to compliance\nwith regard to the other proceedings of the Porte, and having insisted\nwith Russia on the immediate reinstatement of the Hospodars Ipsilanti\nand Mourousi, the subject was discussed at the divan, where the general\nopinion inclined to a firm resistance of those pretensions; but the\nSultan finally declared, that however humiliating might be the\nalternative of ceding to them, he was resolved to recur to it rather\nthan break with England.\nThis decision was at the time carried into execution, to the extreme\ndisappointment of the French ambassador, Sebastiani, whose great object\nwas to kindle the fire he had raised. But very soon after, advices being\nreceived that the Russian troops had already entered the Moldavian\nterritory, affairs underwent a total change; the Russian envoy was\ndismissed, and the Grand Vezier took the field.\nTo represent these events in a more proper point of view, it is\nnecessary to observe, that it was neither the intention of England, nor\nthe wish of Russia, to engage in a serious war with Turkey. Their object\nwas to bring the Porte to a sense of its true interests, in diverting it\nfrom a line of conduct which bore every appearance of a change in its\npolitical system, and was every way calculated to confirm the suspicion\nthat the Sultan was contracting an alliance with Buonaparte.\nIn order to separate the Porte from the French party, and induce it to\nreturn to the connexions which had formerly existed with the allies of\nTurkey, a plan of coercive measures had been found necessary; and, to\ngive them a greater weight, it had been determined that Russia should\nsend an army from the north, and England a fleet from the south.\nWhen the English fleet appeared before Constantinople, it naturally\noccasioned the greatest confusion and alarm. The Sultan lost no time in\nsending on board to offer terms of peace, and negotiations were\ncommenced with Mr. Arbuthnot, who was in the flag-ship, the Royal\nSovereign. But they were carried on with much less vigour than it was\nnecessary to give them, and left time to the French intrigues to gain\nthe advantage. Buonaparte\u2019s active agents, General Sebastiani and\nFranchini[32], were the more anxious to counteract the operations of the\nEnglish plenipotentiary, as they were aware that the first result of his\nsuccess would have been the expulsion of the French embassy from\nConstantinople. They employed for that purpose every means in their\npower, and they succeeded by the following stratagem.\nThe chief of the Janissaries, Pehlivan-Aga, had formerly been colonel of\na regiment, which had acted once as guard of honour, given to a French\nembassy at the Porte. Having remained some time in that station, he had\ncontracted a lasting connexion with the French, to whose party, since\nthat period, he devoted himself. When General Sebastiani saw that peace\nwith England was on the point of being concluded, he sent Franchini to\nhim to suggest a plan which the Turkish officer carried into immediate\nexecution. He went to the seraglio[33], as if in great haste, and having\nobtained audience of the Sultan, he thus addressed his imperial chief:\u2014\n\u201cMay God preserve your sacred person and the Ottoman empire from every\npossible evil. A pure sense of duty brings me before your Royal Person,\nto represent that so strong and general a fermentation has arisen\namongst my Janissaries since the appearance of the infidel\u2019s fleet\nbefore your royal palace: they express so great a discontent at the\nmeasures pursued by your ministers in negotiating with the English, from\na shameful fear that the appearance of that fleet has thrown them into;\nthat a general insurrection is on the point of breaking out, unless the\nnegotiations be laid aside, and all offers of peace be rejected with\nscorn. They declare that it is beneath the dignity and fame of the\nOttoman empire, to submit to such an act of humiliation, as to sign a\ntreaty, because a few ships have come to bully its capital, and dictate\ntheir own terms to the Ottoman sovereign. Your brave Janissaries will\nnot suffer so disgraceful a stain to tarnish the splendour of the\nOttoman arms. They are all ready to sacrifice themselves in defence of\nyour residence, and in vindication of the honour and faith of the\nOttoman nation. But they can never consent to stand tacit witnesses of a\nsubmission so ignominious to the Turkish name.\u201d\nSultan Selim, a prince naturally timid and credulous, no sooner heard a\nmessage of this sort delivered in the name of the Janissaries, then in\ngood understanding with the chiefs of government, and apparently united\nwith the troops of the Nisam-y-gedid[34], than he ordered all\ncommunications with the English fleet to be suspended, and immediate\npreparations of defence to be made, in the event of its commencing\nhostilities.\nThis man\u0153uvre, unknown at the time, and with which very few persons are\nyet acquainted, was the true cause of the failure of the negotiations\nwhich, at the commencement, bore so sure a prospect of success.\nThe fleet returned without even having made a show of hostile\nintentions, and left to the triumphant French party the most decided\ninfluence in the Seraglio.\nBefore we enter into further observations on the events which followed,\nit may not be amiss to make a few remarks on the character of those who\nwere then at the head of the Turkish administration, as it is to them\nthat the whole change of system of the Porte is to be attributed.\nHaffiz-Isma\u00efl Pashah, Grand Vezier, appointed early in 1805, was a\nlow-bred, ignorant man, so poor and thirsty after money, that the moment\nhe was elevated to his station, he formed the plan of operating a change\nin the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, although the time\nprescribed by the treaties was not yet near, with a view of getting a\nsubsidy, and securing to himself an income which the candidates, who\ntook no small advantage of the Vezier\u2019s inexperience and selfish views,\nhad promised to allow him when the appointment should have taken place.\nIbra\u00efm-Aga, Kiaya-B\u00e9\u00ff, or minister of the interior, a man of little\nexperience and great ambition, under the idea of ingratiating himself\nwith his master, and rendering, as he thought, a signal service to the\nstate, undertook the affair of protections which he treated in a manner\nso insulting and provoking, that it was impossible for any foreign\npower, jealous of its own dignity, to suffer it to remain unnoticed.\nThe Mufti, Sheriff-Zaad\u00e9-Attaa-Effendi, and the chief of the\nJanissaries, Pehlivan-Mehmet Aga, were entirely devoted to the French\nparty. They willingly seconded the adoption of any measures which tended\nto alienate the Porte from England and Russia, and appeared calculated\nto promote Buonaparte\u2019s scheme of overthrowing the triple alliance.\nGalib Re\u00efs-Effendi, minister of foreign affairs, and Yussuf-Aga,\nValiday-Kiayassi or chancellor to the Emperor\u2019s mother, were the only\ntwo men in power friendly to the common cause. They disapproved of the\nmeasures pursued, but their opinion was over-ruled, and they both\nthought it prudent to retire from business, in order to screen\nthemselves from responsibility with respect to the consequences they\nforesaw.\nThe military operations on the Danube be between the Russians and the\nTurks, which followed the first acts of hostility, were not more\nsuccessful with regard to the object that brought them on, than the\nthreats of the English fleet.\nThe peace of Tilsit took place; and the Porte, which had reason to\nexpect an effective interference on the part of Buonaparte in behalf of\nits differences with Russia, gained no other advantage than the\nconclusion of a long armistice, the first condition of which was the\nretreat of the Russian armies from the principalities, whence, however,\nthey did not remove. Negotiations for peace were, notwithstanding, set\non foot; and the great revolutions, which overthrew the Sultan Selim,\nand consigned him to death, finally established a new order of things at\nConstantinople, and operated a complete change in the political system\nof the Turkish cabinet. The Porte remained no longer blind to the\nequivocal conduct of Buonaparte since his reconciliation with Russia,\nand began to look upon its state of hostility with England not only as\nuseless, but even injurious to the interests of the country.\nIn 1808, an English[35]plenipotentiary had been for the second time[36]\nsent to treat at the Dardanelles, and peace was definitively signed in\nthe month of December of the same year.\nAt the same time the Turkish plenipotentiaries, sent to Bukorest during\nthe armistice, were endeavouring to adjust the differences with Russia;\nbut the interview of the Emperor Alexander with Buonaparte took place at\nErfurth, and the failure of their joint proposals to the court of\nLondon[37] was followed by instructions to Prince Prosoroffsky,\ncommander-in-chief of the Russian armies in Moldavia and Wallachia, to\nsignify to the Ottoman plenipotentiaries that, as the Emperor Alexander\nhad acceded to the Continental System, the chief object of which was a\ncontinual state of warfare with England, he could no longer enter upon\nterms of peace with Turkey, unless the English ambassador, lately\nadmitted at Constantinople, were sent out of the Ottoman dominions.\nThe Turkish ministers expressed astonishment at the versatility of the\ncourt of Russia, which, having made the first overtures for a\nnegotiation, had not then in any manner alluded to England; they\ndemanded time, however, for the arrival of instructions which were\nnecessary to regulate their official reply to a communication so\nunexpected. They dispatched a messenger to Constantinople for that\npurpose, and he was accompanied by an aide-de-camp of Prince\nProsoroffsky, Colonel Bock, who, on his arrival, signified to the Porte\nthe Emperor\u2019s ultimatum, through the channel of the French minister\nLatour Maubourg.\nThe Ottoman government, without much hesitation, recalled the Turkish\nplenipotentiaries from the congress of Bukorest, and hostilities were\nrenewed.\nA plan of partition had been formed at Erfurth between the emperors\nAlexander and Napoleon, by which the Turkish provinces were to fall to\nthe share of Russia, and Spain to that of France. It was after this\nunderstanding between the two sovereigns that overtures were made to\nEngland. The English negotiation took time, and before it came to a\ndecided issue, Buonaparte declared to his senate that the principalities\nof Wallachia and Moldavia were annexed to the dominions of his friend\nand ally the Emperor Alexander. When, however, Buonaparte found England\ndetermined to treat upon no basis which did not expressly admit of the\nevacuation of Spain, and that by entering into such terms he left a\ndecided advantage to Russia with respect to Turkey, without reaping any\nbenefit to himself from the political bargain made at Erfurth, he\nchanged his views. The continental system, which he endeavoured to\njustify in attributing the general calamities of Europe to a tyrannical\nperseverance in war on the part of England, furnished him with a\nsufficient pretext for engaging Russia to continue her war against\nTurkey, who had just entered into terms of friendship with England. On\nthe other hand, he prevailed upon the Turkish government to insist on\nthe restitution of the principalities occupied by the Russian armies,\nand to continue hostilities so long as the Russian court should withhold\nits consent to that measure. His desire of keeping these two powers at\nvariance with each other could not but increase when he had subsequently\nformed the plan of invading Russia, who, molested on one side by the\nTurks, and on the other by the Persians, was thus forced to employ\nconsiderable armies on distant frontiers.\nThe exhausted state of Turkey, the mediation of England, and the\nimpatience of Russia, who was pressed by the hostile preparations of\nFrance, evidently intended against her, hastened the conclusion of peace\nin 1812 between the Mussulman powers and the Russians; but, critical as\nthe circumstances were, the Court of St. Petersburgh signed a most\nadvantageous treaty with both.\nGalib Effendi, who, since the great changes of government at\nConstantinople, had resumed the functions of minister of foreign\naffairs, was chief plenipotentiary at the congress of Bukorest in 1811\nand 1812; but the Greek prince Demetrius Mourousi, who, in his quality\nof state-interpreter, was present at the negotiations, conducted the\ngreatest part of them, and was indeed intrusted with extensive power. He\nhad, with his two brothers, been invariably attached to the Russian\nparty since the beginning of his public career, and his hopes of being\nappointed to one of the principalities, the greatest objects of his\nambition, after the restoration of peace, appeared grounded upon the\nbest foundation. His office, his services at the congress, and the\nsupport of the court of Russia, were, in fact, considerations which\nappeared to render his nomination certain.\nThe cession of Wallachia and Moldavia could not, therefore, by any\nmeans, suit his views, and he combated it with energy and success; but,\nin rendering so important a service to the Porte, some proof of\nattachment to Russia was also necessary on his part; and although by\ninsisting on the entire restitution of the principalities, no doubt but\nthe Russian plenipotentiaries, who were instructed to hasten the\nconclusion of peace upon any terms not beyond that restitution, would\nhave consented without hesitation, Mourousi, who was aware of it,\nfinally settled the conditions by ceding to Russia the finest part of\nMoldavia, that which is situated between the rivers Dniester and Pruth,\nthus fixing the future line of demarcation of the Russian frontiers by\nthe direction of the latter river.\nThe vigilant agents of Buonaparte at Constantinople did not suffer the\nconduct of Mourousi to remain unnoticed. When, after the signing of the\ntreaty, they saw themselves frustrated in the hope of inducing the Porte\nto continue the war, they sought to bring the Mourousi family into\ndisgrace, that they might, at least, prevail upon the Ottoman government\nto place at the head of the principalities persons of their own\nchoosing. They represented the Prince Demetrius as a traitor who had\nbeen bribed by the Russians to serve their interests, at a time when it\nwas in his power to obtain the most advantageous terms of peace.\nMeanwhile hostilities commenced between France and Russia, and the Porte\nhaving evinced a resolution of remaining neutral, unwilling to give\numbrage to either of the contending powers in the choice of the new\nHospodars, resolved to fix upon two individuals whose political\nprinciples had never been connected with foreign parties. A great number\nof candidates offered their services, but none of them being qualified\nfor the appointments, their claims were rejected. Halett-Effendi,\nintimate counsellor of the sultan, was instructed to make a choice, and\nhe fixed it on the prince Charles Callimacki[38] for Moldavia, and Yanco\nCaradja for Wallachia. Halett-Effendi had been several years before\nTurkish secretary to Callimacki\u2019s father, whilst at the head of the\nMoldavian government, and on terms of intimate friendship with Caradja,\nwho had also a subaltern employment under the same prince. Being\nperfectly acquainted with the personal character of both, he recommended\nthem to the sultan as the fittest persons in those circumstances, and\nthey were appointed in August 1812.\nDemetrius Mourousi, who, with Galib Effendi, had not yet departed from\nWallachia, received the news of the nominations at a time that he\nexpected with confidence that of his own. He was at the same time\nsecretly informed that his return to Constantinople would expose him to\nthe greatest dangers, and advised to retire into a Christian country.\nOffers were made him of an asylum in Russia, with a considerable pension\nfrom the government; but, fearful that his flight might direct the\nvengeance of the Porte on his family, who had remained in the power of\nthe Turks, and in the hope of justifying his conduct, since the whole\nresponsibility of the transactions at the congress ought properly to\nhave fallen on Galib Effendi, he made up his mind to accompany that\nminister back to the capital. He little suspected, however, that the\nTurkish minister, whose conduct had been disapproved of, had removed\nevery unfavourable impression relative to himself from the mind of the\nSultan, by attributing the conditions of peace to which he had\nsubscribed, to the intrigues and treachery of Mourousi; and that he had,\nin consequence, received secret orders to arrest the Greek prince the\nmoment they crossed the Danube together, and send him prisoner to the\nGrand Vezier, who had not yet removed his head-quarters from Shumla.\nMourousi, still more encouraged by the friendly assurances of Galib\nEffendi, left Bukorest in September, and from Rustehiuk was conveyed\nunder an escort to Shumla, where, on entering the gates of the Vezier\u2019s\ndwelling, he was met by several Chiaoushes[39] who fell upon him with\ntheir sabres and cut him in pieces. His head was sent to Constantinople,\nwhere it was exposed three days at the gates of the Seraglio, with that\nof his brother Panayotti Mourousi, who, during the absence of Demetrius\nhad filled his place at the Porte, and was accused of having been his\naccomplice in betraying the Ottoman interests.\nThe Hospodars Caradja and Callimacki took possession of their respective\ngovernments on the 3d of October, 1812, the day fixed for the\nrestitution of the principalities; and the Porte, whose present security\non the side of Russia, in a great measure depends on the strictest\nadherence to its treaties with that power, has made no attempt of\nremoving the princes previous to the expiration of the seven years.\nThe Hospodar Caradja, however, having in the course of six years\u2019\nresidence in Wallachia, amassed immense wealth, apprehensive of being\ncalled to account on his return to Constantinople for laying aside so\nmany riches for his own use, judged it prudent to make a timely retreat,\nand to settle in some Christian country of Europe beyond the reach of\nTurkish influence. He remitted all his money to European banks, and one\nday in October, 1818, he assembled some of the principal Boyars,\nconsigned to them the reins of government, and left Bukorest with all\nhis family for Kronstadt in the Austrian dominions, where he arrived in\nsafety after a short journey.[40]\nAfter his departure, the Boyars petitioned the Sultan that he would no\nlonger appoint Greek princes to govern Wallachia, but confide the\nadministration to the members of the divan, who engaged to accept and\nmaintain any tributary conditions that he would think proper to\nprescribe to them. The Ottoman cabinet, however, did not conceive it\nprudent to listen to the proposal; and after communicating with the\nRussian ambassador, appointed to the principality the same Alexander\nSutzo, who had been so strongly opposed by the Russian Envoy in 1805.\nRussia had no longer reasons to object to his nomination; and no doubt\nbut the Prince Sutzo, who is an enlightened and well-thinking statesman,\nwill acquit himself of his charge as well as the circumstances in which\nhe is situated, will permit. But the harassing and ruinous system of\ngovernment, still maintained in the principalities, offers, it must be\nconfessed, no small matter of regret on the indifference of the Porte\nwith regard to the adoption of measures better calculated for their\nwelfare and prosperity.\nThe Ottoman court has often witnessed the consequences of the dread with\nwhich the Greeks employed in its service are impressed, and has felt on\nvarious occasions how much its policy must tend to alienate from the\nTurks every sentiment of good-will of the inhabitants of those\nprovinces, and make them desirous and ready to throw themselves into the\narms of the first nation whose armies approach their territory to make\nwar on Turkey; and yet it continues in the same system. Greek princes,\nhowever devoted to the interests of the Porte, would certainly do little\nwithout armies, in the event of an unexpected revolution in Wallachia\nand Moldavia. Their presence alone is by no means sufficient to maintain\nin them the Turkish authority. The fortified places on the Danube, are\nthe only guarantees of the fidelity of the principalities. In suffering\nthe two nations to be governed entirely by their own natural\nauthorities, would the Ottoman supremacy incur the least diminution of\npower? and would it not continue to maintain the same commanding\nadvantages?\nThe inattention of the Turkish cabinet is not to be exclusively ascribed\nto the general system of governing the empire, but chiefly to the\nselfish views and personal avidity of the ministers who compose it. They\nhave accustomed themselves to look upon Wallachia and Moldavia as two\nrich provinces over which they have but a momentary authority; and,\ninstead of seeking the means most calculated to secure a permanent\npossession of them, they shorten the possibility by a systematic\ndevastation of all their resources.\nThe Sultan himself, who takes a much more active part in the affairs of\nstate than many of his predecessors have done; whose talents and liberal\nsentiments would claim equality with those of any other sovereign, were\nthey not so much restrained by the religious prejudices and stubborn\nignorance of his Mahometan subjects: and whose chief attention has of\nlate years been directed to a new organization of the empire,\nunfortunately seems equally averse to any changes which might tend to\nimprove the condition of Wallachia and Moldavia.\n CLIMATE.\u2014ITS INFLUENCE.\u2014EDUCATION OF THE BOYARS.\u2014SCHOOLS.\u2014WALLACHIAN\n TONGUE.\u2014MODERN GREEK.\u2014NATIONAL DRESS, MUSIC, AND DANCE.\u2014\nAMUSEMENTS.\u2014HOLIDAYS.\u2014MANNERS OF SOCIETY.\u2014MARRIAGES.\u2014DIVORCES.\u2014RELIGION\n AND SUPERSTITION.\u2014AUTHORITY OF THE CHURCH.\u2014ITS INDEPENDENCE OF THE\n PATRIARCHAL CHURCH OF CONSTANTINOPLE.\nThe proximity of the Black Sea and of Mount H\u00e6mus on one side, and that\nof the Carpathian Mountains on the other, render the climate of the\nprincipalities variable, and subject to sudden changes from heat to\ncold.\nWhen the wind comes from the north-east, even in the middle of summer,\nit cools the atmosphere to such a degree, as to force the inhabitants to\ncover themselves with additional clothing. The southerly wind brings\nheat and fine weather; but it seldom lasts any length of time.\nA great quantity of rain falls during the summer, and in the months of\nJune and July it is always accompanied by storms of wind and thunder,\nwhich regularly return every day at the same hour towards the evening.\nThe winter is almost always long and tedious, and the summer heats set\nin all at once at the beginning of May, so that the beauties of a\nregular spring are little seen or known.\nThe severest part of the winter begins early in December, and the same\ndegree of cold, with little variation, lasts until the middle of\nFebruary, when a damp and unhealthy temperature succeeds, and continues\nuntil May. The Danube and all the rivers that fall into it from the\nprincipalities generally remain frozen for six weeks, and the ice is\nthick enough to bear with perfect safety the heaviest artillery. The\nsnow lies on the ground the whole of January and February, and\ncommunications with every part of the country are carried on with\nsledges.\nFrom the latter part of September to the middle, and frequently to the\nend of, November, the days are the finest in the year. But the nights\nare excessively cold, and the night air particularly unwholesome.\nTravellers who do not take care to guard against its influence by\nflannels and thick clothing, are exposed to the danger of various kinds\nof fevers, and of the pleurisy.\nThe irregularity of climate, the damp quality of the soil, and an\nabundance of marshy places throughout the principalities, produce a\nvisible influence over the animals of the various sorts which are common\nto them, as well as over the vegetation. The bears, wolves, and foxes,\nare of the most timid nature; hardly any danger is to be apprehended\nfrom them, unless they are met in numerous flocks, as is common enough\nduring the coldest winter nights.\nThe domestic animals are also remarkable for mildness. The beef, pork,\nmutton, poultry, and game, have rather an insipid taste; the vegetables\nan inferior flavour, and the flowers little perfume.\nFinally, man, the chief work of nature, is here of a dull and heavy\ndisposition: with weak passions, no strength of mind, and betraying a\nnatural aversion to a life of industry or of mental exertion. Moral\ncauses may indeed produce such effects upon the human frame; but here,\nthose of a physical kind evidently act in unison with them, and with\nequal force.\nThe education of the Boyars is usually confined to the mere knowledge of\nreading and writing the language of the country, and the modern Greek.\nSome few add to this superficial stock of learning, a few of the\nrudiments of the French language, which has been introduced by the\nRussian officers among them. Many more understand and speak it without\nthe least knowledge of its letters or grammar. If any are able to talk\nfamiliarly, though imperfectly, of one or two ancient or celebrated\nauthors, or make a few bad verses that will rhyme, they assume the title\nof literati and poets, and they are looked upon by their astonished\ncountrymen as endowed with superior genius and abilities. An early\npropensity to learning and literature receives but little encouragement;\nand, at a more advanced period in life, the allurements of public\nemployment, the petty intrigues at court, and the absence of every\nobstacle to pursuits of gallantry and pleasure, induce even the best\ndisposed to set aside every other occupation.\nPublic schools have, since several years, been established both at\nBukorest and Yassi. They are supported at public expense, and attended\nby masters for the Wallachian, ancient and modern Greek languages,\nwriting, and arithmetic. The number of students at each school amounts\nat the present moment to about two hundred. They are the sons of\ninferior Boyars and tradesmen. The children of the principal Boyars\nreceive their education at home from private tutors, commonly Greek\npriests, who are not natives of the principalities.\nThe education of the women is not more carefully attended to than that\nof the men; sometimes it is inferior, on account of the prevailing\ncustom of marrying them at a very early age.\nNeither sex is regularly instructed in religion, and it is by the mere\nintercourse of life that they derive their notions of it, and by the\nexamples of their elders that their principles in it are regulated.\nThese circumstances, naturally arising from the discouragement given by\nthe government to every improvement in civilisation, keep the state of\nsociety very backward, and are productive of the most pernicious\ninfluence over its moral character.\nThe Boyars, indeed, although so little susceptible of great virtues,\ncannot be taxed with a determined propensity to vice. Established\nprejudices, which the general state of ignorance has rooted in the two\nnations, and a universal system of moral corruption, render them,\nhowever, familiar with it.\nMoney is their only stimulus; and the means they generally employ to\nobtain it are not the efforts of industry, nor are they modified by any\nscruples of conscience. Habit has made them spoliators; and in a country\nwhere actions of an ignominious nature are even encouraged, and those of\nrapacity looked upon as mere proofs of dexterity and cunning, corruption\nof principles cannot fail to become universal.\nThe prodigality of the Boyars is equal to their avidity; ostentation\ngoverns them in one manner, and avarice in another. They are careless of\ntheir private affairs, and, with the exception of a few more prudent\nthan the generality, they leave them in the greatest disorder. Averse to\nthe trouble of conducting their pecuniary concerns, they entrust them to\nthe hands of stewards, who take good care to enrich themselves at their\nexpense, and to their great detriment. Many have more debts than the\nvalue of their whole property is sufficient to pay; but their personal\ncredit is not injured by them, neither do they experience one moment\u2019s\nanxiety for such a state of ruin.\nThe quality of nobility protects them from the pursuits of the creditor;\nand the hope of obtaining lucrative employments, by the revenues of\nwhich they may be able to mend their affairs, sets their minds at ease,\nand induces them to continue in extravagance. Some bring forward their\nruin as a pretext for soliciting frequent employment, and when the\ncreditors have so often applied to the prince as to oblige him to\ninterfere, they represent that the payment of their debts depends upon\nhis placing them in office. The office is finally obtained, and the\ndebts remain unpaid. When a sequester is laid upon their property, they\ncontrive to prove that it came to them by marriage; and as the law\nrespects dowries, they save it from public sale.\nThe Wallachian or Moldavian language is composed of a corrupt mixture of\nforeign words, materially altered from their original orthography and\npronunciation. Its groundwork is Latin and Slavonic. For many centuries\nit had no letters, and the Slavonic characters were used in public\ninstruments and epitaphs. The Boyars, whose public career rendered the\nknowledge of a few letters most necessary, knew merely enough to sign\ntheir names. The Bible was only known by reputation. In 1735,\nConstantine Mavrocordato,who had undertaken the task of replacing\nbarbarism by civilisation in both principalities, made a grammar for the\njargon that was spoken, in characters which he drew from the Slavonic\nand the Greek. He caused several copies of the Old and New Testament in\nthe new language to be distributed, and he ordered the Gospel to be\nregularly read in the churches. He encouraged the inhabitants to study\ntheir language according to the rules of his grammar, and in a few years\nthe knowledge of reading and writing became general among the higher\norders.[41]\nThe modern Greek, introduced by the Hospodars, is the language of the\ncourt, but it is perfectly understood by the Boyars, with whom it has\nbecome a native tongue. It is spoken in Wallachia with much greater\npurity than in any other country where it is in use. In many parts of\nGreece, different dialects have been adopted, some of which have but\nlittle affinity with the Hellenic, whilst in others the greater part of\nthe words have been so disfigured as to render their origin difficult to\ntrace. The Greek spoken in Wallachia differs but little from the\nHellenic. The Moldavians are less in the habit of making use of it; and\nthe study of French and other foreign languages is more general among\nthem.\nThe national dress of the Boyars does not differ from that which belongs\nto the higher classes of Turks, with the only exception of the turban,\nto which they substitute a kind of cap of an extraordinary size called\n_calpack_, made of grey Astracan fur, in the shape of a pear. It is\nhollow, and the largest part of it is about three feet in circumference,\nwith a proportionable height. It is altogether a very ugly and\nridiculous head-dress, and not at all adapted to the beauty and\nmagnificence of the rest of the costume.\nThe ladies dress entirely in the European style; but they combine the\nfashions with oriental richness and profusion of ornament. Their\npersons, in general, have not much beauty; but this deficiency is made\nup by a great share of natural grace and pleasant humour, and by a\npeculiar neatness of shape.\nThe Wallachian music has some resemblance with that of the modern\nGreeks, although more regular in time, and altogether more harmonious.\nIts style has hardly any variety, and all the tunes are uniformly played\nin minor keys. Some would produce good effect if played with proper\ndelicacy and expression. The instruments mostly used are the common\nviolin, the Pan-pipe, and a kind of guitar or lute peculiar to the\ncountry. The bands are composed of these three kinds of instruments, all\nof which play the leading part without variation of accompaniment; they\nare only introduced on occasions of mirth or festivity. The Boyars,\nbeing no admirers of music, never make a study of it, and their gypsy\nslaves are the only persons who profess it. Their women, however, are\npartial to the German style of it, and several of them perform on the\npianoforte; but want of perseverance keeps them from reaching to any\ndegree of perfection, and want of emulation from persevering.\nThe dance, formerly common to all the classes of the natives, and which,\nat present, is the only one known to the lower orders, is of a singular\nstyle. Fifteen or twenty persons of both sexes take each other by the\nhands, and, forming a large circle, they turn round and round again, at\na very slow pace; the men bending their knees now and then, as if to\nmark the time of music, and casting a languishing look on each side,\nwhen holding the hands of women. This kind of dance has some years since\nbeen thrown out of fashion in the first circles of society, and English\ncountry-dances, waltzing, and the Polish mazurka have been introduced.\nMost of the ladies dance them well, but the men very indifferently,\ntheir dress being a great obstacle to perfection in the accomplishment.\nIn the daily occupations and pastimes of the Boyars, little variety\ntakes place. Those who hold no place under government, spend their\nleisure in absolute idleness, or in visiting each other to kill time. In\nWallachia, the management of their estates and other private concerns,\nwhich do not relate to public appointment, does not occupy much of their\nattention, and sometimes the finest of their lands are left in total\nneglect, or in the hands of mercenary agents, who enrich themselves with\ntheir spoils. They hardly ever visit their country possessions, which\nsome let out for several years, for much less than their real value,\nwhen they find customers who are willing to pay the whole amount of rent\nin advance. They build fine country-houses which they intend never to\ninhabit, and which, in a few years, fall into ruin. The most delightful\nspots in their beautiful country have no power to attract them, neither\nis it at all customary with them to quit the town residence at any\nseason of the year.\nThe Boyars in Moldavia, like those in Wallachia, are the great\nland-proprietors; but they bestow much more of their attention and time\nto the improvement of their estates, which they make their principal\nsource of riches. The revenues of some of the most opulent, from landed\nproperty, amount to two or three hundred thousand piasters, and their\nappointment to public employment is generally unsolicited.\nDuring the winter, the chief amusements of the Boyars at Bukorest\nconsist in attending public clubs, established on the plan of the\n_redoutes_ at Vienna. Masked balls are given in them three or four times\na week, which attract great numbers of people. There are, however, clubs\nadapted to the different ranks; the principal of them, to which the\ncourt and first Boyars subscribe, is distinguished by the appellation of\n_Club-noble_; it is very numerously attended towards the end of the\nCarnival, and although its title indicates a perfect selection of\nsociety, it does not the less allow entrance to people of all\ndescriptions under masks. The most genteel do not dance here, unless\nthey are masked; but they play at the pharao-table, and at other games,\nof which the place offers a variety.\nPrivate balls are also given sometimes, but no other kind of regular\nevening parties are customary. Formalities of invitation, however, are\nnever expected; and the tables of the Boyars, and their houses, are at\nall times open to their friends and acquaintance.\nThe summer evenings are generally spent at a place called _Hellesteo_.\nIt is a lake situated about a mile\u2019s distance out of town, on the\nborders of which, the company walk or sit two or three hours. Near the\nmost frequented part is a coffee-house, where ices and other\nrefreshments are to be had. On Sundays, the number of carriages coming\nto this place, amounts sometimes to six or seven hundred; and the\nmultitude of fashionables, as well as the great display of dress and\njewels of the ladies, certainly render it a gay and pretty scene. The\nwalks are not shaded by trees, and the only advantage they offer, is an\nextensive view round the country.\nAt the distance of a mile from the _Hellesteo_, is situated a beautiful\nlittle grove called _Banessa_, to which a part of the company frequently\ndrive. It is the property of a Boyar of the name of Vakaresko, and forms\na kind of park to his country-house, situated behind it. This gentleman\nis not only good enough to keep it open to the public, but even makes\nevery possible improvement for their accommodation, at his own expense.\nBoth he and his lady do the honours of it to their friends, in the most\nobliging manner.\nAll the company return to town from these places at the same time; the\nline of cal\u00e8ches, endless to the sight, raise clouds of dust, to the no\nsmall derangement of the ladies\u2019 toilets. Some spend the remainder of\nthe evening in riding up and down the principal streets, and others\nassemble at different houses to play at cards.\nIn winter, the afternoon rides are confined to the streets of the town,\nwhere the number and splendour of sledges is equal to that of the\ncal\u00e8ches in the fine season.\nLast year a company of German actors came to Bukorest, and after some\nperformances, were encouraged to establish a regular theatre. They gave\nGerman operas, and comedies translated into Wallachian, and the first\ntwo or three months they attracted crowds from all the classes, who,\nwithout exception, seemed to have taken a true liking to the new sort of\namusement; but latterly the charm of novelty had begun to wear off, and\nthe Boyars of the first order, with some of the principal foreign\nresidents, seemed to be the only persons disposed to support the\ncontinuance of the establishment, more with the view of making it a\nplace of general union of the society, than from the attractions of the\nstage.\nThe days of Christmas, new-year, the prince\u2019s anniversary, Easter, and\nsome others, are chiefly devoted to etiquette visits at court. From nine\no\u2019clock in the morning to one in the afternoon, the prince and princess,\nseated at the corner of a very long sopha, and covered with jewels and\nthe most costly apparel, receive the homage of all those who are\nentitled to the honour of kissing their hands, an honour which the\nforeign consuls, their wives, and officers attached to their suite,\nalone, think proper to dispense with. No other persons residing in the\ncountry can be received at court on gala days without going through that\nformality. The wives of Boyars are allowed to sit in the presence of the\nprince and princess; they take seat according to the rank or office of\ntheir husbands, who without exception are obliged to stand at a\nrespectful distance. On similar occasions, the crowd at court is\nimmense; the whole of the outer apartments are filled with persons of\nevery description, and the audience-chamber is not less so by the number\nof visitors. On new-year\u2019s-day it is customary to make presents of money\nto the servants attending the court; they have no other pecuniary\nallowance for their services; and the bustle and confusion occasioned by\nthe avidity of this crowd of harpies is as difficult to be described as\nit is inconsistent with the dignity of a court who expects and ordains\nuniversal homage to its chiefs.\nAbout two hundred and ten days of the year are holidays, and they are\nstrictly observed by the inhabitants, as far, at least, as relates to\nthe exclusion of all kinds of work. The public offices, although they\nhave so great a portion of the year to remain inactive, are allowed,\nbesides, a fortnight\u2019s vacation at Easter and during the hottest days of\nsummer. In these useless and pernicious days of idleness, whilst the\nBoyars\u2019 chief occupation consists in seeking the means of killing time\nout of their homes, the lowest classes spend it with their earnings at\nthe brandy-shops, where prostitutes are kept for the purpose of\nattracting a greater number of customers, and of propagating with vice\nthe most horrible of all the diseases with which human nature is\nafflicted.\nThe number of this disgraceful class of females is so great at Bukorest,\nthat the late Aga, or police director, suggested to the prince the plan\nof levying a capitation tax on each, whereby he would create a new\nrevenue of some hundred thousand piasters. This plan, contrary to\nexpectation, was not put into effect, though it was not likely to meet\nwith obstacles.\nThe manners of society among the Wallachian Boyars are not remarkable\nfor refinement. The general topics of social conversation are of the\nmost trivial nature, and subjects of an indecent kind frequently take\nthe place of more becoming discourse; they are seldom discouraged by\nscruples of any ladies present.\nIn the habitual state of inaction, brought on by a natural aversion to\nevery serious occupation which does not immediately relate to personal\ninterest, both sexes, enjoying the most extensive freedom of intercourse\nwith each other, are easily led to clandestine connexion; the\nmatrimonial faith has become merely nominal.\nVarious other customs contribute to the domestic disorders prevailing in\na great number of private families. Parents never marry their daughters,\nto whatever class they may belong, without allowing them dowries beyond\nthe proportion of their own means, and to the great detriment of their\nmale children, who, finding themselves unprovided for, look upon\nmarriage as the means of securing a fortune, and consequently regard it\nas a mere matter of pecuniary speculation. Feelings of affection or\nsentiments of esteem are therefore out of the question in the pursuit of\nmatrimonial engagements, and money remains the only object in view.\nWhen a girl has reached the age of thirteen or fourteen, her parents\nbecome anxious to procure a husband for her. They do not wait for\nproposals, but make the first offers, sometimes to three or four men at\na time, stating with them the amount and nature of the dowry they are\ndisposed to give. They enter into a regular negotiation when a greater\namount is required, and finally settle with him who remains satisfied\nwith the most reasonable terms. The inclinations of their daughter are\nnever consulted on the occasion, and too great a disparity of age, or\nother personal defects on the part of the future husband, never appear\nto them objectionable. The girl is sometimes perfectly unacquainted with\nthe man of her parents\u2019 choice; and, at her tender age, unable to form\nany judgment on the state of matrimony, she submits to their will with\nindifference. Not long after the nuptials, she is left perfect mistress\nof her actions, her domestic affairs are entirely put into the hands of\nthe servants, and she never interferes with them. Neglected by her\nhusband, and at full liberty to dispose of her time as she thinks\nproper, she forms connexions of intimacy with women more experienced in\nthe world than herself. The attractions of pleasure and society become\ntoo strong to be resisted, and the example of others, with the numerous\ntemptations that surround her, prove, sooner or later, fatal to her\nvirtue. To the harmony which may have subsisted between her and her\nhusband, succeeds disgust; quarrels soon follow, and blows sometimes are\nnot spared on her. Her condition becomes at last intolerable, she quits\nher husband\u2019s house, sues for a divorce, and generally obtains it,\nhowever frivolous the plea in the true sense of the law. Her fortune is\ngiven back to her, and enables her to live single, or to attract another\nhusband, if she feels again an inclination to matrimony. She is now\nallowed her own choice of one; but, once accustomed to the agreeable\npaths of diversity, she seldom remains more faithful to the second than\nshe had been to the first.\nThe church of Wallachia and Moldavia is the only one professing the\nGreek religion that authorises divorce; or more properly speaking, the\nonly one that abuses the power of pronouncing it, the authority being\ngranted to the patriarch of Constantinople on occasions of the most\nparticular nature, and indeed never made use of.\nIn the principalities, the sentence of divorce is pronounced so\nfrequently, the motives alleged are sometimes so frivolous, that it\nnever affects the reputation of a woman, so as to degrade her in her\nordinary rank of society; nor does it in the least become a scruple to\nthe delicacy of the men, whatever may have been the nature of its\nmotive.\nThere are but few families at Bukorest who have long continued in an\nuninterrupted state of domestic harmony, and fewer still who can point\nout some relation who has not gone through a divorce.\nSometime back, a Wallachian lady of quality, who had brought but a small\nfortune to her husband, became desirous of fixing her residence in one\nof the principal streets of the town, and she pressed him to lay aside\nhis accustomed system of economy, to sell his estate, the revenue of\nwhich gave them the principal means of support, and to build a fine\nhouse in that street. The husband, more reasonable than herself,\npositively refused to listen to her extravagant proposal; and the lady,\nincensed at his upbraiding her for it, quitted his house, and shortly\nafter sued for divorce, which she obtained. This lady, who has since\nremained single, professed great piety, and is still considered as a\nvery pious woman.\nNot long after, a young Boyar, contrary to custom, fell in love with a\nvery beautiful young woman, of the same rank and age. The parents of\nboth agreed on their union, and the nuptials were celebrated by public\nfestivities. This couple was looked upon as the only one in the country\nwhom a strong and mutual attachment had united. At the end of the first\nyear the husband was suddenly attacked by a pulmonary complaint, and\ninduced by the physicians\u2019 advice to separate himself for some time from\nhis wife, and go to Vienna in order to consult the best medical men.\nAfter eighteen months\u2019 absence, finding himself perfectly recovered, he\nhastened back to Bukorest impatient to see his wife, to whom he had not\nceased to write, but whose letters had latterly become much less\nfrequent. On his arrival he found the most unexpected changes in his\nfamily affairs. His wife had gone to her parents, refused to see him,\nand had already consented to marry another! Her father, who was the\nchief instigator of her sudden resolution, had negotiated the second\nmarriage, because it suited his own interests.\nThe legitimate husband claimed his spouse through every possible\nchannel; but he was not listened to, and government declined\ninterfering.\nThe sentence of divorce was pronounced by the metropolitan; and,\nalthough the husband\u2019s refusal to sign the act rendered it perfectly\nillegal, the second marriage took place; the ceremony was performed by\nthe archbishop in person, and public rejoicings were made on the\noccasion.\nThe circumstances of this adventure were the more remarkable, as the\nsecond husband had been married before, and divorced his wife after six\nweeks\u2019 cohabitation, when he saw the possibility of obtaining this\nlady\u2019s hand.\nAnother lady of the first rank separated her daughter from her husband,\nwith whom she had lived six years, and caused a sentence of divorce to\nbe pronounced. She gave for reason, that her daughter\u2019s constitution\nsuffered considerably by frequent pregnancy. The husband, who was by no\nmeans inclined to the separation, and who knew his wife to enjoy the\nbest health, made remonstrances to no effect: and he was condemned by\ngovernment to give back the dowry, and to pay damages to a considerable\namount, for having spent a part of it, although he proved to have\nemployed the deficient sum for the use of his wife and family.\nThese three instances of the degraded state of morals in these countries\nare selected from numerous others that occur daily. They are such as to\nexcite astonishment, and appear almost incredible; yet they created no\nother sensation at the time than other common news of the day, deserving\nbut little notice.\nIt is customary in Wallachia for parents to interfere in their married\nchildren\u2019s family concerns, and to exercise nearly the same authority\nover them after marriage as before. They are often seen as busy in\nintriguing to bring on a separation, as they had been active in seeking\nhusbands or wives for them.\nThe absurdities of superstition, which form so great a part of the\nfundamental principles of the present Greek faith, have gained equal\nstrength in Wallachia and in Moldavia: even the most precise doctrines\nof the Christian religion are there corrupted by the misconceptions or\nselfish views of low-bred and ignorant priests, a set of men, indeed,\nwho have here made themselves a manifest disgrace to the sanctity of the\nChristian name.\nA celebrated writer has said that \u2018Climate has some influence over men;\ngovernment a hundred times more, and religion still more.\u2019[42] This\nobservation is particularly applicable to these countries, and its truth\nillustrated by their present condition. Either of the two last-mentioned\ncauses, separately, would have acted with force upon the morals of their\ninhabitants. Intimately connected as they are, the evils that result are\nmost deplorable.\nThe mode of instructing the Wallachians and Moldavians in the precepts\nof religion, is not, however, calculated to animate them with excessive\nzeal and to propagate fanaticism. They are merely taught to plunge\nheadlong into all the ridicules of superstition, the inseparable\nattendant of ignorance; and it is probably owing to the total absence of\nfanaticism that the priesthood exercise a less powerful influence here,\nthan they do in other Greek countries. All the ecclesiastical\ndignitaries being of obscure origin, and mostly of the lowest\nextraction, they are personally despised by the Boyars. Their spiritual\npower is alone respected.\nThe rites ordained by the established church are the same as those of\nthe patriarchal church. Persons who have not received baptism in it, are\nnot considered as Christians, nor even honoured with the name of such.\nFrequency of confession and communion, and the punctual observance of a\nvast number of fast-days, during the year, are prescribed with severity.\nThey have become the most essential points of faith, and the people\nbelieve with confidence that an exact adherence to them is sufficient to\nexpiate the heaviest crimes, particularly after the confessor\u2019s\nabsolution, which, in most cases, is to be obtained by the means of a\ngood fee.\nAttending divine service at a very early hour on Sundays and other\nholidays, and three or four times a day during the week of the Passion,\nis also required and observed; the signs of devotion performed in it,\nconsist in making crosses and prostrations before the images, kissing\nthem, and lighting a candle to some favourite saint. The Gospel, when\nread, is heard with indifference and inattention. Preaching is not\ncustomary.\nThe laws of the church strictly forbid matrimony between persons who are\nin any degree related to each other: they even go so far as to prevent\nmarriage between people whose parents may have stood godfathers to\neither in baptism. The severity of the matrimonial laws is still greater\nwith respect to the difference of religion, when one of the parties\nbelongs to the Greek church. A transgression would be followed by a\nsentence of divorce, and punished by excommunication, if the marriage,\nalready concluded, were persisted in. The dread of this last evil is so\ngreat to all the natives, that every sacrifice is made in preference of\nbeing exposed to it.\nThe patriarch of Constantinople, although acknowledged as chief of the\nreligion, has no controul over the church of the two principalities and\nexercises but little influence over its chief dignitaries.\n PEASANTS\u2014THEIR MANNERS AND MODE OF\n LIVING.\u2014EMIGRATIONS.\u2014AGRICULTURE.\u2014GENERAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY.\u2014AN\n ACCOUNT OF THE GYPSIES.\nThere does not perhaps exist a people labouring under a greater degree\nof oppression from the effect of despotic power, and more heavily\nburthened with impositions and taxes, than the peasantry of Wallachia\nand Moldavia; nor any who would bear half their weight with the same\npatience and seeming resignation. Accustomed, however, to that state of\nservitude which to others might appear intolerable, they are unable to\nform hopes for a better condition; the habitual depression of their\nminds has become a sort of natural stupor and apathy, which render them\nequally indifferent to the enjoyments of life, and insensible to\nhappiness, as to the pangs of anguish and affliction.\nHence it is in a great measure inferred that they are a quiet and\nharmless people. Their mode of living is, indeed, with regard to the\nintercourse among themselves, an uninterrupted calm. Although the male\npart are given to drinking, quarrels and fighting are almost unknown\namong them; and they are so much used to blows and all kinds of ill\ntreatment from their superiors, that they approach with the greatest\nrespect and submission any who bear upon themselves the least external\nmark of superiority.\nTheir religious notions, grounded upon the most ridiculous superstition,\nare extremely singular. They firmly believe in all sorts of witchcraft,\nin apparitions of the dead, in ghosts, and in all kinds of miracles\nperformed by the images of saints, and by the virtues of the holy water.\nIn illness, they place an image near them, and when they recover, though\nit were through the assistance of the ablest physician, they attribute\ntheir return to health to the good offices of the image alone. Their\nobservance of Lent days is so strict, that the threats of instant death\nwould hardly prevail upon any one to taste of the aliments specified in\nthe endless catalogue of forbidden food. Their other Christian duties,\nalthough similar to those of the superior classes of their countrymen,\nare carried to greater excess. Invoking the Holy Virgin or any saint, is\nalways substituted to regular prayer. Divine Providence is never\ndirectly addressed.\nThe villages throughout the country are principally composed of\npeasants\u2019 huts, all built in the same style and of the same size. The\nwalls are of clay, and the roofs thatched with straw, neither of which\nare calculated to protect the lodgers from the inclemency of the bad\nseasons. The groundfloors are, however, occupied as long as the weather\nwill permit, and in winter they retire to cells under ground, easily\nkept warm by means of a little fire made of dried dung and some branches\nof trees; which, at the same time, serves for cooking their scanty food.\nEach family, however numerous, sleeps in one of these subterraneous\nhabitations, men, women, and children, all heaped up together; and their\nrespective beds consist of one piece of coarse woollen cloth, which\nserves in the double capacity of matrass and covering.\nTheir ordinary food is composed of a kind of dough to which they give\nthe name of _mammalinga_, made of the flour of Indian wheat, sometimes\nmixed with milk. The first two or three days after a long Lent, they\nsparingly indulge themselves in meat; but the greater part cannot afford\neven so great a treat, and content themselves with eggs fried in butter,\nand the milk to their mammalinga.\nThey continue the whole day out of doors at work, and they bear with\nindifference all the extremes of the weather. Their industry, however,\nis not of a very active kind, and they take frequent rest.\nNotwithstanding this mode of life, and the supposed influence of an\nungenial climate, the generality of the peasants are a fine race of\npeople. They have no peculiar turn of features which may be called\ncharacteristic; from long intercourse with foreign nations, their blood\nseems to have become a mixture of many. The Eastern black eye and dark\nhair, the Russian blue eye and light hair, the Greek and Roman nose, and\nthose features which distinguish the Tartars, are equally common amongst\nall the orders of these two nations.\nBoth sexes are in the habit of marrying very young. They are not given\nby inclination to sensual pleasures; but as religion does not teach the\nwomen the propriety of virtue, excessive poverty induces them to grant\ntheir favours for any pecuniary consideration, frequently with the\nknowledge and consent of their husbands, or parents.\nIn the holidays, they spend most of their time in the village\nwine-houses, where they eat and drink, and sometimes dance. At other\ntimes they enjoy the spectacle of bear-dancing, a very common amusement\nthroughout the country, conducted by wandering gypsies, who teach the\nart to those animals while very young, and gain a living by exhibiting\nthem afterwards.\nThe dress of the male peasants bears some resemblance to that of the\nDacians, as represented in the figures of Trajan\u2019s pillar at Rome. Their\nfeet are covered with sandals made of goat-skin. They wear a kind of\nloose pantaloon which is fastened to the waist by a tight leather belt,\nand closes from the knee downwards. The upper part of the garment is\ncomposed of a tight waistcoat, and a short jacket over it, of coarse\ncotton stuff, and in winter is added a white sheep-skin, which is hung\nover the shoulders in the manner of an hussar\u2019s pelisse. The head is not\ndeprived of any part of its hair, which is twisted round behind, and a\ncap is used to cover it, also made of sheep-skin, but which in summer is\nexchanged for a large round hat. The beard is shaved, and the whiskers\nalone are left to their natural growth.\nThe women are clothed from the neck to the ancles with a long gown of\nthick cotton stuff of a light colour, made tight at the waist in such a\nmanner as to render the whole shape visible. They generally go\nbarefooted, and they cover their heads with a common handkerchief,\nmerely meant to keep up the hair. On holidays they add to their common\nshift a coloured gown of a better sort: they button it up from the waist\nto the neck, round which they wear as ornament, one or more strings of\nbeads, or _paras_, pierced through for the purpose.\nSince their emancipation, the peasants have not been fixed to particular\nparts of the country, and they are at full liberty to change their\nhabitations at the end of their engagements with the landholders. But\nthose of a more respectable kind seldom quit the spots where chance has\nonce placed them, unless they are driven by imperious circumstances.\nNotwithstanding the unfortunate position of this people, by no means\nenviable to their neighbours, the miseries of famine in Transylvania\nsometimes cause considerable emigrations of peasants from that vast\nprovince into Wallachia and Moldavia. All the best lands in Transylvania\nbeing in the hands of Hungarians, Szecklers, and Saxons, the others who\nform the bulk of the population are driven into hilly and barren\nsituations, where at all times they subsist with difficulty; and of late\nyears the more than ordinary scarcity that prevailed has driven about\ntwenty thousand peasants, subjects of the emperor, into the dominions of\nthe Hospodars, where the great disproportion between the number of\nagricultural hands and the extent of arable land, renders such\nemigrations extremely useful. They are placed on the same footing as the\nnative peasants with regard to tribute.\nThe changes of residence that sometimes take place among the peasantry\nare not detrimental to the collection of the imposts, as it is the\nbusiness of the Ispravniks of each district to ascertain, every six\nmonths, the number and means of the individuals living within the limits\nof their Ispravnicates, and amenable to taxation. The deficiency of any\nparticular district being made up by the increase in another, no loss\naccrues to the treasury.\nThere is no regular system exercised with respect to the arrangements of\nthe landholders and peasants. In general, however, the latter are\nallowed a share of the produce in kind, with an understanding that the\nburthen of the taxes and impositions falls upon them; not that the\nformer would be averse to taking upon themselves the payment of their\ntenants\u2019 contributions, but because government is decidedly against the\nintroduction of a similar regulation, the amount and nature of the\nimposts being nominally fixed, but always exceeding the regular rates.\nAs the Boyars proprietors of land in Wallachia never cultivate the\nestates for their own account, but merely rent them to those who can\nmake the greatest offer of ready money, the less valuable are sometimes\ngiven to the whole body of peasants, residing in them when the advances\nare made by them. The richest estates give an income of fifty or sixty\nthousand piasters: but they are divided and subdivided for\nmarriage-portions for the proprietors\u2019 daughters; and if the custom\ncontinue for a few generations longer, a system, something similar to\nthe agrarian law, must be the future consequence.\nThe manner of tilling the ground does not materially differ from that of\nother countries in Europe; oxen are employed instead of horses.\nThe wheat is sown during the Autumn; the barley and Indian corn in\nSpring. The harvest of the two first generally takes place in the month\nof July; that of the latter at the beginning of September; and as this\narticle is required for the nourishment of so great a portion of the\npopulation as the peasantry, the quantity of it sown and reaped every\nyear is equal to that of wheat. Barley being only made use of for\nfeeding cattle and poultry, it is sown in a much smaller proportion.\nThe vine is always planted on the sloping of hills, and in situations\nwhere it can receive some protection against any sudden severities of\nthe weather; the grape is seldom gathered before the end of September;\nand as it does not come to a perfect state of maturity, it makes but\nindifferent wine, of a light and sourish taste. All other kinds of\nfruit, common to Europe, come here in great abundance at their usual\nseasons.\nThe great waste of land left in both principalities in a state of\nnature, and the universal custom of not cultivating the immediate\nvicinity of the high roads, give to the country, in many parts, an\nappearance of desolation; and a traveller, who only judges by the\nscenery within his view, is apt sometimes to think himself in a\nwilderness; he meets with few habitations on his way, except those\nattached to the post-houses, and hardly perceives any other population.\nBut of all the sensations of delight produced by the beauties of nature,\nnone can surpass that which is raised by the aspect of the more interior\nparts of this country. Romantic hills and dales, rivulets and streams,\nfields adorned with verdure and flowers, present themselves in a\nsuccessive variety of beauty during the fine season, particularly within\ntwenty or thirty miles of the Carpathians, from the Pruth to the Danube\nat Orsova. The inner parts of those mountains themselves offer the most\nmagnificent scenery; and their summits, the most beautiful and extensive\nviews. Those who have seen the romantic parts of the Alps, cannot help\nrecalling them here to their remembrance; the impressions of the moment\nare such that they feel at a loss to decide which deserve the\npreference. Whilst the impatient courier, going over the rough roads\nthrough the Carpathians, bestows curses on the dangers that slacken his\npace, and impede his progress, the voluntary traveller and lover of\nnature stands lost in admiration, and finally quits with reluctance and\nregret scenes which nature has formed in her most romantic mood.\nThe aspect of the Carpathians is very different in winter: all the\nheights are covered with snow, and the narrow roads with mud and large\nstones, rolled in the midst of them by the torrents, so as to render\nthem almost impassable; mostly situated on the brinks of dreadful\nprecipices, at the bottom of which rivers or torrents have formed their\npassage, one false step of the passenger is immediate death.\nThe Hospodars purposely neglect to repair these roads; the fear of\ncreating suspicions at the Porte that they wish to facilitate the\npassage of foreign troops into the principalities, induces them to\nabstain from an undertaking, which in other respects has become so\nimperiously necessary: they do not even venture the slightest\nrepresentation to the Porte on the subject.\nFew peasants inhabit this part of the country; during the summer they\ncut down wood, and supply with it the inhabitants of the plains, who\nburn nothing else. The most stationary are attached to the post-houses,\nsituated here and there for the purpose of assisting the necessary\ncommunications between the Austrian and Ottoman states. Their long\nresidence in this neighbourhood is generally marked by the glandular\naccretion, common to the inhabitants of the Alps. It grows sometimes to\nan immense size; its appearance is then most disgusting, and it absorbs\nalmost all the faculties, moral and physical, of the unfortunate beings\nafflicted with it. The natives believe the cause of this evil to proceed\nfrom the qualities of the snow-water always drunk by those who inhabit\nthe mountains.\nEvery village throughout the country has a small church or chapel\nbelonging to it, and one or more priests who act as curates. The\necclesiastics of this order are chosen amongst the ordinary peasants,\nfrom whom they are only distinguished in appearance by a long beard.\nThey lead the same life, and follow the same avocations when not engaged\nin the exercise of their clerical functions; but they are exempted from\nthe public imposts, and pay nothing more than their annual tribute of\nfifteen piasters to the metropolitan. The generality of them can neither\nread nor write; they learn the formule of the service by heart; and if a\nbook is seen in their chapels, it is very seldom for use. The priests of\nthis order are, in each district, dependent on the _Archimandrites_, or\nVicars, of the parishes nearest to their abode.\nThat class of the human species comprehended under the general\nappellation of gypsies, seems to be, like the Jews, spread in most parts\nof Europe, and in many other parts of the world; like them having no\nadmissible claims to any country as exclusively their own, and\ndistinguished from the other races of men by physical and moral\nqualities peculiar to themselves. The different gradations of climate,\nand the state of civilisation of the countries in which they are born\nand brought up, do not seem to affect them in the same manner as the\nother classes of human nature, and in many respects they appear little\nsuperior to the brute creation.\nWallachia and Moldavia contain about one hundred and fifty thousand\ngypsies, and make a more profitable use of them than other countries do,\nby keeping them in a state of regular slavery. The period of their first\ncoming there is not exactly ascertained; but there is every reason to\nbelieve it dates with the irruption of the gypsies from Germany in the\nfifteenth century; and they are mentioned in some manuscripts, possessed\nby Wallachian and Moldavian convents, evidently written towards that\nperiod.\nThey are remarkable, as every where else, for their brown complexion;\ntheir bodily constitution is strong, and they are so hardened from\nconstant exposure to all the rigours of the weather, that they appear\nfit for any labour and fatigue; but their natural aversion to a life of\nindustry is in general so great, that they prefer all the miseries of\nindigence, to the enjoyment of comforts that are to be reaped by\npersevering exertion. The propensity to stealing seems inherent in them,\nbut they do not become thieves with the view of enriching themselves;\ntheir thefts never extend beyond trifles.\nThe women have the same complexion, with fine and regular features. They\nare very well shaped before they become mothers; but soon after they\nbegin to have children, and they are generally very fruitful, their\nbeauty gives way to a disgusting ugliness.\nBoth sexes are slovenly and dirty: the filth and vermin with which their\nbodies are infected, seem to form a necessary part of their existence,\nas no consideration can induce them to be cleanly. Most of them are\nclothed with a few rags, and their children go naked at almost all\nseasons.\nThey acknowledge no particular religion as their own; neither do they\nthink of following the precepts of any, unless, acting as domestic\nslaves, they are ordered so to do by their masters. Among themselves\nthey dispense with the religious ceremony of marriage, and although many\nlive together as husbands and wives, they are only bound by the ties of\nnature.\nThe women are of the most depraved character: none of them follow the\nregular line of public prostitutes, but at the same time none refuse\ntheir favours when the slightest offer of money is made.\nIn both principalities the gypsies are divided into two distinct classes\nof slaves; the one is composed of those who are the property of\ngovernment, and the other, of those who belong to private individuals.\nNo regular traffic of them is carried on in the country, neither is it\ncustomary to expose to public inspection any who are to be disposed of.\nBoth sales and purchases are conducted in private, and the usual price\nfor one of either sex, is from five to six hundred piasters.\nThe number of gypsies belonging to the two governments, altogether\namounts to eighty thousand, including women and children. They are\nsuffered to stroll about the country, provided they bind themselves\nnever to leave it, and to pay an annual tribute of the value of forty\npiasters each man, above the age of fifteen. We have mentioned on the\nsubject of the gold and silver mines, how those of Wallachia pay their\nshare of it.\nThey are dispersed in different parts of the principalities, living in\nseparate companies of ten or fifteen families, under tents; they\nfrequently change the place of their abode, keeping always in the\nneighbourhood of towns and villages, or near the high roads. A passenger\ncoming in sight of their tents is always assailed for charity by a\nquantity of naked children belonging to them, and does not easily get\nrid of their importunities without throwing a few paras to them.\nThe chief occupation, both of the men and women, leading this vagrant\nlife, consists in making common iron tools, baskets, and other wood-work\nof the kind for sale. But their industry and gain are confined to what\nis absolutely necessary for procuring them the means of subsistence.\nThey possess a natural facility and quickness in acquiring the knowledge\nof arts; but a small number, however, devote themselves to any, and\nmusical performance seems to be that to which they give the preference:\nthose who profess it attend the wine-houses every day, for a trifling\nremuneration, and from thence they are frequently called to the houses\nof the first Boyars, on occasions when a band of music is requisite.\nSome few become masons, and receive one piaster for a whole day\u2019s work.\nThey are always employed, with a number of their less experienced\ncompanions, in public buildings, and they are then allowed no other\nreward but their daily food, and a proportionable deduction from their\ntribute.\nThe other class of gypsies is divided into families belonging to Boyars\nand others, who select from among them the greater part of their\nhousehold servants. The remainder are either employed at the vineyards\nof their masters, suffered to follow common trades, or allowed to wander\nabout the country, upon the same conditions as those of the government.\nThe practice of employing gypsy slaves in various departments of the\nhousehold, particularly in the kitchen, is universal in both\nprincipalities; but although the expense saved by it is considerable in\nhouses where a great number of servants must be kept, the inconvenience\nis much greater, though not felt. The kitchens of the Boyars are, from\nthe filthy habits of the cooks, and the inattention of the masters, not\nless disgusting than the common receptacles of swine. The incurable\npropensity to vice, and the laziness of these servants, occasion\nincessant trouble and vexation. Almost at every house punishments are\ninstituted for them, the most severe of which is the bastinado applied\nto the naked soles of the feet: it is performed by another gypsy, under\nthe inspection of the superintendent, and frequently under that of the\nmaster or mistress. The ladies of quality, however young and beautiful,\ndo not show much delicate reluctance in similar instances of authority.\nThe secondary punishment consists in passing the culprit\u2019s head through\na kind of iron helmet, with two immense horns of the same metal, and\nlocking it under the chin in such a manner as to render it extremely\ntroublesome to the bearer, and to prevent him from eating or drinking,\nas long as he keeps it on.\nIt is, however, certain, that the gypsy servants can neither be kept in\nproper order without punishment, nor be made to go through any long work\nwithout the stimulus of stripes. The private owners have not the power\nof death over them; but it has happened sometimes, that some unfortunate\nwretch has been beaten to death, and neither the government nor the\npublic took notice of the circumstance.\nIt is under the care of these depraved servants, that the children of\nBoyars are brought up. The women of the higher ranks not being in the\nhabit of nursing their infants, place them in the hands of gypsy\nwet-nurses, whose mode of life exposes them incessantly to diseases\nwhich must prove most prejudicial to the quality of their milk, and\nwhose bad nourishment and dirty habits, must otherwise affect the\nconstitution of the children.\nNotwithstanding that the gypsies form here so necessary a part of the\ncommunity, they are held in the greatest contempt by the other\ninhabitants, who, indeed, treat them little better than brutes; and the\ninsulting epithet of \u2018thief,\u2019 or any equivalent, would sooner be put up\nwith than that of \u2018gypsy.\u2019\nThe public executioners for any kind of punishment are chosen from that\nclass alone; but as their office is merely momentary, the unfortunate\nbeings condemned always suffer considerably more from their inexperience\nand incapacity.\nThe Wallachian and Moldavian gypsies speak the language of the country;\nbut those who lead a wandering life use, amongst themselves, a peculiar\njargon composed of a corruption of Bulgarian, Servian, and Hungarian\nwords, mixed with some Turkish. Its pronunciation, however, sounds so\nmuch like that of the Hungarian tongue, that a person accustomed to hear\nboth without understanding either, is apt to mistake the one for the\nother.\nTheir quality of slaves is acknowledged by the surrounding nations; and\nthose who abscond to them are restored when claimed as private property.\nDesertions, however, are not frequent; and when they do take place, the\nfugitives take such precautions as to prevent the place of their\nconcealment being discovered.\n INTERCOURSE OF FOREIGNERS.\u2014FOREIGN CONSULS.\u2014HOW FAR THE NATIVES ARE\n BENEFITED BY THEIR INTERCOURSE WITH FOREIGN RESIDENTS.\nA considerable number of foreign Europeans reside in both\nprincipalities, where they are attracted by a variety of resources.\nThe principal merchants and bankers, either from birthright or from\nforeign naturalisation, carry on their business under the immediate\nprotection of European courts; without which the general system of the\nlocal governments, so prejudicial to the interests of trade, would give\nbut little security to their operations.\nThere are at both capitals several German and French coachmakers,\ncarpenters, builders, architects, teachers of European languages and\nmusic, physicians, and apothecaries, all of whom have rendered\nthemselves extremely useful to the native inhabitants, and derive no\nsmall profit from the exercise of their respective professions. Almost\nall the importers of foreign furniture, luxuries in ladies\u2019 apparel and\nother kinds of retail trade, undertakers of subscription-clubs, and of\ncoffee-houses of the better sort, ladies\u2019 shoemakers, mantuamakers, and\ntaylors, are also European foreigners.\nA great number of Transylvanian and Hungarian gentry of the inferior\nrank are attracted by the advantages of renting the Boyars\u2019 estates.\nAccording to the treaties existing between the Porte and other powers,\nforeign subjects are not permitted in any manner to hold, as\nproprietors, landed property in the Ottoman dominions; the prince of\nMoldavia observing how little this stipulation had been attended to in\nhis principality, thought it necessary, in 1815, to issue a decree which\nordered the expulsion of foreign farmers. The Boyars, whose best estates\nwere under their management, and who had every reason to be satisfied\nwith them, strongly opposed the measure; their representations finally\ninduced the prince to give his tacit consent to their wishes; and,\nproperly speaking, this stipulation of the treaties does not include the\nprincipalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, and ought not to be applied to\nthem.\nThe progress of the Russian arms previous to the peace of Ka\u00efnargik, had\nenabled the cabinet of St. Petersburgh to become the arbiter of the fate\nof Turkey. Whatever might have been the Empress Catharine\u2019s motives for\nconsenting to the conclusion of that peace, she did not remain less\nsanguine in her favourite project of conquering the empire of the East,\nand the special clauses in the treaty, which gave her the power of\ninterfering in the affairs of the Wallachians and Moldavians, were\ncalculated not only to secure to her the affections of the people for\nwhom they were most immediately intended, but at the same time to\nincline the other Christian subjects of Turkey to look upon her as their\nnatural defender, and their future deliverer.\nNo subsequent events prevented her from employing her right of\ninterference, though, according to circumstances, it may at times have\nbeen exercised with more or less energy; and the policy pursued by her\nsuccessors evidently denotes the continuation of a system which has an\nimportant object in view, however distant the possibility of attaining\nIn order, however, to exercise her influence with the activity necessary\nto ensure success, the empress had insisted also that the Porte should\nacknowledge the residence in the two principalities of imperial agents,\nto whom she thought proper to give the title of consuls, as most adapted\nto screen her views, and to justify her apparent one of enlarging the\ntrade of her empire, and giving protection and assistance to those of\nher subjects who were willing to extend their commercial transactions to\nthe principalities. This pretext was in fact plausible; for the Russian\nmerchants who had till then been in the habit of trading in those\ncountries, had complained much of the difficulties and vexations they\nhad constantly experienced from the irregularities of the local\ngovernments.\nHowever unwilling to recognise the future residence of public agents\nfrom the court of Russia, the Porte was unable to oppose it with any\nprospect of success, and consequently consented.\nThe court of Vienna soon after followed the example, though from motives\nof a more commercial nature; and the consuls of Russia once admitted,\nthe Ottoman government could not refuse to acknowledge those of Austria.\nThe Greeks saw with no little regret the arrival of these foreign\nagents, who not only checked their authority over the foreign trade, but\nbecame also competent witnesses of their political system and\nadministration, and the accredited reporters of all their actions. But,\nas it was out of their power to oppose the arrangements of the imperial\ncourts, they thought it best to set their submission to the profit of\ntheir vanity in receiving the consuls as envoys sent by foreign powers\nto independent princes. They introduced for their reception the\nformalities and ceremonial of the public audiences given by the Grand\nVezier to European ambassadors at Constantinople, and they revived the\ncustom of the Vo\u00efvodes, of being seated on an elevated throne on similar\noccasions.\nUnder the republic of France, French consuls were sent for the first\ntime to reside in the principalities, and their establishment has been\nkept up without interruption under the successive governments of France.\nOn several occasions they were very useful to Buonaparte.\nA British consul-general was for the first time appointed in 1802 to\nreside at Bukorest, chiefly for the purpose of facilitating the overland\ncommunications between England and Turkey. After the peace of Tilsit he\nwas recalled, and the consulate was renewed in 1813, with the additional\nmotive of promoting commercial intercourse with the principalities.\nThe pope has for many years been represented by a bishop in Wallachia,\nand by a vicar in Moldavia; the latter has recently been promoted to the\nrank of a bishop.\nThe number of Roman Catholic inhabitants is considerable; most of the\nServian, Bulgarian, and Transylvanian settlers belong to that\npersuasion. They have two fine churches at Bukorest and at Yassi.\nThere are also two protestant churches originally founded by Charles\nXII. of Sweden during his long residence in the principalities. They are\nsuperintended by a vicar appointed and paid by the archbishop of\nStockholm. The protestant inhabitants are German, and their number\namounts to one thousand. All foreign churches, provided they profess the\ndoctrines of christianity, are not only tolerated in the principalities,\nbut allowed a variety of privileges which they cannot enjoy in any part\nof the Turkish dominions. The metropolies seldom interfere with their\naffairs, and when any circumstance obliges them so to do, they bear\nevery possible regard to their institutions, and never assume the tone\nof superiority.\nIn general, the social intercourse between the natives and foreign\ninhabitants is carried on upon a much more friendly footing than might\nbe expected from the number of national prejudices that still divide\nthem, in opinions, religion, and established customs. The natural\nhospitality of the Boyars makes no exceptions with foreigners; and if on\none hand this quality loses a part of its merit in being the mere effect\nof custom, on the other it does not deserve the less credit when totally\ndivested of ostentatious motives.\nIt would appear that little benefit is to be expected by the inhabitants\nof a country long occupied by Russian armies, and made the principal\ntheatre of military operations. Yet the late intercourse between those\nof the principalities, and the Russians, and the prospect of their being\nincorporated with the Russian empire, have, in many respects, improved\ntheir civilisation. A variety of barbarous customs existing before have\nbeen abolished; usages and institutions were introduced which tended to\ntheir improvement, and the exterior manners of the Boyars have undergone\na polish which is not unworthy of more enlightened nations. Those of\nMoldavia would view with pleasure any political change in their country\nwhich offered to them the sure prospect of improvement in civilisation.\nThose of Wallachia have long since consoled themselves for the\nimprobability of any early change, by taking a very active part in the\ngeneral system of rapacity, of which it has become the lot of their\ncountrymen of inferior order to bear the weight.\n GENERAL OBSERVATIONS\n POLITICAL POSITION OF THE PRINCIPALITIES.\nWhen we reflect upon the deplorable condition of Wallachia and Moldavia,\nexamine the causes of their evils, and cast an eye upon the numerous\ngifts with which nature has enriched them,\u2014when we compare the effects\nof demoralisation and ruin, which are the natural consequences of their\npresent system of administration, to the advantages that would accrue to\nthem from a regular and permanent form of government,\u2014it is hardly\npossible not to regret that the question of a change in their political\nfate was not proposed and resolved at the late congress of Vienna.\nA variety of facts related in the foregoing pages have, perhaps,\nsufficiently demonstrated the nullity of the independence still\nacknowledged by the Ottoman Court to the constitution of its\ntransdanubean Principalities, and the little regard it bears to the\ncommon prosperity of their affairs. That those countries should resume\nindependency, and maintain themselves in it by their own means alone,\nwould, however, be as absurd, as it is impossible to expect. But that\nthey should be rescued from the hands of those who act as their worst\nenemies, and placed under the special protection of some great Christian\npower, under whose influence they might be enabled to employ their\nresources to their own profit and to that of their neighbours, give to\ntheir trade all the extent it is capable of compassing,\u2014under which, in\nshort they might have the hope of soon placing themselves on a footing\nwith the civilised world\u2014formed an object which called forth the\nattention of Christian Europe, and which, in magnitude and importance,\nhad at least equal claims to it as the question relating to the Ionian\nIslands, to which the Turks had no smaller pretensions, though neither\nmore nor less valid.\nConformity of religion, and the old standing connections between Russia\nand the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, point out that power\nas their natural protector; but, if the security of Europe forbids the\nrecognition of further encroachments of the Russians on Turkey, though\nat the same time the political change in the principalities had been\nonce regularly admitted, would not a partition made of them between\nAustria and Russia have been equally beneficial in its consequences, and\nat all events preferable in every respect to the _statu quo_? Indeed,\nupon the very principle of impeding the progress of Russia, the\noccupation of Wallachia by the Austrians was a measure of the first\nnecessity, as sufficiently capable of forming an insurmountable barrier\nagainst the Russians. Without it, what obstacle will ever prevent these\nfrom extending the whole of their frontier on the side of European\nTurkey to the Danube? and once entirely masters of the borders of that\nriver, the road to Constantinople is open to them, and the political\nexistence of the Turkish empire is left to depend on the will and\npleasure of the Russian emperor.\nAustria, as long as she is willing to maintain her present extent of\npower, would certainly feel herself far from secure at the approach of\nthe Russians on so great a line of her eastern frontiers, and would not\ntacitly consent to be severed from Turkey in a manner so as to alter\nmaterially the course of her communications with that country, and\nalmost to preclude the possibility of affording it future assistance;\nneither would the rest of Europe, interested in obstructing the further\ndesigns of aggrandisement of Russia, view such an event without alarming\napprehensions.\nThe precautions which the best political prudence could have suggested,\nought, therefore, to have brought the Austrians into Wallachia, where\nthey should have improved the fortifications at the most essential\npoints. Such a measure, carried into execution, the Russians would in\nvain have attempted new encroachments; they could not have made one step\ninto Turkey without the permission of the Austrians.\nIt has been said that the Russian plenipotentiaries at the congress of\nVienna observed so profound a silence with respect to Turkish affairs,\nand so carefully avoided any opportunities of hearing them named, as to\nprove evidently, that in her concerns with that Power Russia wishes to\nremain her own arbiter. Perhaps, by that conduct, she prevented what she\nfeared; for, had the partition of Wallachia and Moldavia been proposed\nto her, with the cession of the latter province to herself, could she\npossibly have brought forwards any reasonable objections? The\narrangement would have appeared so suitable to all parties, that she\ncould not have opposed it without betraying ambitious and subversive\nviews; Turkey must have consented, if she bore any regard to her own\nfuture safety; and the inhabitants of the principalities,\nnotwithstanding that they would in both have preferred the patronage of\nRussia to any interference of Austria, would soon have begun to feel the\nimportance of the change in their favour.\nWhat are the effects of the present system?\u2014\nThe policy of the Turks in the principalities, renders them detestable\nto their inhabitants. They send men devoid of principles, bereft of all\nfeelings of humanity, to exhibit a farce of sovereignty over them, and\nto display an arrogant and insulting power, in order to intimidate them\ninto submission, and to impose with less difficulty an almost\nintolerable yoke. These agents of authority are looked upon by the two\nnations, whom they are sent to govern, not as their natural\nwell-wishers, but as the chief enemies of the State; and the Turks being\njustly considered as the true authors of all their evils, the hand of\nvengeance is constantly raised over them, waiting for the opportunity\nwhen it can act with most efficacy.[44]\nRussia is perfectly aware that such sentiments and dispositions\nconstantly prevail amongst the Wallachians and Moldavians. The authority\nwhich she holds from her treaties with the Porte, enables her to\ninterfere in all manner with their affairs, and to create, through their\nmeans, motives of discord between herself and Turkey whenever she finds\na moment propitious to a rupture; and she may even, when she thinks\nproper, give an apparent urgency to such circumstances to justify any\nsudden seizure of the two provinces, operated without any previous\ndeclaration of war, and before the Porte could have entertained a\nsuspicion of her intentions.\nTurkey then, in being possessed of Wallachia and Moldavia on the present\nfooting, is only favoured with a momentary advantage, very\ndisproportionate to the danger of being involved through them in war\nagainst Russia, an event which must necessarily follow any attempts on\nthe part of the latter to seize on the principalities, and which,\naccording to the present political arrangements existing in Europe,\nwould not fail to create again general convulsion.\nFrom these considerations, it would appear evident, that as long as the\ntransdanubean provinces continue to be a source of discord between\nRussia and Turkey, and as long as the important question relating to\nthem remains unsettled, peace and tranquillity in Europe will only be of\nimaginary stability.\nIn the pacific sentiments which so eminently distinguish the Emperor\nAlexander, we have, indeed, a solid guarantee against any hostile\nattempts on Turkey; but the life of man being so precarious, is the hope\nof a long and uninterrupted peace to rest on the mere knowledge of that\nsovereign\u2019s personal character? And even if the Emperor Alexander\nshould, contrary to present expectations, march his armies again into\nMoldavia and Wallachia, for the purpose of taking permanent possession\nof them, could we, in strict justice, accuse him of ambition in the\nperformance of an act which common humanity dictates to any Christian\npower?\nIt is asserted that the success of the late great efforts against\nBuonaparte had, in a great measure, depended upon the Porte\u2019s forbearing\nto take a part against Russia, and that the allies, in order to induce\nthe Turkish cabinet to adhere to the resolution it had evinced of\nremaining neutral, had promised to guarantee, whatever might happen, the\nintegrity of the Ottoman empire; that the Porte, subsequently relying on\nthis promise, declared itself entirely foreign to the objects in\ndiscussion at the congress of Vienna, and consequently was not invited\nto send ministers to it.\nNow, that the co-operation of Turkey, with or against Russia and her\nallies, could have made the least impression on the destinies of Europe,\nat a time that the nation itself seemed so decidedly averse to the\nresumption of a war, and that the state was exhausted, appears most\ndoubtful; but that the participation of the Turks in the transactions of\nthe Congress might have settled affairs in a much more solid and lasting\nmanner, is extremely probable. It is at that universal tribunal alone,\nformed for the vast purpose of creating a just and unchangeable\nequilibrium in the political affairs of Europe, that the Turks might\nhave been made to understand and to feel the necessity of renouncing to\npossessions beyond the Danube, which, as they have no longer the means\nof maintaining and defending them, must, in their hands, continue to be\na source of unceasing contentions, and a subject of wars, which will not\nonly endanger the safety of the Ottoman empire, but also compromise the\ntranquillity of all Europe; and that the Danube being, in fact, the\nnatural frontier of their present extent of empire in that part of it,\nis alone calculated to offer them security. And those tottering\nOttomans, whose existence in Europe is already tolerated with too much\nindulgence, and who must be aware, notwithstanding the high opinion they\nentertain of their own importance, how much they are at the mercy of\nChristian powers, would they have ventured to combat any decisions of\nthe congress which deprived them of a comparatively small extent of\nterritory to enable them to preserve the remainder of their possessions\nin Europe? Could they have insisted upon the strict observance of former\npromises, when circumstances so important, concurring even to their own\nsafety, revoked them, and whilst they themselves have, in many\ninstances, been guilty of infractions to their very treaties?\nNo opportunity was ever, or will, perhaps, be again so favourable to the\ndecision of this important question, as the Congress of Vienna; however,\nit passed there under general silence. This silence may indeed have\noriginated in motives of great weight, but it could only have been of a\nmomentary necessity, and probably it will not a little contribute to the\ncauses of the first hostile shot that will be fired on the continent of\nEurope.\n _Translation of a Beratt, or Diploma, given by the present Sultan\n Mahmoud, Emperor Of Turkey, to Mr. Wilkinson._\n The Emperor Sultan Mahmoud,\n Son of Sultan Abdoulhammid\nBy that glorious and imperial sign, I, who am the conqueror of the\nworld, and whose authority is derived from Divine will,\nThe Model of the Great amongst the nation of the Messiah, the Ambassador\nExtraordinary from the Court of Great Britain residing at my Sublime\nPorte, Robert Liston, (whose end be happiness,) has presented to my\nImperial Porte an official note, by which he states that it is agreed by\nthe Imperial capitulations that the English shall have the right to name\nconsuls to Smyrna, Alexandria, Aleppo, Tripoli, Algiers, Tunis, and\nvarious other parts of my Empire; and that, when they wish to recall\nthem no opposition shall be made: that in virtue of this agreement,\nFrancis Summerers had been named the 3d of the Ramazan, 1217 (6th\nJanuary 1802), consul-general in the principalities of Wallachia and\nMoldavia, (acknowledged by Imperial Beratt,) to protect the affair of\nthe English merchants and other subjects who carry on business with\nthose Countries, as well as to assist the passage of couriers and\nletters to and from England, and having resigned that office, the bearer\nof this Imperial document, one of the most noble of the nation of the\nMessiah, William Wilkinson, has been appointed consul-general in his\nplace. The aforesaid Ambassador, in notifying his nomination, requests,\nthat in virtue of the Imperial capitulations, this Imperial Beratt be\ngiven him.\nConforming myself to what has been hitherto practised and to the\nimperial capitulations, I give this imperial and august sign to the said\nWilliam Wilkinson, and I ordain that he shall have henceforward the\npower of exercising the functions of British Consul in the aforesaid\nprincipalities; that he shall, according to the imperial capitulations,\nhave to direct the public affairs of the English in Wallachia and\nMoldavia, and give every assistance with regard to the expedition of\ncouriers and dispatches to and from England. All individuals, subjects\nof Great Britain, shall have to apply directly to him when they\nencounter difficulties in their affairs, and none must be permitted to\ndepart from those Countries without being furnished with a passport from\nhim.\nIt is not allowed that the servants of consuls be called upon to pay the\ncapitation tax called _Haratsh_, nor the common contributions called\n_Avariz_, nor any of the arbitrary taxes and imposts levied under the\nname of _Russumus_, and _Tekal\u00e9fi-Urfi\u00e9_. No one is permitted to demand\nof the consuls _Haratsh_ or other contributions because they may have in\ntheir service slaves of the one or the other sex. No one shall molest\nthem with regard to their private property, baggage, or provisions; and,\naccording to former practice, they are exempted from custom-house and\nother duties for all such objects. And as consuls are the\nrepresentatives of their governments, they shall never be arrested;\ntheir houses shall never be sealed, and no troops shall ever be\nquartered in them.\nThe abovementioned Consul, with his people and slaves, is therefore\nexempted from _Haratsh_, _Avariz_, _Hassabi\u00e9-Ahtshessi_, and all other\ntaxes, impositions, &c. If any one has a lawsuit with him, it shall be\nheard no where but at my Sublime Porte.\nIf the said Consul shall, at any time, wish to travel to any part of my\ndominions, he shall not be molested by any one, either going or coming,\nby sea or by land, in private houses or post-houses, neither for his\nbaggage, equipages, or servants. Wherever he goes provisions shall be\ngiven him at the common prices of the market, and no one shall have to\nmake the least difficulty. Wherever he may meet with danger he is at\nliberty to wear the Turkish dress with the white turban, as also any\nmilitary dress with the sabre, bow and arrows, spurs, &c. The princes,\ngovernors, and other officers, not only shall not molest him, but shall\nlikewise give him every assistance and attention.\nAll such as do not abide by these orders shall be punished accordingly.\nEvery one is to conform himself to the Imperial capitulations, and to my\nglorious signature which prescribes submission; no contrary proceeding\nshall be permitted or tolerated.\nGiven at my Imperial residence of Constantinople the well-guarded, 24th\nGemassielevel, 1229. (24th May, 1814.)\n _Additional Articles to the Treaty signed at Ka\u00efnargik, the 10th July,\n 1775, relating to Wallachia, Moldavia, &c._\nThe Court of Russia restores to the Sublime Porte the whole province of\nBessarabba, with its fortified places, viz. Akkerman, Killia, Isma\u00efl,\nBender, and the other towns and villages within that province; as well\nas the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, with the fortresses,\ncapitals, towns, and villages belonging to them.\nThe Sublime Porte, in taking possession of them, solemnly engages to\nobserve the following conditions, without the least deviation:\u2014\n1st. To acknowledge and maintain the constitutions of the two\nprincipalities, the established customs, rank, dignities, property, and\nchurches of the two nations, without any exception whatever: to give\nthem total amnesty and pardon conformably to the 1st article of the\ngeneral treaty: to leave unmolested all such persons as have not\nremained faithful to the Ottoman interest; to admit them to their former\nranks, and to restore to them any property and possessions they had\nprevious to the war.\n2d. To oppose no sort of difficulty to the free exercise of the\nChristian religion in the said principalities, nor to the repair or\nconstruction of churches and other buildings.\n3d. To restore to the monasteries in the neighbourhood of Ibra\u00efl, Hotim,\nand Bender, all the property belonging to them, and which had, contrary\nto justice, been taken from them.\n4th. To acknowledge and bear all due regard to the ecclesiastical order.\n5th. To permit those families and individuals who have any desire of\nretiring to Russia, or elsewhere, to depart freely with their moveable\nproperty, and to allow them a year\u2019s time previous to such departure\nthat they may settle their affairs in the country.\n6th. To renounce entirely the payment of old accounts, for whatever\nrelates to former contributions.\n7th. To claim no tribute from the inhabitants of the said province and\nprincipalities for the space of time that they have been occupied by the\nRussians, and in consideration of the losses and sufferings sustained by\nthem on account of the war, to claim no sort of tribute from them for\nthe space of two years after the date of the treaty.\n8th. The Porte engages to show every regard and humanity to the\ninhabitants of the said countries, at and after the expiration of the\nterm mentioned in the 7th article, relative to the tribute and taxes\nwhich they shall then be called upon to pay, and will neither suffer nor\npermit any Pasha or other person, to oppress and molest them after the\npayment of the ordinary tribute. And also to allow them the free and\nentire exercise of the privileges they enjoyed during the reign of\nSultan Mehmet 4th, father to the present Sultan. And the Porte shall\npermit the Hospodars of Wallachia and Moldavia to have one or more\npublic agents to reside at Constantinople, Greeks by nation or religion,\nwho shall have to transact the affairs of the princes; and not only\nconsents to acknowledge and treat with them, but also promises to\nobserve in them the privileges due to persons who treat public rights\nand interests, and are not under the controul of power.\nThe Sublime Porte also acknowledges and admits, that the Russian\nministers residing at Constantinople, shall have the right of\ninterfering in behalf of the affairs of the two principalities\nabovementioned, and engages to pay every regard to their\nrepresentations.[45]\n _Extracts of Two Letters written from Bukorest to Mr. Wilkinson, in\n London, containing the particulars of Prince Caradga\u2019s fight from\nOn the 7th instant (October, 1818), a messenger arrived in three days\nfrom Constantinople to the Prince, and in the course of the same day, a\nreport was circulated all over the town, that the prince was preparing\nto depart. On the following morning the Postelnik Vlaccuzzi, with his\nwife[46] and family, was seen to go out of town in a travelling\ncarriage, and great preparations of departure being continued at court,\nthe rumours increased, and people began to be alarmed.\nOn Sunday the 11th, after the accustomed ceremonial at court of the\nTurkish Ba\u00efram, the prince conferred titles on several persons, and made\nchanges in the public offices. In the afternoon he accompanied the\nfuneral procession of the old Bann Golesko, and on his return home, he\ncalled the Spathar Balliano, the Aga Vakaresko, and a few others into\nhis closet, and informed them that his life being in danger if he\ncontinued longer in the country, he was on the point of departure. He\nrecommended a good police regulation to maintain order and tranquillity,\nand he named a provisional government composed of the metropolitan,\nBrancovano, and Samourkash, whom he instructed to act during his\nabsence, until the Porte should determine on new measures of\nadministration. He also sent for the Russian Consul-General Mr. Pini,\nand after having prevailed on him to take charge of such private\nconcerns as he had not had time to settle, he took a friendly leave of\nthem all, and got into his ordinary _cal\u00e8che_, attended by two servants\nonly, as if going to take his usual evening drive. He repaired to\nBanessa, where he was joined by the princess his wife, the princess\nRallou his daughter, and her husband the Bann Argiropulo, the young\nprince Constantine, the Postelnik Mavrocordato, the Aga Vlangalli, and a\nfew servants, who were all waiting with travelling carriages and\npost-horses, baggage, &c. They all set out together, and at a mile\u2019s\ndistance from Banessa, they were joined by four hundred Albanians, (the\nprince\u2019s body-guards) well mounted and well armed. They directed their\ncourse to Kronstadt in Transylvania, where they arrived in safety, after\nfour days journey, and were well received by the Austrian General\ncommanding on the frontiers.\nThe four hundred guards were sent back, and the Prince, whilst on the\nroad, transmitted various orders to the provisional government, as if he\ncontinued to be the only chief of the country.\nIt is said he will not stop long at Kronstadt, but will proceed on to\nSwitzerland, where he intends to fix his abode.\nImmediately after his departure, the Russian consul placed the imperial\nseal on all the apartments of the court, some of which contained\nfurniture, and other articles of much value, after which he laid a\nformal sequester upon the Prince\u2019s private property, under the plea that\nhe had left unpaid several debts to Russian merchants.\nAll the Boyars assembled on the 12th, and wrote to the Porte the\nparticulars of this unexpected event, they have since held several\ndeliberations, and have finally agreed to send a petition to the Sultan,\nrepresenting all the miseries to which they were exposed under the\nadministration of Greek Princes, praying that he would henceforward\nconfide the government of the principality to the Divan alone, and\nengaging themselves to observe faithfully all the conditions that have\nbeen hitherto prescribed to the Hospodars. We are now waiting with\nanxiety to learn the nature of the measures that the Porte will deem\nmost proper to adopt, and the moment is of no small importance to the\nfate of this country. Meanwhile we live under continual apprehension\nthat the Turkish Pashahs of the neighbourhood may take upon themselves\nto send troops in order to occupy the country, a circumstance which,\ninstead of producing the good effects of precaution, will throw every\nthing into confusion and disorder, and frighten away a great number of\nfamilies, who, in that expectation, are already making preparations to\nretire into Transylvania and Moldavia.\n_10th December._\u2014Every thing went on quietly. The Sultan, after\ndeliberating in his council on the subject of the Boyars\u2019 petition, has\nrefused to comply with their demand, and has appointed Prince Alexander\nSutzo new Hospodar of Wallachia. His Ca\u00efmacams have already arrived, and\nhave taken the momentary direction of public affairs. We know for\ncertain that Prince Caradja, who has left Kronstadt, will fix his\nresidence at Geneva.\n _Derivation of various words in the Wallachian or Moldavian language,\n from the Latin, Italian, Greek, and Turkish._\n Pritshep Percipio I understand.\n Ce fatshe Che fate? What are you doing?\n Dinderet Di dietro Backwards.\n Dreptate Rectitudine Rectitude.\n Nefericit Infelice Unhappy.\n Inghietsit Inghiottito To swallow.\n Dulceazza Dolcezza Sweet-meats.\n Kimpo-lung Campo-lango Long-field.\n _Wallachian Numerals_:\u2014uno, do\u00ef, tre, patro, cintsh, shasse, shapte,\n aht, noo, zece.\n _Italian Numerals_:\u2014uno, due, tre, quattro, cinque, sei, sette, otto,\n nove, dieu.\n Ce hai scris? Cosa hai scritto? What have you written?\n N\u2019hai faccutto bine. Non hai fatto bene. It is not well done.\n Adam parinte al nostro Adam padrie nostro ha Our father Adam has\n ha peccattuit. peccatto. sinned.\n Christos ha patsit Christo ha patito per Christ has suffered for\n pentro peccattele li peccati nostri. our sins.\n nostre.\n Voi se intra la shola. Voglio intrar \u2019nella I wish to enter the\n Ha perdutt viatza. Ha perduto la vita. He has lost his life.\n Wallachian. Modern Greek. English.\n Sindrofia \u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 Company.\n Daskal \u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 Tutor, or rather\n Affanissit \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 Ruined.\n Ha costissit \u03b5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd The cost in a purchase.\n Peristassis \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 Circumstance.\n Procopsit \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 a clever man.\n Katandissit \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 reduced in\n M\u2019am aposessit \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 I was astonished.\n Pethepsit \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 Punished.\n Periorissit \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 Engaged.\n Thiazeeon \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03af\u03c9\u03bd Act of divorce.\n Ipokeemen \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 An individual.\n Thiathisis \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 a strong desire.\n Proerisis \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 Inclination.\n Simandicos \u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03c7\u03cc\u03c2 a person of note.\n Star\u00e9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd State, or situation.\n Kivernisis \u03c7\u03b9\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 a living.\n Massalla Mashalla a Flambeau.\n _An explanation of the Nizam-y-Gedid institution, and some curious\n remarks concerning it. Written by Tshelebi-Effendi, one of the chief\n dignitaries of the Ottoman Empire, Counsellor, Minister of State, &c.\n and translated from the original Turkish manuscript._\nThe most high God, who hath willed that the race of the children of Adam\nshould endure from the time of Adam, even unto the day of judgment,\nhath, by the mysterious decrees of his Divine Providence, created an\nEmperor of the world, to administer with justice the affairs of the\nwhole company of his servants, and to protect them from their\nenemies.[47]\nIt is by repelling hostile violence that the affairs of the world are\nmaintained in due order; since the Divine Majesty hath subjected the\nearth to government in such a manner that it is divided into many\nregions, each of them should have its own Sovereign, and that the places\nsubject to each Sovereign, and the servants of God whom they contain,\nshould find in their rulers (each according to the power he possesses,\nand the age in which he lives) a protection and security from the malice\nand treachery of their hostile neighbours and other enemies.\nAs those States which guard against dishonour, and by daily improving\nand confirming their system of government, obtain in these respects a\nsuperiority over the neighbouring nations, have flourished accordingly;\nin like manner, decay and destruction have been the lot of such as in\nthese points have been inferior to the countries adjoining them; because\nit is the invariable nature of the children of Adam to lengthen the hand\nagainst the dominion and wealth of the weak and indolent.\nIt is said in the history which treats of the terms of peace concluded\nby the sublime person who has received the mercy of God[48], that those\nStates which from carelessness did not take proper precautions to guard\nagainst the violence of strangers, have remained without either honour\nor reputation, and dependent upon others. Or even from the consequence\nof their negligence, having fallen entirely into the hands of\nforeigners, their kings have become subjects, and their rich men poor.\nIt is a principle to be observed by those who rule governments, and are\nmen of understanding and penetration, that, \u201ceven if your enemy is an\nant, you should use every effort against him;\u201d that conformably to this\nproverb, they may not suffer themselves to be brought into calamity, by\nthe treacherous machinations of the neighbouring States, and other\nhostile nations.\nThe purpose of this preface is as follows:\u2014In the period which elapsed\nfrom the year 1150 to the year 1182 of the Hejira, the greatest part of\nthose who had seen service before the conclusion of the wars, went to\nthe confines of nonexistence.[49] And those who had not seen service,\nhaving never travelled an hour\u2019s journey from home, were entirely\nignorant of the affairs of the enemies of religion.[50] It followed that\nthe greater part of the inhabitants of the Sublime Empire[51] lived in\nan easy, careless manner, and had never experienced the vicissitudes of\nfortune. The corruption and disorder that prevailed in the discipline of\nour troops during the Russian war which broke out in the year 1182[52],\ngave rise to the confusion in which the world has been involved from\nthat time to this, a space of near forty years. Although the truth of\nthis is evident to a few men of sagacity and penetration, who, remaining\nfrom the former generation, may be enumerated out of the vulgar herd,\nyet, on account of the situation in which the world is, and the\ncircumstances of the times, most of them are obliged, in their\ndiscourse, to appear to agree with the opinions of the people at large.\nFor some time past, a rabble composed of the dregs of the populace,\nsetting themselves up for judges of the times, and assembling in the\ncoffee-houses, barbers\u2019 shops, and taverns, have, in vain speeches,\nunbecoming their station, indulged themselves in the liberty of abusing\nand calumniating the Sublime Government; and as they have not been\nvisited by the punishment which they deserve, people of this sort have\nthence been emboldened to say whatever they please. This system has\noften brought the Sublime Government into trouble.\nIn the times of Sule\u00ffman Khan Kannuni[53] the Just, a few ignorant men\nwho did not approve of the new system then promulgated, having got\ntogether in one place, railed against the Sublime Government, uttering\nwhatever tedious and absurd speeches came uppermost in their mouths.\nThis circumstance coming to the knowledge of the Emperor, he cut off the\nears and tongues both of the railers and listeners, and nailed them, for\nan example to the world, on the upper porch of a small gate near the\npalace of Sultan Bayazid. As this place was a thoroughfare for the\npublic, all those who with their eyes contemplated the sight, learned to\nrestrain their tongues. At that time, as at the present period, the\ngreater part of the vulgar, in their ingratitude for benefits conferred,\nresembled the children of Ismael. This sort of rabble being ignorant\nthat from themselves springs the corruption of the world, give their\nopinions on affairs as though they had by inspiration received intuitive\nknowledge of them, and taking no blame to themselves, as though their\nown inertness was not the cause of such misfortunes, have rendered\nthemselves the devil\u2019s laughing stock. As no public examples are made of\nthem, owing to the lenity which now prevails, and to certain\nconsiderations, the temper of these times is neither fit for peace or\nwar, and is incapable of rendering service to government and religion.\nNevertheless, that the world may not remain empty, a company of hogs,\ncorrupt and degraded like those who preceded them, assemble in taverns,\ncoffee-houses, and brothels, in order to abuse and vilify the Sublime\nGovernment. This perverse race are outwardly Mussulmans[54], yet have\nthey not the least idea of religious purity, and are indeed a collection\nof baccals[55], boatmen, fishermen, porters, coffee-house keepers, and\nsuch like persons.[56] Although it would be requisite to punish many of\nthem for opening their mouths on state matters, and to make public\nexamples of them for the purpose of restoring order to the world, yet\nthe force of necessity obliges the government to overlook their faults.\nA treatise which should contain an accurate account of the consequences\nproduced by the insolence and folly of the vulgar of this day, and\nespecially a correct statement of some events which ought to be made\npublic, having been required of us from the highest quarter, we have\nundertaken to write it in a style which is simple, and easy to be\nunderstood. Under the Divine favor, those who study this book with\nsentiments of religion, will thereby be enabled to make themselves\nacquainted with the present condition of the world.\n _An Explanation of the Causes which have occasioned Trouble in the\n\u201cThis institution of the Nizam-y-Gedid has caused the established order\nof the world to be disturbed, and has given cause to the insolent\nconduct of the mountaineers in the country of Rumelia.\u201d Such are the\nexpressions employed by a set of contentious and ignorant men, incapable\nof learning reason. I have sometimes questioned such persons, saying as\nfollows:\u2014\u201cHo, friend! allow me in the first place to ask you a question.\nWhat is this institution against which you make such continual and\nsenseless outcry? First know precisely what it is, and then continue to\noppose it. If there be reason in what you say, I am open to conviction,\nand am ready to concede the point in dispute.\u201d On hearing this, all they\ncould say was, that what they call the Nizam-y-Gedid, is a body of\ntroops trained and exercised; beyond which, and a mere profession of\ntheir aversion to it, they plainly showed that they knew nothing about\nthe matter. Although I saw that an attempt to make this kind of rabble\nunderstand public affairs, is like trying to make a camel leap over a\nditch, I proceeded to put some questions that occurred to me, as\nfollows:\u2014\u201cShall I give you some account of the troubles which occurred\nin the world before the Nizam-y-Gedid existed, during the reigns of\ntheir highnesses the former Ottoman Sultans, who have found mercy from\nGod? Such as the disturbances raised in Anatolia by the Gellalli[57],\nand the insolence of Sarry Be\u00ff Oglou in the reign of Sultan Mahmoud, and\nespecially the events which passed in Egypt, occasioned by Sacka-Yorghi\nAlli-Be\u00ff, the son of a glass-blower; and the affairs of Emir-Daher, of\nAbou-Vahib, all of which happened during the reign of Sultan Moustapha;\nand the calamities inflicted by the unemployed Levendis,[58] who turned\nthe province of Anatolia upside down; and the continued bad success\nwhich attended the arms of the followers of Islam, for the space of\nseven years, during the Muscovite war, which began in the year 1182; the\ndefeats which our great armies suffered every year, with the loss of so\nmany thousand tents, such abundance of camp equipage, treasure,\nartillery, bombs, and military stores, sufficient for the consumption of\nmany years, and so great a loss of our troops, either taken, drowned, or\nkilled, and the capture as well of our small forts and retrenched posts,\nas of our large fortresses, some of which were reduced by famine and\nothers by force; and the impossibility of delivering so many thousand\nwomen and children whom they contained, and who, still remaining in\ncaptivity, pass their lives in tears. These are things, the bitter\nremembrance of which can never be erased from our hearts. Some of these\ncalamitous events may be found in our annals, and some have happened in\nour days. Pray was the Nizam-y-Gedid the cause of all these disorders\nand disgraceful occurrences? It did not exist at that time, and yet you\nsee that confusion was already introduced, and the regular order of\nthings interrupted. Is then the Nizam-y-Gedid the only cause of\nrevolution? On what does your dispute now rest, and what answer can you\ngive to my question?\u201d After I had thus spoken, some of them who were\ndisposed to hear reason yielded to conviction, and remained abashed,\nhaving nothing to answer. But some others, less reasonable, who knew\nnothing of the things which I had spoken, answered thus:\u2014\u201cWhat need I\nknow about the troubles that have formerly happened in the world? I am\nwell aware that those which now prevail are caused by the\nNizam-y-Gedid.\u201d To these ignorant and pertinacious adversaries, I again\naddressed myself in these terms:\u2014\u201cDisturbances having broken out in the\nregions of France, the people eat each other\u2019s flesh[59], and the\nCrals[60] having declared war against them, for the space of exactly\nfifteen years, battles have been fought without intermission, so that\nthe country of France has been turned upside down, and the inhabitants\nhave drank each other\u2019s blood, and poured it out in the streets like a\ntorrent, and have, until this day, with the fury of dogs, changed their\ncountry into a slaughter-house for swine. Behold such troubles are not\nconfined to[61] Frenghistan alone. Neither India, nor China, Arabia,\nPersia, nor the new world[62], are at present exempt from confusion and\ncarnage. These things being so, is their source to be attributed to the\nNizam-y-Gedid? We may observe, likewise, that although trouble and\nbloodshed prevail in Rumelia, yet, thanks be to God, Anatolia is free\nfrom these calamities (may the ears of Satan be stopped with lead[63]).\nShall we say, then, that the fatal contagion of the Nizam-y-Gedid is\nconfined to Rumelia, and that it has not infected Anatolia; or rather\nhave not these things proceeded from the decrees of Providence? Should\nnot that consideration strike us? After reflecting and meditating on\nwhat I have said, what reply can you make?\u201d\u2014\u201cGood God!\u201d says my\nopponent, \u201cI thought Rumelia alone had been disturbed.\u201d\u2014\u201cThen,\u201d I\nreplied, \u201cif you are ignorant that every part of the world is thus\nconvulsed, and such things happen when there is no Nizam-y-Gedid, and\ndisturb the tranquillity of the universe, you should not, by any means,\nimpute the origin of dissension to that establishment.\u201d\nBy thus addressing them, I succeeded, by Divine favour, in bringing many\nof them to conviction. With respect to those persons, who, although they\nare acquainted with the true origin of such events, and the course of\nworldly affairs, and understand and know the commands of the great\nProphet (on whom be salvation and the peace of God), yet persevere in\ntheir perverse opposition; and who, because they were formerly authors\nof sedition, are ashamed to belie their words, and therefore maintain\nthe dispute, and uphold contention; who, having originally calumniated\nthe corps of cannoneers of the Nizam-y-Gedid, and abuse those who were\nthe authors of it, uttering speeches which do not become their lips, on\na subject above their comprehension; with respect, I say, to such\npersons, who, although they themselves confessed that the excellence of\nthese new troops was seen in the French war, and that to their good\nconduct many of us owed our escape from captivity, yet afterwards\nforgetting this avowal, are not ashamed to indulge in extravagant abuse\nof them, it remains only, that at the five stated times of prayer, we\nbeseech the Divine Providence to grant them understanding, and a\nknowledge of the right way, that they may distinguish good from evil,\nand acknowledge the power of the Sublime Government with whose bread\nthey are fed; and that thus, by a sincere union of hearts in the way of\ntruth and justice, we may obtain complete success over the enemies of\nthe state and of our religion. Thus did I manage my dispute and\nconference with those adversaries who attributed to the Nizam-y-Gedid\nthe troubles of the world. Long and tedious indeed it was; yet by the\nfavour of the Divine Majesty, and the protection of the great Prophet of\nmiraculous memory, many of the opponents, who were at first unwilling to\nhear reason, have been convinced, and brought to entertain a just idea\nof those affairs; and using their efforts to convince others, have\nentered into the congregation of well-wishers to government.\n _An Explanation of the Causes which gave rise to the Establishment of\n this Nizam-y-Gedid, about which so much noise has been made._\nBe it known to men of understanding, that after the conclusion of peace\nwith the Muscovite infidels, in the year 1206[64], when ambassadors were\npassing to and fro, at the time that the prisoners were released,\ndiligent enquiry was made of many persons who had been in the hands of\nthe Russians, with regard to the power and condition of the enemies of\nour faith. In the city called Petersburgh, which is the residence of the\nRussian sovereign, are to be found men of all nations. Among these was a\ncertain infidel, formerly an Ottoman Rayah, but fixed, by his\nemployments, in the Russian states; a man extremely rich, and a complete\nmaster of the art of deceit, acute and lively in speech, and devoid of\nshame and modesty.\nThis man, who was at that time become an ambassador[65] said one day to\nthe[66]sovereign, in a familiar society of Franks[67], \u201cWhy should you\ngive yourself the trouble of carrying on long and obstinate wars with\nthe Ottomans? If your design be to take Constantinople, why should you,\nby carrying on operations on the land side, struggle with so many\ndifficulties? Nothing is more easy than the capture of Constantinople.\u201d\nOn the sovereign\u2019s desiring to know which was this easy method, the\nwicked person answered as follows:\u2014\u201cThe _Craly\u00e4_[68] having formerly\ncarried on two or three successful wars, and possessed herself of the\nkingdom of the Crimea, equipped a fleet on the Black Sea, and after\nannihilating the Tartar nation, and taking many forts and castles,\nreduced to her obedience the rayahs of the White Sea[69] and many\ntrading communities, it would be easy, by following up a certain plan,\nto accomplish in two days the conquest of Constantinople, which need\nonly be attacked by a single streight.\u201d The Craly\u00e4, pleased with this\nsuggestion, said, \u201cIf you prove yourself useful in rendering me that\nservice, I will appoint you King of Constantinople for the term of your\nlife, in the same way that I appointed a king over the country of\nPoland.\u201d The person then spoke again thus:\u2014\u201cNone of all the Ottoman\ntroops are now ready to take the field: those of Anatolia are employed\nin cultivating the land, and smoking their pipes; such as inhabit\nConstantinople are either busied in carrying on various trades, or at\nleast are not subject to any good discipline. Were they to assemble\ntroops with the greatest possible expedition, they would require at\nleast a month for that purpose. Behold, the water used for drinking in\nso great a city, comes from certain reservoirs which are without it.[70]\nIt is not, therefore, expedient for us to carry on a troublesome war\nwith ships and troops by sea and by land. We need only dispatch to the\nCrimea all the Russian ships that are in the White Sea, and there,\nfilling with troops all our vessels, large and small, we will disembark\nthem suddenly without the channel of the Black Sea, in the district that\ncontains the reservoirs, the walls of which we will beat down with our\ncannon and[71]destroy. In one hour this may be effected. On the waters\nrunning out, the consequence will be a great tumult at Constantinople,\nthe news being every where spread that the Russians have destroyed the\nreservoirs of water, that they are about to assault Constantinople with\nall their forces, and that their ulterior projects are not known. In the\nspace of one day the want of water will produce confusion among them,\nwhich will be augmented by our zealous partisans of the Greek nation.\nThe troops which are in Constantinople, instead of marching immediately\nagainst us, will pillage the public treasures, and those of their\nemperor, ministers, and rich men; and putting their booty hastily on\nboard such boats and vessels as they find at hand, will endeavour to fly\nto Anatolia and elsewhere. The residue of the inhabitants, who remain at\nConstantinople, being left to themselves in this calamity, and\noverwhelmed with astonishment, having no water to bake bread, or to\ndrink, will, in the course of two days, be reduced to the last\nextremity. So that the Russian troops, gradually advancing and entering\nthe city, will make themselves entire masters of it.\u201d\nThe Sublime Government having received intelligence of this\nconversation, and of the decision taken in consequence of it[72], the\ninfernal treachery of the aforesaid wicked person, seemed really to have\nconceived a feasible project. Water sleeps, and enemy is sleepless.[73]\nIt is especially to be considered, that the distance from the peninsula\nof the Crimea to the channel of the Black Sea, is such, that a ship may\ncross it without altering a sail; and whatever confidence we may place\nin our own strength, yet, God forbid that so cunning an enemy should\nfind us in an unguarded posture; particularly since we are instructed by\nthe example of so many States, that owed their loss of reputation and\nruin to the want of care in observing the machinations of their enemies,\nand in neglecting to provide in proper time efficient troops and\nmilitary stores. From this source their calamities have arisen, as is\nwritten and set forth, as well in other histories, as in that which\ntreats of the misfortune of the Sublime Person, who has received the\nmercy of[74]God, and of the peace which he concluded. The Russian\ninfidels having withal greatly improved the state of their dominions\nwithin the space of seventy or eighty years, and manifested their thirst\nof glory by their arrogant and insolent interference in the interior\naffairs of other States, and having annexed several foreign countries to\ntheir own dominions, especially the kingdom of Poland, we must not, by\nany means, consider ourselves secure from so treacherous and deceitful a\nnation. Besides all this, the upright and provident ministers of the\nSublime Government, who are aware of the evil designs of the enemy,\nhaving represented to the Emperor, (who is at the summit of power, and\ninhabits the mansions of wisdom and understanding,) that if such an\nattempt as that suggested to the Craly\u00e4 by the before-mentioned\nreprobate, should actually take place against the reservoirs, (which God\nforbid!) as there had been no care taken to provide either money or\ntroops, it would be utterly impossible to dispatch with expedition\nagainst the enemy forces that were under no discipline, or to repulse\nthem with such soldiers; and that the people of the Empire of Islam,\nreposing entirely on the protection of Providence, would not make the\nleast resistance. That therefore, as it was a maxim established that in\nan urgent case, when some remedy must be sought, resources must be found\nin the whole body of those who are attached to government, without\nconsulting the lower orders; there was no other method of dispelling and\nremoving the danger we have spoken of above, but by keeping a body of\ntroops on foot ready for service. It was also taken into consideration,\nthat even if the description of force required for the purpose really\nexisted at Constantinople; yet in case of any danger arising on the side\nof the reservoirs in the way we have mentioned, (which Heaven forbid!)\nas the intelligence must be conveyed from thence to Constantinople, and\nas the troops must assemble, it would require five days at least before\nthey could reach their destination. May God protect and guard us! \u201cThe\nserpent kills a man in Egypt whilst the Teryak[75] is coming from\nVenice,\u201d as the proverb says.\nWith regard to the apprehensions entertained for the reservoirs, it\nappeared in every case indispensably necessary, that on that side a body\nof troops should be kept in readiness in some fixed station, and\nprovided with requisite supply of artillery, ammunition, and military\nstores; and such troops as should not, like the rest of our forces, be\ncomposed of sellers of pastry, boatmen, fishermen, coffee-house keepers,\nbaccals, and others who are engaged in the thirty-two trades, but of\nwell disciplined men, who would take care to have their cannon and\nmuskets ready for service, and on an urgent occasion, would be prepared\nin the space of half an hour to engage the troops and artillery of the\nenemy; to repulse them, and retaliate on them their own hostile devices.\nAfter these points had been taken into serious consideration, some men\nwere in the first place dispatched to the corps of the Janissaries for\nthe purpose of selecting from thence some young and chosen soldiers,\nwhom they were to discipline and train to the use of arms. Upon this,\nour bravoes who are engaged in the thirty-two trades, considering that\nif they were obliged to attend punctually to the exercise of cannon and\nsmall arms, they would be occupied with that instead of their private\naffairs, and would be brought into trouble, no longer receiving their\npay once in three months gratuitously, and without doing any thing for\nit, began to ponder the matter, stroaking their beards and mustachios,\nand to vent their discontent by saying, \u201cWe are not made for this sort\nof work, and we will have nothing to do with it.\u201d Whatever pains were\ntaken to enlighten their understandings, they obstinately persisted,\naddressing each other by these or similar terms, \u201cHo! Alli Sacka Baba,\nOda Bashi, Bash Karakouloukgee![76] what say you to this business? the\nexercise of the Nizam-y-Gedid is now introduced; henceforth no pay is to\nbe had without service, and what they call exercise is a very\ntroublesome service; it is true that drawing up in a line makes a better\nshow; but if they send us to war, we can fire our muskets, and then\ncharging sword in hand, we can put the Russians to flight and storm\ntheir camp. May Heaven preserve from decay our corps and our chiefs! we\nshall then take our pay when it is issued, and pass our time agreeably.\u201d\nSuch were their expressions, as though they could by frigid reasoning,\nand senseless allusions, induce the Sublime Government to abandon this\nenterprise, when the experience of two wars had proved, beyond dispute,\nboth the total inefficiency of their services, and the feeble condition\nof the Mahometan community.\nWith respect to the apprehensions entertained of the destruction of\nthose fine reservoirs by the Russian infidels, the first step which was\ntaken for the purpose of procuring speedy and effectual means of\nguarding against so devilish a piece of treachery, consisted in an\nordinance for levying a body of Bostangees[77], who were to be quartered\nat the Levend-Chifflick, a military post newly established at no great\ndistance from the reservoirs, in order that in an urgent crisis when we\nfly for refuge to Divine protection, they might be ready for service in\na very short space of time. But the most important point is this: that\nthe new levied troops, instead of engaging in trade, should remain day\nand night in their quarters, applying themselves daily to military\nexercises, and keeping their arms, cannon, muskets, and warlike\nimplements of every description necessary for immediate service; thus\npractising a discipline suitable to their appellation of soldiers of the\nnew regulation. To complete all, every Orta[78] led an _Imam_[79]\nattached to it for the due performance of religious worship, that\nnothing requisite might be omitted. Besides this, numerous batteries are\nestablished on the shores of the canal of the Black Sea[80], well\nfurnished with artillery, and a sufficient number of gunners were\nappointed to serve them, and to oppose any attempt which might be made\nby the enemies of our faith, to force the passage of the said canal. As\nthe perfect discipline of the garrisons of those forts, rendered the\npassage of a ship altogether impracticable, the enemies of our faith\nclearly saw that the attempt must end in their destruction; and thus,\nunder the Divine favour, their wicked projects, which we have already\nrelated,were rendered fruitless and abortive.\nThe continual and daily progress which these new soldiers have been\nmaking in discipline and order, and the excellent conduct and steady\nvalour which a handful of our regular troops displayed at Alexandria,\nCairo, and Acre, have caused the hearts of the foes of our religion to\nmelt within them, on seeing and hearing these things. We trust, that by\nthe favour of Heaven, when this description of our force called\nNizam-y-Gedid shall have become sufficiently numerous, terror and\nconsternation will take possession of the hearts of the Russians, the\nGermans, and the other enemies of our faith and Empire, to such a\ndegree, that they will no longer think of imposing on the Sublime\nGovernment hard and insolent conditions; and that, lastly, this\ninstitution of regular soldiers, proceeding from the habitation of the\ngreat Spirit which rules over our faith and Empire, will perpetuate the\nduration of the Sublime Government even to the end of the world, and\nwill give us victory over all our enemies.\nIt has happened to me a thousand times to find myself engaged in dispute\nwith a crowd of contentious fools, who say, \u201cIs there any occasion for\nthese new troops of the Nyzam-y-Gedid? At the time that the Ottoman race\nconquered the world with the sabre, there were no such forces. Let the\nenemy present himself, and we will lay our hands on our sabres, and at a\nsingle charge make piece-meal of them. Only let us see the intentions of\nour enemy, we will storm their camp, sword in hand, upset their Cral\nfrom his throne, trample his crown under our feet, and penetrate even to\nthe most distant of their countries.\u201d\nTo these bravoes I thus addressed myself: \u201cHark ye, comrade! do you know\nthat ever since the year 1146 I, as well as my father, have served with\nall my might in the corps of Janissaries, and have been engaged in\nseveral wars, and have seen the world both hot and cold, and feeding\nfrom the world\u2019s basket, have passed through the hoop of the\nelements.[81] Having moreover been a prisoner in the hands of the\nenemies of religion, I became fully acquainted with their deceit and\ntreachery, their discipline, and the successes which they have obtained\nover the Sublime Government. It has thus been easy for me to gain an\nintimate knowledge of many things, the truth of which cannot be easily\nunderstood from the mere perusal of our annals. As I am now eighty-seven\nyears of age, if all those affairs that have passed since the year 82,\nwith which I am thoroughly conversant, were to be written, they would\nfill several volumes. There are, however, certain events taken as well\nfrom history as from what has fallen under my own observation, which I\nwish to relate to you; and as my discourse shall be free from\nmalevolence and bad passions, I trust in God that you will hear me with\nsatisfaction, and will one day bless me.\u201d\nThe subject that we are now to treat is as follows:\u2014\nAt the accession to the throne of that flower of Emperors, Sultan\nSule\u00ffman Kannuni, the science of firing with quickness artillery in\nposition, making use of muskets, and practising such like military\nexercises, and of defeating large armies with a very small body of\ntroops, was not known amongst the foreign states of Europe and other\nnations. In this state of things they carried on wars against us; and in\nsuch contests the pious enthusiasm of the soldiers of Islam caused the\ngales of victory and conquest to blow on the side of the Sublime\nGovernment. Sometimes, also, they were on that of the enemy. It came to\npass by a disposition of Divine Providence, that His Highness Sultan\nSule\u00ffman having for some years following continually met with bad\nsuccess in his wars against the Germans, and perceiving that his defeats\nwere owing to the unskilfulness and want of discipline of our soldiers,\nemployed himself in creating a corps of regular troops[82], and\ninscribing recruits for that purpose. Immediately a number of idle and\nignorant vagabonds, who disapproved of this institution of troops,\nquarters, and military regulations, began to murmur, saying, \u201cWas the\nworld originally conquered by the Janissaries? No; it was subdued by the\nSegbans, and other valiant companies.[83] What sort of corps is this?\nand what is the meaning of these dresses? What strange things are the\nwater-carriers, cooks, and servants, with their various dresses and\ntitles!\u201d By disseminating these seditious speeches, they entirely\ncorrupted the minds of those soldiers who had been, or were to be\nenrolled in the new corps of Janissaries. So that, for instance, if an\nhundred recruits had their names inscribed to-day, to-morrow two hundred\nwould desert.\nHis Highness the said Emperor, reflecting on what passed, and\nconsidering the favour which had been granted by Divine Providence to\nour magnificent Lord[84]; understanding also that every age was gifted\nwith some polar star of intellectual excellence, discovered that there\nexisted at that period from among the sons and successors of Hagee\nBektash, the polar star of the times. The Emperor having caused this\npersonage to be brought to him from Anatolia, spoke to him of the new\ncorps which he had formed for the purpose of snatching victory from the\ninfidels, and giving it to the people of Islam, and demanded the prayers\nof this Sheich, that the soldiers enrolled in the corps, instead of\ndeserting, might display constancy and firmness. The said personage\nhaving therefore prayed, from that day forth the recruits no longer\nfled, but looking upon themselves as the children of Hagee-Bektash,\nfirmly persevered in their service; and thus, when expeditions were\nundertaken against the enemy by these regular troops, who were kept\nclosely to the pitch of discipline necessary at that time, the happy\ninfluence as well of the Emperor of Islam who is the chief of religious\nconquerors, as of the aforesaid holy personage, had so beneficial an\neffect, that they overthrew the armies of the enemies of the faith, and\ngained such signal advantages, that were we to describe them at large,\nour discourse would be too prolix. Before much time had elapsed, the\nenemy being broken and routed, and perceiving by experience the\nadvantages of this discipline, obtained peace with a thousand\nentreaties. Hereupon all the Crals[85] being seized with consternation,\nafter communicating with each other, held a council in a place\nappointed, to which they invited men of wisdom and experience. The\nconclusion they came to was this: \u201cThe Ottoman Emperor having introduced\nan admirable system into his army, and established a corps for the\nexpress purpose of keeping it up, we shall no longer be able to keep\nface with such well disciplined troops: as the soldiers of the Islam are\nnaturally brave, they will fall in among us, sword in hand, and make a\nspeedy end of us; and as the opinion which they hold that those who die\nin war are martyrs, and go immediately to Paradise, makes them fight\nwith great zeal, it is evident that if we do not establish good and\nsufficient military regulations, the Ottomans will conquer the whole of\nEurope, and oblige us all to pay the Haratsh. It is our business\ntherefore to find some method of preventing those soldiers from closing\nwith us.\u201d They concluded their conference by forming a masterly project,\nand inventing a method of using with expedition their cannon, muskets,\nand other instruments of war, and prohibiting their troops from engaging\nin commerce, they obliged them to pass their whole time in learning\nmilitary exercises, in which they made such progress that it became at\nlast impossible to break their ranks. In truth, it is well known to\nthose who are acquainted with history, that in the wars which have taken\nplace since the invention of this new system of tactics, the Ottomans\nhave been most frequently worsted, because they found it impossible to\nmake use of their sabres among the infidels as they wished to do; for\ntheir regular troops keep in a compact body, pressing their feet\ntogether that their order of battle may not be broken; and their cannon\nbeing polished like one of[86]Marcovich\u2019s watches, they load twelve\ntimes in a minute, and make the bullets rain like musket balls; thus\nthey keep up an unintermitted discharge of artillery and small arms.\nWhen the Islamites make an attack upon them with infantry or cavalry,\nthe enemies of our faith observe a profound silence, till the soldiers\nof Islam are come close up to their front, and then at once giving fire\nto some hundred carriage-guns, and to seventy or eighty thousand\nmuskets, overturn our men in heaps without so much as receiving a bloody\nnose. When they have thus by a few volleys caused thousands of the\npeople of Islam to drink the sherbet of martyrdom, the surviving remnant\nare wont to fly. Our troops perceiving how skilful the enemy are in the\nuse of fire-arms, and seeing many thousand men slain in the space of\nhalf an hour, while they are unable to avenge themselves on their\nopponents, have necessarily begun to lose courage. But although the\nwicked infidels, exerting their whole strength, have with great prudence\nand boldness invented so masterly an art of war, yet the soldiers of\nIslam, who have not been able to make any stand against them, may justly\nassert that the fault does not belong to themselves; for since the enemy\nsends us eighty thousand charges of grape before a thousand of our men\nhave time to fire their muskets, it is certain that resistance in such a\ncase is beyond their power. Thus during the period which elapsed before\nthe reign of his Highness Sultan Mustapha Khan, although we were\nsometimes victorious and sometimes vanquished, yet success was, for the\nmost part, on the side of the infidels.\nBy explaining all this, and by giving answers founded on the knowledge\nof passing events, I have succeeded in convincing many persons, who by\nfalsehood endeavoured to support the unjust opposition of the partisans\nof the Janissaries. What remains to be mentioned is this: His Highness\nSultan Mahmoud, having enquired the reason of the successes of the\ninfidels, and the defeats of the people of Islam, a dissertation,\ntreating of the way to victory, and entitled \u201cThe Origin of Discipline,\u201d\nwas composed and published; and as it afforded satisfaction to the\nEmperor, copies of it were disseminated amongst the public. I have, in\nthe year 1206, undertaken to write a description of the new troops,\nbeing encouraged thereto by the favour which the Emperor has been\npleased to bestow both on the motive and the work; but as, by the mercy\nof Heaven, I have reached the extreme period of life, it is very\nuncertain whether I shall be able to finish the execution of it.\n\u201cSince you cannot reconcile your minds to the new system of exercise,\nand say that it is useless, allow me in reply to put this question to\nyou: Was there a wall run up between you and the infidels during the\nRussian war which broke out in the reign of Sultan Mustapha Khan? When\nyou had consumed as much meat and white bread as would have been\nsufficient for two hundred thousand men, why did you, while the infidels\nwere in your sight, turn and fly, instead of engaging them after you had\nraised a commotion on the pay, rations, and exceptions from service? You\nwell know that I was present with you at that time. In the following\nyear you committed, on your march to the army, sundry crimes and\nexcesses; burning and ruining the houses in which you were lodged, both\nof Mussulmans and tributary subjects, and lengthening your hands against\ntheir children and daughters. When you arrived at the camp, you plainly\nshowed what ability you possessed for war, never having ventured in any\nsituation to engage or oppose the enemy, even so much as with the sound\nof your voices; and after having spent your time as you did the former\nyear, in disputing about pay, &c. you departed, spoiling your brothers\nin religion, and showing no fear or reverence, either for God or man.\nProve to us, if you can, that at any time, or in any place, you have\nrendered the least service to the Emperor. Such being the state you were\nin for the space of six or seven years, you at length became the cause\nof the Muscovites concluding a treaty with us on their own terms,\ninasmuch as through your misconduct they were enabled to penetrate into\nour territories. And to conclude all, it is owing to you that such a\nprovince as the Crimea, the seat of a Khan, hath remained in the hands\nof the infidels.\u2014In the late war with the Russians, which followed the\none we have been speaking of, several thousand soldiers of the corps of\nthe Janissaries were detached with speed on the side of Otchakow, with\nthe hope that you would effect something before the military forces of\nthe Russians could arrive from a distance of seven or eight hundred\nhours\u2019 march.[87] On that occasion you paid no attention to your\nofficers or to the governor of Otchakow, but of your own counsel went to\nattack a little entrenched port called Kibburun, where, being engaged by\na small body of Russian troops appointed to defend that quarter, you\ncould not resist them, but returned to Otchakow, after losing a great\nnumber of men. The Muscovites then besieged the fortress of Otchakow,\nremaining before it during the season of winter, snow, and extreme cold,\nwhilst you crept into holes within the place, and did not dare to\nventure out. Thus you were the occasion of the enemy\u2019s taking by\nassault, and by force of arms, so strong and firm a bulwark of Islamism,\ntogether with all its inhabitants, who were made prisoners. And to you\nit is owing that so many thousand persons, with their wives, daughters,\nand young children, fell into the hands of the Russians. In other places\nyou were equally unable to resist. As the superiority which the practice\nof military exercise gives to the infidels in war is clearly evident, as\nwell as the deficiency of the people of Islam in several points\nconnected with military science, is not the obstinacy with which you\noppose the introduction of this exercise, purely a treason against our\nreligion and empire?\u201d When I had thus set forth and laid before them\ntheir actual condition, such of them as were disposed to reason ceased\ntheir clamour, and answered thus: \u201cTruly His Highness Sultan Mahmoud was\nabout to appoint a deputation for the purpose of establishing this\nexercise, according to the principles laid down in the treatise entitled\n\u2018The Origin of the Institution of Discipline;\u2019 but as longer life was\nnot granted to him, the deputation was not named. If at that period good\norder had been established, we should not have been beaten by the\ninfidels.\u201d In these words they made confession of the truth; but some\nanswered differently, saying, \u201cIn the corps of Janissaries I receive\ntwenty-five aspers; if these troops of the Nizam-y-Gedid should increase\nin number, and become serviceable, I am afraid that as the Janissaries\nwill no longer enjoy any consideration, I shall not be able to draw my\npay. If I knew for certain that no loss would accrue to me from it, I\nwould say, God grant that all the people in the world may become\nsoldiers of the Nizam-y-Gedid.\u201d These people expressed their true\nsentiments. Others again spoke thus: \u201cIf we abolish the new regulation\n(although we know that it is likely to be serviceable, and that our\nother undisciplined forces will never be of the least avail) the enemy\nwill celebrate the event with the rejoicings of a marriage-feast, and\nencroaching on our territories more and more, will confirm their victory\nby imposing on the Sublime Government hard and disgraceful conditions;\nand to conclude, as there will be no means of opposing the enemies of\nour faith on any side, the power of the Sublime Government will decline\nfrom day to day. If, under the Divine favour, these troops who are\nclothed with the garments of discipline, should be augmented until they\namount to the number required, and stationed in the fortresses upon the\nRussian and German frontiers, as well as in other parts of the empire,\nwe very well know that, in a time of trouble and of war, they will not\nbe disconcerted like our raw soldiers, but will stand firm and unshaken\nin the midst of carnage. We will prove the truth of our words by this\nexample: If, on a stormy day, a vessel be manned with persons utterly\nignorant of sea affairs, the ship will undoubtedly sink, and all on\nboard will perish; but if the crew are acquainted with navigation,\nhowever great may be the storm which they encounter, they will, by the\ngrace of God, obtain a deliverance from it. Can there be any room to\ndoubt that a few persons who have for fifteen or twenty years exercised\nthe art of war, and have learnt sundry military stratagems, will obtain\nan easy victory over many thousand unpractised soldiers, overthrowing\nthem, and bringing them into captivity?\u201d In such terms as these many of\nthem avowed their assent and conviction. It ought to be generally known\nthat, whilst many thousands of our undisciplined forces were unable to\nobtain the least advantage in the war which they waged at Alexandria and\nCairo against the reprobates of France, our gunners and regular\ninfantry, although few in number, bravely combating the infidels and\ndefeated them incessantly; and the flight of a single individual of that\ncorps was never seen nor heard of. As their valour was conspicuous to\nall, many of those who had carped at them saw and acknowledged their\nerror, saying \u201cthese are the troops who will render effectual service,\nand we have sinned in calumniating them.\u201d His Highness Gezar-Pashah\nseeing the greatness of soul which these men displayed in war, and with\nwhat heroic courage they became martyrs, while not a single individual\nthought of flight, spoke thus: \u201cTruly before I knew what sort of men\nthese were, I was wont to abuse them; but if after this I do so again,\nmay my tongue be dried in my mouth.\u201d This we have heard from persons who\nwere present at the time that he said it. If we possess any\nunderstanding or sense of rectitude, and be able to distinguish good\nfrom evil, we may perceive and comprehend how important and necessary\nthe services of these troops have been; and also that, with the\nexception of this sort of regular soldiers, the residue of our forces\nhave only served to create confusion and occasion famine, in our camps,\nfrontier fortresses, and other military posts. There are certain\nexpressions current amongst the enemies of our faith which our ears\nheard in the time of our captivity. They say thus: \u201cThe greater is the\nnumber of troops sent by the Ottomans into the field, the better are we\npleased; because if they are very numerous, their magazines will be\nexhausted, and they will disperse before two months have passed; and if\nyour raw soldiers march against us, the greater part of them will be\nmowed down by our grape shot, and the remainder will fly.\u201d Behold, we\nhave seen with our eyes that this saying is exactly conformable to\ntruth. The following is another of their expressions: \u201cIf, for instance,\nin an army of one hundred thousand Ottomans, there could be found an\nhundred well trained men, we should, in computing their numbers, only\nreckon those hundred, without taking the others into our calculation,\nbecause we know that one soldier thoroughly exercised, is equal to one\nthousand raw and ignorant men.\u201d It is a certain fact, that we have seen\nin the wars persons who, having never in the course of their lives taken\na gun in their hands before, but spent all their time in the exercise of\nsome trade, and knew not what they were about, but first put the ball\ninto their muskets, and then the powder above it. It has been sometimes\nproved by experience, that as these people know not how to handle their\nammunition, it would be better that they should leave the army rather\nthan remain with it; because, being of no use, they do harm by the\ndisorder which they create. Some of our raw soldiers who do not know the\nproper charge of powder, by putting too great a quantity into their\nguns, cause them to burst, and thus maim, or even kill both themselves\nand those who stand near them; and many of our unpractised horsemen who,\nwhen mounted on their steeds, fancy themselves the heroes of the age,\nand would not deign to give a salutation even to their own fathers, when\nthey draw their sabres in action, wound the heads of their own horses,\nand thus cover themselves and their beasts with blood; this awkwardness\nof theirs cause those who see it to utter ejaculations of surprise. In\nshort, it is evident to men of understanding, that as the talents of\nreading, writing, riding on horseback, shooting with the bow, playing on\nan instrument, and other similar acquirements, will not come\nspontaneously to persons unskilled, and uninstructed in them; so\nlikewise victory cannot be obtained without a knowledge of the art of\nwar, which is a particular, and noble branch of science, independent of\nothers.\nThere are indeed certain considerations which may induce us to pardon\nthose calumniators of the Nizam-y-Gedid, who are any wise connected with\nthe old corps; but do those persons who are by no means attached to\nthem, and who know the difference between alum and[88]sugar, and between\ngood and evil, show any sense in daring to abuse so noble a science?\nTheir perverseness and obstinacy are astonishing, seeing that,\nnotwithstanding the taste which the infidel race has always had of our\nraw troops, they do not allow it to be sufficiently proved, that if a\nwar should break out, these ignorant beasts pressing together in masses\nof one or two thousand men, will be unable to resist the tactic of the\nenemy.\n _Containing a relation of the footing on which the old corps of troops\n originally were, and of their present state._\nSince so unreasonable a dissension prevails between our old and new\ntroops, we have undertaken a disquisition on the organization of the\nfirst of these corps. The public are well aware of the conduct observed\nby our old corps of troops when they march out to war, or return from\nit; but if any persons should be ignorant of this, we will thus explain\nit to them. At the time that His Highness Sultan Sule\u00ffman Khan set on\nfoot these forces, the soldiers whose names were inscribed on the\nmuster-roll conducted themselves on their marches with the most perfect\npropriety; and at the places through which they passed, whether they\nmoved by land or by water, did not take so much as the value of an\nasper, either from rich or poor, mussulman or Rayah; neither did they\neat a single egg without paying for it, nor injured the honour of any\none. Truly the said troops, yielding implicit obedience to the orders of\nthe emperor of the times, and of their other commanders, performed their\nduty well, and wronged no man in any respect. In their military\nexpeditions they were wont to subdue forts and countries, and to ruin\nthe reputation of the infidels, and thus to elevate the glory, fame, and\npower of the emperor of exalted splendour, and as they were thought\nworthy of the prayers of his Highness and of the people of the true\nfaith, the whole world held them as objects of praise, and all men\ndesired their honour. As they were so highly respected a body, they did\nnot admit into their ranks men of obscure race, such as Franks, Greeks,\nArmenians, Jews, or gypsies, or persons belonging to any other\ninglorious nation. Being men of true courage, they repressed these as\nwell as all other insolent and shameless persons, and those of the\ndescription of robbers. As the enemies of our religion were not pleased\nwith their excellent regulations, they found means to introduce into\ntheir ranks very cunning spies for the purpose of sowing dissension\namongst them. These spies gradually creeping in amongst the soldiers\nunder pretence of being comrades, insinuated themselves like Satan, and\nbegan by degrees to set on foot practices, tending to corrupt the valour\nimplanted in their hearts, and their zeal for religion. \u201cComrades (said\nthey) the pay which we receive from government is seven aspers, and they\npoint out to us Paradise as the reward of martyrdom; they will certainly\ncause us all to be slaughtered by the infidels; we have not two lives,\nwhy then should we be destroyed for seven aspers, and without reason?\u201d\nHaving, by similar and repeated insinuations, corrupted the minds of the\nfaithful soldiers, these began to care no longer about the concerns they\nwere intended for, and saying at last, \u201cUseless and destructive\nexpeditions are only proper for the Russian infidels, let us leave it to\ntheir soldiers to feed upon dry biscuits, as for us we will return home\nand eat fine Baklava.\u201d[89] Thus they forgot the stream of benefits in\nwhich they were immersed, and the kind treatment and protection that\nthey had experienced. As there was nobody, either in the corps or out of\nit, who spoke reason to them, they came in process of time to do\nwhatever they liked, plundering the places that they traversed on their\nmarch, burning and destroying the houses both of Mussulmans and Rayahs,\nand stretching forth their hands against the honour of their families.\nBesides all this, although the whole body of men who compose an hundred\nand ninety six Ortas, being quartered altogether in one residence, ought\nto have no differences one with the other; yet hatred and dissension\nrose to such a pitch amongst them, that they no longer considered those\nwho did not belong to their own Orta, as brothers in religion, but,\nwithout dissembling their sentiments, exchanged bullets, and drank each\nothers blood; and in the villages, forcing open the houses of the poor,\ncommitted murder, which disorder still prevailing, as none of them are\nsafe from the others either in war or peace, their well regulated system\nof discipline hath perished and gone to decay. They pass their days in\npropagating seventy thousand false reports, saying, \u201cWhen we were\nopposed to the infidels, they did not allow us to give them battle; if\nwe had obtained permission, we could without trouble have overthrown the\ncrals from their thrones; but the ministers of our government conspiring\nwith the Ghiaours[90] cause us to be slain and taken prisoners, and,\nreceiving from the Russian infidels casks of gold, deliver up the\ncountry to them.\u201d\nOn a day of battle, as soon as they have heard from a distance the noise\nof a cannonade, and have seen a few hats, the Mussulman spies who are in\ntheir ranks begin to exclaim aloud: \u201cCommunity of Mahomet, why do you\nstay here? the Ghiaours have forced our camp, the troops in front of us\nhave turned their faces this way; we shall be pursued and made\nprisoners.\u201d As these cries spread in succession through the army, even\nthe very regiments which since their original institution never\nsurrendered their kettles to the enemy[91], and which are at that moment\nsacrificing a thousand martyrs in their defence, now estimating their\nown lives at the price which the others set upon theirs, abandon in the\nspace of half an hour their tents, camp equipage, kettles, and baggage\nof every sort, and repairing straight to the imperial camp, plunder the\ntreasure, effects, and military chest, and then adorning their heads\nwith the trophies of their pillage, walk about in small parties with a\npresumptuous air, as though these were inscriptions which made good\ntheir pretence of having beaten the enemy, and overturned their cral. As\nthey are all mixed and confounded together, there is no way of\ndistinguishing those who fight with true patriotism from those who do\nnot, and there are amongst them certain adversaries who begin the attack\nagainst the orders of their Vezier, Agha, Pashahs, and other officers.\nWhen, however, the action is engaged, it is not possible to make them\nstand their ground for half a minute, and the following example is a\nclear proof of it. During the reign of his Highness Sultan Moustapha, in\nthe year of the battle of Kartal, when an hundred and fifty thousand\nsoldiers of Islam were opposed to the infidels, whilst his excellency,\nCogia Abdee Pashah (who hath attained to the mercy of God,) was engaged\nin combat on the field of battle, at which time the people of Islam were\nnot very hard pressed, a mounted spy, dressed like a Chiaoush, rode\nhastily along the rear of the entrenchments of the Janissaries, and\ncried aloud: \u201cJanissaries, why do you remain here? the Ghiaours have\nturned our rear!\u201d having said these words, he put spurs to his horse and\ndeparted. Before he was out of sight, the whole camp of janissaries,\nwithout examining whether he had spoken truth or falsehood, at once\nbetook themselves to a precipitate flight. The infidels, availing\nthemselves of the opportunity, pursued them, and were on the point of\ncompleting their destruction; but his excellency, whom we mentioned\nabove, saved them by vigorously charging the infidels with another\ncorps; but while he thus checked the enemy, the fugitives never thought\nso much as rallying or coming to his assistance, neither did they stop\nto take breath, until they arrived on the banks of the Danube, amongst\nthe tents which contained the treasure. As they did not see the enemy at\ntheir backs, they ought to have retraced their steps, instead of which,\nthey plundered the baggage and treasure of the imperial camp, and not\nbeing able to cross the river in open boats, they threw themselves into\nthe river, so that one third of them, or perhaps more, were swallowed up\nin the Danube. Some, who could not swim, climbed up the willow-trees\nupon the banks of the Danube, and many lay hid among the reeds and\nflags; but when the enemy arrived and perceived them, they were all put\nto death by fire and sword. It was exactly three days before the whole\narmy of the infidels came up, when they made themselves masters of all\nthe artillery, ammunition, and military stores of various descriptions,\nwhich our bravoes, who were unable to carry them off, had left on the\nbanks of the Danube.\nTowards the conclusion of the Russian war, which had succeeded the one\nwe have been speaking of, when Cogia Jussuf Pashah was Grand Vezier for\nthe second time, all the officers of the corps, and the Janissary-Agha\ncoming up to the Vezier in a body, made to him this representation:\n\u201cAlthough we have upwards of one hundred and twenty thousand men, yet\neight thousand of the Russian troops, crossing to the higher side of the\nDanube and attacking us, have completely routed our army. It is utterly\nimpossible for us, with our regular troops, to make head against such\nwelldisciplined forces as those of the Ghiaours; therefore, if you\nintend to make peace with them, do it without delay. While our soldiers\ncontinue ignorant of these new military man\u0153uvres, we are not destined\nto become victorious, from this time even to the day of judgment.\u201d The\nastonished Vezier said in answer to this strong representation, \u201cHow can\nI lay these points before the Emperor?\u201d To this they replied, \u201cWe will\nourselves cause a petition to be drawn up and presented to him.\u201d At the\nsame time, they caused an humble representation to be written out by me,\nand delivered it to the Vezier. It was dispatched to the Emperor, and\nhis Highness became convinced of their inability of obtaining success in\nfuture. When peace was made, in consequence, the Sublime Government,\nconsidering that the Janissaries themselves had declared that their\nstate of discipline rendered them unfit to oppose the tactics of the\nenemies, thought itself obliged to use every effort to introduce into\nthe corps of Janissaries a regular system of exercise, hoping by that\nmeans to retrieve their affairs, to avert defeat, to open the way to\nvictory, and to obtain security from hostile machinations. The\nJanissaries, however, contrary to reason and expectation, would not\nreceive this project, and absolutely rejected it. But as it became\nevident that, if it were abandoned to oblivion, things would become\nworse, and the infidel race would certainly encroach more and more, and\nas the conversation which had taken place at Petersburgh relative to the\nreservoirs, was then generally known, a body of musketeers was formed\nfrom among the Bostangees, and quartered in the barracks newly\nconstructed at the Levend-Chifflick. As when His Highness Sultan\nSule\u00ffman set on foot the corps of Janissaries, the new recruits deserted\nnext day, so in the present instance a number of worthless persons set\nup an opposition in defence of the Janissaries, although these were no\notherwise connected with it than by the simple reception of pay, and\nbegan to whisper to each other, \u201cHark ye! a hearth[92] is set open for\nthe Nizam-y-Gedid; if these new troops, who are practising military\nevolutions, should perform any good service in war, the institution of\nJanissaries will become obsolete, and our muster-roll will be erased\nfrom the list.\u201d They suggested also, that as the men who were inscribed\nin the corps of the Nizam-y-Gedid performed an exercise similar to that\nof the Ghiaours, the Mussulman faith is thereby injured. Although these\nblockheads had never before given themselves any concern about our faith\nor government, and indeed knew nothing of what belongs to Mussulman\npurity; yet, on the present occasion, they showed a mighty anxiety for\nreligion, and by that means prevented many persons from inscribing their\nnames, and encouraged many who were already engaged to desert. Behold!\nhow inscrutable are the decrees of Divine Providence! When the war with\nFrance broke out, at which time these forces consisted only of three or\nfour thousand men, the new gunners and musketeers were appointed to\nserve at Cairo and Acre. The said troops committed no excesses, either\non board the vessels in which they were transported, or in the places of\ntheir destination whither they repaired, nor robbed any man of the value\nof an asper; but both in going and coming, conducted themselves with\npropriety and modesty. If any persons have either seen or heard of their\nhaving committed the least fault, we challenge them to declare it. When\nby the favour of Divine Providence they arrived at Acre, the French\ninfidels, who had for sixty-three days pressed very closely Gezar-Pashah\nand the inhabitants of the place, were within a hair\u2019s breadth of making\nthemselves entirely masters of it; for they had already entered that\nwhich is called the Sublime bastion within the fortress; but the troops\nof the Nizam-y-Gedid, valiantly exerting their military skill, in one\nday slaughtered the infidels to such a degree, that in no part of Europe\ndid the French nation ever receive so disgraceful an overthrow; and no\nman in the world is ignorant that the said fortress and its inhabitants\nwere delivered by their courage. Is not this also a proof of their\nutility, past and future? Wherever they have been opposed to the\ninfidels, although few in number, they never turned their faces back,\nbut broke the enemy, or were themselves broken; and as not one of them\ndared to mention the word flight, they have always, in exact obedience\nto the will of the great and mighty Prophet, punctually discharged the\nduties which appertain to a holy war, and a steady zeal for the faith.\nIf there is any falsehood in my words, let any one prove it; I am\nextremely willing that he should do so, otherwise, for God\u2019s sake, let\nevery body listen to reason. When our undisciplined forces in Egypt\nfound themselves unable to make head against the cavalry or infantry of\nthe French infidels, they retired for protection behind the ranks of our\nregular troops, who alone stood their ground, and by that means saved\nthemselves from the impending danger. Moreover, in the year 1217 they\nwere sent against the Mountaineers who had rebelled in Rumelia. Since\nthat insolent race first showed themselves, several Veziers and other\nofficers had been sent against them without effect.[93] Having formed\nthe wicked design of destroying the Nizam-y-Gedid institution from its\nroots, they now exerted their whole strength and gave battle. Although\nthe regular troops had with them neither their cannon, howitzers, or\nmounted men, and were engaged in the midst of a severe winter, snow,\nrain, and mud, and though the rebels were strongly posted in a town,\nthey nevertheless marched up to the attack, and without regarding the\nadvantageous position of the insurgents, while they were themselves up\nto the knees in mud and water, they knocked down half of the rebels like\nrotten pears, sending their souls to hell, and obliged the rest to fly.\nIn a short time the field of action was covered with the vile carcases\nof the rebels, and those who were taken alive reported that they called\nout to each other, \u201cAh! comrade, these troops which they call\nNizam-y-Gedid, are not what we took them for.\u201d In these exclamations\nthey betrayed the sense of their own inferiority. Every one knows that\nat last these rascals, unable to make a stand on any side, climbed the\nmountains by night, and fled. To this we may add, that although the\nbanditti tried by every means to introduce a spy into the ranks of the\nnew soldiers, they could not succeed, because, by the regulations of\nthose forces, an officer is appointed to command every ten privates, and\nthese officers who have an opportunity of seeing constantly, as well\ntheir own men as those who are on the right and left, are acquainted\nwith them all, and in the line they never quit each other\u2019s sides; if,\ntherefore, a stranger from without should get in amongst them, in what\ncondition would he find himself, being exposed in the middle; like a\nbroom in a court-yard, he delivers his collar to the first man that\ntakes him.\nJust and intelligent men may readily understand how easily the Sublime\nGovernment can organise these troops, from this circumstance, that it is\nutterly impossible for any person, whether Mussulman or infidel, by\npassing to and fro to examine the state of these troops, and learn where\nthey are going, and what they are about to undertake, without being\ndiscovered and punished. The advantages of the new corps, and their\nsuperiority over the old are infinite; were we to write them all down,\nwe should fill several volumes. In order, however, to make the people\ncomprehend well, we will point out to them another of these advantages.\nThe soldiers of our ancient corps, are not at all clothed alike; from\nthis diversity of garment, the following bad effect results: if, in time\nof war, any of them should desert from the army, as there are no marks\nby which we can distinguish whether the deserters belong to the troops,\nor whether they are tradesmen, or servants, they have thereby the\nopportunities of escaping without being known. Whereas the new troops\nhave a particular uniform of their own, so that the stragglers would be\nsoon discovered. Hence it results, that in a large camp of the new\ntroops, every man will be forced to remain fixed in his company, and\nsteady in the performance of his duty, whether he would or no, since it\nis impossible to desert without greatly incurring the danger of\npunishment.\nAnother of their advantages is this: our old forces, when in presence of\nthe enemy, do not remain drawn up in a line, but stand confusedly and\npromiscuously like a crowd in a place of diversion. Some load their\nmuskets, and fire once, some twice, or oftener, just as they think\nproper, whilst others being at their wits\u2019 end, and not knowing what\nthey are about turn from side to side like fabulous story-tellers.[94]\nIf in consequence of any movement which they perceive on the side of the\nenemy, the officers endeavour to make the troops fall back a little,\nsome will obey them, others will not, every one does just as he likes.\nIf they wish to retire a little, the soldiers make that a pretence for\nflying to the distance of some days\u2019 journey.\nBut the new troops remain drawn up in line as though they were at\nprayers, the rear ranks being exactly parallel with the front, and\nconsisting of the same number of companies, neither more nor less, so\nthat, when it is necessary, they turn with as much precision as a watch.\nThe whole body, consisting of many thousand men, observe attentively the\nsignals given them by the two fuglemen who explain by signs the commands\nof the officers, and not one dares so much as to turn his head. Thus the\norders of the officers being communicated without the least noise, they\nstand firm, and lend an attentive ear, whilst not a word issues from\ntheir mouths. If, for instance, the officer whose business it is to give\nthe command, makes the signal for attention, the whole body are ready in\nan instant, and not one of them dares to stand idle, or to make any\nnoise, or to look another way, thus they are equally prepared for\nwhatever may happen. Sometimes the signal is given for them to load and\ndischarge their muskets successively, without regarding order or slacken\ntheir fire, so as to make the balls shower like rain. If, while thus\nengaged, they meet with a check, the officers immediately by a signal\nwill cause them to retire in good order, and will supply their place\nwith fresh troops from the rear, who likewise scatter their fire in the\nsame manner. This method of managing troops gives great facility to\ntheir operations. Sometimes they dispose a large body of men in a\ncircular form, and then cause them to march round in such a manner, that\nas the circle turns the soldiers incessantly discharge their muskets on\nthe enemy and give no respite to the combat, and having prepared their\nguns for a fresh discharge before they return to the same place, they\nfire the moment they arrive in the face of the enemy. The result of this\ncircular formation is, that the fire and slaughter do not cease for an\ninstant. Sometimes, when it is judged necessary, several thousand men\nbeing crowded into a narrow space, form a solid mass for the purpose of\nappearing to the enemy to be few in number, then by opening out, they\ncan execute any man\u0153uvre that they please, and sometimes, ten thousand\nmen deploying, appear to consist of fifty or sixty thousand. At other\ntimes, when they are hard pressed, the troops receive the superior\nofficers in the centre, and throwing themselves into the form of a\nsquare castle, pour their fire on every side, the artillery also being\ndisposed on every face of the square, so that if the enemy should charge\nthem even on four sides, he will be unable to make an impression. If the\nenemy\u2019s cavalry should endeavour to break in upon them while they are\nformed in this manner, on the signal being given, the front rank men\nkneel altogether in an instant, and remain in that position keeping\ntheir muskets supported against their breasts, and the ranks who are in\ntheir rear stand upright and make use of their fire-arms, thus rendering\nit impossible for the hostile cavalry to break in and create confusion.\nShould it happen that the enemy is as skilful and well trained as\nthemselves, and employs against them the same discipline, then of the\ntwo parties, that will be victorious whose chiefs are enabled, by the\nfavour of Divine Providence, to put in practice with superior address,\nthe new science and stratagems of war which they have learned, because\nthe apostle of the Most High, our great prophet (on whom be the\nblessings and peace of God!) himself condescended to use military\nstratagems. This sacred tradition is thus related.\nDuring a holy war which was carried on in the happy time of the apostle\nof God, (on whom be peace!) a certain valiant champion of the enemy\u2019s\narmy came out to offer single combat, and demanded that the glorious\nAlli should be opposed to him. Alli, well pleasing to God, having\nreceived the command of the Apostle, girded on his sword only, and\nimmediately went forth alone to the place appointed for the combat. When\nthis friend of the Most High met that infidel, he thus addressed him: \u201cI\ncome on foot having one sword; why come you out on horseback having two\nswords and two bows?\u201d The great Alli spoke to him again, saying \u201clet\nthese things be so; but I come out alone to give battle on our side, why\ndo you bring another man and come both together?\u201d The infidel, at this\nquestion, looked about him believing that another man had followed him,\nwhen at the same instant, the great Alli, in the twinkling of an eye,\nmade the vile head of the reprobate fly off. The death of the said\nwicked person having been a source of joy to the followers of Islam, the\nexcellent Alli, meeting the great prophet on his return, related to him\nthe admirable stratagem by means of which he had slain that wretch. This\nholy tradition has been vouchsafed unto us.\nAlthough many similar stratagems have been employed at various times, by\nholy warriors, and leave has been granted to the spies sent forth\namongst the infidels for the purpose of advancing victory to the people\nof Islam, to assume any sort of dress; and although the great Prophet\nhath given full permission and authority to do any thing which may\nconduce to the defeat of the infidels, yet an ignorant rabble keep\nchattering like parrots, some of whom do not approve of the dresses of\nthe new troops, while others say that their exercise belongs specially\nto the Kiafers[95], and does not become Mussulmans.\nWith respect to the manner in which the provinces of the Sublime\nGovernment are to be defended, and the means by which the enemies of our\nfaith are to be repressed, and the causes that have produced victory and\ndefeat, the rabble are utterly ignorant of them, occupying themselves\nsolely with this question, \u201cshall we lose our pay of a few aspers?\u201d With\nthis, as with a fishing hook, they draw from their sack various\nabsurdities, and prevent a number of simple and foolish men from\nundertaking the duties of holy warfare. In truth, is not this a\nsufficient reason for their being excluded from the two blessed worlds?\nTo sum up all in one word: it is evident to men of penetration, that\nthere is no possibility of introducing this system into our old corps,\nfor this reason; that as at their first institution they were regulated\nin a different manner, every one of them has an aversion to submitting\nhimself to the new discipline. If, for example, any of the old troops\nwish to leave the camp and return, although forty thousand officers\nshould attempt to turn them back, it is useless; they will do as they\nplease. If only five or ten individuals should turn their faces, who has\npower to say to them \u201cStop, go not away!\u201d the whole body forthwith\nfollowing on their steps; for the most part draws breath in the tents\ncontaining the treasure and baggage of the Imperial camp.\nThe following is another of the advantages of the new troops. If it\nshould happen that the enemies have obtained the victory by their\nsuperior numbers, and that the new forces were defeated, they will not,\nin consequence, lose courage and disperse themselves; their captains and\nother officers will rally them the following day or soon after, and will\nagain march upon the enemy; and not one of their soldiers will dare to\nmake the defeat a pretext for quitting his post. But if our old corps\nmeet with a small check, they run, throw themselves into the water, and\nget drowned. Thus they become the cause of the progress of the enemies\nof the faith. Which thing having come to pass in our own times, twice in\nthe Russian, and once in the Austrian war, and repeatedly in the war\nwith the French, is manifest to the world, and wants no new proof.[96]\nAnother of the advantages of the new troops is this; that when a body of\nthem are appointed to defend any post, they establish an advanced guard\nround the place in order to obviate any hostile stratagems. Although\nthis sort of vigilance and precaution was formerly observed, yet there\nis a world of difference between the ancient method and the new.\nAccording to the old system, it is not easy to discover strange soldiers\nof the enemies\u2019 army who mix with the posts; but it is utterly\nimpossible for strangers to pass the guards of the regular troops, and\nto get into a fortress which they defend; so that the army is safe from\nany surprise.\nThe following is a description of the manner in which these posts are\narranged. When they are disposed round the camp, a certain word is given\nthem every night as a sign; the commander-in-chief first announces in\nsecret this word to the officers, and they communicate it privately to\nthe officers of the corps de garde; if therefore they meet with a\nsuspicious person, they immediately demand the parole, that is to say,\nthe sign word for the night; and if he does not give the parole of the\nnight, they seize and conduct him to the captain of the camp. Behold!\nthis is the only method of discovering spies; and as it is a matter\nwhich, above all others, demands great care, they will pay special\nattention to it; so that until their return from any expedition, the\nparole of one night will never be the same as that of another, and by\nthis means they are delivered from the plague of spies. But of all the\nadvantages, the most material is this. If, under Divine favour, a\nsufficiently numerous body of these new troops should be properly\ndisposed along the frontiers of the Sublime Empire, our enemies will\nfind themselves opposed on every part of the boundaries of Islam, by\nexpert artillery men, and well disciplined forces, perfectly acquainted\nwith the rules of the art of war; nor will they, as heretofore, be able\nto take advantage of our unguarded posture, in order to make an attack\nupon us; for there are persons still alive who well know that when in\nthe time of Sultan Mahmoud the German infidels assaulted, and at once\nmade themselves masters of the fortress of Nissa, it required a great\ndeal of trouble to drive them out. In fine, His Highness the Emperor,\nand the supporters of his power, considering that it is indispensably\nnecessary to guard against such occurrences by striking terror into the\nenemies of our religion, have firmly resolved to take measures for that\npurpose, seeing that those enemies who were from the beginning a\ntroublesome and insolent race, and who, in all times, had been unable to\nwithstand the power of the people of Islam, insomuch that they were wont\nto frighten their bastards in the cradle by saying \u201cThe Mussulman is\ncoming!\u201d and many of them on seeing one Mussulman, took off their hats\nthrough excess of fear, now venture to resist us, and have with\nexceeding care and diligence made themselves so thoroughly masters of\nthe use of fire-arms, that a body of some thousands of them are able to\nserve their cannon with as much precision and celerity as they can their\nmuskets, firing a single piece of artillery twelve or fifteen times in a\nminute, and making a thousand discharges in the space of an hour. By\nthis means they destroy the people of Islam from a distance, and prevent\nthem from making use of their sabres. They now say, \u201cAt length we have\ntaught the Ottoman troops what value they ought to set upon themselves;\nhenceforth they will never set foot in our country; even the Mussulman\nprovinces are ours.\u201d Thus they never allow victory to incline to the\nside of Islam, and especially since the year 1182, they have continued\nto afflict the followers of Islam with most disgraceful usage, bringing\nunder their own power so many of our tributary subjects. Nevertheless, a\ncrowd of ignorant people of our nation never bring these things into\ntheir recollection, nor can persuade themselves that the success of the\ninfidels for nearly the space of forty years over the people of Islam\nproceeds entirely from their own inability to resist their fire, and\nthat their own frequent flights are the cause which disables us from\ncarrying on war. These despicable wretches have never issued from the\ncastle-gate, nor travelled a single stage from home, neither do they\nknow what war and peace mean, nor from what cause the troubles of the\nworld have sprung, and whence they are likely to arise in future; some\nof them are so ignorant of what belongs to pure religion, that in\nrepeating a short prayer they commit mistakes from beginning to end; men\nin appearance only, vulgar of the lowest description, children of\nfalsehood, who suppose that the Nizam-y-Gedid is the cause of confusion\nin the universe, and that if this ordinance were removed, and the old\nsystem restored, the world would be tranquil in five days.\nLast year, one of those superlatively ignorant persons was appointed to\nthe office of receiver of the revenue in one of the islands. This man,\nwho before was continually uttering curses and execrations against the\nauthors of the Nizam-y-Gedid, having gained five thousand piasters by\nthe perception of the imposts, and hoping it was continued to him for\nanother year that he might gain five thousand more, upon meeting with\nhis friends and companions, said to them, \u201cHa! comrades, there is no\nharm in this Nizam-y-Gedid; I, indeed, at first opposed it, but it was\nfrom want of sense; for the impost upon wine is not paid by those who\ndrink it, but is levied upon the wine which is sent to Russia, so that\nthe money comes out of the pockets of the Russians; it were better that\nit was twice as much; I now understand the matter, and I make vow never\nto speak a word against the Nizam-y-Gedid.\u201d See how this man, in\nconsequence of gaining a few piasters by an institution which he had\nbeen in the habit of abusing, is not ashamed afterwards to praise it.\nSuch, however, is the nature of all the lower orders. To sum up all in\none word: if the clamour and execrations of a rabble, who makes no\ndifference between good and evil, obliges us to abandon the said\ninstitution of new troops, (which Heaven forbid!) the enemies of our\nreligion will find so much the more facility in invading us; and as one\nof their kingdoms maintains three hundred thousand regular troops, they\nwill mount upon our necks on seeing that the Ottomans cannot discipline\na hundred thousand. At that time we shall not derive the least service\nfrom those knaves who disapprove of the Nizam-y-Gedid; they will merely\nsay that it was thus ordained; that there is no contending with destiny;\nand if a great calamity befalls (which Heaven avert!) they will, without\nmaking more words about the matter, become the authors of trouble and\ndistress.\n _Wherein is explained the purpose for which exercise is intended._\nIn the time of his Highness the late Emperor, during the period of my\ntwo captivities, I have often, in the course of conversation with\nRussian military men, questioned them, saying, \u201cby what secret prodigy\nhath it come to pass, that you Muscovites, who were formerly a very\nstupid and easily vanquished nation, have for some time back obtained\nsuch success over the race of Osman?\u201d They, in reply, said, \u201cSince you\nare ignorant of the causes of our superiority, you shall be made\nacquainted with them. The Russians, in former times, did not possess the\nknowledge of tactics, and were therefore beaten by their enemies. A man\ncalled Mad [97]Petro, having in his travels seen the world, and acquired\nan intimate knowledge of the advantages thereof, became Cral of Muscovy,\nand subjected the Russians, whether they would or no, to the restraints\nof discipline. In order to try what progress they had made in it, he\ndeclared war against the King of Sweden, and avenged himself of him. He\nthen went in an expedition towards the Crimea, reduced whatever\nfortresses he thought proper, and began to break the power of the\nTartars. Afterwards, when we concluded a treaty with you, we demanded\nfor our Cral the title of Emperor; and as you could not oppose us, the\nSultan Mahmoud Khan (of excellent memory) in writing to us, granted that\ntitle. Then in the war with Sultan Moustapha, we approached Adrianople,\nand made peace on our own terms. And see, in the present war, we have,\nwith very few troops, defeated your numerous forces; and after taking\nthe fortresses of Hotim, Bender, Ibra\u00efl, Ismail, and Otchakoff, and\nconquering Moldavia and Wallachia from one extremity to the other, we\npassed the Danube with eight thousand men, and routed the Ottoman army\nconsisting of fifty thousand. As you have no troops able to face ours,\nknow that this time also, after being well beaten, you will make a worse\npeace than the former one.\u201d In this manner did they answer this poor\nperson[98]; and truly before much time had elapsed, it came to pass that\nsuch a treaty was concluded.\nIt is a difficult thing to find out the spies that go to and fro in the\ncamps of the followers of Islam, and it is necessary to explain how much\ninjury is done by them. As this matter requires attention above all\nothers, let us relate some events which have happened to us, with the\nconsequences resulting from them.\nIn the war with the Russians, during the reign of the late Emperor,\nSultan Moustapha, two hundred thousand unknown and undisciplined troops\nwere drawn together. In this multitude no one knew the other, and if a\nfather had searched for his own son, he could not have found him. If\neach day some hundreds separated themselves and went off, no one knew\nit, nor even could have said to them, \u2018stop! remain!\u2019 In so disorderly a\ncamp, the spies from the side of the infidels came and went each day and\nnight, and acquainted the Russians with every thing that passed in our\narmy, and the secrets of our government became known to the enemy. For\nthis reason, whenever a forward movement of our army was resolved upon,\nthey surprised the camp towards morning, the day before it was to be\nexecuted, and routed so large an army of the Ottoman race, without\nallowing them to open their eyes, all being buried in sleep. We have\nlearned by experience, that as the infidel race are very cunning and\ndeceitful, they have often effected, merely by wiles and stratagems,\nthings which we never have been, nor ever will be, able to bring about\nwith our hundred thousand men. Among all the wiles which that wicked\nrace have put in practice, there is one extraordinary stratagem which it\nis worth while for us to describe. During the said war, three poor men\nbelonging to the assembly of Janissaries, having concerted together,\nwent out to gain some information of the Russians: after it was quite\ndark they seized, on the Muscovite borders, a certain Ghiaour, one of\nthose who were employed in getting forage, and, satisfied with their\nsuccess, were conducting him to the camp, when, their prisoner being a\ncunning hog[99] that understood Turkish, said to them, \u201cSirs! if you set\nme at liberty, my father, who is a rich man, will recompense you\nlargely.\u201d They, believing his words, conducted him back to the Russian\nconfines, where he soon found a surreptitious pimp[99] whom he called\nfather, to whom they delivered him. This man, who was also a very\ndeceitful rogue, said to them, \u201cI am greatly pleased at your bringing my\nson here and not killing him, and I am very much obliged to you.\u201d With\nthese and other expressions of gratitude, he gave them five ducats, and\ncontinued thus: \u201cI have not been able to reward you as I ought to do,\nbut allow me to show you something, and let that be another recompense.\u201d\nSo saying, he carried them in disguise into his own camp, and placed\nthem at the edge of a large tent; here the comrades perceived that there\nwas a great bustle before the tent, and that within they were weighing\ngold and silver coin in a large balance, and were then filling with it\nsome casks placed near. In the tent were men habited in divers sorts of\nMussulman dresses, and the casks filled with money were continually\ndistributed amongst them. The traitor, after showing these things to the\nthree comrades, took them to his own tent, and said to them, \u201cComrades!\nsee what I have shown you. Part of this money is to go to your\ngovernment, and part to the Vezier and other Generals of your army. We\nhave purchased your country with money; the sum that has just been given\nis the price of Constantinople which we have bought and shall soon\nenter. My motive for informing you of this is that you may henceforth\nlook to yourselves; do not remain in your camp, nor even lose time at\nConstantinople; but go to your own country that you may not be made\nprisoners. Keep all this secret, and say nothing of it in your camp.\u201d\nWith these words he led them back to the Ottoman confines. The comrades\nreturned to our camp, and being all three simple fools, they gave\nimplicit confidence to the falsehood contrived to deceive them; and\nwhenever they met their friends and acquaintances they said to them,\n\u201cBreh! what did we come here for? Our chiefs have sold their country and\nare now receiving the money for it: we have seen it with our own eyes;\nwhy should we stay here? all that passes is but lost labour.\u201d By this\nmeans they struck with consternation many who were as great asses as\nthemselves, and these spread confusion and alarm through the whole\nImperial camp. Finding this pretext of going home, a great number of the\ntroops went off and dispersed, like a flock of young partridges.\nThe Russian hogs, availing themselves of so favourable an opportunity,\nbrought the devil among us. But the best of the story is, that they all\nlaughed at us in relating it to each other, saying that in order to\ndisperse a Turkish army, they had only to weigh a little gold in the\npresence of three of their men, and then send them to inform the rest of\nit. Thus, on account of so many ignorant fools, who understand nothing\nof the wiles and machinations of the enemy, it is necessary that we\nshould give our troops such a form of discipline as may prevent similar\ndisorders, and the danger of the spies who mix with our men and can\nnever be discovered.\nHow is it possible for us without such a system, to avenge ourselves of\nour enemies, to defend our Empire, or to gain the least advantage? As\nthe deep cunning of the Russian race was not at first so well known, our\nprecious heroes of soldiers made use of such expressions. \u201cThe Muscovite\ninfidels are dogs of fishermen, whom we can suffocate only by spitting\nupon them; if we each of us throw a stone, we shall destroy them all.\u201d\nThese Janissaries who are merely vain boasters, good only for swaggering\non the pavements, falling by thousands into the hands of the Russians\nthrough their total ignorance of military affairs, at length saw and\nlearned the power and stratagems of the enemies of our faith. But to\nwhat purpose? since the children and daughters of so many noble and\npious persons of the Mahometan community have continued even to this day\n(a space of nearly forty years!) in the possession of the Russians; and\nthe children whom they have produced remain depressed and afflicted, a\nweeping prey in the hands of soldiers, officers, and other\nreprobates.[100]\nIf a rabble of men, ignorant of the world, who pass their whole time in\nfestivity and play, or in buying and selling, or in idleness, were in\nthe first place to learn thoroughly the things which belong to purity,\nand then, in order to preserve their religion unsullied, were to avoid\ndiscourse with infidels and designing men, and examine whether their own\nobservance of it did not require some correction, there is no doubt that\nthey might attain to the summit of the good things, both of this world\nand of the world to come. If they contend with us, saying, \u201cWe\nunderstand questions of purity, we preserve our religion, and there is\nno doubt of the validity of our marriage contract[101]\u201d; in that case,\nalthough what they maintain be true, yet, as the knowledge of the\naffairs of this world is apt to occasion many great sins, let them not\nlengthen their tongues on a subject of which they certainly know\nnothing, and to which their understandings cannot reach. If this\nbusiness of the Nizam-y-Gedid seem obscure to them, let them acquire\ninformation from men who, like this humble individual[102], have reached\ntheir eighty-seventh year, and have gained by experience a thorough\nknowledge of the world, and have brought to light what things have\ninjured, and what have turned to the profit of, the Sublime Government.\nLet them not talk of things void of sense, for as the troubles of man\nproceed from his words, so reason is given him as a defence against his\nwords.\nMany simple persons, who do not know why the treasure of the\nNizam-y-Gedid was instituted, and whence this money is collected, and to\nwhat purpose it is expended, say sometimes, \u201cthe water of the old\ncistern is not exhausted; why then is the new revenue made a separate\ntreasure?\u201d[103] We have already stated how difficult a thing it is to\nexplain public affairs to people who are plunged in the darkest\nignorance, and to make those who cannot read the common alphabet\nunderstand science; although we were to labour until the day of\njudgment, we should not succeed. If a man is capable of receiving the\nwords of truth from his outward ears into his mind, we proceed to relate\nmatters as they really are.\nWars have been carried on for seventy or eighty years in a rude manner,\nand with weak and irregular troops, during which time the followers of\nIslam having been often defeated, His Highness Sultan Sule\u00ffman Kannuni\nthought proper to form the body of the Janissaries, whom he divided into\ndifferent divisions, assigning to each their particular regiments and\nquarters. He considered, however, that these troops could not be\nassembled and kept together for the love of God only, but that it was\nalso necessary to establish funds for the purpose of providing meat,\ndrink, &c. for them, as well as to appoint them a pay suitable to their\nexpenses. After consulting with the wise and experienced men of the\ntime, he regulated the administration of the revenue in the following\nmanner. A small part of the monies drawn from the provinces that had, by\nright of conquest, become subject to his illustrious predecessors, was\nappropriated to the subsistence of military men who served on horseback\nand otherwise. The Emperor appointed by the canon[104] that, from the\nannual product of the revenues, and from the sums which every one who\nsucceeded to the farming of them, paid according to his means, as an\nanticipation price, provision should be made for meeting the expense\nincident to these corps, whether in war or in peace. After these\narrangements had been made, it frequently happened that, in good times,\nno war took place for twenty years together, during which some of the\nmilitary men who belonged to the corps, having turned old, departed in\npeace. As the papers granted them to enable them to draw their pay fell\ninto the hands of their servants, relations, or comrades[105], it was\nnot suffered that the allowances appointed for several thousand men\nshould be received by persons who did not belong to the military\nprofession, who were novices in affairs, or apprenticed to some trade.\nAs few of them left sons capable of taking the place of their fathers,\nand opposing the enemies of our faith, men of war became very scarce,\nand it was therefore necessary to levy fresh troops, and assign new\nfunds for their support, the old revenue being exhausted. Besides this\ncause of the impoverishment of the royal treasure, the price of all\ncommodities had greatly augmented since the time that the canon was\npromulgated. For instance, at that period an oke of the flesh of mutton\nwas sold for four aspers, but in the course of time it rose to\ntwenty-five paras, and other things were dearer in proportion. Thus an\nincrease having taken place in the price of the necessaries which were\nfurnished to the corps at its institution, the royal funds provided for\nthat purpose were no longer able to meet the expense of the times, and\nas they were nevertheless obliged to find some means of going on, the\nrents of the Sublime Government began to run into each other; that is to\nsay, that in order to provide for the expense of the current year, they\nsold the revenue of the succeeding one, and so on. Hence resulted a\ndeficiency in the Imperial finances. Even the treasures, which had been\namassed with a great deal of trouble previous to the Russian war that\nbroke out during the reign of the late Sultan Mustapha, were in that war\nentirely drained and consumed, although every thing was then very cheap\nwhen compared with present prices, and after peace, the finances could\nnot recover themselves, but the expense still exceeded the revenue. The\nenemies of our religion being informed of our want of money, were\nthereby confirmed in their purpose, and obtained complete success. But\nbesides the difficulties in which our government found itself involved\nin peaceable times, owing to the deficiency of the ordinary revenue\nwhich did not suffice for the current expenses, there have been moments\nduring war in which it stood like a man who has both his hands tied down\nto his sides, and knew not which way to turn itself; for as there was no\nready money, nothing could be accomplished, and nobody showed any\ninclination to engage in a holy war; nothing was considered but pay,\nrations, and the privilege of being exempted from active service.\nThus hath the want of a well-organised system of finance been clearly\nproved, the whole revenue of the state not being sufficient for the\nexigencies of these times. The following example will point out the\ntruth of this to the people at large. Suppose the case of a man, who\ntwenty or thirty years ago enjoyed an income of one piaster a day, and\nregulated his expenses accordingly, if that man continued on the same\nscale how could he live at present, when every thing is four or five\ntimes dearer than at that period, and make the two ends of the year meet\nwith his piaster a day? In like manner, we may apply this consideration\nto the actual condition of the Sublime Government. Behold, while the\nroyal finances are in so great a state of penury, not a single person,\nwhether rich, poor, or tributary subject, will give a single piaster to\nthe treasure, under the name of a voluntary contribution, towards\ncarrying on war; and, in short, no man will go to war gratis, and at his\nown expense, only to please God, or for the love of the prophet or the\nemperor; the formation of troops proportioned to those of the enemy, and\nthe providing of military stores, which may equal theirs, are things\nwhich must be accomplished, not by words, but by money. The truth is,\nthat the treasury does not possess a fixed revenue sufficient to defray\ncontingent expenses, and, to sum up all, the old revenues of the Sublime\nGovernment were calculated for the old expense; and as two hundred and\nforty-five years have elapsed since the publication of the canon, the\nexpense having constantly increased whilst the revenue was never\naugmented, His Highness, the Emperor, has looked out for some remedy in\nsuch difficult circumstances, and has laboured to establish a revenue\nproportioned to the amount of expenditure of these times. But that the\nrequisite funds might neither be taken by violence, nor derived from\ncasual contingency, it was thought proper to draw them from the peculiar\npossessions of the government and the sources dependent thereon. A\ntreasure having been with much difficulty amassed, in which were to be\ndeposited the money raised under the title of Iradi-Gedid, the following\nreflections presented themselves relative to the manner in which they\nwere to be regulated.\nThe produce of the imposts at the time that the canon was promulgated,\nwas farmed out in small branches to those who bid for them the highest,\nand authority was granted to them to receive each a part of the tribute\non their advancing a certain sum in proportion to their respective\nmeans, and on condition of their paying a thousand piasters a year to\nthe crown besides; thus a man was able in three years to reimburse\nhimself of the small sum which he had advanced, and then if the contract\nwas continued to him for the course of his life, he could make a clear\nprofit of forty or fifty thousand piasters; and perhaps of an hundred\nthousand if he lived long enough. The contractors continuing to give the\ncrown only a thousand piasters after the first small sum advanced, the\nwhole benefit of the revenue accrued to them, but the profits of the\npublic treasure were not augmented and continued the same. A new method\nhaving, therefore, been found absolutely necessary, has been adopted,\nand in such a manner as to leave no person any pretext for complaint.\nThe arrangement is this: that when the perception of an impost, which\nbelongs by right to the treasury, falls vacant, it is no longer farmed\nout in consideration of a small sum, but is taken possession of on the\npart of the Sublime Government, and the management of it is carried on\nfor the benefit of the new treasury; the sum which continues to be paid\nto the crown, as well as the profits derived from the perception of the\nimpost, are appropriated to the pay, clothing, and allowances of the\ntroops of the Nizam-y-Gedid, and to the special exigencies of the war\ndepartment, such as the providing of cannon, ammunition, tents, camp\nequipage, military stores, and the expenses of the park and train of\nartillery.\nAs the accountants of the old treasury are wholly employed in the\ncollection and management of the funds appertaining to it, a director\nwas specially appointed for the purpose of watching over that part of\nthe administration, and by his ability the whole has been properly\nregulated. These are then the advantages which result from the expense\nof the troops being defrayed by this new financial arrangement. The old\nrevenue hath not been thereby prejudiced, and the charges of the new\ntroops are provided for. This business has been conducted in so masterly\na manner that no just cause is left to any one to cry out against it;\nand the new revenue, like the new system of discipline, being\nestablished on the best footing, causes no loss or damage to any man,\nbut, on the contrary, tends manifestly to perpetuate, until the last\nday, the duration of the empire and of the people of Islam, as must be\nevident to all persons endowed with penetration.\nWhen we have by so distinct an exposition rendered all these points\nclear, those men who are acquainted with the difference between alum and\nsugar, good and bad, and in whose essence is a leaven of science, will,\nno doubt, listen to reason, and, by Divine grace, being brought under\nconviction, will submit themselves to the book of God, mighty and\npowerful!\n Printed by Strahan and Spottiswoode,\n Printers-Street, London.\nFootnote 1:\n A great Roman pavement is still visible in Wallachia. It begins at a\n small town called _Caracalla_, situated near the borders of the\n Danube, about three miles from the place where the great river Olt\n falls into it: and it runs up in a straight line with this river, as\n far as the Carpathians, where its traces are lost. It probably led to\n the Dacian capital, Zarmiss, which is now a Transylvanian town, and\n contains many ruins of Roman monuments of an inferior kind. The Latin\n language is almost the only one spoken by its present inhabitants.\nFootnote 2:\n Antonii Bonifici Asculani Rerum Hungaricarum Decades. Decad. ii. lib.\nFootnote 3:\n Knolles\u2019s History of Turkey, p. 204. and Tounousli\u2019s, \u0399\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u0399\u03b7\u03c2\n \u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, p. 247.\n A piaster and a half is equal to an English shilling.\nFootnote 4:\n Knolles\u2019s History, p. 296.\nFootnote 5:\n Dracula in the Wallachian language means Devil. The Wallachians were,\n at that time, as they are at present, used to give this as a surname\n to any person who rendered himself conspicuous either by courage,\n cruel actions, or cunning.\nFootnote 6:\n Although the amount of the tribute was often increased under the\n successive Vo\u00efvodes, the same formalities of payment existed as late\n as the year 1716, when various changes took place in the Wallachian\n government, as will be observed hereafter.\nFootnote 7:\n Nobles.\nFootnote 8:\n Christian tributary subjects.\nFootnote 9:\n A Ferman is a written order issued by the Grand Vezier in the Sultan\u2019s\n name.\nFootnote 10:\n Higher clergy and nobility.\nFootnote 11:\n Cantimir\u2019s History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 186.\nFootnote 12:\n Cantimir\u2019s History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 451.\nFootnote 13:\n Cantimir\u2019s History, p. 452.\nFootnote 14:\n Chamberlain.\nFootnote 15:\n \u201cIt has been supposed that the Turks, to console the Greek descendants\n of the imperial family for the loss of empire, had bestowed on them\n the government of the two principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, an\n error which appears to have no other foundation than the assumption of\n the illustrious name of Cantacuzenus, by two persons of obscure\n family, born in Wallachia, who were raised to the administration of\n that principality in the seventeenth century.\u201d Thornton\u2019s present\n State of Turkey, p. 385, from Cantimir\u2019s Ottoman Hist. p. 371.\nFootnote 16:\n A descendant of the Vo\u00efvode\u2019s grandson above alluded to, is now living\n in Wallachia, and possesses all the landed property left by his\n ancestor, which gives him an annual income of upwards of 200,000\n piasters. He is looked upon by his countrymen as the first and richest\n Boyar of Wallachia, and is acknowledged by the court of Vienna as\n prince of the Roman Empire, a title which, however, he cannot assume\n in his own country so long as the Turks are the possessors of it.\nFootnote 17:\n The formul\u00e6 of a Beratt will be found in the Appendix, No. 1.; it is\n the literal translation of the one given to the author by the present\n Sultan, shortly after his appointment to the official situation in the\n principalities. The original is written in golden letters, on a very\n long sheet of parchment, lined with green silk, and containing a\n variety of curious and rich ornaments.\nFootnote 18:\n Thornton\u2019s present State of Turkey, p. 410.; and Cantimir\u2019s Ottoman\n History, p. 189.\n The Russian court was the first who entered into official intercourse\n with the Greek princes, and styled them by the title of _Hospodars_,\n from the Slavonic and Russian word _Gospodin_, or Lord. The Greeks,\n however, having the right to the title of prince from that of Be\u00ff\n conferred on them by the Sultan, on their nominations to the\n principalities, assume that of reigning princes, though they have only\n the power and prerogatives of Viceroys. They also claim that of\n _Serene Highness_, which the court of Vienna alone has consented to\n give them. Their subjects invariably give them that of \u03c5\u03c7\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\n most-high. Their sons are called by the Turkish tide of Be\u00ff-Zaaday,\n literally meaning prince\u2019s son; their grandsons have no title.\nFootnote 19:\n The Prince Callimacki has sent by me a copy of his code to the\n university of Oxford. As Dr. Macmichael, in his \u201cJourney from Moscow\n to Constantinople,\u201d gives an account of this book, I abstain from any\n observations upon it.\u2014_Note of the Author._\nFootnote 20:\n In page 416, of the \u201cPresent State of Turkey,\u201d Mr. Thornton says, \u201cThe\n Boyars of the most ancient families, indeed, assert that they are the\n descendants of the Slavi, and are of a distinct race from the people\n who have sprung from the alliances of the Romans with the original\n Dacians; but the chief distinction among the nobles is their wealth\n and possessions. The great majority of the Wallachian and Moldavian\n nobility owe their creation to the Sultan\u2019s Vo\u00efvodes; for even these\n ephemeral beings, these fleeting shadows of royalty, are presumed to\n confer by their breath a permanency of dignity,\u201d &c. I perfectly agree\n with Mr. Thornton as to the latter part of this observation; but at\n the same time I must beg leave to say, that although I am well\n acquainted with all the Boyars who are considered to belong to the\n most ancient families, I never could discover that their claims to\n antiquity went beyond the period of Raddo Negro\u2019s and Bogdan\u2019s\n establishment; nor indeed are there many sufficiently conversant with\n the history of their country, or with any other, to know that the\n Slaves ever came into it, or even that a nation of that name ever\n existed. Those who call themselves the oldest families merely date\n their origin from Vo\u00efvodes, who have reigned within the last five\n hundred years; and upon such origin alone they form their claims to\n ancient nobility.\nFootnote 21:\nFootnote 22:\n The same who was Captain Pashah at Constantinople in 1810\u201311, and\n distinguished himself in that station by so many acts of cruelty.\nFootnote 23:\n In 1811, mineralogists were sent from St. Petersburgh to explore the\n Carpathian mines. They discovered some large veins of gold, silver,\n and quicksilver: time, however, was requisite to put the work into\n proper train; and when it offered the best prospect of success, peace\n was concluded, the Russian authorities withdrew, and the mines were\n filled up again, to remain in their former state.\nFootnote 24:\n A killow (Constantinople measurement) is equal to an English bushel.\nFootnote 25:\n One oke is equal to 2\u2158 lbs. English.\nFootnote 26:\n The kintal weighs 44 okes.\nFootnote 27:\n 40 paras make a piaster.\nFootnote 28:\n The Fannar is a district of Constantinople, where all the Greeks who\n enter the career of the principalities reside. They are thus\n distinguished from the other Greeks of the capital.\nFootnote 29:\n See Appendix, No. 2.\nFootnote 30:\n Thornton\u2019s Present State of Turkey, p. 434.\nFootnote 31:\n A declaration of war of the Sultan must receive the sanction of the\n Mufti, as chief of the religion, who makes his approbation known by a\n manifesto called _Fetvaa_.\nFootnote 32:\n He was first interpreter to the embassy; he has since the peace\n entered the Russian service, and is now attached to the Emperor\u2019s\n embassy at Constantinople in the same capacity.\nFootnote 33:\n The word \u201cSeraglio\u201d is generally supposed in England to apply\n exclusively to a palace in which the Grand Signior\u2019s women are kept.\n This idea, however, is erroneous; the Sultan\u2019s residence in town is\n called \u201cSeraglio.\u201d His women, indeed, reside also within its walls,\n but their apartment is called \u201cHarem.\u201d The seraglio occupies the whole\n extent of ground on which the city of Byzantium stood, and is\n surrounded by the original Byzantine walls.\nFootnote 34:\n New military institution, explained in the Appendix, No. 5.\nFootnote 35:\n Mr. Adair.\nFootnote 36:\n Sir Arthur Paget had made a fruitless attempt in 1807.\nFootnote 37:\n Letter addressed by the Emperors Alexander and Napoleon to the King of\n Great Britain, dated at Erfurth, October, 1808, and official\n correspondence that followed it between the ministers of foreign\n affairs of the three sovereigns.\u2014Official Papers published in 1809.\nFootnote 38:\n The same whose premature appointment in 1805 had partly given rise to\n the misunderstanding at Constantinople.\nFootnote 39:\n Corporals.\nFootnote 40:\n See the Appendix, No. 3.\nFootnote 41:\n See the Appendix, No. 4.\nFootnote 42:\n Voltaire\u2019s Philosophical Dictionary, vol. iv. p. 199.\nFootnote 43:\n \u201cIt may be questioned whether it ever entered into the contemplation\n of the Russian cabinet to ameliorate the condition of the inhabitants\n of Wallachia and Moldavia, since no instance can be produced of any\n exertion of influence on the part of the Russian consuls to alleviate\n the distresses of the people, to check and restrain the tyranny of the\n Greeks, or to promote any plan of permanent benefit to the oppressed\n inhabitants.\u201d\u2014_Thornton_\u2019s Present State of Turkey, p. 435.\n Mere motives of good-will on the part of the Russian cabinet, are\n certainly questionable; but several instances of interference have\n occurred. In the official note given as a declaration of war in 1789,\n by the Turkish government to the Russian envoy, the composition of\n which was then attributed to the English ambassador, Sir Robert\n Ainslie, one of the principal grievances alleged was the conduct of\n the Russian consul-general at Yassi, who, it was said, had abused the\n right of interference in a most insulting manner. It may be supposed\n that the consul had acted in conformity to instructions from his\n court, who sought to create motives for a rupture; but after the\n conclusion of pence, nearly the same line of conduct was continued by\n his successors: I have seen many official documents which prove it;\n and during my residence in the principalities, several instances have\n occurred, within my observation, of very active exertion on the part\n of Russia to keep the accustomed system of extortion in restraint, and\n to relieve the inhabitants from oppression; and such exertion has\n certainly on many occasions prevented the condition of the inhabitants\n from becoming worse.\nFootnote 44:\n Whenever the Russian or Austrian armies have entered the territory of\n the principalities in their wars against Turkey, the natives have\n immediately joined them. At the beginning of the war in 1806, Bukorest\n was garrisoned by about 10,000 Turks, who declared themselves\n determined to make a desperate stand against the Russians, and to burn\n the city, if they should finally see the impossibility of preventing\n them from taking possession of it. Some inhabitants gave information\n of this plan to the Russian commander-in-chief Michaelson, who\n immediately despatched to Bukorest a corps of 6000 men under the\n command of General Miloradovith, which, by forced marches arrived\n suddenly before that city, and three days previous to the time they\n were expected by the Turks. These latter were seized with\n consternation; all the inhabitants rose against them, and some armed\n with sticks, others with bricks, tongs, pokers, daggers, swords, and\n with every thing, in short, that came within their reach, they fell\n upon the poor Ottomans without mercy, and cleared the town of them as\n the Russians were entering it. More than 1500 Turks were left dead in\n the streets, and the Cossacks, who preceded the regular troops, soon\n reduced them to a state of nudity, in which they remained exposed to\n the view of the public some hours after tranquillity and order had\n been restored.\nFootnote 45:\n The treaty of Yassi signed in 1792, binds the Porte to consult the\n Russian ambassadors on the choice of the Hospodars, and to appoint\n none but such as are approved of, or recommended by, the embassy. It\n contains also the stipulation of their remaining seven years at the\n head of the principalities.\nFootnote 46:\n The Prince\u2019s daughter.\nFootnote 47:\n The author alludes to the Sultan and the body of Orthodox Mahometans.\nFootnote 48:\n The late Sultan Abdullhammid.\nFootnote 49:\n Died.\nFootnote 50:\n The Christians.\nFootnote 51:\n Turkey.\nFootnote 52:\nFootnote 53:\n He is called Kannuni from the new canon, or system of military\n administration which he established, and is the same whom we call\n \u2018Solyman the Magnificent.\u2019\nFootnote 54:\n True believers.\nFootnote 55:\n Lower order of grocers.\nFootnote 56:\n The common Janissaries usually follow these trades.\nFootnote 57:\n There is a tribe of Courdes so called.\nFootnote 58:\n A kind of soldiers in Asia.\nFootnote 59:\n Oriental Metaphor.\nFootnote 60:\n The Christian kings are so called from the Servian word Cral or\n Prince. More honourable titles are given to Mahometan sovereigns, and\n to the King of France, who has secured to him by treaty, that of\n emperor.\nFootnote 61:\n Christian Europe.\nFootnote 62:\n America.\nFootnote 63:\n A form of deprecation, as much as to say, \u201cMay the devil take no\n advantage of the suggestion.\u201d\nFootnote 64:\nFootnote 65:\n It would appear that this person had returned from an embassy to\n Turkey.\nFootnote 66:\n The author seems here to allude to the Empress Catherine, and to some\n project that had been laid before her of completing the conquest of\n Constantinople.\nFootnote 67:\n Western or European Christians.\nFootnote 68:\n The Empress.\nFootnote 69:\n The Archipelago.\nFootnote 70:\n These reservoirs are situated among the hills and woods between the\n Black Sea and Propontis, in the forests of Belgrade and Domouzd\u00e9r\u00e9.\nFootnote 71:\n The author of the project most probably meant the taking possession of\n the reservoirs, and suspending the course of the waters to\n Constantinople.\nFootnote 72:\n It is believed that the Empress Catherine had formed the plan of a\n similar expedition, and that her death prevented its timely execution.\n When in 1812, the approaching war between France and Russia rendered\n the cessation of hostilities, on the Turkish frontiers, absolutely\n necessary to the future operations of the Russians against the French,\n it had been determined, and measures were taken accordingly, that an\n army composed of regular troops, marines, and militiamen, amounting to\n fifty thousand men, under the command of the Duke of Richelieu, should\n have been transported from Sevastopol in the Crimea to Domouzd\u00e9r\u00e9,\n where its landing was to be effected under the protection of a fleet,\n commanded by Admiral Bailie. This army was to take possession of the\n reservoirs, and the Turks by whom the event would have been perfectly\n unexpected and unforeseen, would, no doubt, have been compelled to\n sign peace immediately. This bold scheme was to have been executed in\n case any new difficulties had arisen in the negotiations of Bukorest.\n It has been kept so secret, that it is doubtful whether any Turk\n suspects, even at the present day, its having been conceived and\n seriously intended.\nFootnote 73:\n A Turkish proverb.\nFootnote 74:\n The deceased Sultan.\nFootnote 75:\n Teryak, formerly an article of trade coming from Venice, is supposed\n in Turkey to be a remedy against the bite of snakes.\nFootnote 76:\n The titles of some superior officers amongst the Janissaries.\nFootnote 77:\n A corps of gardeners for the Seraglio, but at the same time the\n Sultan\u2019s body-guards.\nFootnote 78:\n Regiment.\nFootnote 79:\n Mahometan priest.\nFootnote 80:\n The Thracian Bosphorus.\nFootnote 81:\n These are proverbial expression to denote the vicissitudes of fortune.\nFootnote 82:\n The Janissaries.\nFootnote 83:\n Before the institution of the Janissaries, the corps employed in war\n were chiefly called Segbans.\nFootnote 84:\n Hagee-Bektash, whose memory is reverenced by the Turks.\nFootnote 85:\n The Christian Sovereigns of Europe.\nFootnote 86:\n Markwick Markham, a London watch-maker, in great esteem with the\n Turks.\nFootnote 87:\n 7 or 800 leagues.\nFootnote 88:\n Men of sense.\nFootnote 89:\n A kind of confection sold in the streets of the principal towns in\n Turkey, made of paste, butter, and honey.\nFootnote 90:\n An epithet of disdain, bestowed upon Christians in general.\nFootnote 91:\n The honour of the Turkish regiments is attached to the preservation of\n their kettles.\nFootnote 92:\n The Turks call the head-quarters of a corps, as well as their posts\n and guards, hearths, as coffee is always made there.\nFootnote 93:\n In the reign of Sultan Selim, the petty governors of Thrace revolted,\n and committed great disorders, even menacing the neighbourhood of\n Constantinople. The city of Adrianople took part with them. The new\n troops were sent against them, but did not obtain so much success as\n the author is willing to attribute to them.\nFootnote 94:\n Men, commonly dervises, who relate stories to amuse people at\n coffee-houses, and who receive a pecuniary recompense from the\n auditors.\nFootnote 95:\n It also means infidel, but it has the sense of reproach or insult.\nFootnote 96:\n This has happened to them at Zenta, Craoul, Rimnik, Hotim, and\n Aboukir.\nFootnote 97:\n Peter the Great. The epithet of mad is in Turkey considered as a\n compliment to those who distinguish themselves by courage and bravery.\nFootnote 98:\n Meaning the Author.\nFootnote 99:\n Domouz, and pezevenk in Turkish, are common epithets which mark\n disdain.\nFootnote 100:\n I have seen and conversed with Turkish women in Russia, married to\n Russian officers who had made them prisoners, and who assured me that\n they were very highly satisfied with their condition, and felt not the\n least desire to return to Turkey.\nFootnote 101:\n The Turks consider the marriage contract to be so intimately connected\n with religion, that a man who has committed any grievous infraction of\n their law, is obliged to renew his profession of faith and marriage\n ceremony, both of which have been rendered void by it.\nFootnote 102:\n The Author.\nFootnote 103:\n This is a _jeu de mots_, as Hazinay means in Turkish, both cistern and\n treasure.\nFootnote 104:\n The military and financial regulations of the Sultan Sule\u00ffman are\n contained in a book entitled Kanuni-Humayoun, or Imperial-Mandate.\nFootnote 105:\n The Janissaries can easily alienate their pay, suffering others to\n draw it in their name by presenting these documents.\n 1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in\n spelling.\n 2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.\n 3. Re-indexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end\n of the last chapter.\n 4. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg - An account of the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia\n"}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6563", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Jedidiah Morse, 1 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Morse, Jedidiah\nDr Morse,\nQuincy January 1st. 1816\nFrom 1760 to 1766 was the purest period of patriotism, from 1766 to 1776 was the period of corruption from 1775 to 1783 was the period of war; not a revolutionary war, for the revolution was complete in the minds of the people & the Union of the Colonies before the war commenced, in the Skirmishes of Concord & Lexington on the 19th of April 1775.\nIn 1766 commenced the seperation of parties, the stamp act was repealed Universal rejoicings had ran like wild fire, through the Continent. But Chathams declaratory Act of the Sovereignty of Parliament hung like a cloud over the whole American Continent, thinking men & discerning eyes saw it, and amidst all the popular rejoicings dreaded its omninous appearance. The public opinion thought it a brutum fulmen, a mere device, to preserve the nominal dignity of G Britain, without any intention of ever bringing it forward into action.\nWhen the General Court met in May, Mr Otis\u2019s services, sacrifices, & exertions had been so splendid, that the house of representatives, by a spontaneous, & almost unanimous feeling of gratitude chose him their speaker. Bernard negatived him. Hutchinson, without whom Bernard was nothing, was instantly believed to be the advisor, to this declaration of hostility. The conviction flashed like lightening through the Community, that the Sovereignty of Parliament, was not intended to be relinquished & that future calamities must be expected. The house of representatives, was electrified to such a degree that when the Election of Counsellors came upon the Carpet, Hutchinson, though Lieutenant Governor, & Chief Justice and all his Brother Judges of the superior Court of Judicature, Court of Assize & general goal delivery were turned out of the Counsel & a general looking for future troubles took place. It was now seen, that every man who espoused the cause of his Country, must prepare himself for the fate of a Martyr, or Confessor; & that every man of any consequence who would betray his Country, might expect lucrative, as well as honourable rewards. Honourable, I mean, in the common sense of the word in the world. It was not long before these apprehensions were confirmed. A bill was brought into Parliament, imposing taxes, on glass, Tea, Paper, Colours, &c imported into the Colonies.\nThe great Chatham was destined to,\n\u201cClose his long glories, with a sigh, to find\nThe unwilling gratitude of base mankind.\u201d\nAlthough his name still carried great power; the mortification, arising from the loss, of so much of his popularity, by his acceptance of a peerage & a pension, the unbounded licentiousness of the press in abusing him for it, & perhaps above all the Embarrassments, he had found, in forming a Ministry, among the factions of Rockingham, Bedford, and Bute, when his Brother, Lord Temple, & even the Duke of Portland, deserted him; aggravated the natural & habitual infirmity of his Constitution, & rendered him incapable of that activity in business, & that fire which inspired every body with his own Enthusiasm, which had been so conspicuous in all parts of his former life.\nThis new act of Tyranical taxation rekindled all the fires of opposition & resistance on this side the water. The associations against its execution were universal through all the Colonies, & ought to be stated and related in detail, because they illustrate the progress of the revolution in the minds of the people, against the authority of Parliament, towards a union of the Colonies, & a total Independence, on one hand, & the progress of corruption & seduction on the other.Another Innovation was contrived and a board of Commissioners of the customs created, but the remonstrances and associations, against the execution of the Acts, were so formidable, that the Ministry thought it necessary to send a fleet, and Army to protect Temple, Hallowell, Paxton, Birch & Robertson, their adherents and followers. In 1768 there appeared a general disposition to oppose their landing by force. But many gentlemen, apprehending confusion from unconcerted resistance, took measures, for inviting a Convention of the Province. The circumstances of this year ought to be distinctly developed, and the result of the Convention stated. The fleet was drawn up, to fire upon the town, and protect the landing of these illustrious personages, the Commissioners, & their drunken Secretary, and their defenders, the troops, which were given out to be four thousand men, though probably they were not half the number. These poor Creatures the Soldiers, were in a forlorn condition. No Barracks, no shelter, hungry, and cold. The inhabitants shut their doors, and would admit Panthers & Serpents as soon. The address of their officers upon this critical and dangerous crisis I shall never forget. They became suppliants, & appealed to humanity. had the door of a Citizen been broken, to let in the Soldiers, such was the inflamation of spirits that they would all have been made prisoners before morning, but the officers had too much sense. They put themselves & their men upon the compassionate list. \u201cThe poor Soldiers were innocent. They knew not why they were sent here; Can you see your fellow Creatures, perish in your street for want of shelter?\u201d Humanity prevailed. The troops were paraded in the Common: One regiment appeared every day in Brattle Square, with their left flank before the front of the white house where I then lived; Every morning I saw from my front windows, Major Small, exercising his Battalion, or his regiment; and admired his patient, persevering assiduity no less than the regularity of his men; What were my reflections and feelings at these sights? Poor Puppets! you know nothing of the invisible hand, which dances you upon its wires! No more than the Cogs & wheels of a clock of the weights that move them or the hand which they point to the hour. Those men who understand the Machinery, & are the first springs of its movement, know no more of what they are doing than you do. They are heaping up Vengeance, against the day of Vengeance, against you, against themselves, & against unnumbered thousands of others, as innocent as you. Major Small, & I passed each other every day, but never spoke. The troops lived in Boston for a few months more than a year, as the allied forces, now reside in France, the blood of the inhabitants, boiling with indignation, & the continent sympathizing with them. Wrangles & quarrels frequently occurred between the citizens & the Soldiers; exasperation increased on both sides, till it broke out in the melancholy Catastrophy of the 5th of March 1770. Now appeared the spirit of freeman. Multitudes from Boston & the neighbouring towns, assembled spontaneously the next day, & from day to day. Strong guards were placed in the State house, and every Man appeared to be ready at the toll of a bell, or the sound of Gun, to turn out with his arms. The Assembly applied to the Governor & Counsel. Mr Hutchinson was Lieutenant Governor & Commander in Chief; Colonel Dalrymple was sent for, Samuel Adams, appeared in his true character; his caution, his discretion, his ingenuity, his sagacity his self command, his presence of mind, and his intrepidity, commanded the admiration and loud applauses of both parties. The troops were ordered to the Castle, and Lord North called them from this time \u201cSam Adams\u2019s two regiments.\u201d\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6564", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Jedidiah Morse, 5 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Morse, Jedidiah\nDr Morse\nQuincy January 5th 1816\nThe trials of the officer & Soldiers, who were indited for the slaughter in King Street were pending, for the greatest part of the year 1770, & when they came on, consumed six, or seven days each; the discussions & Decisions, in those cases, convinced the people that they could depend on no protection, against the Sovereignty of Parliament but Providence, & their own Arms. Accordingly they were found in Boston & all the neighboring towns, forming companies, for voluntary, military excercises. Even Salem, Marblehead, & Newbury, caught the flame, though the county of Essex, next to Worcester, & Hampshire, was the last to abandon the Ministry & their Governors.\nThese trials, as important in the history of Mankind as any that are recorded in the history of Jurisprudence, never have been, and never can be truly, impartially & faithfully represented to posterity. The first was taken down, & transmitted to England, by a Scottish, or English Stenographer, without any known authority but his own. The British Government have never permitted it to see the light, & probably never will.\nThe second trial was taken by the same Stenographer, by permission of the Court, & allowed to be published. The Court allowed him to shew his Manuscript to the Council. he brought it to me. Upon reading it over, I found so much inaccuracy, & so many errors, that I scratched out every thing, but the legal Authorities, and the testimonies of the Witnesses. Mr Quincy & Mr Paine, were consulted, and the result of their deliberations appear in the printed trial. Mr Sewall, the Attorney General, who ought, at the hazard of his existence, to have conducted those prosecutions, disappeared; & Mr Paine & Mr Samuel Quincy were substituted, nobody knew, whether by the Court, or the Attorney General. I leave to the Masters of Chess to make their reflections on this curious arrangement of Kings, Knights, and Pawns, upon the board. I speculated little on these Puppet Shows & idle games. To the Law, & the testimony, was my only maxim. The law & the testimony, prevailed and destroyed, as much of my popularity, as Mr. Pitt lost by accepting a peerage and a pension. It was instantly propagated, that I had been bribed by an immense Fee, to sell my Country. I never uttered a word, or suggested a hint, alluding to fees, from first to last. A single Guinea was put into my hand by the Irish Infant, for a retaining fee; ten Guineas were all the fees, I ever received for a whole year of distressing anxiety, & for 13 or 14 days, of the hardest labour in the trials that I ever went through; Add to all this, the Taunts, & Scoffs, & bitter reproaches of the Whigs, & the Giggling, & tittering of the Tories, which was more provoking than all the rest.\nThis great event,turned the attention, of all the Colonies to it, & the Supremacy of Parliament stared all men in the face. If parliament was omnipotent, could enact what Statutes they pleased, & employ Armies & Navies, Governors, Councellors, & Judges to interpret them, & carry them into Execution, of what use could our houses of representatives be? And what were our religion, Liberties, properties, or Existence worth? I recollect no event which increased the horror of Parliamentary Usurpation, so much as this. The Journals, the pamphlets, & the records of this period, ought to be collected and examined, with patient attentions. About this period, parties in England were as angry, as in America. Wilks, & Junius agitated King, Ministry, parliament, & nation. Oppositions pretended friendship for America; but no members of either house; of Administration, or opposition, ever dared to avow the true American principle, or to express a doubt of the supreme, unlimited Authority of Parliament over all the dominions of the Crown\nStanding Armies, in time of peace, stationed in populous Cities to preserve internal peace, Cato\u2019s letters & the Independent Whig, and all the Writings of Trenchard, & Gordon, Mrs Maccahy\u2019s history, Burgh\u2019s political disquisitions, Clarendons history, of the civil war, & all the writings relative to the revolutions in England, became fashionable reading. Hutchinson, whose Ambition, made him as weak as water, had declared publickly in Councel, that he had no Authority over the Kings troops; that the military force had a separate command, & he could do nothing without Dalrymple. Good God! said the public, is this our situation already? Is a military authority, already erected, over the civil Authority, or independent of it. Is a Lieutenant Colonel of a Regiment, Commander in Chief of the Province,? Or even independent upon him. We remember the time when Brigadier, Timothy Ruggles, Commander in Chief of massachusetts troops, was put under the Command of a British Ensign for a whole campaign. Is the whole civil Authority of the province now to be placed under the command of a Lieutenant Colonel of a British regiment? To talk or think of liberty, or Privileges, under a military government, is as idle & absurd as under an Ecclesiastical Government.\nHow slightly however, historians, may have passed over this event, the blood of the Martyrs, right, or wrong, proved to be the seeds of the Congregation. Not the Battle of Lexington or Bunkers Hill; not the surrender of Burgoyne, or Cornwallis, were more important Events in American history than the battle of Kingstreet, on the 5th of March 1770.\nThe town of Boston instituted an Annual Oration in Commemoration of this Catastrophe, \u201cupon the danger of standing Armies, stationed in populous Cities, in time of Peace,\u201d and among the first Orators, were such names as Hancock, Warren, and Lovell. These Orations were read, I had almost said by every body that Could read, & scarcely ever with dry eyes. They have now been continued for 45 years! Will you read them all? They were not long continued in their original design; but other gentlemen, with other views, had influence enough to obtain a change from \u201cstanding armies,\u201d to \u201cfeelings which produced the revolution\u201d. Of these 45 Orations, I have read as many as I have seen. They have been made the Engine of bringing forward to public notice, young gentlemen of promising genius, whose connections & sentiments, were conformably tolerable to the prevailing opinions of the moment. There is Juvenile Ingenuity in all that I have read. There are few men of consequence, among us, who did not commence their career by an Oration on the 5th of March. I have read these Orations with a mixture of grief, pleasure, & pity. Young gentlemen of genius describing scenes, they never saw, & descanting on feelings they never felt, & which great pains had been taken that they never should feel. When will these orations end? And when will they cease to be monuments of the fluctuations of public opinion, & general feeling in Boston, Massachusetts, New England, & the United States? They are infinitely more indicative of the feelings of the moment, than of the feelings that produced the Revolution.\nRemember, Sir, that I am not writing history, nor Annals, I am only stating a few facts, & suggesting a few hints. If I could be 50 years younger, & had nothing better to do, I would have these Orations, collected, & printed in Volumes; and then write the history of the last forty five years, in Commentaries upon them\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6565", "content": "Title: To John Adams from David Sewall, 5 January 1816\nFrom: Sewall, David\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tYork 5th. Januy 1816.\n\t\t\t\tYour communication of Novr. 19th. ulto. came to hand a few days before my departure to attend the district Court at Portland, the duties of Which, & other engagements, has hitherto prevented paying that particular attention, which it always affords me pleasure to make on your Letters, whichI have found the Copy formerly made from the Original of old Judge Samuel Sewall to his eldest son Samuel of Brookline upon the Family Pedigree\u2014and which I had mislaid at the time I Wrote you on the family Geneology it contains a sheet of Paper and is dated at the beginning april 21. 1720\u2014and closes with Augt. 26th. of the Same Year.\u2014When mentg. his admission into College. He writes\u201cIn the year 1667 my father brought me to be admitted\u2014by the very learned and pious mr. Charles Chauncy, who gave me my first Degree in the year 1671 there ware no Masters that year. These Bachellors were the last\u2014mr. Chauncy gave a degree to. For He died the Feby. following. In July 1672 Dr. Hoar came over with his Lady and sojourned with your Grandfather Hull (He was my aunt Quincys Brother)\u2014He was installed in the College Hall in Decr. 1672. Govr. Bellingham lay dead in his House, and Depy. Goverr Leverell was the chief civil Majistrate present at that solemnity.\u2014In 1674 I took my 2nd. Degree, and Miss Hannah Hull my dear Wife, your hond. mother, was invited by the Dr. & his lady to be with them a while at Cambridge She saw me when I took my 2nd. Degree, and put her affections on me tho\u2019 I knew nothing of it till after our Marriage which was Feby. 28th. 1775/6\u2014you seem to be uncertain whether the Miss Hull\u2019s were Daughters of the Mint officer, or Sister Daughter of a Clergiman\u2014Minister of old South Church Boston\u2014The Hystorical Societys publication 3rd Vol. 258 (which I suppose correct) make no mention of any Minister of the old South by the Name of Hull\u2014they mention a Baptist Preacher of that Name. The extract from the letter seem to afford presumtive evidence on the Subject.\u2014Probably Genl. Hull, who married Judge Fuller of Watertown only Daughter, and Who is said to be a near relation of Commodore Hulls can satisfy your curiosity, as to the descent or Relationship to the Miss Hulls who were married to Quncy & Sewall.\u2014With respect to Political Sentiment it is of very little consequence of what mine are at this time of life to the Community\u2014But we are apt to express them upon Some Occasions even unnecessarily.\u2014With respect to the late War I alway tho\u2019t it improvidently and inconsideratly declared by Congress, and am yet to learn the blessings, or benefits that have resulted from it to the America\u2019s Nation, unless Felix quem facisunt aliena Pericula Cautum. I Wish you the Compliments of the Season and / all the enjoyments and consolations our advanced Years / can rationally desire. / your Freind & Ser.\n\t\t\t\t\tDavid Sewall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6566", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Joseph Delaplaine, 9 January 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tPhilada: January 9 1816.\n\t\t\t\tI had the honor of receiving your very obliging favour of the 1st. instant, giving me a sketch of your life, which is highly satisfactory, & for which be pleased to accept my sincere thanks.\tI shall have the pleasure of speaking to young Dr. Rush, with whom I am acquainted respecting the sketch which you have mentioned.I am glad you have settled the plan with Mr: Morse, to whom be pleased to deliver the enclosed letter.With the highest respect & esteem / I am Dr. Sir / your obed. huml. St.\n\t\t\t\t\tJoseph Delaplaine\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. I scarcely know how to take the liberty of asking you to give me six lines respecting the birth nativity, professing education, service &c &c of the late Samuel Adams. If you could take the trouble it would greatly serve me & I should esteem it a great favour. Have the goodness to inform Mr Morse whether there is a portrait of the late Samuel Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6567", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 9 January 1816\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear and high respected friend!\nOldenbarneveld 9 Jan. 1816.\nYou Shall indulge me\u2014having been engaged So long in various lucubrations\u2014that I take Some repose, and write a few lines to the man, whom duty and inclination compel me to revere. I do So rather as\u2014how triffling a Letter may be, you are So indulgent as to favour it with a kind reception\u2014and to tell you the truth\u2014I have been a while impatiently desiring to hear Something of your health and that of your excellent Lad\u00ff\u2014Not that I intend to become important in my demands\u2014well convinced\u2014that this time of the year must cramp your exertions\u2014and I flatter myself, if all was not well in your famil\u00ff, you would have extended your kindness, in charging one of your devout Secretaries, to communicate to me Such an unwellcome tiding. Enjoy then continually otium cum dignitate, and the approaching Spring Shall prompt you, to assure your friend\u2014that he is not yet left quite alone. You may by this Strain Suspect that again my mind\u2019s tranquillity had be Some-what ruffled\u2014and So it actually is\u2014Last week a London Letter informed me of the death of m\u00ff oldest friend\u2014Dr. josh. Toulmin\u2014who since 72 was a guide of m\u00ff youth\u2014and Since my constant warm frend\u2014In april last he wrote me a long and affectionate Letter\u2014and never\u2014I expect\u2014received m\u00ff answer\u2014Now one trial is left\u2014God forbids\u2014that I Should Survive them all\u2014and yet\u2014all three are farther advanced in age\u2014all three Surrounded by frends and relatives\u2014your frend nearly alone!\nI effected more in the last two months\u2014than in the two preceeding years together\u2014So much is my health renewed in rigour\u2014and my old enem\u00ff raps only now and then with a Lady\u2019s knock at the door for entrance, and, although, I am not allways permitted\u2014to Say not home\u2014our pour-parler does not last long\u2014\nI planned a refutation of the Strian hypothesis by positive arguments without mentioning their name\u2014as in the title\u2014I chalked the outlines of a treatise on agriculture\u2014in behalf of a new beginner\u2014on an extensive Scale\u2014I amused myself in a Scrutin\u00ff of Pererius whimsical paradox of the Pr\u00e6-adamites\u2014and finished from old Scraps\u2014a tour in 1792 to Lake Oneyda and Ontario. This last triffle ma\u00ff amuse you during one of our long-evenings, when you have nothing better at hand, or art in Search for Some repose from your more Serious and momentous reflections.\nI rejoyce in our concluded Treaty of commerce\u2014and doubt not, exccept I value it higher than it deserves\u2014or my congratulation Shall be acceptable\u2014Is it not the work of John Quinc\u00ff\u2014I can not question his powerful influence on his colleagues\u2014and I believe the Brittish Minister\u00ff values his talents. How am I delighted with Decatur\u2019s achievement\u2014alas! poor Holland! that was\u2014even a Sels\u2014even \u00e1 Loutman\u2014under William the iv. and v. would not have waited, that the Americans did Set them an example\u2014Sells actually did So now fall\u2019n\u2014fall\u2019n\u2014fall\u2019n\u2014from her high estate!\nIs a Dr. John Adams of Orange a relative of you? is the history of modern Republicks by J. A. LLD. with his portrait\u2014published in London\u2014a different work with your Defence? the first, by its price, Seems a Splendid edition\u20141\u00a3. 7S. 6D. by John Stockdale, Piccadilly, London.\nWill you inform me once of the Situation of Life of Hannah Moore? is She in affluence or compelled to write for bread?\u2014I hope the first; I Should pity her if the latter had fallen to her Share\u2014She writes well\u2014but might yet write better\u2014if She wrote less\u2014and knowed Some what to prune her exuberant Stile\u2014She is often happy in the antithesis, and knows a vast deal of the human heart, but had not Studied it quite So thouroughly as my old frend Montaigne\u2014This name brings me to La Boetie\u2014what you Say about his Servitude volontaire? had it been written under Louis xvi\u2014by many it would have considered as one of the means to prepare the Revolutionary explosion. Was your Sprightly grandson yet at Quinc\u00ff\u2014I Should beg you\u2014Send him to your Librar\u00ff\u2014and Let him copy for me Boyle\u2019s judgment upon that treatise. He was unquestionably a man of great parts. I am Stirring again every man\u2019s Soul, with whom I have Some connection, to rise in their Strenght in behalf of our Western Canals\u2014Time Shall come, when the Bostonians having carried a cargo to Quebec\u2014ascend the St Lawrence\u2014cross Ontario and return by Erie through our western Canals to the Hudson\u2014It is practicable and can thus be performed\u2014few bold daring men to plan and direct\u2014and a vast heap of mone\u00ff\u2014and it is done.\nWhat are your grand-Sons about in London? or are they already at Oxford or Cambridge? what an exquisite repast to your Lady\u2014in Seeing them returned\u2014accoutred in their Doctoral tabbards\u2014with covered with a Square velvet tasseled cap! It be So! and then ought to be obtained a grant for your frend to pass and repass\u2014free of expences from his cottage to Quincy-hall\u2014to witness the enraptured pleasures of their grand-Parents encircled by all their relatives and friends\u2014and then the Doctoral cup Shall go round\u2014and then the Patriarchal Lord of the feast Shall Send His heartfelt thanks to heaven\u2014and pour a Shower of blessings on all\u2014near and dear to Him\u2014the last cup Shall be pledged to the Embassadour at the court of St James\u2014and So we retire to Sleep to enjoy a new in the morning the polished conversation of my revered frend\u2019s\u2014Do no disturb my dreams mr Adams! Say rather\u2014be it So\u2014but\u2014even\u2014if it happens otherwise, and you continue to bestow your favours upon me\u2014I Shall be contented\u2014in assuring you\u2014that I cannot cease to remain, while I pra\u00ff for your health, / My Dear and high respected frend! / your affectionate and obliged frend!\nFr. Adr. vanderkemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6568", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 11 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir Monticello Jan. 11. 16.Of the last five months I have past four at my other domicil, for such it is in a considerable degree. no letters are forwarded to me there, because the cross post to that place is circuitous and uncertain. during my absence therefore they are\n\t\t\t accumulating here, & awaiting acknolegements. this has been the fate of your favor of Nov. 13.I agree with you in all it\u2019s eulogies on the 18th. century. it certainly witnessed the sciences and arts, manners and morals, advanced to a higher degree than the world had ever before seen. and might we not go back to the aera of the Borgias, by which time the barbarous ages had reduced national morality to it\u2019s lowest point of depravity, & observe that the arts and sciences, rising from that point, advanced gradually thro\u2019\n\t\t\t all the 16th. 17th. and 18th. centuries, softening & correcting the manners and morals of man? I think too we may add, to the great honor of science & the arts, that their natural effect is, by illuminating\n\t\t\t public opinion, to erect it into a Censor, before which the most exalted tremble for their future, as well as present fame. with some exceptions only, through the 17th. and 18th. centuries morality occupied an honorable chapter in the political code of nations. you must have observed while in Europe, as I thought I did, that those who administered the governments of the greater powers at least, had a respect to faith, and considered the dignity of their government as involved in it\u2019s\n\t\t\t integrity. a\n\t\t\t wound indeed was inflicted on this character of honor in the 18th. century by the partition of Poland. but this was the atrocity of a barbarous government chiefly, in conjunction with a smaller one still scrambling to become great, while one only of those already great, and having character\n\t\t\t to lose, descended to the baseness of an accomplice in the crime. France, England, Spain shared in it only inasmuch as they stood aloof and permitted it\u2019s perpetration. how then has it happened that these nations,\n\t\t\t France especially & England, so great, so dignified, so distinguished by science & the arts, plunged at once into all the depths of human enormity, threw off suddenly & openly all the restraints of morality, all sensation to character, & unblushingly avowed and acted on the principle\n\t\t\t that power was right? can this sudden apostacy from national rectitude be accounted for? the\n\t\t\t treaty of Pilnitz seems to have begun it, suggested perhaps by the baneful precedent of Poland. was it from the terror of\n\t\t\t monarchs, alarmed at the light returning on them from the West, and kindling a Volcano under their thrones? was it a combination to extinguish that light, and to\n\t\t\t the\n\t\t\t moral world thrown back again to the age of the Borgias,\n\t\t\t to the\n\t\t\t point from which it had departed 300. years before.\n\t\t\t France, after crushing and punishing the conspiracy of Pilnitz, went herself deeper and deeper into the crimes she had been chastising. I say France, & not Bonaparte; for altho\u2019 he was the head and mouth, the nation furnished the hands which executed his enormities.\n\t\t\t England, altho\u2019 in opposition, kept full pace with France, not indeed by the manly force of her own arms, but by oppressing the weak, & bribing the strong. at length the whole choir joined and divided the weaker nations among them.\n\t\t\t your\n\t\t\t prophecies to Dr. Price proved truer than mine; and yet fell short of the fact, for instead of a million, the\n\t\t\t destruction of 8. or 10. millions of human beings has probably been the effect of these convulsions. I\n\t\t\t did not, in 89. believe they would have lasted so long, nor have cost so much blood. but altho\u2019 your prophecy has proved true so far, I hope it does not preclude a better final result. that same\n\t\t\t light from our West seems to have spread and illuminated the very engines employed to\n\t\t\t extinguish it. it has given them a glimmering of their rights and their power. the idea of representative government has taken root and growth among them. their masters feel it, and are saving\n\t\t\t themselves by timely offers of this modification of their own powers. Belgium, Prussia, Poland, Lombardy Etc. are now offered a representative government organisation: illusive probably at first, but it will grow into power in the end. opinion is power, & that opinion will come. even France will yet attain representative government. you observe it makes the basis of every constitution which has been demanded or offered:\n\t\t\t of that demanded by their Senate; of\n\t\t\t that offered by Bonaparte; & of\n\t\t\t that granted by Louis XVIII. the idea then is rooted, and will be established, altho\u2019 rivers of blood may yet flow between them\n\t\t\t and their object. the allied armies now couching upon them are first to be destroyed, and\n\t\t\t destroyed they will surely be. a nation united can never be conquered. we have seen what the ignorant bigotted and unarmed Spaniards could do against the disciplined veterans of their invaders. what then\n\t\t\t may we not expect from the power & character of the French\n\t\t\t nation? the oppressors may cut off heads after heads, but like those of the Hydra, they multiply at every stroke. the recruits within a nation\u2019s own limits are prompt and without number; while\n\t\t\t those\n\t\t\t of their invaders from a distance are slow, limited, and must come to an end. I think too we percieve that all these allies do not see the same interest in the annihilation of the power of France. there are certainly some symptoms of foresight in Alexander that France might produce a salutary diversion of force were Austria and Prussia to become her enemies. France too is the natural ally of the Turk, as having no interfering interests, and might be useful in neutralising and perhaps turning that power on Austria. that a re-acting\n\t\t\t jealousy too exists with Austria & Prussia I think their late strict alliance indicates; and I should not wonder if Spain should discover a sympathy with them. Italy is so divided as to be nothing. here then we see new coalitions in embrio which after France shall in turn have suffered a just punishment for her crimes, will not only raise her from the earth on which she is prostrate, but give her an opportunity to establish a government of as\n\t\t\t much liberty as they she can bear, enough to ensure her happiness and prosperity. when\n\t\t\t insurrection begins, be it where it will, all the partitioned countries will rush to arms, and Europe again become an Arena of gladiators. and what is the definite object they will propose? a restoration certainly of the Status quo prius, of the state of possession of 89. I see no other principle on which Europe can ever again settle down in lasting peace. I hope your\n\t\t\t prophecies will go thus far, as my wishes do, and that they, like the former, will\n\t\t\t prove to have\n\t\t\t been the sober dictates of a superior understanding, and a sound calculation of effects from causes well understood. some future Morgan will then have an opportunity of doing you justice, and of counterbalancing the breach of confidence of which you so justly complain, and in which no one has had more frequent occasion of\n\t\t\t fellow-feeling than myself.\n\t\t\t permit me to place here my affectionate respects to mrs Adams, and to add for yourself the assurances of cordial friendship and esteem.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6569", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Joseph Delaplaine, 17 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\nSir\nQuincy January 17th. 1816\nHis Excellency Samuel Adams late Governor of Massachusetts was born in Boston in 1722. His first Education was in the celebrated public Latin School in that City where he was prepared for the University at Cambridge to which he was admitted in 1736. He received his degree of Batchellor of Arts in 1740 and his Degree of Master of Arts in 1743.\nAfter his first degree, he entered the store of Thomas Cushing an eminent Statesmen as well as Merchant, and after his Apprenticiship expired, Expenced a Store for himself. But his Love of Letters and Politicks prevailing over the Passion for Lucre he soon abandoned the Pursuit of Commerce.\nTo do Justice to the Life and Character of this great Man would require more Volumes than Dr Kippis has bestowed on Captain Cook or than Chief Justice Marshall has consecrated to President Washington.\nThere is a Portrait of him at full Length in Possession of his only surviving Child, Mrs Wells, painted by Copley and equal to any I have seen of Steuart West or Reynolds. I have mentioned this to Mr Morse, who favoured with his Company for a few days, and with his pleasing Conversation, your humble / Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6570", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 18 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nSir\nQuincy. January 18th. 1816\nSamuel Tucker Esquire, a Member of our Massachusetts Legislature has a Petition to Government for Justice or customary favour to meritorious Officers which will be explained before the proper Judges. I cannot refuse his request to certify what I know of his Character and History. My Acquaintance with him commenced early in the Year 1776 when he was first appointed to a Command in the Navy in which he Served with Reputation and without reproach to the End of the War in 1783. His Biography would make a conspicuous figure even at this day, in the Naval Annals of the United States. I can be particular only in one Instance. In 1778 he was ordered to France in the Boston Frigate. He Saild in February, and Soon fell in with three British Frigates ordered from Rhode Island expressly to intercept him. Fighting of One against Three was out of the Question. In a chace of three days and three Nights he baffled all the Inventions and defeated all the Maneuvres of the Enemy, and was Seperated from him at last in the Gulph Stream by a furious Hurricane, which for three days more threatened him with immediate destruction. Nor was this his last danger from Seas or from Ennemies. He had two other Storms and two other detachments of British Men of War to encounter one in the English Channel and another in the Bay of Biscay. He arrived at Bourdeaux in April.\nNothing but Vigilance Patience and Perseverance, added to consummate Nautical Skill could have preserved that Ship through So many dangers at that Equinoctial Season, and Such a Succession of irresistable Enemies.\nI heartily wish Captain Tucker Success and beg the favour of you, Sir, to communicate to any Committee who may be charged with the Examination of his Application, this Letter from your Friend and humble Servant\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6571", "content": "Title: From John Adams to David Sewall, 19 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sewall, David\nDear Sir\nQuincy Jan. 19. 1816\nYour favour of the fifth, and Judge Sewalls Letter to his son Samuel, have convinced me that No Parson Hull existed. Doctor and President Hoar, who was the Guest of Hull the Coiner deceived me. This Hoar lies buried within half a Mile of me, under a Monument and a long Inscription much obscured by Age. He was connected with Hulls and Quincys so nearly that they buried him here.\nBut why Should I care for Hulls or Hoars more than Father Flynt did.\nSome Sixty Years ago I was acquainted with Colonel Hoar a Smart Sensible Fellow a Descendant of President Hoar. He claimed Kindred with Father Flynt and asked him to remember him in his Will. \u201cYou know Sir the Connection between your Family and the Hoars.\u201d The Old Gentleman Smacked his Lips as you and I have often heard him and answered \u201cPrithy, Young Man, I am too old to give Money to Hoars Whores.\u201d\nOur political Sentiments, as you well observe, are of no Consequence to the Community.\nYou and I agreed very well at Colledge in calculating Eclypses and in all our Astronomical and Algebraical Studies. We have ever Since as I hope, agreed in private Friendship. But We have gazed at the Great Political System of the Universe through different Telescopes. The Great Globes have been Seen by Us, rolling round their Axis and revolving round their Primaries, from different Stations in different Longitudes and Latitudes. Conjuntions, Oppositions and Eclupses, have been visible to you when they were invisible to me; and Vice versa.\nIt appears by the Conclusion of your Letter that We differ toto C\u0153lo in Sentiment relative to the late War. Butt as our opinions are of no consequence, it would be Useless to discuss them. And moreover, it would require more Volumes than you or I shall live to write or read.\nI am Sir your Sincere Friend till death, hoping And expecting, Soon, very Soon, to meet you where We Shall be known to each other, as we are known on high.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6572", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Jedidiah Morse, 20 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Morse, Jedidiah\nDear Sir\nQuincy January 20th. 1816\nIn the Order of Time, I have passed over a Tragical Event, which excited much interest, and contributed largely, to render the Sovereignty of Parliament odious, detestable and horrible to the People. And I can consionscously add, accellerated the Catastrophy of the fifth of March 1770.\nIn 1769 a little before the Recall of Governor Bernard, The British Frigate, The Rose Sent a Lieutenant, a Midshipman and a Press Gang of Sailors on board a Ship of Mr Hooper of Marblehead then returning from Bilboa, upon the recruiting Service. The Lieutenant, demanded of the Captain a Sight of his Crew. The Crew were called, \u201cAre here all\u201d? No Answer. \u201cSearch the Ship\u201d Said the imperious Leiutenant. A way flew the Midshipman and his Gang of loyal Sailors through every part of the Ship to Search for hidden Seamen. At last the Cry was heard \u201cHere they Are\u201d. Four Sailors, had hid themselves in the forepeak of the Ship the place most likely to be overlooked in a Search. The Forepeak, was immediately invaded by the Lieutenant the Midshipman, and the whole Presgang armed with Swords and Pistols. Michael Corbett and Lieutenant Panton argued the Cause: but neither being convinced, resort was had to the Ratio Ultima and an Amiable Youth was laid dead at the Feet of Michael Corbett. A boat was Sent to The Rose, and a Strong Reinforcement to the Presgang, Soon broke down all before them, Seized the four Sailors, one of whom was bleeding, with an Arm broke, by a Pistol Ball, Shot by the Midshipman at random, among the four; in the first assault upon the Forepeak.\nA Special Court of Admiralty was Summoned, According to Act of Parliament, to try these four Sailors for Pyracy and Murder on the High Seas in killing Lieutenant Panton; When in Law, Truth and Conscience, the Commander of the Rose Frigate ought to have been prosecuted for Pyracy and Murder on the High Seas in illegally Sending a Press Gang, to enslave Freemen and compelling them in Self defence, to destroy their Invader and intended Destroyer. Or in the better Language of the Boat Swain of the Rose Frigate \u201cto deprive honest Men of their Liberty.\u201d\nThe Constitution of this Court ought to be Stated by an Historian. It consisted of the Governors of Massachusetts Bernard and New Hampshire Wentworth Judge of Admiralty, Auchmuty Commander of the Navy Commodore Hood, and Counsellers from Several Collonies to the Number of Fifteen. Whether Hutchinson Satt as Lieutenant Governor or as Chief Justice, I know not. When the Court opened the Counsell of the Poor Prisoners, presented Pleas to the Jurisdiction of the Court, and if that Should be overruled requesting and demanding that a Jury Should be Summoned to try the Facts according to the Course of the Common Law.\nWhat has become of the Records of this Court; whether they have been Sent to Hallifax or to London; whether they remain in any Repositary in Boston, or whether they have been burned, like most of the Records of this World, I know not. But if they exist, they will Show four Pleas drawn at great Length, Stating the Laws, Principles and Reasonings on which they were founded and each of them Signed by one of the four Prisoners or by his Counsell. These Pleadings, contemptible as they may appear at this day, cost the Council many days of painful Reserch, and the mere composition and draught of them, Cost more than one Sleepless Night in the hand Writing.\nWhen the Prisoners were Arraigned they presented these four Pleas to the Court and their Counsell appeared to Support them with his Arguments and Books of Authority against Mr Sewall himself and the other Counsell for the Crown.\nBut the Counsell, on neither Side, were permitted to Say a Word. Hutchinson Started up, and with a countenance, which remains deeply engraven on my Retina to this hour, expressive of the designs and Passions, the Fears and Apprehensions that agitated and tormented his Soul, moved that the Court Should adjourn to the Counsell Chamber. No Opposition! No Reasons Pro or Con. The Countenances of the Innocents and the Simple on the Bench indicating Some Surprize, but the knowing ones manifesting a knowledge or at least a pleasing Conjecture of the Secret. The Prisoners were remanded, Parties, Witnesses, Counsell, Audience, dismissed, and the Court adjourned to the Counsell Chamber, where they remained in Secret Conclave till late in the Evening. When they arose it was given out and propagated through the Town that they had decided in favour of The Pleas, and that Jurors were to be Summoned the next Morning to try the Prisoners.\nWhether this Rumour had any foundation in Truth, or whether it was invented and circulated to Soften the keen Asperity of the Public Feeling, I know not. But this is certain, The Court met again early next Morning in Secret Conclave in the Counsell Chamber; and then it was believed by many, conjectured by more and reported generally that Hutchinson and his confidential few, had been allarmed at the decission of the Preceeding Evening, and had contrived a Secret Meeting in the Morning to reconsider the Vote. Whether there was any Truth in these Whispers, Rumors and Murmours I know not. But one Thing is certain that When the Court opened in Form, the four Pleas, without permitting one Word to be said for them or against them by the Counsell on either Side, were pronounced by The President Bernard to be overruled.\nThe Prisoners were now at the Bar, and the Tryal commenced. The Witnesses on both Sides examined and cross examined. All agreed in every Fact and Circumstance. No contradictory Testimony, British Sailors and American Sailors all agreed. What Morality and what Religion, Dr Morse, in these Sons of Neptune? Oh! for the honour of human Nature, that I could Say the Same of the Court!\nWhen the Examination was ended and taken down by the Clerk and the Counsell in Writing, the Argument of Counsell was expected. The Counsel for the Prisoners had taken great Pains to Search and research, through every Law human and divine, the Doctrine of Homicide in all its divisions, distinctions and Limitations. As this was Said to be a Civil Law Court, he had ransacked every Writer on the Civil Law that the Town of Boston possessed; He had examined every Authority in the Laws of England upon the Subject, and Superadded to all, he had brought forward that Volume of the British Statutes at large, which contained the \u201cAct of Parliament which expressly prohibited, the Impressment of Seamen in America\u201d. All these Books were piled up, on the Table before him, in the Sight of the Court, when the Counsell arose in the ordinary course of Proceedings to argue \u201cThe Cause of his Clients the poor Prisoners at the Bar. After addressing to the Court in the usuall Style of respect, he begged their Attention to the Authorities in Law, and to the Testimonies which he Should apply to Shew that the Action of the Prisoners in killing Lieutenant Panton could amount to nothing more than \u201cJustifiable Homicide in necessary Self Defence.\nThe Words \u201cJustifiable Homicide\u201d were Scarcely out of his Mouth before Hutchinson Started up in very indecorous haste, and moved that the Prisoners be remanded and Court adjourned to the Counsel Chamber. The Prisoners tho crowded Audience, the Barr the Counsell were all thunder Struck, But What were Prisoners Audience Barr or Counsell against \u201cSic volo, Sic Judeo, Stet pro ratione Voluntas? The Court was adjourned to the Counsell Chamber and there enclosed like a Conclave of Cardinals in Secret Intrigues for the rest of the day.\nWhen the Court opened the next day and the Prisoners ordered to the Bar, All the World expected that the Tryal would commence, and the Argument, on the Law and the Evidence proceed. But, After a Solemn Pause and total Silence, Governor Bernard the President of the Court arose, and with a Countenance So Solemn and So gloomy as made the Audience Shudder, as if a Sentence of Death was coming, addressed himself to the Prisoners by Name, and pronounced, \u201cThe Court have considered the Evidence in Support of the Libel against you, and are Unanimously of Opinion that it amounts only to Justifiable Homicide; You are accordingly acquitted and discharged from your Imprisonment.\u201d Not another Word was Said, except by Mr Auchmuty, the Judge of Admiralty who cried out \u201cThe Court is unanimous in this Opinion.\u201d\nI will leave to Poets and Writers of Romance to describe the Joy that glowed in every heart, and lighted every Countenance at this Denuament of the Tragedy. One Circumstance is too Characteristick to be omitted. The Counsel for the Prisoners, descending from the Chamber where the Court Satt to the lower Floor of the Court house, was met at the bottom of the Stairs by the Boatswain of the Rose \u201cSir said he We are all greatly obliged to you for, your noble Conduct, in defence of these brave Fellows; Yet, Sir, this is the Employment in which I have been almost constantly engaged for twenty Years; fighting with honest Men to deprive them of their Liberty; I always thought I ought to be hanged for it; and now I know it.\u201d\nThis Tryal, Dr Morse, is a Mystery never yet explained. A Labyrinth, without a clue! An Enigma that never can be unridled!\nThough all Hypotheses must be unavailing in investigating this Phenomenon, So Strange, So unprecedented in the History of Jurisprudence I must be permitted to Suggest a few hints for your Consideration and Inquiry.\n1st. Where, can you find a Secret Court of Judicature? In Courts Martial In the Inquisition? or in the Lions Mouth at Venice? The Star Chamber, and the High Commission Court in England even Jeffries\u2019s Courts were open and public.\n2. Here were the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the Chief Justice the Judge of Admiralty of Massachusetts, the Governor and Counsellors from New-Hampshire, Counsellors from Rhode Island and the Commander in Chief of the Royal Navy, Commodore Hood, now if alive Lord Bridport, Skulking and hiding in total Silence from open Court to Secret Counsell Chamber, like Indians fighting behind Bushes and running in the dark from one Bush to another to avoid Detection.\n3. Upon What Law? Upon what Principle? were the Prisoners acquitted of Pyracy and Murder? Nobody knew; Nobody could Conjecture. Every honest Soul was delighted with the Decision; but none knew or could Surmise upon what Grounds it was made.\n4. Was the decision, according to The Law of Nature? The Law of Nations? The civil Law? The Common Law? Or the Statute Law?\nNo Man could answer any of these Questions. All was darkness Mysterily Mystery, Uncertainty and Confusion. The honest Lawyers Said \u201cMisera Servitus est Ubi Jus est Vagum aut incognitum.\u201d\n5. There was an Act of Parliament expressly forbiding Impressments in America, then lying on the Table before the Judges produced by the Counsell for the Prisoners, and ready to be read at a Moments Warning which would have justified the decision of the Court to the King the English Nation and the American Public without any other Authority or Argument. Why did not the Court permit this Statute to be read or mentioned? Why did they not produce it and read it themselves, if the Counsell had through Ignorance or forgetfulness omitted it.\n6. Can it be credible that this Court, and all the Counsell for the Crown and all the Naval and Custom house Officers were ignorant of this Statute? However incredible it may appear, I have always believed and Still believe that not one of them all had the least knowledge or Suspicion that Such an Act existed. There was at that time but one Copy of the Statutes at Large in the Massachusetts and that Sett had been imported by the Counsell for the Prisoners.\n7. Was the Sentence of the Court founded on the Principle of the Universal Illegality of Impressment? I Sincerely believe it was. And moreover, that not one Judge upon that Bench would have dared to give an opinion of its Legality. The oracular and equivocal Dictum of Lord Chatham had not then been pronounced, nor the opinion of the first Pitt as ignorant as it was dogmatical, that it was a Common Law Prerogative of the Crown. Candour obliges me to acknowledge that Mr Sewall conducted this Prosecution like a judicious Lawyer and polite Gentleman: but Hutchinson appeared hurried between his Terror of the Crown and its Officers on one hand and his dread of Unpopularity on the other.\nNo Tryal had ever interested the Comunity So much before; excited so much Curiosity and Compassion, or So many Apprehensions of the fatal Consequences of the Supremacy of Parliamentary Jurisdiction or the Intrigues of Parlimentary Courts. No Tryal had drawn together Such Crowds of Auditors from day to day. They were as numerous As those in the next Year, at the Tryals of Preston and the Soldiers.\nNevertheless, Every thing relative to this great Event must remain misterious. The whole Transaction seems totally forgotten. None of our Historians appear to have ever head of it. Mrs Warren has not remembered it, and Dr Gordon has taken no Notice of it. Yet Dr Gordon has minutely related the Acction of \u201cMr Richardson in Shooting Young Sneider and its Effects.\u201d Mr Richardson and his Exploit were thought worthy to be recorded, while Panton and Corbett were to be forgotten! And who was Richardson? If there was even a couler of Justice in the Public Opinion he was the most abandoned Wretch in America; Adultery, Incest Perjury were reputed to be his ordinary Crimes. His Life would exhibit an Atrocious Volume. This Man was Selected by the Board of Commissioners for a Custom house Officer. His Name was Sufficient to raise a Mob. And I had almost Said, to the honour of the Mob\u2014 \u201cMr Richardson\u201d and the innocent Victim Snyder ought to have been remembered, but Panton &Corbett ought not to have been forgotten. Preston and his Soldiers ought have been forgotten sooner.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6573", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Noah Worcester, 23 January 1816\nFrom: Worcester, Noah\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tBrighton Jan 23d. 1816\u2014\n\t\t\t\tHaving for more than a year devoted much of my time to an inquiry relating to war\u2014that terrible scourge of guilty nations\u2014I am desirous of having the fruits of my inquiries examined by men whose talents, situations and prospects will enable them to judge impartially. The Rev. Mr Norton informed me that you had condescended to read my writings on some other Subjects. This has excited a hope that you will read with candor what I have written on war and peace. I therefore Send you a copy of \u201cA Solemn Review of the Custom of War\u201d and three numbers of \u201cThe Friend of Peace.\u201d Be pleased, Sir, to Accept them, with my best wishes for your pressent present and future welfare.I have Sent Similar copies to Mr Jefferson, and intend Soon to Send to Mr Jay. As I have no wish to conceal any part of my object in these communications, I will Say\u2014I hope to obtain a testimony from three able and aged statesmen, before they Shall leave the world, which may be employed in favor of the object which lies So near my heart\u2014The abolition of the most fatal custom which ever afflicted the human family. I can not but hope that you, and the other two gentlemen, have been preserved to this late period, to perform a Service which will be remembered with gratitude for many ages, and which Shall contribute to the temporal and eternal Salvation of millions of your fellow beings. A few words from such men, while on the borders of eternity, may be the occasion of unspeakable good. With the pamphlets, I also Send a copy of the Constitution of the Massachusetts Peace Society, which has been recently formed. It would add much to my happiness to see your venerable name in the list of Subscribers. We have indeed many respectable names already; yours would add to the joy of many, and particularly to that of your / Sincere friend\n\t\t\t\t\tNoah Worcester.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6575", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 2 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nQuincy Feb. 2. 1816\nI know not what to say of your Letter of the 11th of Jan. but that it is one of the most consolatory, I ever received.\nTo trace the commencement of the Reformation I suspect We must go farther back than Borgia, or even that Huss or Wickliff, and I want the Acta Sanctorum to assist me in this Research. That Stupendous Monument of human Hypocricy and Fanaticism the Church of St. Peter at Rome, which was a Century and an Half in Building; excited the Ambition of Leo the tenth, who believed no more of the Christian Religion than Diderot, to finish it: And finding St. Peters Pence insufficient, he deluged all Europe with Indulgences for sale, and excited Luther to contravert his Authority to grant them. Luther and his Associates and Followers, went less than half way in detecting the Corruptions of Christianity; but they acquired Reverence and Authority among their Followers almost as absolute as that of the Popes had been, To enter into details would be endless. But I agree with you, that the natural Effect of Science and Arts is to erect public opinion into a Censor, which must in Some degree be respected by all.\nThere is no difference of Opinion or Feeling between Us, concirning the Partition of Poland, the intended Partitions of Pilnitz or the more daring Partitions of Vienna.\nyour Question \u201cHow the Apostacy from National Rectitude can be Accounted for\u201d is too deep and wide for my Capacity to answer. I leave Fisher Ames to dogmatize up the Affairs of Europe and Mankind. I have done too much in this Way. A burned Child dreads the Fire. I can only say at present, that it should Seem that human Reason and human Conscience, though I believe there are such things, Are not a Match, for human Passions, human Imaginations and human Enthusiasm. You however I Believe have hit one Mark, \u201cthe Fires the Governments of Europe felt kindling under their Seats:\u201d and I will hazard a short at another, The Priests of all Nations imagined they felt approaching Such Flames as they had so often kindled about the Bodies of honest Men. Priests and Politicians, never before, so suddenly and so unanimously concurred in Reestablishing Darkness and Ignorance Superstition and Despotism.\nThe Morality of Tacitus, is the Morality of Patriotism, and Britain & France have adopted his Creed; i.e. that all things were made for Rome. Jura negat Sibi lata, nihil non arrogat Armis, Said Achilles. Laws were not made for me, said the Regent of France and his Cardinal Minister Du Bois. The Universe was made for me, says Man. Jesus despized and condemned this Patriotism: But what Nation or What Christian has adopted his System? He was, as you Say \u201cthe most benevolent Being, that ever appeard on Earth.\u201d France and England, Bourbons and Bonaparte, and all the Sovereigns at Vienna, have acted on the same Principle \u201cAll things were made for my Use.\u201d \u201cLo! Man for mine, replies a Pampered Goose\u201d. The Philosophers of the 18th Century have acted on the Same Principle. When it is to combat Evil, \u2019tis lawful to employ the Devil\u201d. Bonus Populus vult decipi, decipiatur. They have employed the Same Falshod the Same deceit, which Philosophers and Priests of all ages have employed for their own Selfish Purposes. We now know how their Efforts have Succeeded. The old Deceivers have tryumphed over the New. Truth, must be more respected than it ever has been, before any great Improvement can be expected in the Condition of Mankind. As Rochfaucault his Maxims drew, from\u201d history and from Practice, \u201cI believe them true\u201d from the whole Nature of Man, moral intellectual and physical he did not draw them.\nWe must come to the Principles of Jesus. But, when will all Men and all Nations do as they would be done by? Forgive all Injuries and love their Enemies as themselves? I leave those profound Phylosophers whose Sagacity perceives the Perfectibility of Humane Nature, and those illuminated Theologians who expect the Apocalyptic Reign, to enjoy their transporting hopes; provided always that they will not engage Us in Crusades and French Revolutions, nor burn Us for doubting. My Spirit of Prophecy reaches no father than, New England Guesses.\nyou ask, how it has happened that all Europe, has acted on the Principle \u201cthat Power was Right\u201d. I know not what Answer to give you, but this, that Power always sincerely, conscientiously, de tres bon Foi, believes itself Right. Power always thinks it has a great Soul, and vast Views, beyond the Comprehension of the Weak; and thait it is doing God Service, when it is violating all his Laws. Our Passions, Ambition, Avarice, Love, Resentment &c possess so much metaphysical Subtilty and so much overpowering Eloquence, that they insinuate themselves into the Understanding and the Conscience and Convert both to their Party. And I may be deceived as much as any of them, when I say, that Power must never be trusted Without a Check.\nMorgan has misrepresented my Guess. There is not a Word in my Letters about \u201ca Million of human Beings.\u201d Civil Wars, of an hundred years, throughout Europe, were guest at, and this is broad enough for your Ideas; for Eighteen or twenty Million would be a moderate Computation for a Century of Civil Wars, throughout Europe. I Still pray that a Century of civil Wars, may not desolate Europe And America too South, and North.\nYour speculations into Futurity in Europe are so probably that I can suggest no doubts to their disadvantage. All will depend on the Progress of Knowledge. But how Shall Knowledge Advance! Independant of Temporal and Spiritual Power, the Course of Science and Litterature is obstructed and discouraged by so many Causes that it is to be feared, its there motions will be Slow I have just finished reading four Volume of D\u2019Israeli, two on the Calamities and two on the Quarrels of Authors. These would be sufficient to Shew that, Slow rises Genius by Poverty and Envy oppressed. Even Neuton and Lock and Grotius could not escape. France could furnish four other Volumes of the Woes and Wars of Authors.\nMy Compliments to Mrs Randolph, her Daughter Ellen and all her other Children, and believe me as ever\nJohn AdamsTo which mrs Adams adds her affectionate Regards. and a wish that distance did not seperate souls congenial\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6576", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Waterhouse, 2 February 1816\nFrom: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tCambridge 2d February 1816\n\t\t\t\tI have received several Epistles in prose and verse, written to console me for my heavy loss, but nothing has equalled the three first lines of your last letter.\u2014It is seldom that affliction comes singly & alone. Suppose I should tell you that my professional & political enemies have succeeded in obtaining a decree of banishment against me, and that I am ordered to take my departure tomorrow for Siberia, alias Sackett\u2019s harbour?\u2014Have they chosen this particular time, when I and my family are stupified by affliction to break down my spirits, & destroy the slender portion of health that yet remains in my shattered constitution?\u2014I will tell you the story, & you shall judge for yourself.When the Junto succeeded in driving me from their University, they meant to destroy me; but the President of the U.S. saved me by giving me the appointment of Hospital Surgeon in this District. I accepted it from General Armstrong on the condition of not being seperated from my family here, & this was unequivocally understood between him and our friend Mr Gerry, & this condition was known to my Superiors at Washington on the reduction of the army.\u2014I soon found that my location was coveted, & that intrigue was very busy to effect my dislocation. I thereupon stated the case to the Secretary of War, & immediately received from him a copy of his letter to Genl. Ripley who commanded this Department as follows, \u201cDepartment of War 19th June 1815.SirDr Benjn. Waterhouse has requested to be located as Hospital Surgeon, at Boston. The Dr\u2019s age, domestic establishment, & professional pursuits render it desirable that he should, in this respect, be accomodated, & I will thank you to make your arrangements accordingly.Alexr. J. Dallas.\u201dAbout this time my competitor, a young man, went from Boston to Brownsville; and soon after I received an order from Major Genl. Brown to repair to Sacketts-harbour, & assume the medical direction of that department. When this arrived, I consulted Genl. Dearborn; and thereupon wrote to Genl. Brown that I was already located by the Secretary of War; & sent him a copy of the order; & General B. has retained my competitor from that day to this in the Brownsville, or 1st. Dept. (this here being the 2d) This gentleman has been all this winter in Boston on furlough\u2014Last autumn I met Genl. Brown at Portsmouth, where he introduced me to Commodore Chancey & McDonough as the Chief of the medical staff in this Department. We were much together, & when he arrived in Boston a friendship & intimacy grew up between us, (being brother Quakers!) that excited uneasiness, and even expressions of displeasure in\u2014I wont say who\u2014He was at my house in Cambridge, & received great & extraordinary attention from the gentlemen & Students in this University, and he & I parted like men who never wished to forget each other. We talked of the medical affairs of the army, & lamented together its headless condition. In all which he unequvocally recognized me as an officer in his proper place; and yet because he did not send me a written counter order, a quibble has been conjured up here Seven months after, that has thrown me into no small perplexity & rendered me liable to be exiled from the remnant of my family to a dreary & unhealthy region at this dismal season. The following department order will explain it.\u201cMilty. Departt. No 2. Brigade Insp. office. Head Qrs. Boston Jany. 15. 1816Departt. Orders.The Major General (Ripley) having received this day a report from Dr Waterhouse\u201d (in consequence of the General\u2019s asking for it.) is constrained \u201cof the following orders, is constrained to determine their construction on military principles. In doing it he has no intention of any interference farther than may be necessary to carry into effect the order of his superior officer.The orders on which Dr. Waterhouse claims to be located as Chief of the Medical Staff of Department No 2 are as follows\u2014\u201d (viz the letter dated 19th. June at the bottom of the 1st. page signed \u201cAlex. J Dallas\u201d)and\u2014\u201cHead Qrs. Brownsville June 29th. 1815Orders,Hospital Surgeon B. Waterhouse will repair forthwith to Sacketts-harbour, & assume the direction of the medical staff in Department No 1.By command of Majr. Genl. RipleyR. J.\u201dand\u201cThe military principle in relation to the construction of orders is, that the last shall be obeyed, without at all attempting to decide what were the views of the war office, or of Major Genl. Brown\u2014Major General Ripley is constrained to part with a valuable officer, whose character & services he highly respects; and directs Dr W. to repair to Sacketts harbour in obedience to the order of General Brown of the 29th of June. He is allowed however a furlough of 20 days (being as long as the Majr. Genl. is authorized to grant) to make the necessary arrangements.By order of the Maj. Gen. RipleyJ. B. Romaynes\u201dNow General Ripley is very far from wishing me to go from Departt. No 2 to Deptt. No 1. and he told me in the presence of the Honble John Holmes, that he had been forced into the above act, but not by Genl. Brown, who has certainly never considered me as belonging to Dept. No 1, but No 2, where I always have been. He, in confidence, said more, and freely gave me his advice; but the 20 days allowed me is not enough to take advantage of it, & he can allow no more. He tells me however that a renewed order from Washington would settle the whole business, and would, I believe, for ever put at rest these attempts to dislocate me.But my Dear Sir! such is the net-work of intrigue both in Boston and at Washington that I scarcely dare trust the ordinary medium of communication. The last letter I received from your son J. Q. Adams which was the last of august, has not diminished my suspicions. I have not health or spirits to go to Washington, or even to visit you at Quincy, and yet I am ordered off at this dreary Season to the most dismal & unhealthy spot in the U. States, where there is already located an Hospital Surgeon entirely agreeable to the wishes of General Brown, who knows nothing of the quibble in question.Beside the one or two interested individuals, you know full well the men, & the Junto of men, who have been long trying to overwhelm me, or to drive me from my stand. You know they have left no string untouched, or stone unturned. These men have united their forces, & chosen the time, when they see me depressed by a domestic affliction. Yes! the enemy who I have so often repulsed, has attacked my post which they knew was weakened by death & desertion, and they will carry their point, unless I am speedily reinforced.I have written to Genl. Ripley, & sent him ample certificates that my health will not allow me, at present, to set out for Sacketts-harbour, whatever it may be a month hence;\u2014In the mean time it behoves me to make such a representation of things to the head of the War Deptt. as may secure my post from these sudden attacks\u2014I have written to Mr Crawford but it is not probable that he knows anything of me: but I have neither health, spirits nor confidence to write as I ought, to the President, to whom I personally owe my place.Thus situated, conditioned, & circumstanced, I have turned my eyes on you, from a recollection that you never yet took up your pen in my favour but you always succeeded; because you never countenance any thing that is not right & proper. Boston always will need an hospital Surgeon, & I have always filled that office to the entire satisfaction of every commander. My wish is to die in peace in my own family (since Death has cut that knot which bound us all together) instead of taking a long and tedious journey to my grave on the banks of the Ontario. Yours as usual.\n\t\t\t\t\tBenjamin Waterhouse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6577", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 5 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nDear Sir\nQuincy Feb. 5th. 1816\nYour favours of November and January have not been acknowledged. The Politiques de Pous les Cabinets, I once had but have lost. Of the other Books I know nothing; and it is too late for me, ever to know any thing, concerning, \u201cAn infernal Spirit, which has Evil for its Good,\u201d I can Say Nothing, but advise you to read Beausobres Manicheism, and Hugh Farmers Demons.\nMy Grandsons are at an Academy: but never to go to any University but Harvard Colledge.\nI know nothing of the Circumstances of Col. Smiths Election, or Reprobation.\nWe have had enough of Hurricane and Influenza but they deserve no recollection in comparison with other things\nOf Mrs Adams\u2019s Letters and mine, the World must judge as it pleases. I know not, Who are \u201cThe Livery of London.\u201d\nI fear, but know not, that Wheelock has fallen a Sacrifice to Sacerdotal Intrigue\nNow for your Letter of Jan. 9. \u201cOtium cum dignitate\u201d has nothing to do with me. I never was more encumbered with Business; and that at time, when I am incapable of doing any.\nNoting with regret your loss of Touilman, I must hint at my losses. Dr Tufts at 84, Dr Lothrop at 76, and Dr. Holten at 77, three of my oldest Friends departed, within a few days of each other.\nJ. Q. A. Shared with his Colleagues, in Studies, Labours Compositions and Results, and that is enough for him. Oh! Decatur! Oh! Holland! Oh! France! Oh! Spain! Oh! Naples! Oh! South America! Oh! North America! Oh! all the World! Churchills Tragick. Oh, and more tragic Ah! is all I can say.\nStockdale printed a Second Edition in London of the \u201cDefence\u201d and placed before it a Bastard Title, \u201cAdams\u2019s History of Republicks\u201d\nMrs Adams when she getts well must inform you about Hannah Moore. I know nothing about her.\nMontaigne and Boethius had Some Glimmerings of Revolutionary Revelations; but Robespierre, Bonaparte and the present Bourbons of France, Spain and Naples forbid me to recollect any thing about them.\nProsperity to all usefull Canals: but they have cost me too dear, to think much more about them.\nFarewell! Let Us go to Sleep in peace! And as you say \u201cBe it so.\u201d\nJohn Adams\nP.S. I have got hold of Baron De Grim. I must live 20 years to read him and nobody here can read him to me. I have read D\u2019Israelis Wars and Woes of Authors. How encouraging is the Pursuit of Science and Letters?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6578", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Noah Worcester, 6 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Worcester, Noah\nDear Sir,\nQuincy, February 6, 1816.\nI have received your kind letter of the 23d of January, and I thank you for the pamphlets enclosed with it.\nIt is very true, as my excellent friend, Mr. Norton, has informed you, that I have read many of your publications with pleasure.\nI have also read, almost all the days of my life, the solemn reasonings and pathetick declamations of Erasmus, of Fenelon, of St. Pierre, and many others against war, and in favour of peace. My understanding and my heart, accorded with them, at first blush. But, alas! a longer and more extensive experience has convinced me, that wars are as necessary and as inevitable, in our system, as Hurricanes, Earthquakes and Volcanoes.\nOur beloved country, sir, is surrounded by enemies, of the most dangerous, because the most powerful and most unprincipled character. Collisions of national interest, of commercial and manufacturing rivalries, are multiplying around us. Instead of discouraging a martial spirit, in my opinion, it ought to be excited. We have not enough of it to defend us by sea or land.\nUniversal and perpetual peace appears to me, no more nor less than everlasting passive obedience, and non-resistance. The human flock would soon be fleeced and butchered by one or a few.\nI cannot therefore, sir, be a subscriber or a member of your society.\nI do, sir, most humbly supplicate the theologians, the philosophers, and politicians, to let me die in peace. I seek only repose.\nWith the most cordial esteem, however, / I am, sir, your friend and servant,\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6579", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Noah Worcester, 6 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Worcester, Noah\nDear Sir.\nQuincy February 6th 1816\nI have received your kind Letter of the 23d of January and I thank you for the Pamphlets enclosed with it.\nIt is very true, as my excellent Friend Mr Norton has informed you that I have read many of your Publications with pleasure.\nI have also read, almost all the days of my life, the solemn Reasonings and pathetic Declamations of Erasmus, of Fenelon, of St Pierre and many others against War, and in favour of Peace, My Understanding and my heart accorded with them at first blush. But Alass! a longer and more extensive Experience has convinced me that Wars, are as necessary and as inevitable, in our System as Hurricanes, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes.\nOur beloved Country, Sir, is Surrounded by Enemies of the most dangerous, because the most powerfull and most unprincipled Characters. Collisions of National Interests, of Commercial and manufacturing. Rivalries are multiplying around Us, Instead of discouraging a Martial Spirit, in my opinion it ought to be excited. We have not enough of it to defend Us by Sea or Land.\nUniversal and perpetual Peace, appears to me, no more nor less, than everlasting Passive Obedience and Non-Resistance, The human Flock would soon be fleeced and butchered by One or a few.\nI cannot therefore Sir, be a Subscriber or a Member of your Society\u2014\nI do, Sir, most humbly Supplicate, The Theologians, The Phylosophers and The Politicians, to let me die in Peace, I seek only repose.\nWith the most cordial Esteem, however I am, / Sir your Friend and Servant\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6580", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Joseph Delaplaine, 10 February 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear sir,\n\t\t\t\tI received your last obliging letter, & thank you most sincerely for the information it contains. I beg leave at the same time to tender my acknowledgments for the kind & prompt manner with which you have answered my several letters.\u2014The Revd. Dr. Morse informs me that his son\u2019s portrait of you for me, is acknowledged to be the best likeness ever taken of you. I am very happy to hear it.I enclose for your acceptance a portrait of the late Fisher Ames Esqr.\u2014 With sincere respects / I remain / your obed huml. st\n\t\t\t\t\tJoseph Delaplaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6581", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Madison, 22 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nQuincy Feb. 22d 1816\nI am informed that General Dearborne, Mr Morton and other Gentlemen have recommended Mr Winthop for a Consulate abroad and I am requested to add my testimony to theirs in his favour.\nMy Acquaintanc with him has been only general, but his Father and Grandfather, his Name and Family have been esteemed and Venerated all my Days, his Education was publick, he has travelled in Europe and his moral Character is without reproach. His Father, his Uncles, and his Connctions in general, Men of Property and Learning have been remarkably and Steadily and disinterestedly attached to the Republican Administrations both of the National and State Governments.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6582", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Joseph Delaplaine, 27 February 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia February 27th: 1816.\n\t\t\t\tYou had done me the honour of answering my letters to you, so fully, that I had supposed I should never again, perhaps, trespass on your time and attention. I am induced, however, once more, to trouble you.I this day received an anonymous letter, under no date, and bearing the Boston Post office mark. It is very well written, and appears disinterested. It is respectful, liberal, and evinces a mind at once of feeling and possessed of a proper sense of the subject which is that of your portrait. To enable you, however, to have the best view of the matter, I take the liberty of transcribing nearly all of his interesting letter.\u201cSir As you have lately requested a likeness of the ex-President Adams. I presume you would wish the best likeness which is to be obtained of him. Mr. Morse has taken a portrait of him which I cannot deny is sufficiently a likeness to be known, but is by no means a pleasing one. It is austere & fails in character. I regret this the more as I consider Mr: Morse a rising genius whom I should wish to encourage & a gentleman I highly esteem; but the portrait he has taken will rather injure than promote his interest, which will not be the case with some others I have seen of his. There is at the Ex-president\u2019s house a likeness lately taken of him by Stuart which is so strong that a child not two years old knew it. Age has given a softness and mellowness to the countenance which Stuart has happily caught without loseing the characteristic vigor of former years. If you could obtain a Copy of that you would then have the likeness you wish for. I am not alone in the opinion I have expressed\u201d &c &c &c.I respect Mr. Morse so highly, that I am particularly desirous that the contents of this letter from Boston should be kept entirely from him. I can receive his picture of you & thereby give no offence. But as it appears he has failed in a Characteristic likeness, so well obtained by Stuart, I am very desirous to have the engraving executed from that picture.It is entirely incompatible with the correctness of my work to have Copies taken from portraits when the persons themselves are alive. For what would the world say? \u201cHow much to be regretted! Mr. Delaplaine employs parity to copy pictures of persons who themselves are alive! What can this mean? Surely there is always a considerable loss in making a copy from a picture!\u201d Thus would they argue, & the professed authenticity of my work would be questioned & of course its reputation materially injured.If, sir, you can favour me with your portrait by Stuart for a few weeks, to be sent by water, safely & carefully packed in a wooden case, I will pledge my word, to have an engraving taken from it as soon as possible, & the picture returned in perfect safety.\u2014Mr. Madison, sent me his portrait from the Southward, Govr. Tompkin from New York as well as other gentlemen. Mr. Munroe\u2019s picture too, & Genl. Nelson\u2019s I have just received from Richmond Virginia I should in the first instance have employed Mr. Stuart to paint your portrait, had not his price deterred me. The expences attending my work have already been excessive.\u2014Hoping to receive the honor of a reply / I remain with perfect respect & regard / Your obed. & very huml. st.\n\t\t\t\t\tJoseph Delaplaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6583", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Monroe, 1 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Monroe, James\nSir\nQuincy march 1st. 1816\nI have to thank you for the Presidents message, and for a pacquet from our fellow Citizen La Fayette.\nI have also the honour to enclose a letter from C H Robbins, in favour of his brother. There Robinses, are Sons of our once Lieutenant Governor, now Judge of Probate. They are respectable people & have respectable connections. You probably know mr Forbes.\nThere may be many applications from persons whom I know not; whose pretensions, I cannot weigh, & I have no right to do it if I could; I therefore submit the question to the fashionable words \u201clegitimate authority\u201d and remain with much respect / your most obedient Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6584", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 2 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nDear Sir\nQuincy March 2nd 1816\nAt the hazard of the little Vision that is left me I have read your Travels in the Wilderness with as much Interest Pleasure and Instruction as Coxes or Moores or Crusoe\u2019s or Gullivers.\nI have Sent the Manuscript to Alexander Bryant Johnson of Utica and requested him to return it to you by a safe hand. My dear Wife has been sick all Winter and is Still very week, tho\u2019 We hope somewhat better.\nTo destroy my Eyes more effectually, they have Sent me The Baron De Grim\u2019s History of the Wars of Ecclesiasticks and Phylosophers from 1753. Here the French Revolution is traced, to its Principles and Motives. But I can Scarcely write\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6585", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 2 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nQuincy March 2. 16\nI cannot be Serious.! I am about to write you, the most frivolous letter you ever read.\nWould you go back to your Cradle and live over again your 70 years? I believe you would return me a New England Answer, by asking me another question \u201cWould you live your 80 years over again\u201d?\nIf I am prepared to give you an explicit answer, the question involves So many considerations of Metaphysicks and Physicks, of Theology and Ethicks of Phylosophy and History, of Experience and Romance, of Tragedy Comedy and romance Farce: that I would not give my opinion without writing a Volume to justify it.\nI have lately lived over again, in part, from 1753, when I was junior Sophister at Colledge till 1769 when I was digging in the Mines, as a Barrister at Law, for Silver and gold, in the Town of Boston: and got as much of the Shining dress for my labour as my Utmost Avarice, at that time craved.\nAt the hazard of all the little Vision that is left me, I have read the History of that Period of 16 Years, in the Six first Volumes of the Baron de Grimm. In a late Letter to you, I expressed a Wish to See an History of Quarrels and Calamities of Authors in France, like that of D\u2019Israeli in England. I did not expect it So Soon: but now I have it in a manner more masterly than I ever hoped to see it\nIt is not only a Narration of the incessant great Wars between the Ecclesiasticks and the Phylosophers, but of the little Skirmishes and Squabbles of Poets, Musicians, Sculptors Painters Architects Tragedians, Comediens, Opera Singers and Dancers, Chansons, Vaudevilles Epigrams, Madrigals Epitaphs, Anagrams Sonnets &c\nNo Man is more Sensible than I am, of the Service to Science and Letters, Humanity, Fraternity, and Liberty, that would have been rendered by the Encylopedists and \u0152conomists, By Voltaire, Dalembert, Buffon Diderot, Rouseau La Lande, Frederick and Catharine, if they had possessed Common Sense. But they were all totally destitute of it. They all Seemed to think that all Christendom was convinced as they were, that all Religion was \u201cVisions Judaicques\u201d and that their effulgent Lights had illuminated all the World. They Seemed to believe, that whole Nations and Continents had been changed in their Principles Opinions Habits and Feelings by the Sovereign Grace of their Almighty Philosophy, almost as Suddenly as Catholicks and Calvinists believe in instantaneous Conversion. They had not considered the force of early Education on the Millions of Minds who had never heared of their Philosophy.\nAnd what was their Phylosophy? Atheism; pure unadulterated Atheism. Diderot, D\u2019Alembert, Frederick, De Lalande and Grimm were indubitable Atheists. The Univere was Matter only and eternal; Spirit was a word without a meaning; Liberty was a Word without a Meaning. There was no Liberty in the Universe; Liberty was a Word void of Sense. Every thought Word Passion Sentiment Feeling, all Motion and Action was necessary. All Beings and Attributes were of eternal Necessity Conscience, Morality were all nothing but Fate.\nThis was their Creed and this was to perfect human Nature and convert the Earth into a Paradise of Pleasure. Who, and what is this Fate? He must be a Sensible Fellow. He must be a Master of Science. He must be Master of Spherical Trigonometry and Great Circle Sailing. He must calculate Eclipses in his head by Intuition. He must be Master of the Science of Infinitessimal \u201cLe Science des infiniment petits.\u201d He must involve and extract all the Roots by Intuition and be familiar with all possible or imaginable Sections of the Cone. He must be a Master of Arts mechanical and imitative. He must have more Eloquence than Demosthenes, more Wit than Swift or Volltaire, more humour than Butler or Trumbull. And what is more comfortable than all the rest, he must be good natured, for this is upon the whole a good World. There is ten times as much pleasure as pain in it.\nWhy then should We abhor the Word God, and fall in Love with the Word Fate? We know there exists Energy and Intellect enough to produce Such a World as this, which is a Sublime and beautiful one, and a very benevolent one, notwithstanding all our Snarling, and a happy one, if it is not made otherwise by our own fault.\nAsk a Mite, in the Center of your Mammouth Cheese, what he thinks of the \"\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd.\"\nI should prefer the Philosophy of Tym\u00e6us of Locris, before that of Grimm and Diderot, Frederick and D\u2019Alembert. I should even prefer the Shasta of Indostan, or the Chaldean Egyptian, India, Greek, Christian Mahometan Tubonic or Celtic Theology.\nTim\u00e6us and Ocellus taught that three Principles were eternal. God, Matter and Form. God was good, and had Ideas. Matter was Necessity, Fate, dead, without Ideas, without form without Feeling, perverse, untractible. capable however of being cutt into Forms of Spheres Circles, Triangles, Squares cubes Cones &c. The Ideas of the good God laboured upon matter to bring it into Form: but Matter was Fate Necessity, Dulness obstinacy and would not always conform to the Ideas of the good God who desired to make the best of all possible Worlds but Matter, Fate Necessity resisted and would not let him compleat his Idea. Hence all the Evil and disorder, Paine Misery and Imperfection of the Universe.\nWe all curse Robespierre and Bonaparte; but were they not both Such restless vain extravagant Animals as Diderot and Voltaire? Voltaire was the greatest Litterary Character and Bona the greatest Military Character of the 18 Century. There is all the difference between them. Both equally Heros and equally Cowards.\nWhen you asked my opinion of a University, it would have been easy to Advise Mathematicks Experimental Phylosophy, Natural History Chemistry and Astronomy Geography and the Fine Arts, to the Exclusion of Ontology Metaphysicks and Theology. But knowing the eager Impatience of the human Mind to search into Eternity and Infinity, the first Cause and last End of all Things I thought best to leave it, its Liberty to enquire till it is convinced as I have been these 50 years that there is but one Being in the Universe, who comprehends it; and our last Resource is Resignation.\nThis Grimm must have been in Paris when you was there. Did you know him or hear of him?\nI have this moment recd. two Volumes more, but these are from 1777 to 1782. leaving the Chaine broken from 1769 to 1777. I hope hereafter to get the two intervening Volumes.\nI am your old Friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6586", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Joseph Delaplaine, 5 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\nSir\nQuincy March 5th. 1816\nyour letter of 27th Feb, has surprised me. Of the writer of the anonymous letter to you I have no knowledge. The portrait taken by mr Stewart is the property of John Quincy Adams my son, taken by his order, often repeated, for six years, from St Petersburg & paid for by his property; I have no right in it, or power over it. Most certainly it will never go from under my roof, with my consent, untill it is delivered into his hand. But if the picture was my property, I should feel a delicacy for the painter. It would be painful to me to engrave it without his consent. mr Stewart possesses another portrait as like it as any two objects in nature, or Art are alike.\nThe expence of your undertaking must be very great, & your remuneration very uncertain. I am very sorry you have so much trouble with an old countenance, worn with fourscore years of anxiety.\nThe fine Arts have struggled with difficulties in all ages, Religion, Politicks and Party have embarrassed them in all Countries, & you will find similar difficulties in our beloved United States. Taste is the rarest thing in the world, except judgement and virtue\nI am Sir with much respect your humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6587", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 18 March 1816\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear and high-respected Friend!\nOldenbarneveld 18 March. 1816.\nAlthough I dilay\u2019d till now to answer your very gratifying favour of Febr. the 5th, it was not, that I valued it less. But various circumstances imperiously forbid to pay it Sooner my attention\u2014I Shall not plead the necessity of answering European Letters\u2014and yet this would have Some weight by my frend\u2014amongs whom was one of the Children of our deceased de Gyzalaer\u2014requesting me to mention his death to the venerable John Adams, as deeply Sensible, of the continued remembrance and esteem, which he fostered towards their revered Father. But Some distressing circumstances in the family of my frend, which filled me with anxious cares, have entirely occupied my mind, and yet my endeavours, I apprehend, Shall finally be vain\u2014want of prudence and activity and indolent weakness have embarrassed his Sons affairs\u2014which\u2014if not desperate, are highly critical. Now\u2014I know from your heart\u2014I do not want another apology.\nI must have ver\u00ff incorrectly expressed my Self in one of my last; I did not want nor even desire information about \u201cthe infernal Spirit\u201d I applied to your better knowledge, to know\u2014if the expression \"an infernal Spirit, which has evil for its good\u2014is that of correct language\u2014It appeared to me\u2014a blunder\u2014it Seemed contradictory with the idea of perfection\u2014to which it is however joined b\u00ff Ed. Burke.\nOur losses have been reciprocal\u2014you can not wish, that I Should undervalue mine\u2014Others Stand on the threshold! may I not be deemed utterly undeserving, to move\u2014in another Station\u2014in their in your glorious Sphere! what a pleasing\u2014what a comfortable prospect, if we can confidently indulge the flattering vision, once, it shall be reunited with all, who are worthy, who were dear to us\u2014I wander often in these a\u00ebrial fields. That good and omnipotent Being doth good continually and eternall\u00ff\u2014the creation of our globe was perhaps only its renovation for another Set of Beings. Its pristine Inhabitants enjoy a mor happy existence\u2014may be the Angels, of whom we know So little\u2014and So might perhaps the existence of our Lord\u2014having dwelled here before, and rewarded for his well doing\u2014ennobled with the Province to Save a new race of men, be made plausible. The final destruction of this globe\u2014Shall prepare it again; for a new modification by the Almighty power\u2014and the Newtons\u2014the Wheston\u2019s the Buffons of the next generation again employ\u2019d, to explain the Laws and Secrets of nature\u2014and heap a new reveries upon reveries. But let me not longer vex you with mine. I have been employ\u2019d these days in trying experiments upon experiments in measuring time\u2014by the pulse\u2014allways Successfully\u2014although I can not explain the wh\u00ff? It may Appear as insignificant as the motion of an apple in its fall\u2014and yet a Newton explained the laws of gravitation\u2014\nI ardently hope, your Lad\u00ff at this time has perfectly recovered her health\u2014it Spread a gloom over your whole Letter\u2014I do not remember, that I ever received one from your hand\u2014So formal, So cold! God Spare her precious life for you\u2014for her children\u2014for her friends. For her own Sake. I doubt not in the least, or She would cheerfully Submit to her Maker\u2019s will to whatever She knew must be conducive to her more permanent happiness. Recommend, my Dear Sir! your friend to her remembrance.\nAbout this time De witt Clinton must have forwarded you a Bagatelle\u2014if it can amuse you for a few moments in an hour of leisure, my labour is rewarded\u2014Send it, when perused to Jos. Quincy\u2014with request to give afterward\u2019s to the Elliot\u2019s famil\u00ff\u2014wher mor papers of me are, and from where I can obtain it, when wanted.\nI remain with Sentiments of affectionate respect / your obliged frend!\nFr Adr vanderkemp\nP.S. excuse this coarse paper, I possess this moment no other\u2014be Persuaded, that the Sentiments, which warm my breast; are as pure, as if expressed on that of the finest texture, lined with gold\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6588", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Stephen D. Kingston, 29 March 1816\nFrom: Kingston, Stephen D.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 29 March 1816\n\t\t\t\tThe obligation confered by the letter you did me the honor to write in September last will always be highly estimated, and as the subject on which I took the liberty of troubling you appears to involve important considerations particularly as to our treaties. I beg leave to inclose the printed documents laid before the Legislature of this State. I am sorry to add in vain. With great Respect and sincerity I have the honor to subscribe / Sir / Your most Obedient / very humble Servant\n\t\t\t\t\tStephen Kingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6589", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Joseph Gale, 5 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Gale, Joseph\nI have remitted to Judge Cranch, ten dollars, to discharge your account. You will be so good as to give him a receipt, for your humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6590", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 8 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 8. 16. I have to acknolege your two favors of Feb. 16. & Mar. 2. and to join sincerely in the sentiment of mrs Adams, and regret that distance separates us so widely. an hour of conversation would be worth a volume of letters. but we must take things as they come.You ask if I would agree to live my 70. or rather 73. years over again? to which I say Yea. I think with you that it is a good world on the whole, that it has been framed on a principle of benevolence, and more pleasure than pain dealt out to us. there are indeed (who might say Nay) gloomy & hypocondriac minds, inhabitants of diseased bodies, disgusted with the present, & despairing of the future; always counting that the worst will happen, because it may happen. to these I say How much pain have cost us the evils which have never happened? my temperament is sanguine. I steer my bark with Hope in the head, leaving Fear astern. my hopes indeed sometimes fail; but not oftener than the forebodings of the gloomy. there are, I acknolege, even in the happiest life, some terrible convulsions, heavy set-offs against the opposite page of the account. I have often wondered for what good end the sensations of Grief could be intended. all our other passions, within proper bounds, have an useful object. and the perfection of the moral character is, not in a Stoical apathy, so hypocritically vaunted, and so untruly too, because impossible, but in a just equilibrium of all the passions. I wish the pathologists then would tell us what is the use of grief in the economy, and of what good it is the cause, proximate or remote.Did I know Baron Grimm while at Paris? yes, most intimately. he was the pleasantest, and most conversible member of the diplomatic corps while I was there: a man of good fancy, acuteness, irony, cunning, & egoism: no heart,\n\t\t\t not much of any science, yet enough of every one to speak it\u2019s language. his fort was Belles-lettres, painting & sculpture. in these he was the oracle of the society,\n\t\t\t and as such was the\n\t\t\t empress Catharine\u2019s private correspondent and factor in all things not diplomatic.\n\t\t\t it was\n\t\t\t thro\u2019 him I got her permission for poor Ledyard to go to Kamschatka, and cross over thence to the Western coast of America, in order to penetrate across our continent in the opposite direction to that afterwards adopted for\n\t\t\t Lewis and Clarke: which permission she\n\t\t\t withdrew after he had got within 200. miles of Kamschatska, had him siesed, brought back and set down in Poland. altho\u2019 I never heard Grimm express the opinion directly, yet I always supposed him to be\n\t\t\t of the school of Diderot, D\u2019Alembert,\n\t\t\t D\u2019Holbach.\n\t\t\t the first of whom committed their system of atheism to writing in \u201cLe bon sens,\u201d and the last in his \u201cSysteme de la Nature.\u201d it was a numerous school in the Catholic\n\t\t\t countries, while the infidelity of the Protestant took generally the form of Theism. the former always\n\t\t\t insisted that it was a mere question of definition between them, the hypostasis of which on\n\t\t\t both\n\t\t\t sides was \u201cNature\u201d or \u201cthe Universe:\u201d that both agreed in the order of the existing system, but the one supposed it from eternity, the other as having begun in time. and when the atheist\n\t\t\t descanted on\n\t\t\t the unceasing motion and circulation of matter thro\u2019 the animal vegetable and mineral kingdoms, never resting, never annihilated, always changing form, and under all forms gifted with the power\n\t\t\t reproduction; the Theist pointing \u201cto the heavens above, and to the earth beneath, and to the waters under the earth,\u201d asked if these did not proclaim a first cause, possessing intelligence and power; power in the production, & intelligence in the\n\t\t\t design & constant preservation of the system; urged the palpable existence of final causes, that the eye was made to see, and the ear to hear, and not that we see because we have eyes, and\n\t\t\t hear\n\t\t\t because we have ears; an answer obvious to the senses, as that of walking across the room was to the philosopher demonstrating the non-existence of motion.\n\t\t\t it was in D\u2019Holbach\u2019s conventicles that\n\t\t\t Rousseau imagined all the machinations against him were contrived; and he left, in his Confessions the most biting anecdotes of Grimm. these appeared after I left France;\n\t\t\t but I have heard that poor\n\t\t\t Grimm was so much afflicted by them, that he kept his bed several weeks. I have never seen these Memoirs of Grimm. their volume has kept them out of our market.I have been lately amusing myself with Levi\u2019s book in answer to Dr. Priestley. it is a curious and tough work. his style is inelegant and incorrect, harsh and petulant to his adversary, and his reasoning flimsey enough. some of his doctrines were new to me, particularly that of his two resurrections: the first a particular one of all the dead, in body as well as soul, who are to live over again, the Jews in a state of perfect obedience to god, the other nations in a state of corporeal punishment for the sufferings they have inflicted on the Jews. and he explains this resurrection of bodies to be only of the original stamen of Leibnitz, or the homunculus in semine masculino, considering that as a mathematical point, insusceptible of separation, or division. the second resurrection a general one of souls and bodies, eternally to enjoy divine glory in the\n\t\t\t presence of the supreme being. he alledges that the Jews\n\t\t\t alone preserve the doctrine of the unity of god. yet their god would be deemed a very\n\t\t\t indifferent man with us: and it was to correct their Anamorphosis of the deity that Jesus preached, as well as to establish the doctrine of a future state. however Levi insists that that was taught in the old testament, and even by Moses himself & the prophets. he agrees that an anointed prince was prophecied & promised: but denies that the character and\n\t\t\t history of Jesus has any analogy with that of the person promised. he must be fearfully embarrassing to the Hierophants of fabricated Christianity; because it is their own armour in which he clothes himself\n\t\t\t for the attack. for example, he takes passages of Scripture from their context (which would give them a very different meaning) strings them together, and makes them point towards what object he\n\t\t\t pleases; he interprets them figuratively, typically, analogically, hyperbolically; he calls in the aid of emendation, transposition, ellipsis, metonymy, and every other figure of rhetoric; the\n\t\t\t name\n\t\t\t of one man is taken for another, one place for another, days and weeks for months and years;\n\t\t\t and finally avails himself of all his advantage over his adversaries by his superior knolege of the\n\t\t\t Hebrew, speaking in the very language of the divine communication, while they can only fumble on with conflicting and disputed translations. such is this war of giants. and how can such pigmies\n\t\t\t you and I decide between them? for myself I confess that my head is not formed tantas componere lites. and as you began your Mar. 2. with a declaration that you were about to write me the most frivolous letter I had ever read, so I will close mine by saying I have written you a full match for it, and\n\t\t\t by adding my affectionate respects to mrs Adams, and the assurance of my constant attachment and consideration for yourself.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6591", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Ewing, 27 April 1816\nFrom: Ewing, Samuel\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tPhilada. April 27. 1816\n\t\t\t\tI have taken the liberty of recommending to your kind attention, Henry Jonathan Williams Esquire, a young Gentleman of this City, who is about visiting England, and whose respectable Connexions desire for him an introduction to you\u2014In addition to all those claims which a young Stranger in a foreign land has upon his Countrymen, he has an additional one to offer in the excellent private and public character of his late Father, General Jonathan Williams, who could scarcely have been personally unknown to you, but certainly with whose philosophical and literary name you were familiar\u2014I know, my dear Sir, with what important objects your time is occupied, but I do not forget that you have always a leisure hour to be cheerfully given to those who have so fair a claim upon it as Mr Williams\u2014I recommend him to the kindest civilities of yourself and Mrs: Adams, to whom I beg leave to present my best respects\u2014I have to apologise to you for my neglect of your last friendly letter, but I do not despair of forgiveness since my offence bears its own punishment, in depriving me of that correspondence in which I have taken so much pleasure, and which I hope will be resumed, now that the world is at peace, and our facilities of communication are so numerous\u2014I shall soon take another occasion of soliciting your interference on behalf of the \u201cAthen\u00e6um of Philadelphia\u201d an institution upon the plan of that which flourished so well under your auspices at Boston\u2014We wish to open an intercourse with literary men in England, so as to enable us to obtain late and interesting books, papers and pamphlets\u2014In effecting this object no one can render more assistance than yourself, and as I know your attachment to the literature of your Country, I shall not hesitate in asking your friendly aid in our behalf\u2014Believe me to be with great respect / Yours very sincerely\n\t\t\t\t\tSaml Ewing", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6592", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 1 May 1816\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear and respected Sir!\n\t\t\t\t\tOlden barneveld 1 May 1816.\n\t\t\t\tMr. Alex. Bryant Johnson returned me the ms\u2014Had I more time I Should be tempted to write a geogological history of a part of this western world\u2014Say between the little falls and Lakes\u2014but now I give it up, and, nevertheless, can not cease of collecting materials. I lately finished a treatise\u2014on agriculture\u2014I ought rather to Say\u2014its Skeleton\u2014but it remains yet in the brouillon. And now I am called a new to hard Labour\u2014which however I rather consider as a blessing than as a curse, but\u2014although it does not extend further as my garden\u2014it is not an easy task\u2014having no assistance whatever as that of my Son.Was I only a few miles from Quinc\u00ff, then curiosity\u2014now\u2014I will do justice to your generous heart, then frendship would prompt you, to order your carriage\u2014for a visit to my hermitage, and your Lady might condescend to be your companion, and as well pleased with our frugal fare and cordial welcome, as with a Sumptuous Boston entertainment.That Grimm Baron\u2019s history Seems to have pleased you\u2014It traces, you hint, the principles and motives of the French Revolution: Can you not, if not by amusement\u2014be it then in way of correction induce one of your fair Secretaries\u2014to compile a concise Extract of these principles and motives? In the beginning of last Century 1717 was published\u2014in refutation of Lucrecius\u2014a work by Charles Claude Genet\u2014at Paris \u201cPrincipes de Philosophie, ou preuves Naturelles de L\u2019existence de Dieu et de L\u2019immortalit\u00e9 de L\u2019ame\u201d Have you Seen it\u2014? is it equal to that of the Anti-Lucretius of Card. Polignac?Do not tell me, that I ask you much\u2014it cost you only a little recollection\u2014and\u2014it is your fault, my Dear frend!omnibus ornatum voluisti excellere rebusbesides\u2014that, it is your fault\u2014that during So many years\u2014you complied with my demands\u2014and you know\u2014if we give a finger to a child\u2014that it grasps too often the hand\u2014and is it not So with a frend\u2014accustomed to receive, without the power to reciprocate? Be it as it may, trusting on your friendship, I do not hesitate in my confidence that it Shall be continued\u2014as long you live, and assure you that I remain with unabated affectionate respect / My Dear Sir! / your obliged frend!\n\t\t\t\t\tFr. Adr. van der kemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6593", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jedidiah Morse, 2 May 1816\nFrom: Morse, Jedidiah\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tCharlestown May 2d. 1816\n\t\t\t\tI am on the wing for N. York, where I hope for an interview with Gov. Jay & Dr. Boudinot, who I expect will both be present to give their influence in the formation of a National Bible Society, after the manner of those in Europe. I wish Sir, you could be present, & give, (shd you think it proper) your sanction to such an Institution\u2014If you approve of the measure, & will drop me a line, to that effect, directed to N. York, where I expect to be the 8th. inst. (the day of the Meetg.) I shd. be gratified in announcing your approbation of the plan of forming such a Society\u2014I have to ask pardon for so long a silence, & keeping your papers, (whh I enclose) so long\u2014The feeble state of my health, & my pressing engagements, your goodness will receive as my apology.\u2014 On my return, I will endeavor, early to write you agn. Very sincerely & respectfully / your friend\n\t\t\t\t\tJ morse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6594", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 3 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nQuincy May 3. 1816\nYours Ap. 8 has long Since been recd.\nJ. \u201cWould you agree to live your 80 years over again\u201d?\nA. Aye! And Sanse Phrases.\u201d\nJ. \u201cWould you agree to live your Eighty-Years over again forever\u201d?\nA. I once heard our Acquaintance, Chew, of Philadelphia Say, \u201cHe Should like to go back to 25, to all Eternity\u201d: but I own my Soul would Start and Shrink back on itself, at the Prospect of an endless Succession of Boules de Savon almost as much as at the Certainty of Annihilation. For what is human Life? I can Speak only for one. I have had more comfort than distress, more pleasure than paine, Ten to one, nay if you please an hundred to one. A pretty large Dose however of Distress and Paine. But after all, What is human Life? A Vapour, a Fog, a Dew, a Clould, a Blossom a flower, a Rose a blade of-Grass, a glass Bubble, a Tale told by an Idiot, a Boule de Savon, Vanity of Vanities, an eternal Succession of which would terrify me, almost as much as Annihilation.\nJ. \u201cWould you prefer to live over again rather than Accept the offer of a better Life in future state\u201d? A. Certainly not. J. \u201cWould you live again, rather than chang for the worse in a future State, for the sake of trying something new\u201d? Certainly state yes.\nJ. \u201cWould you live over again once or forever rather than run the risque of Annihilation, or of a better or a worse State at or affter death\u201d? A. Most certainly I would not.\nJ. \u201cHow valiant you are\u201d! A. Aye, at this moment, and at all other moments of my Life that I can recollect: but who can tell what will become of his Bravery when his Flesh and his heart Shall fail him?\nBolinbroke said \u201chis Philosophy was not Sufficient to Support him in his last hours.\u201d D\u2019Alembert Said \u201cHappy are they who have Courage, but I have none.\u201d Voltaire the greatest Genius of them all, behaved like the greatest Coward of them all, at his death as he had like the wisest fool of them all in his Lifetime. Hume aukwardly affect to Sport away all Sober thoughts. Who can answer for his last Feelings and Reflections? especially as the Priests are in possession of the Custom of making them the great Engines of their Craft. Procul este Prophani!\nJ. \u201cHow Shall We, how can We, estimate the real Value of human Life\u201d?\nA. \u201cI know not, I cannot weigh Sensations and Reflections, Pleasures and Pains, Hopes and Fears in Money Scales. But I can tell you how I have heard it estimated by some Phylosophers. One of my old Friends and Clients, A Mandamus Counseller against his Will, a Man of Letters and Virtues without one Vice, that I ever knew or Suspected, except Garrulity, William Vassall, asserted to me, and Strenuously maintained that \u201cpleasure is no Compensation for Pain.\u201d \u201cAn 100 Years of the keenest delights of human Life could not atone for one hour of Billious Cholic, that he has felt.\u201d The Sublimity of this Philosophy my dull Genius could not reach. I was willing to State a fair Account between Pleasure and Pain, and give Credit for the Ballance, which I found very great in my favour. Another Philosopher, who as We say, believed nothing, ridiculed the Notion of a future State. One of the Company asked \u201cWhy are you an Ennemy to a future State\u201d? \u201cAre you weary of Life\u201d? \u201cDo you detest Existence\u201d? \u201cWeary of Life!\u2014 Detest Existence! Said the Philosopher, No, \u201cI love Life So well, and am so attached to Existence, that to be Sure of Immortality I would consent, to be pitched about with forks by the Devils among Flames of fire and Brimstone to all Eternity.\u201d\nI find no Resources in my Courage, for this exalted Philosophy. I had rather be blotted out.\nIl faut trancher let Mot! What is there is Life to attach Us, to it; but the hope of a future & a better? It is a Craker, a Rocquett a Firework, at best.\nI admire your Navigation and Should like to Sail with you, either in your Bark or in my own, along Side of yours; Hope with her gay Ensigns displayed at the Prow; fear with her Hobgoblins behind the Stern. Hope Springs eternal; and Hope is all that endures. Take away hope and What remains? What pleasure? I mean, Take away Fear, and what Pain remains 99/100ths of the Pleasures and Pains of Life are nothing but Hopes and Fears.\nAll Nations, known in History or in Travels have hoped, believed, an expected a future and a better State. The Maker of the Universe, the Cause of all Things, whether We call it, Fate or Chance or God has inspired this Hope. If it is a Fraud, We Shall never know it. We Shall never resent the Imposition, be grateful for the Illusion, nor grieve for the disappointment. We Shall be no more. Credat Grim, Diderot, Buffon, La Lande, Condorcet, D\u2019Holbach, Frederick Catherine; Non Ego. Arrogant as it may be, I Shall take the Liberty to pronounce them all, Idiologians. Yet I would not persecute a hair of their Heads. The World is wide enough for them and me.\nSupose, the Cause of the Universe, Should reveal to all Mankind, at once a Certainty that they must all die within a Century and that death is an eternal Extinction of all living Powers, of all Sensation and Reflection. What would be the Effect? Would there be one Man Woman or Child existing on this Globe, twenty Years hence? Would not every human Being be, a Madame Deffand, Voltaires \u201cAveugle clairvoiante,\u201d all her Lifetime regretting her Existence, be waiting that She had ever been born; grieving that She had ever been dragged without her Consent, into being. Who would bear the Gout the Stone the Cholick, for the Sake of a Boule de Savon when a Pistol a Cord, a Pond, or a Phyal, of Laudanum was at hand? What would Men Say to their Maker,? would they thank him? They would reproach him; they would curse him to this Face\nVoila! a Sillier Letter than my last.! For a Wonder, I have filled a Sheet. And a greater Wonder, I have read fifteen Volumes of Grim. Digito comesce Labellum. I hope to write you more upon this and other Topicks of your Letter. I have read also a History of the Jesuits in four Volumes. Can you tell me the author or any Thing of this Work?\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6595", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 6 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nQuincy May 6 1816\nNeither Eyes Fingers or Paper held out, to dispatch all the Trifles I wished to write in my last Letter.\nIn your favour of April 8th, You \u201cwonder for what good End the Sensations of Grief could be intended\u201d? You wish the Pathologists would tell Us, what the Use of Grief, in our \u0152conomy, and of what good it is the Cause proximate or remote.\u201d When I approach Such questions as this, I consider myself, like one of those little Eels in Vinaigre, or one of those Animalcules in black or red Peper or in the Horse radish Root, that bite our Tongues So cruelly, reasoning upon the \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd. Of what Use is this Sting upon the Tongue? Why might We not have the Benefit of these Stimulants, without the Sting? Why might We not have the fragrance and Beauty of the Rose without the Thorn?\nIn the first place, however, We know not the Connections between pleasure and Pain. They Seem to be mechanical and inseperable. How can We conceive a Strong Passion, a Sanguine Hope Suddenly disappointed without producing Pain? or Grief? Swift at 70, recollected the Fish he had angled out of Water when a Boy, which broke loose from his hoock, and said I feel the disappointment at this Moment. A Merchant places all his fortune and all his Credit, in a single India or China Ship. She arrives at the Viniard with a Cargo worth a Million, in order. Sailing round the Cape for Boston a Sudden Storm wrecks her, Ship Cargo and Crew all lost. Is it possible that the Merchant ruined, bankrupt Sent to Prison by his Creditors, his Wife and Children Starving, Should not grieve? Suppose a young Couple, with every advantage of Persons, fortunes and connection on the Point of an indissoluble Union. A flash of Lightening, or any one of those Millions of Accidents which are allotted to Humanity proves fatal to one of the Lovers. Is it possible that the other, and all the Friends of both Should not grieve? It Should Seem that Grief, as a mere Passion must necessarily be in Proportion to Sensibility.\nDid you cover see a Portrait or a Statue of a great Man, without perceiving Strong Traits of Paine & Anxiety? These Furrows were all ploughed in the Countenance, by Grief. Our juvenile Oracle, Sir Edward Coke, thought that none were fit for Legislators and Magistrates, but \u201cSad Men\u201d. And Who were these Sad Men? They were aged Men, who had been tossed and buffeted in the Vicissitudes of Life, forced upon profound Reflection by Grief and disappointments and taught to command their Passions & Prejudices\nBut, all this, You will Say, is nothing to the purpose. It is only repeating and exemplifying a Fact, which my question supposed to be well known, viz the Existence of Grief; and is no Answer to my question, \u201cWhat Are the Uses of Grief.\u201d This is very true, and you are very right; but may not the Uses of Grief be inferred, or at least Suggested by Such Exemplifications of known facts? Grief compels the India Merchant to think; to reflect upon the plan of his Voyage.\u201d Have I not been rash, to trust my Fortune, my Family, my Liberty, to the Caprices of Winds and Waves in a Single Ship? I will never again give a loose to my Imagination and Avarice.\u201d It had been wiser and more honest to have traded on a Smaller Scale upon my own Capital.\u201d The dessolated Lover and disappointed Connections, are compelled by their Grief to reflect on the vanity of human Wishes and Expectations; to learn the essential Lesson of Resignation; to review their own Conduct towards the deceased; to correct any Errors or faults in their future conduct towards their remaining friends and towards all Men; to recollect the Virtues of the lost Friend and resolve to imitate them; his Follies and Vices if he had and resolve to avoid them. Grief drives Men into habits of Serious Reflection Sharpens the Understanding and softens the heart; it compells them to arrouse their Reason, to assert its Empire over their Passions Propensities and Prejudices; to elevate them to a Superiority over all human Events; to give them the Felicis Annimi immota tranquilitatem; in short to make them Stoicks and Christians.\nAfter all, as Grief is a Pain, it Stands in the Predicament of all other and the great question occurs what is the origin and what the final cause of Evil. This perhaps is known only to Omnicience. We poor Mortals have nothing to with it, but to fabricate all the good We can out of all inevitable Evils, and avoid all that are avoidable, and many such there are, among which are our own unnecessary apprehensions and imaginary Fears. Though Stoical Apathy is impossible, yet Patience and Resignation and tranquility may be acquired by consideration in a great degree, very much for the hapiness of Life.\nI have read Grim, in fifteen Volumes of more than five hundred pages each. I will not say, like Uncle Tobey \u201cyou shall not die till you have read him.\u201d But you ought to read him, if possible It is the most entertaining Work I ever read. He appears exactly you represent him. What is most of all remarkable in his Impartiality He Spares no Characters, but Necker and Diderot, Voltaire, Buffon, D\u2019Alembert, Helvetius, Rousseau, Marmontel, Condorcet, La Harpe, Beaumarchais and all others are lashed without Ceremony. Their Portraits as faithfully drawn as possible. It is a compleat Review of French Litterature and fine Arts from 1753 to 1790. No Politicks. Criticisms very just. Anecdotes without number, and very merry. One ineffably ridiculous I wish I could Send you, but it is immeasurably long. D\u2019Argens, a little out of health and Shivering with the cold in Berlin asked leave of he King to take a ride to Gascony his Native Province. He was absent so long that Frederick concluded the air of the south of France was like to detain his Friend and as he wanted his society and services he contrived a Trick to bring him back. He fabricated a Mandement in the Name of the Archbishop of Aix, commanding all Faithful to seize The Marquis D\u2019Argens, author of Ocellus, Tim\u00e6us and Julian, Works Atheistical, Deistical, Heretical and impious in the highest degree. This Mandement composed in a Style of Ecclesiastical Eloquence that never was exceeded by Pope, Jesuite, Inquisitor, or sorbonite he sent in Print by a courier to D\u2019Argens, who frightened out of his Witts fled by cross roads out of France and back to Berlin, to the greater Joy of the Philosophical Court the laugh of Europe which they had raised at the Expence of the learned Marquis\nI do not like the late Resurrection of the Jesuits. They have a General, now in Russia, in correspondence with the Jesuits in the U.S. who are more numerous than every body knows. Shall We not have Swarms of them here? as many Shapes and disguises as ever a King of the Gypsies, Bamfied More Carew himself, assumed? In the shape of Printers, Editors, Writers School masters &c. I have lately read Pascalls Letters over again, and four Volumes of the History of the Jesuits. If ever any Congregation of Men could merit, eternal Perdition on Earth and in Hell; according to these Historians though like Pascall true Catholicks, it is this Company of Loiola. Our System however of Religious Liberty must afford them an Assylum. But if they do not put Purity of our Elections to a Severe Tryal, it will be a Wonder.\nJ. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6596", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Townsend, 13 May 1816\nFrom: Townsend, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tVenerable Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston 13th. May 1816.\n\t\t\t\tI have it in contemplation to devote a portion of my leisure to Recollections of the Life of Samuel Dexter. Any facts, public anecdotes, or pertinent data you may be good enough to supply, wd. be a tribute of respect to his memory, I am well aware, your heart and hand are both open to pay. I add only as apology for a stranger\u2019s application, that obligation indeed wd. thus be conferred on, Sir, your respectful friend and very humble and devoted Servant,\n\t\t\t\t\tAlexr. Townsend.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6597", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alexander Townsend, 15 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Townsend, Alexander\nSir\nQuincy May 15th 1816\nYour Thoughts of devoting \u201csome Portion of your Leisure to recollections of Mr Dexter,\u201d have tenderly affected me.\nWithout any private correspondence, and very little personal Intercourse; his; Father was an invariable and disinterested Friend whome I highly esteemed for more than fifty years.\u2014But what shall I say of the Son? Shall I compare him with Chief Justice Dana or Chief Justice Parsons or Chief Justice Sewall or Chief Justice Parker or the late amiable Mr Ames or Mr Otis or Mr Quincy? No I might write a Volume of such Comparisons, but who would ever be the wiser or the better for it!\nThis much I will say, in the forty one years in which I have known all the general Character who have figured on our American Theatre\u2014 I have never known his Equal in Genius, or his Superior in Independence of Mind. None, who ever made so deep an impression wherever he went; none who excited so much terror and rancour among foreign Libellers. None more injured by Calumny; none, to whome whose Virtues and Talents new England has been apparently so insensible, He has never employed Puffers; nor have Puffers employed themselves for him.\nYou acknowledge yourself a Stranger:\u201d but you must be a Stranger no longer, if you wish any father Information from me.\nI should be glad to see you in Quincy, wishing you Success in your virtuous Investigations\u2014\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6598", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Joseph Gales, Jr., 16 May 1816\nFrom: Gales, Joseph, Jr.,Seaton, William Winston\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tOffice of the Natl. Intelligencer May 16. 1816\n\t\t\t\tWe have the pleasure to acknowledge your favor of the 5th ulto. directing us to call on Judge Cranch for $10 in payment of your subscription to the Intelligencer. In transmitting our annual accounts to subscribers, which were in February last sent off, we apprehend, from your letter, that our clerk forwarded your account to you; and we trouble you with this letter to say, if such was the fact, that it was done without our knowledge. We should have deemed it wholly unnecessary, if not rude, to dun a patron so old & punctual, & would have prevented it had we been aware in time of the circumstanceWith sincere & high respect / Your obt. Servants\n\t\t\t\t\tGales & Seaton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6599", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Joseph Story, 22 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Story, Joseph\nSir\nQuincy May 22. 1816\nI pray you to accept my sincere Thanks for an elegant Sketch of mr Dexter, which has tenderly affected me.\nIt is a Subject on which I dare not trust myself, to write or scarcely to think.\nMr Dexter was to me a Friend in Need. He was at home, every were, as if it had been by Intuition.\nBut my reflections upon this occasion, for myself, for his Family, for his Country, and his Species are so melancholy, that I must desist\nIf an History of this Country Should ever be written with common Sense and common honesty, the Character of Mr Dexter must be develloped at some Length, and that of the late Chief Justice Sewall ought not to be forgotten.\nAccept, Sir, the assurance of the respect and Sincere Esteem, with the thanks of your very humble Servant\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6600", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Jedidiah Morse, 26 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Morse, Jedidiah\nDear Sir\nQuincy May 26th 1816\nI have received your Favour of the Second of this Month, and the Letters I lent you of Governor Mackean: but not the Pamphlet I lent you at the Sametime, So improperly entitled by British Editors, \u201cHistory of the disputes with America.\u201d\nThis Pamphlet, the only one I know, at present, I pray you to return as Soon as possible; because I have immediate Occasion for it.\nI am, Sir, very respectfully your old Friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6601", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 26 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nReverend Honourable learned, Venerable and dear Sir,\nQuincy May 26th 1816\nAs I stand in great need of a Casuist in Phylosophy, Morality and Christianity; to whom Should I apply, but to you, whom I consider as the best qualified of all my Friends?\nThe Stoicks, the Christians, the Mahometans and our North American Indians, all agree, that Complaint is unmanly, unlawful and impious. To bear Torment without a murmur, a Sigh, a Groan, or a distortion of Face or Feature or a Wryth or contorsion of the Body, is consumate Virtue, Heroism and Piety, Mr Lear has compleated the Glory of Great and good Washington, by informing Us that he suffered great distress without a Sigh or a Groan. Jeptha\u2019s Daughter, Agamemnons Iphigenia, The Hindoo Widows who roast broil and fry, with their Husbands Bones probably utter no Shrieks. The Son of Acknomack never complained. Brissot and Some of his Colleagues are said to have pronounced \u201cVive la Repub,\u201d when the Guilotine, has cut of the head, which hopping and bouncing and rolling, has articulated the Syllable \u201clyke,\u201d after it was Sundered from the Shoulders.\nI can almost believe all this. The History of the Christian Martyrs and the French Clergy on the Second of September, Seem to render it credible. Indeed, in the course of my Strange Life, I have had, at times Some Feelings of a like kind; but I do not give So much Weight to all these as to the cool declaration of our excellent, and blessed, tho\u2019 once passionate Dr Chauncey, that he had found by Experience, that a Man could lye all night upon his Pillow, under the most excruciating Torment of Tooth ache, Head ache, Rhumatism or Gout, unable to Sleep a Wink, without uttering one Groan Sigh, or Syllable.\nNow sir, please to tell me what Virtue there is in all this? A common Man, as I am informed, was lately asked What he meant by the Word Resignation? His Answer was \u201cI cannot help it\u201d Could Socrates have given a better Answer?\nResignation is our own Affair. What good does it do to God? Prudence dictates to Us, to make the best We can of inevitable Evils. We may frett, and fume and peeve and Scold and rave, but What good does this do? It hurts Ourselves, and may hurt our Neighbours by the weak Silly, foolish Example, but does no good in the Universe that We can imagine.\nVoltaire for the last ten years of his Life, Seemed to adopt as a kind of Motto \u201cVieux, et malade\u201d and I might adopt for mine Vieux et malade, paralytique et presque Aveugle. My Wife has been Sick all Winter frequently at the point of death in her own opinion, I have been Sick in the Beginning of Winter and the beginning of Winter Spring and the good for nothing all the year round. I have lost the ablest Friend I had on Earth in Mr Dexter. Is all this Complaint? If I say I have the Tooth Ache, the Head Ache, the Ear Ache, the Cholic, the Gout the Gravel the Stone, or the Rheumatism; is this Complaint? As I have alluded to Washington, I may quote Franklin. The Aged Phylosopher alighted from his Coach at my door, at Auteuil, on an Invitation to dinner. I never Saw a more perfect Picture of Horror Terror or Grief, than his Countence. I was Shocked with Surprize and Compassion. He turned to his Coachman and said \u201cYou need not come for me; I will walk home.\u201d (to Passy, about two miles.) He then turned to me, and said \u201cI will never enter the Door of a Coach again, at least if I cannot find a Coachman, who has the Stone.\u201d I believe he kept his Word. But was this, Complaint.?\nI See nothing but Pride Vanity and Affectation and Hypocrisy in these pretended Stoical Apathies. I have so much sympathy and Compassion for human Nature, that a Man or a Woman may grunt and groan, Shrieck or Scream, weep, cry or roar, as much as Nature dictates under extream distress, provided there be no affectation; for there may be Hypocricy even in these Expressions of Torture,. I have not alluded to the Crucifictions of the Convulsionaries of Paris.\nPray, enlighten my Conscience.\nNow, for the Travels on and about the Oneida Lake, which I read with more Interest than Scotts Monument of clannish Fable the Lady of the Lake. Receiving it without any Letter, I concluded it was to be returned to you. Wishing Mr Johnson might have the pleasure and Advantage of reading it, I requested him to return it to you. I no more suspected it to come from De Witt Clinton than from the Prophet of Wabash, or the Prophet of Oneida, or the Up and down Phylosopher and Hero of Elba and St. Helena. Had Mr Clinton condescended to drop me a Line I should have delivered the Manuscript to Mr Quincy as you intended.\nI lament the Misfortunes of Frieind Geselaers Family as do those of my Friend Gerry\u2019s and many others of the most virtuous and meritorious Men I have known, I cannot say I have never Seen the Seed of honest Men begging Bread. But I believe Equity as well as goodness will prevail in the Universe throughout This is a fundamental Article in the Faith of your Friend \nJohn Adams\ndear Sir\nI add a postscript to tell you the news, I heard last Evening, that Mr B Guild, a young Lawyer Nephew to an Quincy is engaged to your Friend miss Elliot, your Letter I have received shall reply to it hereafter\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6602", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alexander Townsend, 2 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Townsend, Alexander\nSir\nQuincy June 2nd 1816\nI regret very much my accidental absence from home, when you did me the honour to call here. It will be found impossible to do justice to the character of Mr Dexter, without a thorough knowledge of the history of this country, especially of that part of it from 1797 to 1808. The parties during the revolution and since, have grown out of those parties which existed before, from the first settlement of the Country.\nJudge Story had great cause to apprehend himself \u201ctreading upon Ashes, thinly strewed over living embers.\u201d The embers however may be found, burning coals, more intensely hot, & the covering more dirty than ashes; to a degree of which that judicious & able magistrate has no conception or suspicion. Consider the names & characters implicated and the events that occurred in the last years of the 18th century & the first years of the 19th. French policy, & British policy! Pitt, and Miranda! South America, and St Domingo!\nIt seems to be the will of providence that, that period should remain obscure, and misrepresented. Mr Dexter was the only man, capable of explaining it, and I have reason to believe he intended it.\nWishing you all possible success in your enquiries / I am Sir, your very humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6603", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Richard Rush, 3 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Rush, Richard\nDear Rush\nQuincy June 3rd 1816\nI know not whether I am in your debt, or you in mine, but I can no longer refrain from writing\nThe death of mr Dexter has awakened my most latent feelings; I am personally so deeply interested in this event, that I dare not trust myself to write, or even think, on the importance of it.\nPoor, short sighted mortals as we are! I consider my own reputation, & the true character of my administration, as buried in the same Coffin with him. No other man was capable of drawing the portrait, and I have reason to believe he intended to do it. But would even Mr Dexter! would he have dared to say that he great and good Fabius, could not bear the sight of the Laurels & triumphs of Scipio?\nBoth parties in this Country, according to their principles and feelings, have great reason to rejoice in his death, for neither has any thing to dread, so much as an impartial historian.\nMr De la Plaine of Philadelphia has written to me for minutes of my life. I have referred him to your family. I know your father wrote a sketch of my character, & though I never knew one word that was in it, I believe it was curious enough.\nI wish to know whether your amiable family have consented to the publication of it.\nWith sincere esteem I am your good friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6604", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alexander Townsend, 3 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Townsend, Alexander\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy. June 3, 1816\n\t\t\t\tI regret very much, my accidental Absence from home when you did me the honour to call here.It will be found impossible to do Justice to the Character of Mr Dexter, without a thoughrow knowledge of the History of this Country especially of that part of it, from 1797 to 1802. The Parties during the Revolution, and Since, have grown out of those Parties which existed before, from the first Settlement of the Country.Judge Story had great cause to apprehend himself \u201ctreading upon Ashes, thinly Strewed over living Embers\u201d. The Embers however, may be found burning Coals more intensely hot, and the covering more dirty than Ashes; to a degree of which that judicious and able Magistrate has no conception or Suspicion.Consider the Names and Characters implicated, and the Events that occurred in the last years of the Eighteenth Century and the first years of the Nineteenth! French Policy and British Policy! Pitt and Miranda! South America and St. Domingo!It seems to be the Will of Providence, that that Period Should remain obcure and misrepresented. Mr Dexter was the only Man capable of explaining it: and I have reason to believe he intended it.\n\t\t\t\t\tSigned John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6606", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jedidiah Morse, 11 June 1816\nFrom: Morse, Jedidiah\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tHon. & dear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tCharlestown June 11. 1816\n\t\t\t\tI have to ask your pardon for delaying to answer Your\u2019s of the 26th. ulto. & returning the enclosed pamphlet, till now\u2014Your letter found me in the busiest season of the year, engaged to the full\u2014& I have been kept so till this time\u2014I wished to give it another reading before returning it\u2014as it contains some important facts & opinions, recorded at the time, of whh I shd. wish to avail myself, in the arduous & delicate work whh I have before me\u2014I wd. Wish to be faithful & impartial\u2014& as far as maybe to give true history\u2014Your communications, I deem of particular importance, & should your liesure & inclination allow you to continue them from time to time, you would confer on me, & on the public & posterity too, great obligations\u2014Such private letters, as those of Govr. McKean, written by public men in past years, could they be obtained, wd. through much light on our history, as they would be more likely to contain the truth, than those written for the public eye.\u2014I hope, Sir, you may enjoy yet many days of Otium cum dignitate\u2014& be honored, useful & happy to the end of this life\u2014& then, through the grace of the Great Redeemer, enter that World, \u201cWhere the Wicked cease from troubling, & the weary are at rest.\u201dMrs Morse, & our Son, unite with me in best respects to yourself & Mrs Adams.With great Sincerity your / friend & Servt\n\t\t\t\t\tJedh Morse\n\t\t\t\t\tAccept my thanks for the loan of the enclosed pamphlet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6607", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Waterhouse, 25 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nDear Waterhouse,\nQuincy June 25th 1816\nIn the style of John and Jonathan Bull, I give you a thousand thanks for your letter of the 18th and the Journal of the Surgeon.\nThe great James Otis whose style was hasty, rough and coarse, and who hated and despised correction, often gave some of his compositions to Sam Adams, whose language was soft, harmonious, and oily, as Otis expressed himself \u201cTo quieu it\u201d\nWho \u201cquieu \u201d this little book? Aut Erasmus, aut Diabolus.\nIt has so much of the air of romance, and the American character is so perfectly sustained, as far as I have read, or heard it, that I wish 40-000 copies were sold. I never laughed so much in reading Don Quixote or Mc Fingal.\nShall we have a joyful and harmonious day of Independence, and chain up the Monster Party or not? My Cousin Brooks begins his career decently. But I shall not fail to lament my Dexter on that day or any other.\nI presume The Parcee have agreed that Monroe shall be P. Why should I grieve, when grieving I must bear; and take with guilt, what guiltess I might share? But I had rather have had Dexter.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6610", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 7 July 1816\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear and high respected friend!\nOldenbarneveld 7 July 1816.\nI make no apolog\u00ff in not answering your gratifying favour of the 26th of may Sooner, nor do I Suppose, you required it. My avocations having been So man\u00ff\u2014m\u00ff work So crowding\u2014having no help but my Son, da\u00ff after da\u00ff planting and replanting, and Sowing again\u2014what had been killed by the frost in my garden, that I really was no Sooner at leisure\u2014and yet\u2014often I took your letter in hand\u2014but only to reperuse it\u2014and enjoy the Satisfaction that I preserved the Same Share in your affectionate esteem, with that of your excellent Lady, with which I have been favoured during Such a long interval of time.\nBut\u2014why I have deserved the ridicule of your Reverend\u2014honorable and venerable Epithets? not that I question your favourable opinion\u2014I respect myself enough to believe, that without Some merits, I would not have obtained in your heart that place, which I know I possess\u2014but have I, perhaps, unconsciously, betra\u00ff\u2019d Some weekness\u2014of dictating, where it was my province to listen, with a view to be instructed? in this case\u2014the reproof is Seasonable\u2014rather howewer I will consider this humerous playfulness\u2014as a proof, that you continue to enjoy health and contentment\u2014and that not even the infirmities\u2014riveted with high advanced age\u2014not even the precarious Situation of your Lady, during this unfavorable Season could disturb your Serenity, could marr your comfort\u2014could bereave you of that tranquillity\u2014which baffles the assaults of a frail and checquered life; and yet, you can wish\u2014that I Should delineate the precepts which you have learn\u2019d to practise more and more I do not Suppose\u2014that neither about this topic we do disagree widely\u2014Resignation\u2014and a calm Submission to the will of a wise and good Being\u2014whatever may befal us\u2014howewer painful it may be\u2014I consider an exalted virtue\u2014a requisite to become great and good\u2014the brilliant ornament of the man\u2014the Philosopher\u2014the Christian. But I did never contemplate\u2014that it was Situated in apath\u00ff\u2014that it required, that we Should cease men:\nfortissimus ille est,\nQui promtus metuenda pati, si comminus instent\nEt differre potest\u2014\nA System, which only depended on Strong nerves, can not much recommend itself to me\u2014and he, who weeps, and laments and groans may actually possess a higher degree of fortitude\u2014with a more cheerful Submission to the inflicting rod, than he\u2014\u201cqu\u2019on doit, as montesquieu Said, ecorcher pour lui donner du Sentiment\u201d. He, who can not weep for himself, Shall not have a tear for a friend, or pour the balm of comfort by Speechless Sighs, in the wounded bosom, who deems a groan\u2014unjustifiable\u2014even if extorted b\u00ff the pangs of excruciating illness, be it of mind or body. I do not Suppose\u2014we excel above the fair\u2014in exquisite Sensibility\u2014and yet they equal us often in fortitude, and Surpass us in calm resignation and for this it was\u2014about a year past, that I wished, that Mount Walaston\u2019s Lad\u00ff might cheer the last moments of her Consort, and gather then the fruits of her labour.\nMr Johnson was far more courteous than He, whom I requested to Send you my western excursion\u2014He Send me, when he returned it, a ver\u00ff handsome lettar; perhaps this Silence did originate in the unceremonious manner of request\u2014to forward it to your address.\nI must have expressed myself incorrectly\u2014that you understood\u2014my information of my frend\u2019s family\u2014as of de Gyselaer\u2019s\u2014full of the Subject, it is presumtive I mentioned no name\u2014no\u2014my Dear frend! although perhaps not rich\u2014our frends family is in no want, met with no misfortune. It is my frend\u2019s Mappa\u2019s only Son. A worth\u00ff young man in Several respects\u2014but indolent and inactive\u2014trusting the care of his concerns to a partner, who with moderate abilities and extravagant Schemes ruined both; and, what is worse, make my old frend Share pretty deep in their fall\u2014They have compounded with their creditors\u2014at least the majority\u2014and I believe\u2014the remainder Shall follow\u2014my friend being the Security. This event has disturbed our happiness\u2014I hope\u2014it Shall not be lasting. It happens but ver\u00ff Seldom\u2014if it ever does\u2014as you insinuate\u2014that the Seed of honest men is begging bread\u2014without an\u00ff fault of theirs, either of omission or commission. In this case I pity but can not exculpate\u2014the Sin lies at the door of the Son\u2014and not the father\u2014but in their circumstances\u2014\u201cipsa Salus non poterat Servare hanc familiam, without a wonder\u201d.\nYou recollect, that, when three years past, I was So cordially received under your roof\u2014one feast among the many was the communication of the Syllabus of Monticello\u2019s Philosopher\u2014In my correspondence with him, I mentioned it\u2014and that you would not permit me a cop\u00ff\u2014what do you now Say when I tell you\u2014that he favoured me with it:\u2014So he did\u2014and\u2014If I can Succeed\u2014it Shall be published\u2014and\u2014if you\u2014through our Embassadour at London\u2014obtain three copies\u2014you ought to Send one to me\u2014the other to Him if two only, I wave m\u00ff claim\u2014but no hint about the author\u2014!\u2014was I near you\u2014I would reveal the whole myster\u00ff\u2014now a deep mum, was I near you\u2014I would bring you a defence of the Orthodox System by Basanistes\u2014but I dare not expose it to unhallowed eyes\u2014neither trust it in unhallowed hands. It is not a defence of the Trinity-doctrine but of the Quaternity\u2014moses included!! It can not fail of doing execution in England.\nYou will now permit me, to address a few words to your Lady\u2014and can I do less\u2014\nMy Dear and respected Madam!\nbut giving you my Sincerest thanks for your kind communication with regard to my frend Miss Eliza\u2014I received with by the Same mail a Letter of her\u2014but had first unsealed\u2014and read that of mr. Adams\u2014how was I pleased with your three lines! but who knows better than your Ladyship\u2014to oblige in Season\u2014This you proved last year\u2014when mrs v. d. k\u2014was visiting her children\u2014and now again\u2014you knew\u2014you could contribute to my happiness\u2014and you actually did So. I had been before entrusted with the Secret\u2014your lines Stamped it with your approbation\u2014and then the fair innocent made confession. It Shall be a happy pair\u2014if my prayer\u2019s are heard\u2014if He is worthy of Her\u2014which I conclude from your notice\u2014She Shall gain\u2014I doubt not\u2014if introduced in your family\u2014your affectionate esteem\u2014without fear of loosing it again. And now wishing you a more warm and fruitful Season than has fallen to our lot\u2014renewed health, and continued contentment\u2014and recommending myself to your kindness\u2014I must take leave of your Lady Ship\u2014tho\u2019 not without assurance of my Sincerest respect\u2014\nI am\u2014as allways\u2014 / My Dear and respected Frend! / Your\u2019s faithfully\nFr. Adr. vanderkemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6611", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Thornton Kirkland, 10 July 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Kirkland, John Thornton\nDear Sir\nQuincy July 10. 1816\nI have written to my Son and enclosed your Letter of the 4th. which will be the best recommendation of mr Bigalow that can be written.\nThough it was a Small Sum that my Scanty Fortune and indigent Family permitted me to Subscribe to your Theological Establishment; I never did any thing with more Satisfaction than by contributing a mite towards removing Some of the Shackles of the human Mind.\nMy humble Subscription Shall be advanced whenever it is called for, by your undisguised Friend, and very humble / Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6612", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard Rush, 13 July 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington July 13. 1816\n\t\t\t\tIn a letter from one of our family in Philadelphia, I am given to understand, that Mr Dellaplaine has, as yet, made no request for the little manuscript character alluded to in a former letter which I had the pleasure to write you. But I have obtained a copy of it, which I beg leave herewith to enclose. It may be much too imperfect for the publick eye. I will say this of it however, that as far as it goes it is full of merit. It would enrich, as I think, in the form of a note or addendum, some more full biography, from whatever hand such a work may at a future day come. At our fire side in Philadelphia it was always esteemed a precious little relict, and has been read to many a friend. The copy sent, which is respectfully designed for the acceptance of Mrs Adams and the grandchildren about you, is taken, word for word, from the original in my father\u2019s handwriting. It was written during the revolution, except a few sentences towards the close which he added afterwards. Allow me to say, that I have read within the last few days, what I have esteemed quite a treat. It is the letter dated \u201cQuincy February 6. 1816\u201d addressed to the society established in Massachusetts to discourage war. I rejoice in its publication. There is nothing in Tacitus that goes beyond it. I beg to offer, as usual, the tribute of my respectful admiration and friendship.\n\t\t\t\t\tRichard Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6614", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Horatio Gates Spafford, 16 July 1816\nFrom: Spafford, Horatio Gates\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tHond. and Esteemed Friend\u2014\n\t\t\t\tIt is with great pleasure that I have observed, of late, the continued evidences of thy health so prolonged, and habitual activity and attention. Long may it be continued.I have lately been favored with a Letter from thy Son, at London, whom so many are anxious to see return to the United States.The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, has conferred on me the honor of a Fellowship, with which I am highly gratified.I have another work in the press, and shall send thee a copy as soon as published: for I am neither a theologian, a philosopher, or a politician. This work, I flatter myself, would not disturb thy peace.I avail myself of a privilege which thy goodness bestowed, and enclose a Letter for the Sec. A.A.S.With very sincere esteem, and respect, / thy friend, \n\t\t\t\t\tH. G. Spafford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6615", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Bainbridge, 17 July 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bainbridge, William,Bainbridge, Susan Hyleger\nDear Sir\nQuincy July 17 1816\nI thank you for your kind and obliging Invitation to me and my famility to visit the Independence. I can Scarcely imagine any thing that would give Us more pleasure, if We could bear it. But an Octogenarian Gentleman and a Septuaginarian Lady, cannot be too cautious of engaging in bold, daring and hazardous Enterprises, without an Object of public good.\nIf Commodore Bainbridge and his Lady can find Leisure to visit Quincy, they will be recd. with cordial Esteem by Mrs Adams and her Husband,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6617", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Horatio Gates Spafford, 26 July 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Spafford, Horatio Gates\nWorthy Friend\nI thank thee, for thy kind congratulations on my Health. There is no Man who wishes the return of my Son So much as myself. But whenever he returns it will puzzle him, as much as it did his Father, to know what to do with himself. It may also Somewhat perplex his Country: but She will give herself very little trouble about him.\nThe American Accademy, has done honour to thee and to itself, by electing thee into the number of its members. I congratulate them and thee thereupon. Thy Letter to Our Friend and my Neighbour, Quincy, Shall be delivered as Soon as may be.\nI am confident that no Work of thine will disturb my peace: there fore, Send it on, the Sooner the better. I wish that our American Accademy could produce So good an Account of Massachusetts, as Thou hast given the World of New York.\nI like thy Style and good humour So well that I have endeavoured to adopt and imitate both, I hope without Offence, for Surely none was intended by thy Friend.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6618", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 1 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 1. 16 Your two philosophical letters of May 4. and 6. have been too long in my Carton of \u201cLetters to be answered.\u201d to the question indeed on the utility of Grief, no answer remains to be given. you have exhausted the subject. I see that, with the other evils of life, it is destined to temper the cup we are to drink.Two urns by Jove\u2019s high throne have ever stood,The source of evil one, and one of good;From thence the cup of mortal man he fills,Blessings to these, to those distributes ills;To most he mingles both.Putting to myself your question, Would I agree to live my 73. years over again for ever? I hesitate to say. with Chew\u2019s limitations from 25. to 60. I would say Yes; and might go further back, but not come lower down. for, at the latter period, with most of us, the powers of life are sensibly on the wane,\n\t\t\t sight becomes dim, hearing dull, memory constantly enlarging it\u2019s frightful blank and parting with all we have ever seen or known, spirits evaporate, bodily debility creeps on palsying every limb, and so faculty after faculty quits us, and where then is life? if, in it\u2019s full vigor, of good as well as evil, your friend Vassall could doubt it\u2019s value, it must be purely a negative quantity when it\u2019s evils alone remain. yet I do not go into his opinion entirely. I do not agree that an age of pleasure is no\n\t\t\t compensation for a moment of pain. I think, with you, that life is a fair matter of account, and the balance often, nay generally in it\u2019s favor. it is not indeed easy, by calculation of intensity\n\t\t\t and\n\t\t\t time, to apply a common measure, or to fix the par between pleasure and pain: yet it exists, and is measurable. on the question, for example, whether to be cut for the stone? the young, with a\n\t\t\t longer\n\t\t\t prospect of years, think these overbalance the pain of the operation. Dr. Franklin, at the age of 80, thought his residuum of life, not worth that price. I should have thought with him, even taking the stone out of the scale. there is a ripeness of time for death,\n\t\t\t regarding others as well as ourselves, when it is reasonable we should drop off, and make room for another growth. when we have lived our generation out, we should not wish to encroach on\n\t\t\t another. I\n\t\t\t enjoy good health; I am happy in what is around me. yet I assure you I am ripe for leaving all, this year, this day, this hour. if it could be doubted whether we would go back to 25. how can it\n\t\t\t whether we would go forward from 73? bodily decay is gloomy in prospect; but of all human contemplations the most abhorrent is body without mind. perhaps however I might accept of time to read Grimm before I go. 15. volumes of anecdotes and incidents, within the compass of my own time and cognisance, written by an acquaintance, a man of genius, of taste, of point, an acquaintance the measure and traverses of whose mind I knew, could not fail to turn the scale in favor of life during their perusal. I must write to Ticknor to add it to my catalogue, and hold on till it comes.\u2014there is a mr Vanderkemp of N.Y. a correspondent I believe of yours, with whom I have exchanged some letters, without knowing who he is. will you tell me?\u2014I know nothing of the history of the Jesuits you mention in 4. vols.\n\t\t\t is it a good one? I dislike, with you, their restoration; because it marks a step retrograde step from light towards darkness. we shall have our follies without doubt. some one or more of them will always be afloat. but ours will be the follies of enthusiasm, not of\n\t\t\t bigotry, not of Jesuitism. bigotry is the disease of ignorance, of morbid minds; enthusiasm of the free and buoyant. education & free discussion are the antidotes of both. we are destined to\n\t\t\t barrier against the returns of ignorance and barbarism. old Europe will have to lean on our shoulders, and to hobble along by our side, under the monkish trammels of priests & kings, as she can. what a Colossus shall we be when the Southern continent\n\t\t\t comes up to our mark! what a stand will it secure as a ralliance for the reason & freedom of the globe! I like the dreams of the future better than the history of the past. so good night! I will dream on, always fancying that mrs Adams and yourself are by my side marking the progress and the obliquities of ages and countries.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6619", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Stephen Miller, 1 August 1816\nFrom: Miller, Stephen\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tRespected Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York 1st Augt. 1816\n\t\t\t\tBeing personally unknown to you, I fear that I am chargeable with a breach of decorum in thus addressing a letter to you without a particular introduction; but as no person is at hand to give me a letter, & the object of my enquiry such as few except yourself can answer, I must depend on your goodness for forgiveness.you will probably recollect sir that Soon after the peace of 1763, the King issued a proclamation granting to the Officers and soldiers who served in the war just then ended, certain quantities of land (in proportion to their several grades) to be located on the River Mississipi; many of the Officers of that army have never received their warrants, nor any compensation in lieu of them, nor do they know how or where to apply but it is generally believed that our government is pledged to satisfy those claims\u2014now sir, the object of my troubling you is to enquire whether, at the conclusion of our revolutionary war, or at any period prior or subsequent to that event, the United States became bound by any direct or implied contract to satisfy those claims, or if any provision whatever has ever been made respecting them.\u2014My father Colo: Stephen Miller, late of Milton, was an Officer during the war ending in 1763, he is still living and formerly resided in the house you now occupy, he has never received any advantage from the grant in question, and it is on his account I make this enquiry, and shall esteem it a particular favor in receiving your reply. Permit me again Sir to apologize for intruding on your retirement & to subscribe myself with great respect & consideration your Obt. Servt. \n\t\t\t\t\tStephen Miller", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6620", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 3 August 1816\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear and respected friend!\nOldenbarneveld 3 Aug. 1816.\nI intended at first to have answered your kind favour of July 16\u2014last week\u2014but I was ever\u00ff da\u00ff So much fatigued in the evening\u2014having\u2014after my gardens were cleared thoroughly, been engaged in, Sawing and Splitting oven-wood, that I rather found it requisite\u2014to take Some amusement, in re\u2013perusing your letter\u2014or taking a book, while an unexpected visit of mr Varick from utica, and mr Childs of casenovia and mrs Seymour contributed to recruit my exhausted Strenght, and made me return the next morning with a renewed alacrity to my task. You know what a comfort I receive from your Letters. In my deep retirement it is really the balm of life. An old tried friend an old wine are above prize, and although I am not over burthened with the latter\u2014being nevertheless through my Son\u2019s generosity not entirely destitute of it, I can Sa\u00ff\u2014which a few have in their power, that I thank my God for enjoying Such a rich Share of the First ale\u2014precious blessing\u2014and\u2014did you not feel, how highly I value it; you could not at your high advanced age bestow upon me So assiduously these proofs of your kindnesses\u2014well then may I indulge a little vanit\u00ff in presuming\u2014that I am not unworthy of these, how little it may be, that I can return.\nMail after mail I lounged for Boston Letters\u2014I will believe, that the\u00ff enjo\u00ff themselves So much, that they can not find leasure, to Spare a few moments to a recluse. It may be even too Selfish to require So much uninterrupted remembrance\u2014to one\u2014their debtor in So man\u00ff respects\u2014more So, as I told my friend Varick\u2014half complaining of him and half excusing him\u2014It is So difficult, when surrounded with our relatives and friends\u2014when engaged in the battle of the world and enticed by its pleasures\u2014to place ourselves in the Situation of a man in deep retirement\u2014we do not, we can not often imagine, that few lines\u2014which may we consider as insignificant, may be a Spring of comfort of delight. The worst is, that we become diffident ourselves\u2014that we dare not intrude too often\u2014and So the marks of remembrance become gradually less visible, till they are obliterated. But I remain honoured with your distinguishing remembrance\u2014and this Sometimes, as I have experienced more than once in a pleasant manner\u2014has the effect, that it renews the recollection of one, who was on the point of becoming forgotten.\nI was amused with your anecdote of Fontenelle\u2014I allways admired the Philosopher\u2014but I am in doubt\u2014if I Should have been calculated to become his friend\u2014he could not have approved my bluntness and etourderies however he might have Seemed to overlook these, and I Should have wanted circumspection, which Seemed requisite to obtain and Secure his favour\u2014D\u2019Alembert, whose praise approaches often the confines of cutting Satire\u2014describes him with large Characteristic traits \u201cFontenelle, qui par moderation ou prudence, ne Se vengeoit jamais, et Se plaignoit rarement, oublioit encore moins\u201d that is for, the man, \u00f6f the writer I Say with Voltaire\n\u201cL\u2019ignorant l\u2019entendit, le s\u00e7\u00e1vant l\u2019admira\u201d\nI laughed heartily at \u201cLe tout a L\u2019huile\u201d but I deprecate the curse to arrive at this insensibility\u2014although I free man from piercing Sorrows.\nMy friend\u2019s pains are not yet at an end\u2014He has alread\u00ff accepted to Satisfy large demands\u2014and yet\u2014I apprehend\u2014that finally, his Son Shall be compelled\u2014notwithstanding the Sacrifices made\u2014to take refuge within the Limits\u2014and I Shall bless heaven, if my old friend is at last not materially injured\u2014A hard trial indeed\u2014for a man in his advanced age\u2014So much\u2014So deservedly respected\u2014So amiable\u2014and possessing, all it did Seem, what a mortal could wish\u2014and that though an onl\u00ff\u2014and beloved Son\u2014with man\u00ff good qualities\u2014except energetic activity\u2014and commercial prudence! but\u2014I will not complain and rather endeavour to Sooth\u2014where I cannot heal. I was flattered with that mark of confidence from the author of the Syllabus you know\u2014it can not be betray\u2019d by me\u2014I have engaged my friends that they Shall not permit to themselves a Surmise with regard to the author\u2014I Send it in my own hand\u2013writing\u2014accompanied with a Letter\u2014to appearance written in England\u2014of this I requested to correct the Idiom.\nI Search\u2019d in vain for that famous council\u2014I have the Same impression on my mind\u2014but begin to doubt its correctness\u2014and Suspect\u2014it was a French Saillie\u2014perhaps from compere Matthieu\u2014une demoiselle n\u2019est pas trop pair trois\u2014I Shall not give up the Search\u2014when I have more leisure\u2014How can I convey to you Basanistes? it is about 200 Pag: in my opinion written with ingenuity. all the pretensions\u2014are proofs from holy writ\u2014as clear as those for the 2 & 3 person generall\u00ff\u2014\nI never heard of Tucker\u2019s light of Nature? and\u2014it must possess a vast deal of intrinsic merit, to lure one to read 7 vol.\nDo not complain about want of Strenght\u2014my daughter, who Sits at my elbow\u2014and is So free\u2014to peep Sometimes over my Shoulder\u2014at least to throw a glance on Letters\u2014which they perceives, that gladden the heart of her father\u2014Says\u2014that your handwriting is far better than in former years\u2014and So Says your friend! and it is only the truth\u2014but even\u2014if it was Scarcely legible\u2014then yet\u2014now and then Such a renewed proof of your friendship would be gratifying.\nI See\u2014I am not forgotten by your Lad\u00ff\u2014recommend me to Her, and believe me your Sincerest and obliged friend\nFr Adr. vanderkemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6621", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Mease, 8 August 1816\nFrom: Mease, James\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 8t. Augt. 1816\n\t\t\t\tI contemplate publishing a collection of the letters of our late friend Dr Rush on political, religious & miscellaneous subjects; and as he long had the pleasure to enjoy your Correspondence, I will be much obliged by your favouring me with such of his letters as you may have in your possession, and which are not of a private Nature.\u2014Having for many years had the satisfaction to partake of his confidence, I am enabled to say, that the obligations under which the U. States lay for your uniform, early & firm support of the principles of our revolution were a frequent subject of conversation with him, and I need not tell you, how sincere and great his personal esteem was for you.\u2014It was this confidence that induced him to send to me more than once, the letters which he wrote to you, and to state the substance of others: and as I know, that he took great pleasure in unburthening his thoughts, and disclosing his sentiments to you upon the important events that have occurred for years past in the world, I flatter myself, that I shall contribute very much to the national amusement and edification of the public, by giving to it, those of his letters which you may please to favour me with.\u2014They shall be carefully returned if so desired, and such part omitted as you may point out.\u2014Permit me to be most respectfully remembered to your lady, and to offer you my most sincere wishes for the continuance of your & her health. I have the honor to be / your obliged Servt\n\t\t\t\t\tJames Mease", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6622", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 9 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nQuincy August 9. 1816\nThe Biography of Mr Vander Kemp would require a Volume which I could not write if a Milion were offered me as a Reward for the Work. After a learned and Scientific Education he entered the Army in Holland and served as a Captain, with Reputation: but loving Books more than Arms he resigned his Commission and became a Preacher. My acquaintance with him commenced at Leyden in 1780. He was then Minister of the Menonist Congregation the richest in Europe; in that City where he was celebrated as the most elegant Writer in the Dutch Languge. He was the intimate Friend of Luzac and De Gyselaar. In 1788 when the King of Prussia threatened Holland with Invasion, his Party insisted on his taking a Command in the Army of defence and he was appointed to the Command of the most exposed and most important Post in the Seven Provinces. He was Soon Surrounded by the Prussian Forces. But he defended his Fortress with a Prudence Fortitude Patience and Perseverence, which were admired by all Europe, Till abandoned by his Nation, destitute of Provisions and Amuntion, Still refusing to Surrender, he was offered the most honourable Capitulation. He accepted it. Was offered very advantageous Proposals, but despairing of the Liberties of his Country, he retired to Antwerp determined to emigrate to New York; wrote to me in London requesting Letters of Introduction. I sent him Letters to Governor Clinton and Several others of our little great Men. His History in this Country is equally curious and affecting. He left Property in Holland, which the Revolutions there, have annihilated and I fear is now pinched with Poverty. His head is deeply learned and his heart is pure. I scarcely know a more amiable Character. A Gentleman here asked my opinion of him. My Answer was, he is a Mountain of Salt of the Earth. He has written to me, occasionally and I have answered his Letters in great haste. You may well Suppose that Such a Man has not always been able to understand our American Politicks. Nor have I. Had he been as great a Master of our Language as he was of his own he would have been at this day one of the most conspicuous Characters in the U.S.\nSo much for Vanderkemp: now for your Letter of Aug. 1. Your Poet, the Ionian I suppose, ought to have told Us, whether Jove in the distribution of good and Evil from his two Urns, observed any Rule of Equity or not. Whether he thunders out flames of eternal Fire on the Many, and Power Glory and Felicity on the Few, without any consideration of Justice.?\nLet Us State a few Questions, sub ros\u00e2.\n1. Would you accept a Life, if offered you, of equal pleasure and Paine? E. G. one million of moments of Pleasure and one Million of Moments of Pain?\nPleasure 1,000,000 = Paine. 1,000,000. Suppose the Pleasure as exquisite as any in Life and the Paine as exquisite as any. E. G. Stone, Gravel, Gout, Head Ache, Ear Ache, Tooth Ache, Cholick. &c. I would not. I would rather be blotted out.\n2. Would you accept a Life of one year of incessant Gout, Head Ache &c for Seventy two years of such Life as you have enjoyed.? I would not.\n1 Year of Cholic = 72. of Roule de Savon. pretty but unsubstantial I had rather be extinguished. You may vary these Algebraical Equations at pleasure and without End. All this Ratiocination Calculation, call it what you will, is founded on the supposition of no future state. Promise me eternal Life free from Pain, tho\u2019 in all other respects no better than our present terrestrial Existence, I know not how many thousand Years of Smithfield fires I would not endure to obtain it.\nIn fine, without the Supposition of a future State, Mankind and this Globe appear to me the most Sublime and beautifull Bubble and Bauble that Imagination can conceive.\nLet us then wish for Immortality at all hazards and trust the Ruler with his Skies. I do: and earnestly wish for his Commands which to the Utmost of my Power Shall be implicitly and piously obeyed.\nIt is worth while to live to read Grimm, whom I have read. And La Harpe and Mademoisselle D\u2019Espinasse the fair Freind of D\u2019Allembere both of whom Grimm Characterises very distinctly are I am told in Print. I have not Seen them but hope Soon to have them.\nMy History of the Jesuits is not elegantly written but is supported by unquestionable Authorities, is very particular and very horrible. Their Restoration is indeed \u201ca Step towards Darkness\u201d Cruelty Perfidy Despotism Death and\u2014! I wish We were out of \u201cdanger of Bigotry and Jesuitism.\u201d! May We be \u201ca Barrier against the Returns of Ignorance and Barbarism\u201d! \u201cWhat a Colossus Shall We be\u201d? But will it not be of Brass Iron and Clay? Your Taste is judicious in likeing better the dreams of the Future, than the History of the Past. Upon this Principle I prophecy that you and I Shall Soon meet and be better Friends than ever.\nSo wishes\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6623", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 14 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nMy dear Sir\nQuincy Aug. 14. 1816\nThanks for your third of Aug.\u2014Griefs upon Griefs! Disappointments upon Disappointments! All is Vanity! What then? This is a gay, merry World, notwithstanding.\nPray! Can you tell me What are The Uses of Grief.? And will you tell me What are the Abuses of Grief? Grief exists, to a tremendous degree. So much is certain. But can you tell me, what it is good for? And what it is bad for? For every thing has its good, and its bad.\nWhat would I give, to See your, Basanistes,? Send it, well packed by the Mail. I will return it, in the Same Way.\nTuckers Search is the most extraordinary Romance, I ever read: Cervantes, Richardson, Voltaire, notwithstanding. Payley the Pride of the English Church Speaks of it, in raptures.\nTo return to Grief! I have had a thought of writing an Essay on Grief, its Uses and Abuses, in our Religious Moral, Ecclesiastical civil political and Physical Terrestrial System; but I am too far gone. I wish you would undertake it.!\nYour Daughter is as sagacious as she is lovely, and has a memory equal to her Witt. She is certainly right. My hand Writing which while I could write was always uncouth and vulgar. Now, when I cannot write; when it costs me more time and Pain to write a Line than it did once to write a Page I am compelled to more Attention. I cannot make a Letter without holding one hand by the other.\nWill you be so good as to write your own Biography! I have been requested to write it, and would chearfully undertake it, if I could. But A Lack a Day, Sir, I cannot write my own, and I should not think it worth writing if I could.\nThe Syllabus is not unworhty of a Character than will be and ought to be respected by Posterity: though Fations and Parties Tarnish all Characers. Truth is falsified Falshood is disguised, Virtue is belied, Wisdom is obscured Talents are exaggerated and diminished, Nature is destroyed by Politicks.\nCan you tell me Whether Blackstone or De Lolme have been translated into French, German or Italian?\nA Winter approaches in which I expect a House as Sick and afflicted as the last. But What is affliction but a Blessing?\nEyes and Fingers fatigued and complaining compell me / to subscribeJohn Adams\nP.S. I wish I could drink Madeira as you do. But I cannot touch it. You are greatly to be envied!", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6624", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Stephen Miller, 23 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Miller, Stephen\nSir\nQuincy August 23rd 1816\nLast Evening Mr: Apthrop put into my hand your polite Letter of the first of this Month from New York. Your civil Apology for writing to me was unnecessary: because I hope I should always be ready to communicate any information in my possession in furtherance of Justice; and especially to a Gentleman whose Father and Grandfather Uncle and various Relations I have known and respected from my Infancy.\nMy long and total Retirement from public affairs, has rendered it impossible for me, to give you any Information of the decisions of our National Government Legislative Executive or Judiciary concerning such claims as those of your Father.\nMy advice to you Sir, would be to consult the Treaty of 1783, and Mr Jay who was one of the Negtiators of it. But I presume that neither his opinion or mine could be admitted as Evidence in any Court of Justice. The Treaty must speak for itself and be interpreted, according to its own Phraseology, comparing one part of it with another.\nI know not that any claims like that of your Father have ever been confiscated and the Treaty of Peace stipulates that no future confiscations should be made. But the British Doctine now is, that the Treaty of 1783 has been annihilated by the late War.\nI know of no other course you can pursue, than by a petition or memorial, to Congress, where I hope and believe you will find a candid investigation of the subject, and an equitable decision. There is but one other resort and that is to the Courts of Justice. But in this pursuit you must apply to Gentlemen learned in the Law for advice which I am wholly incapable of giving you.\nPlease to present my compliments to your Father: and if you should visit your respectable relations in Quincy, and Braintree, I should be happy to see you at the Bottom of Stony field Hill, the residence of your hearty well wisher / and very humble Servant\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6626", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 2 September 1816\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear and respected Sir!\nOldenbarneveld 2 Sept. 1816.\nWhen I send you last mail Basanistes, I was so much tortured with head\u2013ache\u2014that it was not in my power, to join to it one single line. The Post-master at first objected\u2014if thus the postage comes higher than you might wish, I only executed your orders but should request\u2014in that case to wait rather for a safe opportunity Perhaps\u2014however\u2014his scruples are unfounded.\nYou render me nearly enamoured with your Tucker\u2014so you praise him\u2014but I doubt much\u2014if at this side Alban\u00ff his merits are known\u2014Indeed\u2014I ought to visit now and then N. England\u2014if it was only to obtain a peep in so many valuable works\u2014with which I remain unacquainted\u2014and then you would give me leave, to rise at an early hour\u2014and peruse your admired Tucker before our breakfast was read\u00ff\u2014then I should carefully peruse once more Barton\u2019s anatomy of melancholy, and entreat, if you did not possess it, to give me a succinct idea of a work of Langbaine in which he exposes Plagiarism\u2014it must have been written about the middle of last century, but I have never met with it.\nWhen I write to you, I always nearly when at the end recollect to have forgotten one or other point in which I wanted instruction\u2014does that not betra\u00ff a less vigourous memor\u00ff? I promised\u2014lately in several of our N. papers\u2014two Letters of mr A. and J. to the Society of the Lovers of peace\u2014which I question were intended for publication by either of them. Both Letters are in my opinion characteristic\u2014The one frank and somewhat ex cathedra\u2014the other cautious and circumspect. It is easily to be discovered\u2014that they were not highly gratified but I detest the Publication of Letters\u2014without previous leave of the writers\u2014either by societies or single individuals.\nNow to your proposed Essay on grief\u2014your plan is a noble one, and would be a valuable work, if executed in conformity with your intention. I doubt not or it would be adorned with select passages of ancient and modern literature\u2014interspersed with gems of interesting anecdotes\u2014Newton was of your age, when he corrected and improved some of his mathematical workes\u2014and this performance might amuse your hours of leisure during the winter and enrich our scanty literary Suppellex with a cadeau towards New-year\u2014Imperatorem Stantem mori oportere is said of Vespasian blessing his countrymen with a pleasing and instructif farewell is becoming an American President.\nCau, who in the principle point agrees with you, that my large sketch is not to be encouraged in Europe, as the present cabinets, do not wish those principles developed, urges me with all his persuasion, to undertake the task\u2014myself\u2014this however you know is in vain\u2014as I could not undertake it, even if I would\u2014for want of materials. At his request I reviewed the plan for him, and\u2014if his life is prolonged he will publish it on the Continent. Give me the pleasure, if you do not know it already, to inform me of John Q.A.\u2019s opinion of it\u2014what defects, and I doubt not there are, have been pointed at by Him. I consider these of two kinds\u2014of omission\u2014and of arrangement.\nJefferson wished\u2014that I should write the life of J.C. upon his outlines Perhaps\u2014I ma\u00ff draw a sketch\u2014but it shall not be in my power to accomplish the task\u2014as I think it ought to be given upon a far more extensive scale, and if all this was not enough\u2014there comes the Lord of Mount Wollaston with another gigantic scheme\u2014to crush lurking ambition to bring one or other triffle in existence.\nIf you will not condescend\u2014to bring to maturity\u2014what you fostered send it to your Tucker\u2014whom you so highly speak of, and command him then, to present me with a copy, joined to his light of Nature, when I engage myself, that I shall not tell in Gath, that he was indebted to you for the plan.\nI thank you cordially for the handsome compliment to my Daughter\u2014a father may be permitted to acknowledge, that she in his opinion deserves in some respect such an honorable distinction\u2014but she would not admitt, that she could be the subject of this praise, even\u2014had she been so happ\u00ff\u2014of having been received for some time under your roof\u2014and yet\u2014she must have been very dull\u2014had she not returned from there vastly improved.\nMy biograph\u00ff\u2014I can assure you without vanity\u2014might fill a whole Letter\u2014making a little allowance for a small tribut of praise. Although I can not sa\u00ff with Jacob, that my years have been few and bad\u2014yet, was it possible, I could not wish to run once more through the same course\u2014tho I do not consider this world as a vale of sorrow. De Lolme\u2014if I am not mistaken\u2014was originally written in French and published in 1774\u2014from which\u2014the Engl. ed. in 1775\u2014was made\u2014in which some passages were omitted. A new edition\u2014in conformity to the English was published at Amst. 1778 with the insertions of these omissions\u2014I do not recollect another.\nBlackstone has been published in French\u2014Bruxelles 1774. 6 vol. gr. 8o. In a former letter was a question about Maria\u2014Souverain in his Platonisme devoil\u00e9 mentions from Hottinger\u2019s Hist. Orient. Lib. ii pag. 227.\u2014that le st Esprit faisont alors (le concile de Nicee) si peu de figure, que quelques Peres de ce concile ne faisoient pas difficult\u00e9 de donner sa place a la St. Vierge, en la faisant la 3 personne de la Trinite? C\u2019est ce que nous aprenent Elmocinus and Patricides.\nIf you could drink madeira as I do! you would not be envied\u2014I can not touch it with the finger\u2014it is with me as the old ballad\nIl le veulent bien\u2014mais\u2014il ne pouvent pas. I would indulge in it, as conducive to my health\u2014now we are cherr\u00ff as a medicine\u2014But with so much health and vigorous constitution as my friend Adams yet possesses\u2014and which\u2014may yet be preserved by an Algood Being\u2014encircled with such a famil\u00ff\u2014and surrounded with friends\u2014as you are\u2014you do not want this aid\u2014you at least want nothing from him, whom you continue to obligeYour\u2019s with affectionate regard.\nFr. Adr. vander Kemp\nP.S. are you acquainted with c.w. K\u00e6stner\u2019s Introduction of Modern Chemistr\u00ff?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6627", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 3 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nQuincy Septr. 03. 1816\nDr James Freeman, is a learned, ingenious, honest and benevolent Man, who wishes to see President Jefferson, and request me to introduce him. If you would introduce Some of your Friends to me, I could with more confidence introduce mine to you. He is a Christian, but not a Pythagorean a Platonick or a Philonick Christian. You will ken him and he will ken you: but you may depend, he will never betray, deceive or injure you.\nWithout hinting to him, any Thing which had passed between You and me, I asked him, your Question \u201cWhat are the Uses of Grief\u201d? He Stared. Said \u201cthe question was new to him.\u201d All he could Say at present, was that he had known in his own Parish, more than one Instance of Ladies who had been thoughtless modish extravagant in a high degree; who upon the death of a Child, had become thoughtfull, modest, humble, as prudent amiable Women as any he had known. Upon this I read to him your Letters and mine, upon this Subject of Grief, with which he seemed to be pleased. You See I was not afraid to trust him: and you need not be.\nSince I am, accidentally, invited to write to You, I may add a few Words upon Pleasures and Pains of Life. Vassall thought, an hundred Years, nay an eternity of Pleasure was no Compensation for one hour of billious Cholic. Read again Mollieres Spsyke. Act. 2. Sc\u00e6ne 1st. On the Subject of Grief. And read in another place \u201cOn est pay\u00e9 de mille Maux Par un heureux moment.\u201d Thus differently do Men Speak of Pleasures and Pains.\nNow, Sir. I will tease you with another Question. What have been the Abuses of Grief?\nIn Answer to this question, I doubt not, you might write an hundred Volumes. A few hints may convince you that the Subject is ample.\n1 The Death of Socrates excited a general Sensibility of Grief in Athens, in Attica an in all Greece. Plato and Xenophon two of his Disciples took Advantage of that general Sentiment, by employing their enchanting Style to represent their Master to be greater and better than he probably was. And What have been the Effects of Socratic, Platonick which were Pythagorean, which was Indian Philosophy, in the World?\n2. The Death of C\u00e6sar, Tyrant as he was, Spread a general Compassion which always includes Grief, among the Romans. The Scoundrel M. Anthony availed himself on this momentary Grief to destroy the Republick, to establish the Empire, and to proscribe Cicero.\n3. But to Skip over all Ages and Nations for the present, and descend to our own Times. The Death of Washington, diffused a general Grief. The old Tories, the Hyperfederalists, the Speculators, Sett up a general Howl. Orations Prayers Sermons Mock Funerals, were all employed, not that they loved Washington, but to keep in Countenance the Funding & Banking Systems; And to cast into the Background and the Shade all others who had been concerned in the Service of their Country in the Revolution.\n4. The Death of Hamilton, under all its circumstances, produced a General Grief. His most determined Ennemies did not like to get rid of him, in that Way. They pitied too his Widow and Children. His Party Seized the moment of publick Feeling to come forward with Funeral Orations and printed Panegyricks reinforced with mock Funerals and Solemn Grimaces, and all this by People who have buried Otis, Sam. Adams Handcock and Gerry in Comparative Obscurity. And Why? Merely to disgrace the Old Whiggs, and keep the Funds and Banks in Countenance.\n5. The Death of Mr Ames excited a general Regret. His long Consumption his amiable Character and respectable Talents had attracted a general Interest, and his Death a general Mourning. His Party made the most of it, by Processions Orations, and a Mock Funeral. And Why? To glorify the Torys, to abash the Whiggs, and maintain the Reputation of Funds, Banks and Speculation. And all this was done in honour of that insignificant Boy; by People who have let a Dana a Gerry and a Dexter go to their Graves without Notice.\n6. I almost Shudder at the thought of alluding to the most fatal Example of the Abuses of Grief, which the History of Mankind has preserved. The Cross. Consider what Calamities that Engine of Grief has produced.! With the rational Respect that is due do it, knavish Priests have added Prostitutions of it, that fill or might fill the blackest and bloodiest Pages of human History.\nI am with ancient friendly Sentiments\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6628", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Madison, 4 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nI have So often taken the Liberty to introduce Gentlemen to The President of The United States, that tho\u2019 it might be an usurpation at first, it Seems now to be a kind of Right by Prescription.\nUpon no Occasion that I recollect, have I assumed this Priviledge with more pleasure than in now introducing Dr James Freeman whom I esteem one of our first litterary Characters and one of the best of our honourable virtuous and liberal Men.\nAs I think myself, Sure of my conveyance, I will now venture on a delicate Subject, and more especially as I have but a few days to live. Present my most respectfull Compliments to Mrs Madison. Ask her whether She remembers a Letter She wrote to Mr Steel. Tell her that I was excessively ill used, by Mr Steel. That I never had the least intimation of that Letter, till all my Power was annihilated. Had the Letter been communicated to me in confidence and to none other, as it ought to have been. She may be assured that my Heart and my Judgment, would have concurred with her\u2019s, and that her secret would never have been betrayed by me. Whether her Wishes and mine could have prevailed at that time, You Sir can judge better than I can", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6629", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Sr., 5 September 1816\nFrom: Tudor, William, Sr.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tThursday 5th. Sepr. 1816\n\t\t\t\tAn extraordinary Paragraph which appeared in the Boston daily Advertiser of this morning, & which I inclose, (lest you should not take that Paper) induces me to renew a Correspondence, which I regret has been so long intermitted & which was always a Source of pleasurable & important information.No American who knew the Character of at lest one of the Diplomatists whom the Baron has thought proper so ridiculously to quote, but would have been the last Man in the United States to have applied to a French Philosopher, Statesman or Theologian, for a practical & liberal System of either Political or religious government. Of all Men for national Lawgivers, professed Philosophers have always I believe, make the worst. Witness Locke\u2019s Constitution for South Carolina; Franklin\u2019s single Branch for the democratic Republic of Pennsylvania; the abbe Seyes numerous Constitutions for distracted France: Mr Jefferson\u2019s Ideas of the Perfectability of Man; Sir Philip Sydney\u2019s Arcadia; Chancellor Moore\u2019s Utopia &c. &c. back to Licurgus\u2019s iron Money & the physical & moral Slavery of his glorious & savage Spartans.Believing that you were personally acquainted with Baron Grimm, during that eventful Period that You were negotiating the triumphant Peace of Paris, I have dared intrude upon your Retirement to learn from you something of the Character of a Man whose lively literary Talents have furnished so much Amusement to the reading Part of the World. And whether it was not customary with him when he aimed at either Wit or Satire to fabricate any singular Story, as a substratum for his Purpose. This assuredly was his Object when he introduces two such Men as Messr. Adams & Franklin, to enable him to laugh at & expose the poor Abbe Mably\u2019s Treatise on Legislation.I will not apologise for this Intrusion on that sacred Repose, to which, you, among all the surviving Statesmen of our Country are so peculiarly intitled, for as I do not belong to either of those Classes which you have so lately had occasion to deprecate, I will not consider myself amongst the Number of the proscribed. And more especially as it furnishes me with the Opportunity of assuring You of that affectionate Respect with which I am; my dear Sir, / most truly yours\n\t\t\t\t\tWm Tudor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6630", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, Sr., 9 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William, Sr.\nDear Sir\nQuincy Sept 9\u20141816\nI thank you for your kind Letter of the fifth\u2014of this month\u2014which\u2014our meritorious friend Mr. Shaw, put into my hand, yesterday, I had before seen the paragraph in the Daily Advertiser\u2014The Baron De Greishm\u2014himself, in a subsequent vol\u2014Sufficiently explains, and confutes the Error\u2014of the rumour which had been propagated, I know not by whom in 1782\u2014. You will find at the End of the first Vol\u2014of the \u201cDefence of our constitutions,\u201d\u2014a Postscript & a letter in french, which will explain somewhat\u2014too\u2014cavalierly &c\u2014vulgarly, the whole matter. If you think it of any importance, however, as soon as the weakness of my Eyes\u2014& the trembling of my hands will permit, I will give you a more decent statement of the facts, & the letter to the Abby\u2014in our Language. I never saw the Baron till 1785, when I left Paris\u2014, never to see it more he was then only a secret Correspondent of the Empress of Russia & some of the sovereigns of Germany\u2014He was soon appointed a Public minister, admitted into the Diplomatic Corps, & consequently become known to Mr. Jefferson\u2014. The Barons great work in 15, Volumes will be read with different views. the lovers of romance, founded in truth, will find it an exquisite entertainment. I need not tell you, how the Amateurs & connoiseurs of the fine Arts of Architecture Painting Sculpture Statuary Music Poetry, eloquence &c and every species of theatrical instruction & amusement will be delighted with it. I am to you, I admire it as the best history of the causes the rise, & progress, of the french revolution to 1790 that I have seen\u2014I am sir your unaltered / friend\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6633", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 16 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nDear Sir\nQuincy Septr. 16 1816\nDo you think Basanistes, would bear Publication in this Country? Would an Edition of it, do good or harm?\nTucker is an Oddity, like Tristram Shandy. His Metaphyicks would give no more Satisfaction, than Edwards, Priestly, Soame Jennings, Frederick the Great D\u2019Alembert, His Morals are excellent but not new. His mundane Soul his Vehicular State, and his Vision, are a pretty Romance on the Doctrines of Pythagoras Plato, Egyptians Indians &c. &c. You would be amused with it, as you was lately with your Cousins \u201cSupra lapsarianism.\u201d\nOf Bartons Anatomy of Melancholly, I know very little and care less. I am determined never to anatomise the Monster, Curse him! Send him into Utter Darkness, among the fallen Angels, an reprobate Spirits.! Langbane on Plagiarism, I know not.\nYou and I, are exactly in the Same deplorable Condition. At the End I recollect, twenty things, on what I wanted Instruction. My Memory cannot be expected to be good for much. Nothing was father from my Thoughts than the Publication of my Letter to \u201cgood Master Worcester.\u201d You Accuse it of being \u201cExcathedra.\u201d By which I understand that you compare me to a School Master, teaching his Schollars male and female, or to a Professor in a Colledge, with his Hat on his Head and his Bottom in his Chair, dogmatising to his Pupils.! Why did you not impute it to that \u201cChildish Vanity\u201d celebrated in your \u201cSymposion\u201d? \u201cBlessing my Country with a pleasing and instructive Farewell.\u201d! If I understand this, it is an Advice to address my Country men Pro More Washington. This I have been Solicited to do, by many; among whom are Some of the most excellent Characters, America has produced. But, my good Friend, if I should do this in Sincerity I should be thought insane: and lie I will not, I dare not; I cannot. I must Surrender my Country my Posterity, my Character, to Providence; as I do, with a clear Conscience.\nGod bless my Country.! I Believe in the ten Commandments, and the Sermon on the Mount! What think you of Such an Address to this Nation?\nYou know not the Slavery of American Ambassadors. J. Q. A. has not a Moment for Such Speculations.\nI can tell you D\u2019Llolme and Blackstone too, were indebted for Assistance to a Man, now forgotten, The Earl of Abington!\nThe Counsell of Nice has never been revealed to Mankind. It was a Secret Conclave, like our Congress from 1774 to 1784, and like the Convention who formed our National Constitution in 1787.\nIn my Opinion, The Holy Ghost, the Virgin Mary, The Prophet Moses and The Prophet like unto him Jesus Christ the Righteous, have equal Pretensions, to be the King Eternal invisible immortal the only wise God.\nI am ignorant of C. W. Keestners Introduction to Modern Chimistry.\nI am Sir, with unchangeable / Friendship your\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6637", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Maury, 22 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Maury, James\nDear Sir\nQuincy September 22nd 11816\nI thank you for your kind letter of July 30th, and the Quarterly review enclosed with it, & for all your obliging remembrances of me, & civilities to my children & friends.\nI had forgotten the first volume, which you say I presented to you in 1787: but as you remember it so well, I pray to you to accept the 2nd. and 3rd which I wish you may remember as long. not indeed for any great value that is in them but as a token of gratitude for your many civilities to me and mine\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6640", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, Sr., 24 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William, Sr.\nSir\u2014\nQuincy Sept 24th. 16\nI have received your favour of the 22d, & the French translation of my letter with Mably\u2019s, & Marmontels original billets, which I lent to your father. You are welcome to publish the whole or any part of my Letters to your father & the papers I sent him\u2014You may insert them in your own way & I have no objection to your stating that they came from your & y\u2019r fathers & your Grandfathers / friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6641", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, Sr., 25 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William, Sr.\nDear Sir\nQuincy Sept 25th, 1816\nIn my letter of yesterday\u2014I forgot to answer your question concerning Marmontels thoughts of writing on American affairs. Marmontel had been appointed by the King\u2014Histiographer of France, while I was there. I suppose that thinking\u2014the the Duties of his office would require him to write on the connection between this country France & America & hearing of my letter to De Mably\u2014desired to see it. I lent him the French Translation wh\u2019 I lent to y\u2019r father & which you have return\u2019d to me\u2014. When Marmontel return\u2019d it, he sent with it the note which you have seen in his hand writing\u2014. I am ashamed that such a trifling business should have given your father, yourself & me so much trouble. I would give more to see yr fathers first letter to me in print, than all the other letters & papers that have followed. But it is so flattering to me, that it would hurt me; & it is so bold that it would hurt him & you, I hope therefore, You will only Say that I was requested to explain this mighty matter\u2014\nJohn Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6642", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard Rush, 29 September 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\nDear and respected Sir.\nWashington September 29. 1816\nFor the first time since I was a lad, I have been making an excursion this season. Health and recreation were the double motive, though I am glad to say the latter predominated. I set out on horseback for the mountains in Virginia. I had never been into the antient dominion before, except merely upon its edge. Although it is filled with \u201cBlenheims,\u201d and \u201cHagleys\u201d and \u201cMount Airys.\u201d I was still very sad to think, that my home and that of my children and fathers, was Philadelphia. Personally, however, my excursion was, on many accounts, a delightful one. I went with Mr Monroe; was at Mr Madision\u2019s seat, and at Mr Jeffersons. They are both very pretty. The latter in some respects superb; wonderfully artificial\u2014a curiosity!! I sat off early in August, and did not get back until this month.\nA few days before I went, I received your kind and very agreeable favor of the 22d of July. It is the one in which you say you \u201chave thoughts of addressing to me a book of paradoxes\u201d. I shall look, Sir, with impatience for the fulfilment. I shall ask nothing more than that the body of the work be equal to the samples sent! Indeed, sir, they have afforded me no small share of entertainment. The pamphlet addressed to Mr Wythe I should very much like to see. If favored with it for a little while, it shall be safely returned. The letter to Dr Webb, I shall make \u201csearch\u201d for when next in Philadelphia. It will be a curious relick.\nMr Clark arrived here while I was away. The kind letter from Mrs Adams which he brought, I had not the good fortune to receive until the day before his departure. It would have been a source of particular pleasure to my wife, and self, to make the acquaintance of such friends had we been at home. I have also, since my return, received your favor of the 20th of this month, respecting Dr. Mease, and my father\u2019s letters.\nA few days before I was at Mr Jefferson\u2019s it so happens, that he had received precisely such a letter from Dr Mease as the one addressed to you. He was also so obliging as to refer it to me, in the manner you have kindly done. Being on the spot, he added an offer to deliver into my hands, for the family, such of my father,s letters as he still had, the number not being considerable. Dr Mease\u2019s project was new to me; and I confess I am not wholly without my fears, that, should it proceed, there may be more good intention than good judgment in it.\nIn regard to my fathers long and valued correspondence with you, sure I feel, that it was ever conceived in such a spirit of friendship on his part, whether as to confidence or carelessness, as to forbid all idea of the press; the remote thoughts of which, as I view the subject now, would have made him start. However, for the present, only sincerely thanking you for your kind communication of the matter, I will give no ultimate answer or opinion. In the course of the next month I think it most probable, that I shall be in Philadelphia, when I can have an opportunity of conferring with my mother. From thence, or when I get back here, I may have occasion to trouble you with another line upon the subject. In the meantime, your letter gives me the comfortable assurance that Dr Mease\u2019s request will remain suspended.\nWith my kindest and most respectful compliments to Mrs Adams, in which I know how cordially Mrs Rush would join if she were at home, I have only, dear sir, to add the testimonials of my great attachment and respect.\nRichard Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6643", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 30 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nQuincy Sept. 30. 16\nThe Seconds of Life, that remain to me, are So few and So Short; (and they seem to me Shorter and Shorter every minute) that I cannot Stand upon Epistolary Ettiquette: And though I have written two Letters, yet unnoticed I must write a third. Because I am not acquainted with any Man on this Side of Montecello, who can give me any Information upon Subjects that I am now analysing and investigating; if I may be permitted to Use the pompous Words now in fashion.\nWhen I read Dr Priestlys Remarks upon \u201cDu Puis,\u201d I fell a Curiosity to know more about him. I wrote to Europe and engaged another to write. I had no Idea of more than one or two Volumes in 8o or 12mo.\nBut Lo! I am overwhelmed with 8 or ten Volumes and another of Planches!\nSixteen Years of Research the Author acknowledges, and as he quotes his His Authorities I would not undertake to verify them in 16 years, If I had all his Books which Surely are not to be found on America.\nIf you know any Thing of this \u201cMonsieur Dupuis or his \u201cOrigine de tous les Cultes\u201d; candidus impert\u00e9.\nI have read only the first Volume. It is learned and curious. The whole Work will afford me Business, Study and Amusement for the Winter.\nDr Priestley pronounced him an Atheist, and his Work \u201cThe Ni Plus ultra of Infidelity.\u201d Priestly agrees with him that the History of the Fall of Adam and Eve, is \u201can Alegory,\u201d a Fable, and an Arabian Tale, and so does Dr Middleton, to account for the origin of Evil; which however it does not\nPriestly Says that the Apocalypes, according to Dupuis is the most learned Work that ever was written.\nWith these brief Fletrissures, Priestly Seems to have expected to annilate the Influence of Dupuis Labours; as Swift destroyed Blackmore with his\n\u201cDid off Creation with a Terk\nAnd of Redemption made damn\u2019d Work.\u201d And as he disgraced Men as good at least as himself by his\n\u201cWicked Will Whiston\nAnd Good Master Ditton.\u201d\nBut Dupuis is not to be So easily destroyed. The Controversy between Spiritualism and Materialism between Spiritualists and Materialists, will not be Settled by Scurrilous Epigrams of Swift, nor by dogmatical Censures of Priestly.\nYou and I have as much Authority to Settle these Disputes as Swift Priestly or Dupuis, or The Pope.\nAnd if you will agree with me, We will issue our Bulls, and enjoin upon all these Gentlemen to be Silent, till they can tell Us, What Matter is and What Spirit is! And in the mean time to observe the Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount.\nJ. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6644", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 11 October 1816\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear and respected Sir!\n I Should rather guess that Basanistes would do good\u2014It is true it is a heroic medicine, but it would not come in the hands of the vulgar\u2014it might have a Salutary effect upon Some of the higher classes. If men of influence\u2014either by their abilities or wealth\u2014can be lured to become the Patrons of liberal Sentiments, and will Support them, who are bold enough to Step forward in their defence\u2014a great part would be gained. In a country, where there exists not a dominant Church\u2014an intolerant clergy may be overawed\u2014at least may be lured by the prospect of lucre to do good\u2014and the mob is then easily Sway\u2019d\u2014Let Monticello\u2019s Philosopher establish an Andoverian institut\u2014to preach the gospel in its native Simplicity\u2014at the rate of 3 or 4000 $ a year and they will pray\u2014not for George Washington, but for Mr. Thomas\u2014in true imitation of the Magdeburg Minister\u2014during the Reformation.\nBut although I Should wish to See Basanistes republished\u2014I Should not wish it done by any one, in whom I took Some interest. It must be done, either by one, who does not care about it, and has nothing to loose, or by one as Secure from discovery as Junius.\nYou will agree with me, that it would be construed in an unpardonable Sin\u2014more So\u2014there the argument is unanswerable, and the Sting of ridicule penetrates to the quick\u2014Spinosa and Mirabeau would ere be reprieved by the Sacred tribunal than basanistes. It was not cecco\u2019s astrological conjectures and bold Speculations about the Trinit\u00ff\u2014but it were his attacks on the Clerical power\u2014which doomed him to the Fire in his 70th. year.\nI expect this treatise with must have done great execution in England among a class\u2014who care not much about Priestley\u2019s and Price\u2019s but who would rejoice, in the humbling of a Bishop\u2019s pride. This topic awakens a whole chain of ideas\u2014was I near you, you would assist me\u2014in unravelling Somewhat further the history of the 14 and 15 Centur\u00ff\u2014I mean principally the literary one\u2014and well in Ital\u00ff\u2014your Library might Supply my wants. Is Danina Sufficiently correct\u2014and does he give full details?\u2014Have you Villani? what value you place in his authority? I wished for more correct information, than which I possess, about about Nic: Rienzi\u2014that famous Roman Tribun in the middle of the 14th at Rome\u2014and about Jac: Bossolaro, an Augustin Monk at Pavia\u2014who Both Seem Precursors of the great Revolutionary drama from 1776\u2014till Bony\u2019s consulat. you perceive, I can not be at rest\u2014would you be Surprised\u2014that these violent convulsions\u2014during half a century, were to be followed by a deadly torpor for a long Series of \u00ffears?\nYou will Say, perhaps, I am Scribbling now as fast\u2014and\u2014for ought I know, as incoherently too, as when with prattling I took the whole conversation on my horns under your roof\u2014and So it is\u2014to correspond with a frend is a feast for me\u2014and, when I am convinced\u2014that a vast deal can and will be given, then I grasp eagerly with both hands; more So\u2014as you art pleased to make me believe, that I too am Something\u2014and\u2014would otherwise your Cambridge President have made an excursion to honour me with a visit? So he did\u2014and it was indeed a delightful one\u2014He persuaded me, to go with him to the commencement\u2014So that I enjoy\u2019d his Society two days\u2014But I perceive\u2014my Dear Sir! I forget your Letter\u2014which imperiously claims my attention\u2014to defend me\u2014although I can Scarce persuade myself, that John Adams\u2014could foster the belief\u2014with Seriousness, that his friend, who respects, who reveres him, would express himself in a manner\u2014hurtful to his feelings\u2014and yet, it is now the Second time, that you teazed me with this insinuation\u2014For once I will explain, and I know my friend Shall be fully Satisfied, while I trust So much in his indulgence, that he cannot be hurt even by m\u00ff bluntness.\nI will not Say, that my expressions were Sufficiently guarded\u2014but my frend knows\u2014I Seldom weigh them\u2014I meant to Say, that the Letters of you and J. were characteristic\u2014you expressed your mind with your usual frankness\u2014without caring of gilding the pill\u2014Monticello\u2019s Philosopher acted or wrote with more circumspection. But\u2014what had m\u00ff Symposion to do with my Letter? That\u2014was chiefly matter of fact, and by it, I rather presumed to have deserved your approbation than censure. It was really a description of an highly animated conversation\u2014your character was injured\u2014I Stood up in its defence with warmth\u2014Silenced obloquy and convinced it, that you was wronged\u2014and justice was done to you in a noble manner. would I not, if a profligate fellow had called our master a Wine bibber a whore-monger an imposter, have repelled rudely the attack\u2014have delineated his divine character\u2014and vindicated his unspotted manners\u2014without suspection that the repeating of the odious Slanders could be construed as disrespectful\u2014you would have justified my conduct\u2014and So, you ought not to hurt m\u00ff feelings, as if it was possible, that in any manner I could be in default towards you\u2014to whom I lay under So many obligations. If other frends concur with me in the Same Sollicitation\u2014comply then with it\u2014It is a Legac\u00ff\u2014which may be the last benefit you can bestow on your Country\u2014It may\u2014that you are correct\u2014that it would not be now the proper Season\u2014but prepare it trust it to J. Quincy Adams\u2014He can not disappoint you. my french edition of de Lolme is dedicated to the Earl of Abingdon\u2014perhaps the Same man you mention\u2014(Willoughby Bertie)\nIn my next I hope to Send you the outlines of the Life, which J: wished I Should undertake\u2014when m\u00ff cares Shall I hope be lessened\u2014m\u00ff Wife and Daughter have been unwell\u2014Since three weeks\u2014the first recovered\u2014the last yet very Feeble\u2014the Symptoms not alarming\u2014the Physician\u2019s hope Sanguine\u2014how Should I bear the loss\u2014with my life I would redeem it\u2014all ma\u00ff be well yet\u2014I am your\u2019s\nV. d. Kemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6645", "content": "Title: To John Adams from James Madison, 12 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington Ocr. 12. 1816\n\t\t\t\tYour favor of the 4th. of Sepr. was handed to me, by Docr. Freeman, at my abode in Virga. just before I left it for this place. His transient stay afforded but a slight opportunity for the civilities I wished to shew to one who enjoys so much of your esteem, and who appeared so well to deserve them. He was so good as to call at the door since my arrival here; but being at the moment engaged, he was so informed, without my being apprized of the name, till he had retired: and his ensuing departure from the City closed our intercourse, unless he should repeat his Southern excursion when I shall pay with pleasure the arrears due on the first. Mrs. Madison wishing to seize the occasion for a letter to Mrs Adams, has herself answered the enquiry in yours to me, having reference to her. You will perceive that she has not the slightest recollection of any letter to Mr. Steel, such as could have led to the intimations in yours. We conclude therefore that some error has taken place in the statement made to you. It will rest with your goodness & conveniency to throw any light on it, which you may have the means of doing, and which you may think the subject worthy of. I beg you to be assured that I join fully in her acknowlegements for the delicate manner in which you have alluded to it, and for the kind dispositions which it has led you to express.The favorable judgment you are so good as to express on the course of my administration, cannot but be very grateful to me, not merely for the immediate value I set on it, but as an encouraging presage of the light in which my endeavors in the service of my Country will be hereafter viewed by those most capable of deciding on them. Be pleased to accept, Dear Sir, / assurances of my high esteem & my best wishes \n\t\t\t\t\tJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6646", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 14 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n Monticello Oct. 14. 16 Your letter; dear Sir, of May 6. had already well explained the Uses of grief, that of Sep. 3. with equal truth adduces instances of it\u2019s abuse; and when we put into the same scale these abuses, with the afflictions of soul which even the Uses of grief cost us, we may consider it\u2019s value in the economy of the human being, as equivocal at least. those afflictions cloud too great a portion of life to find a counterpoise in any benefits derived from it\u2019s uses. for setting aside it\u2019s paroxysms on the occasions of special bereavements, all the latter years of aged men are overshadowed with it\u2019s gloom. whither, for instance, can you and I look without seeing the graves of those we have known? and whom can we call up, of our early companions, who has not left us to regret his loss? this indeed may be one of the salutary effects of grief; inasmuch as it prepares us to lose ourselves also without repugnance. Dr. Freeman\u2019s instances of female levity cured by grief are certainly to the point, and constitute an item of credit in the account we examine. I was much\n\t\t\t mortified by the loss of the Doctor\u2019s visit by\n\t\t\t my absence from home. to have shewn how much I feel indebted to you for making good people known to me would have been one pleasure; and to have enjoyed that of his conversation, and the benefits\n\t\t\t his information so favorably reported by my family, would have been another. I returned home on the third day after his departure. the loss of such visits is among the sacrifices which my divided\n\t\t\t residence costs me.Your undertaking the 12. vols of Dupuis is a degree of heroism to which I could not have aspired even in my younger days. I have been contented with the humble atchievement of reading the Analysis of his work by Destutt-Tracy in\n\t\t\t 200 pages 8vo. I believe I should have ventured on his own abridgment of the work in one 8vo. volume, had it ever come to my hands; but the marrow of it in Tracy has satisfied my appetite: and, even in that, the preliminary discourse of the Analyser himself, and his Conclusion, are\n\t\t\t worth more in my eye than the body of the work. for the object of that seems to be to smother all history under the mantle of allegory. if histories so unlike as those of Hercules & Jesus, can by\n\t\t\t a fertile imagination, and Allegorical interpretations, be brought to the same tally, no line of distinction remains between fact and fancy. as this pithy morsel will not overburthen the mail in\n\t\t\t passing and repassing between Quincy and Monticello, I send it for your perusal. perhaps it will satisfy you, as it has me; and may save you the labor of reading 24 times it\u2019s volume. I have said to\n\t\t\t you that it was written by Tracy; and I had so entered it on the title-page, as I usually do on Anonymous works whose authors are known to me. but Tracy had requested me not to betray his anonyme,\n\t\t\t for reasons which may not yet perhaps have ceased to weigh. I am bound then to make the same reserve with you. Destutt-Tracy is, in my judgment, the ablest writer living on intellectual\n\t\t\t subjects, or the operations of the understanding. his three 8vo. volumes on Ideology, which constitute the foundation of what he has since written, I have not indeed entirely read; because I am not fond of reading what is merely abstract, and unapplied\n\t\t\t immediately to some useful science. Bonaparte, with his repeated derisions of Ideologists (squinting at this author) has by this time felt that true wisdom does not lie in mere practice without principle. the next work Tracy wrote was the Commentary on Montesquieu, never published in the original, because not safe; but translated and published in Philadelphia, yet without the\n\t\t\t author\u2019s name. he has since permitted his name to be mentioned. altho\u2019 called a Commentary, it is in truth an elementary work on the principles of government, comprised in about 300. pages 8vo. he has lately published a third work on Political economy, comprising the whole subject within about the same compass; in which all it\u2019s principles are demonstrated with the severity of\n\t\t\t Euclid, and, like him, without ever using a superfluous word. I have procured this to be translated, and have been 4 years endeavoring to get it printed. but, as yet, without success. in the meantime\n\t\t\t the author has published the original in France, which he thought unsafe while Bonaparte was in power. no printed copy, I believe, has yet reached this\n\t\t\t country. he has his 4th. and last work now in the press at Paris, closing, as he concieves the circle of metaphysical sciences. this work which is on Ethics, I have not seen, but suspect I shall differ from it in\n\t\t\t it\u2019s foundation, altho not in it\u2019s deductions. I gather from his other works that he adopts the principle of Hobbes, that justice is founded in contract solely, and does not result from the\n\t\t\t construction of man. I believe, on the contrary, that it is instinct, and innate, that the moral sense is as much a part of our constitution as that of feeling, seeing, or hearing; as a wise\n\t\t\t creator\n\t\t\t must have seen to be necessary in an animal destined to live in society: that every human mind feels pleasure in doing good to others another; that the non-existence of justice is not to be inferred from the fact that the same act is deemed virtuous and right in one society, which is held vicious & wrong in another;\n\t\t\t because as the circumstances and opinions of different societies vary, so the acts which may do them right or wrong must vary also: for virtue does not consist in the act we do, but in the end it\n\t\t\t to effect. if it is to effect the happiness of him to whom it is directed, it is virtuous, while in a society under different circumstances and opinions the same act might produce pain, and would\n\t\t\t vicious. the essence of virtue is in doing good to others, while what is good may be one thing in one society, & it\u2019s contrary in another. yet, however we may differ as to the foundation of\n\t\t\t morals, (and as many foundations have been assumed as there are writers on the subject nearly) so correct a thinker as Tracy will give us a sound-system of morals. and indeed it is remarkable that so\n\t\t\t many writers, setting out from so many different premises, yet meet, all, in the same conclusions. this looks as if they were guided, unconsciously, by the unerring hand of instinct.Your history of the Jesuits, by what name of the Author, or other description is it to be enquired for?What do you think of the present situation of England? is not this the great and fatal crush of their funding system, which, like death, has been foreseen by all, but it\u2019s hour, like that of death, hidden from mortal prescience? it appears to me that all the circumstances now exist which render recovery desperate. the\n\t\t\t interest of the national debt is now equal to such a portion of the profits of all the land and the labor of the island as not to leave enough for the subsistence of those who labor. hence the\n\t\t\t owners\n\t\t\t of the land abandon it and retire to other countries, and the laborer has not enough of his earnings left to him to cover his back, and to fill his belly. the local insurrections, now almost general, are of the hungry and the naked, who cannot be quieted but by food & raiment. but where are the means of feeding and clothing them? the landholder has nothing of his own to give, he is but the fiduciary of those who have lent him money: the lender is so taxed in\n\t\t\t his meat, drink, and clothing, that he has but a bare subsistence left. the landholder then must give up his land, or the lender his debt, or they must compromise by giving up each one half. but will either consent peaceably to such an abandonment of property? or must it not be settled by civil conflict? if peaceably compromised, will they agree to risk another ruin under the same government unreformed? I think not; but I would rather know what you think; because you have lived with John Bull, and know, better than I do the character of his herd. I salute mrs Adams & yourself with every sentiment of affectionate cordiality and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6648", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 23 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nDear Sir\nQuincy Oct. 23. 1816\nYour Letter of the 16th. would occupy me for 12 months, when I know not that I have 12 days to live.\nThe Outlines of the Life I shall be happy to receive.\nBasanistes is a Jeu d\u2019Esprit. There is nothing new in it. It is only like viewing Boston Harbour from Weymouth great Hill by a Man who had often Seen it from Bacon Hill.\nThe Same \u201cAnalysis of Investigation,\u201d might be applied to prove that each of the 12 Apostles was a God; and that the 70, were all Gods.\nAnd that all the Popes Cardinals, Arch Bishops Bishops and Priests from St Peter down to Parson Thayer who lately died in Kentucky, were all Gods.\nAnd that all the Emperors, and Kings who have been anointed with holy Oil, are or were Gods.\nFor God the Second Sent God the third into his Apostles and the 70: They Sent him in uninterupted Succession down to all the Priests to this 23d. Oct. 16. And they Sent him into all the Monarcks, Emperors and Kings down to the late Congress of Their High Mightinesses at Vienna. How can Napoleon himself be excluded from this Mutitudinicity of Divinities? For He has been acknowledged by the Holy Ghost in the Pope.\nIf I understand the Doctrine, It is, that if God the first Second or third or all three together are united with or in a Man, the whole Animal becomes a God and his Mother is The Mother of God and his Grand Mother, The Grand Mother of God.\nIt grivs me: It Shocks me to write in this Style upon a Subject the most adorable that any finite Intelligence can contemplate or embrace: but if ever Mankind are to be superiour to the Brutes, Sacerdotal Impostures must be exposed.\nI must passe over Rienzi, Danini and Villani, each of which would cost me a day, and a Sheet of Paper, and alight upon Francesco de Stabili of Ascoli, The Astrologer, who was burned for Subjecting or Submitting Jesus Christ to the Empire of the Stars.\nThere is a Monsieur Du Puis, a very modern Author who deserves, ten thousand times more, than Cecco did to be burned, for the Same cause. This Man has printed Ten or a dozen huge Volumes Sur \u201cL\u2019origine de tous les Cultes\u201d besides a Volume of Plato. Priestly Says, He is an Atheist. This I cannot Say and Priestly had no right to Say it. Priestly Says, the Work is the Ne plus ultra of Infidelity. This may be true; but I cannot say it. Infidelity may go farther still for what I know.\nBut this I can Say, I believe this Work contains ten times more Learning than Priestly ever possessed. It is the most learned Production of modern times. What Motive could urge a Man to Spend 16 years in collecting Such a Mass? It has no Effect on my Mind, in deminishing my Affection for Christianity. It only encourages my hopes that the Corruptions which have crept into it, from foreign Superstitions, ancient and modern, will, one day, be Seperated from it. And that Despots and Priests will not be allowed to make of it, what they please.\nThis Work was first printed in the 3d. Year of he Republick, i.e as I Suppose in 1796. It is Scarcely 20 Years old.\nIf you can give me any Information concerning this Writer you will much oblige me. I know nothing and can learn nothing of him, but his Work; which deserves more Attention Study and Answers from the Orthodox, Catholicks or Protestants; than all the Writings of Voltaire, Gibbon and Hume. You will never See a Review of it in the Edinburgh or Quarly Journals.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6649", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 25 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nSir\nQuincy October 25th 1816\nA Lieutenant of the Navy under Commodore Bainbridge on board the Independence, is in a tender state of health, & thinks this climate is too severe for his Constitution in its present condition, he therefore ardently wishes to be ordered to some ship in the Mediterranean. If there is no national vessel Ship going there he would take passage in a Merchant Vessel.\nThough I have personal reasons for wishing well to this officer; it against my conscience to ask favours for myself as my friend, because it is the duty of Government to grant none.\nIt is however my opinion that a compliance with his request, will be a benefit and not an injury to the public service.\nI am Sir very respectfully your humble Servant\u2014\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6650", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Henry Colman, 28 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Colman, Henry\nDear Sir\nQuincy October 28th 1816\nBasanists might have gone farther. he might upon the same principles & with the same arguments have produced a greater number of candidate for apotheosis.\nBy the doctrine of Rome, and of England, the king eternal, immortal, & invisible, the only wise God that is the holy Ghost was communicated to his Apostles by the Son of God, or God the Son, & by them, transmitted down from St. Justin and Saint Papias through all the Catholick Priests, Jesuits & all, to Parson Thayer who lately died in Kentucky. however all the Emperors & Kings have been Hierophants, High Priests, Head of the Church, consecrated by Popes , anointed with holy oil, brought down from Heaven by the Holy Ghost in a phial, in the bill of a Dove.\nBasanistes might prove all these to be Gods upon his principles. What a multitudinity!\nWe had better restore \u201cthe High places\u201d and mount up like wild Goats to the summits of the hills, and the sharpest points of the highest rocks & there sacrafice, Bulls & Calves, Rams & Lambs Goats Dogs and Cats, to the Sun moon Planets, fixed stars, and all the wild beasts of the Zodiack all the \u201cHost of heaven\u201d all the milky way: and all the Nebulae of Herschell.\nYou and I, are enthusiasts; and I defy any human mind that thinks to be less. we ought then to be candid to all our fellows and neither betray or insult each others Rhapsodies\nWith Esteem and affection / yours\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6651", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard Rush, 31 October 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington October 31. 1816\n\t\t\t\tIn further answer to your favor of the 20th of last month, I beg leave to say, that I have just returned from the visit I talked of making to Philadelphia.I find it to be as decidedly the opinion of my mother and brothers, as I confess it was my own, that my fathers letters should not be given up for the press.If, therefore, you should write to Doctor Mease, may we venture to ask it of your kindness to say to him, that, with all possible respect for his intentions, you know it to be the wish of the family, that none of the letters in question should go out of your hands.I find things all calm here. The prospect of a war with Spain, does not seem greater than it has been for half a dozen years. To be sure there is ill-blood enough between us, which may one day explode. But the late affair in the gulf is not likely, in itself, to produce such a result. I wish it had been our lot to batter Algiers, instead of Lord Exmouth. Chauncey, with the Independence and Franklin added to his fleet, would have done it as well. However, it has had a battering; and that is a great gain. They will certainly be upon us before long, if they are not already; unless, indeed, the chastisement they have received should completely break them down for a time.Receive, Sir, all the assurances / of my cordial and most / respectful friendship.\n\t\t\t\t\tRichard Rush", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6652", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 4 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nQuincy Nov. 4 1816\nYour Letter of Oct. 14 has greatly obliged me. Tracys Analysis, I have read once; and wish to read it a Second time. It shall be returned to you. But I wish to be informed whether this Gentleman is of that Family of Tracys with which the Marquis La Fayette is connected by intermarriages?\nI have read not only the Analysis, but Eight Volumes out of 12 of The Origine de tous les Cultes, and if Life lasts will read the other four.\nBut, my dear Sir, I have been often obliged to Stop; and talk to myself, like the Reverend, Alegorical, Hierogriphical and Apocaleptical Mr John Bunyan; and say \u201cSobrius esto John\u201d! Be not carried away by sudden blasts of Wind, by unexpected flashes of Lightening, nor terrified by the Sharpest Crashes of Thunder.\u201d!\nWe have now, it Seems a National Bible Society. to propagate King James\u2019s Bible, through all Nations. Would it not be better, to apply these pious Subscriptions, to purify Christendom from the Corruptions of Christianity; than to propagate those Corruptions in Europe Asia, Africa and America!\nSuppose We should project a society to translate Dupuis into all Languages and offer a Reward in Medals and Diamonds to any, Man or Body of Men who would produce the best answer to it.\nEnthusiasms, Crusades, French Revolution are Epidemical or Endemial Distempers, to which Mankind are liable. They are not tertian or Quartan Agues. Ages and Centuries are Sometimes required to cure them.\nIt is more worth your while to live to read Dupuis than Grim. Of all the Romanes, and true Histories I ever read, it is the most entertaining And instructive, though Priestley calls it \u201cdull.\u201d\nConclude not from all this, that I have renounced the Christian Religion, or that I agree with Dupuis in all his Sentiments. Far from it. I see in every Page, Something to recommend Christianity in its Purity, and Something to discredit its Corruptions.\nIf I had Strength, I would given you my Opinion of it in a Fable of the Bees.\nThe Ten Commandments and The Sermon on the Mount contain my Religion.\nI agree perfectly with you, that \u201cThe Moral Sense is as much a part of our constitution as that of Feeling,\u201d and in tall that you say, upon this Subject.\nMy History of the Jesuits, is in 4. Vol: in twelves, under the Title of \u201cHistoire Generale de la naissance et des progres, de la Compagnie de Jesus, et l\u2019analyse de ses Constitutions et Ses Privileges. printed at Amsterdam in 1761. The Work is anonymous; because, as I suppose, the Author was afraid as all the Monarcks of Europe were at that time, of Jesuitical Assassination. The Author however Supports his Facts by authentic Records and known Authorities which the Publick may consult.\nThis Society has been a greater Calamity to Mankind than the French Revolution or Napoleons Despotism or Idiology. It as obstructed the Progres of Reformation and the Improvement of the human Mind in Society much longer and more fatally.\nThe Situation of England may be learned from the enclosed Letter, which I pray you to return to me.\nLittle reason as I have to love the old Lady, I cannot but dread that she is going after France, into a Revolution which will and like that of England in 1660 and like that of France in 1816. In all Events, our Country must rise. England cannot.\nWe have been long afflicted with a Report that your Books and Harvard Colledge, Books and John Q. Adams\u2019s Ouranologia were lost at Sea. But lo! The Astronomy has arrived in one Ship and Colledge Books in another. We hope your Books are equally safe: but should be glad to know.It seems that Father and Son have been employed in contemplating The Heavens. I should like to sitt down with him and compare Du Puis with his Uranologia\nI have been disappointed in the Review Sir John Malcoms History of Persia. Those cunning Edinburghmen break off, at the Point of the only Subject that excited my Curiosity the ancient modern Religion and Government of Persia. I Should admire to read an Edinburg or a Quarterly Review of Du Puis 12. Volumes. They have reviewed Grim who is not of half the importance to Mankind. I suspect the Reviewers evaded the Religion of Persia for fear they Should be compelled to compare it with Du Puis.\nA Scrap of an English Paper in which you are honorably mentioned and I am not much abused must close this Letter from your Friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6654", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Jr., 6 November 1816\nFrom: Tudor, William, Jr.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston November 6th. 1816.\n\t\t\t\tMy Father has communicated to me your letter of yesterday, which he means to answer particularly himself, but in the mean time, I do not wish to lose a moment in assuring you of the gratification I shall feel in being instrumental in communicating to the publick any observations from you on the points you have mentioned. The illustration of American history is with me a very favorite object, because I believe it to be the most important, as I have no doubt it will be at no distant period the most interesting of any nation on earth. Under these feelings you will be willing to believe that I shall set a very high value, on any details & reflections from you on subjects where it may emphatically be said quorum pars magna fuisti\u2014Any communications will be in time for the January Number, if received the first of next month. With the highest respect / I am your hble sert\n\t\t\t\t\tW. Tudor jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6655", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, Sr., 7 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William, Sr.\nDear Sir,\nQuincy November 7th. 1816\nI like this prompt and quick correspondences, I have received your Sons acknowledgement dated the 6th of my letter to you of the 5th. Your Sons letter has greatly obliged me and I cordially wish him success but he has proposed to me a plan that would increase, my already established reputation for Vanity and Egotism to a mountain as high as blue hill, Wachusett or Monadnock.\nBefore any \u201cobservations\u201d can be made with propriety by me or any one else upon the impeachment of the Judges or the dispute about the Sovereignty of Parliament & the records & Documents relative to both must be collected and collated. I have been the most careless man in the world for preserving documents newspapers, Pamphlets and records. I never began to think of it till Wm Shaw was my private Secretary at Philadelphia & Washington, where I gave to him all that came to my hands, out of which feeble beginnings he has raised a Monument in his Atheneum of more lasting benefit to his country & immortal fame to himself than all the actions of my life.\nI possess not a scrap of paper relative to either of the great events & transactions in question The records I hope are preserved and the newspapers of those years, may be found.\nThe Controversy with Governor Hutchinson concerning the unlimited supremacy of Parliament, was published in a pamphlet, but I have not seen it for more than forty years. The last I heard of it was from Judge Paine and Governor Gerry both of whom mentioned it to me, the former as having then lately read it. possibly it may be found among their collections\nIs there no Parson Prince? No Harbottle Dorr? No Johnny Moffat now living in Boston?\nIn expectation of your answer to my letter of the 5th I am with sincere attachment your friend\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6657", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Sr., 11 November 1816\nFrom: Tudor, William, Sr.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston 11th. Novr. 1816\n\t\t\t\tFrom your Letter of the 7th. I find some Misconception has arisen between you & the Editor of the N.A. Review. Your note of the 5th. I handed to that gentleman, & told him how fully I agreed with you in the Sentiment that the Hutchinsonian Controversy & the Impeachment of the Judges, if not the Pivots upon which the Revolution turned they certainly urged on & hastened, those Measures which terminated in so glorious a Result. Among the very few surviving Politicians of that trying & eventful Period you, Sir, stand the most prominent, & must possess more of that Species of Intelligence which would be gratifying to reading Men, than any other Man alive. The News Papers from 1760 to the present year are all in the Library of the Historical Society, with many of the Pamphlets of the Times. But of this latter kind of Deposit Athaneum Shaw can furnish the completest series. Now any & every Article of this Sort the Messrs. Shaw & Tudor will cheerfully furnish you with, if We can persuade you to elucidate the Story of those olden times, which Many of the present Generation would rejoice to know, a little more particularly than the Ephemeral Writings of the Day exhibit. They cannot feel as we did & none but those who lived at the interesting & embarrassed Period, can properly describe them. I was too young, at leas,t too giddy, to enter into them sufficiently to now describe them. I want the Enthusiasm & glowing Pen of my Master.Have we ever had the Character of Hutchinson fairly drawn? The times in which he lived & so industriously worked for his Sovereign in Support of his own ambitious Projects are long passed, & with him is buried that Malignity which which portrayed him with such darkened Shades, as must have aggravated those deep Regrets with which he expired in 1780.\u2014His moral, Judicial, & private Character were good. The Character of Franklin which you have so fairly given, leads me to wish again to find the same discriminating Pencil in portraying that of H. whose Talents & Industry were certainly uncommon. You will smile at, if not scold me for this strange Proposal. But we have lived in Days in which Junto & Essex spirit have so willingly abused the leading Characters of the Revolution, that I am desirous of discovering a moral Phenomenon. I want to find a temperate Display of the Character of a Man though an Enemy Who left no Family or Friends to rescue his name in part from the deep political Damnation in which he died. I see no Danger from the Changes you apprehend. A New Epoch sprung from the Commencement of the Peace of Paris. I therefore designate every Thing previous as the olden times of our Country, & who is to run any Risque in investigation or debating ancient Occurences or Principles?I am, Sir, most faithfully / yours\n\t\t\t\t\tWm Tudor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6659", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, Sr., 16 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William, Sr.\nDear Tudor\nQuincy November. 16 1816\nYour favour of the 11th. has conjured up, in my Imagination so many Ghosts that I am in danger of being frightened as much as the Old Lady of Endor was at the Light of Samuel.\u2014\nMany are the Years, in which I have Seriously endeavoured to Strip from my Mind every prejudice, and from my heart every Feeling, unfavourable to Mr Hutchinson. The subject is so familiar to my thoughts that I could draw his Character faster than my Pen could fly, I feel no Animosity against his Memory.\u2014I could write his Life as coolly as that of Alexander or Ceasar. But on a deliberate Second View of my own Portrate of him I should feel doubts of my own Impartiality\u2014\nHe was a memorable, and an awful Example of Disappointment in the Career of Ambition. Cromwell and Napoleon will be more known, but neither was a more distinct Example.\u2014\nYou may form some conjecture of my Feelings when I tell you; or perhaps I might more properly say when I remind you, that he Seduced from my Bosom, three of the most intimate Friends I ever had in my Life, Jonathan Sewall Samuel Quincy, and Daniel Leonard;\u2014Every one of these had been as ardent and explicit Patriots as I was\u2014or ever pretended to be.\u2014By means more Artfull but as corrupt as any ever employed by Sir Robert Walpole.\u2014did that Artful Jesuit seduce three of the most Amiable young Men from the cause of their Country to their own Ruin\u2014He practiced all his Arts upon me.\u2014My Constant Answer was \u201cI cannot in Conscience.\u201d I would give the whole History in detail.\u2014But you would Say, and the World would say John Adams is an Old Pharisee thanking God that he is not like other Men\u2014I had rather they should say he is a Publican praying God to be Merciful to a Sinner.\u2014But in either case, poor John would be accused as a Fanatic or a Hypocrite.\u2014\nI could not write the Character of Hutchinson, without discribing my 3 Friends Sewall Quincy and Leonard, and many others that would harrow up my Soul; among the rest myself, and this would make me blush.\u2014If you desire it however, and will give me your honour they shall not be published, I will give you a few Anecdotes of the probability of which you shall Judge from your own Recollections.\u2014\nYou Say, Hutchinson\u2019s moral Character was good \u201cThis must be understood with great Exceptions.\u2014\nYou say his Judicial Character was good \u201cthis must be construed with great Limitations.\u2014You say his private Character was good\u201d Of that I know not enough, to say anything.\nOf his Litterary Character the World will Judge by his Writings. They are valuable. He had great Advantages from his Birth and hereditary Collections of Pamphlets and Manuscripts and especially from his Family Connections with the Mothers and his Neighbourhood to Mr Prince for writing the History of Massachusetts Bay.\u2014\nThere was much Affectation much dissimulation and I must add deep Hipocrisy in his Character\u2014Though his Father had made a Fortune by Speculation in a depreciating Paper Currency he had great Merit in Abolishing that Instrument of Injustice in 1750.\u2014But who my Friend? who shall do justice to the Characters of James Otis Samuel Adams and John Hancock? who breathed a torrent of persecution from 1760 to 1715, and ever since? I can Scarcely add the Name of\nJohn Adamsmy hand Shakes so much more than usual this Morning", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6662", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Sr., 22 November 1816\nFrom: Tudor, William, Sr.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tFriday 22 Novr. \n\t\t\t\tIn thanking you for your lasting interesting Letter, I have been particularly gratified, in finding you roused to those Recollections which may amuse whilst they recall the Circumstances of that interesting Period which produced those persevering Energies that terminated in the Liberation of our Country.You have given me a Text Book, which others may hereafter descant upon, if Hutchinson\u2019s Character should ever become a subject of Controversy. That he was a finished Hypocrite, two clergymen, long since deceased; gave me the assurance, after the Detection of those ministerial Letters which were so providentially found at his House in Milton. These genuine Copies were so different from those the originals at the times of their Date to England, as to completely satisfy them of his deep Designs. He must have been a working, if not a weakly cunning man, to have thus been at the Pains of duping two honest Souls, who knew little of the political World, & still less of his nefarious Intrigues. But they in some Degree help\u2019d his Character, within their contracted Circle, untill the Roguery was detected, & he stood confessed the Subverter of His Country\u2019s Freedom; & the Slave of his unqualified ambition. To his steady Jesuitism, were not you & your eagle eyed Compatriots led to those persevering Energies, which might otherwise have been lethargick, and left to a more distant Day, that Combat against the Colonial System, which prudent Conduct, Flattery, & Office, on the Part of the British Ministry, might have rendered infinitely difficult, if not successless.Hutchinson knew his men, and therefore easily prevailed on the Trio of your Friends You thus lost to aid his schemes. One of them was early rewarded. And the other two, no doubt, were promised greater Things as the Contest became more threatening.Pray give me the anecdotes you mention, & they shall remain a sacred Deposit. I have but little, to bequeath my Children. But it will be something to leave them the Evidence that I continued to posses the Confidence, at the Age of Eighty one of such a Man as President Adams: I am, most truly, your obliged Friend,\n\t\t\t\t\tWm Tudor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6663", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Richard Rush, 25 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Rush, Richard\nDear Sir\nQuincy November 25th 1816\nI have received your favour of the 18th: and thank you has your \u201cIdea\u201d; Your reasoning upon it is that of a modest prudent philosopher & Statesman. It is more; It is classical enough for a member of the Academy of inscription and Belle letters. I who am neither Philosopher Statesman or Academician, would if I had power cause medals to be struck of every conflagration, Massacre, prison stripe, New York Church &c &c &c of the Revolutionary war, and the late war. If this had been done, an overweening confidence in the honour humanity & civilization of England would not have exposed Washington to its late calamities. All the wormwood the Mother has so profusely spread upon her nipple has not yet weaned the baby. It will still suck & cry, fly away, but soon return to the bosom.\u2014we must be weaned. Medals however ought never to be struck without the most serious deliberation, the most impartial judgement of the most learned men; nor should inscriptions be recorded, which may not bear the severest criticisms of an impartial posterity. I fear we are not sufficiently advanced in these fine arts and profound Sciences, to venture upon too much familiarity with them. Your idea however which has so long fermented in your pericranium deserves to be communicated, to all who have taste, skill or power.\nCommunicate it modestly to the present, and future Sensorium of our political Head. May it be examined and matured! As I am not learned in Medals, Inscriptions, Epitaphs, or Mottos though I have seen millions of them. I cannot presume to give any advice in the composition of yours\nI am with sincere affection your friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6664", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, Sr., 25 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William, Sr.\ndear Sir\nQuincy Novbr 25, 1816\nWe need not fear that Mr Hutchinsons Character will be injured with Posterity\u2014His every Virtue, and his every Talent and his every Service will be recorded in polite Language, and blazened in Splendid colours; when we, poor Beings who resisted him shall be thrown in Shades of blackness of darkness in the back ground.\u2014\nI may not live to see, but you may live to see, or if you should not your posterity will, Hutchinsons History of Massachusetts Bay Continued by himself down to 1780. Posterity will see Memoirs of Chief Justice Peter Oliver; of Treasurer Harrison Gray; of Judge Jonathan Sewall; perhaps of Judge Autchmudy; of Judge Brown; of Judge Leonard; of Solicitor Quincy; of Samuel Fitch; of Blowers; of Cazneau, of Hull and Sam Sewett; of Dr Nat Perkins; of Sam. Waterhouse; of Tom Danforth; of Judge Ben. Gridley; and of others without number, whome it is not worth while to recollect. Many of these, if not all, have sworn 40 years ago, that \u201cHancock and Adams\u201d \u201cShall forever be \u201cWords of Shame\u201d and they have already, very nearly accomplished their Oath\u2014\nYou ask for Anecdotes, and you shall have them. if 46 years Experience of your honour and Fidelity have deceived me, I will still be deceived. But I depend upon your honour that these Anecdotes shall not be published. If they should be published, a Spartacus a Christian or a Rebel, would instantly come out in the Newspapers and say they were gross lies fabricated by an Old bald headed Dotard,\nIn my last Letter I mentioned Hutchinsons, Seductions of my Friends Sewall, Quincy and Leonard; I will now sketch one of his Attempts upon myself.\nJonathan Sewall, the most cordial Friend I ever had at the Bar, or almost any where else, who came to dine with me, at my Table he said he had something to communicate to me alone. The Lady departed to her Chamber and the Servant was ordered to depart. Mr Sewall said, \u201cI come in the name of Governor Bernard. He sent for me and requested me to call upon you, and request you to accept the Office of Advocate General in the Admiralty.\u201d you know Mr Tudor that this Office at that time was worth 2 or 3 hundred Pounds Sterling a Year, which was a great fortune at that time, besides its being an introduction and recommendation to larger Shares of Ordinary practice at the Bar; and besides its being a sure road to the highest Officers under the Government, not only of the Province but of the Government of Great Britain!\u2014\u201cMr Sewall said, the Governor had sent for him and requested him to call upon me and request me to accept the Office of Advocate General; that he would send and immediately a temporary Appointment, the only one in his power and would write at the same time to the Ministry to request his Majesty to send me his Royal Commission. That he knew my political sentiments, and had no intention to influence them, that I might retain my own Sentiments, while I might execute the Office Recording to Law. That several Gentlemen had recommended me to him, particularly one for whose Judgment he had great deference.\u201d\nSewall \u201csaid the Governor did not name this Gentleman but he had no doubt who it was.\u201d I answered him \u201cNor have I any doubt that it was the Lieutenant Governor.\u201d Sewall nod\u2019ed assent. Mr Sewall said the office was vacant and much Buisiness was pending and he wished to report my Answer to the Governor as soon as possible.\u201d My answer to Mr Sewall was \u201cmy Answer is ready.\u201d I cannot in Conscience accept it.\u201d Be pleased to present my respects to His Excellency and inform him that I am very Sensible of the honour he does me by his proposal; but that it is impossible for me to think of it.\u201d Why said Sewall, why can\u2019t you think of it? you had better not be sudden in your determinations.\u2014Take it into consideration for a few days, and I will call on you again\u2014and we will talk it over more deliberately.\u201d\nMy Answer was \u201cMy Friends It will be in vain! I have cooly and anxiously deliberated upon these Subjects for many yards, and my conclusion and Resolution is unalterable\u201d\u2014 But you see, said Sewall, the Governor is willing you Should retain your Principles and Opinions.\u201d I understand that very well\u2014Mr Sewall\u2014But I have seen many years and now more clearly than ever contrived, that the British Ministry and Parliament are pursuing a System in Relation to this Country that I never can approve. In the Office of Advocate General I should be called upon to institute Prosecutions and vindicate Measures that my heart and mind will abhor; and therefore I never can engage in it.\u201d\nMr Sewall went farther and said that the Governor had instructed him, in case I should refuse, to ask my Opinion, who was the most proper Person at the Bar, to be appointed? This was a reach; a Stretch of Complaisance that I did not expect.\u2014However I answered with out hesitation\u2014Mr Fitch\u2019s Principles, are consonant to the prevailing System; his Character is fair, and his Talents are equal to any that remain in that Circle. I therefore recommend him, but as you Mr Sewall know the Bar, at least as well as I do. Who would you recommend? \u201cWhy, if you finally refuse, I suppose Mr Fitch will be appointed.\u201d Two or three Weeks afterwards Mr Sewall came to me again, and asked me, \u201cif I had considered the Proposal of the Governor? I said I had before given him my final Answer, that I expected Mr Fitch would have been appointed; that if I had thought of it since, it had only confirmed me in my first Resolution\u201d\u2014Mr Fitch was appointed by the Judge but never had a Commission from the Crown, nor as I am informed any Appointment from the Governor.\nJ Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6665", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 25 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nPoplar Forest. Nov. 25. 16. I recieve here, dear Sir, your favor of the 4th. just as I am preparing my return to Monticello for winter quarters; and I hasten to answer to some of your enquiries. the Tracy I mentioned to you is the one connected by marriage with La Fayette\u2019s family. the mail which brought your letter brought one also from him. he writes me that he is become blind & so infirm that he is no longer able to compose any thing. so that we are to consider his works as now closed. they are 3. vols of Ideology. 1 on political economy. 1. on Ethics, and 1. containing his Commentary on Montesquieu, and a little tract on education. altho\u2019 his Commentary explains his principles of government, he had intended to have substituted for it an elementary and regular treatise on the subject: but he is prevented by his infirmities. his Analyse de Dupuys he does not avow.My books are all arrived, some at New York, some at Boston; and I am glad to hear that those for Harvard are safe also; and the Uranologia you mention, without telling me what it is. it is something good, I am sure, from the name connected with it, and if you would add to it your Fable of the bees, we should recieve valuable instruction as to the Uranologia both of the father & son; more valuable than the Chinese will from our bible-societies. these Incendiaries, finding that the days of fire and faggot are over in the Atlantic hemisphere, are now preparing to put the torch to the Asiatic regions. what would they say were the Pope to send annually to this country colonies of Jesuit priests with cargoes of their Missal and translations of their Vulgate, to be put gratis into the hands of every one who would accept them? and to act thus nationally on us as a nation?I proceed to the letter you were so good as to inclose to me. it is an able letter, speaks volumes in few words, presents a profound view of awful truths, and lets us see truths more awful, which are still to follow. George the IIId. then, and his minister Pitt, and successors, have spent the fee-simple of the kingdom, under pretence of governing it. their sinecures, salaries, pensions, priests, prelates, princes and eternal wars have mortgaged to it\u2019s full value the last foot of their soil. they are reduced to the dilemma of a bankrupt spendthrift who, having run thro\u2019 his whole fortune, now asks himself what he is to do? it is in vain he dismisses his coaches and horses, his grooms, liveries, cooks and butlers. this done, he still finds he has nothing to eat. what was his property, is now that of his creditors. if still in his hands, it is only as their trustee. to them it belongs, & to them every farthing of it\u2019s profits must go. the reformation of extravagancies comes too late. all is gone. nothing left for retrenchment or frugality to go on. the debts of England however, being due from the whole nation, to one half of it, being as much the debt of the creditor as debtor, if it could be referred to a court of Equity, principles might be devised to adjust it peaceably. dismiss their parasites, ship off their paupers to this country, let the landholders give half their lands to the moneylenders, & these last relinquish one half of their debts. they would still have a fertile island, a sound and effective population to labor it, and would hold that station among political powers, to which their natural resources and faculties entitle them. they would no longer indeed be the lords of the ocean, and paymasters of all the princes of the earth. they would no longer enjoy the luxuries of pyrating and plundering every thing by sea, and of bribing and corrupting every thing by land; but they might enjoy the more safe and lasting luxury of living on terms of equality, justice and good neighborhood with all nations. As it is, their first efforts will probably be to quiet things awhile by the palliatives of reformation; to nibble a little at pensions and sinecures; to bite off a bit here, and a bit there to amuse the people; and to keep the government agoing by encroachments on the interest of the public debt, 1. percent of which, for instance, witheld, gives them a spare revenue of 10 millions for present subsistence, and spunges in fact 200. millions of the debt. this remedy they may endeavor to administer in broken doses of a small pill at a time. the first may not occasion more than a strong Nausea in the moneylenders; but the 2d will probably produce a revulsion of the stomach, borborisms, and spasmodic calls for fair settlement and compromise. but it is not in the character of man to come to any peaceable compromise of such a state of things. the princes & priests will hold to the flesh-pots, the empty bellies will seize on them, & these being the multitude, the issue is obvious, civil war, massacre, exile as in France, until the stage is cleared of every thing but the multitude, and the lands get into their hands by such processes as the revolution will engender. they will then want peace and a government, and what will it be? certainly not a renewal of that which has already ruined them. their habits of law & order, their ideas almost innate of the vital principles elements of free government, of trial by jury, habeas corpus, freedom of the press, freedom of opinion, and representative government, make them, I think, capable of bearing a considerable portion of liberty. they will probably turn their eyes to us, and be disposed to tread in our footsteps, seeing how safely these have led us into port. there is no part of our model to which they seem unequal, unless perhaps the elective presidency; and even that might possibly be rescued from the tumult of elections, by subdividing the electoral assemblages, into very small parts, such as of wards or townships, and making them simultaneous. but you know them so much better than I do, that it is presumption to offer my conjectures to you.While it is much our interest to see this power reduced from it\u2019s towering & borrowed height, to within the limits of it\u2019s natural resources, it is by no means our interest that she should be brought below that, or lose her competent place among the nations of Europe. the present exhausted state of the continent will, I hope, permit them to go through their struggle without foreign interference, and to settle their new government according to their own will. I think it will be friendly to us, as the nation itself would be were it not artfully wrought up by the hatred their government bears us. and were they once under a government which should treat us with justice & equality I should myself feel with great strength the ties which bind us together, of origin, language, laws and manners: and I am persuaded the two people would become in future, as it was with the antient Greeks, among whom it was reproachful for Greek to be found fighting against Greek in a foreign army. the individuals of the nation I have ever honored and esteemed, the basis of their character being essentially worthy: but I consider their government as the most flagitious which has existed since the days of Philip of Macedon, whom they make their model. it is not only founded in corruption itself, but insinuates the same poison into the bowels of every other, corrupts it\u2019s councils, nourishes factions, stirs up revolutions, and places it\u2019s own happiness in fomenting commotions and civil wars among others, thus rendering itself truly the hostis humani generis. the principle effect is now coming home to itself. it\u2019s first operation will fall on the individuals who have been practising the chief instruments in it\u2019s corruptions, and will eradicate the families which have, from generation to generation been fattening on the blood of their brethren: and this scoria once thrown off, I am in hopes a purer nation will result, and a purer government be instituted, one which, instead of endeavoring to make us their natural enemies, will see in us, what we really are, their natural friends and brethren, and more interested in a fraternal connection with them than with any other nation on earth. I look therefore to their revolution with great interest. I wish it to be as moderate & bloodless, as will effect the desired object of an honest government, one which will permit the world to live in peace, and under the bonds of friendship and good neighborhood.In this tremendous tempest, the distinctions of whig & tory will disappear like chaff on a troubled ocean. indeed they have been disappearing from the day Hume first began to publish his history. this single book has done more to sap the free principles of the English government constitution than the largest standing army of which their patriots have been so jealous. it is like the portraits of our countryman Wright, whose eye was so unhappy as to sieze all the ugly features of his subject, and to present them faithfully; while it was entirely insensible to every lineament of beauty. so Hume has consecrated, in his fascinating style, all the arbitrary proceedings of the English kings, as the true \nevidences of the constitution, and glided over it\u2019s whig principles as the unfounded pretensions of factious demagogues. he even boasts, in his life written by himself, that of the numerous alterations suggested by the readers of his work, he had never adopted one proposed by a whig.But what, in this same tempest, will become of their colonies & their fleets? will the former assume independance, and the latter resort to pyracy for subsistence, taking possession of some island as a point d\u2019appui? a pursuit of these would add too much to the speculations on the situation and prospects of England, into which I have been led by the pithy text of the letter you so kindly sent me, and which I now return. it is worthy the pen of Tacitus. I add therefore only my affectionate and respectful souvenirs to mrs Adams and yourself.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6666", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Sr., 2 December 1816\nFrom: Tudor, William, Sr.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston 2. Decr. 1816\n\t\t\t\tIf I don\u2019t reply immediately to your kind Letters, pray attribute it to my being an Inquirer, & have little to communicate in Return; besides I have furnished You with so much Matter to discuss & explain that I have some fears of becoming oppressive.Your last very confidential Letter makes me eager to obtain more of them. When I sported the Character of Hutchinson, I started a Subject which I thought would engage your keenest Recollections. Pray continue his Portrait as a Judge, a Politician & a Hipocryte. That his Massachusetts History will be brought down to the Year 1780 I have confirmed by a gentleman whose temporary Residence at Birmingham in 1814, & who had an Occasion of inquiring of his Son Elisha H. something respecting a Manuscript Copy of Hubbard\u2019s History, in behalf of our historical Library, who told him that his Father\u2019s History to near the Middle of the American War was in the keeping of his older Brother in Devonshire. Sooner after this Acquaintance William T. left England for Boston, & was prevented making farther Inquiries.That another Generation may be told much about Brother Oliver, Treasurer Gray, Judge J. Sewall, & something of the Judges Brown, Leonard, Auchmuty & Solicitor Quincy I think with You, But the rest of the Group you particularise (Blowers perhaps excepted) were too insignificant to stand on Record. You surprize me when you say that Mr. Advocate Fitch never had a Commission.Our Supreme Court is in daily Session, & my Occupation of Course incessant. Permit me then to beg your Indulgence, for the tardy Acknowledgements of your literary Favours.\n\t\t\t\t\tWm Tudor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6667", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Madison, 6 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nQuincy Decr 6. 1816\nAs I feel a kind of Ambition to introduce to the past present and future Presidents of U.S. Some of our most amiable Men, least bigotted least Superstitious Characters, and most catholic Minds, (in the moral, not Ecclesiastical Sense of the Word) I take the Liberty to introduce to you the Rev. Mr. Henry Colman.\nAs it was known that he intended a Journey to the Southward for his Health which is delicate, he has been appointed to carry our Massachusetts Votes for President to Washington. He knows they are all for Mr. King and Col. Howard. This Knowledge however has not diminished his Desire to pay his respects to Mr. Madison and Mr. Monroe.\nYou may depend upon it he is a Man of Honour and Candour; and that you will never have reason to repent of any Civilities you may Shew him.\nSuch is the State of Minds here, that had Mr. Madison been Candidate, he would probably have had the Votes of Massachusetts and consequently all of New England. Mr. Monroe had not been So long and So well known. And our Orlando Furioso, took Advantage to inflame anew the dying Embers of a Party Spirit. Otherwise you might have Seen Massachusetts voting for Mr. Monroe. I am, Sir with Usual Respect your most obedient\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6669", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, Sr., 7 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William, Sr.\nDear Sir\nQuincy Decbr. 7th. 1816.\nKnowing as I do the importance of your office & the punctuality with which you fulfill the duties of it, your apology in your favour of the second was unnecessary for me, who have so long known your fidelity, and your friendship.\nYou ask me to sketch the portrait of Mr Hutchinson. your pencil is more polished than mine; I will enter into contract with you; if you will paint Mr Washington and Mr Hamilton, or either of them I will give you Mr Hutchinson at full length, according to my best remembrance of him. I know no man remaining alive, who knows more of those two dazzling characters, who is more capable of describing them, according to truth than yourself. I have smiled with complacency for some years past at the information I have received \u201cfrom various quarters of your desire, to bring the old gentleman out.\u201d Here I have always recognised Tudor. But how can the old man get out? there is neither pamphlet or newspaper that will let him out. he can get nothing before the public, \u2019till the subject is stale and forgotten. Nor is this complaint peculiar to himself. Mr Jefferson has been four years, labouring to get a work upon Montesquieu translated, and commented by himself, printed and published, without success. What shall we say? Is there freedom of the press in this Country for nothing but libels. Mr Hutchinson was the active spirit, the ethereal flame, the animating soul of all the officers of government in the province. his influence spread through every vein, and led most of the old conspicuous families, the Winslows, the Chandlers, the Leonards, the Bournes, the Williams, the Stodards, the Dwights, the Browns, the Danforths, the Saywards, the Halls, the Saltonstalls, to their ruin. The Quinceysand Thaxters, cannot be wholly excepted. I recollect no exceptions but the Winthrop\u2019s & Otis\u2019s. To discuss the causes of there two exceptions might entering too deep into human nature.\nI find I have incautiously used the word \u201cruin.\u201d I retract it. they are not ruined. Their situation at this hour is better than any of their Antagonists. And such is the force of prejudice & habit, that I believe it impossible to ruin any old celebrated family, while their blood & their name remain united. To the list of young men led astray from the course of that Country which nature and education had destined them one day to govern, I might have mentioned. Ed Winslow, Blowers, Upham, Bliss, and many others. but I have promised you some hints, meaning Mr Hutchinsons judicial character.\nHere I must be severe! I must be inexorable in the cause of immutable truth and eternal justice. his Judicial character was conceived in Sin, & brought forth in Iniquity.\nHis Judicial character originated in a political intrigue, as base and corrupt, as it was deep, and deliberate. This morsel of our history, so disgraceful to the principal Agents in it, Bernard & Hutchinson, & to the timorous, credulous people who dared not expose it, has never been explained before the public. I know not that there is any man, now living who remembers it, or has the faintest idea of it. The facts shall now be stated and if you can conceive a doubt of the accuracy of the minutest circumstance I pray you to suggest it to me; it shall be coolly weighed, impartially considered, & candidly answered.\nIn November 1760, the superior Court, sitting in Salem received a petition from Cockle, a Subordinate Custom house officer, under the direction of Charles Paxton in Boston, for writs of Assistance, or Assistants (for the Orthography was never settled) to break open houses Sholes, Ships, Cellars, Casks and Bales, in search of prohibited and uncustomed goods. When this petition was read, the Cuort, the Bar, & the Audience were astonished. An Invocation of most horrid form & feature, stared them in the face. Stephen Sewall was Chief Justice a Scholar, a gentleman, a man of honour, Integrity, Independence, & liberality of mind though poor. A more solid character than Hutchinson tho\u2019 probably not much more deeply read in law. Sewall & the other Judges expressed of the legality & Constitutionality of the writ & of the power of the Court to grant it. After deliberation, they ordered these questions to be argued at the next February term in Boston. In the mean time Chief Justice Sewall died. Who should fill the vacancy? Hutchinson knew that the first vacancy on that Bench had been promised by Shirley and Pawnal; the two preceding Governors to Colonel James Otis of Barnstable, James Otis Junior waited on the Lt Governor to remind him of the promises made to his father by preceding administrations to which the Lt. Governor had been a witness. He was received with Courtiers compliments upon his father, & the long friendship he had enjoyed with him but nothing more. the Son soon afterward was informed that the Lt Governor would himself be appointed Chief Justice. His reply was, if that should be the case, it would throw the Province into a flame. Hutchinson was appointed, & his appointment did throw the Province into a flame. but what was that flame? A proud, haughty, domineering overbearing, British ministerial, Gubernatorial faction blowed up a flame of fury against the Otis\u2019s, father & Son & all their friends; & by this conflagration they dissapated into vapour, all the resentment. Indignation & Vengeance, which ought to have been excited by the corrupt appointment of Hutchinson. For that appointment, was a black Conspiracy against the liberties both of the new & the old world. Hutchinson was appointed for the pointed purpose of deciding the question concerning the writs of assistance & all other questions that might arise in favour of the Ministry & against his Country. Enough for the present. if you do not repent of thawing out the old gentleman. I may in my next give some hits of the Chief Justice\u2019s behaviour on the Bench.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6670", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 12 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nQuincy Decr 12 1816\nI return the Analysis of Dupuis with my thanks for the loan of it. It is but a feignt Miniature of the original.\nI have read that original in twelve volumes, besides a 13th. of plates.\nI have been a Lover and a Reader of Romances all my Life. From Don Quixotte and Gill Blas to the Scottish Chiefs and an hundred others.\nFor the last Year or two I have devoted myself to this kind of Study: and have read 15 Volumes of Grim, Seven Volumes of Tuckers Neddy Search and 12 Volumes of Dupuis besides a 13th of plates and Traceys Analysis, and 4. Volumes of Jesuitical History! Romances all! I have learned nothing of importance to me, for they have made no Change in my moral or religious Creed, which has for 50 or 60 Years been contained in four Short Words \u201cBe just and good.\u201d In this result they all agree with me.\nI must acknowledge however, that I have found in Dupuis more Ideas that were new to me, than in all the others.\nMy Conclusions from all of them is Universal Tolleration.\nIs there any Work extant so well calculated to discredit Corruptions and Impostures in Religion as Dupuis.\nI am Sir, with Friendship, as of old\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6671", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Sr., 13 December 1816\nFrom: Tudor, William, Sr.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston 13 Decr. 1816\n\t\t\t\tWas I to draw the Portraits of the two Characters You mention, of the first I should say that he was not a Man of military Genius, but of consummate Discretion. He could rise on Misfortune in an extraordinary Manner & thus obtained the Confidence of his motley Army. But he committed several gross Blunders. The first was at Long Island in 1776. After our the Battle in which we were defeated by the overpowering veteran Force of Sir W. Howe, & in which Lord Stirling & Genl. John Sullivan were captured he threw over the whole of our disposable Force from New York, & lay at Brooklyne & lay there with a very inferior and comparatively undisciplined Army four Days, whilst the Enemy, exulting in Victory, were aided by 28 Sail of Men of War & seven hundred sail of Transports loaded with every Thing an Army could require, occupied the Harbour of New york. And had it not been for the miserable Conduct of the British General a fatal if not final Blow must have given to our revolutionary Struggle. Three Weeks afterwards when we retreated Helter Skelter to Morris Heights three Miles from King\u2019s Bridge. In consequence of the men refusing to submitting to any farther Fatigue Duty in erecting Redoubts, in which they had been employed the whole Summer, & which had never been defended, he declared in his general Orders that Fort Washington should never be surrendered without fighting. He soon after retreated to White Plains, because General Lee who had arrived from South Carolina, told him that an Army without Naval Support, had no Security on an Island. We retreated & left Two thousand discouraged Soldiers to be captured. One third of whom perished during the ensuing Winter in the damp Churches of New York where they were imprisoned. His third great Mistake was committed at Brandywine, when the Enemy completely duped him & got Possession of Philadelphia. I add Nothing about the Blunders of Germantown or Monmouth. The Treaty of Paris covered his mistakes, & Washington is to go down to Posterity as the greatest Soldier of his Age & the Father of his Country (Whilst the rest of you are to be considered as meer Congress Men & ignorant Financiers). That I may be understood\u2014by Discretion, I mean his political and moral Discretion. Of Hamilton I knew Nothing as to his Education or Abilities except what I concluded from his Writings & Newspaper Reports. I left the Army in 1777, & had but a slight Acquaintance with him, & never saw him afterwards. The Attack I once made upon him, arose from his daring Injustice to the Man, who in early Life did me important Services, & had so faithfully, long, & ardently defended the best & highest Interests of my Country. In the present State, of Party Malignity, & audacious Prejudice, Pamphlets & News Papers are but ephemeral Productions. The time will come, I trust, when Justice shall be done to the Character of the second President of the United States. Your Writings of which the Public are possessed will furnish the future Historian with Facts & Reasonings to dignify his Subject\u2014Still let me intreat You to leave some Memoirs that shall instruct Posterity, & illustrate the important Transactions of the Period in which You lived.At present may we not exclaim with CowperBut the Age of virtuous Politicks is pastAnd we are deep in that of cold PretencePatriots are grown too shrewd to be sincereAnd We too wise to trust them.Your obliged Friend\n\t\t\t\t\tWm Tudor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6673", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nQuincy Decr 16th 1816\nYour Letter dear Sir of Nov. 15 from Poplar Forrest was Sent to me from the Post Office the next day after I had Sent \u201cThe Analysis with my Thanks to you.\n\u201c3. Vols. of Idiology!\u201d Pray explain to me this Neological Title! What does it mean? When Bonaparte used it, I was delighted with it, upon the common Principle of delight in every Thing We cannot understand. Does it mean Idiotism? The Science of Non compos menticism. The Science of Lunacy? The Theory of Delirium? or does it mean the Science of Self Love of Amour propre? or the Elements of Vanity?\nWere I in France, at this time, I could profess Blindness and Infirmity and prove it too. I suppose he does not avow the Analysis, as Hume did not avow his Essay on human Nature. That Analysis however does not Show a Man of excessive Mediocrity. Had I known any of these Things two years ago I would have written him a Letter. Of all Things, I wish to see his Idiology upon Montesquieu. If you, with all your Influence have not been able to get your own translation of it with your own Notes upon it, published in four Years, where and What is the Freedom of The American Press.? Mr Taylor of Hazel Wood Port Royal can have his voluminous and luminous Works published with Ease and dispatch.\nThe Uranologia, as I am told, is a Collection of Plates, Stamp Charts of the Heavens upon a large Scale representing all the Constellations. The Work of Some Professor in Sweeden. It is said to be the most perfect that ever has appeared. I have not Seen it. Why Should I ride 15 miles to see it When I can I see the original every clear night Evening; and especially as Dupuis has almost made me afraid to enquire after any Thing more of it than I can See with my naked Eye in a Starlight night.?\nThat the Pope will send Jesuits to this Country I doubt not; and the Church of England, Missionaries too. And the Methodists, and the Quakers and the Moravians, and the Sweedenburgers and the Menonists, and the Scottish Kirkers, and the Jacobites and the Jacobins and the Democrats and the Aristocrats and the Monarchists and the Despotists of all Denominations And every Emissary of every one of these Sects will find a Party here already formed, to give him a cordial Reception; No Power or Intelligence less than Raphaels Moderator can reduce this Chaos to order.\nI am charmed with the fluency and rapidity of your Reasoning on the State of Great Britain. I can deny none of your Premisses: but I doubt your Conclusion. After all the Convulsion that you forsee, they will return to that Constitution which you say his ruined them, and I say has been the source of all their Power and Importance. They have as you Say too much Sense and Knowledge of Liberty, ever to submit to Simple Monarchy or absolute despotism on the one hand; And too much of the Devil in them ever to be governed by popular Elections of Presidents, Senators and Representatives in Congress. Instead of \u201cturning their Eyes to Us,\u201d their innate Feelings will turn them from Us. They have been taught from their Cradles to despize Scorn, insult and abuse Us. They hate Us more Vigorously , than they do the French. They would Sooner adopt the Simple Monarchy of France than our republican Institutions. You compliment me, with more knowledge of them that I can assume or pretend. If I should write you a Volume of observations I made in England You would pronounce it a Satyre. Suppose, the \u201cRefrein\u201d as the french call it, or the Burthen of the Song as the English express it; should be, the Religion, the Governmen the Commerce the Manufactures, the Army and Navy of G. B. are all reduced to the Science of Pounds Shillings and Pence. Elections appeared to me a mere commercial Traffick; mere bargain and sale. I have been told by Sober Steady Freeholders, that \u201cthey never had been and never would go to the Poll, without being paid for their Time, Travel and Expences.\u201d Now Suppose an Election for a President of the British Empire. There must be a Nomination of Candidates by a National Convension, Congres, or Caucus, in which would be two Parties, Whigs and Tories. Of course two Candidates at least would be nominated. The Empire is instantly divided into two Parties at least. Every Man must be paid for his Vote, by the Candidate or his Party. The only Question would be Which Party has the deepest Purse. The Same Reasoning will apply to Elections of Senators and Representatives too. A Revolution might destroy the Burroughs and the Inequalities of Representatives and might produce more toleration, and these Acquisitions might be worth all they would cost. But I dread the Experiment.\nBritain will never be our Friend, till We are her Master. This will happen in less time tan you and I have been Struggling with her Power\u2014provided We remain united. Aye! there\u2019s the rub! I fear there will be greater difficulties to preserve our Union, than You and I, our Fathers Brothers Friends Disciples and Sons have had to form it.\nTowards G. B. I will adopt their own Maxim An English Jocky says \u201cIf I have a wild horse to brake I begin by convincing him that I am his Master. And then I will convince him than I am his Friend. I am well assured that nothing will restrain G. B. from injuring Us, but fear.\nYou think that \u201cin a revolution the distinction of Whig and Tory would disappear.\u201d I cannot believe this, That distinction arises from nature and Society; is now and ever will be time without End among Negroes Indians and Tartars as well as Federalists and Republicans. Instead of \u201cdisappearing Since Hume published his History,\u201d that History has only increased the Tories and diminished the Whigs. That History has been the Bane of G. B. It has destroyed many of the best Effects of the Revolution of 1688. Style has governed The Empire. Swift, Pope and Hume have disgraced all the honest Historians. Rapin and Burnet Oldmixen and Coke, contain more honest Truth than Hume and Clarendon and all their disciples and Imulators. But Who reads any of them at this day?\nEvery one of the fine Arts from the earliest times has been inlisted in the service of superstition and Despotism. The whole World at this day Gazes with astonishment at the grossest Fictions because they have been immortalized by the most exquisite Artists. Homer and Milton Phideas and Raphael. The Rabble of the Classic Skies and the Hosts of Roman Catholic Saints and Angells are still adored in Paint and Marble, and verse\nRaphael has Sketched the Actors and Scenes in all Apuleus\u2019s Amours of Psyche and Cupid. Nothing is too offensive to morals delicacy or decency, for this Painter\nRaphael has painted in one of the most ostentatius Churches in Italy, the Creation. And with what Genius God Almighty is represented, as leaping into Chaos and boxing it about wish his Fists and kicking it about With his feet, till he tumbles it into Order.!!! Nothing is too impious or profane for this great Master who has painted so many inimitable Virgins and Childs.\nTo help me on in my career of improvement I have now read four Volumes of La Harps Correspondence with Paul and a Russian Minister.\nPhylosophers! Never again think of annuling Superstition per Saltum. Festine lente.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6674", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Madison, 17 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nQuincy Decr 17. 1816\nI beg leave to introduce to You Col. William Sumner; and to Mrs Madison, his Sister, Miss Elizabeth Sumner, Children of our late Governor Sumner. They have requested an Introduction from me. And as I think it right that the President should know, and that his Family Should know Something of the Characters who appear at Washington; I beg leave to say, that Mr Sumner has the Advantages of Education Fortune Station in the Legislature of the State; and above all of a Character of unstained honour and unasuming Modesty, which ought to recommend him wherever he goes. Though he is first Aid du Camps of our ancient Patriot and Hero, once General now Governor Brooks, and not perfectly Accordant with you, and me in Electioneering Politicks: Yet I know You are too tolerant to make this a Mark of Exclusion from Social Communion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6675", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Monroe, 17 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nQuincy Decr. 17. 1816\nAll our intelligent Travellers to Washington, I find have an ambition to See both the present, and future President of the United States.\nI beg leave to introduce to you Colonelt William Sumner and his Sister, Miss Elizabeth Sumner, Children of our late Governor Sumner. Col Sumner has not only the Advantages of the best public Education at Colledge, and the Bar, but of many years service in our State Legislature, and of the fairest Character: but he has the honour to be first Aid du Camps to your old revolutionary Brother Officer our present Governor, who must have a Friend in you, I presume, because he has a Friend in every Officer and Soldier now living who Served in the Revolutionary War. At least I never knew nor heard of an Exception.\nI cannot represent his Sentiments as perfectly conformable to yours, or mine in Elections: but he is as candid as any who differ from us.\nIf the Ladies of Washington can find any fine Girl from Virginia or Kentucky or Luisiana whom he can fascinate or who can fascinate him: or any young Gentlemen who can obtain the good graces of that model of Innocence and modesty his Sister, they will promote the public good by cementing the Union of the States. But for mercy\u2019s Sake never let them know this Insinuation. they will kill me, if they Should Suspect it. I have the honour to be with much respect / your humble Servant\nJ. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6676", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, Sr., 18 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William, Sr.\nDear Sir\nQuincy December 18th 1816\nYour kind letter of the 13th contains much truth, and nothing but the truth. I may return to it hereafter, but at present, with your leave, I will continue a few hints on the judicial character of Chief Justice Hutchinson. I pass over that scenery which he introduced, so showy & so shallow, so theatrical & so ecclesiastical, of scarlet and sable robes, of broad bands, & enormous tie wigs, more resembling fleeces of painted merino wool than any thing natural to man and that could breathe with him. I pass over also the question whether he or his Court had legal authority to establish a distinction between Barristers and attorneys? Innovations, though often necessary, are always dangerous.\nBut to return to writs of Assistance: In February Term 1761 the new Chief Justice and his court ordered Chief Justice Sewall\u2019s question to be argued in the Council chamber & that argument produced the American revolution. Otis, demonstrated the illegality the unconstitutionality, the Iniquity\u2014& inhumanity of that writ in so clear a manner that every man appeared to me to go away ready to take arms against it\u2014No harangue of Demosthenes or Cicero ever had such effects upon this globe as that speech. Such was the impression that the court dared not give judgement in favour of it. Curia advisare voluit.\u2014 After many days, the CJ. arose & with that gravity and subtilty, that artless design of face, which will never fade in my memory said \u201cthe Court would not at present see any foundation for the writ of assistance, but thought proper to continue the consideration of it, till next term, and in the mean time to write to England, and enquire what was the practice & what were the grounds of it there?\u201d\nThe public never was informed, what was the Correspondence with England, what was the practice or the grounds of it there. The public never was informed of the judgement of the Court. No Judge ever gave his opinion, or discussed the question in public. After six or nine months we heard enough of Custom-house officers, breaking houses, Cellars Shops Ships Casks & bales in search of prohibited and uncustomed goods, by virtue of writs of Assistance. Is this the conduct of \u201ca good judicial character\u201d in a free country and under a government of laws? Jeffreys himself was never more jesuitical nor more arbitrary.\nIn my next I may give you more proofs of his \u201cgood judicial character\u201d in the trial of Michael Corbett and his three messmates for killing Leiutenant Panton, the Commander of a Pressgang from the Rose Frigate. When Courts of justice dare not speak in open air nor see the daylight, where is life, liberty or property?\nWere I writing history, I should not write in this style. I should study a language of more philosophical moderation and dignity. But I now express to you the feelings of my friends and myself at those times, and our opinions too\nI am your friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6677", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Hezekiah Niles, 23 December 1816\nFrom: Niles, Hezekiah\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tHonored Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tBaltimore, Dec 23, 1816\n\t\t\t\tAs editor of the Weekly Register (a work that I am flattered with a belief has effected a good deal, of his building up a national character for his country, of which you may have heard) I have been loudly called upon to collect & preserve in an extra volume, a body of the speeches, & neglected or almost forgotten public papers of the times of the revolution\u2014to give to an admiring posterity the best portraiture of the men & things of those memorable days. This is a purpose dear to the heart of many of the yet surviving heroes & sages who participated in labor & toil of giving birth to our nation.I frankly ask your assistance in this praise worthy undertaking; & am led to believe you can furnish me with much matter for my purpose.At present, I should be desirous of having a list of articles in your possession suitable for the work\u2014with a statement of those you would give me, & of those you would permit me to copy, at my own expence. With your advice as to a general arrangement, & directions to books or persons where curious things belonging to my purpose may be found.With great respect, venerable Sir, / I have the honor to subscribe myself / yr sincere friend,\n\t\t\t\t\tH NilesEditor of the Weekly Register\n\t\t\t\t\tI forward herewith a copy of the number of the Register that contains the original proposition that I should undertake this work. I have reason to believe it so for me with whom you often tabored labored for the republic.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6678", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Cresswell and Addams, 24 December 1816\nFrom: Cresswell and Addams\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tHis Excellency J. Q. Adams Esqr. &c &c &c\n\t\t\t\t\tDoctors Commons 24th. Decr. 1816\n\t\t\t\tWe have the Honor of your Excellency\u2019s Letter of the 16th. Instant wherein You inform us that you have received Authority from the Secretary of State of the United States to adjust and settle our Accounts for Services authorized by the late Genl. Lyman on the public Account of the United States.We beg to make our best acknowledgments for the Trouble and Interest your Excellency has taken in the Affair and in consequence to transmit you our Bills of Costs in the Appeals of the Ann\u2014P. Howland Mr.Eliza\u2014Cumming Mr. Huron\u2014Hill Mr.Othello\u2014Territt Mr.Comet\u2014Mix Mr.Fame\u2014Ham Mr.the Cases in question as also Copies of the Papers printed for the Hearing of those Appeals which will fully inform your Excellency of their nature\u2014 We likewise send you a Statement of the general Account whereby the Balance now due to Us amounts to the Sum of \u00a3776.17.11 exclusive of any Interest your Excellency shall think proper to allow (these Bills having been due ever since the 15th. March 1810) but which matter of Interest We submit entirely to the liberal consideration of your Excellency and the Government you RepresentWe have the Honor to remain / Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obdt. Hble Servts.\n\t\t\t\t\tCresswell & Addams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6682", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Tudor, Sr., 30 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Tudor, William, Sr.\nDear Sir\nQuincy Decbr 30th 1816\nI cannot say whether I ought to laugh, or cry, or scold, in reporting the trial of Michael Corbet & his three Comrades. You must remember it. A volume would be necessary to relate this cause as it ought to be, but never will be related. The trial was before a special Court of Vice-admiralty, instituted by a special act of Parliament for the trial of piracy and murder on the high seas. The Court consisted of Governors Bernard and Wentworth, Lieutenant-Governor and Chief Justice Hutchinson, Judge of Admiralty Auchmuty, Commodore Hood, & certain counsellors from Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, to the number of fifteen\u2014but before I proceed I ought to caution you against myself, my Reminiscences, my feelings, my prejudices, and my little, or great passions: And if you, or any man you know can correct me in the smallest circumstance, I beg that, it may be done. Never in my whole life have I been so disappointed, no mortified, so humiliated as in that trial.\nMr. Otis had been engaged with me in behalf of the prisoners; but his unhappy distemper was then in one of its unlucid intervals, and I could scarcely persuade him to converse with me a few minutes on the subject; and he constantly and finally refused to appear publicly in the cause.\nThe whole burthen of responsibility was thus cast upon me. You may easily believe I was anxious; the lives of four honest men in my hands, and a sympathizing world looking to me for exertions to preserve them. I determined to plead to the jurisdiction of the Court, and, if that should be overruled, demand a trial by jury As each of my clients must plead for himself, I was obliged to write four pleas, one for each, and each consisting of sheets of paper setting forth charters, Acts of parliament, common law, and ancient usages, which compelled me to sit up more than one night to transcribe. the Court met; prisoners ordered to the bar. I presented and read my Pleas. No counsel for the Crown ordered to answer these pleas, Not a word said at the Bar or on the bench for them or against them, when Hutchinson, not slow-rising, but starting up, moved that the Court should adjourn to the Council chamber. Every vote was ready, and away went their Excellencies, Honors, and learned Judges, to secret conclave. They sat late, and it was propagated through the town that they had determined to summon a jury. Jonathan Sewall himself, the Advocate-General, said he believed they would grant a Jury.\nThe next morning, however, the judgment was pronounced by the President, Governor Bernard, that the Court had overruled the pleas to the jurisdiction; no reason was given, not another word was said by the President or any other member of the court, in justification or explication of the decree. The cause was opened and stated by the Advocate-General in a very honorable manner; the witnesses called, examined, and cross-examined: and here I ought to observe, in honour of the morals of seamen, there was no contradiction or variation in the testimonies. British and American sailors, all agreed in every circumstance.\nIt then became my turn to speak in defence of the prisoners. I had taken more pains in that cause than in any other, before or since; I had appealed to Heaven and Earth. I had investigated all laws, human and divine; I had searched all the authorities in the civil law, the law of nature and nations, the common law, history, practice, and every thing that could have any relation to the subject. All my books were on the table before me: and I vainly felt, as if I could shake the town and the world. A Crowded audience attending, still as midnight, in eager expectation.\nI had scarcely risen and said \u201cMay it please your Excellencie\u2019s & your Honors; \u201cMy defence of the prisoners, is, that the melancholy action for which they stand accused is Justifiable homicide, and therefore no crime at all,\u201d and produced one authority very plump to that purpose. When Hutchinson again darted up, and moved that the Court should adjourn to the Council chamber! No reason was given, not a word was said. the Pope\u2019s bull was implicitly and unanimously obeyed, and away marched their excellencies and honors to the Council chamber. Dismal was the anxiety of the town, dreading a sentence of death the next morning. Alas! for me, my glass bubble was burst! My Boule de Savon was dissolved! all the inflammable Gas had escaped from my Balloon, and down I dropt like Tilator de Rosier.\nNever was a more gloomy assembly of countenances painted with terror and horror, than appeared in the audience next morning. The Court appeared; the prisoners were ordered to the bar. The President arose, and pronounced the unanimous sentence of the court,\u2014that the killing Lieutenant Panton was justifiable homicide in necessary self-defence. Auchmuty squealed out, \u201cThe judgment of the Court is unanimous,\u201d and not another word was said.\nNow Sir, was the conduct of Hutchinson that of a \u201cgood judicial character?\u201d You may say, I write romance and satire. I say that true history, in this case, is the most surprising romance and the keenest satire. But I have not yet explained the secret: It is but conjectural and I will not attempt, unless you desire it. I am as usual\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-6683", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Randolph, Jr., 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Randolph, John, Jr.\nMr Randolph\nI have read your letter, and thank you for the Amusement it has afforded me. We in Massachusetts, however, know not why the Name of Adams Should be thought \u201cof evil omen.\u201d \nThe Rumors you heard in Washington, of a disposition in Massachusetts, to declare for Neutrality, were not well founded. If an Individual or So, in the Agony of his heart has suggested such an Idea, this would no more prove such a \u201cdisposition in Massachusetts and throughout New England\u201d than the Speech of the Fool who said in his heart There is no God proves that Mankind are Atheists and as great Fools as he was. Nor any more than the Menaces of some Members of the Virginia Legislature Sixteen years ago of a Seperation from the Union proved a disposition in Virginia to Insurrection which ought to be humbled in Dust and Ashes. I remember to have read in the Journals of Congress, in 1775, or 1776 of several Counties who voted to be Neutral in that War, and it cost Congress much trouble to shame them out of it, but all this did not prove a disposition in the State of New York to abandon the Union. About the same time, I have heard that Rumors were spred far and wide that many of the Inhabitants of the Eastern Shore of Virginia and Maryland were disaffected to the Union: Yet this was never thought a disposition in those States to dissolve or prevent it; on the contrary no States were more Stedfast in Support of it.\nThe People of New England know that Neutrality is unattainable. Neither England, nor Canada, nor Nova Scotia would agree to it. New England Spreads too much Canvas upon the Ocean. To this Cavass, New England Canvass, The English have a great Aversion. Were it not for this Canvass, they would make peace immediately; for Mr Madison has removed every other Obstruction to it. What! New England Neutral Canvass, flying to France Spain Portugal Holland Antwerp Newport Ostend, Spreading to the Mediterranean, The Baltic, The East and West Indies as well as to Scotland Ireland and England! English Patience can never bear this. No. They had rather be at War with all, or indeed at peace with all, America.\nWe must fight said Major Hawley in 1774, and his Words being reported to Patrick Henry, he ecchoed them in 1775, both very nobly and Sagaciously. We must fight now, Says Mr Randolph; and So Say I. Not merely to defend our Independence but to Save Our New England Canvass and Fisheries from desolation, and your Tobacco, Domesticks and Self.\nYour Sentiments of Men have changed: When you \u201ccommanded in Chief in the House of Representatives\u201d you had a high Opinion of Mr Jefferson Mr Madison and Mr Monroe at least. Whatever opinion they might have of you, it was generally believed in the Publick that you Spoke their Sentiments. It was their Influence, that Supported you. But when it was found that you no longer, esteemed them nor Supported their Measures, you lost not only your \u201cCommand in Chief in the House\u201d but the place of a common Soldier in the Ranks: a common Ragamuffin.\nThe World in general Understood that there \u201cWas Something extravagantly unreasonable in your Wishes\u201d and that this Extragance prevented their gratification. Mr Jefferson and Mr Madison might think it extravagantly unreasonable in you, to wish to be Sent Ambassador to Europe. They might think you better qualified to be \u201cCommander in Chief of the House,\u201d than to dance attendance at a Court. And this opinion was honourable to you. They might think your wild Imagination, ungovernable Passions, invederate Prejudices and inextinguishable Resentments and flashing frothy foaming desultory unconnected Eloquence, unsuitable to confer with Old experienced Cabinets, cool artful designing Ministers of State, profound upright Statesmen or Sharp Sighted Diplomatick Agents. They might think you had not weighed your own Talents in Money Scales. They might think the Style of Tom Paine and Callender your two great Models ill adapted to the cool deliberate Conferences, and candid discussions even of wise and honest Statesmen who aim Sincerely at reciprocal Justice, between Man and Man, Nation and Nation, Government and Government. There might be personal Considerations too. Ambassadors are necessarily much in Society. In all great Public Assemblies they are invited and expected to attend. Ladies of all Ranks in vast numbers are always present many of them in tender Circumstances . The Sight of a Baboon a Monkey or an Ourang Outang or an Ape in the Costume of an Ambassador, would throw them into Fitts. The Story would be told in Siberia and descend to Posterity in Support of De Peau and Buffon.\nUpon my honour, Mr Randolph, I have no Authority directly or indirectly, from Mr Jefferson or Mr Madison to make this Apology for their Conduct in disappointing your Wishes, which you think moderate and reasonable. I alone am responsable. It is merely the result of my own meditations. There is no Patronage: No Venality here.\nIndeed, Mr Randolph, it is very true that you are not on very good terms with the \u201cWorld.\u201d For this misfortune I pitty you. My Compassion for you is Still more affected, because you are on ill terms with yourself. You Sitt uneasy on Society and are discontented with yourself. Restless in your easy Chair, on your Sofa, in your Closet, at your Book at your Pen and in your Bed, you are tormented every where at all times with Ennui, which is worse than Exile. You cannot bear your own reflections. You cannot turn your Eyes inward upon your own Soul, its present State past conduct and future prospects, without Starting with horror.\nIndeed! Is \u201cThe public Ear Shut against you in Virginia\u201d? Is \u201cThe Press there under a virtual Imprimatur\u201d? This is far worse than a Sedition Law and an Allien Law both together. If this is a Truth, Virginia must be very inconsistent with herself, if She ever forgives you for telling it.\nI agree with you that the Artillery of the Press has been long the Instrument \u201cof our Subjugation.\u201d Witness your Paine Brown Calender Cheetham Tennison and twenty others. My Judgment approves and my heart harmonizes in your virtuous Indignation against \u201cThe Shall\u201d of Old England and the \u201cMust\u201d of New England. But you ought to recollect, that Sixteen Years ago, France Said John Adams must and the Southern States Said he Shall be turned out of Office. And most Scandalous Lies have been propagated both in Europe and America, if large Sums of Money were not Shipped to America to effect \u201cThe must.\u201d The \u201cShall\u201d was accomplished by the great increase of the Number of Votes in the Southern States assisted by the virtuous Exertions of Hamilton and Burr.\nIt is candid in you to confess that you have wished that We had been embroiled with the Court of St. James\u2019s, twenty years ago. It is well known that you and all your Friends, Were ardent for War with England, when and closer Connections with France, at the Time when Jacobinism and Sansculottism raged with infernal Fury in France, and in America, threatened to drag Washington from his chair: and at the time when the Single Vote of the \u201cill omened John Adams\u201d in the Senate, by crushing \u201cMr Madisons Resolutions,\u201d prevented both.\nWhy, Mr Randolph do you Steal a Laurel from one brow to adorn another? This is not \u201cJus cuique.\u201d To \u201cregard the English as other Nations, as Ennemies in War, in Peace Friends\u201d was the \u201cbenevolent Policy\u201d of the \u201cill omened John Adams\u201d and the Well omened Thomas Jefferson in the declaration of Independence: If Washington or his Mentor ever adopted it, they were mere copyists, not originals.\nYou have detailed Some Articles of the Policy of the Middle and Southern States against the Empire which you suppose hatching at Hartford. But do you Suppose, Sir that The People of New England, have not foreseen and premeditated this Policy and much more than your Shallow Sagacity has discovered? Depend upon it, they have looked farther forward than you have. Perhaps they have not looked to the End: and Who in America can See So far? The \u201cill omened John Adams\u201d almost thirty years ago Said to The Queen of England \u201cAnother Europe, Madam is arising in America\u201d. And the Baron de Stael Holstein, once Said to the Same \u201cill omened John Adams\u201d \u201cQu\u2019est que c\u2019est que L\u2019Europe\u201d? \u201cC\u2019est une Repaire d\u2019Horreurs\u201d i.e. in English, for you do not understand French \u201cWhat is Europe? A Den of Horrors.\u201d\nYour Satyr, Mr Randolph is \u201cextravagantly unreasonable.\u201d I do not believe that anybody in Virginia would be glad to hear of the Bombardment of Boston; nor that anybody in New England would not be \u201cSorry to hear of a Servile Insurrection in Virginia.\u201d With you, I have always regarded Union as the Means of Liberty Safety and Happiness: and New England and Virginia are of our opinion; though vapouring Factions in both, have at times foolishly blustered and threatened.\nWhen was this goverment, \u201cin the hands of bad Men\u201d? Was Washington a \u201cbad Man\u201d? Was Jefferson a \u201cbad Man\u201d? Is Madison a \u201cbad Man\u201d? Have any of their Ministers been \u201cbad Men\u201d? Have both Houses of Congress for five and twenty years been bad Men? Where then Shall We look to find good Men? The People under Washington from Georgia to New Hampshire, were more discontented than they ever have been Since. His Administration was Supported by Smaller Majorities in both Houses than any Administration since. It was about half and half through his whole Eight years. It has been nearly two thirds against one third in the three Subsequent Administrations. You may say, if you please, that the \u201cill omened\u201d John Adams was a bad Man: but you will not, now Say that his Ministers were bad Men, nor that the then Senate and House were filled with bad Men. And how are We undone, or \u201calmost undoing\u201d? The People of England love to be told, that they are ruined, or on the Brink of ruin: and you treat the People of America as if you thought them English Children.\nI shall not \u201cabuse the Fickleness of the People.\u201d They are Steadier, honester and more grateful, than the Newspapers and popular orators, that misinform, misguide deceive and mislead them. \u201cForeign Influence,\u201d you Say, \u201cis unknown among you.\u201d Have you forgotten Calender, nourished cherrished, hired courted and paid: thought the most abandoned Scoundrel Miscreant that ever fled from his Bail and a Scottish halter. It would be more prudent, Mr Randolph, not to remind any one to look too curiously and critically into the history of those times. \u201cThe Virginians and the New Englandmen, are indeed an unmixed People\u201d and more alike, than either are willing to acknowledge. Time was when they loved one another and drew together. May Such a time come again!\nYou glory in the Magnanimity of Virginia in her Cession of Lands to the Union, and So do I. But Massachusetts also deserves praise indeed of those very Lands which you applaud Virginia for ceeding, for a Concession to the same Union, not less unlimited. For a Cession upon the Subject of the Emancipation of Slaves I Shall never, I believe, dispute with you, Mr Randolph. Perish the New England Wish, if any One Should ever be uttered or conceived, for any Insurrection among your Domesticks. And perish every Old England Attempt to Steal them.\nVirginia had no more merit in accepting the Constitution, than Massachusetts in 1788. \u201cIt was repugnant to our Judgment,\u201d \u201cand fraught as We feared, with danger to our Liberties.\u201d \u201cThe aweful Voice of our oldest and Soundest Statesmen, Samuel Adams John Hancock and Elbridge Gerry greater Men than Patrick Henry or George Mason, never before or since disregarded, warned us of the consequences.\u201d Neither were their Counsels unheeded For the Constitution could not be carried till they brought in the Amendments that reconciled them and the Nation to it.\nYou say, Sir, that \u201cFor the Sake of Union, you Submitted to the lowest State of degradation; the Administration of John Adams.\u201d! What will the Virginians Say to this? You weighed Adams and Madison in opposite Scales and found them equal. Have the Virginians Submitted with their own Unanimous Votes to the lowest State of degradation, for eight years under the Administration of Madison? You say \u201cthe name of John Adams calls up contempt and derision, wheresoever it is pronounced.\u201d Mr Randolph! I once read, in a Letter written by one of the greatest and best Men ever born in America, these Words, \u201cJohn Randolph is a mischievous Boy Standing in the Street with an elder Syrringe in his hand quirting nauseous Water from the Kennel on the Cloaths and in the Eyes of every Gentleman who passes by him.\u201d\nYou talk Sir of \u201cthe fantastic Vanity of this John Adams.\u201d I never heard that he boasted of the command in Chief of the House of Representatives. You once indeed endeavoured to assume the Command in Chief over him, and assign him a Post without his Jurisdiction and within your own. It was a Post of danger, which you have always shunned, though you came into congress to \u201cfight Harper\u201d whom you are now flattering. You recollect the Anecdote. Will you never forget the Raggamuffins? To be sure you was exposed to universal ridicule and contempt; but you have been Since So much flattered, and been so long commander in Chief of the H. of R. and above all as you have lately read So much \u201cin Tillotson Sherlock and Porteous\u201d and become So religious, you might forgive if you cannot forget that humiliation though it was in Dust and Ashes. Those great and excellent Divines, no where teach eternal and inexorable Malice and Revenge against a Man for doing his Duty. If you were not a Boy, and an ignorant, as well as an angry and Saucy Boy, you would know, that John Adams from 1774 to 1778 had more weight in Congress, than you ever had in the H. of R. Yet no Man ever heard him boast or pretend that he was Commander in Chief in that Congress. No! he never pretended to more than his Share. Perhaps not So much; if he had possibly the opinions of the World, both of Men and Things might have been Somewhat different. In the case Supposed, or if you had read the Journals of Congress, You would have known that John Adams was for Eighteen Months President of that Board of War to which Congress dayly referred every Thing relating to the Army: Yet though he was compelled to a more punctual Attendance, Morning, Noon And Night up on this Service than any other Member, no Man ever heard him boast that he was Commander in Chief of that Board. In the case supposed you would have known that John Adams was a Member of the first Committee of Congress for filling out a Navy and that all the Papers and regulations were drawn by him: Yet he never bragged that he was Commander in Chief of that Committee or that Navy. He never assumed the Merit of his Colleagues, He loves the Memory of them all, and would pick their Pocketts or rob them on the high Way as soon as he would steal a Laurell from their Brows. No! Mr Randolph! Your \u201cfantastic Vanity\u201d and your \u201cextravagantly unreasonable Wishes,\u201d I had like to have said were unparralleled and without Example: but I recollected myself. They are not unexampled. I now recollect three Instances in point. Christopher McPherson a Gentleman of Virginia, Parson Austin a Gentleman of Connecticutt and Abraham Brown a Gentleman of Rhode Island, were all ambitious of Embassies to Europe: They all thought themselves Jure divino, \u201cCommanders in Chief\u201d of all Nations, they all Solicited John Adams to Send them to Europe. And So did Dr Priestley. But Adams could not See his Way clear, any more than Jefferson and Madison You Say, that Upon the Adoption of the Constitution in Virginia in 1778 \u201cthe Feuds of Federalism and Anti-federalism disappeared.\u201d This, if not Strictly true, has Some Verisimilitude. It has the Species Veri: for Virginia became very unanimously \u201cAntifederal\u201d, and continued invariably So for twelve years, i.e throughout the whole Administrations of Washington and Adams. Every Senator from that State, invariably voted against Washingtons Measures, except Coll Walker who was appointed only by the Governor and discarded in a few months, at the next Election. The Virginia Members of The House were nearly as unanimous and of as Steady habits. True enough! There could be little or no Contention between Federalism and Antifederalism. They wear nearly all on one Side in Virginia. Nevertheless your oldest and Soundest Statesmen your \u201cgreatest Orator that ever Spoke,\u201d Patrick Henry, allways a Friend to John Adams became a good Federalist and cordially Supported his Administration.\nTo \u201cJohn Adams you trace our present unhappy Condition\u201d! This is somewhat mysterious! Was it his Embargo Law? His Non importation Law? His Non intercourse Law? Measures which he always detested and always prevented when he had a Vote, that \u201cproduced our present unhappy Condition\u201d? Was it his War with France, which humbled an insolent Directory, as much as France has been lately humbled by the combined Efforts of Europe? Was it his purchase of Navy Yards which would now Sell for double their Cost? Was it his Building Frigates, manning a Navy and Selecting Officers who perfectly protected our Commerce and gained Victories against the French, who afterwards acquired Such Laurell\u2019s in the Mediterranean and who have lately emblazoned themselves and their Country with a Glory more Solid and durable than America ever beheld? And all this was done against opposition, Clamours and Reproaches such as no other President ever had to encounter. Or was it, his earnest Sedulous and Successful, though expensive Exertions to preserve Peace with the Indians and prepare them for Agriculture? Not a hatchet was lifted in his time. Was it his demarcation of Limits and Settlement of all Controversies with Spain? Was it his Composition with England for Virginia Debts? Was it his indefatigable Labours to compose all Differences and Settle all Controversies with all Nations and his compleat and perfect Success in leaving his Country at Peace with all the World? And after all his \u201cextravagant Epences\u201d and \u201cwanton waste of public Publick, Money;\u201d leaving you Navy yards Frigates Manufactories of Cannon and Arms, and fortifications, and a Treasury full of five Millions of Dollars? How many Millions, Mr Randolph have you, your Patrons and only Friends you ever had, now in the Treasury.? Blush! Insolence Blush! If any Spark of honour conscience, or Sensibility remains. Was it his total and cheap Suppression of the Insurrection in Pensylvania? Or was it his Pardon of Fries? What would you Commder in Chief &c have done with those upright Judges, Chace and Peters, if Fries had been hanged?\nNo Mr Randolph! our present unhappy Condition, ought not to be traced to John Adams. Try Sir, exert yourself, and See whether it is possible for you to discern or perceive the Truth: and acknowledge what you must know to be the Truth, namely, that the real cause of \u201cour present unhappy condition\u201d is the Hostility of the Southern to the Northern Interest. Virginia abounds with excellent Men and High minded Gentlemen. Virginia, honestly, Sincerely and with perfect good Faith, (de tres bon Foi) believes that she has an unalienable indefeasable Right to the Presidency. that it her is her undubitable Prerogative, and that it is essential to the Happiness of the People of the United States that She Should hold it. Upon this Principle She has calculated her Policy to exclude every Man, from every other State from the Presidency, and the Southern States have invarably cherrished her in this Policy. It is difficult to find any meaning in your Gallimaufry and Gallimatia: but if any thing can be guessed from it, it is that the Change of Government in 1801 was \u201cthe cause of our present unhappy Condition.\u201d Well! Agreed! But what was the Cause of that Change? Did not Virginia and her Southern Allies allure Col. Burr by the hopes of the Vice Presidency to take Advantage of the blunders of Hamilton, form a Coalition between the Clintons and Livingstons and Seduce the State of New York to apostatize and desert in a Body? Did not Washington a Virginian, by preventing the Nomination of Peter Muhlenbourg, whom he acknowledged to be a very good officer, to be a Brigadier cause the Apostacy and desertion of One half the Votes of Pensylvania? And did not a Trick of the Southern Party in South Carolina, by removing the Election to a great distance from the Metropolis, cause an apparently Unanimous desertion of that State, against the real Sense of the People? Are these Instances, Some of your Venalities from Esau to yourself? When you Say that the \u201cName calls up contempt,\u201d no Man believes you, and you do not believe Yourself. You both dread and envy the Name.If you were not a Boy, you wood would have known, that Six and twenty years ago the Name of John Adams was so much respected in Virgiania, that had John Adams lived in Virginia, and George Washington in Massachusetts, the former would have had the unanimous Votes of Virginia to be President of the United States.\nAs to the \u201cAdresses\u201d they were all written and presented by those People whom you then reviled and now are courting with all the Art you posses. They were then as they are now as respectable People as any in the United States. if those Addresses were as you say flatteries to John Adams, who were the Flatters? Booby? They were The Legislatures, the Cities, the Clergy, the Lawyers, the Physicians the Merchants the Universities, the Planters and Yeomen of the Nation, the greatest and best Men in it with Washington and Patrick Henry among them. A little Junto in Virginia Sent him an impertinent impudent and insolent Address, callculated to foment the Disturbances then raging in Pensylvania and elswhere, and he told then they ought to be humbled and he things So Still. He is no Flatterer of Virginia or New England. Virginia pursued a wild career in the last Century and New England is too faithfully imitating her Example in this. He is heartily Sorry for both. He cordially disapproves both.\nWas he responsable for the violations of The National Faith, or did he cause the trampling in \u201cdust and Ashes\u201d the Public Credit? No Act of National Banruptcy was ever committed in his day.\nYou next fall foul of poor Madison, and throw him head and heels into a Money Scale against John Adams, and leave it doubtful whether the Hair or the Wit preponderates.\u2014Your Malevolence Mr Randolph is a Marplot. You are that blundering Irish Clown who deliberately and gravely Sawed Off the Limb he bestrided, fell with it to the ground on a Rock and broke his brainless Skull. Suppose a Spider Should, de tres bon Foi, Spread a Webb to catch an Eagle for his dinner.! I have Seen a Lady\u2019s Lapdog give himself Airs to an enormous Bulldog. The noble Animal, never looked at him, any more than he would at a fly, buzzing over his head, till the Puppy not only Snapped and Snarled but flew at his Ears with open Jaws. The Hero without a change of Pace or countenance took the Puppies under Jaw into his mouth and followed his Master with the same cool Steady Gravity. But such a distress as that of Puppy! His Agony moved the heart of every one. He Screamed, he writhed in total despair. The Master was greived He turned back and begged and pleaded for the Victim. The insulted Hero in complaisance to his Master, and possibly from Pitty to the Indiscretion of his little fellow Creature opened his Mouth and let him escape; and never did a Creature, run away with more Joy.\nThis is not pretended to be Witt, nor humour nor Satyr, Mr Randolph, it is grave, Serious, Solemn Argument. You are the Irish Clown You are the presumptuous Spider, You are the Ladys Lapdog.\nIf the Name of John Adams is \u201cill omened,\u201d that of James Madison is has been well omened. He carried from Colledge, to Virginia to America and to Europe the Saying of Dr Witherspoon, the President, \u201cMadison was four years, under my Inspection and Tuition, and during that whole time he never Said or did, an indiscreet thing.\u201d This should admonish old Men to be carefull what they Say of young ones. It is very remarkable, How these Horroscopes influence the Destinies of Individuals. This Accidental Escape from Witherspoon had as much Effect, as President Davis\u2019s \u201cThat Hiroic Youth Collonel Washington.\u201d Mankind in general, however, have persevered in the Opinion of Mr Madisons discretion. The Virginians especially have given a Splendor to his Reputation for at least, four and thirty years. Mr Madisons \u201cextraordinary Talents,\u201d Mr Madisons \u201cSingular Talents\u201d Mr Madisons \u201cpeculiar Talents\u201d have been the delightfull and unanimous theme of Virginia Panegyric, through the whole of a human Age. You have the honor to be the first to brake up the Charm. I Shall here Speak a little freely. You Virginians have Stood by one another. You have applauded, celebrated, panegyrised trumpetted and puffed one another. You are the first to dissolve the Spell and instead of puffing your Colleagues and Fellow Citizens, you puff yourself. Massachusetts had pursued Another Rule,. As Soon as any Man has acquired a Reputation, they tear it to Pieces. I am not about to give you, my opinion of Mr Madison: But what will Virginians Say when you give an Equipoise if not a preponderance to the ill omened Name, the degraded Character, and the every Thing despicable and ridiculous of John Adams? I will Say, however that there are Writings and Speeches of Mr Madison upon record, which will forever place his Name and Character above the reach of your impotent Envy Malice and vengeance. Mr Madisons Talents and Character have commanded respect from Federalists and Antifederalists, from Whigs and Tories, from Federalists and Republicans, from Jacobins And Anti Jacobins for thirty years. Great Britain has declared War against him personally as they once did against Hancock and Adams, and afterwards against Mr Vanberckel in Holland. But all the Power of the Imperial Crown and Parliament cannot Shake him. The Truth, is Mr Randolph,, that Mr Madison has been greatly esteemed by both and by all Parties in America. But our Government has been a Game at Leap Frogg, in which the Sportsmen have been perpetually leaping over One Anothers heads and Shoulders. Or, to draw a Similitude from fashionable Life, it has been a Country dance, in which, Gentlemen and Ladies have figured in and figured out, crossed over joined hands And changed hands and turned about.\nIs there not a Meanness of Spite, that would disgrace the Viper knawing the File in reviving a and circulating at this Age, the execrable Lye of \u201cthe Coronet and Sceptree\u201d which no body ever believed, and which was calculated only for the Mob? Nothing can be baser, unless you Should revive the cruel Lies about your fictitious Jonathan Robbins and the Burning of the War Office and the Treasurers Office.\nYour brain-sick Vanity Still raves about your \u201cInfluence and popularity Such as no Man had attained.\u201d You never had half the Influence of Callender: nor a tenth part of the Popularity of Tom Paine. Nor was the little you had half so well merited. Your Popularity was nothing but the Popularity of your Party. No Man of Sense had any Confidence in your Judgment, whatever they might once have in your Honor or Integrity. You have apostatised from the Party that gave you all your Ecclat and Weight; and now are making your fauning Addresses to the opposite Party whom you have formerly abused and insulted by every Injury; and they will not receive you. You are ruined with all Parties, reduced to total Insignificance, and now cannot bear the Consciousness of your despized Situation.\nWill there never be Vigour enough in your Understanding or your Heart, Mr Randolph, to forget, or at least to conceal your Remembrance of the \u201cRaggamuffins.\u201d Does Jealousy, Envy, Malice and Vengeance So ferment in your Soul as to boil over? And to glutt your Malice must you make it boil over and Scald on the poor innocent Professor? Must the Son, bear the Chastizement and Swelter under the Scalding drops as well as the Father?\nI hope this Gentle flaggellation will bring the Unlucky Boy to his Senses if not Some other measures must be taken. Some Skilful Physician must be consulted.\nA Gentleman lately in The Senate of the United States from Massachusetts.\nP.S. You make me Shudder, Sir, in one place where you Speak of \u201cAgony and bloody Sweat,\u201d and Still more when you Say, that \u201cAtheists and Madmen have been our Lawgivers.\u201d This, Mr Randolph, is a Serious Subject and deserves a carefull Investigation. If you possess any Evidence of Facts, in proof of your Asseveration, you will act the part of a good Citizen, by Stating, it before the Publick. You ought not to assert it, unless you are able to prove it. Such confident affirmations Scattered at random among the People, without Specifying proofs or Persons, has a tendency to Spread universal Suspicion of all Men and to destroy all Confidence of any in any Men. I declare to You, Mr Randolph, that I have never known, an Atheist in the Government of the United States. That I have never known but two Men Suspected of Atheism, Mr Jefferson and Mr Hamilton. The suspicion of the former I have always known to be false, and the Slander cruel. That the other once believed nothing, not even a future State, I have more than one credible, and in my Judgment indubitable Witness: but this man after the French Revolution became more thoughtfull and finally received the Sacrament as a Christian. God, rest his Soul!\nNow, Mr Randolph! I demand of you, to name The Atheists who have been our Legislators. And to prove your accusations. Your Assertion as it Stands is a Libel on the Nation.\nAnd Who are your \u201cMadmen, who have been our Lawgivers\u201d? I know that The Honourable John Randolph has been one of our Legislators. But this is in the Singular Number.\n2nd. P.S. When I first granced an Eye over your raving Rant, I thought the last Sentence of it unworthy of Notice: but on looking over it again with a little more attention I thank you for it, because it obliges me to reveal Some Secrets, which might have been buried in eternal Oblivion if you had not called them up. You remind Us \u201cThat to Virginia We are indebted for a Washington.\u201d The Reverse of this is exactly true, and I beg of You to \u201cremember not to forget,\u201d that Virginia was indebted to Massachusetts for a Washington. Virginia opposed him, Massachusetts elected him. After the Battles of Concord and Lexington on the 19. of April 1775 The Militia of Massachusetts, Connecticutt, New Hampshire and Rhode Island marched to Cambridge Roxbury &c to drive the British Army into the Sea: and if their first Ardor had not been restrained by Considerations of the Union of the Colonies, they would have done it. In may Congress met. No Man knew, whether the Battle of Concord, the Battle of Lexington, or the Assembly of an Army at Cambridge, would be approved or condemned by Congress. The Army at Cambridge had poor Arms, no Cannon, but the Hancock and Adams, No Tents No Barracks no provisions but from day to day. No Cloathing for change No Magazines.\nCongress could not be brought to look the Crisis in the Face. It was easy to See that the Members dared not to command, nor advise the Army at Cambridge to disperse, on one hand, nor to approve it and adopt it on the other. A Majority of them lived in hourly expectation of News that the British Troops had marched out of Boston and Scattered the New England Militia at Cambridge to the four Winds.\nBut when no such Intelligence arrived, after days and Weeks they began to think what must be done. Should they give up the contest? No. The People would Stone them. Should they adopt the Army at Cambridge? Or raise a new One of their own? This last project would take a long time, and it was very uncertain whether it would ever be practicable. If they adopted an the Army now on foot, who should command it? A New England Army, under a New England General, they were pleased to say, would be dangerous to the other Colonies: for no Man then dared to Utter the Word State or Nation. Who then Should be General? On this question the Members were greatly divided. A Number was for Mr Hancock then President of Congress, a greater Number for General Charles Lee then universally represented in America to be one of the greatest Generals in the World. A Number was for Washington: But the greatest Number was for Ward. In the midst of this chaos, the Massachusetts Members dayly received Letters from their Friends and Constituents at home intreating them to Urge Congress to a decision, for the Army wanted many things and every thing was uncertain. The Anxiety of New England and her Members in Congress may be well imagined. In this State of Things John Adams met Samuel Adams in the State House Yard from various morning Walks and Avocations. Said Sam to John \u201cWhat Shall We do, to get Congress to adopt our Army? Said John to Sam, \u201cI will tell you what I am determind to do. I will go into Congress this Morning and as Soon as it opens I will make a Motion that a day be assigned to take into considera the Adoption of the Army at Cambridge and the Appointment of a General, and I will nominate Washington.\u201d Mr Samuel Adams Shook his head and Said \u201cI know not what to think of that; I am afraid of the consequences of it.\u201d Congress was by this time assembled, The Fratrum Luta Par they went together into the House and John made his Motion, \u201cthat a day might be assigned to take into Consideration, the Adoption of the Army before Boston and the Appointment of a General.\u201d I pretend not to record his Speech. It is gone into the air like the frozen and thawed Words of Lapland celebrated in the Speculator. But he Supported his Motion by a detailed history of that Army, a Character of its Officers and Soldiers, an enumeration of its Wants, Necessities and Uncertainties and concluded by Observing, that he apprehended, the greatest difficulty would arise in the Appointment of a General. Upon this point he feared there was much diversity of Sentiment. But he hoped that candid discussion, cool deliberation and above all the critical and dangerous Situation of the Country might bring Parties together and induce them to Unite. For his part he had made up his Mind. There was a Gentleman well known to Several of the Colonies, who had considerable Experience of military Service in the last French War, who was a Member of that house and highly esteemed by them all. For that Gentleman he should give his Vote. Washington, who Satt but three Chairs off, and not more from the Library room at these Words darted into it and was Seen no more during that deliberation. Samuel Adams Seconded the Motion but Said not one Word in Support of it. The then aged, cool and wise Pendleton who continued beyond his Eightieth Year to be an Oracle in Virginia arose and Said \u201che was for adopting the Army but against Changing the General. The Army was wholly from New England, they had Selected their own Commander were Satisfied with him and had proved themselves capable of confining the Ennemy within the Limits of Boston, and he thought it would be great Injustice to supercede their Leader and impose a Stranger upon him and them.\u201d The Sagacius Mr Sherman of New Haven followed Mr Pendleton on the Same Side \u201cHe was personally acquainted with General Ward. Knew him well. He also was well known in several of the Colonies and especially in all New England and esteemed by all. A full Proportion of the Army was from Connecticutt, whose People Officers and Soldiers, he knew had entire Confidence in their present Leader, who also had Seen Service, gained Experience and given good Satisfaction in the last French War. He therefore was utterly averse to any Innovation or Alteration in the Command of the Army.\u201d\nMr Richard Henry Lee said a few Words against any Change in the Chief of the Army and in favour of appointing a time to consider of the Adoption of it.\nMr Cushing Spoke with more decision and Energy than was usual with him in honor of his Friend Ward and against the Appointment of any one over him.\nMr Paine Spoke with Zeal against it. \u201cGeneral Ward had been his Contemporary\u201d and I believe \u201chis Classmate at Colledge. He had Studied by his Side and knew his Worth.\u201d\nMr Hancock was President and had no Opportunity to Speak, but his countenance and Gestures Sufficiently manifested his Sentiments and feelings.\nOther Gentlemen spoke according to their different Views, but the question was called for and a future day appointed.\nIn the meantime great Pains were taken among the Members, Out of Doors and at their quarters to convince them of the great importance of Harmony Union and Unanimity in so delicate an Appointment, on which might depend not only the Success of the War but the Union of the Colonies.\nWhen the appointed day arrived the Conferences, Discussions or debates call them which you will, were renewed. The Nominations were made, Ward I believe by Mr Cushing, Lee by Mr Mifflin, and Washington by Mr Johnson of Maryland. The opposition to a change was not So warm, as it had been before, but Still each Candidate had his Advocates. Nevertheless all agreed in the great importance of Unanimity. This point was urged from all quarters of the House with great force of Reason and Eloquence and Pathos that never has been exceeded in the Counsells of this Nation. It was unanimously agreed to postpone in Election to a future day in hopes that the Members that Gentlemen by a deliberate Consideration, laying aside all private feelings, local Attachments, and partial motives, might agree in one, and unanimously determine to Support him with all their Influence. The Choice was accordingly postponed. By this time all the Friends of Ward, among whom there was not one more Sincere than John Adams who had known him at School within two doors of his Fathers house, and who had known him in Worcester in his riper Years, were fully convinced that Washington Should be preferred to Lee; and they had reason to fear that Delegates from the Southern and Middle States would vote for Lee rather than for any New Englandman. And all the Sober Members would have preferred Either Ward or Washington to Lee.\nWhen the day of Election arrived, after some Observations on the necessity of Concord, Harmony and unanimity in the present portentous moment, Congress proceeded to the Choice and the Suffrages were all found to be for George Washington.\nFrom this narration, it appears, that \u201cto Massachusetts, Virginia is indebted for General Washington and not Massachusetts to Virginia. We owe you no thanks for Washington. Massachusetts made him a General, Virginia never made him more than Colonel. Massachusetts had made Ward a General Months before, to some purpose, for under him was fought the Battle of Bunker Hill, the most important Event the most obstinate contest and the most bloody Action of the whole Revolution: and this Glory was acquired before Washington was a General. We owe you no thanks for Washington. On the contrary if you have any gratitude you ought to thank Us, \u201cFor the Sake of Union,\u201d We Submitted, to a State of real degradation, infinitely lower than \u201cthe Administration of John Adams.\u201d Indeed there can be nothing more absurd, pr\u00e6poterous or affrontive to common Sense than to call that degradation which was in reality exaltation. The Glory of the United States never Shone with So much splendor at home or abroad, before nor Since, as during the Administration of John Adams. It\u2019s Effulgene produced its Extinguishment as often happens. It excited the dread both of France and England, and the Jealousy and Envy both of Federalists and Republicans and of none more than of Washington and Hamilton and all united to put it out.\nWill you now Say, Mr Randolph, that John Adams was \u201cill omened\u201d in his Exertions to get Washington appointed a General? If you do, I dare Say he will not dispute that point with you at this time.\nIs there, Mr Randolp, in the History of Nations an Example of Submission to a mere point of Policy harmony and Union, to be compared to the Complyance of all New England, their General all their Army and all its Officers with an Arrangement which placed a total Stranger over the heads and Bodies of them all; at a moment too when they were flushed with Victory of Bunkers Hill, for a Victory indeed it was, the most important Event, and to this day the most glorious Action in the History of the United States. I assure you, Sir, it was not owing to a Want of Sensibility that no public Remonstrance was made and no public murmurs heard. Poor John Adams had upon his Return to the Army and his Constituents enough to do to apologize for the part he had taken in the Change.\n\u201cWas there ever known, the History of the World an Instance of changing the Commander in Chief of an Army in the Sight and face of an Enemy, and in hourly expectation of Battle?\u201d \u201cWas it not unexampled to Supersede a General universally esteemed beloved and confided in by his Army and their Country by appointing another, an entire Stranger whom they had never Seen and whose name they had Scarcely heard\u201d? \u201cWas there another Army or Country that would Submit to it\u201d? \u201cWas it not astonishing that a high Spirited Militia had not Shouldered their Firelocks and marched home? Or at least refused to receive the new Commander\u201d \u201cWas it not to have been expected, thatt the Officers would have resigned their Commissions, when Such a flight of Officers of the highest Rank all Strangers, was Sent and placed over them\u201d? \u201cHow could you, in Such critical Circumstances, assist in putting the Cause of the Country to such eminent hazard?\u201d &c &c &c These and many other questions were put to him by his Friends wherever he went and he had no other Way of Softening the hard thoughts of him, but by appeals to their Patriotism, by urging the Policy and necessity of Sacrificing all our Feelings to the Union of the Colonies and by Panegyricks upon Washington Lee Gates Mifflin Reed &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3014", "content": "Title: From William Stephens Smith to Abigail Smith Adams, 1 January 1816\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Madam,\n\t\t\t\t\tSmiths Valley, formed by Lamentation mountain in the County of Madison, nearest post office in the Town of Hamilton, State of new York January 1st. 1815 1816\u2014\n\t\t\t\tBeing thus particular, in designating my position I think my friends at Quincy will not hereafter be at a loss where to address their pleasant letters to me, I am induced to be thus minute, by a remark in your letter of the 18th. of november, which I was delighted to receive,\u2014wherein you say, you had contemplated writing to me for some time previous to the receipt of my Letters to The President, but you did not know in what corner of the world to find me, for the gallantries I mentioned, at the several places I visited, being confined to the Ladies of our own family, did not make so conspicuous a figure, as those of some other Knights, celebrated in History.This is the most delicate lash that ever a Gentleman received from the keen pen of a Lady, for his inexcusable silence in not keeping up a correspondence with one, to whom he feels himself under so many obligations, and whose letters abound with instructive observations, and well turned periods. I bow with submission to the rod, will endeavour to mend my ways.\u2014I am however somewhat gratified that my gallantries make no great noise in the World, and are really not censurable, for being confined to our family Circle of Daughters sisters and neices, they cannot excite jealousy even in a Mothers bosom.You will do me the favour to continue to address letters to me here, I was not disposed to travel one thousand miles at this Inclement season of the year, upon a dubious question\u2014The State of new York at the last Congressional election changed twenty of their Representatives and the 17th. district which I represented the three last sessions, exposed me to a contested election, when in the preceding election they gave me a Majority of between 6 and 700 votes, I felt myself complimented; but when by their votes they do not clearly designate the man of their choise, my feelings revolt at strugling to maintain a seat in which I can neither gratify myself, nor Serve my friends\u2014The issue of the decission of the House of Representatives in favour of the claims of the Democratick Candidate, proves the Wisdom of my calculation relative to individual feelings and personal dignity, I however attempted to defend my post by an address\u2014\u201cTo the Honourable The Chairman and members of the Committee of elections of the 14th. Congress\u201d\u2014entitled a memorial or Exposition of the case of the case of William S. Smith, Member of the 14th. Congress for the 17th. district of the State of new York\u2014I will send you a copy of this for the amusement of The President and yourself; after detailing the Law of the state of new York, regulating elections, and making references to Vols. Chapter and Sections, I conclude, that, The certificate or Voucher of the heads of the State department testifying the election of the Undersigned and finding him possessed of the qualifications of the 2d. sec. of the first article of the constitution he must be received and accredited as a Representative from New York and Mr. Willoughby\u2019s claims rejected\u2014Besides, the evidence of the alledged mistake is inadmissable\u2014Inspectors of Elections, ought not to by affidavit to be allowed to contradict their returns of votes made under oath, when the books and ballots whereby the mistake could have been seen are destroyed.\u2014It is dangerous in principle\u2014It is unsafe as a precedent\u2014The Undersigned therefore protests against the claim of Westel Willoughby Junior to his seat in Congress upon the following grounds1st. The nonexistance of the alledged mistake, the evidence thereof being inadmissable and unsatisfactory.2dly: The Certificate of the great officers of State which is conclusive on the legality of the election.3dly: that there is no existing law of Congress providing for the investigation required in this case, and\u20144thly: That it is inexpedient and impolitick in principle and as a precedent\u2014Well my dear Madam, I suspect for the present, you have got enough on this subject, for myself I am satisfied\u2014But for my Country not\u2014I think the Laws of the State of new York are trampled upon and treated with contempt, by this decission of Congress\u2014The 4th. section of the 4th. article of the Constitution of the United States, declares, that The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union, a republican form of Government\u2014very good, it is a pitty they had not clearly defined what was then meant by a Republican form of Government, if in the use of the term they meant simply to take in the Vulgar, very good, but if they meant to make such establishments, and subsequently to render null and void, those laws which such Republicks make for the internal administration of their own affairs, let others boast of the independance of State Governments, I shall never dwell in panygerick on them.I receive with pleasure your congratulations on my dear Carolines happy delivery of a Daughter and Abby of a Son, Johnston made his communication to me on the birth with great exultation, De Wint in plain expressions of gratitude and heartfelt satisfaction\u2014In my visit to them I was pleased with their calm domestick arrangements and am satisfied with the appearance of their increasing happiness and their present tenderness and affection\u2014I sent Starp and Ben the last week on a hunt, they were gone four days\u2014and brought home three fine Deer, I wish I could send you a fat saddle\u2014As Dean Swift and Doctor Sheridan Said to Mrs: Whiteway, so I say to you\u2014I have no news, If I had agreable Companions, as pleanty as venison, patridges, woodcocks, Ducks and Hare, this would be a paradise\u2014but I am alone\u2014Give my Love to dear Susan, remember me to Louisa and Hariet Respectfully to The President, and believe me with sincere wishes for many happy returns of the Season to every branch of the family, within the wise arrangements of a Superintending Providence, your grateful and affectionate Son in law \n\t\t\t\t\tW: S: Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3015", "content": "Title: From Adelaide Hellen to Abigail Smith Adams, 3 January 1816\nFrom: Hellen, Adelaide\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington Jany. 3d 1816\n\t\t\t\tAccept my thanks my Dear Madam for your kindness in so promptly favoring me with your Advice from my eagerness to obtain your opinion I over looked the liberty I took in requesting it. I hope this will prove a sufficient apology my dear Mr Adams for my having obtruded my private Affairs on your time. Suffer me to offer my Thanks for the valuable counsel you have gained for me believe me I appreciate your and Mr Adam\u2019s kindness as I ought feel every confidence in your decision and shall be guided by it entirely.Since I had the pleasure of receiving your last favour I have obtained more information respecting the property left by my deceased Husband the estimate I gave you I have discovered was erroneous he has left twenty five Thousand Dollars vested in Stock of the United States and fifteen thousand of Stock in the different Banks of the District the amount of the Personal Estate including every thing is estimated at fifty thousand Dollars the real Estate is very valuable there\u2014in a great deal of City Property the value of which is encreasing rapidly the active part brings in an anual rent of 700 Dollars per Annum there is likewise a small Farm containing about 200 & 50 Acres.It is the wish of the Executor that on my renunciation of the Will. I should retain an equal share with the Children and make over to them the Surplus of my third May I venture to solicit you once more my Dear Madam to great me the counsel I so highly value I have every confidence in your decision my Dear Mr Adams My Injunction as to secrecy did not extend to your private circle should it not be presuming to far would you a second time be kind enough to obtain for me the Advice of Mr. Adams on this point or do you think it would be more advisable for me to retain the whole of my right of Dower till the Children become of age I have always intended to reject any provision from the Orphan Court intended for thier Support in case I retained my third of the Estate.You will perceive by my Letters My dear Madam how unaccustomed I have been to writing on these Subject I beg of you to make all due excuses for me I have summoned resolution to overcome all difficulties sooner than relinquish the hope of gaining so competent a Counsellor Ms Sister Buchanan desires me to present her best respects I beg you to accept mine for yourself and Family and with sentiments of Respect and Esteem / I subscribe myself Yours\n\t\t\t\t\tAdelaide Hellen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3016", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 5 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston House Ealing 5 January 1816\n\t\t\t\tI plainly perceive that you are not to be converted, even by the eloquence of Massillon, to the Athanasian Creed\u2014But when you recommend to me Carlostad and Scheffmacher; and Priestly, and Waterland, and Clark, and Beausobre\u2014Mercy! Mercy! what can a blind man do to be saved by unitarianism; if he must read all this to understand his Bible? I went last Christmas day to Ealing church, and heard the Revd Colston Carr, the Vicar, declare and pronounce, among other things, that whosoever doth not keep the Catholic Faith whole and undefiled: without doubt he shall perish everlastingly; And the Catholic Faith is THIS\u2014That we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity &c\u2014in short, the Creed of St Athanasius: which as you know, the 8th Article of the English Church says, may be proved, by certain warrants of the Holy Scripture\u2014Now I have had many doubts about the Athanasian Creed; but if I read much more controversy about it, I shall finish by faithfully believing it\u2014Mr Channing says he does not believe, because he cannot comprehend it\u2014Does he comprehend, how the Omnipotent, Omnipresent, infinite, eternal Spirit, can be the Father, of a mortal Man, conceived, and born of a Virgin? Does he comprehend his own meaning when he speaks of God as the Father, and of Christ as the Son? Does he comprehend the possibility according to human reason, of one page in the Bible from the first verse of Genesis to the last verse of the Apocalypse? If he does, I give him joy of his discovery, and wish he would impart it to his fellow-Christians\u2014If the Bible is a Moral Tale, there is no need of believing in the Trinity\u2014But if it is the Rule of Faith?\u2014I hope you will not think me in danger of perishing everlastingly, for believing too much; and when you know all, with your aversion to thinking of the Jesuits, you may think I have made a lucky escape, if I do not believe in trasubstantiation\u2014During almost the whole period of my late residence in Russia, I had the pleasure of a social and very friendly acquaintance with the Right Reverend Father in God; Thaddeus Brzozowski, then and now Father General of the Jesuits; one of the most respectable, amiable, and venerable men, that I have ever known\u2014As I was the medium of communication between him and his correspondents in the United States, he used frequently to call upon me and I had often occasion to return his visits. We used to converse upon all sorts of topics, and among the rest upon Religion\u2014He occasionally manifested a compassionate wish for my conversion to the true Catholic Faith, and one day undertook to give me a demonstration of the real presence in the Eucharist\u2014He said it was ingeniously proved in a Copper plate print which he had seen, representing Jesus Christ sitting between Luther and Calvin; each of them bearing the wafer of the Communion\u2014Each of them had also a label issuing from his lips, and pointing with the finger to the bread, Christ was saying \u201cThis is my body\u201d\u2014While Luther said \u201cThis represents my body\u201d\u2014and Calvin \u201cThis signifies my body\u201d\u2014At the bottom of the whole was the question\u2014\u201cWhich of them speaks the truth?\u201d It was not the worthy Father\u2019s fault, if I did not consider this demonstration as conclusive as he did\u2014Another day; and it will give you an idea of the simplicity of this good man\u2019s heart; we were discussing together the celibacy of the Clergy, which he deemed indispensable, that they might be altogether devoted to the service of their Lord and Master, and not liable to the avocations of this world\u2019s concerns\u2014I did not think it would be generous to remind him of the manner in which had shewn that vows of religious chastity usually resulted, but rather resorted to authority with regard to the principle\u2014I observed to him that not only all the Protestant Communities, but the Greek Church also, allowed the Clergy to marry\u2014Upon which, after a moment of reflection, he said \u201cOui\u2014c\u2019est vrai\u2014Il n\u2019y a que l\u2019Eglise Romaine, qui soit encore Vierge!\u201d\u2014Indeed you must give me some credit for firmness of character, for withstanding the persuasions of such a patriot as this\u2014We have in the newspapers of last evening and this morning, the Presidents Message, at the opening of the Session of Congress\u2014It gives, upon the whole a pleasing view of the state of our public affairs, but not quite so fair an aspect of the finances as were to be wished\u2014Peace, however, will be the most healing of all medicines to them, and the complexion of the Message is entirely pacific\u2014The present intentions, of the British Government, are I believe are of a corresponding spirit; but it is an opinion widely circulated here, that Peace itself instead of healing their finances, will prove their inevitable destruction\u2014That nothing but a new War can save them, and that the most convenient, an least burdensome War, would be with America\u2014The distrust in the continuance of the Peace is so universal, and I am beset by so many and so frequent anxious enquiries, from some quarters, and mysterious hints from others, that although the Official professions have been invariably pacific and friendly, I am sometimes not without uneasiness, lest a want of sufficient vigilance, should leave undiscovered a lurking danger, which might break upon us unawares\u2014A war however, even with America, could not be undertaken without preparations and armaments of which there is not the slightest indication\u2014A war must be preceded by complaints well or ill founded of which there are indeed some on our part, sufficient perhaps ultimately to result in hostilities, but which neither require nor would justify them at this time\u2014On their part, I have heard of none\u2014Nor have I reason to suppose that Mr Bagot, who is about embarking for America, as the British Minister, goes with any particular load of grievances\u2014He has been anxiously waiting, as I am gravely assured upwards of three months for his passage, because men could not be obtained by enlistment, to navigate the frigate in which he is to go\u2014The effect of the Peace here, which proves so distressing, is the depreciation in the value of grain, and of the other productions of the soil\u2014The natural and inevitable consequence of which has been the inability of the farmers to pay their Rents, the fall in the value of all landed estates, a partial defalcation of the Revenue, and an aggravated soreness under the burden of tythes and taxation\u2014There is doubtless much exaggeration in some of the accounts that are published of this state of things, but on all sides it is admitted that the suffering of the agricultural interest is very severe\u2014That Peace should be followed by Plenty, is of very old experience\u2014But that plenty should operate as a great national calamity requires a public debt of a thousand millions sterling, and a banking system to be accounted for\u2014At the meeting of Parliament, which is to be on the first of February, the extent of the evil, and the remedies to be provided for it, will be more fully ascertained\u2014Some put their trust in War, and some in famine to relieve the People from their burdens\u2014Others look for salvation by the flooding of paper from the Bank\u2014That institution has called in so much of its paper, that there is now scarcely any advance upon silver and gold\u2014The project of resuming specie payments is to be attempted, and whether it can be accomplished, with forty millions of annual interest upon the public debt to be paid, is the problem now about to receive the solution of experience\u2014Whatever the result may be, the lesson may be profitable to us\u2014If a nation can prosper in Peace and War with a debt of a thousand Millions Sterling, it will be useful to us to make ourselves perfect masters of the mode, in which such a marvelous paradox is converted into political truth\u2014If the Paper Castle be really built upon a rock, impregnable and immovable, let us learn the art of building it. If the same course of conduct which leads to inevitable and irretrievable private ruin, is the sure and only path that will conduct a nation to the pinnacle of human greatness and power, let us trace it to its utmost bounds. But if a day of reconing for extravagance and profusion, must come for Nations as well as for individuals; if the wisdom of ages will ultimately vindicate its own maxims, and if prudence is not to yield for ever her place, as one of the cardinal virtues, to prodigality, then will the Catastrophe of Paper Credit, which cannot much longer be delayed in this Country, place before us the whole system of artificial circulation in all its good and all its evil, and while disclosing all the uses of this tremendous machine, as an engine of power, teach us at the same time the caution necessary to guard ourselves from the irreparable ruin of its explosion\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3017", "content": "Title: From John Adams Smith to Marinus Willett, 5 January 1816\nFrom: Smith, John Adams\nTo: Willett, Marinus\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tLondon 5th Jan 1816.\n\t\t\t\tI landed from on board the Minerva at Liverpool on the 4th ulto. after a passage of twenty seven days was at London the 9th & presented myself to our Minister at Boston House Little Ealing on the 10th December.I have entered upon the duties of my station with much pleasure though with the prospect of an arduous campaign. I should never have formed an adequate idea of this Country unless for the opportunity my situation will afford me. I have alread seen enough to rivet my attachments to the Republican Institutions of my own Country & to form a due estimate of the Oppression and degradation this nation is borne to sumit to. The Country is delightful far surpassing my most sanguine expectations, but the operation of the Governing principle is distressing in reflection to the mind of a freeborn.England is now making the experiment of Peace. All classes cry aloud at the oppresion of the taxes. The Farmer utters bitter complaints at the reduced price of grain. The Landlord cannot collect his Rents. Many Estates are without Tenants & many produce nothing when they are tenanted. In some cases the Landlord has to pay his own & his tenants taxes without receiving anything from his Estates. This state of things I imagine cannot last long. All look to the next Parliament in february for relief. there is an impromptu in the mornings papers paper\u2014\u201cThe land was doubly tax\u2019d we thoughtto carry on the War; Now War is to a period brought,Still more our taxes are.Strange conduct this all must allowHush! let your murmurs cease; You pay these double taxes now,To carry on the Peace.\u201dThe late paying off of the Navy & the discharge of 120,000 Seamen only 12000 of whom have been recommissioned produces serious complaints among this class of people, they therefore must seek employ in the service of other Countries & in some instances are doing so. This Reduction of the Navy has produced numbers of applications of distressed American Seamen at the America Consulate Consular Office in this City which will afford some better evidence of the extent of the practice of Impressment than the Reprot of the Committee of the Legislature of Massachusetts upon this Subject.Mr Bagot the Minister appointed to the United States called here on the 3d. & took leave previous to his departure which he expects will be on Sunday next.I think much depends upon the Ministers who represents Ministers who represent the two Countries to preserve the present state of tranquility. I hope Mr Bagot will prove in ever respect to be adequate to so difficult a task, for though the language of the Government is still Pacific I think that the feelings & wishes of People in both countries indicate no indisposition for a renewal of the contest. I hope we shall pursue such course as will be best calculated to support our national character & IndependencePresent my kind remembrance if you please to Mrs Willett & to the family. May you enjoy many happy years\u2014I am with Great Respect Dear Sir / Your very humble / & obedt Servt\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Adams Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3018", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Stapleton,, 6 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy,Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Stapleton,\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 6 Jany 1816.\n\t\t\t\tMr & mrs Adams return their Compliments to Col. Stapleton with many thanks for his obliging offer to take their commands for the United States\u2014They avail themselves of his kindness to request him to take charge of the inclosed letter & pray him to accept the assurance of their best wishes that he may have a pleasant & prosperous passage\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3019", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 9 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Mother.\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 9. January 1816.\n\t\t\t\tMr Bagot, or to speak in the style and after the fashion of this Country, the Right Honourable Charles Bagot, was immediately after my arrival in this Country, appointed by the Prince Regent, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States of America\u2014He is a young man\u2014I conjecture about thirty, brother of Lord Bagot, and his Lady is a daughter of Mr Wellesly-Pole, the Master of the Mint, and a niece of the Duke of Wellington, and Marquis of Wellesley. Mr Bagot was prevented from proceeding to the United States immediately after his appointment, by certain family circumstances, under which Sea Voyages are not at all suitable for Ladies\u2014Mrs Bagot was confined in September\u2014but just before that time the general discharge of the whole British Navy occasioned a further delay of their departure\u2014The frigate in which they were to have embarked was paid off\u2014Another was some time afterwards appointed for them; but some time more elapsed before men could be obtained by enlistment to navigate her. She is now entirely ready, and as Mr Bagot has kindly offered to take Letters for me; if nothing new should occur to stop them again, he will take charge of this Letter\u2014If they should again be detained I shall send it, to be forwarded from Liverpool\u2014As I have received personal civilities from Mr Bagot, and from his Lady\u2019s family, I am naturally the more disposed to wish that their Residence in America, may be made agreeable to them\u2014They have six children, four of which they leave in England, taking only two with them\u2014By the arrival of the Mile at Liverpool, I have received your kind Letter of 2. December, enclosing the copy of my father\u2019s Letter to Dr Price, of which Mr Morgan has made such improper use\u2014I am waiting for the Letters by Mr and Mrs Tarbell\u2014You may well incline to ask Mr Morgan who was the dupe?\u2014Dr: Price was duped by the goodness and simplicity of his heart; by the enthusiasm of his Love for Liberty; and by his ignorance of the world in which he lived. His ardent zeal in favour of the French Revolution, has shed a sort of ridicule upon his reputation, and his opinions upon that and some other subjects have been so completely falsified by the Events which have happened since his death, that his very name is sinking into oblivion\u2014Indeed the Dissenters, in this Country have fallen much into contempt since his time\u2014Their political and religious doctrines have a tide equally strong running against them; and their conduct which at one time swelled into seditious, insolence, and at another sunk into fawning servility, has thrown them into such discredit, that the Churchmen may now if they please, persecute them with impunity. They attempted here, a few weeks since to make a stir about the real persecution under which the Protestants are suffering in the South of France\u2014They held meetings, and passed high-sounding Resolutions, and opened Subscriptions; and sent deputations to His Majesty\u2019s Ministers, and buzzed about their importance; as busily and intrusively as so many horse-flies in dog-days\u2014His Majesty\u2019s Ministers put off their Deputation, with general, insignificant, civilities, which they met again, and resolved to be highly satisfactory assurances of support, and interference in behalf of the French Protestants. His Majesty\u2019s Ministers then set their daily Newspapers to circulate the report that the Protestants in France were all Jacobins, and that if they were massacred, and had their Churches burnt, and their houses pulled down over their heads, it was not for their Religion, but for their Politics.\u2014From that moment Master Bull has had neither compassion nor compunction for the French Protestants\u2014The Dissenters by a rare combination of Stupidity and of Jesuitism (for there are Jesuits of all Denominations) have denied the fact; and vainly attempted to suppress the Evidence that proved it\u2014Of Stupidity, for not perceiving that the fact must ultimately be proved against them\u2014And of Jesuitism, for contesting the fact, against their better knowledge, because they could produce protestant invectives against Buonaparte after his fall, and protestant adulation to Louis 18 after his restorations\u2014The French Protestants, like the English Dissenters have been throughout the course of the French Revolution, generally time-servers\u2014Like the mongrel brood of Babylonians and Samaritans after the Assyrian Captivity, their political worship has been after \u201cthe manner of the God of the land\u201d\u2014They have \u201cfeared the lord and served their grave in images.\u201d They hated Bonaparte no doubt in proportion as they found themselves galled by his yoke, and they had no gratitude for the Protection and security, which his authority gave them, for the free exercise of their Religion, and the quiet enjoyment of their property. But the Protestants had unquestionably been from the first ardent supporters and exaggerated friends of the Revolution. It was indeed natural enough that they should be; for the Revolution had redeemed them from a worse than Egyptian Heraldom.\u2014My father well remembers from personal knowledge what was the Condition of the Protestants in France, before the Revolution, and in what sort of Sentiments concerning them and their religion, all the Bourbons were educated\u2014The Revolution gave them equal religious and political rights with those of the rest of their Countrymen.\u2014They had been twenty years freely, and eagerly purchasing the National property; and among the rest, it appears, had purchased two of the old Convents at Nisomes, and used them for Churches\u2014Yet they joined in the hue and cry against Napoleon, after he was down\u2014Yet they fawned upon the Bourbons, when from the shoulders of the Enemies of France they were turned off upon them; and licked the dust at the feet of Louis le desir\u00e9\u2014As if tythes, and Monks and barefoot processions, and legends, and relicks, and religious bigotry had not been the darling and only consolations of Louis and his Bourbons in their exile, and would not inevitably bring back religious intolerance with them\u2014Now, this is the foundation upon which the Dissenters here have relied, to deny that the present persecution of the French Protestants has been for politicks\u2014but now comes a Letter from the Duke of Wellington, formally announcing that it was for politicks;and henceforth, instead of whining, and resolving, and subscribing for the French Protestants the Churchmen here, if the coal of the Angouleme fires were extinguished, would lend him a faggot to kindle them again\u2014The Duke of Wellington says too that he is convinced the French Government have done all in their power to protect the Protestants\u2014This is not so certain\u2014But whether they have or not is held to be perfectly immaterial\u2014The French Protestants were Jacobins or Buonapartists\u2014Nothing more just and proper than that they should be hunted down as wild beasts.\u2014At the same time, the Ministerial Priests are teeming with reproaches upon two of the King\u2019s sons, for having lately attended at a Charity Sermon preached in a methodist Chapel, and giving broad-hints that the Church must be strengthened against the Dissenters. Since I began this Letter, yours of 10. March 1815 has been put into my hands; together with one of 11. March from my father\u2014Letters from him and you can never come, out of Season, but if Mr Copeland, who was the bearer of these, had delivered them to me, when I saw him last April in Paris, they would have been still more welcome, and afforded me at least fresh intelligence\u2014Instead of that they were left in a drawer at the New-England Coffee-House, where they have just now been discovered and sent to me by the Master of that House\u2014I had never known the origin of the correspondence between Mr Lloyd and my father, though I have seen in this Country the effusion \u201chalf froth half venom,\u201d spit abroad, against my father by the reptile Randolph, in his letter to Lloyd\u2014The Letter from Mr Lloyd to my father upon the fisheries, I had long since received, and have derived much information from its contents. I learnt with much concern the decease of that amiable and excellent woman, Mrs Waterhouse. A heavy and irreparable loss to the Doctor and her daughters. I am very sorry also to hear of the illness, and infirm state of health of Mr Boylston\u2014His brother, Sir Benjamin Hallowell has a house at Ealing, within a mile of us\u2014His family resided there since we have been here, and we dined with him and his Lady at Mr William Vaughan\u2019s, in September\u2014Mr Vaughan resides with his Sisters at East-Hill, Wandsworth, about six miles from us\u2014Admiral Hallowell has the command at Cork on the Navy Peace-Establishment and is now there with his Lady\u2014Their Sister Mrs Elmsley now resides at their house in Ealing, and I propose shortly to call and see her.Our boys are in the Midst of their Christmas Vacation. The school recommences on the first of February\u2014John and Charles are in good health; but George is confined to his chamber, and has been several days to his bed, by a succession of severe complaints\u2014Catarrh, Cough, Rheumatic fever and St: Antony\u2019s fire\u2014He is much reduced, but we hope now convalescent. I am, Dearest Mother, ever affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3020", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, 13 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy Jan\u2019ry 13th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI write again. I am yet among the Living, of which last Monday morning I had no expectation, but thanks to a kind providence I am yet Spaired for Something, and may I be finally found with the wise virgins, my Lamp trimmed. The Severe Snow Storm of yesterday has so Blockaded, the Roads that I know not when they will be passable\u2014no opportunity of sending you Carolines Letter to day, or Letters which are prepared to go to London by the vessel you informd me of.\u2014I was sorry to learn that your Family were so Sick, at a time too, when you wanted them most. Your Sister being with you, give my Love to her, and tell her I hope yet to see her at Quincy\u2014will you when convenient get me at Cullenders a pound of his young Hyson. I liked that you got for me before much a quire of writing paper not so thick as this which I am writing upon, and one of long paper for covering. perhaps mr Hincklly when he comes from the Store, will be so obliging as to get it for me; I would not have you go out this weather.The Quincy party had a sad time in getting to Hingham, upon the road, to the point. the Snow was so drifted, that, the Gentleman had to get Sleighs for themselves, all but the midshipman, and leave the coverd Sleigh to the Ladies, who finally were drawn through. but Thayer would not venture to bring them back untill the Sun rose, to show the path. So after dancing untill four, they had to sit till Seven, and reachd home about nine, looking like any thing but what they were when they first sit out. this was paying pretty dear for the whistle\u2014when you go out, visit mr Morse. he is a fine sensible, modest Young Man, with manners perfectly correct; and a Genius in his art. I want you to see the portrait, he has taken, & give me your opinion of it\u2014I will reserve my own untill I hear yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3021", "content": "Title: From Charles Francis Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 13 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, Charles Francis\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Grandmama\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston January 13th: 1816\n\t\t\t\tYour idea of Osterley park being near our house is correct it now belongs to the Countess of Jersey the grand daughter of Mrs: Childs whose daughter married the Earl of Westmoreland. Papa is so bysy he cannot take us any where not even to the play these holidays. I am afraid not but I hope so because I have not seen the Theatre Covent Garden or Drury lane but I hope in the Summer that Papa will take us to see many of these places.The Duke of Kent has got a very pretty Country house and he goes to our School to see the boys exhibit.Next half year I expect to ha get acquainted with more boys and I think it will be a great deal of advantage to me. My duty to GrandpapaBelieve me dear Grandmama / Your dutiful and affectionate GrandSon\n\t\t\t\t\tC. F Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3022", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Charles Francis Adams, 15 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, Charles Francis\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tNo 3Dear Grandpapa\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston January 15th: 1816\n\t\t\t\tI have recieved your letter dated the 17 November 1815 and I was very happy to have got it or that is to say to have recieved your letter and hope to recieve a couple more before the end of the holidays I have not recieved as many letters from you as I want.I think you are right I think too that General Scott is a very good General and he has done the Americans and America a great deal of good and surely he has done me a great deal of good because I would not have my own Country beat for anything and I think he has done himself a great deal of honor besides.Mama say\u2019s she thinks my letters are like the Mountain that brought forth a mouse therefore Dear Grandpapa take care when you open this letter that the mouse dont spring out upon you.John is very busy making Solomon\u2019s knots and he is a going to send you one you will see his name under it.My duty to Grandmama / I remain Dear Grandpapa / Your Dutiful and affectionate Grand Son\n\t\t\t\t\tC. F. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3024", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Adams Smith, 16 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Smith, John Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tTo John Adams Smith, Greeting.\n\t\t\t\tReposing especial Trust and confidence in your Integrity, Prudence and ability I have nominated and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate appointed you the said John Adams Smith Secretary of the Legation of the United of America to His Britanic Majesty authorizing you hereby to do and perform all such matters and things as to the said place or office doth appertain or as may be duly given you in charge hereafter and the same to hold and exercise during the pleasure of the President of the United States for the time being.In Testimony whereof I have caused these Letters to be made Patent and the Seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed. Given under my hand at the City of Washington the sixteenth day of January AD 1816, and of the Independence of the United States the Fortieth.By the President\u2014(L S)\n\t\t\t\t\tJames MadisonJas MonroeSecretary of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3025", "content": "Title: Will of Abigail Adams, 18 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: \nCopy Quincy 18th: January 1816.\nI Abigail Adams wife to the Honble: John Adams of Quincy in the County of Norfolk, by and with his consent, do dispose of the following property. First, that injustice may not be supposed to be done to my Sons, I have conveyed to John Quincy Adams by Deed, all my right and title in the farm given me by my Unckle Norton Quincy valued at $2200, and to my Son Thomas Boylston Adams, all my part, being one half of the Medford farm given to me, by my Honoured Father William Smith of Weymouth, which I consider of equal value with what I have given to his brother.\nHaving in the hands of James H Foster, as Trustee to me, Bank Stock to the amount of Four thousand dollars, perhaps more, as it was estimated by my late Trustee the Honble. Cotton Tufts Esq, lately deceased, whether more or less, I direct that it be disposed of and divided as follows.\n1st: My Will is, that my Grand daughter Caroline Amelia DeWint shall have Seven hundred and fifty Dollars, exclusive of a Note of One hundred, which I gave her at her marriage, and of my clothing, a white Sattin gown and coat trimm\u2019d with black velvet.\n2d I give to my Neice Louisa Catharine Smith, a Note of hand given me by my Son John Quincy Adams, part of which is paid; the remainder, being over Twelve hundred dollars, I give to her and leave in her possession, and have written to him concerning it. I also give her the Bed Matress and Curtains, 1 pair Blankets, Counterpane Looking-Glass, belonging to her chamber, and twenty-Dollars to buy Chairs. Also 2 pair good-sheets and pillow-cases. Also a purple Sattin, spotted gown, and a Green Irish Tabinet gown and coat; Also a flesh-coloured-Sattin, my black lace cloak and my white lace Shawl, which she worked for me, and any of my common cloaths, which she may wish to take.\n3. I give to my Grand daughter, Susanna B Adams, Seven-hundred and fifty dollars and my gold watch, and the upper part of my pearl ear rings; my white Sattin gown and coat trim\u2019d with silver, a blue lutestring gown, and half of a gown trim\u2019d with gold trimming, being a Lace Muslin; also a Scarlet Sattin.\n4: I give to Abigail Louisa Smith Johnson, Five hundred dollars and a clay-coloured silk gown, and ten dollars for a Ring, and the other half of the lace Muslin.\n5 I give to my grand daughter Abigail Smith Adams and Elizabeth Coombs Adams, Four hundred dollars each; and each a share in the Weymouth Bridge, and to each the drop of my Pearl Ear-ring, and my gold necklace between them.\n6th: I give to my Son John Quincy Adams a ring with my Unckle Quincy\u2019s hair and name, and I give to Catharine Louisa Adams, his wife, one hundred and fifty dollars and ten dollars for a Ring.\n7. I give to Sarah Adams, Widow of my Son Charles, one hundred and fifty dollars; in lieu of clothing I give the fifty dollars and ten dollars for a ring.\n8 I give to Ann Adams wife of my son Thomas B Adams, One hundred dollars. A black silk gown and coat-red spots; A garnet Sattin gown and a white lutestring gown and coat, and one share in the Weymouth Bridge.\n9. I give to my Sister in Law Catharine Louisa Smith, Fifty dollars for mourning, and a changeable silk gown and coat. Also my black silk Cloak.\nItem. I give to my Neice Mary Turner, Widow of Elisha Turner, Seventy five dollars and a black-silk gown.\nItem. I give to Lucy Greenleaf wife of John Greenleaf, a Ring given me by Abby Shaw with my Sister Peabody\u2019s hair, and a Ring with my Aunt Smith\u2019s hair, given me by Mrs: Hall, and my black-silk-gown twill\u2019d and garnet striped Sattin.\nItem. I give to Charlotte Bailey and to Harriet Welsh a piece of Sattin to be divided between them; it being a piece which I bought of their Mother.\nItem. I give to Abigail Smith Shaw a brown Sattin gown and return to her the pin she gave me with her Unckle & Aunt Cranch\u2019s hair.\nItem I give to Elizabeth Foster my Neice, wife of James H Foster a light brown lutestring gown and a ring.\nItem. I give to Rebecca Dexter wife of Richard Dexter, Thirty dollars in token of her faithful Nursing me in various sicknesses. I also give her a brown silk gown, like one I divided with Louisa. Item, I give to Esther Briesler, Twenty Dollars and a led-coloured silk lutestring gown\nItem. I further give to my Neice Louisa C. Smith, one share in Haverhill Bridge, and to Susanna B Adams, one share in Haverhill bridge. I also give one share in Weymouth bridge to my Son John Q Adams and one to my son Thomas B Adams.\nTo any of the girls who may live with me at my decease, I give each a Calico-gown to be chosen out of mine which I leave and ten dollars in money.\nMy will is that all my clothing\u2014body linen &ca not already named shall be equally divided between my five Grand daughters and Louisa C Smith, Caroline Amelia DeWint, Susanna B Adams, Abigail Louisa Smith Johnson, Abigail Smith Adams, & Elizabeth Coombs Adams, and the same, if any Surplus of money remain.\nI request my Son Thomas B Adams to take upon himself the payment of these Legacies, from thenow in the hands of Mr James Hiller Foster of Boston Trustee to Abigail Adams; and Louisa Catherine Smith will deliver the clothing agreeable to my request.\nI hope that no unkind or hard thoughts will be entertained that I have given to Louisa more than the rest. Her case is peculiar, having no relative or the upon her Mother\u2019s side but a Sister. I commend her to the kindness of my children.\nAbigail AdamsIt is my request to my dear Husband, that the old Silver Tankard given me by my Father as a piece of family plate, may be given to our Son Thomas B Adams. The Quincy Tankard, I hope, will go with its name to our Son JQ Adams.\n NB. The name of Abigail Smith Shaw, is intended for Abigail Adams Shaw, now Mrs: Felt. Note by T.B Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3027", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 21 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\nMy Dear Mother\nEaling near London 21st January 1816\nYour last Letter was indeed flattering to me. eminently as you are gifted with the talent of writing your approbation must afford the greatest pleasure and exite encouragement. It has often been to me a source of wonder how you can write to so many in one family, and yet never appear at a loss for subjects; but you possess the talent of giving interest even to trifles and the easy course of your thoughts, seems to flow upon the paper like an unruffled stream, clear, and smooth; whereas I can never mould my thoughts to my will and my style is always loose unconnected and irregular and I frequently find it impossible to express a single idea.\nOf the death of Mr. Hellen I had already heard and could not be surprized at it having been so constantly expected for the last two years He has lef his family quite independent.\nI am informed that Mr. Muir who was the last remaining partner of my father, is dead, and all the property which was assuredly in the hands of different persons in America, is gone no one knows how. even my fathers title to 40000 acres of Land in Georgia, has disappeared, and nothing is left to his children, while the relatives of this partner, are-joying the property. My Brother has written to me to enquire if any thing can be done but I am quite incapable of advising, and I much fear that every effort would prove vain, to discover how the property has been disposed of. But it surely is hard to suffer such cruel injustice.\nI return you many thanks for the Letter you enclosed me from my Brother; I am proud to say he has proved an honour to his protecters, and though he is doomed to wither in those uncongenial Regions, I am confident that as long as he holds the Office, he will do his duty in it. I have met several persons who without knowing my relationship, have been loud in his prays. and Mr. Gallatin says he never while he was in Office met with such a weight of evidence in the favour of any one.\nThough living in England even near London, I am so totally out of all possibility of hearing any of fashionable news, it is utterly out of my power to recount any thing that can promote your amusements, and George has been confined by a Rheumatic fever, and I have had an old attack of the Eresipilas in my Ears, and head, so that I have not been out of the house for five weeks. We are all once more well, George looks and is still excessively delicate, he outgrows all his strength, and you know Mr. A. has ideas respecting young people which he cannot be convinced are rather imprudent at their time of life; exposure to all kinds of weather may be proper when the constitution is thouroughly fixed but there are periods of life and occasions when it is better to err on the other side of the question.\nJohn remains much as he was as to height, but in fine health, and grown extremely fat. He is a most pleasing child, but is not studious enough to please his father, he is a general favorite among the masters at his School, and they have a high idea of his talents, and are generally satisfied with his studies: he is a great Arithmetician and the rapidity with which he learns quite surprizes his master. It is singular that the other two who are so much more studious, and steady, find this branch of their education much more laborious. He now speaks french quite fluently, and reads it very prettily. Charles has already forgotten his Russian and German, and School seems to produce a strange effect on him; he is one of those observing, and imitative children, to whom every thing becomes a matter of attention, and attraction; the consequences of which is, that he is, so intent upon every thing that is passing in the School before him, he cannot fix his attention to his particular studies, and he is not thought so highly of in the School as he merits, and does not improve as much as we had reason to expect.\nPresent my duty and affection to the President, and love to Susan and Louisa and as believe me ever dutifully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3028", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, 23 January 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tinclose 6 dollersDear Harriet\n\t\t\t\tI know you will be glad to see my handwriting, and more so, when I tell you that I have rode out to day as far as the meeting house, and feel the better for it; Sunday night slept very little, and that much disturbed. last night was much easier and slept natural sleep\u2014am very weak\u2014 this morg\u2019 Mail brought a Letter from mrs Buckana for you, and Letters from N york from abroad, one from mr A to his Father in Sep\u2019br, none for to me, from him, one from George dated 31 october, but nothing new, as the vessel must have had a long passage\u2014Tomorrow I hope to finish my began Letter to Caroline\u2014kind remembrance to mrs Bailey and your Mother / from / yours as ever\n\t\t\t\t\tA Adams\n\t\t\t\t\t24 not quite so well this mn\u2019g did not rest well. hope to get a little by and by. it is better to me than food", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3029", "content": "Title: From William Smith Shaw to Abigal Adams Shaw Felt, 27 January 1816\nFrom: Shaw, William Smith\nTo: Felt, Abigal Adams Shaw\nMy dear Abbey\nBoston 27 Jan 1816\nI have received your letter of the 3 Jan and should have written you an answer before but thinking that it would be more satisfactory to both of us to converse together respecting the important subject of the letter I have delayed writing, constantly flattering myself that it would be in my power to visit Atkinson but this has not been in my power. Indeed I had prepared myself to have gone on the first Saturday after I received your letter but the violent snow storm unfortunately prevented\u2014In answer to your question I say that I have the most implicit confidence in your prudence judgment & discretion and however you finally decide you may be assured of meeting my most cheerful approbation, but I would suggest to you whether it would not be better to postpone your marriage till the fall. Various considerations occur to me for preferring this latter period\u2014It will give Mr. Felt an opportunity to lay aside something this year\u2014you will be able by this delay to furnish your house to much greater advantage and make all the necessary arrangements more easy and comfortably to yourself.\u2014I would advise you to commence immediately to procure your furniture and cause the necessary articles to be made and for this purpose I know money will be required and here I desire to bless my God for his infinite kindness to me, in giving me the means to procure for you all that you can wish. I have made inquiries respecting the sum necessary to furnish a house genteely and find that about two thousand dollars is thought amply sufficient and this sum & more too if necessary\u2014I offer to you with all my heart\u2014I can make such arrangements as will enable me to pay answer your demands without the least inconvenience to yourself to myself as fast as you can probably want\u2014You may probably think of some things which I might purchase immediately\u2014such as pillow cases for instance and you might make them at your leisure\u2014Any thing of this kind that you would like. I know my good friend H. Welch would procure with pleasure. I want my dear Sister to say a great deal more to you but my office is filling up with people and I must stop\u2014With respectful remembrance to our good father & Lydia I am my dear Sister your brother\nW S Shaw", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3030", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 7 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear Son,\nQuincy Feb. 7. 1816\nAmong a million of Things I want to Say to you, which Shall I choose. Publick affairs? What are these to me? What care I, who is President or Governor, Monroe or King, Cousin Brooke or Friend Dexter. What is it to me who makes Judges and Justices Collectors of Revenue or Tide Waiters?\nNevertheless, I Still interest myself in Some Things, I have read, with Eyes as bad as yours, four Volumes of D\u2019Israeli, on the Calamities and Quarrels of Authors. I wish I could See a French Work upon the Woes and Wars of Authors in France. What a Sublime, elegant, gracefull tasty Monument, it would be? What a Proof of the Perfectebility of Human Nature and the near Approach of the Apocalyptic Kingdom?\nI am now reading The Baron De Grim. Forty Years of Panegyrick upon Diderot, Voltaire, Buffon, D\u2019Alembert and Montesqieu, must contain some, Antidotes to Ennui. But I must leave these Sublimities and Profunditities for more Selfish Considerations. I want a Copy of your Travels in Silesia. One Single Copy of it, arrived in America and that cost me three dollars, and before I could read it, it was Stolen from me and the Thief was never Stopped or discovered. Buy the whole Edition if you can get it cheap And send it to me. I will pay for it to your Brother. Ask Stockdale whether he has burned \u201cThe History of disputes with America? If he has any left buy them all, provided you can get them cheap and Send them to me,\nAs you live, the Wiseacres have found out that my \u201cDefence\u201d is an original Book, that \u201cEngland has no Such Book\u201d and that \u201cDe Lolme is not to be compared to it\u201d\nStockdale is a licentious Fellow. He begets Bastards and then imputes them to me. He has published an Edition of my \u201cdefence\u2019 and given it a Bastard Title \u201cAdams\u2019s History of Republicks\u201d. If he will sell you, cheap, very cheap, half a dozen of the first Volumes I should be glad to have them. Second and third Volumes are plenty enough here. My Compliments however to our Old Landlord.\nI am delighted to hear that George is at School and Attentive to his Studies. He can do what he will.\nYour Mother is confined and very feeble. We hope however, Somewhat better\nA.\nP.S. I have been living over again from 1753 to 1759. The two first Volumes of De Grimm, have renewed my youth. Can you tell me any Thing of this Baron? Theodore Lyman Junr has lent me these Books, and I never read any, more amusing. He lashes all the Philosopher, except Diderot the Worst of them all. The best History of the Rise of the French Revolution may be drawn from this Work. But I want a years \u2013 Conversation with you upon this Subject.A\nFebruary 13th. 1816 My Dear UncleGrand mama is better, than when she wrote you, and desires me to say, that she gains more strength; we begin to be quite encouraged about her.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3031", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 8 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tN. 82.My Dear Mother.\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 8. February 1816.\n\t\t\t\tThe receipt of your favour of 2. December was acknowledged in my last, dated the 9th. of January\u2014Three days afterwards, I received your Letter of 9. and 18. November which had been brought by Mr Tarbel\u2014But it was forwarded, I believe from Manchester, Mr and Mrs Tarbel not having yet arrived in London. We have received no Letters of a later date from Quincy.Our Sons, after a Vacation of seven weeks have just returned to school. They are now all in good health\u2014George had a severe illness of several weeks, and is now but just recovered. I called a few days since upon Mrs Copley, and saw the Portrait of my dear Sister, which she has agreed to let me have\u2014The likeness is excellent; but the drapery part of the picture was never finished\u2014Mr Copley himself died last September\u2014I had seen him shortly after my arrival in England\u2014Even then, he had little to resign but breath\u2014Mrs Copley bears her age much better; but an interval of twenty years makes a mighty change in us all\u2014Their Son is well settled, in the practice of the Law\u2014The second daughter is yet unmarried, and lives with her Mother\u2014Still in the house where you knew them. N. 25 George Street Hanover Square. Mr West also still resides in the house where he have always known him; N. 14. Newman Street\u2014I have called twice to see him, but he was both times, absent in the Country.\tI propose to write you very soon a longer Letter\u2014We have Accounts form America to the commencement of the year\u2014As the Commercial Convention was ratified I hope soon to receive the solution of your enigma\u2014Parliament are here in Session since the first of this Month; but the Prince Regent has been confined at Brighton with a severe fit of the gout. He is recovering, and expected at London, in the course of the Month. In the mean time, we have no calls to Levees or Drawing Rooms.My best affections and duty to my father and the family; and believe me, ever faithfully your\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3032", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 10 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tmy Dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy Feb\u2019ry 10th 1816\n\t\t\t\tyour Letter of Nov\u2019br 7th allarmd me when I opend it, and Saw that it was in the hand writing of mrs Adams, and I read with trembling\u2014while I rejoice that you have So able a Substitute, I cannot but regret the occasion for it\u2014your hand may be restored to its use again, but your Eyes have reason to complain that you have used them too hardly. in this instance only\u2014have you been a hard master to members which have afforded you knowledge and entertainment, your Friends much pleasure, your Country more benifit, than I fear it will ever acknowledge, or Reward.I beg you to be more choice & Spairing of your Eyes in future\u2014and to use glasses to Save them\u2014I shall be anxious untill I hear again from you. your october Letter I have received, and acknowledgd and one from George of the Same month.I rejoice that Georges emulation has taken a proper turn\u2014My dear John, it pains me to hear he has been unwell. he used at times, to have a shortness of Breath which I attributed to woorms. he always had a feverish habit at those times, about the Same time last year, that you mention his Sickness\u2014he was Sadly afflicted with Boils.are there any low lands near you or does he pass any in going to School?I have been confined a month to my chamber, and must think it is oweing to weakness and debility of Age\u2014my constitution is giving way\u2014and you must prepare your to hear that I am numberd with the dead. I could have wished to have lived to See your return to your native Country, but if heaven orders it otherways, its will be done\u2014you have my Blessing, and my prayers for you, your partner, and all your dear Children\u2014your Father performd a great fat feat the other day. he went to Stuarts the other day and brought home his portrait and mine. his own is a most admirable likeness, a Speaking likeness. but mine\u2014alass will be known only to those who knew me 20 years ago. my Grandchildren will not know it. there is a likeness to be Seen in the features of that which mr Copley took of you.Stuart took one of your Father this last Summer for mr Shaw; to be placed in the Athen\u00e6um, equally goodMr Morse has been taking a likeness of your Father, at the request of a Gentleman in Philadelphia, a mr de La Plain, who is collecting the likeness of all our great revolutionary Heroes. mr Morse is a fine young Man. their is Genius in his Eyes. He came here to take the portrait, and past near a week with us. I hope he may be Sucessfull in introducing a taste for the fine Arts amongst us\u2014but in the portrait he has taken of your Father, he has failed. it is a Stern unpleasing likeness. Age has Softned his features, and Shed a mild lusture over them, which Stuart has happily Seazd\u2014I regret that mr Morse is So bad a likeness as it was taken to be engraved. your Brother claims your Fathers portrait for you. mine must not be Seperated from it. I beleive I gave you mine Some years Since. I owe it you in return for yours\u2014I Shall Send you the Books you request when ever any vessel Sails direct for London. I read enough in mr Tuckers Light of Nature, to find him a pleasing visionary, who could only be follow\u2019d as an Ignis Fatuus\u2014Life and immortality are brought to light only by the gospel. Good people cannot think alike, even upon importent Subjects fear god and keep his commandments, is the whole Duty of Man, and his faith cannot be essentiallialy wrong, whose Life is in the Right.I am warn\u2019d and forbiden to write, yet I cannot refrain while my hand can hold a pen, of / Subscribing your ever / affectionate Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tAbigail Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tI am taking the Bark in large quantities if it gives me Strength, I Shall try to write to my daughter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3033", "content": "Title: From Hannah Phillips Cushing to Abigail Smith Adams, 13 February 1816\nFrom: Cushing, Hannah Phillips\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear friend\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tMiddletown Febry 13th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI have been prevented waiting you since my arrival in Connecticut by the increased weakness and inflammation in my eyes; & I am now under the necessity of employing an amanuensis.My needle, (in which I have taken so much pleasure), is now wholly laid aside, & even writing I have been obliged to give up for this last fortnight.You have daily lived in my remembrance my dear friend, & since I heard of your late indisposition I have felt the utmost solicitude for you, & breathed many fervent prayers that your health might be restored, & your life continued for many many years\u2014Our intimacy has been of long standing; & I have derived so much pleasure from our uninterrupted & sisterly intercourse, that I can hardly think of its termination with any degree of composure\u2014I daily & hourly commend you to the care of that Almighty being, in \u201cwhose hands are the issues of life & death\u201d\u2014and although I am full of anxiety for you, I still cherish the fond hope of meeting you on my return, & spending many happy hours in your society\u2014I am enjoying myself here very much in the society of my near & dear relatives.\u2014 I spend much of my time with my dear Martha; who is very pleasantly settled\u2014She has two fine boys, who promise to be all a mother could desire. Sister Bowers is well, & surrounded by her grand-children; Mrs Cooper is in daily expectation of adding another to them\u2014If sister Bowers knew I was writing, I am sure she would desire an affectionate remembrance to you\u2014I am happy to hear that your two grandaughters are blessed with such fine children, & doing so well themselves I hope William\u2019s wife will be equally fortunate.\u2014I sincerely sympathize with you my dear friend in the loss of your friend & cousin Dr Tufts\u2014Your loss we humbly hope was his unspeakable gain\u2014; and it is a delightful reflection that those who have known & loved each other on earth, who have been faithful servants of the most High, will form one happy family \u201cunbroken in the skies\u201d.\u2014It is to be presumed that Mr Adams will continue at the court of St. James\u2019, as I am told Mr Smith is appointed Secretary\u2014Your maternal feelings I know will be pained by his lengthened stay, & yet you will cheerfully acquiesce in it if he can make himself more useful abroad than at home.\u2014I am very anxious to hear from you my dear Mrs Adams, & if you are not well enough to write yourself, I hope Miss Smith or Susan will have the goodness to favour me with a few lines; to whom I beg you will present my affectionate remembrance\u2014I hope the President is in his usual health this winter\u2014my best respects to him & regards to Judge and Mr Adams, and believe me ever most truly and / affy yours\n\t\t\t\t\tMy nieces Mrs E Phillips & Martha Holmes desire a respectful remembrance.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3034", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to William Steuben Smith, 20 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Smith, William Steuben\n\t\t\t\t\tDear William\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy Febry 20th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI am very anxious to learn whether mrs Smith is confined? I expected the post of this day would have brought me a Letter, but was dissapointed, in hearing either from you, or Caroline\u2014I Should have written to mrs Smith, but I have been little able, for Six weeks to hold a pen, Sometimes I have tremblingly pen\u2019d a few lines to Caroline, to keep her mind at ease. I have not been able to answer a very pleasant Letter, from your Father, which I received after I was SickI am now Something Stronger, and my Physician Says, I Shall get up again, which is more than I expected, for many weeks, and a small blast would blow me away now. I pray you to write to me, and let me know how mrs Smith is; as long as I live, I Shall feel interested in all the interest, and concerns of every Branch of my Family.you will be So good as to give me, information, of your Brother as Soon as you hear. I have not any Letter of a later date than Novbr 7th.Tell mrs Smith that Martha Godfrey is married, to a mr John Osburn, a musical instrument maker as yet, I know nothing of the Man, but his Name, & occupation I Shall make inquiry and give her further information respecting her. I hope She is well married\u2014for I have a great regard for Martha knowing the interest She has taken, in the family\u2019s in which She has lived, and the great obligations which She Says She feels for their kindness towards her\u2014She was much overcome, when She learnt the loss you Sustainnd. She had been with the Child So much that, it felt very near and dear to her\u2014I have every reason to believe that She has conducted herself with much propriety, Since her return to Boston, where She opend a milliners Shop; untill a Short time before her marriage when She gave it up\u2014Remember me to Aunt Nancy, when you See her. I presume you will be attentive to her, as a State of Single blessedness, is not the most Eligible in the worldLet me know when you hear from Your Father, how he is this winter? his Situation at the valley must be lonesome, and Melancholy to him\u2014present my Love to your Dear Spouse: and Say to her one Letter must Suffice for both with my Love; Louissas, and Susans, who is the Life of the House & grown a sprightly Lass, Since you Saw her, I subscribe / your affectionate / G M\n\t\t\t\t\tAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3035", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 22 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear Sir.\nQuincy Feb. 22d. 1816\nJohn Winthrop Esqr, Son of John Winthop of Boston Merchant and Legislator, Grandson of John Winthrop Professor and Counsellor, Great Grandson of Col Adam Winthrop of Boston Counsellor descended from the good old Governor, is destined to Bremen Where he expects to be Consul. He was educated at Cambridge and has travelled in Europe. He married Col Hitchburnes daughter who left him three Children. His Moral Character is good.\nHe requests of me an Introduction to you and here he has it.\nI wish I had better News to tell you; But your Mother has been confined to her Chamber with Sickness for Six Weeks and is Still very feeble. My Eyes are as bad as yours. Winter in this Country is Still Winter, and carries off, at every return a few hundreds of our oldest People. Love to my daughter and my dear Boys whose Welfare is nearer my heart than they can imagine. With the tenderest affection / I am &c\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3036", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 24 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tN. 46.Dear Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 24. February. 1816.\n\t\t\t\tI have for many Months made it a rule, to enclose to you a Newspaper, every week, and I have intended that it never should be without at least one Letter, from myself or some one of the family, to you or my Mother\u2014I believe this intention has never entirely failed; but it has not always been possible for me to write, myself\u2014The reasons of this are so well known to you, that I hope they will serve me instead of an Apology\u2014I have now upon file, four Letters from you, received since I had the pleasure of writing you last, each of which if I could carry into execution my inclination, would ere this have been answered by a long Letter from me\u2014Their dates are of 11. March 1815. Received only on the 8th. of last Month\u20147. and 22. November, Received on the 12th. ulto:\u2014and 19. December received four days ago\u2014From my dear Mother, I have only one Letter, the receipt of which has not yet been acknowledged\u2014dated 24. December.The account of the decease of Dr Tufts, has deeply affected me; as my attachment to him and my veneration for him, is coeval with the earliest consciousness of my own existence; and as I know what a breech the loss of him has made in your social comforts and enjoyments\u2014His Sphere of action, during life, has been filled with deeds of usefulness and benevolence, and I trust that his removal to another world has only been to receive the reward of a good and faithful Servant in this.I shall keep a minute of the books mentioned in several of your Letters, and will procure them for you should they ever fall within my reach\u2014But books out of print, are more difficult to be obtained both in London and Paris than I should have imagined\u2014In Paris I could occasionally visit the Stalls; but here, at this distance from Town they are as inaccessible to me, as if I were at Quincy.The world of Europe is in a glassy calm\u2014Not a breath of wind, or a ripple of water moving\u2014Our boys have returned to School, and shall answer your Letters to themI am, Dear Sir, ever affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3037", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Stephens Smith, 24 February 1816\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tValley near Hamilton 24th. Feby. 1816\n\t\t\t\tYour Letter of the 21st. of Novr. being forwarded under cover to William at New York, remained some time with him and was not addressed to me here, untill I informed him that I should not proceed to Washington, but pause the decission of the House, on the pretentions of Doctor Willoughby, Knowing the complection of the majority and their political biass, I concluded, I would save myself the trouble of the ride, untill I heared of the decission of the house\u2014as it has turned out, I flatter myself I acted a wise part\u2014The contents of your Letter in answer to mine of the 24th. of October and 1st. of November, are very interesting and shall be particularly attended to. Several Deputies and Commissioners from Mexico and other principal provinces of South America met Miranda at Paris for the purpose of concerting with him the measures to be pursued for acomplishing the Independence of their CountryIt was decided he should in their name, again repair to England, and make such offers to the British Government as, it was hoped, might induce it to lend them the assistance requisite for the great object of their wishes.The instrument, which was drawn up and put into the hands of Miranda, as the document to the British Government, of the proposals of the South Americans, is a remarkable evidence of the views and plans of the leading members of the South American communities, these articles are eleven in Number, the document is dated Paris, Decr. 22d 1797.A Proposal was made to Mr. Pitt, for the return of Miranda to England, which was acceeded to with alacrity, and Miranda had a Conference with Mr. Pitt in January followingIt accorded with the plans of Mr. Pitt at that time, to enter, with promptitude into the scheme proposed for the emancipation of South America, the outline of the proceeding was fully agreed upon, and a communication made to Genl Hamilton dated April 6th. 1798, The proof a copy of which I have furnished you with\u2014The proposal was, that North America should furnish Ten Thousand Troops, and the British Government should agreed to find money and Ships.\u2014Here comes the stopper, with a check mate.But, The President, Adams, declined to transmit an immediate Answer; and the measure was, in consequence, postponed. Thus, Sir, there can be no doubt, but your passing the dispatches from Miranda in Silence, your prompt appointment of Three Minister to effect a negotiation with france, and concluding a peace with that nation, Saved your Country from the Horrors and calamities of a bad disjointed war, Historians must & will give you the credit of this wise stroke of policy, any thing Mr. Hamilton or Mr. Pickering may say to the contrary NotwithstandingI congratulate you on the Safe arrival of my Son John in England, Love to Madam, Yours Sincerely\n\t\t\t\t\tW. S: Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3038", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, 25 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tdear Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy Feb\u2019ry 25th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI was very sick yesterday, and obliged to take an Emetic, to clear of a quantity of Bile, which the dr said was the occasion of my sleepless Nights. I hope he may be right; for they weaken me much. I was very much worried with it. I took it at half past three, pure delicious Indian Root and it never closed its opperation, until eleven at night. It is slow you know in its opperation. I did not expect to be able to sit up at all to day, but I slept tolerably after it ceased to opperate, and that has given me strength to write you a few lines. I really am conscience smitten, that I should call upon you for any service, knowing what a sick family you have, and how much nursing falls to your share\u2014the rough coppy of the Letter I sent you, you may return to me\u2014I sent it, in its primitive dress to you.I thank you for the sketch of miss Alans Life: when I am able, I will write to him and inclose it. and I will call for a return of it\u2014if susan had not so much coppying to do, I would get her to do it; but she likes writing originals better than coppying\u2014Mr TBA Adams has as usual, a very sick family, as saturday Thomas was on the Bed with an inflamitory Rheumatism\u2014Abigail threatned with a fever, and the Baby with the Hives\u2014to day all better, but the Baby, who is still very sick\u2014I hear nothing from Caroline or from Williams wife\u2014I hope too on tuesday\u2014the Tea came safe, and every other article\u2014I have sent the stocking to Hardwick\u2014mrs Foster left me yesterday quite a loss to me, she is an Excellent nurse\u2014Louisas feet swell shockingly up to her knee. she can poorly get about I have seen for a long time that she has looked unwell\u2014and before I was sick I urged her to take some medicine, but she was so averse that I could not get her consent, now she is obliged to come to it. her Blood is poor and their is danger & fear of a dropsy. the Dr says she may get rid of it, if she will stricktly follow his prescriptions\u2014I hope your Mother & you will get through your fatigue without being sick. I will not envy you, your blessed faculty of sleeping. now you want it so much, I only wish you could impart some of it to a Friend. my Love to mrs Baily who I am rejoiced to hear it getting better\u2014\n\t\t\t\tThe P. has had three of the last vol\u2019ms through and intended to have sent them by mrs Foster yesterday, but they were forgotten\u2014yours as everA Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tShould you see H Boardman ask her for Mrs Chapones works.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3039", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Richard Rush, 26 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Rush, Richard\nDear Sir\nQuincy Febry 26 1816\nIt is a long time since we have received a Line from you at Quincy. I have been so very sick myself, as not to be able to write for several weeks; I am still confined to my chamber very feeble. during this period, I have been, more than once informed that you had been Named for a mission to Russia. While on the one hand, it would give me pleasure to learn that my son was succeeded by so respectable a successor, on the other, I should regret, that any one, whom I so highly respect should risk his Life, his health, and fortune, in so cold so dark and Dismal a climate, upon an Embassy so expensive\u2014the narrow Sallery alluded by Congress to their foreign ministers, renders their situation abroad very unpleasent to them, and subjects them to the contempt of all classes, who judge of the importance of a Nation by the figure their Representatives make abroad.\nMr Adams is now subjected to the mortification of being obliged to take a small house in a Country Village, near the City, having no outfit provided for him since his mission to England, and having had it intimated to him, that there would not be any, he cannot take a house in the city, nor furnish one on his Sallery. he cannot receive, nor notice his own Country Men, who carry introductory Letters to him from all parts of the United States, with that hospitality which a public Minister ought to Sustain and be able to offer.\nIn a time of war, or in any great calamity which may threaten a country, I consider it the Duty of a good citizen, to Sacrifice property, and even Life, to save it upon this principle I have always acted. When called upon for a Seperation from those most Dear to me, which wrung my heart with anguish and placed me, a Solitary Being in the world\u2014for Sixteen years of my Life, and that at a period, when it may be supposed, Life is best enjoyed\u2014I was deprived of the Support, the Comfort, and Society of Him whom I most Loved, and esteemed, in the World.\nask mrs Rush if she could be reconciled to such a Sacrifice? With the Tower of London before her Eyes?\nBut these are scenes, which have long since past, and live only in the memory of a few ancient individuals. they will soon sink into oblivion,while the rising generation reap the reward.\nThere is a Spanish proverb, if you are well Stand Still. but Ambition and enterprize forbid it\u2014I see not any reason in a time of peace, for Sacrificing Time and tallents abroad which might be as usefully employed at home; and I have advised mr Adams to ask leave to return in the Spring, unless an outfit should be allowd him, he has three Sons to Educate, and it cannot certainly be his Duty, to expend upon his small private property as he already has done, to support his family with decency.\nI have heard that when mr Adams expected a successor in mr Bayard, he wrote a Letter to the president stateing to him, how inadequate the Sallery was, for a mission to Russia, and how unable an American Minister was, to Support the Honour, and Dignity, of the Nation he represented.\nThis Letter was captured, and carried to Barmudars and there made a Subject of ridicule, of the Country and Government which would not support their foreign Ministers in Character, at a table of British officers. the gentleman who heard it, and from whose mouth I heard it, was an American, but not known to be so by the officers. Being acquainted with the Family he obtaind the Letter, with some others for us, and after the peace, he Brought them here: that for the president was forwarded to him.\nmy trembling hand, & feeble Frame will only allow me to add, my best Regards to mrs Rush\u2014and / an assurance of the continued / of them and Friendship of\nAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3040", "content": "Title: From Charles Francis Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 28 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, Charles Francis\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nDear Mother\nFeby 28th 1816\nI must beg of you to tell the Doctor to give me and my brother our pay they are going to arrest me of Breaking down the door of Number one and I and my brother say we did not do that I think we ought to have our pay Mr Stradway wont give it to me I am your affectionate Son\nC F Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3042", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alexander Bryan Johnson, 2 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Johnson, Alexander Bryan\nDear Sir\nQuincy March 2nd. 1816\nI have read the enclosed travels of Vanderkemp, with as much interest as Bruce\u2019s or Chateaubriands, though they cost me, a large part of the vision, that remained to me\nI pray you tax your patience to read it, and then return it by a safe hand to the Author. My wife is comfortable this morning, & joins in love to all, without naming any; except the little one, who his Grand Mother says, \u201chas a sage countenance and a decided eye.\u201d\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3043", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 4 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\t83.My dear Mother.\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 4. March 1816.\n\t\t\t\tA Month has very nearly past away, since I wrote you last\u2014It was a very short Letter, and contained a promise, to write you very soon a longer one\u2014And thus it is that on our firm Resolves, the inaudible and noiseless foot of Time, is wont to steal.\u2014I have since then had the pleasure of receiving your Letter of 24. December, and George has one from you, the conclusion of which was written so late as the 12th. of January\u2014Both were written, in a depression of Spirits, and infirm health from which I fervently pray that this may find you recovered\u2014I feel how deeply the loss of Doctor Tufts affected you, and although if we could chuse our own fortunes, I can scarcely imagine any happier lot on Earth, than to close such a life by such a Death, yet a departure so sudden, must naturally warn us all, how short at any period of life our Summons may be, to another world. I cherish with earnest fondness the hope that we shall yet have the happiness of meeting with both my Parents in this\u2014Should the Wisdom and Goodness of Providence have otherwise decreed, and should it become my painful duty to execute your last intentions, it is, I hope superfluous to assure you that they shall be performed with the most assiduous, and most faithful affection. As I am indebted to my father and to you for every thing that is valuable in the possession of the present, and for every thing that is desirable in the hopes of futurity, whatever return of kind and pious offices it may ever be in my power to make to him or to you, will yet leave my debt of gratitude, to be rewarded by no limited Power, and no mortal hand.In one of your former Letters, you have expressed some curiosity for further particulars, respecting my last Winter\u2019s visit to Paris. It was in many respects the most agreeable interlude, if I may so call it, of my life. It was after an interval of thirty years that I revisited that great City, where all the fascinations of a luxurious Metropolis, had first charmed the senses of my childhood, and dazzled the imagination of my Youth. I was at an age, when the hey-day of the blood is tame, and waits upon the judgment\u2014I had seen much of the world during the interval between the two Periods, and was capable of estimating more nearly at their real worth, the enchantments of that fairy land. I had entire leisure, and a mind, not merely at ease, but enjoying relief from a weight of anxiety, almost insupportable, for the situation and prospects of my Country\u2014A relief which had been equally complete and unexpected\u2014I arrived at Paris, in the midst of a Carnival week, to which the partizans of the restored Bourbons were ostentatiously and painfully striving to give an air of revival to the festivities which had been peculiar to that season, in antient times\u2014I saw the gloomy Court of Louis 18, and the splendid Circles of the Duke of Orleans. I frequented the unparalleled assemblage of the master pieces of Art in the Museum of Napol\u00e9on, and in that of the French Monuments\u2014The Meetings of the National Institute\u2014the Courts of Law\u2014the Theatres\u2014The Collection of Mechanical Models\u2014the Gobelin Tapestry Manufacture\u2014and even the deserted Churches and the subterraneous Catacombs\u2014Although the king\u2019s Ministers were singularly shy, and avoided all notice whatever of the American diplomates from Ghent, I found Society as much as I could desire, until the landing of Napoleon\u2014I visited and dined at Madame de Sta\u00ebl\u2019s, and at our very old friend\u2019s Mr Marbois. I visited the Duke de la Vauguyon, but though he sent me a very civil message, he neither received me nor returned my visit. From the time of Napoleon\u2019s appearance at Cannes, all that sort of Society was at an end. Most of my acquaintance were dispersed; but I was indemnified for the loss by the safe arrival of my wife and Charles; safe, from the long and not unperilous winter journey from Russia\u2014After that time however the situation of Paris and of France, became far less agreeable for the abode of a travelling visitor\u2014The communications with the rest of Europe, were immediately cut off. The prospects of the Country were from day to day growing darker and more threatening. The combination of all Europe against them, took possession of the publick mind, and before we left France I was strongly impressed with the expectation of the issue, which so shortly afterwards ensued. Napoleon himself had no doubt presentiments of the same kind. I saw him only at the Windows of the Thuileries, and once at Mass\u2014And I was present the only Evening that he attended at the Th\u00e9atre Fran\u00e7ois. The Performance, was by his direction the Tragedy of Hector; one of the best that has been brought upon the French Stage since the Death of Voltaire\u2014It was written by a Professor at the University of Paris, named Luce de Lancival, now dead, and from its first appearance had been a favourite of the Emperor\u2014It turns of course upon the interest of a heroic character, who deliberately sacrifices his life to the defence of his Country, and its principal merit consists, in the adaptation to the drama, of some of the most affecting scenes, and sublimest sentiments in Homer, translated into such French verse, as Racine himself might have owned\u2014The house was so crowded, that the very Musicians of the Orchestra were obliged to give up their Seats, and retire to perform their symphonies, behind the Scenes\u2014And never at any public Theatre, did I witness such marks of public veneration, and such bursts of enthusiasm for any crowned Head, as that Evening exhibited for Napoleon\u2014I certainly was not among his admirers when he was in the plenitude of his Power, and I remember that David, the Man after God\u2019s own Heart, was forbidden to build a Temple to his God, because he had \u201cshed blood abundantly, and made great Wars.\u201d Napoleon is no fit person to build a temple to the name of the Lord\u2014But \u201cneither do the Spirits reprobate, all Virtue lose\u201d; had the name of Napoleon Bonaparte remained, among those of the Conquerors of the earth, it would not have been the blackest upon the list; and as to the mob of legitimates, who by his fall have been cast again upon their tottering and degraded thrones, where is the head or the heart among them capable of rising to the admiration of such a character as Hector?\u2014Their Hector belongs not to Tragedy but to Comedy\u2014Not the champion of Troy, but the Knave of Diamonds.My visits to the National Museum, were frequent, but such was the magnificence, and such the variety of its Treasures that daily visits for many Months would have been necessary, to give distinct ideas of the individual merit, of almost every work of art in the Collection. The Antique Statues were very numerous, but those from which I derived the least Satisfaction, were precisely those from which I had anticipated the most\u2014The Apollo, the Venus de Medicis, and the Laocoon\u2014I had seen so many, and such excellent copies of these, that I was unable to discover any new excellence in the Originals\u2014And the Venus in particular was so much mutilated, and so much restored, that she too strongly displayed the perishable attribute of beauty, even in marble\u2014Those which gave me the greatest pleasure were originals of which I had seen no Copies; and they were for the most part Busts\u2014Among them was a small Hippocrates, of great antiquity, and bearing in the face so strong a resemblance to our late excellent friend Dr Rush, that had I seen it in a copy of modern marble, I should have pronounced without hesitation that it had been taken from him.The Gallery of Pictures was immense; but so much accumulation of excellence, is rather unfavourable to the proper estimation of every separate Master-Piece\u2014I had seen before, at Antwerp at the Hague and at Potsdam, many of the most admirable pictures in the Collection, and I had seen at Dresden one Picture of Raphael, which had so absorbed my whole Stock of enthusiasm, that I had little ardour of extasy left even for the unrivalled beauties of the Transfiguration\u2014I could have returned and spent two or three hours every day for a twelvemonth, with new delight in this Paradise of human Art, but limited as I was in time, the pleasure which I enjoyed was not unmixed with confusion, like that which obscures the vision immediately after looking at the Sun\u2014The Museum is now no more; and as I shall never again have the opportunity of beholding such a collection of the wonders of human Genius, the remembrance of the hours that I past in contemplating, affords me a satisfaction almost as lively as that which I took in the enjoyment itself.I wrote last week to my father, by Major Swett, who goes in the Galen And I sent some books, for him, and a piece of Cloth addressed to him, but intended for my brother. I expect this Letter will reach you earlier\u2014We are all well.Ever faithfully yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3044", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Charles Francis Adams, 7 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, Charles Francis\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Grandpapa\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston March 7th: 1816\n\t\t\t\tI am very glad you like my letter of the third October, 1815 and hope you will like all of, them, as they come.I have lived in, la rue de Richelieu &, I have been to Passy and Au teuil, and to the place de Carousal, and from there I came here to visit Grosvenor Square, with my Father, and Mother; but as to Amsterdam, Leyden, and the Hague, I dont know where they are. I hope some time or other that I shall will go, to these places likewise, All the flowers are budding out, and Spring is, a coming on, very fast so, that I hope I shall, have another, letter, before the middle of it. Papa intends not to quit, this house, till next summer.I am, your dutiful, and affectionate, Grandson.\n\t\t\t\t\tC. F Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3045", "content": "Title: From Richard Rush to Abigail Smith Adams, 7 March 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tRespected Madam.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington March 7. 1816.\n\t\t\t\tDaily and incessant engagements for the last five weeks at the supreme court of the United-states, the term not being yet ended; together with the necessity for some time before it came on of getting ready for the important business which it was to devolve upon me, have long cut me off from the gratification and advantage which I never fail to derive from the correspondence of your venerable husband.I turn aside for a moment to acknowledge the receipt of your valued favor of the 26th of last month, which came to hand yesterday; and to return my thanks for the personal kindness and esteem, of which it furnishes evidence so flattering and so decisive. The newspapers will by this time have removed the impression under which you were laid. Had there been any foundation for it, I can say, with entire truth, that there live not those mortals in the world whose opinions I would take into more serious consideration and regard upon such a point, than your own, and those of your illustrious husband, as well on account of the kind friendship which I should be sure dictated them, as because I know no others in the world whose own experience, and other ample means, furnish them so largely with the lights most likely to lead to sound conclusions.Mrs Rush is well, and begs permission to make her respectful and affectionate compliments to you. We thank you in our joint names, (it should have been done at an earlier day,) for the letter you were so kind as to write by Mr and Mrs Welles. Their short stay prevented our seeing as much of them as we desired; but we saw enough to discover how agreeable and accomplished a pair they are. Mrs R. heartily joins me in the sentiment, that you never can oblige us more than by bringing us acquainted with such persons. Boston may be proud to send abroad such specimens of mind and manners; as she also well may be of the talents her Dexter is every day displaying in our court here.With a sincere hope that this letter may reach you in better health than when you wrote, I pray you, Madam, to receive at my hands, including also Mr Adams, assurances of the most respectful friendship and attachment.\n\t\t\t\t\tRichard Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3046", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, 8 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tfryday PM\u2014March 8th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI must write you a few lines to day from a Night of Rest, I derive Strength, all lost again by a night of wakefullness\u2014If I do not get to Sleep as soon as I go to Bed, and that is early; it is all lost for the night yet I suffer no pain, except some times in my head. no fever, no cough, yet I was loose my flesh. my complaint seems to be an universal relaxation of the Solids. If I had lived in the days of Salem Witch craft\u2014Some poor creature might have been hanged for keeping me awake, and tormenting me with Strange figures when I close my Eyes\u2014But enough of Self. I am very sorry to learn that you still have so sick a family\u2014poor little Charlot, had a hard Struggle. the cough to seize her, before she had recoverd her Strength from the measles\u2014and then it is such a long tedious three months complaint. I hope to hear that you are all better, and that will make me so.I want you to read de La Plains Letter. Send it back by mr Marston or C\u2014\u2014 Adams least it should be inquired for. in Replie the P writes him, that the portrait he has, belongs to his son J Q A who had it taken for him, and therefore he does not consider himself at Liberty to send it to him\u2014that he has some delicacy with respect to Stuart, to have it engraved without his consent\u2014he tells him that Stuart has one as this\u2014I for my part do not think we owe Stuart any such compliment\u2014for he will never have an engraven taken of it himself\u2014mr Shaws picture is not framed, and there fore might be more easily conveyd\u2014I think Morse ought not to be mortified, and I wish to have the Secret kept wholy to ourselves\u2014I see by the paper that Dow intends to close his shop in April\u2014I do not know whether he sells lower than his Name sake. I want a peice of cotton cambrick or cambrick napkin\u2014Such as we use for gowns. I think the measure 12 yds I want it good a yd & half\u2014Such I have heard might be had for 4/6 or 5 Shillings\u2014and about 12 yd of Colerain cotton\u2014Such as you bought me once before.Susan said that Dow had handsome Square Silk Shawls, dark for 6 dollars. do you suppose he would trust 2 or three to be sent to me to look at\u2014you can ask him. I will add no more, at present\u2014I inclose 20 dollars do not go out in the cold\u2014Saturday morg\u2014thank you for the note of this mor\u2019g I slept considerable last night. the cold however is most too much for me, and this morning, we are overpowerd with Letters in from abroad\u2014I have felt the influence of their approach the week past\u2014my Letter from mr A is 23 december John Smiths 23 Jan\u2019ry you must come up and read them all\u2014I am half deranged with themmy Letter I beleive has ten blunders to one in your Note\u2014I dare not write more. this is done sitting up in Bed.\u2014 dear Harriet, with Love to all sick and well, the Letter to you was sent by \tLouisa to you\u2014 Letter inclosed", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3049", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 20 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear Sir\nQuincy March 20th 1816\nI have recd. your favour of Dec. 16th. The Chicanery on the Law of Nations, is no surprise to me. A Lawyer of 58 years standing must have been acquainted with this Hobgoblin for 58 years, even though he has been pushing Bayonettes with him the whole time. The Chicaneries which I have Seen, and felt, in the Courts of England, France, and Holland, differed very little from those at the Bar, which I saw and despised from 1756 to 1775, or from those of all political and Ecclesiastical Parties which I ever knew, or of which I ever read. The Metaphysical and Jesuitical distinction, between Right and Liberty; will be found another \u201csine qua non,\u201d or a Bout de Feu. If England has a Mind to make Us as warlike as herself, let her: But as sure as she pushes this Chicanery this distinction between Liberty, and Right, so surely will She loose her Canada, her Nova Scotia, her Cape Breton, and every Vestige of her Dominion in North America. I do not wish it. Catos delenda est Carthago, proved the detenda est Libertas Rom\u00e6. You have too much discreation to expose my crude Reveries, or coarse Expressions. Do your duty, as I know you will, and you need not be terrified for the Fisheries. If New England is base enough to be indifferent about them Kentucky, Tennessee and New Orleans, will become their Advocates and Protectors. For if We must be driven to War, Nurseries of seamen will be the sine qua Non of U.S.\nIf you ask how the Expression happened to be varied from Right to Liberty; ask Malagrida Master of Jesuits Colledge Berkley Square; ask Frankling, and ask Jay? I will not give my Memory, at present.\nFrom one Species of Chicanery to another, the transition is easy, and the method Authentick. I have read Eight Volumes of De Grimm and am determined to read Eight more, and as many as there be, or may be. How is it possible that a rational Creature, a thinking Being should have thought the French Nation capable of a free democratical Government?\nWhen I went to France in April 1778, and landed at Bourdeaux, with you my dear Boy, brooding under my Wing; I went with a determination to look at France with a Phylosophick Eye, Determined to discard all my Old England Prejudices, my American Prejudices, my New England Prejudices; my Puritan Prejudices, my Yankee Prejudices, and every othe Biass as perfectly as if I was travelling in Venus, Mercury, or Mars or in any of the fixed Starrs. You remember the Noise and Bustle We made, or rather was made for Us, and about us at Bourdeaux: None of this escaped my Attentive Observation: We travelled to Paris 500 miles, through France, and saw much of the National Character, and manners on the Journey. Arrived at Paris, and established at Passy, I went every where to Versailles, to the French Comedy, to the Italian Comedy to the Opera to the Churches, and the Palais. My constant question to myself was, \u201cWhat kind of Religion and Government have produced these Effects.\u201d? could a free Republick, or any Species of free Government exist with such a Religion? Such manners? Such Information and such Understandings? And my constant answer to myself was, No. As well might it be attempted among the Inhabitants of the Royal Menagerie, at Versailles. And this has been my invariable Opinion ever Since. You may as easily reconcile Heaven, and Hell as a Free government with the Roman, or Gallican Religion.\nDe Grim has represented Things in France exactly as I saw them from 1778 to 1782.\nI cannot afford Brucker; but should be glad to have De Grimm and another Work, which I am now reading, \u201cHistoire Generale, de la Naissance et des Progres De La Comanie De Jesus, et l\u2019Analyse de Ses Constitutions et Priviledges, &c &c &c printed at Amsterdam in 1761, in four Volumes large duodeimo. This Work I am determined to have, for many reasons; too many to enumerate at present\u2014\nI rejoice in the Testimony you give me of the good Conduct and promising hopes of dear Boys. Thank Louisa and salute her in my behalf for so elegantly supplying the failure of your Sight\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3050", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 20 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Daughter\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy March 20th 1816.\n\t\t\t\tI attempted to write to you, by Captain Bronson in Jan\u2019ry but my strength failed me, and I have been ever since, in so low, and debilitated a state of Health, as to despair of ever recovering strength again, but for the last ten days, I have gained some, and my physician, encourages me, that I shall be benefitted by the returning Spring.I have not had any disease, such as fever, cough, or pain, except in my Head occasionally. it seems to, me to be an universal debility, and dissolution of my constitution.with the Blessing of heaven, and the kind assidious attention of my Friends, who hope to build me up, again upon Bark and wine, I have gained for the last ten days, and \u201ckind Natures sweet restorer, Balmy Sleep\u201d has again visited me.I had been deprived of this blessing, for near two months, save what was obtaind by the use of anodynes, and my Nerves have been dreadfully agitated. I am much fallen away, and am but the Specter of what I once was; but enough of this poor Frame, scarcly worth retaining\u2014Since I wrote to you last, I have received your two kind favours, of Nov\u2019br 27th 7th and dec\u2019br 23d for which I thank you, and also for copying my sons.I rejoice that your health, appears to have mended, so as to be able to aid your best Friend, under the affliction which seazd upon his Eyes. If he could go to Bath, and take of the waters, and Baths\u2014I think he would find much releif, from that Hereditary Scourge the Rheumatism\u2014which proteus like puts on all forms; from pains in the Limbs, to disorders in the Eyes. this I know by painfull experience\u2014as I presume he has not any Right to the Gout\u2014he must try to rid himself, of its near Relative.In one of your Letters your mention mrs Hellen\u2014early in the winter, and not long after the death of mr Hellen, she wrote to me in confidence, inclosing to me a copy of the will, and requesting my advice, whether she ought to accept it? at the same time stateing, that mr Hellens property was estimated from 50 to 60 Thousand dollars, part of which, was daily increasing in value.By the will, she could only receive four hundred dollars pr year, and living in the House; with the use of the furniture, so long as she remaind his widow\u2014It is not my buisness to remark upon this will. with respect to her I soon made up my mind, and gave her the same advise; which I should have given to my own child.\u2014I thought there was one near me, whose judgment I could better rely upon than my own; I communicated the will; and your sisters request. the result, was the Same; and we jointly advised her, to reject the will, and claim her dower; which she has done: and she has since written me, that the property left by mr Hellen, was found to be much larger than She had stated; so that with her dower, she will be in comfortable circumstances. She wrote me, that if she received her dower, she should not charge Board for the children\u2014I think however she ought to make a charge of it.\u2014it is a maxim with me; that children should go to their parents, not parents to their children\u2014and that she should hold it, in her power to remit it to them or not as circumstances might hereafter arise. they have a double claim upon her, both as Aunt, and Mother\u2014I took the Liberty to say to her that if she should marry again, she ought previously to secure to the Children, the property which belonged to their Father, after her disceaseI hope if she has ability, she will render kindness to those of her Family who need it, one of which, is a widow sister of mr Hellens, to whom, he left only 50 dollars\u2014I had a Letter from your Brother dated 23 Janry he writes in good Spirits, altho he says, he is a Banishd man\u2014and longs for the intercourse of consanguinity\u2014I am rejoiced to find George so fond of writing, and really do think, that he improves in his hand writing altho his superscriptions look a little as if the Spiders had dipt their Legs in the Ink; and crawld over the paper.I had hoped, to have written you that your sister Smith, was Safe a Bed, with a son, or daughter, but I must wait for News from N york, which I daily expect, as they have promissed me John I perceive is the same gay Lad, full of fire and enterprize. strong and powerfull are his feelings, which promise a goodly harvest, if properly restraind, and directed\u2014but we must bear in mind,\u201cThat what composes man can man destroy\u201d of my dear Charles Character, I know but little, that little has been in his praise\u2014Shall I ever behold them again?your Martha Godfrey is married, and I hear very well married to a mr John Osburn, a musical instrument maker\u2014I rejoiced when I learnt it, for Martha was too handsome to keep a milinars shop. her behaviour however has been perfectly correct, for any thing to the contrary which I have ever heard\u2014Louisa desires me to be affectionatly rememberd to you, and to George and John\u2014Susan is writing to George and will express her own Regards.we have been in danger of loosing our little John Quincy, with a Lung fever. he is now out of danger\u2014Let me my dear daughter hear from you as often as possible. Letters from abroad refresh my drooping Spirits, and Light up the Lamp of Life affresh\u2014Beleive me with sincere Love and / affection your Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3051", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 22 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy March 22d 1816\u2014\n\t\t\t\tYour Letter No 80 December 27th 1815 I have received\u2014Since my last Letter to you, which I think was in Jan\u2019ry, I then wrote to you, under an impression, that it would prove my Last. But it has pleased Heaven to keep me yet longer from the Skies\u2014I cannot Say, but at times, I have felt a regreet, at being like to return again to the world\u2014of which I have, more of a prospect, than for months past.\u2014The desire of seeing my dear Children once more, has been one of the Strongest ligaments, which has bound me to Earth.If I should recover Strength again to be usefull, to myself and Family, I Shall conclude, that there are yet further Duties for me to perform; or further trials for me too endure in either situation\u2014\u201cI trust the Ruler of the Skies\u201dI have said so much of myself, in a Letter to your amanuensis, that it is needless to add any thing further.I am not a little anxious for your Eyes, and wish you, very much to try the waters of Bath, beleiving them to be specifick against Rheumatic disorders, which So much afflict our Family.\u2014your Brothers little Boy Thomas has been seized with a Rheumatic fever\u2014in Jan\u2019ry which gave him much pain and for a time deprived him of the use of his Limbs for a time, and our little John Quincy, was taken with a Lung fever\u2014we thought we Should have lost him, but they have both recoverd. so much for family affairs\u2014You will see by the National papers, which I presume are regularly transmitted to you\u2014That the Commercial Treaty has not been censured, for any thing which is containd, but for not giving too the country all it desired. Some things be sure ought to have been yealded by GB\u2014compulsion is the surest argument with her.The oratory of the House of Reps has been displayd in long Speeches. whether it was not indispensable that the House should pass Laws, in order to render this treaty valid, and carry it into execution, the pro\u2019s and con\u2019s have taken up much of the Sessions out of the many pages upon this subject, I have read mr Pinknys Pinkneys Speech of many Columns, and mr somebody else in replie, and was well Satisfied, that the House of Reps, had nothing to do with it\u2014Mr Pinkney has been nominated & approved by the Senate as Minister to Russia. he was also nominated to Naples\u2014this was rejected by the Senate, and mr P. refused his mission to Russia\u2014mr P. knows what a foreign mission is\u2014I think it will be a difficult matter, to find a person fit for that Mission; willing to accept it\u2014I hope they will not, unless their Sallery is more ample.Here in this State, the Race has commenced between mr Dexter, and Gen\u2019ll. Brooks, or as some stile him Dr Brooks a worthy good man\u2014who is said to be more popular than Dexter\u2014and the Devotees of Gov\u2019r Strong will transfer their votes to him, without once asking, which of the two canditates, are is best qualified to Serve the State?To mr Dexter may be applied the speech of one of the officers, in Shakespears Coriolanus\u2014\u201dHe hath deserved worthily of his Country, and his ascent is not by such easy degrees as theirs\u2014Who have been Supple, and courteous to the people,But he hath so planted his honour in their Eyes, and his actions in their HeartsThat for their Tongues to be Silent, and not confess So muchwere a kind of ingratefull injury,To report otherways, were a malice, that giving itself the lye would pluck reproof and rebuke, from every Ear that heard it\u201dI have a Letter from a Gentleman in Washington, high in office, who writes, \u201cBoston may well be proud of her Dexter, who is displaying his Superiour talents in our Supreme Court here\u2014\u201dYour Brother has shown me a Letter from you in which you inform him, of having lent Money to several distrest persons. I would not discourage your compassionate feelings, but I fear you have been imposed upon by unworthy objects\u2014I know how hard it is to shut the Heart, against distress, and importunity\u2014Your Father sufferd from Swindlers\u2014and if I had not been a little more wary, and looked into characters, with rather more facility Col Norten, would have got, his hundred Guineys instead of 50,\u2014which have never been, or will be pay\u2019d\u2014I name this as only one instance out of many. Your Brother will write to you, upon the subject.I thank you my dear Son, for your kind offer of executing any commission for me. I have arrived at an Age, when I have few wants for myself.Your Fathers zeal for Books will be one of the last desires which will quit him, and he will be often Sending to you for supplies\u2014He has been reading a work of 16 volms by the Baron de Grimm. it has been an amusement to him Since my Sickness.My feeble Frame admonishes me to quit my pen. I write in my lap, with upon a Book. I must bid you an / affectionate adieu / Your Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3052", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, 22 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy March 22 1816\n\t\t\t\tI received a few lines from you to night by mrs Adams; and rejoice in the returning health of your family. as you requested I wrote to you by wednesday post, & inclosed you J A Smiths Letter, and Several others, which I thought you would like to read,\u2014but I find you had not got the Letter when you wrote\u2014William wrote to me, that on the 17 March, (St Patricks day a dear pady) mrs Smith got to Bed with a son\u2014and Caroline & her Family came to N York in the Steam Boat the Evening before, So you must direct to her there\u2014I have a Letter to day from mrs Adams 23 Jan\u2019ry. Send it you on Saturday\u2014Tobe Tim\u2019l is in Town & mrs Dexter by whom I send you this and the Books\u2014My Letters I will send on Saturday by mr Adams to go to Liverpool. I have two ready, & hope to get three more finished. I write as I can hold out. I shall deliver your message to Susan. She may understand it. I do not, tho like a true New Englander\u2014I can Guess\u2014! She is at the reading party, and has not yet returnd\u2014I can say, that I think myself, I am getting better & gaining Strength. when you can come & see us, it will do me good\u2014and give pleasure to, all but to none more than Your Friend\n\t\t\t\t\tA Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tLove to your Mother & Sister", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3053", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to William Steuben Smith, 24 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Smith, William Steuben\nDear Sir\nQuincy March 24th 1816\nI embrace the earliest opportunity to congratulate you upon the Birth of a son, and to rejoice with you, in the safety of Mother and child\u2014who I hope may live and prove worthy of his Ancestors\u2014I was writing to your Brother whom I received your Letter, and I communicated to him the agreeable intelligence\nI should have sent Johns Letter for you to have a read, but I presumed you must have received Letters\nI now inclose it to you; and. . .zd wish you to communicate it to Caroline\u2014who I am glad to find is arrived in the City. If I should not be able to write to her news give my Love to her, and tell her I will soon\nI have exhausted my Strength, in writing abroad, I am yet very feeble; altho better than for some time past I have a Letter from mrs Adams of the 27th Janry, she was then confined, with her & complaint St Anthonys fire, as it is called. I should rather he were preaching to his fishes, than tormenting my Friends\nRemember me to your dear partner also present my congratulations to her\u2014I hope my Life mat be spaired to see my third generation\u2014your grandfather wishes you joy Louisa and Susan join in affectionate remembrance\u2014your affectionate / G M\nAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3054", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 24 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nDr Sir\nQuincy March 24. 16\nI continue to live over again. De Grimm. Tome 3d Derncire Parte, page 304, has entertained me with the following Anecdote, \u201cMr Beaumarchais, has obtained finally, a reparation for his little retreat to Saint Lazere. In the first place, more than a Million has been paid to him, on his Accounts with the Government. In the Second he has received from Monsieur De Callone a Letter, infinitely honourable, in which that Minister writes him, that the Services he has rendered to the State in the last War, having been laid before the King, His Majesty had commaned him, to testify to him his Satisfaction, and to assure him, that he would Seize with pleasure opportunities to give him proofs of his Benevolence. In transmitting this Letter, it is said, The Minister added, verbally, the he had himself read to The King, his last Justificative Memorial; and that his Majesty had been well pleased (fort contente) with the Justice and Moderation with which this Memorial was written, and was obliged to him for it.\u201d He was offered moreover, if his best Friends may be believed, a Pension, upon the Privy Purse of 100 Pistoles or 12,00 Livres; but the Modesty or the Pride, the Disinterestness or the rigourous Justice of Mr de Beaumarchais, thought it his duty to reduce it to one hundred Livres. The Representations of the Marrige of Figaro have reassumed their Course and the Seventy Second, did not attract less Comany than the first. It was remarked that almost all the Ministers attended, it. The Publick made the most flattering application of Several Strokes, to the Author. Above all, the Public applauded, with the most marked Affectation, that Phase of the famous Monologue: \u201cNot being able to discredit the Witt, they revenge themselves by abusing it.\u201d A few days after this glorious Revival, The Barber of Seville, was represented upon the little Theatre at Trianon, in the intimate Society of The Queen; and they condescended to grant to the Author", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3055", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, 25 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Harriet\n\t\t\t\tI received your note this morning and wish you had known that mr Shaw came out last Evening alone. I looked & looked at noon for him with Some Friend, but they did not come. I asked him why he did not bring you. he said he came of suddenly\u2014The P. never found mr Lymans Note to you untill this moning or he would sooner have commissoned you to thank mr Lyman and Say that he did not think any one could properly appreciate the value of those Books who had not lived in France that it renews to him the Scenes and Some of the court intrigues to which he was witness\u2014that as a critick he is the most correct of any writer he has read, that his knowledge is vast & profound\u2014in that my dear spouse has in his old Age fallen in Love with the Baron de Grimm so much so that he has written to mr A to purchase the I shall write to Caroline now I know where She is to be foundplease to Send the handkerchief\u2014I rejoice to learn that you are all upon the recovery\u2014old people cannot recover lost Strength like Young ones\u2014Saturday night, for no cause which I could assign\u2014I had a sleepless night and yesterday felt meagre. last night I Slept well\u2014Louisa wrote a note to you o She Says she has written about it\u2014I have not any objection to mr Lymans Seeing the Letter you mention\u2014I Send it to you by Susan\u2014I do not know but you have Seen the Letter in mrs As hand writing which I inclose, the first part of which you will not communicate\u2014mrs As Letter I Send alsoyours most affecly\n\t\t\t\t\tI write in Bed I do not know if You can read it", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3057", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 27 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Daughter\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy March 27th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI have already written to you by this vessel. her sailing haveing been delayed, I have the opportunity of acknowledging your Letter dated in Jan\u2019ry, The contents of which are so flattering & complimentary, that I know not how to replie to it.\u2014In the days of my youth, Female Education was very little attended to, in this Country beyond reading, and writing, and Arithmatic. a few rare instances where musick was taught\u2014to read I was instructed, by my Grandfather for writing, I never had a Master, as you may well judge, by my hand writing at this day, but neither Gramer, orthography, or our Native Language, was considerd a part of Female Education, and I have through Life lamented the deficiency in this respect.\u2014If as you say, I write with ease; it is all from Habit. as to Stile, I make not any pretentions to it, and must trust to the candour of my correspondents to receive the Matter, as flowing from the heart, without regarding the Elegance of diction\u2014I might almost Say with Gays Hermit\u2014\u201cThe little learning I have gained\u201d\u201cIs all from simple Nature drain\u2019d\u201dI cannot permit you to depreciate your own Letters. your Stile is much more correct and elegant than mine, and your Letters are much approved, and admired.In Letters from absent Friends, we want to learn Family, and domestic occurrence\u2019s and I have the pleasure of announcing one to you, of a very agreable nature, viz, that your Sister Smith has a Son, born upon the 17th, Saint patrick day. upon the 18th, my Grandson William S Smith informd me of the event, and that the Mother and Babe were well\u2014I hear your Sister Pope was not so fortunate, having lost a pair by a miss.\u2014The British Minister arrived at Anapolis on the 15th\u2014and Sent on the Letters addrest to us immediatly\u2014If he comes with a concilitary temper as I hope he does, he and his Lady will be kindly received, altho surrounded with the devastation and havock, which his Sovereign has made in the capitol I should imagine, in a generous Breast, feelings, would be excited, not very pleasent, at the view.It is the Nature of our Country, not only to be hospitable to Strangers, but fond of them, and British importation especiallyMrs Mercy was said to be too haughty\u2014and mr Jackson, was certainly both impudent and insolent.Americans must learn become more National, and Respect themselves\u2014I am grieved to hear that George has been so sadly afflicted. I knew how to Sympathize with him. it is a little Singular that his cousin Thomas should be Seaz\u2019d with Same complaint, and loose the use of his Limbs about the Same time\u2014my Physician recommends fricktion, with a coars cloth daily when the Limbs can bear it. I have myself found the benifit of it\u2014my own debility this winter has largely partaken of this same Proteus.I must again recommend the Bath waters now they are within your reach.I once had a complaint similar to that which afflicts you, we call it St Anthonys fire, but I did not think there was any thing like a Saint about it, and I wishd the Saint had been preaching to his fishes, according to tradition,\u2014instead of Lighting up his fire in my face.I have already written to George and John by this vessel. I have received their Letters by the British Minister, but shall defer replying to them, untill an other opportunity, as I shall to their Father, to whom give my Love, and tell him I rejoice to see his hand writing again, as it gives me the hopes that his Eyes have recoverd\u2014Louisa desires me to be affectionatly rememberd to you, and the Boys. She has been confined all winter to me, to whom She has been a faithfull, Nurse, as well as superintendent of my FamilyDr Welchs Family have been very sick. mrs Bailey came upon a visit to them, and was taken with a fever, her Infant Baby with the hooping cough. her Eldest a daughter with the Measles followd by the same cough, in which they came near loosing her. Harriets Note of this morning, assures me that they are all upon the recovery\u2014 As I have not yet left my chamber, I am yet under Gaurdianship, and reminded that I sit to my pen too long, but if it was not for that, and my Books\u2014I know not, what would console me, or Solace my lonely hours\u2014Your most affectionate Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tAbigail Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tmy paper is not good, but it is American manufacter & that must excuse it\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3059", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 28 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy March 28th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI must write you a short Letter, least you Should think yourself neglected, as I have written to both your Brothers, and your Grandfather is so much engaged with his Books that he cannot write to any of his Grandsons now.your Mother writes me word, that you have forgotten your Russian & German Languages. you should not forget, what you learn that is valuable. that is the misfortune of old Age, which I too often find to my own mortification\u2014By this time, I suppose your daisys and cowslips begin to Bloom in your garden; while all here is like winter, the ground this week coverd with snow; I rode, out two days, last week in a close Sleigh.tell your Brother George that his school mate Coffin is gone to Carolina. I was mistaken in his being yet at Hingham. ask your Father if he will send me by some private hand half a pound of such fine sealing wax, as he uses I cannot get any fit to use in Boston\u2014when you come home you will find a little generation of cousins; growing up. your uncle Adams has 5\u2014and then come, an other generation of Sons, and Daughters, Great Grandchildren. I have three already\u2014whom I never saw, and one whom you know, is gone to heaven\u2014You write a very handsome hand my dear child; and your Brothers have improved very much. this makes glad the heart / of your affectionate Grandmother,\n\t\t\t\t\tA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3060", "content": "Title: From Caroline Amelia Smith De Windt to Harriet Welsh, 28 March 1816\nFrom: De Windt, Caroline Amelia Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York March 28th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI intended my dear Harriet to have written You before now\u2014but it has not been in my power this morning I recd. you packet with E\u2019s letter & yesterday the welcome information of C M\u2019s being out of danger\u2014remember me kindly to her father & mother I rejoice that she has recovered\u2014My dear Caroline is very well & very lively\u2014we are now very pleasantly situated at Mrs. Kinsey No 5 Broad way our bed room is a front room on the first floor which with an infant I find very convenient Mrs. Keese\u2019s was too public\u2014generall 25 at dinner and we were all on the third story\u2014Since I came to town I have procured a very clever woman for a nurse (mind, a dry one) but unfortunately she was yesterday taken very ill and remains so yet.\u2014therefore I have not now as much time to write you as I wish\u2014she is a married woman and lost her child in her confinement 5 months since\u2014her present indisposition is in consequence of her illness at that time she suits me in every thing but her health\u2014which is unfortunate I have however a prospect of getting another tomorrowI think dear Grand Mother writes in low spirits I sometimes fear I shall never see Ke again in this world\u2014March is a trying month and if she gets through it\u2014she may gain strenght, let me hear from you particularlyMrs. Smith is very well and the little boy likewise\u2014You will probably have heard of my Uncle Justus\u2019s death\u2014my dear father has had\u2014and will have a trying scenewould some fine pickled oysters be acceptable to G M\u2014?I will write soon when I am more at leisire and answer all your questions ever your own\n\t\t\t\t\tCaroline", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3062", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Abigal Adams Shaw Felt, 30 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Felt, Abigal Adams Shaw\nDear Abby\nQuincy March 30th 1816\nIt is So long Since I heard from you that I am anxious to hear from your own pen, how you have got through the winter, and your good Father?\nFor myself, I can Say that but little. I have had a very Sick time, ever since Jan\u2019ry\u2014I have not Sufferd much pain, but a great weakness and debility, like the breaking up of a constitution, never very robust, and very frequently assaild.\nWith the blessing of heaven, and the use of Bark wine &c I have obtaind Some Strength\u2014altho Still feeble\nyour Brother has been very good in comeing to See me, and our dear mrs Foster has been much with me during my Sickness; Watchd by me for 5 Nights during my Sickness. Louissa has taken care of me, Night and day with unwearied assiduity; and Susan has been a good Watcher. I have had the Solace, which kind Friends could afford\u2014\nI know you will rejoice to hear that I have Letters from mr Adams and from mrs Adams, and the Boys up to the last of Jan\u2019ry Mr Adams had been confined with an inflamation in his Eyes which terminated in an abcess under one of them, So that She has been obliged to write all his letters for him untill Jan\u2019ry when he was again enabled to See and write\u2014\nGeorge had been confined with a Rhumatic fever, but was again able to write\u2014John Says he does not like Europe So well as he expected, and wants to get back again in his Simple Stile, he Says, if it lay with me, my words Show, I would Soon be there.\nI have a Letter from John Smith, who had arrived, and appears well pleased with his Situation. William Smith has a son born to him, on the 17th of this month, as a Letter from him informs me, and Caroline de Wint reached the city of N york the Same day, with her Husband and Daughter they pass a month or two there. I expect them here during the Summer\nI have heard that your Brother Peabody has been upon a visit to his Father, and that he judges more favorable of his affairs, than was expected. I most Sincerely hope that he has Solid grounds for his opinion\u2014\nWhen will you come to Boston & Quincy? You ought to be early in the Spring, if you expect to be ready in the Spring fall\u2014I would ask, if it would if it would not do to celebrate your nuptials at Quincy? If I live, and recover my health, I know not what would give me more pleasure\u2014and I Should think too, that my dear Sister may be permitted to behold us with a benign Smile of Satisfaction\u2014we will talk further upon this Subject when we meet. Mr Foster has received an other quarters Rent which I have requested him to retain for your orders\u2014\nI hope soon to see you at Quincy, and request you to bring mr Felt acquainted with your / affectionate Aunt\nAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3063", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, March 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nMy dear daughter\nMarch 1816\nI always like to send to every one some token of remembrance by writing to each, altho, I \u00e1 derth of Subjects at the present day will not afford matter for amusement; a Letter upon Literary subjects, is not wanted in a country which abounds in every work of the kind, but as I do not consider, myself capable of being a reviewer\u2014I shall only speak my private opinion, many of the modern writers have been much read and admired in America\u2014none more than the writings of Scott & Lord Byron\u2014of the last\u2014he has a wild excentrick imagination\u2014Some touching & pathetic strokes of oration & genius\u2014but he is sarcistic gloomy malicious envious & unprincipled a Man neither capable of love or friendship\u2014his genius is abortive and his tallents misapplied\u2014such is my opinion of his Lordship & his writings\u2014for mr. Scott I have much more respect, and a much higher opinion\u2014in His Letters to his kinfellow, there is much of Benevolence & the niche of humane kindness\u2014His other writings are all pure & chast, and as a picture of the manners of the periods to which he introduces his readers\u2014may be considerd in the light of true History, embelished by fancy,\u2014. We have a letter publishd as coming from the mediteranian descriptive of the manners & dress of the princess of Wales, which would do for a chapture s\u00eec Romance as well as any we meet with & upon what principle is a devorce sought for by\u2014according to her own account\u2014and the English critics I presume will not question it. she might request a devorce as to any future Heirs from the P. th \u2014I beleive he has long ago put it out of his power to produce one\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3064", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 1 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\tAfter three months Sickness, great part of which time, I expected to go hence & be here no more, I am getting up Some Strength, and returning Rest, has again blessed my Eyes that Sweet \u201crestorer Balmy Sleep,\u201d the best of Physicians to the agitated Nerves and feeble frame, is invigorating me again, and I am enabled to take my pen and acknowledge a Letter long Since received from mr Vanderkemp\u2014in replie to his your inquiry respecting mrs More, miss Welch has been kind enough to collect the inclosed for me, which I Send you, and request you to return me when you have done with it\u2014you ask my opinion of dean Swift? I ask you if you think a Lady ought to own that She ever read his works? those who are judges, think highly of his polical writings\u2014his stile is Said to be elegant. he was certainly a great wit, in the estimation of the world, but I have seen wit defined by a poet, by negatives\u201cTis not a tale \u2018tis not a jest\u201dadmired with laughter at a feastmuch less can that have any placeat which a virgin hides her face\u201dthat fountain must be impure from whence such poluted Streams could flow\u2014as a mere versifier, for ease of Stile perhaps he Stands unequald\u2014yet he Says of Pope & other poets his Brother poet\u201cin Pope I cannot read a linebut with a sigh I wish it mineWhen in one couplet he can fixMore Sense than I can do in Six\u2014\u201dI like those writers who dignify & exalt humane Nature, not those who represent Beings created a little lower than the Angles, as upon a level with the Brutes which perish. to be plain Sir I have always considerd dean Swift as prostituting fine talents to ignoble purposes\u2014as a dissapointed Man\u2014whose works were unfit for a Ladies Library\u2014and whose head was turnd crackd, & See his gullivers travels\u2014My good husband is so occupied in reading the works of the Baron de Grimm in French, that he spairs Scarcly any time in writing, which daily grows more irksome to him, as the tremour in his hands increases\u2014an hour in the morning is almost the only time when he can use his pen\u2014and that So Slowly, that he cannot write one page, where he could formerly write four\u2014you inquire after my Son we have letters from him late in Jan\u2019ry. he had been much afflicted with his Eyes, and unable to write for nearly two months. mrs Adams happily Supplid his place, and wrote for him\u2014he had finally an abcess under the Lid of one Eye, which releived him, and he can now write himself\u2014he observes that Peace to us will be the most healing of all medecines to our finances but that it is an opinion widly circulated there, that instead of healing their finances, it will prove their inevitable destruction\u2014That nothing but a new War can save them\u2014the affects of Peace, here, he says which proves so distressing, is the depretiation in the value of grain, and of the other productions of the Soil\u2014The natural and inevitable consequence of which has been; the inability of the Farmers to pay their Rents the fall in the value of all landed Estates, a partial defalcation of the Revenue, and an aggravated soreness, under the burden of tythes and taxation\u2014of France he writes, \u201cI have not been informd when Louis the desired is to be consecrated with the miraculous oil from Sainte Ampoule\u2014But in the mean time he is making processions in of the holy virgin to the Church of Notre Dame, and his Nephew the pious duke of Angouleme is walking bare foot with the monks, & instigating the Butchery of protestants, in the South of France\u2014Such authority is surely not derived from a pigion\u2014it is much to be regretted that in the decay of the Monastic orders, the practise of turning\u2014les Rois fain\u00e9ans into Monks, has gone out of fashion\u2014The house of Bourbon would of itself people a convent, and be placed in a condition much more Suitable to their Characters, and Capacities, than upon the thrones to which they have been nailed by the Royal Hammersmiths of social order and Religion\u2014\u201dpresent me kindly to you Lady and daughter / and be assured of the Respect and / Esteem of your Friend\n\t\t\t\t\tA\u2014 Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3065", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, 2 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Thomas Boylston\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Brother.\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 2. April 1816.\n\t\t\t\tTo acknowledge in their order the Letters that I have received from you, since my last of 22. January, I am first to mention a short one of 1. December, which was delivered to me, by Mr Tarbell\u2014And I mention it particularly, because it contains an erroneous position, that the Aliens and Post\u2013Office Laws of this Country, do not allow the conveyance of Letters by private hands\u2014There have been Laws to that effect, but even while they were in force, they could not apply to Letters addressed to a foreign Minister accredited to this Government\u2014No Letter directed to me was ever taken from any person bearing it, and if there had been, I should by application to the proper Department have obtained satisfaction for it, as a trespass upon the rights to which I am entitled by my situation\u2014Sometimes by mistake, and unnecessarily, persons charged with Letters and Packets for me, have put them into the Post\u2013Office, and then they come with a fleecing charge of Postage, which I am obliged to pay; but if they had ever been required by a public officer, to forward any thing by the Post, I should have refused to pay the Postage, and demanded the Packets or Letters as my property\u2014But I understand that the Law itself was altered, the last Session of Parliament, and that any Letters may be carried by private passengers, gratuitously.Mr and Mrs Tarbell have been several weeks in London, and we have had the pleasure of seeing them there and here\u2014They are to leave the City, with several others of our Countrymen, upon a tour to France, this day.I have already informed you of the receipt of the other Letters brought by Mr Tarbell\u2014The New Packet, Captain Bronson has since then arrived at Liverpool, and brought your Numbers 10 and 11. of various dates in January and down to 2. February together with your account of the agency of my Affairs to the close of the last year\u2014my remarks upon which I reserve for a future occasion.Mr Martin Carroll, I am afraid will prove such a debtor, as that nephew of President Wheelock\u2019s, I forget his name, to whom as you remember, I once rendered a similar service at the Hague, and who to this hour has never, either repaid the money, or thanked me for the Obligation. I hope you will give me better tidings of Mr Frederic Pursh, from whom I have sent you three promissory Notes, for money lent him to enable him to return with his family to America.In my Letter of 22. January last, was enclosed an order upon the Commissioner of loans at Boston, to deliver to you, all Certificates of United States Stock standing in my name on the Books there, and to pay you the dividends. I also requested you, if a Bank of the United States should be established, to subscribe to it in my name to the full amount of that Stock, and to draw upon me for the specie part of the payment.Last week I enclosed to Mr Gulian Ludlow of New\u2013York a Certificate for 2153. Dollars 60 Cents, Six per Cent Stock of 1813. requesting him to have the same transferred to my name, and placed upon the Books at Boston. This will make up, all the Stock part of the Subscription to the Bank, which I authorized you to make\u2014I have now seen an outline of the plan for a National Bank as the Bill was brought into the House of Representatives in Congress\u2014Should it pass in that form the payment of the Subscriptions is to be in instalments, at the time of subscribing, and at 6. 12. and 18. Months\u2014You will of course draw upon me, only for the sum payable in specie at the time of subscribing, that is, according to the proposed Bank\u2013Law, and to the authority given you in my last, for 1500 Dollars\u2014and afterwards again as the instalments become payable\u2014I understand that when the New Packet sailed from Boston, there was a premium upon Bills of Exchange on London, which was likely to rise yet higher\u2014You will take care when you draw not to lose the benefit of the current rate of Exchange\u2014And I pray you not to depart from the Instructions already given you to invest immediately in Treasury Bills bearing interest, or in the 7 per Cent Stocks, all the dividends you shall receive upon these funds\u2014And I now further request you, at the Commencement of every Quarter to vest in the same manner, the whole balance of mine that may be in your hands\u2014If the 7 per Cents or Treasury Bills are above par, then vest the balances in 6 per Cents\u2014And let me have a statement every Quarter, of the fulfilment of these directions\u2014I sent also to Mr Ludlow an order in my favour for 163. Dollars 58 Cents, and he will receive one Quarter\u2019s interest upon the Certificate of 2153\u201460 which I transmitted\u2014I have directed him to hold this money, after deducting his charges subject to your drafts. You will therefore draw upon him for it, and place it in the same manner. Likewise I desire you to draw the Treasury Notes upon the quarter\u2019s interest on the Stock that was at Philadelphia, and keep or place them in the same manner\u2014In no case whatever, apply to any other purpose, any part of these balances, or of any of the dividends on the Stocks, that you shall receive.I am greatly concerned at learning the dangerous illness of our most affectionate and beloved mother. We shall wait in extreme anxiety to hear from her again\u2014The latest accounts we have concerning hers, are nearly three weeks later than yours, and they are the most encouraging to our hopes. May the blessing of God, complete her recovery, and grant her yet many years of life, and usefulness and comfort.I congratulate you upon the birth of your third Son, and thank you for my share of the name you have given him. I pray, that he and all your other children may live to be the joy of their Parents, and to do honour to the names they bear.An old Philadelphia friend of your\u2019s, Mr Richard McCall, is now the Navy\u2013Agent, for the squadron of the United States in the Mediterranean, and Consul at Barcelona\u2014I am in correspondence with him; and in one of his Letters, he mentions with friendly recollection his antient intimacy with you.My family here are all well, excepting George, whose health has been very infirm since his arrival in England. During a great part of the Winter he has been confined, and for the last fortnight he has been again obliged to intermit his attendance at school. At the same time his growth continues to be as rapid, as that of his brother John is slow. John now enjoys fine health and Spirits; and only longs to be in the navy. My time is still so completely absorbed that I have none left for the amusements or the Curiosities of this Country. We are at a distance from London, which I find inconvenient, but having passed the winter here, I do not incline to return with the fine Season to the noise and smoke of the Metropolis.\u2014The Prince Regent, has just returned from Brighton, where he has been confined two Months with several successive severe fits of the gout. He has not yet held a levee, since his return\u2014His daughter, the Princess Charlotte is to be married this day fortnight, to Prince Leopold of Saxe\u2013Coburg\u2014You will read much upon all these Subjects in America, upon which you must not implicitly rely.Ever affectionately your\u2019s\n\t\t\t\t\tJ. Q. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3066", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Adams, 5 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear John\nQuincy April 5. 1816\n\u201cLearn Patience of a Friend\u201d! You think you must go to sea. Well, I have no great Objection; provided you can command yourself; and your Constitution is Strong enough to support itself in all Climates, and through all Risques\nBut let me tell you, that to qualify yourself to be a Seaman such as Halley Rawley, Cook, Columbus &c. you must go through a course of Patient Study. You must make yourself Master of Geography, Astronomy Navigation and Naval Architecture. This will require Patience. But to this End you must have Patience. You must learn Vulgar and decimal Fraction, Algebra and Sir Isaac Neutons Universal Arithmetick; you must go through Euclids Elements, Trigonomity, plain and spherical; Dialing, Navigation Surveying, Spherical Trigonometry and great Circle Sailing, Conick Sections, Hydraulicks, Fortification Gunery, Projectile Forces, and even Sir Isaac Neutons Principia.\n\u201cWhat! Is my Grandfather laughing at me\u201d! \u201cTalking to me about Things that I understand no more, than a Swallow or a Sparrow in a Church would understand a Sermon of Dr Tillotson\u201d!\nYes! Your Grandfather has Smiled a little in writing this Letter; but he is very Serious in his Advice to you. Look, before you leap. Deliberate before you resolve. Consider your Means before you determine on your Ends.\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3067", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 7 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy April 7th 1816.\n\t\t\t\tUpon this day solemnized to me, by the anniversary of the death of my beloved Sister, and by the recent event of yesterday, which has cut off an other Relative from the Parent Stock, by the death of our Friend mr William Smith. my mind is so much affected, that I shall feel a releif in communicating my feelings.\u2014I am still living, lingering upon the confines, of the Grave, where e\u2019er this day, I expected to have been laid\u2014But it has pleased Heaven to permit me a longer residence upon Earth, and my wish is; to fill up every hour of that time to some usefull purpose. Thus I have been endeavouring to pour the balm of consolation into the afflicted heart, of the partner of my deceased Friend; and Relative, who has been so repeatedly tried in the furnace of affliction.\u2014Mr Smiths decline was rapid. he attended the last Session of the General Court, and has not been confined, not more than a fortnight\u2014To this page I must add the death of mr Justus B Smith, upon his estate in Lebanon, upon the 13th of March.\u2014We learn that he had been sick all winter, altho we did not hear of it, untill his death\u2014he died Intestate, as your dear sister predicted, and for the harmony of the Family, it is best, that he did so. I learn by a Letter from mr Johnson, that the estate is thought to be worth, an hundred thousand dollars\u2014that the Col. and he will administer upon it\u2014before we learnt, this circumstance, which was this morning communicated to us, by a Letter from mr Johnson, your Brother had written to William Smith at N york upon the Subject of your affairs. William was going to the valley upon the 2d of this Month, with his Aunt Nancy\u2014he set out your Brother left home yesterday, for Plimouth, and Barnstable courts, and will not return this fortnight; perhaps three weeks, so that not knowing of this opportunity, he will not be able to write\u2014I hope you will now be able to obtain that property which has so long been due to you; I think too that Williams debt ought to be satisfied. does your Brother know the extent of it? will it not be best for you to write to the Col. respecting it?I have been anxious, and mortified at the uncertainty in which you have been left by the Government, respecting your public expenditures and your outfit\u2014There appears to be a Spirit, I will not Say of Liberality; but of Justice, prevailing in the National Counsels\u2014they began by bringing in a Bill, to fix their own compensation. they past it with little opposition at 1500 dollars a Session, and an other Bill, has been brought forward to increase the Salleries of the Heads of departments, a thousand dollars, and that of the Judges, also, and foreign Ministers to twelve thousand. whether the Bill will pass\u2014or be filterd down, I cannot say in the present Stage of it\u2014Some time since, I wrote to my Friend mr Rush, and inclosed to him, your Letter of Novbr 24 to your Father, requesting him to get information upon the Subject.In reply, under date of 28 March, he writes me thus, \u201cThe enclosed Letter, of which you have been so good as to allow me the perusal; quite surpriz\u2019d me\u2014Whether the expences incident, to the instruction to mr Adams to repair from Russia to Gotenburgh have been allow\u2019d, I am not as yet intirely certain\u2014I certainly think they ought to be.\u2014I presume they have been.\u2014but that he was to be allow\u2019d a distinct and regular outfit, on his translation to the court of London\u2014I am sure, for it was the subject of deliberation in which I participated, and to which none objected.\u2014it is certain that he has been written to, to this effect.\u2014when I cannot say precisely\u2014but some time, as I think, before the meeting of Congress.\u2014in the first instance, there had been some little demur\u2014for fear the words of the Law, were not broad enough, but the Scruple yealded to further consideration\u201dMr Pinkney will go to Russia. he has reconsiderd\u2014and leave a profession, in which mr Rush, says from what rest upon his own positive knowledge, he derives an income, from twenty to 30 thousand dollars pr an.!!does not this prove the natural restlessness of Man? who unmindfull, of the Sagacious Spanish proverb, that when you are well, stand still, is still struggling to be better\u2014\u201cshall man alone; whom rational we call\u201cBe pleas\u2019d with nothing, if not blest with all?\u201dold Massachusetts has not yet obtaind the Redeeming Spirit. the old leven still ferments; and altho it has not been able to leven the whole mass, it has gained an ascendancy and the Spirit of party, so ambitious of conquest, is driven forward by passion, over which judgment has little controul\u2014The present prospect, is that Gen\u2019ll Brooks, will be Elected Govenour\u2014he is a Worthy Man, and has an amiable Character. but who will compare his tallents with mr Dexters\u2014?By a vessel which saild for Liverpool last week\u2014I wrote to you & to mrs Adams and the Children\u2014I have not time now to write by this vessel to them\u2014She advertized for the 15th or 20th\u2014but I learnt last Evening that she would sail this day. I hope however to get this Letter on Board\u2014I pray you to excuse me to mrs Adams and the children.\u2014Susan says she wrote a Letter in Boston to John and sent it on Board\u2014I should like you to send me the Edinburgh quarterly Review\u2014What can I send you from this country? but / the Love and affection of your Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tAbigail Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3069", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to William Smith Shaw, 7 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Shaw, William Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 7. April 1816.\n\t\t\t\tDuring my present Residence in Europe, I have had the pleasure of receiving one Letter from you, dated the 4th. of April 1815. which was delivered to me, on my first arrival in this Country last Summer, by Mr N. A. Haven, of whom it was introductory. I have attributed to the multitude of your occupations my not having heard oftener from you directly, and it has been a satisfaction to me, under the privation of your correspondence to be assured that you were always well employed.There was a Mr Champion, an Englishman, who called upon me last Summer, and informed me that he had been some years ago in Boston, and well acquainted with you\u2014He seemed desirous of being employed by you to purchase books for the Athenaeum, and intimated, that with his knowledge of the business, very advantageous bargains might be made\u2014But he desired me to transmit a Letter from him to President Kirkland, which I did, and he gave me the perusal of it, which I did not so much admire as he had perhaps expected I should. From the opinion it gave me of the writer, I did not think proper to recommend him to you as a Commissioner to purchase Books, and I have not seen or heard from him since.Among the collection of my books which you have at the Athenaeum there are I think about twenty odd Volumes, of Dodsley\u2019s Annual Register. As I may perhaps have here an opportunity for completing the set, which I wish to do, I will thank you to send me a list of the Volumes which are there, and of the years to which they belong.I shall be happy to hear from you, whenever your leisure will allow you to write, and I pray you to remember me kindly to all friends in Boston, and most especially to Judge Davis.Being ever faithfully your friend and Servt\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3070", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 8 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 8. April 1816.\n\t\t\t\tYour indifference, as to the result of the Elections to the Presidency of the United States, and to the office of Governor of your own Commonwealth of Massachusetts, which I find avoided in your favour of 7. February is the best of all possible political symptoms\u2014It proves, first that you consider all the Candidates as men likely to fill the respective Stations, if elected to them, with credit to themselves and usefulness to the Country\u2014Secondly that you consider no important principle of administration, external or internal to be involved in the issue\u2014Thirdly that the virulence of party Sprit, continues to subside among us, and that there are no conflicting interests in immediate operation, threatening our National Union, or the unutterable horrors of civil War.Of this there has been a deep impression upon my mind, of great and imminent danger\u2014And although I cannot share in your total indifference between the Candidates mentioned by you, I not only concur in the belief that no material public injury will result from the success of either of them; but that of the present moment is not to be named.The selection of the federal Candidate for Governor of Massachusetts has much surprized me\u2014In November you gave me a list of nine names then talked of, but that of Brooks was not among them\u2014Assuredly the General would have my vote in preference to most of them, for I never heard of him as a Hartford Conventionist; but he has been so little known in public life at all, and has gone along in such an easy, even tenor, that I should not have dreamt of him, as the Candidate of those who plotted that not able confederacy\u2014It is the worst thing I ever knew of him\u2014I have seen the electioneering address in his favour; and find that not only his own honourable services in the Revolutionary War, are very properly alledged in support of his pretensions, but also that he is said to have two sons in the public service, during the late war, that one of them fell in the glorious Battle upon Lake Erie. Those are to my mind strong titles to public gratitude, and would be powerful motives to influence my vote But what can they be to those who grudged even a vote of thanks for the victory on Lake Erie, and all others atchieved by their own Countrymen\u2014To those who in the struggle of Life and Death, hailed the Public Enemy, as the Bulwark of our Holy Religion\u2014To those who not only avowed their approbation of the infamous principle of the Press\u2013gang, but who while thousands, of their own brethren, natives of their own State were groaning under the bondage of British Impressment, instituted a mock legislative enquiry, and reported in the face of mankind that they could ascertain only eleven Citizens of Massachusetts who had been subjected to it\u2014How can those aiders and abetters of the Man\u2013Stealer, hold it up as a claim of merit in General Brooks, that he had a son who died in a cause, so reprobated by their abhorrence? But I should be still more embarrassed to account for this, had I not been informed that my old friend Otis writes to his Correspondents in this Country, that the issue of the War has been to give our People a consciousness of their own strength and confidence in themselves\u2014and he has even given warning, that if Great\u2013Britain should again provoke us into a War, she will find us far more united against her than we were in the last\u2014Burke says that Charles Townshend, always hit the house of Commons between wind and water\u2014Otis has spent his life in hitting the opinions of the People of Massachusetts between wind and water\u2014After his exploits at the Hartford Convention and his \u03a0\u0391\u03a1\u0391\u03a0\u03a1\u0395\u03a3\u0392\u0395\u0399\u0391 to Washington, when he was so seasonably accompanied from Baltimore to that City, by the Messenger bearing the Treaty of Ghent, it was certainly very gratifying to me, to be told that he was writing to his friends in England that the next War between the United States and Great\u2013Britain would exhibit us more united than the last. Not that I placed much reliance upon it as a promise\u2014But it was the evidence to me where the wind and water line now is, and has been since the Peace\u2014As the election is at this moment decided, there can be no harm in the avowal that my vote would have been for Dexter; one reason for which would have been precisely because he has not been so skillful in aiming at the Wind and water line, as my friend Otis, and because he did not wait till the next War, to take the side of his Country, in a quarrel with Britain.As you have read the Correspondence of the Baron de Grimm, I hope you will have opportunities to peruse that of La Harpe, with the Grand Duke Paul of Russia, that of Mademoiselle de l\u2019Espinosse, and that of Horace Walpole, with Madame La Marquise du Deffant\u2014I have read none of all those Books myself, for in Russia they were not to be procured, and since I left St: Petersburg I have had time to read nothing, not even Edward Search\u2019s Light of Nature. But the Grand Encyclopedian coterie has been disclosing its beauties and deformities to the world in all those Correspondences, and in all probability there are more disclosures of the same kind yet to come\u2014All I know of Grimm is that he was a German Baron, I believe a Saxon\u2014A man of Letters, who after having made some unsuccessful literary attempts in his own language and Country, went and lived at Paris, among the \u201ceconomists and calculators\u201d, learnt to write French as if it had been his native tongue, and furnished several Articles for the Encyclopaedia. The Empress Catherine gave him a title of Counsellor in her service, and a cross of one of the Russian Orders, and he was the most intimate friend of Diederot. I should suppose his own Correspondence would give you many more particulars about him.If a time should come while I reside in this Country, for granting me some of the leisure, which you have supposed I should enjoy, I shall endeavour to get some knowledge of the present state of literature here, and to amuse you with some account of it\u2014As yet I am so chained down to the table, that I am forbidden any sort of excursion for the benefit either of body or mind.I am desired to present to you the respects of two persons, who claim acquaintance with you of antient date\u2014one is the Chevalier de Freire, now the Minister from Portugal at this Court; and the other is Mr Richard Sharpe, a member of the House of Commons, whom I occasionally meet in Society, and who says he has very recently been in Correspondence with you.If the Politics of our own Country have no interest for you those of England must have less than one\u2014There is nothing of more importance to talk than that of the Prince Regent is recovering from the Gout, and that the Princess Charlotte his Daughter is upon the brink of marriage\u2014We are all well, and I remain ever affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3071", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 8 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\nMy Dear Mother\nEaling 8th. April 1816\nWe wait with much anxiety for Letters, to reassure us on account of your health; although the last accounts were highly favorable, for which I am indebted to my old and valuable friend Harriet Welsh, we yet cannot feel perfectly satisfied, until we are assured under your own hand, of your complete restoration to the blessing of health.\nI am at last enabled to answer your questions concerning the Queen, to whom I was presented about three weeks since. Her Majesty is grown fat and looks in very excellent health, and appears to support the fatigue of the drawing room wonderfully, as she stands throughout the ceremony; This is however much changed since you were here, the Queen being unable to go round the Circle, as she did formerly. She now stands still and recieves the Ladies, who simply pass through the room stopping immediately before her Majesty, who addresses a few words to them as they pass. The room being very small the Ladies do not remain in it five minutes, and I think the present Drawing rooms, might with great propriety be stiled reviews, as the Ladies literally file off at the word of command. I was presented by Lady Bathurst, owing to Lady Castlereagh\u2019s being too late; the Queen received me very graciously, and I was not more than half an hour at Court. Last Thursday I was induced from curiosity to see the Princess Charlotte, and the Prince of Coburg, to attend again, but was quite disappointed neither of them being there. The Queen received me again in the most gracious manner, and I had every reason to be satisfied. I took particular notice, as I had been informed that she received American Ladies with masked coldness.\nWe are now in anticipation of the Marriage, to which it is said all the Diplomatic Corps, and their Ladies, are to be invited. To the astonishment of every body the Hoop is to be dispensed with, on this occasion; They say the Marriage is to be as private as possible consistent with established ettiquette. The Regent is not yet well enough to shew himself in public. I have not seen him.\nPray offer my congratulations to Mrs: Adams on the birth of her Son. Present me respectfully to my father, and remember me to all the family, and believe me ever most affectionately yours\nL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3072", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, 18 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy April 18th 1816\n\t\t\t\tSelf, Self, is very often the first consideration I therefore begin my Letter by Saying I have had three good Nights. the Tincture of essence of hops, has contributed to them but it gives me the head ache. the weather is so worse than wintry, that I dare not encounter it abroad, so am deprived of exercise I ought to take.\u2014the P has been Sick ever since Saturday with a most sad cold, taken on riding on horse back, the day Louisa was in Town. he has kept Chamber ever Since; and is now something better, but on Sunday, I was much allarmed for him. he had a good deal of fever, and was much opprest upon his Lungs. by the use of Antimony; and Hysop & flax seed, he is getting the better of it, and an other visit from the Baron de Grimm will contribute to his cure, I hope\u2014I had anticipated a visit from you this week, and wisht it the more earnestly, as Louisa is alone. Susan & Lucy G. are gone to the exhibition at Hingham, and to pass a week with the miss Thaxters\u2014I shall be very happy to see mrs otis when ever she will favour me with a visit\u2014I go down Stairs when the weather is pleasant, but do not remain there long, as we are so exposed to visiters, some of whom I could not see. we had two this week whom I should have liked much to have seen, commodore Hall, and mr Hughes, the Secretary of the Peace Legation\u2014his visit to the P. was very pleasant and the more so, as his most his whole conversation was a panegyrick panegyrick upon mr Adams his curiosity in visiting, and examining every thing worthy of notice his patient investigation, of his dilligence, and application to buisness, of his Regularity, his great facility and ready utterance of the French Language\u2014were to the astonishment of the Dutch reinhe\u00ees, when they gave the entertainment to the American ministers, of which you know we had some account in the papers. it fell to mr Adams as first in the commission, to reply, which according to the Narator, he did extempora, in so apt and elegant and appropriate language that the Dutch men cried out. he speaks french like a parisianTo any one but you dear H I should not have been so garulous. you take so much pleasure in my pleasure, that I could not avoid telling you. can you inform me where mr Hughes boards\u2014I wish W Shaw could meet him\u2014he is much of a Gentleman, and if I was well, I would have him here to dine\u2014I have only a Short Letter from George & not a line yet from mr A\u2014I took my pen only to say that I thought not to have the crape\u2014I do not want it at present, and I want other things more\u2014may hap I may change my mind\u2014if I should you shall hear of it\u2014do dear H come soon and see / your constant Friend \n\t\t\t\t\tBring him this and all other Scrawls from A A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3073", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 18 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\t85.My Dear Mother.\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 18. April 1816.\n\t\t\t\tWe are waiting with great anxiety to hear again from Quincy, and pray that they may bring us favourable accounts of your health\u2014We have none later than of 19. February, which came by the New Packet, and which were received nearly a Month since. Mr and Mrs Tarbell are gone with Mr: and Mrs O. Everett, and Captain Stuart to France. We have a constant succession of our Countrymen coming and going; but few that remain for any length of time. I am glad that my father\u2019s Portrait and your\u2019s have at length been obtained from Mr Stewart; and regret very much that the engraving of my father\u2019s was not made from Stewart\u2019s Picture, instead of Mr Morse\u2019s. The Design of Mr Delaplaine\u2019s Collection is very good, but the Execution is far from corresponding with it. Some of the Portraits are badly painted, and others ill\u2013engraved\u2014There came a man here some Months ago with the cole collection\u2014I took as many of them as were not absolute caricatures; but that was scarcely one half\u2014I likewise took Perry\u2019s victory on Lake Erie; but Mr Alston tells me it is good for nothing.Our boys are at home for a week on account of the Easter Holidays\u2014Yesterday Mr George Joy took them to see Hampton\u2013Court\u2014and this day they should return to school\u2014but learning that Captain Bronson is in London, they are so anxious to go and see him that I could not refuse them the indulgence, and they are to take this opportunity to see sundry Sights in the great City\u2014Mr Sanders, who was their fellow\u2013passenger from America, as since ben to Hayti, from whence he has just returned\u2014He came out to see us yesterday; and the boys are going to accompany him on their excursions. You will perhaps hear, that \u201cMr and Mrs Adams, the American Ambassador,\u201d were at the Lord Mayor\u2019s Easter Monday dinner and Ball; and I am sorry to add, that in consequence of it, Mrs: Adams, was all day yesterday confined to her bed. The crowd at the Ball was so excessive that there was no room for dancing until after two in the Morning\u2014We had retired soon after Midnight.I send you Paul\u2019s Letters\u2014Paul I suppose you know, is Walter Scott.Ever Affectionately your\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3074", "content": "Title: From Richard Rush to Abigail Smith Adams, 20 April 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tRespected Madam.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia April 20. 1816\n\t\t\t\tI am here on a visit of a few days to my remaining parent, enjoying as much happiness as a son can, under her kind roof. I am sure it will afford you pleasure, madam, to hear that her health is perfectly good, and her situation in all things comfortable and happy. Hearing me say I intended to write to you, she requested that I would present to you her affectionate and cordial remembrance.Since I have been here, I have been applied to by three different persons for letters of introduction to the Minister at London. As yet I have complied with neither of the requests, but fear that, in one of the instances, I shall be obliged to. I determined to take this opportunity of a special letter to apologize through you, (hoping some fit occasion may perhaps occur of its being mentioned to Mr Adams,) for the trouble I throw upon him in this way. I feel, indeed, an extreme repugnance to it upon all occasions, and refuse or evade wherever it is possible. I feel happy that I have been able to do so in a great plurality of cases, for I well know, through a thousand correct channels, how burdensome and oppressive such drafts upon our foreign ministers are, more especially at the court of London. So will they continue to be until our senators and representatives can open their eyes to truth, justice, and sound policy upon the subject. I think that in the home system, we may continue to go along pretty well as it stands; though, to be sure, the pay is low enough. But if the allowance of our ministers abroad is to continue as heretofore, I declare for one that I think we had better cease to send them.I pray, Madam, that this letter may reach you in good health; and I beg leave upon this, as upon all occasions, to express the very high and respectful attachment which I ever cherish towards yourself and your venerable and illustrious husband.\n\t\t\t\t\tRichard Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3075", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 23 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Mother.\n\t\t\t\tI wrote you last week by Captain Bronson, and sent you a Volume of Letters from the Continent, about the Battle of Waterloo and the like, by the Poet Walter Scott\u2014I now send you a Newspaper in which you will find certain effusions of another personage, who is not only a Poet but a Lord\u2014He has been married little more than a year, and is already separated from his wife\u2014Partly, as his verses acknowledge, in consequence of some fault of his own, and partly as they alledge, by the suggestions of an evil Spirit in the shape of a governess, intriguing to embitter and envenom the resentment of his wife, and to make it unplacable\u2014The Lady, it seems thought it necessary to fly for refuge with an infant daughter to her father, and scandal having become unusually malignant in her whispers against the noble Bard, he wrote the two Poems, which you will find in the Paper.\u2014Had his real object been to obtain reconciliation and forgiveness, it is impossible that the Verses addressed to the wife should have failed of success, had they been alone. But the burning caustic of the other poem, took off all the healing virtues of the Farewell; the Lady was inexorable, and the Separation has been finally consummated\u2014Lord Byron leaves England immediately, and will probably close tragically his wild and eccentric career.In the profound tranquility that prevails over the whole civilized world, there is nothing stirring to excite an interest, but the adventures and misfortunes of individuals\u2014The Deaths and Diseases, and Marriages of King\u2019s and Princes form the most prominent Articles in the News of the time. There has been for some Months much complaint of distress in this Country owing to the cheapness of agricultural produce; but the prices are rapidly rising again, and the clamour has already subsided. The Prince Regent has recovered from his fit of the Gout, and the Princess Charlotte his daughter is to be married next week to the Prince of Coburg.We are all well, and the boys have just returned to school after the Easter Holidays Yours with unalterable affection", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3076", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Sarah Smith Adams, 24 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, Sarah Smith\nMy Dear Daughter\nQuincy April 24th 1816\nI this morning received your Letter, dated the 10th I sympathize with you, under the repeated Bereavements you have been call\u2019d to Suffer. your graces, and your virtues, are now call\u2019d into action. it is not Stoical indifference, but a christian Submission, and resignation to the all wise dispensations of your heavenly Father, which is required of you. alive to the tenderest sensibilities, you are not forbiden to mourn\u2014Nature requires it, and he who took upon himself Humane Nature, know\u2019s that our Frame, is but dust, and will sustain you. these are the occasions, when the mind must take refuge in religion\u2014upon what other stuff can it lean for consolation? and when we have no help in ourselves, what can remain, but that we look up to a higher and greater power? and to what hope may we not raise our Eye\u2019s and hearts when we consider that the greatest power is the best.\nI know you feel it a subject of painful recollection, that you did not see your Brothers, before they left the world. your Brother Justus, I learn, had been confined all winter, altho not thought to be dangerous, I know that both he and James were sick last Spring. When John Smith went up from N york to them, but I never knew the Nature of their complaints. your Brother William must have had a severe trial of his fortitude and Sympathy. I fear Nancy\u2019s Nerves are ill calculated to sooth him, or support herself.\nmy own feeble state of health, has led me through the winter, to believe, that I should never be restored to so much strength as I now enjoy. yet that strength is but weakness, and a small matter would lay me low, a sudden and universal debility, with a wastting of the solids was my principle complaint. this produced Nervous complaints, and the whole train of weakness connected with it. I cannot yet sleep regularly, I want air, and exercise, but the weather is so cold, and unpropitious that I never knew a more backward spring. there is not yet any vegetation with us. since I wrote to you, I have been call\u2019d to mourn the loss of two relatives. Mr William Smith of Boston, whom you well knew, as an amiable good man, and a patient sufferer under many heavy afflictions. he has long been in feeble Health. but kept house only a fortnight, having attended the gen\u2019ll court through the Session. from his consumptive complaints, we were in some measure prepared for his dissolution\u2014but not so for the death which took place last week\u2014Mrs Bondman, Suzy Adams that was, got to bed with a dead born child, and paid the forfeit of her Life, to the birth of her child. Brothers family are in great affliction, as you may well suppose she left three children. Shall we not say with Jobe, that man is born to trouble as the sparks fly upwards.\nThe p received a few lines from mr Johnson, which he intended to replie to, but has had and is still labouring under the weight of one of his dreadful cold\u2019s, his Eyes so much affected, that he has not written a line these three weeks in that Letter mr Johnson says, that he was to be united to your Brother is administering upon your Brothers estate. I was rejoiced to hear it. I should Suppose, that it would require an active experienced and capable Gentleman, more experienced in the ways of men than the Col., who in his dealings with the world, has been too apt to be imposed upon by specious appearances\u2014fair words and promisses, \u201cand thinks, that there is no harm, where no harm seems\u201d the world must be dealt with, as it is, not as we might wish it to be\nWe have had a Letter from John Smith dated 9th Febry. he appears to be pleased with his situation, but looks to America, as the only Land of freedom and independence\nGeorge and John have been very good in writing; Susan has been upon a visit at Hingham, this week past. I expect her return tomorrow.\nHow are Abbe\u2019s Eyes. shall I never see her hand writing again? my Love to her, and a kiss for the Sweet Boy, such he must be if he resembles his Mother.\nI hope when I hear again from you that your mind will have attaind more composure and your Body be restored to more health. both of which are sincerely wished you, by your / Affectionate Mother\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3078", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 24 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Daughter\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy April 24 1816\u2014\n\t\t\t\tBy a vessel which saild a week since, I wrote to my Son, and Grandson\u2019s. by this I shall write only to you, and acknowledge your favour of 2d Jan\u2019ry. I was very sorry to learn that George had been attack\u2019d with a Rheumatic complaint, a disorder, which when once in the constitution, continues a torment through Life. Georges Growth, has been so rapid, that he must not be forced to great exertions, in his Literary pursuits.I have the Authority of Dr preistly to say \u201cthat it is well known, that if we expect that Boys should ever make valuable Men, they must continue some time in the State of Boys, or they will never make Men worth forming\u201dI have sometimes feared, that a desire to see George, improve in proportion to his Size, might lead his Father to oblige him to closer application, than his constitution will bear.John will make a good Student, when he has sowed his wild oats\u2014his capacity is quick, and his Spirits ardent. excite their ambition, and emulation will follow.I cannot communicate to you, any thing respecting your Friends at Washington\u2014I have not had any Letters from them, since I wrote last to you. From N York, Caroline informs me, that your Sister, and son were well. mr Smith had been called away to Lebanon, upon the Death of his uncle Justus, and before he reachd there; a messenger informed him of the Death of his uncle James, about a fortnight after. I am anxious to hear from there. If Col Smith should remain there, I think it probable, that mr Smith will go there with his Family, but as yet, no arrangement has taken place\u2014I hope their is an handsome property for each of the Heirs.The injustice which has been done your Family, by the partners of your Father, will be visited upon their posterity\u2014I should rather be the sufferer by the loss, than the agressor rather Suffer wrong, than do wrong. this is however but a poor consolation to the oppressed\u2014America at this hour, is the happiest and freest country in the Civilized world. what can she want or wish for more? I hope\u2014not a gratefull heart, nor a suitable acknowledgment to that Being, in whose hand, is the Destiny of Nations, and who has made us to differ.The News papers inform us, that a Love match is like to take place, between the Princess Royall of England, and prince Leopald of Germany.\u2014a Love match is a rare thing in a Royal house\u2014She has seen enough to disgust her, in her own Family\u2014against any other\u2014the good gentleman will however be considerd in a subordinate State if she should ever come to the Throne\u2014mr Huges, the Secretary to the peace commission, made us a visit. the P. was much pleased with him. being still confined to my chamber I did not see him\u2014to my no small regret, as he was highly in praise of mr A. to whom he appeard to be strongly attachd\u2014two days Since I received a Letter from mr A. of Febry 7th by way of N york, and one from mr Smith to his Grandfather. the Jan\u2019ry Letter has not yet reachd us by mr Bagot I do not know how to let a vessel Sail without a few lines from us.yours most affectionatly\n\t\t\t\t\tPS. Love to my Son & Grandsons", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3079", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, 27 April 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\nDear Harriet\nSaturday morng 27 April 1816\nI am much dispirited by the weather which prevented the intended visit of you and your Friends, I promised myself much pleasure in it and wished for a conversation with mr Lyman upon the News. I recollected his account of the Bourbons and the temper of the French Nation as it respected Napoleon, they found themselves humbled mortified deprest and saw no disposition in the Monarch raise them to Glory as they consider it. the Whole Nation military restless and Angry at their Humiliation, they have again Submitted to the Emperor, hailed him with transports of Joy \u201cwhat shall we say? what shall we think of him whom rational we call\u201d\nhere is mr Adams and I have not half spun my web. I say come next week only let me know when. you recollect I left with you a Hnd. dollar Bill for mr blacks washed stockings of which stockings I am in some want. the man cant wait. so no more at present from\n A A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3080", "content": "Title: From Hannah Phillips Cushing to Abigail Smith Adams, 27 April 1816\nFrom: Cushing, Hannah Phillips\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tNorthampton April 27th. 1816\n\t\t\t\tIt was with heart felt sorrow my Dear Friend that I learnt by your kind & affectionate letter how dangerously ill you had been, & of your long confinement; but hope ere this through the blessing of heaven balmy sleep, bark, wine &c. you are restored to a comfortable state of health, & that I may yet enjoy the pleasure of your society. It is but seldom that I meet in company friends of my youth, they are mostly gone to the world of spirits; & it is time for me to fix my affections more firmly upon the Rock of ages, & to place my chief happiness beyond this scene, in a firm belief of a reunion with those near & dear friends that still bind me to earth, as well as those whom I once knew whose lives were as dear as my own existence, & occasioned such heart rending sorrow at their departure. Had my eyes permited me to write on my arrival at Midn I should have expatiated on the joy it gave me in once more visiting the place of my nativity, after an absence of near four years. It was not however without alloy at as it contains the dust of near & dear Relatives. In the course of the winter we received the sorrowful tidings of the death of my beloved Nephew John Bowers, who had resided at New York, but being out of health in the Autumn some of his friends thought a voyage might be advantageous, & he went with his brother Lloyd to the Spanish Main where he took the yellow fever, & after eight days illness expired. His Mother supports this sore affliction with calm resignation, & silent grief. He was a very fine youth of twenty two years.Three weeks since Mr Phillips came with me to Suffield, where I passed a fortnight with Nephews, & Nieces, & then Parson Gay accompanied me here, to visit my dear Mary in her new habitation, & find her very happily situated with a Husband who stands on high ground as to reputation, & I believe justly so. His five Children appear to be fond of her, & she of them.This Town is so much shanged with in eighteen years that I should not have known it. An elegant meeting House has been lately built, which contains the largest congregation I have ever seen. The Court house is also new, & many handsome dwelling houses. The society is good, & in short I am delighted with my Nieces prospects At the same time I consider her a great loss to our part of the country. It is my intention to return to Midn. in ten or twelve days, & some time in May to go to New York, for the two Daughters of my youngest Brother, & to take them to Scituate, where I promise myself much enjoyment with them. They are said to be fine children, but I have not seen them for seven years. So you see my dear Friend as one Niece marries after another I am still provided for.I am so much in the habit of relaiting the incidents of my family to you, that I trust no apology is necessary for thus digressing. To return to the subject of your letter. Mr Adamss privation of eye sight during the winter I greatly regret, & hope & pray that it will not be permanent, as it would not only be a great misfortune to himself, & family, but to our Country. Such a character is rarely to be found in any community. My love to Miss Smith, & Miss S Adams, & say that I wish much to see them. It was delightful to meet Mrs Beal at Midn; offer my love to her; & kind wishes that she may enjoy better health. My thanks are due to you for the extract from Mr Rushes letter. Mr Dexters great talents & independent mind, are highly estimated by me, & I have no doubt but that he would make a dignified first Magistrate. It is to be feard that the love of Country does not predominate; yours will be lasting through life. Many Persons here appear to be greatly engaged in religion, which is a subject we ought all to set the highest value upon. Tuey eveg there was a Lecture, Wedy was Fast, appointed by the Clergyman, at the request of some of his people; In course of the day & eveg four Sermons were delivered, by four Clergymen, who happend to be here, & yesy (Friy) another Lecture, & a good Sermon said to be deliverd, by another Clermn. hapg in. What will you say of your Friend who has heard but Sermon since the Sabbath.I am grateful that my eyes are so much better as to enable me to converse with you my beloved friend in my hand writing, but they were warn me that it is time to say adieu. Mrs Ashman requests her best regards to you, The President, & Miss Smith, in which she is joind by your Affectionate\n\t\t\t\t\tH. Cushing\n\t\t\t\t\tWhen you see Mrs Quncy do offer my best regards & condolance to her for her bereavements.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3081", "content": "Title: From Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp to Abigail Smith Adams, 29 April 1816\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\nDear and respected Madam!\nOldenbarneveld. 29 Apr. 1816.\nAs I was, unexpectedly, So highly gratified with your favour of the 2d. instant, it might appear Some what Strange, that I Should dela\u00ff till now its answer, there I could not plead an\u00ff indisposition\u2014neither would the multiplicity of m\u00ff dayly labour afford, in my opinion, a Sufficient motive for its dela\u00ff, as I felt my Self So highly obliged by it. No Madam! it was a more Sentic cause, and your noble mind is me a Sufficient guarantee, that I Shall obtain your indulgence, when I have mentioned, that the distressing cares and anxiety for an un happ\u00ff famil\u00ff has occasioned it, to which, although my Situation did forbid, to administer actual relief, yet I deemed it a duty, to offer it, m\u00ff Services and advice. The Son of my old and worthy frend is in embarrashed circumstances\u2014his failure is unavoidable\u2014the whole family Shall, I fear, Share in it\u2014He is now at N. york, to try, if he may make Some arrangements with his creditors\u2014by an honest offer of all\u2014which yet remains. Want of prudence and activity, with a full Share of indolence are the causes of his ruin. I Suffered more Severl\u00ff, there I am at loss, how to remed\u00ff this fatal catastrophe for that unhapp\u00ff famil\u00ff!\nI thank God, that you have recovered your health again\u2014and pra\u00ff that the favorable Season may renew your Strenght\u2014mr Adams\u2019s Letter overshadowed with an unusual gloom, had alarmed me\u2014He cannot Spare that powerful Support\u2014He will revive, in perceiving, that you are restored to Him \u201cfor when a world of men would not prevail There would be the ministering angel\u2014his adviser\u2014his comforter, and prudent manager of his affairs\nI thank you for the Anecdotes\u2014relating miss Moore and permitted m\u00ff Daughter to take a cop\u00ff of these\u2014to be preserved in the blank pages of one of the works of miss Moore, which She owes to the kindness of mrs Eliot\u2014and I doubt not, or you will oblige me, in presenting m\u00ff thanks to miss Welch. Although I had not much opportunity of observing her, during my happy residence at Quinc\u00ff\u2014my mind So entirely engaged with other objects\u2014perhaps even in wanting that attention So justly claimed to persons of real worth\u2014and well of your Sex, yet it Seemed to me, that She possessed a ver\u00ff Sound mind\u2014an openness of character\u2014unaffected\u2014frank and candid\u2014and yet free from forwardness\u2014So difficultly palliated even by Superior merit\u2014But\u2014had I even observed less, the partiality\u2014with which She was distinguished by mrs Adams, would have been more than Sufficient, to imbue me with an exalted opinion.\nI was not a little pleased, Madam! in finding my opinion of the Dean Sanctioned by Such a High autority\u2014I was one of his admirers, and remain So\u2014after every new perusal\u2014there is a vast deal of pure gold\u2014tho too often its lustre is Sullied\u2014yet\u2014I will not Say, that I ma\u00ff not wrong the man\u2014yet I Should never have wished him the frend of bosom\u2014never\u2014I fear\u2014he could have gained my confidence: I have known his counterpart on the continent, whom I respected\u2014whose talents I dreaded\u2014whose intimate connection I Shunned\u2014I know not, if Corn. van Engelen\u2014the translator of Buffon in Dutch\u2014was introduced in Your Society\u2014He was the Author of the Philanthropist\u2014of the Philosopher\u2014was admired, as Swift on that part of the Continent, and passed the last Stage of his age in childish imbecillity, So that he was fed and cloathed as a babe.\nB\u00ff the manner, in which mr Adams devotes a part of his time, to the Baron de Grimm\u2019s works, I conclude these must be interesting\u2014at least amusing\u2014I would\u2014I dare Sa\u00ff, enjo\u00ff the Same benefit\u2014did I live in your neighbourhood\u2014now I must chiefly have recourse to my old acquaintances\u2014Montaigne\u2014and Plutarch\u2014and then again I visit Montesquieu\u2014Perhaps as noble a Baron, as that German.\nI hope, if the disease of mr J. Q. A, originates from weakness of the e\u00ffes, that he ma\u00ff appeal to a powerful remedy\u2014Spectacles\u2014I use these never now for reading and writing\u2014but for more than forty past, Prof. P. Camper advised me, if I would Save my Sight, to wear use Spectacles, constantly for Some time\u2014He would give directions\u2014how these ought to be made. The Same are now invaluable, when out of doors, as I can distinguish few objects\u2014and no persons at a distance. but the Smallest print gives me now no vexation.\nMy apprehensions with regard to the European Continent are Somewhat congenial to those of J. Q. A. I ardently pra\u00ff\u2014the\u00ff may be proved unfounded\u2014I wished to lay down my head in peace\u2014Peace\u2014must be for us an Heroic medicine\u2014but it has opulence\u2014luxury\u2014and corruption of manners in its Suit\u2014and the emissaries of this hostile tribe to all Republican Government\u2014penetrate even in the recesses of the West\u2014So that I have little faith in the Stability of our Government\u2014for a long term of years\u2014except N. England ejects only its dregs out of its circumference and perserves its Republican manners unsullied\u2014and yet\u2014N.E. will Stand alone\u2014Pardon\u2014Madam! this involuntary digression\u2014our election is at hand\u2014once more I Shall give my vote\u2014tho\u2019 I expect in the minority. Mrs v. d. kemp and my daughter are obliged to you for taking notice of them, with So much kindness\u2014and in what manner can I then acquit me Self to deserve that distinguished attention, with which your Lady-Ship continues to honour me? Its it not permitted\u2014to indulge a little complacency with my Self? while it Should not have obtained all this without Some claim at least.\nPermit me, to assure you\u2014that I remain with the highest consideration and Sincerest respect / Dear and respected Madam! / Your most obed: and Obliged St\nFr. Adr. van der kemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3083", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 2 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear daughter\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy May 2d 1816.\n\t\t\t\tI never know how to let a vessel go from Boston, without a Letter to Some of the Family. I have just written by the Mary, for Liverpool, but as a Gentleman calld yesterday to request Letters, I have given him one, for my Son, and one for mr Smith. this I have directed to be put in the Bag, as it incloses one from your Sister Hellen, which She Sent one for you\u2014Mr Brooks has taken charge of the watches for the Boys\u2014and I have Sent the Letter for them, which accompanied the watches; I thought it too excellent, to be seperated from them, and I hope they will esteem it, of more intrinsic value than the watches\u2014I hear you are to be presented soon to court. I presume the marriage of the princess Charlot is soon to take place; and will be celebrated with great Splendour uponThe accounts which we hear of the prince Regent health, would lead us to beleive, that his own prediction of his Fathers out living him; would prove true.The Nation will be like to have a Female Reign; and in that of Elizabeth, there is a model. Some Spots be sure, but where shall we find fewer? the continual plots of the Catholicks, and Jesuits against her Life, were paried by her, with great wisdom, and Skill.\u2014Mary has my compassion, and I have been ready to accuse Elizabeth with envy, and Jealousy, in putting her to death\u2014Yet as a Sovereign, I know not but that She was right. My Love to my Grandsons.From their and your affectionate", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3084", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 3 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nQuincy May 3. 1816\nOn the 1st. Mr and Mrs Swelt made us happy by a Visit in which he assured Us he had Seen you, your Lady and Son and that you were all well.\non the 2nd. Mr P. C. Brooks with his Son Edward made Us a very pleasant Visit to offer to take Letters or Packetts to you. This Mr Edward has a Steady Face and manly Countenance, I hope you will cherrish him.\nYour Brother has paid me the last Farthing, and now I have no fund to draw upon. But I will run upon Tick for Grim and the History of the Jesuits. I will Still pay your Brother whatever your may expend for me.\nYour Mother has been Sick all Winter: but Survives and is charmingly recoved. My Eyes have been half blind, and I have been Sick three Weeks and am So Still. As Voltaire always whined \u201cOctogenaire et malade.\u201d\nHow came Homer to be a Wizzard? Cassandra was a Prophet, divinely inspired, allways foreseeing and fore telling Truth, though Evil. Yet punished for that very Truth.!!!\nI have always been a Prophet of ill, and punished Accordingly.\nBut I persevere. We Shall have Jesuits in all Shapes in America. We Shall Jesuits, as Federalists and Republicans, in the Shape of Monarchists and Democrats. We Shall have Jesuits as Calvinists and Armenians as Unitarians and Athanatians as Phylosophers and Men of Letters, as Editors of Newspapers and Printers Devils.\nMy Advice to you therefore is to Study the History of the Jesuits. Read again Pascall, and procure for me and for yourself the Histoire general of the Company.\nYou can have no Idea of the feelings with which I Say Adieu\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3085", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, 5 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tdear Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy May 5th\u20141816\u2014\n\t\t\t\tA ; I opend my Letters this morning and found a Number\u2014dated last Novbr and December, the first which John Smith wrote on Board Ship, which in his second he refered to, one from mr A. which I inclose for you only.I am much obliged by the paper you sent containing an account of the Lord Mayor feast. I approve the Toast given by the American Minister. it was liberal patriotic, and concilitary doing equal honour to both countries; the P. says mr. is an Excellent politician, but no TheologianI inclose to you 5 dollars to get me a Black Shawl\u2014received by mr Marston all the articles sent by him\u2014I see by the papers that the Mary has not yet saild my Letters will be very old before they arrive\u2014I hope your Mother and Charlot were not the worse for their ride\u2014I should be very glad to see mrs otis this week. next week have engaged a white washer.I am not dissapointed that I did not hear from caroline\u2014Letters are longer in comeing from the Grove than from the City\u2014I do not expect her till the last of the month or the beginning of June\u2014return the Letters on tuesday to / your affectionate / Friend\n\t\t\t\t\tA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3086", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 5 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy May 5th 1816\n\t\t\t\tIt was not untill this morning that I received your Letter of December 5th No 79, just five months from the date. where it has been ever since, I know not. it came to me from Nyork, and had just arrived there. The subject of it, you will Remember by turning to your coppy. There is not any reasoning which can convince me, contrary to my Senses, that Three, is one, and one three. Is it possible for the Humane mind to form an Idea of the Supreme Being, without some visible qualities, such as wisdom, power, and goodness. The creator, preserver and Govenour of the World, the first commandment forbids the worship of but one God.\u2014That Jesus Christ was sent into the world by the Father to take upon him Humane Nature, to exalt redeem and purify the world, to sit an example of to all his followers of sinless obedience, and holiness of Life, and conversation, and to bring Life and immortality to Light, The Scriptures fully testify, and that a conformity to his precepts and example, as far as humane Nature is capable of it, will be rewarded by future happiness in the world to come, is my firm beleif.Is there not a subordination to the Father manifested in the whole Life and character of Jesus Christ? why said he, call ye me Good. there is none good but one that is God. again, I do nothing of myself, but the Father in me and when Jesus Christ, applies to the Father. If it be possible let this Cup pass from me, and again, in his agony upon the Cross, my God, my God why hast thou forsaken me? from these and many other passages of Scripture, I am led to beleive, in the unity of the Supreme Being, and that Jesus Christ was divinely inspired, and specially delegated to communicate the will of God to man; and that after having fullfild his Mission upon Earth, he assended into heaven, from whence we are assured he Shall come to Judge the world in Righteousness, all power being given him, by the Father. we are assured that those who fear God and work righteousness Shall be accepted of him, and that I presume of what ever sect, or persuasion, after all our inquires, we are permitted to see but through a Glass darkly.And must say with the poet\u201cThou great first cause, least understood,\u201cwhom all my Thoughts combine\u201d\u201cTo know but this; that thou art good\u201d\u201cAnd that myself am blind\u201dMay 9thI had written thus far, and put by my paper, when your Letter of March 4th arrived\u2014the Sentiments of affection which you so powerfully express, and which are so dear to my Heart, have always been manifested by you, towards your parents, through your whole Life, and will I hope be rewarded by similar, Love duty, and affection, towards you by your own offspring.\u2014my Health has mended since the spring commenced, much more than I had Reason to expect, from the great debility to which I was reduced, but my constitution has past through so many trials, that I have little reason to expect my continuance for any long period\u2014your Father fails in his Limbs, and can encounter but little care, wants frequent Rest, and repose, yet he enjoys his Book, his pen, and society, when he can meet with those who can enter into his literary amusements\u2014of this Sort Quincy has few to Boast. what pleasure do the delightfull scene\u2019s of Nature afford to those, who have no one, to whom they can say How pleasent it is? participation is the Root of pleasure. in reading a fine passage, how greatly is the enjoyment heightned by communicating it to one who can equally share in it? it is Sterns who say\u2019s he would have a companion, if it was only to say how the shadows lengthen as the sun declines\u2014all the reasoning and Eloquence of Zimerman, could never reconcile me to solitude. it is a cold unsocial feeling,\u201cfor where are the charms\u201d\u201cwhich Sages have seen in thy face?\u201cEden was tasteless till an Eve was there\u201dI have to thank you my dear son for your very entertaining Letter of the 4th March, and rejoice that your visit to Paris was so well timed, and that you received so much gratification from the works of Art, which were there collected. one cannot help feeling a regret; that after being so well arranged, they should be again dispersed, without inquiring, by what means they were obtaind. the Bourbones in exile, were more respected, than upon the Throne, holding it as they do; by the power and courtesy of foreign Nations\u2014I see by the papers, that you was a Guest, at the Lord Majors feast. the Toast you gave, is very popular here and considerd, judicious, concilitary, and honorable to both countriesI send you a new paper, containing a speech of mr Calhouns during the debate upon the direct Tax. I should often send you News papers, but most of our vessels go to Liverpool, and from thence, the postage would be heavy. the English papers which we receive some times contain interesting debates, but the most of them, make me Shrink with horror, at the catalogue of crimes which they detail we have in this country crimes sufficient, to call for humiliation & Repentance, but I may venture to assert, that the criminal callender of the whole united States for one year, will not exhibit as black a Catalogue of enormus crimes, as the annals of one Session of old Bailey of these which excite my greatest Regret, is the prostration of the Female character, and the frequent infidelity, of those who hold in their hands, the honour and dignity of the Nation, and posterity all conjugal principles, appear to have lost their weight, and the seduced, and seducer compromise their iniquity by a fine, by a payment of a fine for damages.\u2014Reputation, Reputation, oh She who has lost her Reputation, has lost the immortal part of herself,\u2014lost that, which not enriches the spoiler, and makes her poor indeed\u201cBeauty like the fair Hesperian Tree\u201d\u201cLaden with blooming gold, hath need the gaurd\u201d\u201cof dragon watch, with uninchanted Eye\u201cTo save her Blossoms, and defend her fruit\u201d\u201cFrom the rash hand of Bold incontinence\u201dMy pen has ran away with me I must close or my paper will fail me. ever your affectionate / Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tA Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3087", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 6 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir.\n\t\t\t\tI keep a constant search on foot for the books which in any of your Letters, you have expressed the desire of procuring; but the excessive prices at which all books are held, deters me sometimes from taking those that I find, and I am not always successful in finding those for which I am on the lookout.\u2014The Translation of the New Testament by Beausobre and L\u2019Enfant is in two Quarto Volumes, and there is an additional Volume of Commentary. They ask for the whole 2 1/2 Guineas, which I have not paid, having the expectation of meeting with another copy upon better terms. I have not yet discovered Balthasar Bekker\u2019s Monde Enchant\u00e9\u2014But I have met with one odd volume of an English Translation of it, under the title of the \u201cWorld Bewitched\u201d\u2014If the work had been complete, I would have taken it, and sent it to you; though on the Blank leaf of the Volume that I met with, there was a manuscript anonymous caution against the impieties, contained in it; with the remark that they had been often refuted\u2014Bekker was a clergyman, and was not perhaps aware that in writing down the Devil he was labouring to demolish his own employment.It is impossible to find any separate first Volumes of the Defence of the American Constitutions; but complete sets of the work, are to be had of many of the Booksellers\u2014Little, if any thing under the original Cost of the second Edition\u2014Stockdale has been some time dead\u2014His widow still keeps a shop; but his establishment opposite Burlington House is broken up. I have found two Copies of my Silesian Letters; one of which I shall send you, and keep the other, as a curiosity for my children\u2014Copies of it are easily to be had; but at a price beyond what I am willing to pay for them\u2014To collect an hundred of them would cost as much as to print a new Edition at Boston or Philadelphia.I have no Letter from you later than of 9. February, and no accounts of my dear Mother\u2019s health, later than of the 19th. of the same Month\u2014We are all well, and anxiously waiting to hear again from Boston and Quincy.Ever affectionately", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3089", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Katherine Dexter, 12 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Dexter, Katherine\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Madam,\n\t\t\t\tHow can I address you, or offer human consolation for a wound which must bleed afresh at every attempt to assuage it?Yet if the tears of friendship, and a nation\u2019s tears can afford any relief, be assured, dear Madam, they flow from all honest hearts, for you, for your children and for a country which mourns one of its brightest luminaries extinguished. A great man, fallen in the zenith of his glory\u2014and in the estimation of his ancient friend, the ablest statesman of his age which his native state could boast. It is no common loss we bewail. Such an assemblage of powerful talents rarely meet in one individual united to such an upright and independent mind, which soared above all low concerns, and was elevated beyond all selfish considerations and party views.In domestic life, your own heart alone can do justice to his memory. The news of the death of Mr. Dexter so sudden, so unexpected, was felt by Mr. Adams and myself with the keenest anguish. Out of your own immediate circle you have not any one who more sincerely, tenderly and affectionately sympathizes with you, or who more fervently supplicates the Supreme Being to support and sustain you than your sorrowing friend\n\t\t\t\t\tAbigail Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3090", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 13 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Mother.\n\t\t\t\tI have had the pleasure of receiving your kind Letters of 22. March. and 7. April; and at the same time my wife and children all received the like tokens of your affectionate remembrance. The last is to Mr J. A. Smith of 13 April.\u2014They ought all, and I hope will answer you more at length, than it is in my power to do. For the last six weeks, besides the pressure of my correspondence, which is in no degree relaxed, the attendance at Court, and various other occasions have obliged us to go into London four or five times a week instead of twice; and it absorbs so much time that the inconvenience of residing so far from town has become almost unsupportable\u2014It is but just now that the Season for a Country residence is commencing, and having worried along thus far, I intend to remain here through the Summer. But I expect the next six weeks will be more troublesome than the last, and that half our time will be passed upon the road to London. The enclosed Newspaper may amuse you, with the particulars of the Royal Nuptials lately celebrated at Carleton house, and at which as you will perceive we were present. I had dined the preceding day with the rest of the foreign Ministers at the Prince of Coburg\u2019s and had then been presented to him\u2014To-morrow the Prince Regent holds his first Levee for this Season and on Thursday the Queen holds a Drawing Room, to receive CongratulationsThe Portuguese Minister, the Chevalier de Freire, often requests me to present his respects to my father, and to you\u2014And I have now a similar message from Mr and Mrs. Liston, in company with whom we dined last week\u2014Mr Liston is Ambassador at Constantinople, and now here upon a leave of absence\u2014Lord St: Helen\u2019s, whom my father knew at Paris as Mr Fitzherbert, was likewise of the party, and enquired particularly concerning my father.I will send you the Edinburgh Review, and write you again as soon as possible\u2014mean time, I am ever affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3091", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 15 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\nDear Charles\nQuincy May 15. 1816\nyou are a frolicksome little fellow; and I delight in your Fun with your School mates as heartily as you do, because it proves that you are all good natured and good humoured and live together in harmony.\nWhen I lived in Holland, the Dablers in English laughed a little, sub ros\u00e2 at a question put by William the fifth Prince of Orange to a Stranger who Spoke the Language \u201cWhat for a Countryman are You\u201d! The Hypercriticks thought this Phraseology not neat. I did not approve their Mirth, but contended that his Highness Spoke English generaly very well.\nAnd to this day I am So little disgusted with the Style, that I will take the Liberty to apply it to You.\nCharles! \u201cWhat for a Country man Are You\u201d? Are you a Russian? A German? A Frenchman? An Englishman? or,! or,! or! An American?\nDo you remember the spot where you was born at the Corner of Boylston Street in Boston? The Houses in which you lived in Russia were American Ground while your Father held them. His House in Ealing is your Domicil and American Territory. You have been always an American Citizen and I hope you will never renounce or forget that Character or neglect any of its Rights or Duties.\nI know not whether you will ever see me: but whether living or dying you will never cease to have the Prayers for your good conduct Health, Prosperity and Happiness of your / Grandfather\nA", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3092", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 17 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\nMy Dear Mother\nEaling 17th: May 1816.\nWithin a few days I have received your two very kind letters of April and am sincerely grieved to find your health still continues so poorly the fine season will I still flatter myself restore you to your wonted strength and entirely relieve you from your present complaints.\nIn my last I mentioned to you, that I expected to attend at the Royal Nuptials which took place on the second of May\u2014We were invited in form and arrived at Carlton House at eight o\u2019clock where we found a select company, consisting of the great Officers of the Crown and Ladies, the Queens Household, Princes &c &c. and the Foreign Ambassadors and Ladies, The Queen and Princesses came in at 9 o\u2019clock and a few minutes after the bride and bridegroom. The Princess is very fair and very much like the Royal family. The Prince of Cobourg a handsome man about five and twenty the ceremony was performed by the Arch Bishop of Canterbury immediately after which they retired and the Queen sat down to cards the rest of the company partook of refreshments and remained there until twelve oclock.\nYesterday there was a Drawing room at the Queen\u2019s which was the most crowded and the most splendid ever seen in this Country The Queen stood during the whole of the time from two o-clock to half past five I who had the advantage of standing by an open window the whole time I was at court was so completely exhausted I could scarcely stand when I got home and I cannot conceive how her Majesty got through the fatigue with out suffering materially. The Dresses were richer than they have been for many years and of course very expensive mine was a white net petticoat embroidered in Silver with draperies of spotted silver net looped with Silver tassels, the train rose colour trimmed with silver to correspond. It was generally admired for its richness and simplicity. The Dress I wore at the Wedding was likewise white net richly embroidered in Silver with an elegant Border Silver Lama the train Blue embroidered to match and trimmed with a rich trimming of spotted net the train very long worn down and the Dress without a hoop. I have been thus particular because I thought it would give you pleasure Mr. Adams wore a Blue Cloth Coat richly embroidered in Gold with white Waiscoat he his is in full health and looking better than I ever saw him he presented Mr. Smith, and Mr. King. The Princess Elizabeth made many enquiries after my father who she said she perfectly remembered.\nI dined one day last Week in company with Mr: & Mrs: Liston who requested me to remember them most particularly to you Mrs: L. said she had passed many very happy days in America and she should always retain an affection for that Country They are just returned from Constantinople on a leave of absence Mrs: Liston is so unwell she has just gone to Bath with a view to her recovery, she has a bad cold which has settled on her lungs.\nI see by a Washington Paper that the Bill to encrease the Salaries has not passed. the members of Congress it appears only understand the art of taking care of themselves If they ought to be ashamed of doing so little as they proposed how much more ought they to blush at having done less?\nAdieu, my dear Mother present me most respectfully to the President and kindly to all the family and believe me ever yours\nL. C.Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3093", "content": "Title: From John Adams Smith to John Quincy Adams, 17 May 1816\nFrom: Smith, John Adams\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\tMr Walker has just been here, to submit to you the enclosed letter, & for the purpose of requesting your intervention on the subject of the Nanina.your very obedient\n\t\t\t\t\tJ. A. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3094", "content": "Title: From Susanna Boylston Adams Clark Treadway to Sarah Smith Adams, 18 May 1816\nFrom: Treadway, Susanna Boylston Adams Clark\nTo: Adams, Sarah Smith\nMy Dear Mother\nQuincy May 18th. 1816\nI can hardly believe, that such a length of time has elapsed since I have written, or heard from you; be assured, I should not have remained so long silent, but through necessity; for the last three weeks, I have been deprived of the use of my right hand, by a violent attack of the Rheumatism which settled there, and has rendered me absolutely useless. I have thought constantly of you, and sincerely sympathized in all your afflictions. Your trials my beloved Mother have indeed been severe, and must have called forth all your fortitude, to enable you to sustain them without repining. but we know that \u201cGod tempers the wind to the shorn Lamb,\u201d and \u201cas our day is, so will our strength be.\u201d May the Almighty put underneath you, his everlasting arm, and may you experience that consolation, which the world cannot give.\nCaroline writes us, that her Father has been very ill; severely painful to his affectionate bosom, must have been the scenes, he has so recently witnessed, and we are anxious to hear that his health, is reestablished.\nIt is now, the first wish of my heart, to see you and my dear Sister here, and fervently do I pray, for its realisation; change of scene, would I dare say, be of service to your health, and you can judge, with what delight, I should see you again. It has pleased Heaven, to restore my dear Grand Mother to health, and strength, she now, appears charmingly, and is better, than she was the last Spring. Grand Papa has been quite sick with a cold, our East winds, are trying to the constitution, and the season, is uncommonly backward.\nLet me hear from you, very soon, my dear Parent, and that you are perfectly recovered, from your indisposition. I cannot write very well, as you will see, this being the first attempt. With my tenderest love, to my dear brother, and Sister, and a Kiss to my sweet little nephew, I am most affectionately your / Daughter,\nS B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3095", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Sarah Smith Adams, 20 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, Sarah Smith\nMy Dear Daughter\nQuincy May 20 1816\nI have hoped to hear from you by every post, and to learn how your Health is. I have not heard from the valley Since the 22nd of April. William\u2019s account then of his Fathers Health left me anxious for him. he wrote me, that as soon as his Father was able, he designd taking a house, or lodging at Utica. he will then be near to you, and in the midst of a society, which may enable him to recover his spirits, and restore his Health; for two years past, he has had breach upon breach. The ties of affection are loosing upon Earth, \u201cString after String is sever\u2019d from the heart\u201d\nMay we be supplied with power, and more durable, pleasures from above. While we are passing off the stage, a new generation, succeeds to supply our places, and your own Family are not tardy in this respects. I have to acquaint you by Susans desire, that there is an officer, a Lieut. from the U.S. Independence with whom she became acquainted at Hingham, who first saw her at a ball there. altho no dancer himself, it seems he was Seriously Smitten, as the good Hingham folks say, got introduced to her, and whenever she retired from the dance, placed himself by her, entering into conversation with her. While she remaind at Hingham, he repeatedly visited there; there asked permission to visit here. after repeating his visits here several weeks, he has declared his attachment, and she referred him to me. His Name is Clark, Native state Maryland. his whole deportment, has been solid, modest and pleasing, his understanding improved, having received a Liberal Education, his character, so far as I have been able to learn it, is correct and amiable. He is not what is call\u2019d Handsome, he is well made, tall & slender, his Age 24. His parents both dead, one Brother who is married and has a Family, and one Sister single, what his property is I know not. The included Letter will give you a further insight into his character, it is written with much plainness, without the least mark of deception, and yet with every mark of respect, and attachment. I am referred, you will see, to Commodore Bainbridge & others who is now absent in Washington. in my replie to his Letter you will see my objections to his profession, that, he has offerd to quit, if required\u2014but Susan is too much of a patriot to require it.\nThe Letter to me and my replie you will be so good as to return, as I have not a copy\u2014you are at liberty to keep a coppy of both. I shall take the Liberty of making some further inquiries respecting him through a Friend at Washington, he has been six years in the Service, 4 as a midshipman, 2 as a Lieut.\na Letter from him to you will I presume accompany this\u2014You will not defer a reply, as his visits are become public. It is now proper that should be discarded, or approved\nI am with Love to Abbe, and a kiss for my Great Grandson, whom I hope to see in the approaching SummerYour affectionate Mother\nAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3096", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 20 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy ever dear Sir\nQuincy May 20 1816\n\u201cJe vienn\u00e9 de perdre le plus grand Homme de mon Reoyoms\u201d said Louis 14th, on the death of the grand Cond\u00e9.\n\u201cAh! tout est perdu\u201d Said the same great little, Strong weak Monarch on the death of Marshal Turenne\nI repeat both these Ejaculations, with a heavy heart; on the premature and unexpected death of Mr Dexter.\nI cannot enlarge on this Subject. But I will Say, Mr Dexter and the late Chief Justice Sewall, were to me, Friends in need; when a barbarous Noise Surrounded Us Such as had Surrounded me for more than twenty Years before of Owls and Cuckoos, Asses Apes and Dogs; When Perfidy and Treachery, Imbecility, Ignorance Fanaticism and Fury Surrounded Us; all, Puppets danced upon the Wires of a Bastard Bratt of a Scotch Pedlar. That Period never will or can be explained to Mankind. Characters must be drawn, that I Shudder to contemplate: Facts must be stated that no man dares to insinuate. Idle is the Talk of Freedom of thinking, Speaking, or writing. There is no such thing in this Country, or in any other. Never was; but I will not say never will be, for hope remains after all the Evils have evaporated from the Box.\n\u201cVieux et malade,\u201d were Voltaires Motto for twenty years before his death: and I might adopt it, with equal Right. Eyes hands and all fail: but what is that to any Body. I think and grieve more for your Eyes and hands than my own. Yours and mine have been worn out in ungrateful Services, which never were and never will be acknowledged. I hope We did not perform for the Sake of Acknowledgment.\nYour Account to your Mother of our dear Boys Affects Us most tenderly. George has been in a Sort; my Friend and Companion. My Strong Hopes have been in him. His Indisposition afflicts me most grievously. There is a bilious effect of the Climate where you are, that I never could cure but by a Tripp to Holland and the Mal de Mere between Harwich and Helvoet.\nGive yourself no trouble about the Books. I have enough, In Six months I have read 15 Volumes of De Grim, four of the History of the Jesuits, and almost four of Ned Search.\nThis last has Suggested a Curious Problem or Theorem in my Mind. And what is that? Why! it is whether this immense Work of Seven Volumes is a greater Effort of Genius than Gullivers Travels, Daniel de Foes Robinson Crusoe, Cervanteses Don Quixotte Rabellais\u2019s Garragantua, or Richardsons Sir Charles and Clarisse, or Spencers Fairy Queen? These great Works are all worth reading; and perhaps Neddy more than all the rest. I believe as much of all of them as I can and no more.\nI must write to George John and Charles. George is a Sage, John a Hero and Charles both I hope. They have all been very good to write to us. Love to Louisa\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3099", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 20 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear Son\nQuincy May 20th 1816\n I have already written to you by the Galen, my Letter was anteriour to the calamity which the inclosed papers will full soon, inform you of.\u2014what can we Say? but Lord thou destroyest the hopes of man. I know not how to describe the Gloom which has overspread the public mind\u2014To departed worth, the tear of Friendship flow\u2019s. Party Spirit is Silent, and drops her veil, and bows acknowledging those Superiour Talents, which can no longer excite Envy, but are hallowed as a Sacred deposit, to the State which gave birth to so great a man, to the Nation which he has Served, in Numerous offices and capacities, and from which he is taken, in the Plentitude of his power, and in the height of his influence, and usefullness. taken and left neither Rival, or equal of his Age Years, to compensate for his loss.\nIn the supreme Court of the united States this last winter, where he received his bane, he shone beyond his usual Lusture, and has gone out, in a blaize of Glory; he was engaged in Many Causes in which the united States, was a party. the accounts which reachd us from thence, were full of admiration at the display of his wonderfull powers\u2014I inclose to you, Some of the Tributes offerd to his Memory\u2014I Shall write to the Children by the next vessel\u2014my health is better than I ever expected it to be again\u2014your father too, is comfortable for his years\u2014\naffectionatly your Mother A\u2014\nLove to Mrs Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3101", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 20 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Mother.\n\t\t\t\tMr: William Cranck Bond, a relation of ours, with whom you are no doubt acquainted has been some months in this Country; and is now upon his return to America\u2014I shall endeavour to send you by him the last number of the Edinburgh Review; and the Newspaper now enclosed will give you a copious account of the Nuptial Drawing Room, which was almost as crowded as the Lord Mayor\u2019s Easter Monday Ball\u2014My wife has given you her account of both; but as for me; after informing you that I was there, I have scarcely any thing more to say\u2014Dr Rush remarks in his last work, that a rapid succession of a multitude of different objects passing before the mind, constantly exciting and diverting its attention has a tendency to produce madness\u2014I never felt the force of that observation so much as at this drawing room; where we stood four hours seeing all the great and noble of this Land, pass in succession before the Queen\u2014I presented to Her Majesty, Mr Smith the Secretary of Legation, and Mr Charles King. I had two days before presented them to the Prince Regent at his Levee\u2014The important article of the Ladies dresses, is very fully discussed in the Newspaper.We have no Letters from Quincy later than yours of 13. April\u2014General Brooks it seems is to be Governor of Massachusetts\u2014Mr Erving however, who has arrived in France writes me, that in Boston the Trinitarians are increasing, and the federalists diminishing, and putting water into their wine. Their liquor will require much more diluting yet.\u2014I have nothing to say against General Brookes\u2014much against those whose Candidate he is\u2014By the returns that we have seen his majority will be meagre enough, and too consumptive to be lived.We are like to have war again with Algiers\u2014I thought as much when the Peace was made. I hope at least that we shall not return to tribute paying, and that the next Peace we conclude, will be without any more gratuitous restitutions.Ever faithfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3102", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Adams, 21 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tmy Dear John\n\t\t\t\tI always feel gay, when I take my pen to write to you. it is the recollection of your ardour, your intrepidity your and your Sparkling Eyes, and rosy cheeks which appeard to me the other Night, heightned by your return to your Native State & country which animated your whole frame, when you ran eagerly into the Arms of your Grandmother, which so gratified me, that I regreted when I awoke, and found it was but a dream\u2014Can you keep a Secret John? can you beleive that your cousin Susan, whom you know always favourd the Navy; had enterd on Board the United States Ship Independence, as mate to a Leiut.?! In Sober truth, an officer from that Ship, was So Smitten with her, upon Seeing her at a Hingham Ball as to Surrender at discretion. it appears that a certain Sly urchin in revenge for his having escaped powder and Ball from the cannons Mouth, undertook to try the fire of an arrow, and Shot him to the Heart. The wound is not like to prove mortal, but may be healed, if he can obtain a certain Balsam, called Success\u2014of which he has some flattering hopesThe Gentleman, whose Name is Clarke is a Native of Maryland, has been Six years in the Service, appears a very modest, Solid, Sensible Gentleman, and Stands high with his Commander Commodore Bainbridge. He is an orphan, has one Brother and one Sister only\u2014who reside in Maryland, has received a Liberal Education, and commenced reading Law, his Father having been of that profession, but fell into bad health, was obliged to quit it, and entered the Navy. he is not quite 24, tall well made, a good face, not handsome however. I cannot yet Say, how the matter will terminate.I have expected mrs De wint, and my great Grandaughter Caroline Elizabeth, for some time. they have not yet arrived the weather has been uncommonly cold\u2014and the Spring very Backward\u2014I was pleased to find you forming Some intimacy and Friendship with your school mates. in many Respects English Men and Americans, are of the Same Family, Speak the Same language venerate the Same principles of Liberty, and Independence, and the Ashes of our Ancesters repose in that Island, and their descendents can never be wholy alienated from them. I wish to See a mutual Spirit of Love & good will, so honorable to human Nature\u2014substituted for that Spirit of bitterness, which is too much encouraged, upon both Sides of the Atlantic and which is so contrary to the precepts, and example of him, who exhorted his followers, to prove themselves his deciples by Loveing one an other\u2014Since you left me, I have received from you Six Letters, seven I Should Say, of the following dates. May 2d 1815 21 May\u2014June 25th july 18th & 26th Sepbr 11th 1815 and March 10th 1816 your Last Letter Shows great improvement in your hand writing\u2014You think you have arrived on an Age when a Boy ought to behave as a man, but Nature made you a Boy first, and while you are a child, you wilt think as a child, and act as a child\u2014I do not wish you to be prematurely a Man\u2014but a discreet Boy\u2014of manly Sentiments honorable principles, and hold yourself accountable to your Maker for your conduct, and you will then learn to bear the troubles of Life, when they assail you, with firmness\u2014I am dear John your affectionate GM\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3103", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to George Washington Adams, 23 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, George Washington\n\t\t\t\t\tDear George\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy May 23d 1816\n\t\t\t\twith this Letter I inclose to you a list of those Letters which I have received from you, with their numbers and dates.I am sorry to learn that you suffer from ill health. I would have you refrain from the use of the flute, while that is the case. it is very injurious to the Lungs while the Body is weak. You Should rise early; and ride on Horse Back previous to going to your studies. your Fathers health was delicate, after he left colledge and he remaind in a weak State, untill he went abroad, by from a too close application to his Studies\u2014I want you, Dear George, when you sit down to write to me, to feel as tho you were conversing with me, never hunt for a subject, but relate whatever strikes your imagination\u2014tell me of the plays you have seen, who are the most celebrated actors upon the stage?I find by a late publication, in the Gentlemans Magazine for 1815, that it has been long customary at West-Minster School, for the Senior Students, when about to leave that Siminary for the university, at the Age, of 16 or 18 to get up a play of Terence, as by a Letter from you, I find was done at the School, of which you are now a pupil. you recollect some observations which I made in my Letter to You, upon the morals of the play, in which there was much to condemn, and little to approve. It cannot have escaped your observation, that the Morals of Terence, are not the morals which you have been taught to respect, and with great reason\u2014The plots turn for the most part, on the attempts of dissipated Young Men, and thoughtless Young women, to cheat Parents, and Gaurdians, and of servants to blind the Eyes of their Masters, and these are always represented as Successfull. are these the Models for Young Men just entering into Life, \u201cwhose pulse are rioting and whose Blood is glowing\u201d when the passions require the Strongest control? these exhibitions to be sanctioned by the presence of the Heads of departments, Ministers of Religion, pious instructors of the rising Generation\u2014Princes and Nobility? can one touch pitch, and not be poluted? however pure and classical the Latin of Terence may be esteemed, by those most capable of judging, it is much to be regreted; that his Morals are so vicious, and impure the poison is not less destructive for the gilding\u2014I should not have taken up this Subject again, if a late publication had not brought into notice an Epilogue, pronounced by one of the Young performers of Westminster in the Phormio of Terence\u2014in which by way of dialogue the young Gentleman undertakes to abuse and vilify our Country, and that in the most false, and scandalous manner. as a specimin, \u201cBridewell and the Stews Supplie us with Senators, and our Respectable Chief Justice is a worthless Profligate a country Barbarous itself, and inhabited by Barbarians, our Language is that of the Choctaws, Cherokees pawwas, Chickesaws\u2014and yankee-doodles. The highest praise of a Merchant is his skill in lying\u201d such is the low and vulgar abuse, exhibited before the Spectators, Nobility, Gentry, and Clergy\u2014this Epilogue has been translated into English here; that even the unletterd American, may know how basely their Country, and themselves, their first and most revered Characters, are Libeled, and abused by English writers\u2014If this had been the hasty effusion of a political partizan, or the Scurrility of a Callender, writing for his daily Bread; it might have been passed over, as intended to prevent Emigrations to a Country of more freedom and happiness than there own, but such opinions and sentiments, deliverd under the Superintendance of the reverend Preceptors in the first School of Education that Great Britain can boast, deserves no quarter\u2014the original Lattin Epilogue you will find, in the Gentlemans Magazine for 1815\u2014If Such malignant and contemptuous feelings towards America are thus infused into the minds of the Young Gentry of England, the they will become to the rising Generation of our country, a hating, a hatefull, and a hated Set. for Americans are not, as the British have lately experienced; the tame Servile, abject Beings they would represent us\u2014and cannot but feel the indignity thus cast upon them, and the Remembrance of it, will sharpen the swords of our warriours in the next conflict, come when it may\u2014I hope my dear George that you will Support the Character of an intelligent, virtuous Man, and show your Masters, and School mates, that your Language is as pure, and classical as their own\u2014and your Manners and behavior as correct as the best of them\u2014this is a laudible Revenge, and the only one I can recommend to you, in a time of Peaceaffectionatly your GM\n\t\t\t\t\tAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3104", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Adams, 26 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear John\nQuincy May 26th 1816\nIt gives me much pleasure, to hear that you have a Taste for Numbers, because this quality or faculty, call it which you will, is commonly connected with a curiosity for Quantities, and leads to Algebraical and geometrical Studies\nYou think you have and an Inclination for the Sea: but, my dear Child, you know not, as yet, your own Propensities. You must learn to think before you decide; to deliberate before you Act. Your Father and Mother are your best Friends and ought to be your first Oracles. Nature and Natures God have made them your first Guardians. I consider myself only as a kind of Godfather whose duty it is to advise you, and assist you and protect you, to the Utmost of my power, in the Absence of your Parents and in Subordination to their Authority\nNow, I will make a fair Agreement with you.\nWhen you shall have obtained the Consent of your Father and Mother, and not before, I will give you my Approbation, upon the following conditions; somewhat difficult, to be Sure, and Such as you may Suspect to be designed to defeat the whole Scheme\n1. You must make yourself Master of Spherical Trigonometry, And Great Circle Sailing.\n2. You must make yourself Master of Barrows, Euclid, and you must read Barrows Sermons.\n3. You must Study Newtons Principia and the whole Science of Astronomy, besides Geography, Fortification, Gunery, Hydraulicks and Gnomonicks &c &c &c.\n4. Above all; If your Object is the Navy, you must profoundly investigate the Principles of War; and the Uses and abuses of a martial Spirit. Neither Avarice nor Ambition, nor Fame nor Glory, must be your Objects or your Motives. Pure Benevolence, exalted Christian Charity must be your only Consolation. You must devote your Life to laborious Studies, to Severe hardships, to violent Exercises, to continual dangers, to diseases Wounds, mutilations and Death. For what? For Plunder? For Fame? for Popularity? For Freedom of Cities in Gold Boxes, for Medals? for Swords? For Hozannas? Ah! No! All these are Trinketts and Baubles. Procul, oh, procult este prophani.\nYour Motives and Aims must be Benevolence and Charity, Christian Charity! for that is the purest of all Charity.\nDefence against Wrong is the only just Cause of War, and the only principle of a Martial Spirit, for though inroads may be made upon an Enemy, the Principle of Self defence can alone justify them.\nI See you hop and Skip, and hear you cry \u201cWhat! is my Grand Father laughing at me\u201d? What then? Ridendo dicere Verum quid Vetat?\nBut, oh! No! These are no laughing matters. They are Serious Solemn Truths. Never hurt the hair of the head of an Enemy, however, treacherous malicious or cruel he may have been, any farther that your duty to God and your Country renders indispensible.\nThese are the Sentiments of your Grandfather; and upon these Conditions he will not withhold his approbation of your Thoughts of going to Sea.\nYou ought however, to consider for yourself, whether your Constitution is robust enough to Sustain the fatigues of so boisterous a Life\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3105", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Adams Smith, 26 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Smith, John Adams\nMy Dear Sir\nQuincy May 26th. 1816\nI thank you for your sensible and feeling letter of the 7th of February.\nIf you and I should take a flight to the North Star, and after a years residence, meet a negro, a Tartar or Indian, or a Hottentot from Earth; I verily believe we should embrace him as a brother.\nThere are no doubt, hundreds of young men in the United States, who envy your situation because they know nothing of the painful duties and laborious employments, connected with it, nor the dangers, temptations, sacrafices & privations, with which it is surrounded. For my part, I pity you, If Governor Tompkins & New York patrons, should fail you, your prospect, after the termination of your present mission, will be discouraging enough.\nThe miserable accommodations of the Courts of Judicature, in Westminster, have astonished, & afflicted me, as well as you; but your neighborhood to Parliament, and its evening, and nocturnal orators may be a source of entertainment, and instruction to you.\nNeither you nor your Uncle, with all his experience & sagacity, can be too much upon your guard against swindlers, and imposters. All Europe abounds with them. I have had trials enough with them, the race is not extinct, nor diminished I presume in the last thirty or forty years. \u201cA burned Child dreads the fire.\u201d I presume I need not hint to you a caution against gamblers.\nThe afflictions in your family will be related to you, by your brothers and Sisters, or by your Grand mother in more authentic detail, than is in my power. I can only sympathise and condole with you, as I do affectionately and sincerely. We are anxious for your Father, having heard nothing from him for sometime, since we heard he was unwell\nLearned men & books are plenty in your neighbourhood. Reading and conversation you may always have, when you have time, and taste for either \u201cReading is to the mind what your majestys cheese Cakes are to my Cheeks\u201d said Vendome to the King.\nThe taste you, gave us of a debate in the house of Lords, especially a specimen of the speech of Lord Holland, excites an appetite for more.\nWrite as often as you can. God bless you\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3106", "content": "Title: From Susanna Boylston Adams Clark Treadway to Sarah Smith Adams, 26 May 1816\nFrom: Treadway, Susanna Boylston Adams Clark\nTo: Adams, Sarah Smith\nMy Dear Mother\nQuincy May 26th 1816\nI enclose a letter from Mr Clark to you, which he gave me yesterday. May we hope for your approbation and blessing? it is a subject, which I cannot write upon, at present.\nI feel very anxious to hear from you, my dear Parent and may your precious life be prolonged many years, to witness the happiness of your children. Most tenderly you daughter\nSusan B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3107", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 27 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nMy dear George\nQuincy May. 27th 1816\nThe Accounts I receive of your Indisposition, excite much Grief. Your Father by Precept and Example will recommend Exercise, and he will be right: but ask him, if he has not been Sometimes intemperate, even in the Use of this Salutary Remedy. Moderation in all Things is indispensable. Riding is excellent; Walking more so; a Mixture of both is better than either. Renouce your Flute. If you must have Musick, get a Fiddle. Regularity in all things is most indispensable. I fear that too many of my hopes are built upon you.\nYou have, or think you have, a Martial Spirit. And what is a Martial Spirit? Is it a Love of Cockades and Epauletts? Is it a desire of plunder? An ambition of Command? A hankering for Laurells Tryumphs and Hozannas? Oh! No!\nIt is a Serious devotion of Self, of Time, to Studies and Labours and Exercises to learn all the Sciences Subservient to War; a Solemn determination to brave Clymates and Seasons, Wounds, Imprisonment Captivity and Death. And for what? For a blast of the Trumpet of Fame? For A Service of Plate? A Freedom of a City in a gold Box? for a Sword or a Medal? No these are all Trinkets and Baubles.\nWhat then, is a Martial Spirit? It is a Devotion to Equity and Humanity; to the defence and Protection of injured or endangered Innocence. It is perhaps the most exalted Spirit of Phylosophical Virtue and of Christian Benevolence and Charity.\nBut there have been Alexanders, and Napoleons. Aye! So there have been C\u00e6sar Borgias and Ignatius Loyolas.\nWhat is the Sacerdotal Spirit? The Ecclesiastical Spirit? Is it not the Instruction of Mankind? Yet Priest and Eccliasticks have conspired to deprive Mankind of the Means of Instruction.\nWhich have most honestly conformed to the Spirit of their Professions? Priests or Soldiers?\nFifty years hence, you may find it necessary to Apologize for your Grandfathers Sentiments concerning a Martial Spirit But I have little Solicitude on this head.\nYour Propensity to a military Life gives me much greater Anxiety. In addition to all the foregoing Considerations You ought Soberly to think Whether your Constitution is made for the Hardships and Fatigues of a Soldiers Life.\nYou have been very good, in Writing Us Letters; but you might be a little more particular and Circumstantial.\nYour hand Writing is so much improved that I will not scold you again upon the subject.\nSterling Love, without Alloy to Pa, Ma and Brothers\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3108", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 28 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tmy Dear Daughter\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy May 28th 1816\n\t\t\t\tAltho\u2019 I have repeatedly written to you Since I received a Letter from you, I am not critical in that respect. judging from my own feelings, I think a Letter from a Friend always acceptable and altho\u2019 they cannot be so interesting to you, as when your sons were with me, yet they may convey the assuriance of the Love and regard of which I bear you; and the interest I take in whatever concerns youSince I last hear\u2019d from you; I See by the papers, and George has written me, that you have been presented at the drawing Room. I have Some curiosity to know, whether the old fashion of large hoops still prevails; and how the head is decorated in my day, cushings caps, and feathers were worn and those so high as to render it difficult to sit upon the Seat, of a carriage ruffels and Ruffel cufs were worn also, if still continued, they must make an awkard appearance. the Queen must have grown pretty old, and the few personal graces She ever had; Time must have diminished. I often think what a figure I Should make, if I was obliged now to hold a drawing Room\u2014but constitutions in England wear better than in our climatewhat is the appearance of the princess Charlotte? I have heard that She is not beautifull, that her features are large and masculine. I should judge so of her Character, if the Story of her going on Board the Ship like a Sailer, is true\u2014I am much delighted at hearing, that your health is mended by change of climate. it was a fortunate circumstance that mr Adams was call\u2019d away from Russia when at the time he was. from the account of his health, he could not have got through an other winter. my heart Sinks at the thought. what is the matter with his hand? he writes me that his hand was lame from a hurt, but now he says that it is a weakness which he perceived in it, while in Russia. May it not be Rheumatic? that is bad enough but if the joint is not affected, will releive it. Rheumatic humours are, almost as bad as the goute\u2014. there is not any part of the Body which they do not attack\u2014I am this day Suffering in my Eyes, with it; and much of the weakness which brought me so low, the winter past has been oweing to that cause;Georges rapid growth requires much attention he is at a critical Age; and must not be pushed pushed beyond his Strength.I hope you hear often from your Friends at Washington. I was in hopes of hearing from your Sister Smith, before I closed my Letter, but the last I heard was from Caroline, who wrote me of on the 5th that mr de wint had just returnd from N York\u2014and left her and Baby well, that mr Smith had not got back from the valley where his Father remaind Still Sick\u2014the two last mails, have not brought me any Letters, which leaves me anxious\u2014I fear what I may hear respecting the Col. His Heallth has been very precarious for some time; and the Death of both his Brothers has most Sensibly affected him\u2014with Sincere affection / I am as ever", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3111", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Caroline Amelia Smith De Windt, 5 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: De Windt, Caroline Amelia Smith\n\t\t\t\tTo Mrs. De Windt.\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston, June 5th, 1816.\n\t\t\t\tAfter a year\u2019s absence I came yesterday to make a visit to my friends for three days. Our anxiety to hear from you, led me to send to the office this morning for letters; there I found yours of May 31st, containing tidings that my fears had anticipated, as you will find when you receive my last letter.My dear child, you will be again called to severe and afflictive scenes; may you be prepared, sustained, and supported through them, by that Almighty Power, which calls you to the trial; I feel the stroke as a renewal of what I have passed through, and as an anticipation of what I may be called to endure, yet a little while, and I also shall join the great congregation.If your father should survive for you to see him, and receive this letter from me, before he departs, give my kindest love to him, and say to him, I hope to meet him and my dear daughter, in the world to which we are hastening. I can add no more, my heart is full; ever your affectionate grandmother,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3113", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 6 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy beloved Mother.\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 6. June 1816.\n\t\t\t\tYesterday I went to London, to the anniversary dinner of the Society of Friends of foreigners in distress; of which Society our old friend Mr William Vaughan is Treasurer; and being in Town, I found at my Office, in Craven Street, three Letters Post-marked \u201cLiverpool ship-Letter,\u201d and superscribed to me, in one of the Quincy hand-writings; but on opening them I found myself accosted first as \u201cMy dear George,\u201d and secondly and thirdly, as \u201cmy dear Daughter\u201d\u2014However, as the external covers were to me, I trusted you did not intend to make me crack the shell without allowing me a taste of the nut; and therefore indulged myself with a perusal of the Letters, but without trespassing upon the seals of the enclosures, from Mrs Hellen to my wife; and from Claudius to George.I sent you lately by Mr W. C. Bond the last number of the Edinburgh Review\u2014Mr. and Mrs Perkins are now about returning to Boston, and have taken charge of the Antiquary, a new Novel by Walter Scott, which I hope will afford you and my father some Amusement\u2014Its predecessors Waverly, and Guy Mannering are already so well known in America, that I presume you are acquainted with them\u2014Whether Scott has withheld his name from the Public, from shame, considering it a degradation to sink from a Poet into a Novelist, or from the Pride of rising a second time from nameless obscurity into eminence, I am not informed; but the celebrity of these three novels, which ought perhaps rather to be called Romances, is not inferior to that of his most admired Poems. Your friendly admonitions, to forbear overplying the tender Constitutions of our Children with Study, come most opportunely to them at the eve of a new Vacation of six weeks, which the too ready indulgence of their Masters and Parents will widen into two Months\u2014Your own authority that we must be content to take children for children would have had the greatest weight with me\u2014But that of Dr Priestly which you quote, is in my scales lighter than his own dephlogisticated air\u2014I have no faith either in his Religion\u2014his Politics\u2014or his Morals\u2014\u201cUnstable as Water,\u201d is the motto of them all. If I could inspire the Souls of my three boys, with the sublime Platonic idea of aiming at ideal excellence\u2014If I could persuade them to soar for their standard of emulation to the lofty possible, instead of crawling upon the ground with the dirt\u2013clogged real, there might be danger that in cheering an ambition already over\u2013eager, I might expose their health to suffer from the excess of their application\u2014But my own time is too short for the discharge of my official duties\u2014I have not one hour of leisure in the 24 to devote to them\u2014I must and do leave them to their teachers and Masters\u2014They are all, thanks to God, boys of good tempers, and good dispositions\u2014But the great and constant effort of them all, including George, is to escape from study; and to this effort I have given up all opposition as vain\u2014I comfort myself with the reflection that they are like other children; and prepare my mind for seeing them, if their lives are spared, get along in the world, like other men\u2014I certainly can imagine something more flattering than all this\u2014Quintilian\u2019s description of the boy that will make a valuable man, is very different from that common place personage, that Dr Priestly\u2019s wisdom is for humouring into value. But I am well aware that no labour will ever turn a pebble into a diamond\u2014If the pursuit of knowledge, at or very soon after George\u2019s age is not a Passion, which will seek its own gratification, I know how useless it is to impose it upon youth as a task.It is probable that at the very moment while you were writing the Letter of 2. May to my wife, in which you anticipated the nuptials of the Princess Charlotte, we were listening to her responses in the marriage ceremony\u2014The service was extremely well read by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Princess answered as if she was resolutely determined to \u201clove, honour, and obey.\u201d I never had heard a Lady so distinctly and audibly pronounce the answers, as she did.This marriage we are told, is to be followed in a very few days by another between the Duke of Gloucester and the Princess Mary\u2014They were both children when you were in this Country; but since the commencement of this year they have both turned the corner of forty\u2014The Princess Sophia of Gloucester, the Duke\u2019s Sister, though three years older, and quite a handsome woman, still lives in single blessedness. The Duke of Cumberland has, to make assurance doubly sure been twice married to the same Lady. She is a Sister of the late Queen of Prussia, and we had seen her at Berlin, as the young and beautiful widow of the king\u2019s brother, Prince Louis of Prussia\u2014While we were there, she was married to a Prince of Solms\u2014The Duke of Cumberland is her third husband. But although the marriage had the official sanction of the Prince Regent, which by the Laws of this Country was necessary to make it legitimate, it has not obtained the approbation of the Queen; at whose Court, the Duchess has therefore not made her appearance\u2014The reasons of the Queen\u2019s objections have not been made public. The Duke of Kent has a Country-Seat at Castlebar Hill, within two miles of this house\u2014I have of late frequently met him and the Duke of Sussex at public Meetings and Dinners, of Charitable and Scientific Associations, at which one of them usually presides. The Duke of Kent intends very shortly to leave this Country, to reside three or four years at Bruxelles. His object in this determination is said to be, to reduce his establishment, and apply part of his income to the discharge of his debts. We had known the Duke of Sussex at Berlin, and found upon meeting him here that he still retained the recollection of our acquaintance\u2014From some misunderstanding between him and the Prince Regent, he does not appear at the Levees, although he does at the Queen\u2019s Drawing Rooms\u2014He sides in politics with the Opposition; as do the Dukes of Kent and Gloucester, though not to the same extent.\u2014There was lately some coolness between the Regent and the Duke of Gloucester, who as well as the Duke of Sussex and the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland, was not present at the marriage of the Princess Charlotte\u2014There was I believe, some question of the rank and precedence to be assigned to Prince Leopold\u2014whether it should be immediately before, or after, the Duke of Gloucester\u2014it was however ultimately determined in the Duke\u2019s favour, and Prince Leopold follows instead of preceding him\u2014This has produced a reconciliation, and perhaps led to the Duke\u2019s Marriage with the Princess Mary.\u2014He bears a very respectable character, and is much esteemed by all Classes of People.Among the persons whom I had formerly known upon the Continent, and whom I have again met here, is Lord Holland\u2014His Summer Residence is on the way between this place and London\u2014I have been the more indebted to him for his civilities, as they had been rather avoided by me, than sought, and as I had little reason to expect them\u2014I owe him a reparation, without exactly knowing how to make it\u2014and I feel the more forcibly the obligation, because I believe him to be one of the most respectable noblemen of this Land, and one of the best men living\u2014He is now as to politics, in the opposition, but in my estimation his conduct in Parliament has done and does honour to himself and his Country. He is also distinguished by his love of Literature and the cultivation of Science\u2014The Library at Holland House is one of the finest that I have seen in this Country. An American Minister, is an object of more willing and friendly notice, to the City and Opposition parties, than to the Court and the Cabinet\u2014But in the politics of the Country, I of course take no part, and manifest no opinions\u2014Among the ministerialists, I find occasionally old acquaintances of Berlin, who are yet willing to know me, and from the Ministers, I have received every personal attention that I could pretend to, and more than can be desired by one, who for reasons well known to you, cannot stand with them upon the equal footing of reciprocal hospitality\u2014An American Mission abroad, is a perpetual lesson of humility; not to say of humiliation\u2014It fixes a man in the condition of a parasite; and then tells him to maintain his self\u2013respect, and the Consideration of his Country\u2014Among the advantages of our residence at this distance from town, I reckon that of being relieved from many invitations, which we could not avoid there, and which we never could return\u2014I know very well, the benefit to a public minister of associating with the people of rank and consequence in the Country where he is accredited, but I feel that he ought rather to shun than to seek such Society, when he can appear in it only as a retainer, receiving unrequited favours, and not as an equal sharing and dispensing by turns the interchange of social good-offices. If I cannot join in the Chorus of the convivial song \u201cand let him spread the table to\u2019morrow,\u201d I would fain not be listening to it at the table of another. We are all well\u2014George is to preform a part in Terence\u2019s Andria, at the school, next week; after which he and his brothers will write\u2014All send Love and Duty to my father and to you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3114", "content": "Title: From William Steuben Smith to William Richard Hamilton, 7 June 1816\nFrom: Smith, William Steuben\nTo: Hamilton, William Richard\n13 Craven Street 7 June 1816.\nMr Smith had the honour of waiting on Mr Hamilton this morning, for the purpose of requesting the favour of an order to the Custom House at Dover, to admit a small box from France; addressed to \u2014John Quincy Adams Esqr. American Minister at London, containing articles of dress for Mrs Adams. Mr Hamilton will much oblige by permitting such order to be given.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3116", "content": "Title: From Susanna Boylston Adams Clark Treadway to Sarah Smith Adams, 8 June 1816\nFrom: Treadway, Susanna Boylston Adams Clark\nTo: Adams, Sarah Smith\nMy Dear Mother\nQuincy June 8th. 1816\nYour two kind letters of May 25th and June 1st received this morning, with the one enclosed, Oh my Dear Parent, how gratifying to me; is this assurance of your approbation, You think I have decided in favour of Mr Clark; indeed I have never given him any positive answer, but have invariably, requested him, to forbear urging me upon the subject, untill I heard more explicitly from you; Never, believe me, my beloved Mother, will I marry, without the entire approbation of yourself, and my Grand Parents. it is true, that Mr Clark by his amiable manners, and strictly honourable conduct, has made an impression upon my mind; his morals are correct, and his character, as an officer, and a gentleman, stands unimpeached; \u201chis are the lasting virtues of the heart,\u201d and I know they will have more weight with you, than any other consideration; he is sensible, that I have small pecuniary expectations; his property is not large, but he has enough to live comfortably and proposes residing in Boston; this is not so agreeable to me, as a permanent establishment in the Country, but his home, must be mine and it is immaterial where if he does not carry me, out of the reach of my friends; his ship, being stationed in Boston, I shall be near my Grand Parents. Oh what comfort, would it give me, to converse with my dear Mother, and introduce her to one, whom I know she will love for his own good qualities independent of everything else. I did hope to see you this Summer, and have fondly imagined, my wishes would be realized, but you have destroyed them for this season at least.\nTo my Dear Sister I am indebted for a charming letter, which I shall answer immediately; to hear of her happiness, always delights my heart and most sincerely do I wish, it were in my power to visit her, but I have a great deal of work in hand, and expect to realize the truth, of what you, used to tell me when I was busily employed for other people, \"My Child you will never find others so ready to assist you\"\nI expect Mr Clark here tomorrow, when I shall give him your letter. if it prove favourable to his wishes, I shall then require a thorough statement of his affairs, which I consider it my duty to acquaint you with immediately. Abby Shaw is staying with us, and desires to be affectionately remembered to you, and Sister; she is to be married in the fall.\nMay I my Dear Mother under every situation deserve your blessing, and may you be as happy in the connexions of your children, as your fondest wishes can suggest.\nI am with the tenderest affection ever your / Daughter \nSusan B Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3117", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, 9 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tdear Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tSunday Eve\u2014\u2019g June\u20141815 1816\n\t\t\t\tkeep yourself quiet. caroline will come Shortly, and then be sure you shall have a carrier after you, but I do not look for her, untill I learn that She is come to Nyork\u2014I return your Letter and request that you would come up Say thursday or fryday and bring mr Hinkly with you to eat some Strawberries fresh from the vines. my best Love to Your good Mother and pray her to take a kind remembrance from me to mr and mrs Bailey\u2014Let me hear from you, and of you. mr G Shaw is close by you, and goes to Town every day\u2014yours as ever,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3118", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 10 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy June 10th 1816\n\t\t\t\tAltho I have written to you, more than once since I have received a Letter from you, I know how gratefull it is, to absent Friends to hear from each other, especially when to learn, that they are living; can be added, the agreable circumstance of their being in health. with gratitude to Heaven, I can Say; I was brought low, but I am raised up. I have this week visited my Friends in Boston, where I have not been, before for more than 12 months. I hope to learn for what good purpose my Life has been prolonged; and faithfully discharge what ever duties are yet required of me.\u2014your Father is writing to you, altho with weak Eyes, and trembling hands. his Health is goodI wish I could add, that not a cloud obscured our domestic Hemisphere. two Brothers have gone down to the Tomb, in the Short Space of one fortnight, and the other if living; is apprehended near his End. a Letter from my Dear Caroline de Wint, of the first of the Month, inform\u2019d me that instead of visiting me, as she was prepared to do, She was Sitting out for the valley, to See once more her dear Father if living. a Letter which She had received from her Brother William, who has been with his Father ever since the death of his uncles, requested her to come immediately to the valley, and Stated the dangerous Sickness of his Father. a Liver complaint, and the Gout, are the disorders under which he Suffers. he has been Sick ever Since he lost his Brothers. I feel this event, as a renewal of that which I have past through before\u2014this is one of the afflictions to which long Life is Subject; nearly all our early associate, and many of our mature Years, leave us, like Trees striped of the leaves its and branches, a witherd Stock\u2014I have not written to mr Smith, and leave you to mention it, or not, as circumstances may render it proper.I cannot hear again before the Milo capt Glover Sails, which he proposes to do tomorrow, but by an other vessel which will go in three weeks\u2014I will write to him.The political Hemisphere is quite calm in this State. Gen\u2019ll Brooks is chosen Govr. his political competitor, is gone to a world, where his virtues and his tallents, are better known, and appreciated. The Attorney Gen\u2019ll of the US in a Letter to me, Says \u201calass for the Great and the Good dexter. out of his own State, and the Circle of his own Friends in Massachusets. no one has more Sincerely mourned him, than I have done. we have all had the right to mourn. He did not belong to you alone. his death has been the Nations loss; and the Nation mourns him. It was at the last Court here, that I first became acquainted with all the Treasures of his mind. what is yet more importent; I was getting a nearer view of the immence worth of his Heart. But a Being wiser than us all, has Snatched him away from us.\u201dIn a late National intellengencer, Some one undertook to Characterize the American Legation; of your Excellency it is Said, \u201cmr Adams, who is at London; is at once Solid penetrating, and assidious. he possesses in an Eminent degree that diplomatic Phelm, which is suited to the Atmosphere of St Jame\u2019s. he will Note every thing, weigh every thing, and never be taken by Surprize\u201dMy Love to all the Family who Share my affections with the Same warmth, and tenderness, as tho it was in my power to Say to each, how affectionatly I am their / Friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3119", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, 10 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tSunday Eve\u2019g 10 June 1816\n\t\t\t\tAs I consider you as a part of my own Family, I Send you the inclosed, which you will return with care tomorrow morning tuesday I mean\u2014we have Letters from Mrs A. from Utica and Susan one from Abbe of 2 June, in neither of which is any mention made of the Cols Sickness, or Caroline could not have reachd there, I think at that time yet I wonder as the distance was not further, that mrs Adams had not heard of his dangerous Situation.I got home well and without taking cold\u2014have been out this afternoon. In the fore noon wrote a Letter to mr A. which Harry Marston will put on Board for me; I am glad to learn that your mother continues better\u2014thank you for the intelligence respecting the child. I felt anxious for the little creature\u2014I want to know how mr Shaw is? can you inform us. his sister as well as I am anxious for him. I hope you will come out before you go away. If you miss a handkerchief\u2014I have it. it shall be sent you when washed\u2014yours as ever", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3121", "content": "Title: From Katherine Dexter to Abigail Smith Adams, 14 June 1816\nFrom: Dexter, Katherine\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Madam,\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston June 14th. 1816\n\t\t\t\tI lament that indisposition should have obliged me to defer so long acknowledging your kind letter; it was received with a deep sense of gratitude, with a mixture of feeling only to be produced by so generous a sympathy in a loss so severe as I have been called to meet.You have offered me Dear Madam, all that a wounded heart can ask\u2014the sympathy of friendship; and to the departed the best encomium,\u2014the approbation of the good and wise, You have relieved our sorrows by the kindness with which you participated in them, but you have sanctioned them by the testimony you have born to the worth of their object. Our affliction has been heavy indeed; and it has fallen with the greatest weight where the world can see it least\u2014it is no light consolation to us that Mr. Dexter\u2019s life has not been useles to the public; but our Country can yet look with confidence to many of her Sons for exertion and to some of her fathers for high examples; but to his family, his loss is one not to be replased\u2014not to be forgotten.\u2014His political career was short, and rather the result of a peculiar crisis of public affairs than of his own choice; and it is a happy reflection that amid all the opposition he meet, there were many of his friends and those whose principles he most respected, and whose approbation he most valued, knew his motives and were satisfied.\u2014 If your health will permit you to make us a visit, we shall be highly gratified My Son and daughter\u2019s unite with me in most respectful and affectionate regards to the President, and Your Self.I am Dear Madam with sentiments / of esteem Your devoted / friend, \n\t\t\t\t\tKatherine Dexter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3122", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 16 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nMy dear George\nQuincy June 16th 1816\nYou cannot easily imagine, how much Grief, the news of your Indisposition has given Us. our most chearing hopes are built upon your Foundation. Give your closest Attention to your health, for on that every Thing depends. You must Study Physick; not to practice but to be your own Physician. Pray your Father to buy Dr Cheynes Works, on my Account. Neglected, despised and forgotten as he is, I owe my Longevity to him. Nevertheless, he must be read with caution like all other Writers and his Advice followed with Judgment and discrimination.\nI agree with your amiable young Friend Claudius Bradford in his opinion that Nature designed You for the Senate rather than the Field, and that you will be more at home in the Cabinet than in the Camp: Your Parents have given you, a great Name, that may mislead you, from your natural destination or rather Vocation. I know that Gratitude, not Ambition dictated your Christian Name. But have a care that you do not make it an Object of your Idolatry. We are pretty well, give my Love to Parents and Brothers and Cousin.\nA.\nP.S. Do you remember The Reverend Mr William Clark who was deaf and almost dumb. His Effects have been lately sold among which were four Bushels of English and American Newspapers during our Revolution. They went off, for Waste Paper at a dollar a Bushell. How attentive out Countrymen are to their own History? I never knew nor Suspected the auction till it was past. An abundance of curious Documents.? As I am informed.\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3123", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 16 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nDear, very dear Sir\nQuincy June 16. 1816\nYour N. 48. April 8. arrived last night, and put our little family Circle into the best possible humour. The Gaiety of Spirit, the perfect good humour the delicate Satyre and the perfect Knowledge of Persons and Politicks, delighted and astonished Us all. If you had more of Juvenal and less of Horace; more of Swift and less of Adison, more Caustics and less Emolients, you would be the Terror of our Nation and Age. If you had the vulgar Malignity, the ferocious Brutality of Paine Callender and Hamilton you would compel all the Blackguards to hide their diminished heads.\nBut to be very Serious. I have had a long Experience of this Nation, her Parties and Politicks. I have never had one moments Apprehension for \u201cour national Union, or the unutterable horror of civil War.\u201d\nI have thought it possible, that a Shaises Rebellion, a Gallatins Rebellion, a Freises Rebellion, might be faintly imitated in New England, by a John Lowells Rebellion: but I was confident that the last would be Sooner Suppressed than either of the former three. Nor did I ever Suspect that any Man concerned in it, native or foreigner would ever have merited by his Rebellion the Secretaryship of the Treasury or an Embassy to Ghent or France. Such a Short Sighted Mortal am I.\nYour Letter and a Bottle of Porter Shared between Mrs Welsh Louisa Abigail Shaw Suzan and me with a Sip from Madam your Mother carried me to England, introduced me to You. And a ravishing Interview it was to me. You introduced me to my old Friends Freire and his Lady, the best bred Woman in the World, and to my \u201crecent Correspondent and more antient Acquaintance Mr Sharp. Pray how does his History of the American Revolutionary War proceed? I dined with him once at Dilly\u2019s with Wilks Cumberland Boswell and Bancroft, a curious group as ever met, and I was perhaps the most Singular Persona of the Comedy. My Sincere Regards however to the Ambassador and Ambasssadress and not less to the Member of Parliament.\nFor mercy Sake Send me La Harpe, L\u2019Espinasse and Deffant Voltaires \u201cAveugle Clairvoyante.\u201d I know enough of Grim, from his 15 Volumes and from Jefferson who was intimately acquainted with him, at the Baron D\u2019Holbachs. I knew enough of the Phylosophical Coterie when I lived at Passy Paris and Auteuil, and from the Correspondence of Frederick with D\u2019Alembert &c, which I read when it first appeared. D\u2019Argens has thrown Some Light upon it.\nLet me ask you a Serious Question. What is the difference between Calvinism and Dideronianism? Eternal Decrees and eternal Mechanism? One devotes 99/100th of the Species to eternal Misery the other does not So certainly. But it may, But if Madam Deffande believed either of these Systems it is no Wonder She regretted her Existence. My dear Son! The Philosophy and the Religion of our little terrestrial Universe, is in a fair Way to be more thoroughly investigated; Brama Confucius Pythagoras Cicero Logauta and Voltaire and Priestly and Farmer will be read, and compared. The human Mind cannot be much longer muffled as it has been by the old Artifices of Politicians or Priests the Worst of Politicians. What New Ones may be invented I know not. But I wish that Forbearance Endurance and Univeral Charity may Supercede all Tricks and Crafts. When will Men be convinced that the Universe is too large and too old for Sparrows Wrens and Humbirds to comprehend its Cause its Author its Original, its Evil, its Liberty and Necessity: And that their Duties are contained in a narrow compass obvious and easily understood. Charity may, one day make a question whether Greeks Romans, Mahomitans and the greater Part of Christians differ materially on Metaphisical Subjects form the Dogmas of the Atheits of the 18th Century. The discrepancy may be thought chiefly in Words. Society, and consequently Government has no Right to hurt a hair of the head of an Atheist, for his Opinions. Let him have a care of his Practices.\nYou may perhaps know, that I am not a personal Enemy to His Excellency Governor Brooks. I have known him more than forty years. I nominated him to be a Major General in the Army of U.S. Goodhue Sedgwicke, Hillhouse Bingham Pickering and Hamilton, would not approve him, nor Suffer the Senate to approve him.\nPoor Gentleman! I pitty him! He has already tasted the bitter Cup. His own late officer of Adjutant General is to be disposed to Some one. Who shall be the happy or the miserable Man? Nine or ten I am told have been named and I dare conjecture that 99, or a hundred more wish to be named. Among the nominated are General Sewall, Col. Apthorp, Col Sumner, Major Fitch Hall &c, &c, &c. The Hypers, the Ultras, are at their Witt\u2019s Ends. Their Runners Setters and Flyers are all out. The Governor will make thousands of Ennemies and possibly one ungratefull.\nYou laugh at my Affectation of Indifference; and I must acknowledge, very justly. But I tell you very Seriously, and without Affectation that Old Age grows every Year more and more indifferent: and the constant Vigilance of Phylosophy or Something better, is necessary to guard Us against it. Fontenells Asparagus, is no Fable.\nDexter the Sublime who notwithstanding all my indifference had my cordial Vote in preference to my couzin and Friend Brooks is taken away from the Evil to come. He was imprisoned in the political Cage and could not get Out: but the door was opened and the Snare was broken by an invisible hand, and the Bird has escaped.\nWe expect every day News of the departure of Col. Smith. Death is Sweeping his Scythe all around Us, cutting down our old Friends and brandishing it over us: but our time, though it must be at hand is not yet come. Our Neighbour Beal is thought to have few days to live\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3124", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Caroline Amelia Smith De Windt, 21 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: De Windt, Caroline Amelia Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy, June 21st, 1816. \n\t\t\t\tIt was with a heavy heart and trembling hand, that I yesterday broke the seal of your letter to your uncle. I knew that he was gone to Boston, and as I had not any letter myself, I could not wait in such suspense; the contents of the letter has left me little expectation of hearing that the lamp of life is not nearly extinguished.I had written thus far, when Louisa brought me the paper, with the notice of your dear father\u2019s departure on the 10th.Have I lived to this day, to mourn with my dear child the loss of both parents? little did I think the last winter, that I should have been the survivor; I weep with you, and pray you may be supported by that Almighty Power, who has called you to this trial.I have not expected you to write to me, distressed as you must have been. How much we have all wished we could have been near you, to have alleviated some of your sorrows, by sharing them with you. Thus my dear children, you have all honoured your father and your mother; may you all inherit that blessing which is promised to those who keep that commandment. Mercies are mingled in your cup. My heart is too full to write. I am, dear child, your affectionate grandmother,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3125", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Charles Francis Adams, 23 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, Charles Francis\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Grandpapa\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston June 23rd 1816\n\t\t\t\tI have received your letter dated May 15th. 1816 which I was very much interested with, and pleased me very much.As to your question of what country man I am, I think you ought to know that I never would desert my own country not for any thingWhere I was born I do not remember nor I think never knew till you told me, that was in your last letter and so I take the liberty to fill my letter up with this nonsense but Mamma told me to write as I talk so I will send this I hope you will excuse it because it is so badly written to what my others are and I am in such an awkard place to write one and have some more to write so.With love and duty to all at home / Believe me Dear Grandpapa / I remain / Your affectionate Grandson\n\t\t\t\t\tC F Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3126", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 25 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\nDr Charles\nQuincy June 25. 1816\nI give you credit for finding time to write me in London where there are So many Objects to engage your Attention\nSo! you have Seen, the Lion in the Tower! And how many more, of your and my Fellow Creatures? Pray did you See, as I did, the Phyal of holy Oil, with which Kings are anointed? That little bottle and its Contents were to me the most curious Objects that I saw upon Tour Hill; made the greatest impression upon me while I was there, and have Suggested the most serious reflections every Since.\nSo! You have Seen Westminster Abbey! I wish, they would call it Westminster Temple, or Palace, or Castle, or Edifice or any thing rather than Abbey.\nYou was too young however to know the importance of the place. The Monuments of immortal Genius there deposited could not be fully venerated by a Child of your Age,\nSo! You have been to the Theatre! I have not learning enough to Speak of the Castle Spectre, or the Pitcairne Islands. Je n\u2019en Seais rien. If you had Seen Othello, Lear, Mackbeth \u201cSoutherne Sure or Rowe\u201d or Racine, Voltaire or Corneille I Should have understood you.\nI must close this Letter in a more Serious manner. Your Uncle Smith the Husband of my only daughter is no more, The Father of your Cousin the Secretary of Legation, with whom I Sympathize.\nIt is impossible, that you Should live, without being compelled to study the Character and History of this good hearted, unfortunate Gentleman. The Vicissitudes of human Life have not been more exemplified in the Biography of Napoleon than in that of Col. Smith.\nMy dear Child! I can write no more than the / Name of\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3127", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 25 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy ever dear Sir\nQuincy June 25th. 1816\nYour Mother who was Sick, all Winter, is recovered and restored to her characteristic Vivacity, Activity Witt Sense and benevolence. Of Consequence She must take upon herself the Duties of her Granddaughter Neice, Maids Husband and all. She must be always writing to You and all her Grandchildren which is as dangerous to her health as her domestic Exertions.\nI say She must because She Will. This gives me more Fears than Reason will justify: for there can be but a few minutes before both of Us must depart, and but a few Seconds between her departure and mine, or between my departure and hers.\nThe Valley has enhumated three Brothers in three months. The last of the Three was the widowed Husband of my only Daughter. To his Virtues ever kind: to his faults a little blind. The World will never know all the good, or all the Evil he has done. I have recd from him a Series of Letters, within three or four years past, which I wish were published: but I could not get them printed, unless at my own expence by a Printer who would choose to be unknown: I would be at this Expence, if I did not know they would make a great Noise, without any certainty of doing any present good. possibly and probably much Evil.\nAlthough he undesignedly did more Injury to me in my Administration than any Other Man: Yet His Biography is necessary to explain the Intrigues of Pitt, King, Hamilton Miranda &c &c &c which embarrassed and distracted the U.S. in the last Years of the Last Century. There is an Olavide in the History of the 18th Century to be contrasted with Miranda Smith. know nothing of him. You knew him not. I knew him well. I have dined with him in Company with the Hereditary Possessor of the Titles and Estates of Sully, with the Duke de Rochefaucault, Mr Malesherbes, the Bishop of Langres and others the first Witts and Nobles of France. Olavid\u00e9 had too much Sense to be taken in by Miranda or Pitt; though Hamilton and Smith had not.\nDexter and Smith are gone, and with them many Memorials important to U.S. as well as to\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3128", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Adams, 27 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John\nDear John\nQuincy June 27th. 16\nI know not whether I can ever consent to your being a Sailor Boy. I have already prescribed to you Geometry, Astronomy Algebra Geography &c as one would think enough to discourage but I have still more to Suggest to you.\nAre you willing to go to calledge take a Degree and After that be admitted to the respectable Rank of a Midshipman? As the Czar Peter did. Are you willing to Study Homer and Virgil & other Classicks where Style as well as Heroism are taught? Can you Submit to learn the style of a Naval Commander which, to avoid Criticism, must be pious moral Short neat, absolutely void of Affectation, Vanity, Pedantry; and yet full and compleat; in short a style more difficullt to acquire than that of Xenophon or Demosthenes.\nBut this is not all; You must Study Ethicks, the Laws of Nature and Nations, History Policy, Customs and Manners\nLast of all you must make a Covenant with yourself and your God, never to do Injustice or be guilty of Insolence or Inhumanity to Subordinate, Equals or Superiours, whether Friends or Enemies. Upon these Conditions, I consent, that you Should leap at the Moon and Seize her by the Horns, when necessary, as your Grandfather, and your Father have done before you.\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3130", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy June 29th 1816\n\t\t\t\tIf I write you ten Letters, to one from you, Still I Should be your debtor, for one of yours is worth ten of mine, and one over\u2014yet in Love, and affection, the account Shall be balanced\u2014I Shall always recollect with a pleasure, which I cannot describe, the Sensation I felt, when mr Woodard returnd from Russia and came to see me. I know well his Father, and Family, but him I had never Seen before. is this mr Adams Mother Said he? to which I bowed assent. O Madam Said he, with a warmth and ardour, your Son Loves you much\u2014Yes he does Love you most tenderly.\u2014of this I never doubted, but Some how, at that time, thus exprest by a Stranger, it found the tender place in my Heart, where it has remained, and will depart but with the Life Bloodyour Father in his Letter to you; has been So jocose respecting me, that I am at a loss how to return the compliment but he represents me, as of more consequence, & more business, than I really perform\u2013it is true, that I have large demands upon my pen, from my Children, & Grandchildren\u2014and other occasional correspondents\u2014I hope I may Some times do good in this way.your Father retains his faculties, and his hearing wonderfully\u2014his Spirits are generally good\u2014but his Limbs fail him\u2014he is less fond of exercise\u2014tho he walkd to your Brothers yesterday, & back, which is three miles\u2014Yet our decayed Tenements must Soon Crumble to dust, but I hope we have an other and a better Country to repair to, whose builder and Maker is the most high\u2014and where I trust we Shall meet those Dear to us, who have gone before us\u2014the last of whom is Col Smith he died upon the tenth of the Month\u2014after a confinement of two Months following two Brothers in rapid Succession\u2014I have written to you before his dangerous Situation, so that the event will not meet you unprepared, or my Grandson to whom I have also written\u2014much of this Sympathy. I have in the course of the few last years of my Life been calld to partake of, and I have frequently been assured, that I have mitigated the pangs I could not wholy assuage and healed the wounds I could not cure.This Letter will be deliverd to you by the Rev\u2019d E Tuckerman of Chelsea, who like many others of his Cloth, have had recourse to a Voyage for the restoration of their Health. I hope he may be more Successfull than those, who have gone before him\u2014I thank you for Pauls Letters, which I have not yet read through; having received them only a few days Since Walter Scott is a character in which we in America, have taken much interest from his Poems\u2014as well, as in those, of that Strange half mad Man, and poet\u2014Lord Byron\u2014we look in vain for any fixed prAs to politicks, we have left off wrangling about politicks\u2014even our approaching Presidential Election, scarcly moves the waves\u2014I Shall expect to have some account of the Royall Marriage\u2014the news paper be sure which contains it, and I Should like your opinion of the Allied pair? I have a fancy that the Lady, has a Character, which will, if circumstances call it out; make no ordinary figure upon the Page of History\u2014I will however ask nothing improper. If I do I know you will have prudence enough to withhold it.I pray you to be very carefull of Georges health. do not let him blow the flute. he must use gentle regular exercise and take nourishing food\u2014no danger of Such a Stocky, Stuffy Chap as John unless of a little Roguery\u2014how he would be delighted with a Book which I dare not Send him. I mean the journal of a young Man of Massachusetts who was captured by the British, first carried to Melville Island Halifax & afterward on Board the Prison Ships & then in dartmore Prison\u2014it is a wonderful Book of 3 or 4 hundred Pages\u2014I can Say with the Lady in the Patriot \u201cthat I have never read a Novel, that arrested my attention more than this Singular production.\u201d I must Still further quote the Lady in her dialogue for She has exprest my Sentiments of the Work\u2014\u201cthe work is Strictly moral and even Religious\u2014It is patriotic, humane and gallant, with all the Spirit of ancient chivalry; and I am curious to know if it can be all true\u2014for it Strikes me, that there are more traits of extensive reading and accurate knowledge of character than can be Supposed to have fallen to the Share of a young Surgeon of a privateer\u201dI will add that the real American Character is wonderfully preserved through the whole narative and your Father and I have laughd more in reading it, than ever we did, over Hudibrass or don Quixot.\u2014four thousand Copies have already been Sold and a new Edition call\u2019d for\u2014I wish the Same hand which Sent one to us would Send you one,\u2014I dare not. Such a Book found in the House of the Peace Maker, would not do\u2014but I beleive the whole narative to be true\u2014I know from accurate information, that much of it is so\u2014It is Said that Alexander Selkirk who resided Several Years on a desert Island, put his manuscript journal into the hands of daniel de Foe, who made out of it the renouned history of Robinson Crusoe\u2014I fancy the Young Surgeon, has found Some de Foe here\u2014your last Letter was very Short the 18 AprilI hope you will find more leisure Soon\u2014but I should be ungenerous to complain, knowing Some of your avocations, and how fully Your time must be occupied\u2014I am my dear Son most / tenderly and affectionatly your\u2014 / Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3131", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 30 June 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy June 30th 1816\n\t\t\t\tThe east wind of this day, will prevent the Sailing of the Galen, and it gives me the opportunity of acknowledging the receipt of your Letter of May 13th No 87; and the papers containing the Royal Marriage which came to hand last Evening: by the arrival of a vessel at N york; this interesting, and important intelligence, had been partially communicated to the publick a week before\u2014Some foolish, and improper paragraphs had been inserted in Some of the republican papers upon the occasion. I regret any low ribaldry Should disgrace our papers; whether it respects foreign countrys or our own\u2014My respects to the Chevalier de Fr\u00e9ire whom I remember and Respect, both when I was in England, and in Philadelphia. by Your not mentioning his Lady, I fear she is dead. She was a very fine woman. mr & mrs Liston have my kind regards. we used to agree very well even upon politicks, an Instance of conjugal attachment, after 30 years of courtship\u2014I have only received a few lines from you, no other Letters came\u2014but I can excuse it. mrs Adams must have been much occupied with the Great affairs of the Nation, in which I perceive they have more than once distinguished her\u2014not having noticed, the Lady of any other foreign Minister\u2014is this compliment personal, or National, or both?I inclose a Letter for George with my Love to him. tell him the young Ladies who have written to him, accuse him with not having noticed their Letters, and are mortified that they made the first advances. their youthfull innocence must plead for them\u2014ever your affectionate Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3133", "content": "Title: From B. Bezerra to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 2 July 1816\nFrom: Bezerra, B.\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tRio de Janeiro July 2 1816\n\t\t\t\tHow very kind of you my beloved Mrs Adams to answer my dull letter so immediately You can form no idea of the pleasure I felt at knowing that so far from forgetting us that time or distance has not lessened that friendship I valued so much\u2014let me endulge the hope that change of scene has softened the woes we are all born to endure\u2014it is now 26 years that I lost a sweet baby a little younger than your sweet little Angel, my tears fall when I think of her but you have still many comforts left in your other children & they tell me that you have been confined since you arrived in England I hope it is a little give\u2014I hear from every one that you are very much liked, you are formed to be so\u2014but I must say that in England, they know better how to appreciate merit such as yours more than any where else\u2014happy and comfortable and nearer home\u2014I guess you cast no longing lingering look to the frozen regions of the North\u2014Your last Months were so uncomfortable,\u2014I have just sent of letters to all my friends there\u2014but \u2018tis such ages before one can have any answer\u2014the Betancourts write me that they are comfortably settled they are dear pleasant people the Young Ladies highly accomplished, but alas I hear that no one comes to woo\u2014in the mean time the Bloom goes of the plum\u2014I shoud not wonder if the fair Clementina was to accompagny the Young Princess of Orange to Holland This is only a romance of my own contriving, but it seems plausable & possible\u2014The eldest Miss Bode has had a very agreable Tour with the divine Empress and her amiable sister\u2014she wou\u2019d I am sure give a very entertaining history of her travels she is greatly liked by both the Royal charming sisters\u2014as you say Countess Colombi goes on in her own mild quiet way\u2014I must ever think her Husband very wrong in not leaving it in her power to marry and keep at least a part of her fortune\u2014The prohibition is enough to give the inclination\u2014Petersburg must have again been very gay with the return of Mme Inbert Emperor & the Angelic Empress after so long an absence, the marriage of the Grand Duchess\u2014who appeared so amiable that she will be greatly liked in Holland; what a pity that your friend the enchanting Queen of Prussia did not live to see her Husband & Country restored to splendor her daughter married to the Grand Duke, who is so handsome & appears so perfectly amiable\u2014I regret that he is not the next heir to the Throne or that the Empress should have children, she merits every good for never existed a more perfect character I was sorry to hear that our superb whiskers neglected those friends that had received him so kindly\u2014all for Love and the world well lost seems to have been his maxim indeed I was afraid he was getting spoilt even before we left him\u2014the fascinating charms of Madame V led him astray\u2014all his means were not sufficient to satisfy this fair frail rapacious Lady\u2014surely his person and devoted attentions ought have satisfied her\u2014perhaps she was the cause of his not marrying the Young Lady in question\u2014but of all this I know nothing but by hear say for not a line have we received these 3 years\u2014My Husband is still much attached to him\u2014& has not ceased to render him essential service,\u2014& is sure in the end he will be grateful, I hope so too for he appeared to me to have an excellent heart,\u2014& if he was spoilt it was Petersburg that did the deed a very dangerous place for so young a man:\u2014I want my dear friend to follow you in imagination in all you do\u2014do you live at Ealing, have you appartments or a house in town\u2014do you mix much in the gay world, if so you turn night into day and Summer into Winter with whom are you intimate I shou\u2019d wish you to be so with my friend Madame de Freire\u2014she is so agreable so charming and Lady like that she wou\u2019d suit you much\u2014do you see much of Countess Leiven who I am is quite an high \u2014Madame Nicolay is a most pleasant unaffected woman\u2014her husband uncommonly pleasing as well as Mr. Rehansen the Swedish Minester, his Lady less so from what many men wou\u2019d value her taciturnity, if it is the same Madame Esherhazi Trinain Holland she is a very enchanting woman but I beleive not\u2014they are rich & will dash away; What does Mr Adams say to all the wonderful changes that have taken place\u2014particularly in Holland a country he was partial to as well as ourselves\u2014Pray say every thing kind to him from us both\u2014& tell him it wou\u2019d be quite a treat to me to hear him read Lord Birons poems that seem so interesting from what I learn from the papers he seems to be to be a far better Poet than a Husband, what is this strange story about them\u2014to be the Hero of ones own dismal tale seems extraordinary at least\u2014but Poets have the priveledge of being a little mad\u2014and very excentric\u2014I send this letter to Madame Freires care because I know not how to direct to you\u2014tell me how in future I may send my letters I hope you will some times let me hear from you\u2014for I am greatly interested in your happiness\u2014when you write Mr Smith remember us kindly has he given up the Diplomacy\u2014in what part of America do they live\u2014Mr Bezerra is much mended of his dreadful complaint but he suffers much occasionally with a flying Nerveous Gent, his dear Mind retains all its former activity as enthusiastic a patriot as ever, most sincerely attached to his adored Sovereign & Country he misses your pretty hands & has not forgot how sweet how agreable you are\u2014Adieu My dear friend\u2014forever your very devoted affecte friend \n\t\t\t\t\tB Bezerra", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3134", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 3 July 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy ever dear sir\nQuincy July 3. 1816\nYour Letter of May 6th. like all your other Letters for more than 20 years has been a cordial to me.\nI approve of your judicious \u0152conomy in the purchases of Books. I have need of Parcimony. Your great grandmother used often to Say \u201cWhat a Mercy it is, that the Lords keeps some People poor.\u201d If I was not poor, I should plague you to death, in hunting Books for me all over Europe. Oh! What a Building I should erect of Quincy North Common Granite, capable of holding the Library of Alexandria! And keep you in constant Correspondence with the Library Company of Amsterdam, and them in constant Correspondence with all Europe to Search for curious and Strange Books.\nThis is a Rage; a Mania; a delirium or at least an Enthusiasm which I desire you to correct in me and in yourself, and in your Son George. I know of none other who wants correction.\nEngland is not the Country of Books. They are cheap in holland. Everett and Tickenor Are said to have made a fortune at least the Expences of their Travels by buying Books in Holland and Sending them to Boston.\nThis Morning, for the first time I have looked in the Dictionaire historique for Bekkor. Bid my dear George look for that name.\nThe English Translation instead of \u201cThe World bewitched,\u201d Should have been \u201cthe World bedevilled.\u201d The anonymous Note is in Style. \u201cThey have been often refuted\u201d is in the Ecclesiastical Style. But when? Where? and how have they been refuted?\nThink no more of \u201cThe Defence\u201d unless you can procure me, a Copy of the German Translation.\nI once gave three dollars for the Travells in Silesia, which have been stolen from me. I would not take three Guineas for the Copy you have Sent me.\nYour dear Mother has been Sick all Winter, and Sometimes almost despairing of Life: but you would be overjoyed to See, how She has recovered her former Activity Spirit Will and Sense. I take great delight in riding out with her, every fair day. But She makes me tremble by her uncontroulable Attachment to the Superintendence of Every Part of her Household. Alas! How few minutes either Of Us have to live!\nMy dear George gives me great Anxiety. I have builded Strong hopes upon him. His rapid Grouth is a dangerous distemper. Would it not be advisable to Send him home, where he can ride and Walk at his Leisure and pleasure and go to Colledge when he gets well. The Clymate of England produces billious disorders in all Strangers. I never could get the better of them, but by a Trip to Holland. Sea sickness the Mal de Mere always cured me. Love to all.\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3135", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 4 July 1816\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 4 July 1816.\n\t\t\t\tWe have been some time now without receiving Letters from you, although we have heard of you from other branches of the family. In your last Letters to the Children you mention the approaching marriage of Susan which ere this has probably taken place should it be so I must beg you will make my congratulations acceptable with every good wish for her future happiness.We are here plunged into the great World notwithstanding our distance from London, and between three and four times a week we are not in bed until three or four oClock in the morning: the fashionable hours for entering into Society being eleven and twelve at night. I cannot conceive how it happens, but this mode of life seems to agree perfectly well with me; for I never enjoyed such health, particularly since my marriage, and I am only afraid of growing too fat.We were invited to a Ball given by the Prince Regent about a fortnight since which we attended. the ettiquette of this Court is much changed since you were here when both Ladies and Gentlemen were presented to the King now it is otherwise no Ladies are presented to the Regent and I have been twice to Carlton House by invitation without even receiving a bow from its Master I am so much of an old fashionist that I confess I feel very awkward under such circumstances and never know how to behave I do not like to find myself in a House where I am not acknowledged as an acquaintance\u2014The hall into which we were conducted is circular and resembles very much the Rotunda which was formerly called Ranclugh and which I believe was a very fashionable place of resort when you were in England but which is now no more. It was hung with pink Cotton over which were draperies of muslin and in the centre was a hower in which the music was stationed altogether it had a pretty effect though it did not strike me very much after having witnessed the fetes in Russia upon the return of the Emperor which were infinitely more splendid and in a far better taste. We had been there about an hour when the Queen was led in by the Prince Regent and they went round the Circle, to make their compliments to Nobility. Dancing then commenced and to the astonishment of many, Valtzing was for the first time introduced, this has given rise to many mauvaise plaisanteries in the Papers and to some very satirical verses the English Ladies do not excel in this dance but I am not so charitable as the News paper writers and cannot attribute it to want of confidence which is certainly not the popular failing of the times. The Ball was very animated and English Country dances are quite abolished. The Women are more beautiful than I can describe; they are like the fabled Houri\u2019s of the Turks, no language can do them justice, and this evening in whatever direction you turned your eyes you were sure to meet some lovely object. I am not partial to the manners of the English Ladies, but their beauty is so irrisistable when I see them, I forget every thing else. You will observe by this my Dear Madam that I am as foolish an enthusiast as ever. Among the curiosities of the evening the Duke of Wellington stood foremost what the world denominate great men often lose greatly by a near approach and this effect was fully produced upon me as from a ridiculous association of ideas the foolish calembourg which was made on him by a french Lady of distinction would force itself upon my mind and carried conviction of its justice and severity. she called him the Duke of Vil\u00e1in Ton. We returned before Supper (in consequence of what the Corps Diplomatic of the second order thought a slight not being invited to the great Table and having no places assigned to us) in a Body and I was very thankful at being released.The next party I was at was the Dutchess of Cumberland which was last Sunday and given I imagine to shew the Q. that she is indifferent as to her approbation The Prince Regent and the Duke of Cambridge were present it is the first time of I have seen the Princess since I left Berlin she is not so much changed as I expected All the Ministers and their Ladies the Foreign Ambassadors and Ministers with their Ladies and a large party of the Nobility formed the company there was a Concert and some good singing We staid only a short time The Ladies were superbly dressed in the height of the french fashions.On Monday night we were invited to the marriage of the Princess Mary with the Duke of Glocester the company assembled at half past eight and the Queen was handed to her Chair at ha nine The Ambassadors and Ministers Ladies were placed at the left hand of her Majesty. The Duke of Glocester took his place before the Alter and a few minutes after the Princess Mary was led in by the Duke of Cambridge and received by the Prince Regent in the most tender and affectionate manner he supported her throughout the ceremony there was something so modest so delicate in the appearance and conduct of the Bride as fascinated and charmed the whole circle who I believe joined cordially joined in the prayers for her happiness. the contrast between this ceremony and the last was painfully striking, and the really feminine loveliness of the Princess Mary who had neither Youth or Beauty to excite admiration, has stamped the other with universal disgust. It was a most interesting lesson to the Young women of the present day whose bold and forward manners render it necessary as I heard a Gentleman say the other day for men to assume towards them cold and insolent manners to keep them at a proper distance. Among the number of my fashionable acquaintance I must mention Mr. Sanders a Negro Gentleman who came over from America in the same Vessel with the Children I have been to one Rout at his house and am invited to dine with him next Saturday to meet the Countess of Cork. and in the evening a large party of fashionables. this will amuse Mrs. Perkins. I own it strikes me as almost too ridiculous but I really feel grateful to him for his kindness to my boys of whom he appears to be very fond they are gone to pass a week at Mr. Clarksons.Present me most kindly to all the family and particularly to my father I saw Mrs. Frere the other day who begged me to present her best respects to you and the President. It is time to close this Letter. I find it requires good finances to furnish clothes now I go out so much and the Court is more expensive than ever now we go without the hoops & often we are obliged to have a much greater variety and articles as costly\u2014I know not what will become of me next Winter Mr. A. has been informed several times that the Court of Vienna wish to enter into new relations with the United States which they say would be advantageous to both Countries the same thing has once or twice been said to me I do not know with what view. When I was in Prussia I was likewise told that the King would be glad if Mr. A would go back and make a new Treaty.I am ever affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3140", "content": "Title: From Master of Ceremonies of Great Britain to John Quincy Adams, 19 July 1816\nFrom: Master of Ceremonies of Great Britain\nTo: Adams, John Quincy,Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tSouth Audley St. Friday July the 19th.\n\t\t\t\tThe Master of the Ceremonies is commanded by His Royal Highness The Prince Regent to invite The American Minister and Mrs. Adams to The Queen\u2019s Palace on Monday next the 22d. Instant between Eight and half past Eight O\u2019clock in the Evening, to be present at the Ceremony of the Marriage of Her Royal Highness The Princess Mary with His Royal Highness The Duke of Gloucester.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3143", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 24 July 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy ever dear Sir\nQuincy July 24. 16\nSir Isaac Newton, supposes an Ether, to pervade the Universe. To the Action of this Subtile and elastic Fluid, he ascribes Gravitation, Cohesion, Repulsion &c. Hartley makes it the Instrument of propagating his Vibrations.\nWhat is the difference, between Newton, Hartley, Diderot and Grim? All this is mechanical Phylosophy. The Universe is a Chimical Experiment. Invented, performed and compleated, to be sure, by the greatest Chymist in the Universe. But this is all Matter and Mechanism Still. Where is Power? Matter has none. It is dead. It has no Vis, but of Inertia. Where then is the Principle of Motion Action, Thought Sensation, Reflection, Reason and Sentiment?\nYe Newtons, Fredericks, Diderots, D\u2019Holbachs, Ye know nothing of Matter or Spirit! Ye know nothing of Causes, and little of Effects. Ye know enough of your Duties: Attend to them. Be good Fathers, Sons, Brothers, Neighbours, Friends, Patriots, and Phylanthropists, good subjects and Citizens of the Universe and trust the Ruler with his Skies. For a Ruler there must be: A first Cause there must be, as well as Second Causes and a last End; Though Eternity, a parte ante and parte Post, maybe, and no doubt is necessary to devellope the vast System, incomprehensible but to one Mind.\nIn all your purchases of Books, and mine too, I believe We have never possessed Bacon or Newton, nor Rymers Federa &c. We have accumulated Trifles and omitted the most important Volumes.\nI have Searched the Opinion of Phylosophers ancient and modern. I can agree with none of them. Yet I have a Faith, deliberately fixed I believe in Voltaire as much as in Priestly: that is to Say in neither. I receive hints and Reflections form both, for which I am obliged to them: but I believe in neither.\nSir Isaac, if I remember right, for it is 50 or 60 years Since I read him, resolves all finally into the Agency of the Supream Being. This appears to me as phylosophical as it is pious. But to what Purpose, is this hypothetical \u00c6ther introduced? Is our Admiration of the Universe, or our Adoration of its Author increased by representing the Almighty as dancing upon his Wires of \u00c6ther his Puppetts of Sums and Starrs? or playing upon his \u00c6ther like a young Lady upon her Harpsicord or Piano Forte.?\nMore highly do I deem of the Universe and its Author. I veil my Face like a Seraph and cry holy! holy! holy! Worm! confine thyself to thy dust. Do thy duty, in thine own Sphere.\nI hope this will go by Mr Bigelow, from\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3144", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 26 July 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy ever dear Sir.\nQuincy July 26. 1816\nIn the last Week I have attended the House of Mourning and the house of Feasting. on Thursday I attended as a Paulholder the Funeral of Madam Lincoln the Relict of my ancient Friend General Lincoln Your Mother, Your Cousin Louisa and your Niece Miss Susan, attended Us. We drank Tea at Mr Colmans the Successor of Gay and Ware, in company with Judge Davis Colonel May &c. The Judge told Us what I had heard before, that five years of the Journal of Governor Winthrop had been lately discovered in Mr Princes Balcony of the Old South. It extends from 1644 to 1649, i.e to the Assembly of Divines at Cambridge to Form the Cambridge Platform of Church Government and the curious heretical Snake, whose head was crushed under the resolute Foot of Parson Thompson of Braintree. You, poor Gentleman! know not the Discoveries and Improvements in your native Country, while you are wandering abroad, a Colonelling.\nYesterday I dined with your Brother in a handsome but frugal Family Party, in Company with two or three Strangers, among whom was a Mr Heytema Hoytema A Gentleman of Amsterdam, as Sensible a Foreigner as I have Seen. Such a Feast in my Fathers house next door to that in which you were born you may Suppose gave me Spirits and Reminiscences and Reflections.\nAmong the Company was a Lt. Clark of the Independence 74 to whom I have bequeathed one of my Epaulets. The other I have reserved four your John provided his Predilection for the Navy contineues.\nPray tell me how Georges health is. There is nothing that gives more Anxiety to A.\nI pray you not to educate your Sons long in Europe. Pray Send them home soon, that they may not be Aliens in their native Country \nA\nJuly 30th.\nP.S. You cannot imagine of how much importance I am become. After being buffetted calumniated courted, neglected by turns all my Lifetime, I am lately invited into all Societies and much caressed. Last Night your Mother and your Father, your Cousin and your Niece were at a Party at Mr Marstons, with your Brother and Sister and all the Aristocracy of Quincy, i.e. all the Gentlemen and Ladies, all the genteel People, all the fashionable, all the polite People, all the Well bred, People all the well educated People of our Town, i.e. the agrable Society, the, bon ton, of our beloved Town of Quincy\nBless my heart,! how many feet have your Mother and your Father in the Grave,? and yet how frolicksome We are?\nYou, my dear Son, have the most delicate and difficult part to Act of your whole Life, on your return to America. Mark my Words. If you are not a Phylosopher of the first Water you will be tortured with Assiduities and Insolencies, that I do not believe, that with all your Sagacity and Experience you foresee.\nI repeat my most earnest Request, that you would Soon return your Sons to their own Country to be educated at Harvard Colledge, that they may be there know and be known. That there, their early Friendships may be formed.\nI had rather you Send John to be a Midshipman one board one of our Ships, and George to be a Cadet at Westpoint among 270 Young Heroes there educating, than that they Should remain long in Europe. \nA.\nI had only this paper.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3145", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Sarah Smith Adams, 28 July 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, Sarah Smith\nQuincy july 28 1816\nThink not my Dear Daughter that I have been silent through want of feelings\u2014I have sympathized with you under the repeated Shames you have been called to endure, in the last I have been no common sharer, I have wept with the relatives, over the remains of a Brave, unfortunate Benevolent Man, a kind affectionate & tender companion of her, whom he has gone to join in the World of Spirits, Separated from whom; he has never since appeared to enjoy Life, or share in its pleasures. his parting with us, two years since was most tender and affectionate, it left a deep impression upon my mind\u2014as tho I should see his face no more. I thought to have gone before him, and may it not be in vain, that we have been thus admonished\u2014may we be led to apply out hearts unto Wisdom.\nIn a Letter which I received from John of the tenth of May, he writes thus of his uncle Justus, \u201cthere never was a Nobler Soul, or more generous spirit animated Man than his was. he had all the ability, and all the disposition to dispence the many blessings which he possest. I shall never forget, but shall always remember with gratitude his exertions, & Sacrifices to make all comfortable about him\u201d poor fellow, he little thought he should so soon be called to mourn over an other, still dearer to him\nThere is an other subject I should write to you upon, because I feel as tho I was responsible for the happiness of her who was early given to my care. I have from her natural disposition had my fears least some fascinating youth not worthy of her, should engage her affections, and that it would be done with out, reposing that confidence in me, which would be her safeguard, and security. I once with some concern communicated my fear to you because knowing my opinion of the subject, concealment became too obvious. those fears are now terminated by a different conduct, and as much openess as I could desire. I am not less pleased with Mr Clark upon more intimate acquaintance\u2014and from all I have seen, and heard of him, he is just such a character as I would have chosen to have united Susan too. his manners his good sense, and amiable Character, weigh much with us and have a pleasing influence upon her. his Steadiness will balance her volatile spirits, and his tenderness and strong attachment secure her affections\u2014I want to bring you acquainted, we see him once; sometimes, twice a week, usually of a Sunday he returns on Monday morning to his ship. I know not of but one thing necessary to their future happiness. that is an essential, you will easily suppose that I mean property\u2014for a Family cannot live upon the pay of an officer of his grade. He has some property beside, but I shall not consent to their being united, untill I see a prospect of their being placed above want. There are not wanting, warnings, in our own Family, of the folly of matrimonial engagements without the means of supporting a family I place this before her eyes. I do not find them unreasonable upon this subject, as yet. they are both young enough to wait, provided you can make them think so\u2014he is going to Maryland soon; and will have more to say I presume when he returns\u2014\nMy Love to Abbe\u2014I lament her weak Eyes as it must deprive her the pleasure both of reading and writing. I should be very glad to welcome her & mr Johnson with my great grandson here this Fall. you must come to Susans Wedding whenever that shall take place when you know mr Clark, you will paige him. I inclose two Letters which you will be so good as to return to me when read\u2014Louisa desires to be remembered to you & to mr Johnson. my best regards to him & to yourself\u2014\nthe affection of your Mother\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3147", "content": "Title: From John Adams Smith to John Quincy Adams, 29 July 1816\nFrom: Smith, John Adams\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\tMr Temple Franklin Applied to day for a Passport as an American Citizen to go to France. He stated to me that he was born in London, had lived in the United States for about six years, but at different times\u2014that he has not been in America for twenty years, & that he never was naturalized, but that he considered himself an American\u2014It appears to me however that by the Laws of the United States, he cannot be considered as An American Citizen & entitled to a Passport as such\u2014I could not therefore give him one credit unless I should receive your Instructions to do so. He states that should you be of this opinion he shall apply to the French Minister as a British subject; an answer by tomorrow Post will facilitate his application & much accommodate him\u2014I am dear Sir / your very obedient\n\t\t\t\t\tJ. A Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3148", "content": "Title: From Thomas Boylston Adams to William Meredith, 30 July 1816\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Meredith, William\nDear Sir\nQuincy July 30th 1816.\nMay I ask the favour of you to forward the enclosed letter?\nThe United States Bank will probably be organized, by the choice of Officers, in all September, and being somewhat interested, in right of other people, in the fashioning of this Institution, I should like to have your opinion of the qualifications of Mr: Jones, of your City, who is spoken of as a candidate for the President of the Bank, in competition with Mr: Lloyd\u2014No improper use will be made of your confidential communication on this subject\u2014I have some hopes of making a short visit to Philadelphia, if things can be brought to right ends\u2014but I hardly indulge the anticipation.\nWith my best regards to your wife & family I am, / truly Your\u2019s \nThomas B Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3150", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Adams, 31 July 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John\nDear John\nQuincy July 31. 1816\nI find upon my table this morning your favour of the 7. March; and I know not whether I have ever answered it.\nI approve of your \u201ceating and Sleeping and living together; of your playing Football, Crickett; running, climbinge, leaping Swimming, Skateing; and have no great Objection to your play at Marbles.\nThese are good for your Health: but what do you do for your Mind? The Mind is of more importance than the Body. Do you mind, the main Chance? And What is the main Chance? Is it money? No! Next to Virtue, it is knowledge. And what Advances do you make in knowledge?\nI hear enough of your gaity; and hear it with pleasure: but I do not hear enough of your Studies.\nI have been Somewhat disappointed in your Letters, and in those of your Brothers. I have not found the Patience, of thinking and writing which your opportunities must have furnished motives to excite.\nAs Mrs Sidons is to appear again upon the Stage, I hope you will See that Singular Theatrical Character, who transcends all that I have Seen in France Spain, Holland England and America. But remember that Theatrical Entertainments are not the Business of your Life. You have Duties to God your Neighbour and yourself, far about all Stage Causes or Effects.\nIn my last moments I had rather hear that you were a good Sailor before the mast, than that you were an Admiral Nelson or an Emperor Napoleon.\nI Say to you, and to both your Brothers, / Sobrius esto.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3151", "content": "Title: From Susanna Boylston Adams Clark Treadway to Sarah Smith Adams, 31 July 1816\nFrom: Treadway, Susanna Boylston Adams Clark\nTo: Adams, Sarah Smith\nMy Dear Mother\nQuincy July 31st. 1816\u2014\nI have been expecting to hear from you every day, for this month past, but have not received a line. I have been in Boston, several weeks, and after my return was confined to the house with an inflammatory sore throat, or I should have written long before this.\nMr Clark leaves us tomorrow, for Washington, and Georgetown. his Sister and Uncle reside there, and he will be absent more than a month; this Gentleman is a rich old bachelor, and very much attached to Charles. After his father died, this uncle took the management of the estate into his own hands, as Mr C was then quite a child, and through negligence, the property was pretty much wasted away. he has always promised to make Charles his heir, his estate is worth about 50 thousand dollars, but Mr C disdains to feel dependent upon a promise and I beleive intends obtaining a furlough, and going to the East Indies to the purpose of bettering his fortune; poor fellow, he has seen enough of this worlds vicissitudes to enjoy some degree of happiness; but he is determined to use every exertion in his power to obtain a comfortable support: we have reasoned calmly upon the subject, and think it more prudent to wait a year, or perhaps two, than involve ourselves in difficulties and embarrassments. he knows that I have nothing, and we cannot live upon the pay of a Lieutenant. he has other property, but not sufficient. I do not require wealth, but it is no small expense to maintain a family and I have seen misery enough result from marrying upon nothing. My dear Mother, I wish you knew Mr Clark, you could not help loving him, he is so amiable and good. we talk a great deal of you, and have wished for you a thousand times.\nCaroline will be here in September; it has been a great source of consolation to her since the death of her dear Father that she was able to be with him in his last moments, and bestow those attentions, which smooth the pillow of disease, while it gratifies our own feelings. she says you live delightfully and all look happy and contented. I am glad she saw you for it was a source of gratification to your Child, to hear from any one who had been with my dear Mother and Sister.\nGrand Father and Grand Mother enjoy their health charmingly and have grown quite dissipated, for they were at two parties this week and are going to another tomorrow; every body appears so happy to see them out again that it is delightful to attend them. I remain at home, as my taste for parties has diminished, and Mr Clark is not fond of much company; he desired me, when I wrote to present his respectful and affectionate remembrance to you and my Brother and Sister, in which he is cordially united to your dutiful and attached Daughter\n S B Adams\nP.S. Will you Say to Sister that our friend Lucy Greenleaf is engaged to her Cousin, Henry Davis, from Baltimore, a worthy, amiable, young man. the reading party diminishes, no one left but Louisa Marston, Eliza and mary Ann. the latter has just had a wen taken out of her throat, the operation was a painful one, but she is getting well fast.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3152", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Adelaide Hellen, 31 July 1816\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Hellen, Adelaide\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 31 July 1816.\n\t\t\t\tI have been very negligent my Dear Sister in not sooner answering your very affectionate Letter for which negligence I confess I have no substantial excuse to offer unless a little dissipation has Led to idleness I must trust to your indulgence for pardon.We had heard of the Death of Col. Smith through the medium of an American Newspaper some time before we received our Letters which only arrived yesterday and this morning He was one of the most pleasing and when I first knew him elegant man I ever saw and has I fear left few like him in America. I am glad to find that William and Caroline were both with him when he died. I have not had a line from Catherine since the birth of her son and some time before I cannot account for it as she promised to be an excellent correspondent I do not understand how William is going to live at the Valley I should think it a bad prospect for so young a man although I am not sorry he is to leave New York.I announced to Mrs. Adams in my last Letter that I was to dine with Mr. Sanders a Black Gentleman in a few days.We met a small party consisting of the Countess of Cork the Countess of Mexborough General Doyle Mr. Pen and a Mr. Powell The Countess of Cork is an old Lady of the most eccentric character who has taken Mr. Sanders under her protection and who appears fond of drawing him into the most ludicrous situations in which I believe she is not aware how much she participates the dinner was propere and in very good stile served on China and the Dessert which consisted of the choicest fruits and in a greater quantity than the table could contain with ices &ca. served on Cut Glass. Mr. Sanders did the honors of the Table assisted by Mr Pen Having been one of the highly distinguished invited to this Dinner it would not be fair in me to make any comments on the King of Hayti\u2019s Ambassador and I will only say that he appeared occasionally to forget that he was become a Master and certainly waited on his Company with considerable attention High rank and fashionable society contributes much to the towards polishing the manners and you would be more than diverted could you see this Black Gentleman familiarly whispering in the ears of Countess\u2019s talking of his tendress and his being jealous and shaking hands with them Burrs ceremonie all this to you would appear a fable but it is nevertheless true and this Gentleman is at present one of the great objects of fashionable curiosity The conversation during dinner was chiefly maintained by General Doyle a man evidently in his own conceit possessing every qualification and on the whole pleasant he was just fit to play Lord Paramount in such an ill assorted party and afforded us many opportunities of laughing both with and at him. Of the Countess of Cork I can give you no correct idea she is a little managing bustling Woman full of every body\u2019s business but her own always aping singularity no matter in what shape. rude in her manners and affectedly blunt but possessing a sort of dry coarse humour which passes for wit which sometimes causes a laugh but is frequently offensive Lady Mexborough appears to be a Gentlewoman. Somewhat of an egotist often thrusting herself and her good qualities on the tapis. when we could very well have dispensed with the topic on the whole she is a pleasant Woman and if she possessed neither brilliancy or solidy she was neither overbearing nor haughy and is one of those women I should like to meet again. There was one Lady I omitted to name who was an excellent contrast to Lady Cork this Lady was a Mrs. Crew the escense of whose wit consisted in drawling out at the end of every sentence when I was at Lord Crewe\u2019s &c &c.Poor Mr. Pen is a most amiable and respectable man who is unfortunately afflicted in the most painful manner with that shocking disease St Vitus\u2019s dance.On the Ladies retiring from table I discovered in the Drawing Room the Portrait of Mr. Sanders which had just been hung up in a splendid Gilt frame Dressed in a Spanish Dress with a scarlet Cloack with a point Lace ruff round the throat we were of course obliged to offer our compliments and extol the likeness. In the Evening Mr. S. had an at home I retired early not being well.Such my Dear Sister are the follies of the day This poor fellow was in a fair way of doing but I much fear that his real friends will desert him and a ride in his Landau with the Countess of Cork will prove a poor compensation I understand he is to be this evening at a large rout at the Countess\u2019s in a fancy Dress. You will of course take care of my Letter on account of names.I wrote my mother all about the Princess Mary\u2019s wedding It is that the Princess Charlotte has miscarried. There is much talk of a Divorce among the great people\u2014which will probably be followed by another marriage\u2014another farce! or another tragedy!I send you a small piece of the petticoat of my Court Dress which my Mother has expressed a desire to see The pattern enclosed is of the petticoat the draperies of the same materials the pattern of the embroidery being a simple spot fastend with Silver Tassels the train Blue satin trimmed to match they wear the hoops very small.With best love to all my friends and to your Children I am as ever most affectionately yours\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. This is what is called Lama embroidery and is here all the rage.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3154", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 1 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir.\nEaling 1. August 1816.\nThe multiplicity of business, and of things that consume more time than business, have in spite of all my efforts, broken down to such a degree the regularity of my private Correspondence that I am now to acknowledge the receipt of your favours of 20. and 28. March of 10. and 20. May\u2014and of 16. and 25 June; every one of which contains matter, upon which if I had the time and the talents I could write you a volume in return.\nYou are alarmed at the restoration of the Jesuits\u2014but whether it is that I was fascinated by my good old friend the father General, at St Petersburg, or that I have a firmer reliance upon the impossibility of reviving examinated impostures, I have not been able to work myself up into anything like fear of evil consequences at this Event\u2014I had a diplomatic Colleague, in Russia\u2014A man of excellent heart, of amiable temper, of amusing and sportive wit; a profound classical and mathematical scholar, an honest moralist, and a conscientious Roman Catholic Christian, who used to maintain to me with the most diverting seriousness, and from the deepest conviction of his Soul, that father Malbranche was the only metaphysician, and that Locke, was the veriest pestilence of modern times\u2014Locke was the father of the Encyclopedists\u2014Locke was the founder of the French Revolution, and of all its horrors\u2014I understand that there is a learned Theban, laying it down to the People of France in the Moniteur, that all the Miseries of mankind in the present age, are imputable to the pretended reformation of Luther\u2014And at Madrid, a professor of Mathematics has commenced a course of Lectures by announcing to his pupils that he shall omit all the higher branches of the Science, because it has been proved by experience that they lead to atheism\u2014But if Julian\u2014the Genius, the Conqueror, the Philosopher, the Master of the World, did but kick against the Pricks, when he undertook to restore the magnificent mythology of the Greeks, is it conceivable that the driveling dotards of this age can bring back the monkeries and mummeries of the twelfth Century? Oh no!\u2014Europe is tyrannized not by Priests, but by soldiers\u2014It is overshadowed by a Military despotism\u2014Let the bayonets be taken away, and there will be no danger of the Jesuits\u2014\nA friend of mine has sent me a large parcel of Boston Newspapers, mostly of the last days of June\u2014By them and by other accounts, I learn that Governor Brooks\u2019s speech has not given satisfaction, to those who patronized his election\u2014It is however such as I should have expected from the man before he was their Candidate. His total silence upon the merits of his predecessor is eloquence of the best kind\u2014I always entertained a very respectful opinion of the character of Genl: Brooks, but when I found him selected as the Candidate of the Junto-men, I could not avoid the suspicion, that he had condescended or would condescend to some compromise of principle, which could not fail to sink him in my estimation\u2014He has steered clear of this rock in his speech\u2014But he has a year of painful probation to go through; and with a prospect almost certain of being deserted by his supporters if he maintains his own independence\u2014Since the Peace it has indeed been evidently the great struggle of the faction still calling themselves federalists, not, as during the War to grasp or destroy the national Government, but merely to maintain their own ascendancy or the States where they had attained it\u2014They have however failed even of that, in Vermont, New-Hampshire and New-York\u2014In Massachusetts, Connecticut and Maryland their majorities have dwindled almost into nothing\u2014Should no serious national misfortune befall us, I anticipate their complete overthrow in another year\u2014It is hinted to me that the separation of the District of Maine, will prolong their dominion perhaps a year or two more in the remnant of old Massachusetts; but as the new State will immediately be redeemed from their misgovernment, it will weaken them in the national Councils, and scatter their ranks nearly as much as if they were reduced to a minority in the whole Commonwealth.\nIf I were merely a man of Massachusetts, I should deeply lament this dismemberment of my native State\u2014But the longer I live, the stronger I find my national feelings grow upon me; and the less of my affections are compassed by partial localities\u2014My system of politics more and more inclines to strengthen the Union, and its Government\u2014It is directly the reverse of that professed by Mr John Randolph of relying principally upon the State Governments\u2014The effort of every one of the State Governments would be to sway the whole Union, for its own local advantage. The doctrine is therefore politic enough for a Citizen of the most powerful State in the Union: but it is good for nothing for the weaker States, & pernicious for the whole\u2014But it is the contemplation of our external Relations, that makes me specially anxious to strengthen our National Government\u2014The conduct and issue of the late War has undoubtedly raised our national character in the consideration of the world\u2014But we ought also to be aware that it has multiplied and embittered our Enemies\u2014This Nation is far more inveterate against us than it ever was before\u2014All the restored Governments of Europe are deeply hostile to us\u2014The Royalists every where detest and despise us as Republicans\u2014All the victims and final vanquishers of the French Revolution abhor us as aiders and abetters of the French during their career of Triumph\u2014Wherever British influence extends it is busy to blacken us in every possible manner\u2014In Spain, the popular feeling is almost as keen against us as in England\u2014Emperors, Kings, Princes, Priests, all the privileged Orders, all the Establishments, all the votaries of legitimacy, eye us with the most rancorous hatred\u2014Among the crowned heads, the only friend we had was the Emperor Alexander, and his friendship has I am afraid been more than cooled\u2014How long it will be possible for us to preserve Peace with all Europe, it is impossible to foresee\u2014Of this I am sure, that we cannot be too well or too quickly prepared for a new conflict to support our rights, and our interests\u2014The tranquility of Europe is precarious, it is liable to many sudden changes, and great convulsions; but there is none in probable prospect, which would give us more security than we now enjoy against the bursting of another storm upon ourselves\u2014I can never join, with my voice in the toast, which I see in the Papers, attributed to one of our gallant naval commanders\u2014I cannot ask of Heaven success, even for my Country, in a Cause where she should be in the wrong\u2014Fiat Justitia, pereat Coelum\u2014My toast would be, may our Country be always successful\u2014but whether successful or otherwise, always right\u2014I disclaim as unsound all patriotism incompatible with the principles of eternal Justice\u2014But the truth is that the American Union, while united may be certain of success in every rightful cause, and may if it pleases never have any but a rightful cause to maintain\u2014They are at this moment the strongest Nation upon the globe, for every purpose of Justice\u2014May they be just to secure the favour of Heaven; and wise, to make a proper application of their strength. May they be armed in thunder for the defence of Right, and self-shackled in eternal impotence for the support of Wrong.\nWe have been much affected by the intelligence of the decease of Coll: Smith; following in such quick succession upon that of his two brothers\u2014It has severely distressed his Son, in whom I have an industrious, attentive and faithful assistant\u2014He had been in some measure prepared for the Event, by the accounts he had previously received\u2014The views of Mr Dexter\u2019s death came upon us sudden and unexpected. we first heard of it on the 5th. of June\u2014I had written him a long Letter on the 14th. of April, in answer to one that I had received from him by Captain Stuart\u2014It must have arrived in America after his departure; and I hope will not fall into improper hands.\nI shall write as soon as possible to my dear Mother\u2014We are all in good health\u2014only, as I have been troubled with six weeks of Holidays, my three boys are now beginning to complain of a relapse into the School head-ache\u2014They write by this opportunity for themselves.\nI remain ever dutifully your affectionate Son\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3156", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 4 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy every dear Sir\nQuincy August 04th. fourth 1816\nThis Letter is to be honoured by the Reverend Samuel Cooper Thatcher, the Son of The Reverend Dr Peter Thatcher of Brattle Street and the Grandson of Oxenbridge Thatcher Esqr Barister at Law One of the most intimate confidential and beloved Friends I ever had one of the four first rate Lawyers, Gridley, Pratt, Otis and Thatcher who recommended me to the Court in Boston in 1758 when I was Sworn in.\nI needed not to have mentioned these Names. You knew the Gentleman; amiable, Sensible, learned, but I fear, labouring under a consumption, like those which consumed his Father and his Grandfather. It seems is if Genius could not live in this Climate. Clark, Belknap, Buckminster, Emmerson, Carey &c. &c &c where are they!\nI will add one Circumstance. I personally knew and have conversed with the great Grandfather of this Gentleman, who had Satt in the Legislature, with your Great Grandfather Col. J. Q. and knew his History and Character better than you or I do.\nI will add one more Circumstance. He is descended from that Thatcher whom Archbishop Laud Prosecuted in the Star-Chamber, as you may find in the State Tryals.\nSomewhat of that \u201cOld Nonconformist Spirit,\u201d which Laud took notice \u201cof\u201d as I once heard my Master Gridley Say, remains in the Family to this day. When the Name of Thatcher is forgotten in this Country those of Winthrop, Shepard, Norton Winslow, and Hambden ought to be obliterated. Wh I forget the Names of Gridley, Pratt Otis and Thatcher may my Sight loose the Light and fingers cease to feel.\nIf I had the fertile Genius, the exuberant genus Imagination the fluent rolling Stream of Eloquence, the bright Eyes and Steady hand of your Mother; my Inclination is good to write you as long and as many Letters as She does. But these Blessings are denied to\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3157", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 6 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nGeorge\nQuincy Aug. 6. 1816\nI desire to know, which of the Characters in the Andrian you was appointed to represent at the Exhibition: and whether your performance was to your own Satisfaction of that of any body else?\nThe Six Plays of Terrence are Valuable\n1. For the Purity Simplicity, Perspicuity, Precision and Concision of the Style, that is the Latinity.\n2. For the Information they contain, of the Laws, Customs and Manners of Athens\n3. For the Maxims and Proverbs, which are now and have been for 2000 Years common place Expressions of all civilized Nations.\nThe foregoing Extracts contain all that is worth remembering in the Andrian. The Play exhibits, one continued Tissue of Intrigues of Avarice, Ambition and Love. There is no Confidence between Fathers and Sons, Masters and Servants. All is Intrigue Deceit, Dissimulation and Simulation. There is no honour but between Rakes and their Girls.Do you wonder at the Vehemence of Jesus and Paul against Whore mongers?\nThere are no great Characters in Terrence. No Emperors Kings, Sages, Phylosophers, Heroes General Admirals &c. All is private Life. All is Fornication. Tis remarkable, there is no Adultery. Even Athenians would not Suffer Such an Atrocity to be brought up on the Stage!\nYoung Man! Rejoice in thy Strength, and let thine heart cheer the. But remember, and consider what is to be the Consequence.\nI have great doubts Whether Terrences Plays are proper for the Instruction of Youth; Unless it be for those in whose Mouths Water will not melt. And how few are these?\nThink George! think! You cannot have many more Admonitions from\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3158", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 7 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy August 7th\u20141816\n\t\t\t\tI make it a rule to begin my Letters by an acknowledgment of those which I have received from you, when any such there are. I have now the pleasure to notice yours of june the 6th No 89\u2014I do this for two reasons\u20141st because every correspondent likes to know, that their Letters, are received, and 2ly that they are worthy notice, and there is not any Subject, apparently trivial in itself, but like a skilfull alchymist, you can make, of intrinsick value, either by the playfullness of your fancy, or by good humourd Satire, which tho it partakes of the caustic; leaves not a scar behind.\u201cThus in smooth oil, the Raisor best is whetSo wit is by politeness, sharpest Set\u201dou notice Letters received, for Mrs A, and for George\u2014but make not any mention of any for yourself. I think I have never omitted writing to you, when I have written to others\u2014I have read the works of Scott, which you mention, his writings both in prose, and verse, are very popular in America. I like to read his verse, but consider it like the Lama trimming of the Ladies dresses, more ornamental than Solid, whilst Milton, Pope, and Thompson, are Sterling Bullion and have never been Rivaled by any of their Successors.This Letter Will be deliverd to you by an other sick Clergyman, who thinks a sea Voyage may restore a constitution, already I fear undermined by that fatal disease Consumption\u2014The Rev\u2019d S C Thatcher, asks for a Letter to you. he is too well known to you, to need an introduction, but he may stand in need of some kind attentions, which your respect for his Character, and his feeble State of health, will lend you readily to affordIt has become a general opinion, that the Clergymen of the present day, are much more fragile, delicate and short lived, than formerly. those who reside in cities may be so. a Sedantry Life is not favourable to Health. I do not find however so great a difference as is imagined\u2014for in looking into, Mathers Magnalia, I find three of my Ancestors, by the Name of Shepard quite as short lived. the first was settled at Cambridge and died at 43 the second Thomas Shepard was settled at Charlstown and died at the same Age. the third the Grandson of the first was Settled at Rowly\u2014and died at the Age of 26\u2014my Grandfather Quincys Mother was a daughter of this Second Thomas Shepard who was Setled at Charlstown, where he My Grandfather was born\u2014So much for Ancestry. If we have not any tittles of Nobility, to adorn our Escutcheons\u2014we have the exemplary piety and virtues of our Ancestors to Stimulate us, to emulate their ExcellenceI am pleased to learn by your late Letters that wedded Love, and honorable matrimony has become so fashionable amongst the Royal personages\u2014I cannot but feel a sympathetic pleasure when I hear of a marriage of affection, known and realizd by any of them\u2014Born with like passions, to others\u2014and obliged to Sacrifice to National agrandizement and interest, the Sweetest ingredient in the cup of Life, and to take to their Bosoms, perhaps the Reluctant & loathing partner, a Stranger Bethrothed to them\u2014how is it possible, that Love, and affection Should follow? and who can wonder, if youth and opportunity, should seek its own gratification?When I was in England, thirty years since, the Duke of Gloucester and princess Mary were about ten years old. Mary promised then to be very handsome. Cowper makes an observation in one of his Letter to a Friend, the truth of which I have frequently experienced. \u201cIt costs me not much difficulty to suppose, that my Friends who were already grown old, when I saw them last, are old still, but it costs me a good deal sometimes to think of those who were at that time young, as being older than they were, not having been an Eye witness of the change which time has made in them.\u201dThus my dear Son, altho you left your parents Aged, if they Live to see you return, you will read in their decayed visages, and see in their feeble Limbs, the ravages of Time. yet has this universal destroyer spaired to us, the sense of hearing; which I esteem a great blessing, nor has he extinguished our Sight, tho his claws have impaired it\u2014we both of us enjoy Society. your Father has related to you, some of our excursions, but he has not told you of that of yesterday, which was nothing less, than joining a party at the Hotell at Neponset Bridge. this Hotell, built since you went abroad, and of which your Sons can give you some account, is in a situation to command a Beautifull Prospect of the Harbour, the Islands, and the adjacent Country. it is highly picturesque and delightfull at Sunset, we sat down 96 of us in Number, to a table Spread with a diversity of good things, coffe Tea, fruits and pastry cakes of various kind, and poultry for those who liked\u2014we all partook with moderation, and at Nine oclock, returnd to our own habitations by the Light of Bright Cynthia, much gratified by our excursion\u2014think you, there is not more pleasure in such a Rural festival, than in Lords Mayors shows, Royal Nuptials, and Nuptial drawing Rooms? yet not one of our society, who would not, have gladly made the exchange, for the honour and Novelty of the such a scene\u2014even I who have had, some experience, of the \u201cToils which wait on greatness\u201d should have liked to have been an unseen Spectator\u2014I shall hope to hear from the Boys in their vacation. I want to know how George acquitted himself\u2014and which of the Characters was his part? I have read the play. the taste and manners of the Age must be taken into consideration, in which they were written tho Elegance and purity of the language, may render them fit models for the imitation of classick Scholars, but to the manners and morals I must except.It is quite a calm in the political world commerce however does not flourish, as it has done in times past, altho we have neither Embargoes, Non intercourse, no war to complain of.I have acknowledged receiving the Review. Mr Bigelow has had Letters from us, now near a month old\u2014they are articles which never grow better for keeping\u2014I do prize youth in a Letter. the figures of which; always first attract our attentionwe have had an uncommon cold Season, scarcely more than three days through the whole Summer when a fire has not been agreable. our Indian corn will universally fail, our grass, not more than half a crop\u2014our English Grain, promises better. We had Frosts in july. can Astronomers tell us whether the spots upon the Sun so much the present subject of investigation, are the cause of this uncommon cold\u2014?my paper reminds me that it will contain no more than the / assured Love and affection of Your Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3159", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 8 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tmy dear Daughter\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy August 8th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI have received your kind Letter of June the 7th, tho not by Mrs Perkins, for she has not yet arrived\u2014I thank you for the information which it afforded me. your Letters are a treat from which I derive pleasure uncloyed\u2014I can return you only the passing scenes of domestic and rural Life, interesting only for their connection with the Family Circle.\u2014Two of your Neices, and my Granddaughters, Caroline and Abbe, whom you left Children, have since become wives, and Matrons, each having a child, and are happily married. The third, Susan, who has been more immediatly my charge is engaged to a Leiut. Clark, belonging to the Navy. he is a very estimable young Man, and stands high with his commander, but in a time of peace, promotions are slow, and his paternal property small, having lost his Father very early in Life, who was a Lawyer and a planter in Maryland.\u2014The young Gentleman has so recommended himself by his modest discreet behaviour, and his Character, as an officer and a Gentleman, is so fully attested, by all who know him, for his bravery, and good conduct, and his attachment has appeard so strong, and fervent, that I have not had it in my heart, to discourage his addresses, because I thought he did not possess sufficient property, to warrent an immediate union. he has enterprize, and ambition, and youth to stimulate his exertionsI wish I could say any thing comforting to you, of the situation of one, who all his Life appears, to have been unfortunate.\u2014The property which fell to his Father, from his uncle, his Father by will, gave to him, and this would have afforded him a handsome mantainance, if it could have been free, from encumbrance. it is liable to the debts of the Col. to what amount they were I know not. Mr S and his Family have removed to the Valley your sister, I presume will write you more fully your Letter addrest to mrs Hellen I sent immediatly to her. I have not since heard from her. I presume she is very comfortable in her circumstancesI must tell you of an other Family connection like to take place between Lucy Greenleaf, and a Son of Judge Daws of Boston. he is a merchant Settled in Baltimore\u2014a Match well pleasing to both Families\u2014This while some of us are passing off the Stage; others are comeing on to take our places\u2014Longevity is the lot of so few, and is so seldom renderd comfortable by the association of good health, and Spirits, that the Psalmist describes it, as days in which there are no pleasures but thanks to a kind providence, which has followd me, with goodness and mercy all the days of my Life, in none of which I can say, that I had not some pleasure To live comfortably while we do Live, is every thing which can be wished for, untill the curtain drops; that hangs between Time & Eternity\u2014I am rejoiced to learn by your Letter that you enjoy so much health, and are increaseing in size\u2014I think it must be a great advantage to you. you ought to keep pace with your Husband, who writes me, that he also, obtains weight\u2014I hope soon to hear from the Boys\u2014and to learn that they Study hard without injury to their health. youth is the only Age to lay up a Store for future use. it is the food of riper years, and the Nourishment of old Age, when new acquisitions are Slowly made, and soon evaporate\u2014my Love to them they are very near the Heart, of their, and your affectionate / Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3160", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 10 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\nDear Charles.\npost 10 Aug. 1816\nI see little in this Play but the Manners of the Atheanians and The Naivete et Nettite du Style. The Miseries of Domestick Life; when all Confidence is wanting: between Parents and Children Masters and Servants, Friends and Neighbours, Husbands and Wives, Lovers and Mistresses; are held Up to View in a Mirror. Such Morals are surely no better than those of London or Boston, Paris or New York.\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3161", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Adams, 10 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear John\nQuincy Aug. 10. 1816\nI culled a Few Flowers for George from The Andrian. I have done the Same for you here from the Step Mother, and will do the Like Soon for Charles. I Sent Georges by Mr Thatcher. A.\nJohn! Your Father and your Grandfather can attest upon Oath to a Similar Voyage in 1778.\nJohn! The Case of the Step Mother here is the Case of your Grandfather! Meditate a little upon it.\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3162", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 10 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\nMy dear Charles!\npost 10 Aug. 1816\nDo you See, in these Plays of Terence, which are the Translations from Menander, the Character of the Athenians? Are not the Slaves Superior Beings to the Citizens? Every Smart Expression; every brilliant Image, every Moral Sentiment is in the Mouth of a Slave.\nTo be Sure, however, Masters and Slaves are nearly on a Level, in Principles of Conduct.\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3163", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 12 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Mother.\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 12. August 1816.\n\t\t\t\tI have received Letters from you, of 22. March, 7. April, 9. and 20 May, and 29. and 30 June. every one of which, had it been possible, I would have answered by a long Letter\u2014But even now, I can do little more than express my joy at perceiving the recovery of your health and Spirits, in the cheerfulness and gaiety returning to your Style. I had flattered myself that after the rising of Parliament which was on the 3d: of July we should have had for some Months no other calls to the Metropolis than those of my business\u2014But the Town Season, has been protracted to this day, which being the Prince Regent\u2019s Birth-day, is to be celebrated by an Evening Party to be given by the Queen at Buckingham House\u2014I hope you will have an account of it from your usual Chronicler, to whom all the Reports upon the National Affairs of this importance are given in charge. I am sorry to say that at the wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester she took a cough which is yet very troublesome.\u2014The Lord Mayor invited me last week to a dinner at the Mansion House, to meet the Duke of Wellington\u2014It was a small party of less than forty persons\u2014I had seen the Duke several times before; but had then the first opportunity of personally observing him\u2014He is to be at the Queen\u2019s party this Evening, and to-morrow morning takes his departure and returns to France.There is little or nothing talked of here, but the distresses of the country and the badness of the Seasons\u2014Of the distress, you will hear more in future\u2014The Season is unparalleled\u2014At least I never knew the like\u2014Not a day, when you could bear a window open\u2014Not a Night when you could comfortably spare the second Blanket. Rains, without intermission of a day\u2014St: Swithun promises still to keep his word for this year\u2014The Harvests it is said will nevertheless be generally good\u2014Of this, I begin however to doubt.I shall send by the first opportunity to my father the newly issued numbers of the Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews.\u2014Our boys have at last returned to School.Ever affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3164", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, 16 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy August 16th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI yesterday thursday the 15 received your communications of the 9th. you see it was not possible to forward the Letters inclosed by the mail on Wednesday\u2014I have prepared them for the morrow\u2014I thank you for permission to read C Letter. it did as well as if written to me. I inclose you one from C to you\u2014I had not the same licence from her, but I received a Letter from her of the 8th in which she writes me that she had just received two from John, with an account of his presentation to the Prince Regent & to the Queen and so forth\u2014to Lord & Lady Castleragh, that the Lady gave him an invitation to visit her, which he had done\u2014all of which perhaps C has already written you\u2014so that it is a twice told tale\u2014but how could I know without she had let me peepe into her Letter?\u2014now I could Scrible away to you half an hour, as I do not propose to Coppy\u2014and tell you many unimportant things, one of which is that a discovery is made almost as important as the Spots in the Sun\u2014of what Lama is, nothing less than a rich Lace interwoven with real Silver & gold thread, in flowers festoons &c of about one Inch width, at the moderate price of 5 Guineys pr yd calculate what a court dress must cost? the next Subject of interest is, that her Royall Highness the Princess Charlot is much indisposed with a cold and fever. the prince Regent announces the consent of himself & Family to the marriage of the duke of Glouscester with the princess Mary; his Majestys fourth daughter\u2014Mrs Jordon the mistress of the duke of Clarence is dead\u2014She resided not far from Ealing in great poverty and want, much to his Highnesses disgrace\u2014if any thing could disgrace the dissolute Rakes of that Family\u2014Mr A You will see by the papers\u2014was an invited Guest with the rest of the foreign ministers to celebrate the anniversary dinner of the society of Friends of Foreigners in distress. the Duke of Ghent took the chair, present the Nobility of the Land. there is a very long account of it in the English Papers; but what to me is a subject of Speculation that J Q A, without tittle\u2014without Nobility\u2014without adequate appointments, should be selected to make a speech to that August assembly\u2014the duke of Ghent proposed as a Toast, The ttes of the Foreign ministers present, when the paper states that \u201cHis Excellency J Q Adams the American minister addressed the company in a neat & Eloquent Speech in which he took occasion, most forcibly to point out the incomparable merit of the institution, its inestimable value to the world at large and its imperative claim upon the country of every individual of what ever Nation, who had at Heart the happiness of his fellow-beings\u201dMr A himself in his Letter only mentions having attended such a meeting\u2014George has had a part in one of Terences plays to deliver at his academy in Lattin Charles a part in French, and George a French performance\u2014mr A. in his Letter to me of 9 June says\u2014\u201cfrom the Foreign Ministers I have received every personal attention that I could pretend to, and more than can be desired by one, who for reasons well known to You, cannot Stand with them upon the equal footing of reciprocal hospitality\u2014If I cannot join in the chorus of the conviviual Song, \u2018and let him spread the Table tomorrow\u2019 I would fain not be listening to it, at the table of another\u2014an american mission abroad, is a perpetual lesson of humility,\u2014it fixes a man in the condition of a parisite; and then tells him to maintain his self respect and the consideration of his Country\u201d\u2014mr A has sent me Scotts Antiquary\u2014I had it but last Evening 3 volms\u2014I have read Pauls Letters I like them better than any other of Scotts works. You learn more of the Character of the man from them\u2014I have held out very well yet, and to compleat my trials I walkt to mr B. to see mrs Smith & back again. I however feel a languid day when it comes\u2014I must bid you adieu or I shall not get ready for Caroline. I must write to her. mr Clark is not yet gone. he has been obliged to stay to attend the repairs of the Congress I fear he will be absent at the time C is here. remember Love &c to all Friends at the East\u2014Yours affec\u2019ly\n\t\t\t\t\tyour Mother I hear is better I was for sending for you immediatly I requested mr C to call & write me word how she was, which he did, and found her able to walk out. the week before she kept chamber", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3165", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 16 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Mother,\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 16. August 1816.\n\t\t\t\tThe receipt of all your Letters to that of 30. June has been acknowledged. To answer them, I must have time to think\u2014a privilege which I so seldom enjoy that I cannot even anticipate when I may be indulged with it\u2014Mr Tuckerman brought your last Letter\u2014I saw him and his Lady once. But they were only three or four days in London, and are gone upon a tour into the Country. Mr Tuckerman says his health has been much restored by the Voyage.The Queen\u2019s Evening Party on the Prince Regent\u2019s Birth\u2013day closed the fashionable assemblies for the Season. We have avoided them as constantly as we could without impropriety\u2014Yet they have for the last six Months consumed a large portion of my time, and broken in upon the regularity of my life\u2014You ask the character of the Princess Charlotte\u2014But I have seen her only twice, and then with little opportunity to observe her character\u2014She has been confined to her house by indisposition most of the time since her marriage\u2014has not appeared at Court since the Drawing-Room held on that occasion, and is said to have met with an unpropitious accident\u2014But as to what the French call the On dits, about her, or any of the royal family, I make it a rule never to believe any of them\u2014It is fashionable to talk about them\u2014fashionable to tell strange Stories about them; and the stranger the Story, the more fashionable, because it gives the person telling it the air of being a knowing one; initiated in all the mysteries of high life\u2014The lies, therefore, concerning them are innumerable. The truths excessively few\u2014The Princess Charlotte is popular, because she is presumptive heiress to the throne, because she is young, because she is thought to have been harshly treated, and because she has given some indications of sense and Spirit\u2014But she and her husband set out upon the principle of having nothing to do with public affairs. That may be politic\u2014The question is how they spend their time\u2014Elizabeth lost no time while she was living in the shade, and precarious safety\u2014The Princess Charlotte may think she must now be insignificant\u2014But if she thinks she must be idle, she will never restore the golden days of good Queen Bess. All well\u2014Ever affectionately your\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3167", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 24 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Mother.\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 24. August 1816.\n\t\t\t\tI shall send you by the earliest opportunity the newly published numbers of the Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews; but unless you read Cobbett\u2019s New-York Register, you will not have the key to the secret History of those works\u2014There are now three very distinct parties in this Country\u2014Tories, or the Ministerial party\u2014Whigs\u2014and Reformers\u2014The Quarterly Review is the Literary instrument of the first\u2014The Edinburgh Review of the Second\u2014and Cobbett\u2019s Register of the third\u2014This party, still deeply depressed, and having no leader but Sir Francis Burdett, who seems at this moment to shrink from the Post, will however, if Events should continue to follow their present impulse, rise upon the ruins of both the others\u2014The taxes are breaking the back of the Nation. The Revenue itself has begun to shew symptoms of decay\u2014They are not yet unequivocal, but if they continue and increase, the funding system cannot stand the shock that will soon ensue. The Nation must compound with its Creditors\u2014The Tories still hold out stoutly against this, and struggle for further taxation. The whigs faintly resist the idea of a national bankruptcy, and vaguely talk of \u0153conomy, retrenchment, reduced establishments, and the necessity of a general sacrifice, to bear equally upon the funds and the lands. The reformers alone speak out boldly, that the interest of the debt must be reduced\u2014But then they add that the Sinecures, Pensions and Rotten Boroughs must go too\u2014Of the three parties the whigs are now the weakest. Their principles give them no plausible remedy for the evils of the day\u2014They offer nothing but palliatives. The reformers call aloud for the knife\u2014The Patient shudders at the thought of the Operation, but as the mortification spreads and approaches the vital parts, he begins to feel that the alternative is life. You will see the Resolutions, passed unanimously last Wednesday, by the People of the City of London\u2014neither whigs nor Tories, dared to raise their voices at that meeting. A Petition to the Regent was voted which it is well known he will not receive\u2014But if similar meetings take place in other parts of the Country, they will tend at once to manifest and to increase the strength of the Reformers\u2014There will probably be serious occurrences at the next Session of Parliament. I have no time to enlarge\u2014We are well, and over faithfully your\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3168", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Adams Smith, 25 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Smith, John Adams\nDear Sir\nQuincy August 25th. 1816\nI thank you for your favor of 26 June. Your Phylanthropic sentiments are very agreeable to me: but remember they are no more than Terinus \u201cHomo Sum \u201d and that was only a Translation from the still more ancient Greek of Menander. The English and American Republicans must not flatter themselves that they have discovered any thing new. All their \u201cLiberty Equality and Fraternity\u201d is summarily comprehended, in, \u201cDo as you would be done by,\u201d and we know where to find that.\nRepublicanism and Orthodoxy, Macchiavilianism and Jesuitism are four learned words, or tecknical expressions, the meaning of which, in Sixty five years of hard study, I have never been able to comprehend. Be upon your guard, John, against these insidious words of Party, Faction Hypocricy, Perfidy and Villany.\nYour Patron, Governor Tompkins is in a fair way to be a greater Man, than ever, and may have it in his power to protect you; when the transcendant Talents, Services, Sacrifices and Sufferings of your Uncle, can be of no use to you; when all the services of your Father and Grandfather will be forgotten. Sic transit Gloria. John! depend upon nothing but your own Prudence, Temperance Fortitude and Justice, under Heaven.\nI am no advocate of Buonaparte, John; He was like all other Conquerors, from Alexander and C\u00e6sar, Mahomet and Charlemaigne: and indeed from others more ancient for \u201cErant Heroes, ante Agamemnona multi.\u201d But whoever expects to receive Liberty, Equality and Fraternity from Hero\u2019s will find himself mistaken.\nObserve! think! weigh! Unless you mean to deliver yourself blindfold to Enthusiasm and Party.\nI must conclude with a more tender subject; your Father is no more. I am too seriously and deeply affect with this melancholly event to write upon it, more than this, that you ought to study his Biography, to imitate the goodness of his heart, his Gentlemanly manners: but to avoid his Errors.\nI am cordially\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3169", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 26 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy ever dear Sir\nQuincy August 26. 1816\nYour No. 50. 29th. May is before me. You wisely persevere in your habitual accuracy, and I hope will compell your Sons to follow your Example. I have been So long incapable of Observing my rules that I know not the number of this Letter, or any other that I have written for many Years. I regret this Negligence I repent of it; and wish my Posterity, to follow Your Example and avoid mine. Yours is the most perfect Example of the Kind that I have ever known and cannot be too highly esteemed.\nI have never had a doubt, that the question relating to the Fisheries, had been largely discussed between you and the British Government: nor had I ever a Suspicion that the American World or any other World; would ever be informed of that discussion till long after your head and mine Should be layed in the Grave.\nI flatter myself, however, that you have been fortunate in the translation of this Controversy to Washington\u2014There, it will be procrastinated till the approaching Election is over; perhaps till another War.\nYou preach peace, and you are right. God and Man will approve your doctrine, your Exhortation, your Instruction, your Admonition. If all is overuled, it will not be your fault.\nOur Countrymen are more proud than they have reason to be of the revolutionary War and of the late War. 8,000,000, of People instead of Five Frigates, ought to have had at the commencement of the late War, Fifty Ships of the Line.\nYour Maxim \u201cAn efficient revenue and a growing Navy are the only Stable Pillars of Peace\u201d is infallible. But how can an efficient Revenue ever exist with a Million of Knavish Banks.?\nThe People of U.S. are the most conceited People that ever existed on this Globe. The most proud vain, ambitious, Suspicious, jealous, embragious, and envious and I am as guilty as any of them. Have a care of Them.! They remind me of Helvetius. This Philosopher was promenading with a Brother Philosopher, on the Bulvards. The People were dancing and Skipping, laughing and Singing in every direction. \u201cThese People Are happy\u201d Said the Brother. \u201cOh! No!\u201d Said Helvetius. \u201cSee how civil they are to you, and me, to one another, and to every Body. If they were happy they would be insolent\u201d! If ever a People had this Proof of Happiness, it is the People of U.S. We cannot bear Prosperity. Calamity alone and extream distress, will ever bring forth the real Character of this Nation. Forreign War can never do it. Nothing Short of foreign War, and civil War at once, will ever effect it. And then you may depend upon it they will follow a Bonaparte or Several Bonapartes rather than Jeffersons Madisons, John or John Quincy Adams\u2019s. Hamiltons and Burrs will be preferred to Hancocks and Washingtons.\nAs you live: Your Father and Mother & Louisa dined last Tuesday in Boston with Judge Otis in the neatest Company imaginable; none but Otis\u2019s, Lymans Thorndykes, Menots Boardmans and Fosters, except Tudor and Mason. I never before knew Mrs Otis. She has good Understanding. I have Seldom if ever passed a more Sociable day. Extert all your Witts to draw Inferences from this Ph\u00e6nomenon. Do you ascribe it to the Eclipse of 1806, to the Comet or to the Spots in the Sun?\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3170", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 27 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tmy dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy August 27th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI yesterday received some Letters from the Children dated 26 June. as I had some weeks before received my June Letter from you, I had not any right to expect an other of the Same Month, and altho\u2019 as Shakespeare says, \u201cmy appetite grows on what it feeds on\u201d I must own I am avaricious in this respect.In this still calm, and political pause I must entertain you with domestic occurrences, one of which is a Family visit, which we received a fortnight since, from mr W Foster, your old Neighbour, (who lost his Lady, about two months since,) accompanied by mrs A otis and daughter. mr H G otis\u2019 Lady and daughter and son, who all came in a Body to take tea with us. This visit has been long in contemplation; mrs A otis was commissioned to inquire, if your Father would like to receive the visit? to which a candid reply was given, that he should be pleased to receive it\u2014whether the Hartford millstone hung so heavy that it could not be thrown off, or for what other reason I can not say. the visit was never accomplished untill a fortnight since, when we past a very pleasant and social afternoon together. upon taking leave mr otis in his very civil and polite manner, asked it as a favour that I would dine with him the next week? I replied, that I had long declined all invitations to dinner, as well as all public company, upon which he said it should be only a Family party. I then refered him to your Father who promptly accepted his invitation\u2014accordingly when the day came, we went, and were most kindly and cordially received by all the assembled families mr Mason mr Tudor, were considerd as former appendages to us, and were a part of the company\u2014all appeard pleased and mutually gratified\u2014I know not when I have past a pleasanter day, and I could not but regret the hour of seperation. all this past off very well. I never expected to hear more of it, but you cannot imagine what a sensation it has created in the Capital. a Gentleman from Town yesterday informd me, that it was a subject of speculation in the public offices. whether the stocks have risen or fallen in concequence, I do not pretend to say, but the wise ones cannot comprehend the phenomenon\u2014some whisper it was to obtain a recommendation for a foreign Mission.\u2014now I do not beleive in any such motive I ascribe it to the benevolent desire of extinguishing all party Spirit, and to a desire of renewing former Friendship, and Family intimacy\u2014as such I received it, and in the same Spirit, returnd it\u2014your Father, and I have Lived to an Age, to be sought for as Curiosity\u2019s\u2014accordingly we have more strangers to visit us, and more company, than for years past. having the sense of hearing so well preserved to us, we can enjoy society, which at our advanced period, I consider a great Blessing, and our sight, altho much impaired, is still such, that we can read. altho as mr Jefferson expresses it, \u201cMemory is constantly enlarging its frightfull blank, and parting with all we have ever seen and known, & reconciles us to the period, when it is reasonable we should drop off, and make room for another growth. when we have lived our Generation out, we should not wish to encroach on another. he adds (what I feel and have seen, and what I deprecate), of all humane contemplations, the most abhorrent is body without mind\u201d what ever Humiliation is destined for us in this respect, is submitted to a higher power to that Being, whose inspiration has given us understanding\u2014I thank you for Pauls Letters. I have been more pleased with them than with any of his other writings\u2014he is seen in his amiable domestic Character, full of the milk of Humane kindness, tho describing the bloody Feilds of Battle; and bringing his reader to the very spot with him\u2014The Election of President is canvessing, not with wrath, or animosity or abuse that I have seen. the pamphlet, entitled Exposition of the motives for opposing the nomination of mr Monroe as President of the United States, I have not seen but the reply to it I have, by a Partizen of mr Monroes no doubt. he uses many arguments which would not bear the test if there was any popular candidate to contest with him. I presume by the reply, you were mentiond as one of the candidates this writer, in reply answer, says mr Adams is absent, and said to be well pleased with his situation. of course he cannot be a candidate. if I had any thing to say against him, it would be at present withheld\u2014on the Rule of de absentibus, as well as mortius nil nisi bonum\u2014one remark however I will make, which is, that I am sure, if mr Adams was here, and could do so that he would not oppose Col Monroe\u2014he would candidly confess, that his Services and experience, (which I allow to be respectable, as are his talents) ought not to be put in competition with Col Monroe\u2019s, \u201cTrue prophet\u201d\u2014I Subscribe to that. they ought not to be brought into competition. I know whose would kick the Beam. we will thank the writer however for his candour\u2014and I may add with great Sincerity, that however well calculated I deem J Q A, for that Station, I do not covet it for him at present, and mr Monroe may stand unrivaled\u2014I wish however that they would make his present arduous embassy more respectable and comfortable to him.yesterday mr and Mrs Tarbel call\u2019d to see us, well and in good Spirits\u2014and happy in having safely returnd to their Native Land, more pleased with it than ever\u2014they give us a pleasing account of the children. I do not beleive that my own sons were dearer to me, than my Grandsons, or that I felt more solicitious for there reputation may they all prove worthy, and be blessings, so prays Your Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3173", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 30 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 30 August 1816.\n\t\t\t\tGeorge says that his writing master has forbidden him to write letters for the present, because it will retard the improvement of his hand writing. I do not understand this theory, and suspect it will not meet the approbation of George\u2019s correspondents at home. The consequence of it is, that I am called to write the weekly letter that is to go with the newspaper almost every week myself.The present Lord Mayor of London, Matthew Wood by name, and a fishmonger by profession, that is a member of the fishmongers company, has taken the fancy to shew extraordinary civility to the American Minister, and has manifested it from the time of his election. You remember perhaps that the annual day of the Lord Mayors induction to office is the 9th. of November. That is always a day of ceremony and there is a great entertainment at Guildhall to which all the foreign Ministers are invited. I received accordingly an invitation to it from Mr Wood, then Lord Mayor elect; but I was then confined to my Chamber with the inflamation in my eyes and was obliged to send an excuse. In February he gave a splendid dinner, and Ball, to the Austrian Archdukes John and Louis, the two youngest brothers of the Emperor of Austria, who were then in England upon a visit. To this all the foreign Ministers were likewise invited and many of them attended. I went a total stranger to the Lord Mayor and to all the company excepting the Archdukes to whom I had been presented the day before, and the foreign Ministers whom I had met at the Regents\u2019 Levee and occasionally elsewhere. It was at this dinner that I was suddenly and most unexpectedly called to answer a complimentary speech, with which the Duke of Kent who sat next to the Lord Mayor, introduced the toast, of the President of the United States. I answered of course in a very few words, concluding with that toast which was published in the Newspapers; then copied into some of those in America, and which is mentioned in one of your letters. He invited me within ten days afterwards to another great entertainment, which he gave to the wardens and officers of his fishmongers company. I was the only foreigner invited to that party, and there I met the Duke of Kent again and the Duke of Sussex whom I had formerly known at Berlin. Not long afterwards these royal brothers were made members of the fishmongers company, upon which occasion the company itself gave a dinner to which I was invited. Then there was the Easter Monday dinner and Ball\u2014Then a dinner given by the Lord Mayor to the Duke of Wellington; and lastly a water party upon the Thames last week. A voyage from Westminster Bridge to Richmond, & a dinner there on board a new City Barge. Will you not be ashamed for me, when I tell you, that the first return I have made to the Lord Mayor for all these more than polite hospitalities, has been by having him to dine with us this day in company with the Duke of Sussex, Lord Erskine, Sir Robert Wilson (who has just returned from his honourable imprisonment) your and my Fathers old friend Chevalier de Freire, and two or three other friends. But if my returns have not been as prompt and frequent and sumptuous as his kindnesses to me you know the reason why. I have not refused his invitations, because I thought a sulky reserve in return for frank and open civility would be worse than no return at all. The Lord Mayor of London who as you know never serves in that office but one year, receives from the City Twelve thousand pounds sterling for discharging the duties of it. They usually exceed this sum by an expenditure of six or eight thousand pounds and the present Lord Mayor who has a large fortune of his own and has been magnificent in his entertainments beyond example will not get through his year at less cost than double his Salary. His year is now drawing to a close, and he is to be succeeded by a person who has no partialities for any thing American. We shall not be much embarrassed by his civilities.The weather still continues cold and damp; though having for the last ten days had an occasional sight of the Sun, and the temperature of the air only cool, it passes for fine weather & has revived the hopes of an abundant harvest, which I think will be disappointed. Accustomed as I have been all my life to observe the workings of party spirit, I have been surprized to find that from the beginning of this month, it has been here a great party question whether the harvest of this present year would be good or bad. Cobbett who is the literary representation of the Reformers, very early in the month announced that it would be scanty. Mr Hunt another ardent reformer, at the City meeting last week, pledged his honour that it would be bad. But all the newspapers Ministerial and oppositionist, whig and Tory have opened in full cry against these predictions, and foretold a plentiful or at least an average harvest. The Morning Chronicle which seldom ventures to encounter Cobbett, has felt in this case so confident, that it has opened a battery of ridicule upon him for his foresight, and says it was a Ghost who told him it, for a joke, and he took it in earnest. Cobbett himself alarmed for his prophetic fame by this universal concurrence of all the legitimates against him; or by the improving prospects of the last ten tolerable days has partially recanted and now 31 August begins to think there will be an average harvest. It is, to use an expression much in vogue here a fundamental feature of Cobbetts character and the source of almost all his errors, that he always over leaps many of his premisses to get at his conclusion. He was over hasty in pronouncing the first week in August that the harvest would fail, and he has been premature in his recantation. My own belief is that there will be a considerable deficiency of all the crops, and especially of the wheat. But to account for the fact seemingly so whimsical, that this question is made a subject of acrimonious party discussion, you must know that all the ruling parties in this country, whigs & Tories, Lands and Funds, all but the Reformers have agreed that most of the distresses now weighing down this Country are owing to excessive plenty to the cheapness of wheat. This they all continue to say, while no small part of their population are nearly perishing with famine. near two years ago when this excessive plenty was at its height, Parliament enacted a Law for the express purpose of keeping up the price of grain. But why this portentous system of aggravating the burthens of the poor? This struggle to give scarcity to the staff of life? because if the farmer who raised the corn, could not sell it, at a high price, he could no longer pay his taxes to the Government; his Rent to the Landlord, his tythes to the parson, and his rates for the poor. If the Landlord could not collect his Rent nor the parson his tythes they too would no longer be able to pay their taxes. If the taxes could not be collected the revenue would fail, and the public creditor could not be paid. Now the cheapness of corn was then attributed to its excessive plenty; and Cobbett alone I believe insisted that there was no superfluous plenty; but that the fall of price was owing entirely to the calling in of the Bank Paper. The corn Bill occasioned violent and dangerous Riots in London when it passed; but it did pass, and its full effects will be disclosed only when the scarcity shall be felt. The scarcity is coming but it has not yet brought relief to the public distress, and as it has dangers of its own, all the parties but the reformers seem inclined to disguise the fact even to themselves. I am yet doubtful what its effect and that of the removal of the property tax will be upon the revenue\u2014Yet that is the all important question. If the revenue does not fail the machine ponderous and complicated as it is, will get along. If it falls off the present quarter even in proportion as it did, the last (I think it will not) there will be a serious struggle tax the funds and perhaps compulsively to reduce the interest of the national debt at the next session of Parliament. In the mean time the popular feeling is getting sore and irritated to such a degree, that fears of commotion are entertained by the sober people of all parties. The City of London have voted a Petition to the Prince Regent, which they know will not be received. Westminster is to have a meeting soon. But petitioning will not become general until the meeting of Parliament. The next winter may produce Serious events.With my duty to my father I remain affectionately yours\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3174", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 5 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy ever dear Son\nQuincy Sept. 5. 1816\nYesterday Noon Mr and Mrs. De Wint, arrived, in 48 hours from New York. They dined in that City on Monday and dined with me on Wednesday. Such is the facility and rapidity of Communication which Steam Boats Packetts and turnpikes have introduced. They presented to me the first of my great grandchildren that I have Seen of the four that have been given to me, one of whom has been taken away, and the others I Shall probably never See.\nCaroline Elisabeth De Wint, born 30th. October 1815, tho\u2019 a little fractious from Toothing is a pretty little active Sprightly Pett, Puppet Baby? What Shall I call her? And her Father Seems to be delighted with her as much as I am. I Shall have many a Gambot with her.\nWhen I recollect, that I was 29 Years of Age when I married, and that I have now Such a Posterity of Children Grand Children and great Grand Chidren, I feel like a Patriarck. But while I look forward with So much pleasure, I cannot help looking backward on the Monuments of my Father Grandfather, Great grandfather and Great Great Great Great Grandfather, all of which are distinctly visible to this hour in the congregational Church Yard in Quincy. I enjoin it upon You, when you return to visit them. Let Us trace this Descent.\nGreat Great Grand Father\u2014Henry\nGreat Grandfather Joseph Senior\nGrand Father Joseph Junior\nFather John,\nSon John\nSon John Quincy & others\nDaughter Abigail Smith\nGrand Daughter Abigail Caroline De Wint\nGreat Grand Daughter Caroline Elizabeth De Wint.\nhow many Generations. Let us See.\n1. Henry,\n2 Joseph Senior\n3. Joseph Junior\n3. John Senior\n4 John Junior\n5. Abigail\n6. Caroline\n7. Caroline Elizabeth, Seven Generations. You may trace others: if you think it worth while.\nAnd what of all this? Nothing. Only that this ignoble Blood has not crept through Scoundrels. Not one of the List., which is more I believe than any noble royal or imperial Family in Europe can say for seven generations.\nMy three Grandaughters your three Neices are connected with three Gentlemen of Education Characters and Circumstances which deserve your Consideration. I hope you will preserve a good Understanding with them; though there will not probably ever be any very intimate Intercourse between You and them.\nGod bless you all! Devoutly prays.\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3175", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 9 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington,Adams, John,Adams, Charles Francis\nMy dear George, John and Charles!\nI have now gone through Terence, and noted a few Lines for you to consider. Many perhaps have escaped my Notice that deserved itA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3176", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 11 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 11 September 1816\n\t\t\t\tAs the Galen is about to sail my dear Madam I hasten to inform you that we have at length received the Watches sent by Mr. Brooks at which we are much rejoiced as they have proved a source of great anxiety to the younger branches of the family.The fashionable Season being over I have little to communicate that can afford you amusement and Mr. Adams informs you so regularly of every event that there is but little left for me to touch on We are both at this time setting for our pictures, (half lengths) for my brother Thomas the Painter is a young American by the Name of Leslie who bids fair to become a very great Artist and whom Mr. West is very proud of Mr. A. tells me his picture is likely to prove an excellent likeness at which I am much delighted as I think he never looked so well or so handsome as he does now. As I only heard late this evening that the Galen was to sail tomorrow I am under the necessity of making my Letter short and will conclude with the assurance of the health of our boys and best and kindest wishes for the President yourself and family.\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3178", "content": "Title: From Susanna Boylston Adams Clark Treadway to Sarah Smith Adams, 14 September 1816\nFrom: Treadway, Susanna Boylston Adams Clark\nTo: Adams, Sarah Smith\nMy Dear Mother\nQuincy September 14th. 1816\nIt seems an age, since I have written, or heard from you, and I cannot allow another post to pass, without writing. I begin to fear that some of my letters to you have miscarried, as I have lost several, very lately, owing to the negligence of the Boston postmaster. Caroline, with her husband, Child and Cousin, have been with us nearly a fortnight, the babe, is a beautiful little creature, and a great source of amusement to us all.\nMr Clark has been absent, almost four weeks, he writes me, that he entertains hopes of recovering part of his Fathers estate, which has fallen into the hands of his Uncle, but I am in his expectations; when I wrote my dear Parent, some time since, I thought I had made quite a reasonable being, of him, as it respected, delaying our marriage, but I find, he is not so much so, as I expected; he has some property in Maryland, and his pay as a Lieutenant is 800 dollars a year; I am sensible he would make every exertion in his power; and if I possessed any property, I would not hesitate, but as circumstances are now he must be contented untill he can acquire something more. I wish my dearest Mother, you would give me some advice, upon this subject, and if I could see you, it would be a great source of happiness to me, but I am afraid that is impossible, at present.\nI have been quite unwell, with a severe cold, and sore throat, the last week; and am still so hoarse I can hardly speak; I am sorry to hear that Sisters little boy is so liable to taking cold; & regret more, and more, every day, her inability to write, as it deprives me of a great source of pleasure, and I sometimes fear, she will quite forget me. the season here, has been, remarkably cold, and dry, we shall have but little grain, and scarce any of the fruit, has come to perfection; people assign various reasons, for this change of climate, but I believe it is most generally attributed to the spots on the Sun. there appears to be universal complaints in every part of the Country, and expectations of a severe winter; GM has been quite well this Summer, but feels the cold weather very sensibly, she must take great care, or she will be laid up again this fall.\nI expect Mr Clark, the first of October report says, we are to have an Algerine war, and in that case, he will probably be ordered into the Mediterranean, this Winter; but I hope it is only report, and that he will be able to obtain a furlough and make a voyage to the East Indies, or Havana; business is very dull everywhere, and at present, I see but little prospect, of any active service.\nAbby Shaw is to be married, next Wednesday, and reside in Salem. her brother appears quite gratified, and I think Mr Felt an amiable, pleasant man and of very correct principles; which in my opinion, is more to be considered, than wealth and fortune; for without them, all the riches this world could afford, would not secure happiness. there must be some foundation, to build upon, something to command our esteem, and respect; and where we know, true piety, and goodness of heart, to exist, we feel assured, the possessor, will never voluntarily do wrong.\nMr De Wint left here, on Tuesday for New York, but intends returning, in the course of next week, Caroline desires to be affectionately remembered to you, and Sister, in which she is sincerely joined by me, with a kiss for the dear boy. Uncle Adams\u2019 family are well, and the children often enquire after Aunt Adams and Cousin Abby. I hope my dear Mother, it will not be long before I hear from you, and am ever, with the tenderest affection, your daughter \nSusan B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3179", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Ward Nicholas Boylston, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nDear Cousin,\nQuincy Sept. 19th 1816\nI have long meditated to write you a Line. You are giving annual Bounties, for Medical Essays which Nobody reads; No Body thanks you; Nobody learns any Thing from all your Care and expence.\nLet me advise you to alter your Plan. Offer Premiums or Premia, for Dissertations on natural History. Not at large, for that Subject is infinite. But upon the Civilization, the Policy, the Legislation and the Administration, of the Several Species of Beasts, Birds, Fishes and Insects. We are knocked down, with the Word, \u201cInstinct\u201d. A Mystery! I understand it not. Sett your ambitious Students to find out its Meaning.\nAnts, Bees, Beavers, Elephants, Horses, Wild Boars Wild Geese, Brants Ducks, Widgeons, Wild Pigeons and take Swallows Blackbirds, Catterpillars, Cankerworms Palmer Worms, Mites in Chuse, Even the Animalcules that produce our cutaneous disorders, Such as the Itch and the Salt Rheum, do not Sum to quarrel with each other and devour each other as We Men, Lords of the Creation do.\nBut there must be Something like Reason, Policy Civilization in all these. If you desire, wish, or hope to See it, I will enlarge a little hereafter on these Subjects. So no more at present from your Cousin\nJohn Adams\n1. P. S. For mercy Sake, do not take me in Earnest, I only mean to make you laugh in your Solitude, or rather Retirement. Your Cousin again John Adams,\n2. P. S. Give up your Idea of a Boylston Gallery of Pictures in the Boylston Market. You have not considered the Jealousy the Envy, the Malice and the Vengeance it would produce. You know, or at least I have told you how often I have told your Uncle Tom, he was a Tom Fool, for his perpetual visionary Projects of the same kind. Once more Your Cousin John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3180", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 20 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\nMy dear Mother.\nEaling 20. September 1816.\nMy wife\u2019s brother J. B. Johnson has written from New Orleans, to his sister and me, requesting us to send him our Portraits, and we are accordingly sitting for them to a young American named Locke, who is working hard to make a reputation as a Painter.\u2014This is the second time that according to a melancholy yoke of poor Sheridan\u2019s, I have undergone the operation of sitting for my Picture, within these two years. The first was at Ghent, where the President of the Academy of fine Arts of that place, Mr Van Huffel, prevailed upon me to allow him to paint me, when I fancied it was much against my will; and so it is now\u2014But these are cases in which one yields compliance as the least of two evils\u2014Be that as it may, I went yesterday to town, to sit, and upon alighting at my Office, N. 13 Craven Street, I found the Cards of Mr S. C. Thatcher, and Mr. A. Bigelow, with a whole budget of Letters, from the fire-side (in July and August) at Quincy, for two of which, dated 18. July and 7. August, I am indebted to you, my ever dear and honoured mother\u2014I could not call upon Messrs Thatcher and Bigelow yesterday, but I hope we shall see them here.\nI have long been of opinion that there were too many sympathies of various kinds between New and Old England; but the sympathy of chilling frigidity of a cold ungenial, unprolific, and churlish summer must now be added to the ungracious list. We have had lately a few barely comfortable days, but not one Evening and scarcely a day in 1816, when a fire would have been superfluous\u2014In one respect there has been a difference\u2014for while you complain of dry weather, I have been listening every Sunday untill the last, for more than two months, to a prayer that we might be relieved from the plague of Waters. Last Sunday it was changed to a thanksgiving for fair weather\u2014but the cold still continues\u2014There were several sharp frosts in July and August, and the Newspapers are filled with accounts of Snow in Harvest, and of ice an inch thick in dog-days within a hundred miles of London. What agency the spots upon the Sun have had in all this, is more than I, or perhaps any body else is astronomer enough to know\u2014In Europe, as you must have heard, the Spots on the Sun, portended the end of the world until the 18th. of July; and since then, there has scarcely been seen enough of the Sun to know whether it was spotted or not.\u2014It is pretty certain however that the harvests have been much affected by the weather in a great part of Europe; though not so much as by your account they have been with you. The oddity of the thing here is, that it is a rancorous party question between the Jacobins and the legitimates, who pledge their words and their honour, on one side that there will be a great failure in the harvest, and on the other that there will be no failure at all.\nYou mention some of our forefathers who figure in Mather\u2019s Magnalia\u2014I begin to feel something of the genealogical maggot myself, and want to know something more about my ancestors than I have ever yet discovered. I remember the round robin of that great Genius Cousin Elijah Adams Esquire of Medfield, and hope you have it in safe keeping. Perhaps that and Williard\u2019s Body of Divinity, contain as much of the Adams Annals before my father, as are to be gleaned after the Harvest old father Time has reaped of them\u2014It traces them back to England; which for us is going back to Noah\u2019s flood\u2014But of the female branches of the ascending line, I should be glad to know more\u2014For example, who were my father\u2019s grandmothers, paternal and maternal\u2014I suppose my father knows, but if I ever heard, I do not remember\u2014Again who was your grandmother Smith, and who was the wife of the said Thomas Shephard, whose daughter was your Grandfather\u2019s mother\u2014When you have leisure, I wish you would write me all the family history that you can remember.\nThe rage of royal matrimony seems to be spreading beyond its natural bounds. According to the rumours in circulation here, it has even reached His Royal Highness the Prince Regent of England. Although I have satisfied myself that very little of what is said about him ought to be believed, yet his design of obtaining if he can a divorce from his present wife has become so notorious that it will no longer admit of a doubt. The Princess of Wales has been living these two years abroad, with his consent, and scandal which had always been nibbling at her reputation, has been gorging upon it, since she left England, like an Alderman upon high venison\u2014All the English Ladies who accompanied her when she first went, have left her, and returned to England, and she is now travelling about, living publicly with an Italian adventurer, in such utter contempt of all decorum, that some of the Captains of English Men of War have refused to admit the paramour with her at their tables. These are the Stories about her now in circulation; and it is further said that the Regent has now in his possession positive proof against her, such as by the ecclesiastical Laws of England will entitle him to a divorce. When he first proposed it to his Ministers, the Chancellor and the Earl of Liverpool are said to have been so averse to the measure as to tender the resignation of their Offices; but since the return of Mr Canning, and his reinstallation into the Ministry he has become the manager of the Transaction, and there is now little question that it will be brought before Parliament at their next Session\u2014The public take very little interest in the Princess of Wales, herself, the appearances are so much against her, that it is universally taken for granted, the proofs in the Regent\u2019s possession will be ample to warrant a divorce, but the multitude enquire why he wants it, and the Attorney\u2019s Clerks ask how he is to obtain it? As if a husband was bound to find a justification of his wife\u2019s frailties in the supposed consciousness of his own; or as if the Parliaments of George the third had ever shewn themselves less omnipotent, or less complaisant to the personal wishes of the Sovereign, than the Parliaments of Henry the Eighth. Opposition to the measure there will undoubtedly be, and if Ministers should find their power in Parliament staggering upon other and national objects (which is not probable) they may take this opportunity to go out at a good door, as Pitt when he got frightened in 1801. went out upon the Catholic question\u2014That the Regent wishes a divorce for the sake of a second marriage there is nothing as yet but conjecture, and the fears of the Princess Charlotte\u2019s partizans to indicate\u2014The Princess Charlotte had a show of popularity at the time of her marriage, but she has few if any friends, and after more than four Months of Marriage, it is a question as unsettled as that about the harvest whether she is in the way of increasing the family or not. Those who assume as a fact that the Regent is bent upon a second Marriage, suppose that he looks to the Princess Sophia of Gloucester who is in her forty-fourth year, but much the handsomest of all the females of the Royal Family.\nThe bustling Season of London, the Levees, Drawing-Rooms, Dinners, Parties, Balls, &c. are over for this year\u2014The fashionable world we all give to bustle in the Country or at the watering places, and since the close of the last month we have been altogether quiet. I wish it were possible we could expect to remain so, through the next Winter\u2014\u201cWe found so much in consequence residing so far distant from London, while we had such frequent and indispensable calls there that we determined perhaps inconsiderately town for the coming Winter\u2014We have not yet however found a house to suit us and it is scarcely possible that at double the cost we should find one in London, half so agreeable or comfortable for a residence as this\u2014My wife\u2019s health for the last six weeks has been affected by a troublesome cough and pain in the side; and George frequently gives us great uneasiness. His growth continues as rapid as ever, and it is attended with great debility and with a continual recurrence of complaints which alarm us\u2014The other two boys enjoy much better health.\nI am happy more than I can express to learn that yours has been so much restored, and that my father\u2019s is so generally good\u2014What with your Independence day, your Neponset Bridge Hotel, and your party\u2019s at Mr Quincy\u2019s, Mr Marston\u2019s and my brother\u2019s; you have had as gay a Summer of it as we have; and I hope without any occasion for such a remark as was made me by one of the guests at the Mansion House dinner to the Duke of Wellington\u2014\u201cIt is very well for us to be here, dining upon Turtle and Venison, but the Country is ruined!\u201d Happier, be the lot of our\u2019s!\nI remain with ever faithful affection your\u2019s\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3181", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 23 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nJohn Quincy Adams.\nQuincy Septr. 23rd: 1816\nI pray you to send me a Book whose Title is \u0391\u0399\u03a1\u0395\u03a3\u0395\u03a9\u039d \u0391\u039d\u0391\u03a3\u03a4\u0391\u03a3\u0399\u03a3:\nA New Way of deciding Old Controversies By Basanistes. Third Edition enlarged\nRidentem dicere verum quid vetat Hor. London Printed for J. Johnson & Co. St. Pauls Church Yard. 1815.\nIf there has been any Subsequent Edition Send me that. But above all let me intreat you to read it. If you can inform me Who wrote it, or is Suspected to have written it you will oblige me.\nI have long desired to write you Seriously my Sense of your Situation: but conscious of my Incapacity to judge, I have hitherto postponed the Subject. But of one thing, if I am not absolutely Sure, I have a Strong Impression; and that is that you will be wrong to remain much longer in Europe; Unless you mean to remain therefore Life, or return to America, renounce All Publick Business forever, and retire to \u201cprune the roughened Plumes of Contemplation.\u201d\nI can not bear the Thought that your Sons Should be educated in a foreign Country.\nI believe you. You could write a Volume, on each of my Letters and I could write an hundred volumes in answer to them. Before you commence to be the Champion of Orthodoxy, I advise You to read Bryants Analysis or new System of Ancient Mythology; the Shasta of Indostan, the Vendavista of Persia, the Universal History of Voltaire, and The Religion Universelle of Dupuis, and the Monde primatif of Count de Gelbelin. Tell me not that these were Atheists or Deists. This is no Refutation. Where and What is the Truth? Surely it exists; and as Surely, it may be found. Let Spiritualists and Materialists, dispute, till they tell Us, What is Spirit? And what is Matter? When they clearly define these two Substances, We The People, the Readers, will Soon arbitrate between them. And I believe We Shall Say Keep the Commandments and the sermon on the Mount.\nI wish they would exort their Genius, their Analysis their Talents at Investigation, upon The Words \u201cMachiavelism and Jesuitism. It Seems to me, I could write a pretty Volume upon those two technical Terms. My dear Sir.Oct. 3. 1816You may well think Some of my Letter to you abrupt, Severe, or enigmatical. But I assure you, your Letter of August the first is a Model of Morals, Politicks and Physlosophy. One hundred Years hence, your Letters and Writings will be Sought, with infinitely more Avidity, than those of Mary Queen of Scotts, or The Ministers of Queen Elizabeth.\nWhy are all your Letters for thirty Years, public and private hidden from the World. I conjecture and I weep.\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3182", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 27 September 1816\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Cousin and Friend\n\t\t\t\t\tJamaica plain Roxbury 27th Sepr. 1816\n\t\t\t\tYour Kind Letter of the 24th Instant did not reach my hand untill yesterdayThough I knew you had a Thousand Talents, I never before disscovered you possessed that of rallery; which however late is of great advantage to me, as daily experience verifies the justice of your closeing observations and produced all the effect you intended, for neither you, or possterity, should hear more from me about the establishment of a Gallery of Pictures\u2014In return for your kind design of amuseing me in my retirement at PrincetonI inclose a small Pamphlet which may vary your readings, as a Unique Composition of the Person you have alluded to.\u2014with my view of the present state of the controversy with the Selectmen of Boston\u2014this I was compel\u2019d to publish as a refutation of a Charge of evasion & delayThe Contrary is now better understood and the objects of the Testator, (even if his vissionary property had been realized,) is neither wish\u2019d or needed\u2014I am tired indeed with incessant and increasing expence; and attendance on Courts of Law; and am now before Auditors in preparation for hearing before the next Supreme Judiciary at Dedham, but as soon as I am refer\u2019d, (as I expect to be) to the next Term\u2014I will take the next day to see you & Mrs Adams to whom I beg you will present my affectionate Regards\u2014In the Interim, believe me / my Dear Cousin / truely yours\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nichs Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3184", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 30 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tmy dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy Sepbr 30th 1816\n\t\t\t\tSince my Letter to you of the 23 of August I have only written one Letter! it was to Abbe Shaw congratulating her upon her marriage, which took place upon the 18th of this month, to which I was invited, but many Circumstances prevented my attendance. She is gone with her Husband to reside in Salem. She has the prospect of being happily married. She is a good and amiable girl, possessing many of the virtues which adorned and dignified the Life and Character of her excellent Mother.I have been as much occupied in my Family circle, as you have been, in your Diplomatic Ceremonies mr & mrs de wint with their little girl, and Family have been this month upon a visit to us. a constant circle of visitors, of whom we have an abundant Share, has so occupied my Time, that I have not found any for my pen. you will perceive that my Health is better this Summer than usual. the cold weather has been favorable to my constitution as well as to the Small Grains, which experience has shown, do not require Hot Suns to bring to maturity.\u2014I have to acknowledge your Letter of July 23d No 91. there has been much speculation here respecting the spots in the Sun, which some have immagined occasioned the uncommon cold weather Superstition I do beleive inherent in the Human Character, and there is not any person wholly free from it, in Some Shape or other. Tomorrow we are to have a great Review in this Town. your Father is invited, and is going to attend, and the rest of the Family. the Govenour Reviews. his Element is that of a military officer. He is much beloved. his manners are very pleasing, and no Spirit of party, enters into his Character. it is dormant in all companies at present.\u2014Main will not get set off this year. mr Quincy has all along been opposed to it, and gave his solitary vote against it in Senate; I respect his Independence in this instance\u2014I Love the man, altho I have excerated his politicks\u2014he is a good Neighbour a kind Friend a benevolent, Character Man, and an excellent private Character\u2014Since I began writing this Letter your Brother has returnd from Boston, and brought your Letter to your Father of August 1st and one from mrs Adams to her Sister, one from John to me.I was highly gratified at the notice you have taken of the Toast, which has Blighted the fame, in my estimation of one of our distinguished Naval heroes. that cannot be politically right which is morally wrong, and the poor attempt to justify it, has only given a wider circulation to the bad principle which it containd. I have had more than one altercation upon the Subject. my hands are now strenghtend and I shall combat with more strength ardour\u2014The Letter you mention as having written to mr dexter; was received by mrs dexter, and kindly spoken of by her, on my first visit to her. She lent me the Letter, said she had communicated it to Judge Storer, who was highly delighted with it.\u2014she and her two Daughters after ward, made me a visit, accompanied by Judge Storer, the only time she has been out of Town, Since the death of mr Dexter for whom, she is a Sincere mourner.October 1st.I have just returnd from the Review with which I have been much pleased.I had the horses taken from the Carriage, and sit in it, to see the Evolutions of the Troops, and while your Father went to visit the Govenour & Commanding officer, Commodore Bainbridge thought I was not conveniently placed, and proposed our being removed, while I was sending the footman to call for the horses to remove the Carriage\u2014I found myself drawn by Hands\u2014the Commodore, & Some of his officers renderd the Horses unnecessary\u2014he always inquires kindly after you and Charles so you See if the Age of Chivalry, as mr Burk asserted, is past that of Gallantry still exists\u2014It gave us all great pleasure to have So handsome an approbation of mr Smith, from you. I felt it in a peculiar manner, because I had in some measure been instrumental in his obtaining his Situation\u2014I cannot Say what will be Williams situation. his Father gave him all that Should fall to him from his uncle, but I fear their are creditors to swallow it all up. he is gone to the valley, but I know now what is to Support him.Will it be requesting something out of your Line to ask you to purchase me a floor cloth, commonly calld an cloth, for my dinning parlour, 17 foot by 18. I cannot them here in one peice. if it comes out in the spring it will be early enough, and better dried\u2014mrs Adams will execute the commission for me. the Bill must accompany it, which, Shall be paid to your BrotherI want to know if a heavey postage does not attend Letters which are sent to Liverpool. if So I must be more spairing in my future dispatches, yet the communication is much more frequent there than to London\u2014I shall write to the children if my have time if not by the next vessel\u2014yours as ever", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3186", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, September 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Harriet\n\t\t\t\tyou are at Liberty to publish the following extract, as a Letter from abroad to a Friend. They are my sentiments well dressed\u2014and he who gave the Toast deserves chastisement were he my Son Brother or Husband I would say so\u2014\u201cI can never join with my voice in the Toast which I see in the papers, attributed to one of our Gallant Naval commanders. I cannot ask of heaven success, even for my Country in a cause where She should be in the wrong\u2014\u2019Fiat Justitia pereat coelam\u2019 My Toast would be\u2014may our Country be always successfull, but whether successful or not, always right\u2014I disclaim as unsound all patriotism incompatable with the principles of eternal Justice\u2014But the Truth is, that the American union, while united, may be certain of success, in every rightfull cause, and may if it pleases never have any but a rightfull cause to maintain. They are at this moment the strongest Nation upon the Globe for every purpose of Justice\u2014May they be just to secure the favour of heaven & wise to make a proper application of their strength\u2014may they be armed in Thunder for the defence of right, and self shackled in Eternal impotence for the support of wrong.\u201dThese are sentiments which will endure, and bear the test of Time. there is one passage more in the Letter which I know will give you great pleasure. writing of the death of Col S. he says it has surly distrest his son, \u201cin whom I have an industriues attentive and faithfull assistant\u201dyours as ever\n\t\t\t\t\tno Gino D\u2014yet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3187", "content": "Title: From Susanna Boylston Adams Clark Treadway to Sarah Smith Adams, 3 October 1816\nFrom: Treadway, Susanna Boylston Adams Clark\nTo: Adams, Sarah Smith\nQuincy October 3rd. 1816\nI have written three times to my Dear Mother since I received a line from her. A letter from Mrs Smith, to Caroline, this morning, informed me, that you, and Aunt Nancy, had been passing some time, at the Valley. I was rejoiced to hear, my beloved Mother, that you were so well, as to be from home, but I do most sincerely wish, I could hear from you more frequently: it is almost three months since I have received a line from Utica.\nI am in momentary expectation of Mr Clark\u2019s return; he wrote me, that he should leave Washington for Boston, last Thursday, and I think will be here (if an accident occurs) today, or tomorrow, he writes dejectedly, as his visit to his Uncle, has proved unsuccessful. the old gentleman, was in such a state of imbecility as to be incapable of attending to anything; he conversed with Mr C upon the prospect of his marriage and said, it was his intention to leave him half his Estate, when he died. Mr Clark told him, if he ever intended doing anything for him now was the time, when it would prove, of the most service, but this, had no effect. I have written and endeavoured to raise his spirits and encourage him, but he feels his situation, to be . do write to me dear mother, for indeed I require your advice, and counsel, and sometimes I cannot overcome my depression of spirits. I firmly believe that every thing is for the best, and ordained for some wise purpose, beyond the comprehension of short sighted mortals; there is a superintending Providence, above, who governs all things, and on him I will rely, under every circumstance.\nCaroline intends remaining with us, about a fortnight longer, her little girl is a great source of amusement; She is very playful and enjoys perfect health. has Sisters dear little boy any teeth, or does he go alone? Kiss him for one dear Mother, and present my best love to Mr Johnson and Abby.\nall here, desire, affectionate remembrance to you, I am most tenderly your Daughter\nS B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3188", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 5 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Mother.\n\t\t\t\t\tLittle Boston 5. October 1816.\n\t\t\t\tAs I am not yet enabled to write the threatened long Letter to my father, I must replace it by the weekly short one to you.Last Sunday, Mr E. Brooks, Mr Bigelow, and a few others of our American Visitors, came out and dined with us\u2014Two days afterwards Mr Brooks sent me your Letter of 2d. May enclosed, with Mr Norton\u2019s funeral Sermon upon our venerable friend and kinsman Dr. Tufts; and a Letter of 3. May from my dear and honoured father. I supposed Mr Brooks had kept these Letters considering them as merely introductions. He had already some weeks since delivered at my Office in town the watches for George and John.You were no doubt surprized at the remark in Mrs Tarbel\u2019s Letter, upon your Son\u2019s neatness: surprized at least enough to underscore the word. But I should be sorry to disappoint you, with any delusive hopes of his radical reformation\u2014Well does he remember your ever affectionate admonitions to him thirty years ago.\u201dCareless at 20\u2014is a Sloven at 30. and is intolerable at 40\u2014\u201dBut what then of 50?\u2014for that is the question now\u2014Alas! Mrs Tarbel saw him at a lucky moment\u2014He hopes he has not verified your proverb of progressive viciousness\u2014but he is certainly at 50, what he was at 20\u2014at 30\u2014at 40\u2014careless, excessively careless of personal appearance; and utterly incapable of every rising to the dignity of a Dandy.Our boys have contrived to eke out their Michaelmas Holidays till next Monday\u2014Enclosed, are Letters from John and Charles\u2014George is gone with his name sake Mr G. Joy to Cambridge, and has had at the same time the opportunity of seeing the Newmarket Races\u2014He is to give you a full account of it in his Journal\u2014We expect him home this Evening.We are all in comfortable health, and all in duty and affection ever your\u2019s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3189", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Ward Nicholas Boylston, 7 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nDear Sir\nQuincy October 7th. 1816\nYour kind favour of the 27th. of Septr. has greatly obliged me. The Will of your Uncle has not Surprised me. I have known his Mind more than forty years ago. I believed him insane \u201cquoad hoc,\u201d at that time, as much as I do now. There was a Sense of Integrity and Benevolence and Humanity in him, united with the Wild Vagaries of a Monk and a Miser. A more curious Character is not to be found in History or Romance. I could relate to you many Anecdotes, which I have never thought worth while to hint to you.\nI rejoice that you have renounced your Idea of a Cabinet of Boylston Pictures. You must have perceived the national Antipathy to Aristocratical Families. Dr Zabdiel Boylston deserveded Sepulchal Monument. Your Uncle Nicholas has deserved to be remember\u2019d. And you have deserved a Niche in Harvard Colledge as well as your Uncle. But ostentatius displays of your Family Merits, will ruin all. Will destroy all the good Effects of your real Benevolence. I regret the Boylston Street and the BoylstonMarket, and even the Town of Boylston.\nThese may appear Paradoxes to you, But they are not to me.\nI advise you to give your Pictures and your Property to your own Posterity, as I am determined to dispose of mine, little modicum as it is. And leave to Providence the disposition of it, after our decease.\nI am, affectionately your Friend and Cousin\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3190", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Adams Smith, 11 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Smith, John Adams\ndear John\nQuincy October 11th 1816\nI have a great Mind, to rattle with you in your own Way, in your Letter of July 18th\u2014\nDo you know that a Mob, is the most powerfull and irresistable Army in the Universe? I can prove it. The Scotch Highlanders in several Rebellions, The People of La Vend\u00e9e, but above all the Conquest of the Bastille, are full Proofs. No Phalanxes, No Legions no Regulars, no Legitimates have ever equaled Such Heroism. The Knights of Malta never\u2014Fish Giggs, Harpoons Irons Scythes on long Poles, Threshing Flails, Axes, Club\u2019s have overthrown Horse, Foot and Artillery of disciplined and veteran Armies, familiar with the Trade of Death\u2014\nDispise not the Militia. It is a Nursery of heroes and Patriots. The Militia of Boston, New York, Phyladelphia Baltimore &c are very respectable.\u2014Soyez raisonable, John! Sobrius esto, John!\u2014What controversies, what Wars, are arising, I know not. A War between Christian and Massulmans, for any thing that I know. But a long War between Legitimacy and Equality, I do know will be long Supported. With more\nWith more anxiety and affection than you will ever believe, I am / your Grandfather\nA\nPS With great pleasure have I read your Uncles Testimony to your Industry, Attention and Fidelity. such Virtues cannot fail to be of great Assistance to him in the Situation of his Forlorn Hope.\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3191", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 12 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tN. 52.My dear Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tLittle\u2013Boston 12. October 1816.\n\t\t\t\tI am still not only to answer, but to acknowledge the receipt of your kind Letters of 3. 10. 18. 24. and 26. July; and 4. August\u2014all of which I had the pleasure of receiving at once by Messrs Thacher and Bigelow, who came fellow Passengers in the same vessel Mr Bigelow has been out here and dined with us\u2014His father, the Speaker, was one year before me, at the University, where I had a pleasant, though short acquaintance with him\u2014He was then as sociable, as you find him now, and an excellent Scholar\u2014I remember his telling me then that his Mother had been one of your pupils at Worcester\u2014Since he left College, I have scarcely seen him but have ever heard of him as an estimable man, in every thing but his Hartford Convention Politics. He was John Lowell\u2019s Chum at College; and you who know so well how to combine Causes and Effects, may trace to that source the channel both of his political advancement, and his political errors. He is one of those well meaning, and sensible men, who followed the ignis fatuus of Juntoism, till they and their Country were sinking in the bottomless quagmire of disunion. Mr Thacher\u2019s state of health did not permit him to come out with Mr Bigelow\u2014He was here yesterday; but I was unfortunately, in London, and did not see him\u2014I shall call at his lodgings if possible the next time I go to Town. His physician here has recommended to him a voyage to the Cape of Good Hope\u2014From what I hear of his complaint, it can scarcely be expected ever to admit of his resuming the exercise of his profession.Next week I hope to reply, more at length to the several affectionate admonitions, and good Counsels in your Letters\u2014George has returned from his tour to Cambridge, which also proved a Norfolk shooting party\u2014He is to send you or his Grandmother a copy of his Journal. His health is now tolerable; but unsteady\u2014the rest of us are well. your ever affectionate Son.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3193", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Catherine Maria Frances Johnson Smith, 15 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Smith, Catherine Maria Frances Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy october 15th 1816\n\t\t\t\tYour Letter my dear mrs Smith of Sepbr 23d I received while Caroline de Wint & her Babe were with me. It gave us both great pleasure to learn that you were well. mr & mrs de wint & miss Catharine Smaltys left us on the 12th for N York yesterday I received a few lines from Caroline Saying they reachd Providence the day they left us, & intended taking the packet the next day\u2014I wish to hear of their Safe arrival there, as we have had for ten Days an\u2014Atmosphere darkned with Smoak & enveloped with a fog beside\u2014I Suppose Caroline has written You, that they have taken a small House in N Yo city, & mean to pass the winter there\u2014they will feel themselves more at their ease than at Lodgings\u2014and it is time Caroline Should commence House keeper\u2014which I recommend to every married Lady\u2014mr de Wint proposes building the next summer near to his Mothers\u2014Caroline has been fortunate in having an excellent Husband independent yet final, generous but not expensive\u2014kind and affectionate virtuous & happy\u2014who could wish for more?\u2014Abbe Situation is, from all I can learn is not less So. I am not So well acquainted with mr Johnson, but all I do know of him, is that which is good and amiable\u2014Susan has found an attachment a Leiut Clark of the Navy belonging to the US Ship Independence has formed an attachment to Susan. a Gentleman not less amiable than the two I have mentiond; but alass fortune has not been so propitious to him and they must wait untill her Smiles become more generous. his Character both as a gentleman & an officer\u2014Stand So fair and respectable, that I could not put a Negative upon his application\u2014altho he has to seek his living, upon the \u201cmountain Deepe\u201d and their union cannot Soon take place\u2014Having finishd my one Family picture I will turn to an other. From mr Adams I yesterday received a short Letter of August 12th he writes me that he had flatterd himself that he had got through all the Court Parties & ceremonies and could devote himself to buisness, & writing to his correspondents, but the Prince Regents Birth day is to be celebrated by an Evening party to be given by the Queen at Buckingham House. he Says He Shall Refer me for an account of it to my usual Chronicler, to whom all Reports upon the National affairs of this importence are refer given in Charge\u2014I have not yet received it\u2014He Says that at the wedding of the Duke & Duchess of Glouscester, She took a cough which is Still very troublesome to her. in a Letter which Caroline wrote you from hence, She, by permission inclosed you two Letters from your Sister to me, in one of which mention is made of her being at a Party at the King of Hayttis Ambassadors\u2014this personage is no less a man than Prince Saunders, a Black man, who received in Boston a good School Education\u2014and having a desire for learning & being a sober Character, he was patrenized by mr Buckinminster and Ticknor Everet and others. he Establishd an affrican School, and became successfull as a master of it\u2014being out of health & having a desire to go to England some Gentlemen in Boston raised a Sum of money to enable him to go there\u2014accordingly when my Grandsons George & John went out, he was a passenger in the Same Ship, and became very fond of them\u2014soon after his arrival he was visited & Patronized by many of the Abolition Society, and finding him a Man of Talents & considerable learning\u2014the society sent him to Haity to vacinate the inhabitants of that Country\u2014no doubt he carried out Letters of introduction & recommendation to King Henry, for he was received there in State\u2014and having been Successfull, was Sent out to England with a handsome establishment; tis Said in order to be made a Bishop\u2014it is certain that he is visited by the Royal Dukes by Countesses Dutcheses and Nobility of the Kingdom\u2014here follows the account of your Sister of the party\u2014company present at mr Saunders Countess Cork, and elderly Lady Countess Alexbourough General Doyle, mr Pen, Mrs Crew. of these She draws Characters, tres mour rather Saterical\u2014She then Says you would be diverted Could you See this Black Gentleman familiarly whispering in the ear of countesses talking of his tendress and his being jealous, and Shaking hands with them, Sans ceremonie\u2014all this may appear to you a fable, but it is never the less true,\u2014on the Ladies retireing from table, I discoverd in the drawing Room the Portrait of mr Saunders which had just been hung up in a splendid Gilt Frame, dressed in a Spanish dress with a Scarlet cloak & a point Lace ruff round the Neck. we were of course obliged to admire the likeness & offer our Compliments\u2014In the Evening mr Saunders had an At Home, but I retired early. He is to take the countess of Cork out in his Landau, and to be at a large Monte at the Countesses in a fancy dress this Evening\u2014His dinner was proper and in a very good Stile served upon China desert in and Ises in cut Glass: a profussion of the best of fruits. mr Saunders\u2014so forcable is habit\u2014forgot that he was the Master; and certainly waited upon his company with great attention\u201d\u2014I give you this account as one of the Phenomenons of the Age in which we Live, which may carry it in its train concequences, unforseen to the present Acters\u2014the Slave holders in America will not be much delighted with the honours pa paid this black Prince\u2014I have written you a long Letter hopeing to amuse you in your Located Situation\u2014If miss Smith is with You my Love to her\u2014and to your Husband\u2014to whom say that mr A. writes of John \u201cI find in mr Smith, a faithfull able & industerous assistant\u201d this is joy to meYours affecly\n\t\t\t\t\tA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3194", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 15 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Mother.\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 15. October 1816.\n\t\t\t\tThe quiet Season has at length arrived. For the last six weeks I have had no occasion to go into London, except upon business, and there is some relaxation of that\u2014Almost all the Cabinet Ministers are absent upon excursions; and Lord Castlereagh is gone to Ireland to see his father. The Morning Chronicle gives a shrewd hint, that it is the sign that Parliament will be dissolved, and that his Lordship is gone upon an electioneering campaign\u2014The Courier says Parliament will not be dissolved, and that the visit of a Son to his father is amply sufficient to account for Lord Castlereagh\u2019s journey\u2014On this occasion I agree with the Courier in opinion\u2014And Oh! that I too could make a visit to my father!You will learn from the newspapers, that the Lord Mayor of London, of whose polite and friendly attentions to us, I have more than once made mention to you, is as popular among his Constituents, as he is at Little Boston\u2014The Livery of London by a commanding majority, and a Spirit which the Court of Alderman did not venture to resist, have rechosen him for the ensuing year\u2014an honour which for more than a century no other Lord Mayor has enjoyed. This is attributed partly to the uncommon ability and vigour with which he has filled the Office, and partly to the political dispositions of the People in the City\u2014There is a certain dissatisfaction spreading not only among the Citizens of London, but throughout the kingdom, occasioned by what are called the distresses of the Country; that is, by the load of taxes.Mr Russell, our Minister to Sweden passed through London last week on his way to Liverpool, to embark for the United States. It is rumoured that he proposes shortly to return, with a fair partner from Boston.George says that he sends you a copy of his journal by the month\u2014He will give you an account of his visit to Cambridge\u2014your ever affectionate Son.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3195", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Dolley Payne Todd Madison, 24 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Madison, Dolley Payne Todd\nDear Madam\nQuincy october 24th 1816\nYour Letter of October 12th was an unexpected pleasure, and I cannot regret the occasion which gave rise to it, altho there appears now to have been some mistake respecting it.\nI have heard my Friend frequently mention the circumstance, communicated to him by mr Stodart, tho not untill it was out of his power to comply with it, and with Sincere Regret that it was so. for beside the high personal regard which he has always entertaind for mr Madison, he has known how to appreciate his publick Services\u2014Services which diminish the Epithet \u201cof first in War, first in Peace, and leave to him, as many of the Hearts of the people.\nThere was not any apology necessary my Dear Madam, for omitting to replie to my Letter, altho I Should have esteemd myself flatterd by it\u2014It was sufficient that my request was complied with; altho I own reluctantly made. I have avoided as much as possible all application made to me upon similar occasions\u2014I was happy to learn from mr Adams in a late Letter that he was quite Satisfied with mr Smith, \u201cIn whom he writes, \u201cI find an industerous, attentive and faithfull assistant\u201d\nI pray you Madam to Present my Respectfull regards to the President, with whom it was is my misfortune to have but a slight personal acquaintance, being Sick and absent from Philadelphia the Winters he past there\u2014but there is not any one who entertains a higher Respect for his publick and private Character, than / Madam your obliged\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3196", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Adams, 24 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear John,\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy october 24th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI am not conscious that I have been deficient in a return to all the Letters you have written to me, and I now acknowledge your last, july 31styou have had a long vacation\u2014I hope it has not all been Spent in amusement, and dissipation\u2014you knew I used to wish you back to your School; when the vacation was only a fortnight. you sometimes used to think hard of it. you will not think so, when you know the value of Time, and the shortness brevity of Life. From ten to 50, which is the period best suited for improvement, and for retaining what is acquired, is but a short Space to obtain knowledge, in any of the , sciences; Languages and or Literature. of these forty years\u2014calculate, as you are a good arithmatician, how much of it, must be in Sleep, in Nourishment of the Boddy\u2014and necessary relaxation\u2014then Say what proportion remains for close application?I have been young, but now am old, and look back with regret, that So much of my valuable Time has been spent in vain. I think now that I might have done much more Service in the world, and acquired more Substantial knowledge.with Years, & old Age, the little which can be acquired, soon vanishes\u2014it is necessary that all the good we can do, and all the knowledge we can obtain, should be applied for the benifit of those who are to succeed us. No man liveth for himself.\u201cMan like the gen\u2019rous vine, supported livesThe Strength he gains is from the embrace he gives\u201dLet your Reputation be unspotted and your Character unblemishd, that it may descend with credit to yourself to futurity.your Grandfather has requested me to inclose to you Some translations which he has made from Terence\u2014be sure he has sifted the wheat from the chaff. I do not profess to be a classick scholar, but he is no favorite of mine.In one of your Letters, you assure me that far from forgetting your American Friends; they become nearer to you. if so I presume it will please you to learn something respecting themYour cousin Thomas Adams is grown a great Boy, and old enough to go to a Mans School\u2014Hull is a fine Boy, but a great Rogue\u2014John Quincy, a black Eyed easy, good humourd fellow\u2014Abbe and Elizabeth pretty Girls.\u2014\u2014But the most active eager, sprightly, little thing of all, is my great Grand daughter Caroline Elizabeth de wint.\u2014She has the complexion of her Grandmother Smith, fine blew Eyes & rosy cheeks. She is at present very Beautifull and was quite our pet, while with us.\u2014mr & mrs de wint and Family left us last week, and miss H welch, who is an apendage to them, remaind only a few days after, and then went cousin Susan who is the Life of the Family, to make a visit to her Hingham Friends so that Grand Father, and cousin Louissa are all who are left. She you know is a Great Talker. if it were not for our Books, which we can yet read; and our pens, we should find some heavey hours in these long Evening\u2019s\u2014I have engaged in reading La Harpes correspondence with the Emperor of Russia, & with Count Schowalow, & that in French, in which I succeed pretty well.The season has been the most remarkable I ever knew, Indian corn universally cut off, the whole Summer so cold, that with the exception of a few days we have kept fires. Potatoes have grown in abundance and must be used in place of Bread for the whole country has Shared in this Calamity mr Tennant upon the Farm planted 45 acres of Grain. the Rye & Barley were productive, the corn will answer only for the cattle\u2014fruit blasted. we are blessed with health, and I do not think any persons will suffer for lack of Bread\u2014can England say as much?Thus my dear John I have brought you back to your own relatives & fireside, where too see your smiling countanance again, and those of your Parents & Brothers would Cheer the Heart, and Renovate the Frame of Your / affectionate GM\n\t\t\t\t\tAbigal Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3197", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Harriet Welsh, 24 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Harriet\n\t\t\t\tI have not had any opportunity of returning the Letter and paper you Sent me on Saturday. mr C. did not call here on Sunday, but went on to Hingham. he did not return on Sunday Evening with Susan as I expected, nor Stop here on Monday, all of which I dissaprove\u2014the poor Mans mind is much perplexd. we had a conversation, which gave rise to a Letter of a Friendly Nature, and a most tender and affectionate replie from him. he is I beleive in determined to do something beside Walk the deck of a Ship, in harbour\u2014a Life to him of inaction, most repugnant to his feelings\u2014which are too accute for his happiness. he says he cannot read, he cannot study\u2014his mind is not at ease\u2014his wishes cannot in prudence be complied with\u2014and he must do Something\u2014what a pity that fortune does not follow the Brave, and favour the virtuous\u2014yet may be, they owe their very virtues to her frowns\u2014I congratulate you upon the return of your Brother John, who I hope you have seen e\u2019er this\u2014my Love to him, and H Birdman for his wife if he can get her\u2014I think our Friends fortunate in going when they did. they would have been worse off if they had remaind longer. I hope Caroline will not make herself sick by her exertions\u2014she had but little Strength to aid her. I did not get the Starch\u2014I thank you for the diaper thread needle and &c which you have Sent\u2014the Quinces shall be sent by mr A when he goes. is there any vessel now up for London or Liverpool? I shall have Letters ready. mr Saunders I see has arrived at Hayti with his professors\u2014what will be the sequel of this buisness time must develope\u2014I will not close this Letter untill the Morning when may hop I shall have more last words\u2014mr A has calld I can say no more than that I will write on Saturdayyours\n\t\t\t\t\tby joy a fine morning", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3198", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Richard Rush, 28 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Rush, Richard\nDear Sir\nQuincy october 28th 1816\nYour former kindness, and your known benevolence encourages me to again solicit your aid\nMr Clark, to whom I gave a Letter of introduction to you, not long since, and for whom you once before interested yourself, is very desirious of engageing in some active employ more congenial to his feelings, than doing Duty on Board a ship in port. With the consent of Commodore Bainbridge, he last week applied to the Secretary of the Navy, for orders to join the squadron under Commodore Chauncy in the Mediterranean. His Health requiring that he should pass the winter in a milder Climate than our Northern winters afford.\nMr Adams wrote a Letter to the Secretary of the Navy in his behalf. Since his application mr Clark has learnt, that the Chippewa Brig, is orderd to Spain, to carry dispatches from the Government. It would be a great gratification to him, if he might be the Bearer of them\u2014as the appointment lies with the Secretary of State, will you be so good Sir as to apply to him in behalf of mr Clark, if you can do it consistent with your Ideas of Propriety\u2014he can deliver the dispatches, and proceed afterward & join the Fleet. He is very desirious of being married before he goes away, upon this subject we do not agree. while I have it not in my Heart to blame his Zeal, prudential motives oblige me to refuse my assent. The following is a coppy of a Letter from Commodore Bainbridge, written in reply to some inquiries respecting mr Clark soon after he became intimate in our Family.\n\u201cDear Sir Boston June 23d 1816\nLeuit Clark, who has been seven years in the service, has been twelve months attachd to the squadron under my command, and more than half that time to my immediate ship the Independence he had previously saild with Captains Smith & Porter, officers of distinguishd merit, both of these officers entertain the highest opinion of the merits and promise of Leiut Clark\u2014and I selected him as one of the officers of the Independence which I should not have done, if I had not have entertaind for him, the most favorable opinion, and his conduct has verified my fullest expectations from him, as an officer, and a Gentleman, I certainly can speak in the highest terms of him\nHis moral Character is excellent in fact, he is an uncommonly steady young man, and his mess mates say that he has an excellent temper\u2014\u201d\nI may add that from my acquaintance with him, I fully believe mr Clark will discharge with fidelity and ability any commands the Government may honour him with\u2014\nMy kind regards to mrs Rush from / your obliged Friend \nAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3199", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 29 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir\nLittle Boston Ealing. 29 October 1816\nI have acknowledged the receipt of your seven Letters, dated in July, and August, received by Mr Thacher and Mr Bigelow and also of one dated in May, but very lately delivered by Mr Brooks. It is more than time for me to reply to their contents.\nI never had much relish for the speculations of the first philosophy. In that respect I resemble your Eels in Vinegar, and your mites in cheese, more than you do. For with proper deference to your opinions, I venture to suggest that this enquiry into the why and the wherefore of all things, is precisely that which constitutes the difference between you transcendendental philosophers, and the eels and the mites\u2014They never enquire why or wherefore? You say trust the Ruler with his skies\u2014And do as you would be done by\u2014I say so too\u2014The first we must be willing or reluctant\u2014As to the last: all the philosophers join in the Chorus\u2014All say, do as you would be done by\u2014But not so do they all do\u2014Whether Frederick recollected where he had passed his first nine months, when he stole Silesia from Maria Theresa, may be questioned; but then, and throughout his life, he never ceased to say do as you would be done by\u2014I have heard it said what when Charles Fox, was a boy, his father gave him a watch\u2014The first thing he did was to take it to pieces to see how it was made.. His father should have said to him\u2014Charles\u2014trust the watchmaker with his watch\u2014It was a foolish curiosity on Charles, and he lost his watch by it, for the watch maker\u2013himself could not put it together again\u2014But if Charles had been one of the mites or eels in human shape, he never would have taken his watch to pieces\u2014As for you, my dear and ever honoured father, though you never like Frederick stole anything from anybody, and although you have been all your life doing as you would be done by, yet your theory and your practice do not always coincide\u2014Your great example does not strengthen all your Laws\u2014You enquire into the why and the wherefore, as curiously as any man whether pious Christians like Sir Isaac Newton, or reprobate Atheists like Diderot, and the Baron d\u2019Holbach. Now my theory is more like your practice; and my practice more like your theory. I never took much delight, in reasoning high upon\nFixed Fate, Free Will. Foreknowledge absolute\u2014\nbut I have always thought that they are favorite contemplations of the brightest human intellects, and independent of Revelation, it is only by such researches that the mind of man can arrive at the idea of a God\u2014All reasoning upon such Subjects leads to that; and that is the foundation of all morality\u2014For the present, my principled enquries are not after the inside but the existence of Heaven\u2014I have, got Bodes Uranographia,and with the help of it, am taking lessons every Star light night, of physical astronomy, with George, and an amiable young Lady of eighteen who is here on a visit, to my wife\u2014I think you was the primary cause of all this\u2014Some five or six years ago Mr Vander Kemp gave you a hint that Turgot a famous later compliment to Dr. Franklin, was Stolen from the Astronomies of Manelius upon which you wrote to me, making some enquires about the Book\u2014The consequence was that I procured and read it, and was much diverted with it. But although it was rather a Book of Astrology, than of Astronomy, Still it contained such an account of the principal antient Constellations, that I was ashamed to find I could not understand much of it for want of knowing the Constellations as they appear in the Heavens. I therefore borrowed Bodes Charts, and with an Opera Glass for my only Telescope, made my acquaintance with all the Constellations, which the few Clear wintry Nights and mornings of St. Petersburg would discover\u2014After leaving Russia, my attention was too much absorbed, by the affairs of the Earth to be wandering over the firmament, but since I have resided here, I have sent to Berlin for a set of Bodes Charts, and which the benefit of their introduction take occasionally tickets again for the concerts of the Spheres\u2014The mystical Seal upon this Letter is one of the fruits of my profound studies into the Necromancy of Mailius, and the motto is Born from whom I have as good a right to borrow, as Mr Turgot, though in the practice of doing as I would be done by, I think proper to acknowledge the debt.\nYour advice to me with regard to my children must in all cases have the greatest weight. That of returning them soon to complete their Education in our native Country accords entirely with my own Sentiments and intentions\u2014I hope George will be prepared here, to enter one or two years in advance at Harvard. He is making his principal proficiency in the Latin and Greek Languages, and I hope will become a Scholar\u2014He has a fault which always attended his father\u2014That of being most slow in learning precisely those things for which he has the assistance of a teacher\u2014As to the performance of Terence\u2019s Plays, I have formed a much higher opinion of the usefulness of that exercise than I entertained before I had witnessed its effects\u2014It\u2019s great advantage is in familiarizing the language, and forming a habit of speaking naturally in public. It compels all the performers to understand the whole Play, gives them the correctest idea, now attainable of the colloquial language of Rome; and the manners and Plots of those Comedies, are so remote from every thing they witness around them, that I think there is not much to be apprehended of an unfavourable influence of them upon their Morals. The Spur to emulation is sharper than in the performance of tasked Studies\u2014The part in a Play is not a task, but a reward. Not a burden, but a prize. The voluntary Student applies to it with double ardour, and the idler buckles to it from the dread of shame. Then the language is elegant, the taste pure simplicity, and the Sentiment though as you have observed to the children, rather scanty, generally correct, often ingenious, occasionally profound, and in some instances sublime\u2014You have indeed skimmed the cream of Terrence and sent it to my boys\u2014I trust they will preserve it and that it will aid them in drawing all the solid benefit from the amanuensis of Selius and Scipio, which he can afford to their future lives.\nMr Thacher is gone, by the advice of the physicians whom he consulted here, to the Cape of Good Hope. They flatter him with Hope, which I wish may prove well founded; I saw him only once and for a short half hour; and regretted much that I could enjoy more of his Society. Mr Bigelow is gone or going to Edinburgh\nSince beginning this Letter, I have received yours of 26. August and 5. September, and am highly gratified by your and my Mother\u2019s Account of your social party at Judge Otis\u2019s\u2014Among the lights and shades of that worthy Senator\u2019s character, there is none which shews him in brighter colours than his hospitality. In the course of nearly thirty years that I have known him, and throughout the range of experience that I have had in that time, it has not fallen to my lot to meet a man more skilled in the useful art of entertaining his friends than Otis; and among the many admirable talents that he possesses, there is none that I should have been more frequently, and more strongly prompted to Envy; if the natural turn of my disposition had been envious\u2014Of those qualities Otis has many\u2014His Person, while in Youth, his graceful Deportment, his sportive wit, his quick intelligence, his eloquent fluency, always made a strong impression upon my Mind; while his warm domestic Affections, his active Friendship, and his Generosity always commanded my esteem\u2014This tribute is due from me to him, after the remarks which I made to you in a former Letter upon some of his less estimable characteristics\u2014I think his Politics have never been founded upon steady principle\u2014I believe he has countenanced and supported measures of the most fatal import, which his conscience did not approve, from the want of mental energy; and I know that from a very early date he has personally been afflicted with the feelings of a rival towards me. A vague and general feeling of rivalry; for I never stood in the way of his wishes for any particular Object.\u2014It was so with poor Bayard, in a much greater degree, and with less reason\u2014Mrs Otis is and always has been a charming woman; and I am very glad you have seen them both in the place where all others they appear to the greatest advantage\u2014their own house.\nThe Peace of Europe is, and will continue for the present to be undisturbed\u2014There is in this Country, some distress, considerable discontent, much grumbling, efforts to stir up the People to petition for a reform of Parliament; but hitherto with very little success\u2014Occasionally a riot among the workmen, which is immediately suppressed. The revenue still yields abundantly. Parliament will not meet before February.\nFaithfully yours\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3200", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Mary Catherine Hellen Adams, October 1816\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Mary Catherine Hellen\npost October 1816\nOn the Portrait of My Husband.\nThe painters Art would vainly seize\nThat harmony of Nature;\nWhere Sense and goodness joined with ease\nShine forth in every feature.\u2014\nThat open front where wisdom sits,\nThat eye which speaks the Soul;\nThat brow that study gently knits\nThat bright attempered whole,\nThat vast variety of mind\nCapacious, clear and strong,\nWhere brilliancy of wit refined\nEnchants the list\u2019ning throng;\nThat sense of right by God imprest\nThat virtuous holy love;\nOf excellence whate\u2019er is best\nImparted from above!\nThese Painter if thou can\u2019st impart\nShall fame immortal raise\nAnd e\u2019en the greatest in thy Art\nShall carol forth thy praise\u2014\nL. C. Adams\nWritten in 1816 in England\nMy Dear Mary\nI send you this effusion of a sorry Muse as an attempt to deleniate that which Artists seldom succeed in\u2014it is at least drawn by the Pencil of love and respect for the original; and the world generally has sanctioned the likeness. The very flattering but undeserved Note of approbation from your Aunt recently received has excited enough of vanity to induce me to offer you an Autograph as a Memorial of my respect\u2014and on a Subject generally acknowledged great and estimable\u2014\nWith affectionate regard / your friend \nLouisa Catherine Adams\n 1st. line impart.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3202", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 4 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Mother.\n\t\t\t\t\tLittle Boston, Ealing 4 November 1816.\n\t\t\t\tSince I last wrote to you, I have received your kind Letters of 27. August, and of 10. June, which I mention in the order, not of their dates, but of their reception. That of June enclosed a printed Copy of Judge Story\u2019s biographical eulogium of our late excellent friend Dexter, whose loss is a calamity to our Country, and especially to our Native State, which with all her errors and follies I do most faithfully love. Coll. Aspinwall had already received and obligingly sent me Judge Story\u2019s Sketch, which is very good; but which would have been much better, had the judge not been manacled and fettered by his situation. He is thereby precluded from paying the deserved tribute to that which was precisely the brightest part of Dexter\u2019s character\u2014His political firmness, independence, and intrepidity. His contempt of the shackles of Party politics, and the vigour of mind which enabled him to break from them as easily as Sampson in his strength broke from the Cords of the Philistines\u2014Now a Panegyric upon Dexter which slurs over this his first and most glorious characteristic, is like a life of Columbus, which should skip over his Discovery of America\u2014I readily admit the Judge\u2019s apology that these are hot ashes, over which it would have been dangerous for him to tread; but then it must in return be admitted that neither the time, the place nor the Speaker could do Justice to the highest merits of Mr Dexter I am nevertheless very glad that this tribute was paid to him, and trust his memory will in due time be honoured by an estimate in which no sacrifice will be necessary to the Passions and Prejudices of a discordant auditory.Your account of your party with my father, at Mr Otis\u2019s gave me great pleasure. Of the qualities that constitute the charm of social intercourse I have never known any persons possessed in a higher degree than Mr and Mrs. Otis. I ascribe their civilities and polite attentions to you to the best of motives, and they have my sincere and cordial gratitude for them.We are all well enough to be preparing to go to a Ball, in honour of the Duke of Kent\u2019s Birth-day\u2014which obliges me to close for this week, with the assurance that I am ever yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3203", "content": "Title: From Richard Rush to Abigail Smith Adams, 4 November 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tRespected Madam.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington November 4. 1816.\n\t\t\t\tI have been honored with your favor of the 28th of last month, which got to hand this morning.The wishes of which it makes mention on behalf of Mr. Clarke, to be the bearer of the dispatches by the Chippewa to Spain, I will, with the greatest pleasure, lay before the secretary of state: the testimonials to his merit, and fitness for such a trust are so perfectly ample, that I flatter myself, that should no selection have been yet made, or determined upon, Mr Monroe will look upon him with all favor. I can assure you Madam, that it will be personally gratifying to me, should it be conferred upon him.Mrs Rush and my little family after a summer\u2019s absence, are all once more about me. She desires I will offer you her respectful and affectionate remembrance. In this part of our country, where, not owning slaves, it is next to impossible to get servants even moderately good, she is the constant nurse and superintendent in all things, of our little children.I will see the secretary of state without loss of time, and should any thing distinctive fall from him in the interview, either the one way or the other, I will do myself the pleasure to drop you another line.honor me, Madam, by accepting the assurances of my respectful friendship and attachment.\n\t\t\t\t\tRichard Rush", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3204", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 5 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tmy Dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy Novbr 5th 1816\n\t\t\t\twhile your Father is deeply engaged, in reading, Dupuis \u201corgine de Tous Les Cultes ou Religion universelle\u201d which he Says is the most Learned work he ever read. all is Silent around me, and I embrace this Season of quiet and tranquility to write to you, and to acknowledge your Letter of August 12th No 92.\u2014your hand writing, always gives me a Spring to my Spirits, and is like a cordial, altho the Glass be not half fill\u2019d.In return I have much to Say to you I do not know whether you will trace my Thoughts in transcribing the following quotation.\u201cA Good Man will Live with the world, as a wise Man will Live with his wife; he will not let himself down to be a dupe to its humours, a devotee to its pleasures, or a flatterer of its faults; he will make himself as happy as he can in the connection for his own Sake, reform where he is able, and complain only when he cannot help it.\u2014I am Sick of that conversation which Spends itself in railing at the times we live in;\u2014I am apt to think, they are not made better by these complaints; and I have often times occasion to know they are made worse, by those very persons who are loudest to complain of them\u2014If this be really one of the habits of Age\u2014it is high time for every Man who grows old, to guard against it, for there is no occasion to invite more pevish Companions for the last hours of Life than time and decrepitude will bring in their train\u2014Let us look back upon things past, with what content we can, Salute time present with the best grace we are able, and resign ourselves to futurity with calmness and a patient mind; if we do not wish to be banished from Society before Death withdraws us from it\u2014do not let us trust to the worlds respect only. Let us Strive also to conciliate its Love\u201dThis is very good advise, and I am determined to be very well pleased with the World, and wish well to all its inhabitants, altho in my journey through it, I meet with Some who are too Selfish, others too ambitious, Some uncharitable, others malicious and envious. yet these vices are counter balanced by opposite virtues\u2014and therefore this is a very good world and I always thought the laughing phylosopher a much wiser man, than the Sniveling one\u2014as he who enjoys; must be happier than he who Suffers.Novbr 8thhere I closed my Lucubrations for the Evening, and not hearing of any vessel going Soon, I have not resumed my pen untill this day, when I have to acknowledge your Letter of 23 of August No 93, which was brought me by mr Shaw on Sunday. he came to dine with us, with mr Pitcarn (and a mr Brodee, a Nephew of mrs Pitcarns)\u2014who had visited us the week before, and whom I had not Seen for many years. old Time has made very free with him, as well as with your Mother, tho it has deprived him of his Bloom, and those youth full graces, which renderd him the favorite of the Ladies. he still retains the vigor of his mind, and the fire of his Eye, which always Sparkeld with animation. he is a pleasant intelligent companion, and we were much pleased with his conversation.\u2014we received at the same time the Reviews you Sent, which amuse us, and give us Some knowledge of the new Publications, as well as politicks of the Country\u2014England appears to be in a very distressed condition. Altho she has burdend herself with, and added to the weight of her debt, by her injustice and Rapine towards us, I cannot but feel for the innocent victims of her folly thousands of whom appear to be perishing for lack of food\u2014willing to Labour, but not employ\u2019d. in Such a State, who can answer for concequences? How ought we, in this Land of civil and Religious Liberty, to value, and Cherish our institutions, our Laws & Government?\u201cShall man alone whom Rational we callBe pleasd with nothing, if not blest with all?\u201dMy dear Son, Let me put a Serious question to you. when do you think of returning to your own Country?Mr Madison whose commission you bear, will retire. The Virginia Presidents have so determined it by their example, that 8 years Shall be the measure of time for holding that office. mr Madison will retire in less turbulent times, than any of his predecessors\u2014and with the Love, and affection, of a large Proportion of the Nation.\u2014Mr Munroe, his expected Successor, altho not possessing equal talents, has had much experience in publick Life and has many Supporters and warm Friends\u2014If you can think it consistent with your public duties, there is not any object I have more at Heart than to See you again with your Family, before I go hence\u2014I am with every Sentiment of Love and / affection your Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3205", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 11 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 11th: Novbr. 1816\n\t\t\t\tMr. Adams brought me your very kind Letter from Town the day before yesterday dated in Septbr: and was very happy to find that you enjoyed your health so well throughout the Season which is generally so trying to you and I hope that you will pass the fast approaching Winter equally well. you must be careful of yourself and not expose yourself by taking the whole charge of the family as you are accustomed to do as even admiting your strength to be equal to it you must manage it so as to avoid all possibility of exhausting it. You are fortunate in being surrounded by persons both able and willing to take all this labour off your hands and whose interests are in fact your own therefore my Dear Madam you are bound to give this satisfaction to your family whose best interest is that of prolonging your valuable life and in every respect promoting your personal comfort.It gives me great pleasure to find that you are obliged to participate a little more in the pleasures of Society than of late years you have been accustomed. I have often regreted that you who are so calculated from the natural powers of your mind and experience of the world, to promote social enjoyment should be so far removed from that circle in which you ought to move\u2014Such society without fatigue will I am sure prove beneficial both to yourself, and the President and I sincerely wish you could pass the Winter in Boston.Mr. Sanders left England a short time after the last entertainment which I mentioned in a letter to Mrs: J. Adams and expected to return here in the character of Minister Plenipotentiary from the King of Hayti nothing has been heard from him since his departure He said it was by order of his King that to my ideas he made himself so ridiculous at any rate he spent large sums of money which must have come from that quarter\u2014I believe he is a well meaning man but stronger heads than his might be turned by such a change of circumstances\u2014The Queen sent for him the day he sailed but was too late to see him\u2014I have been much engaged in looking for a house in Town as I do not wish to pass the winter in this village as it really is too far from London either to be convenient for business or pleasure the last Spring we were obliged to attend many of the routs and parties and at Court you know it is impossible to decline which caused us to pass a great part of the night upon the road the parties generally begining at eleven o\u2019clock added to which the fatigue of riding 16 miles and seldom being possible to sit down during the evening\u2014we were seldom in Bed until three or four o\u2019Clock in the morning\u2014which is a serious inconvenience. The Americans likewise find it troublesome and expensive to come so far to see us and on the whole I have thought it would be both prudent and advantageous to Mr. Adams to move into London he laughs at me and says I do not understand his interest you my dear Madam must judge between us understanding as you do every particular of that the situation demands at all events my meaning is for the best and if I err it is from not properly understanding the case properly.I will attend to your Commission as soon as there is an opportunity from London which are at present very scarce\u2014I send you a first attempt which I made in poetry for which I claim all your indulgence. my principal reason for sending them is my Dear Mother that you may understand the answer which is so beautiful I know it will afford you great delight you will perhaps think me very vain\u2014but who would not be vain on such an occasion I am indeed vain of the sentiment of affection he expresses for me but have much too humble an opinion of myself to imagine that any merit but my love and admiration of his own good qualities could call it forth\u2014Present me affectionately to the President and all the family and tell Susan I hope she will meet with as much happiness as I have enjoyed for some years and that her engagement will be a short one. present my love to Louisa\u2014The Boys are all well and Doing as well as can be wished John is a little impatient at not receiving letters he is a great favorite with all his Masters and what is more remarkable one of the most studious boys at School\u2014Believe me ever Dear Madam with every sentiment of esteem and respect your affectionate / Daughter\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tI have not heard from my Sister Smith since last January\u2014. Our Portraits are most striking likenesses and should they reach America are to be exhibited at Philadelphia\u2014You will keep the verses of Mr. Adams from the public as they are my own\u2014private property\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3206", "content": "Title: From Richard Rush to Abigail Smith Adams, 11 November 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tRespected Madam.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington November 11. 1816\n\t\t\t\tI find, from a conversation with Mr Monroe, that it is not the intention of government to send dispatches to Spain by the Chippewa, or to employ her, in any other way, as a dispatch vessel. Hence the rumour adverted to in your favor of the 28th ulto. must, it would seem, have originated in some mistake. I ought to have transmitted this information some days earlier, and beg leave to apologize for not having done so.\tIt gives me pleasure to add at the same time, that Mr Monroe received the application which I made to him on behalf of Mr Clarke, in a manner that was gratifying, and from the sentiments he expressed, I am sure would have been strongly disposed to employ him in the way suggested, had the vessel been about to sail.\tI offer you, madam, in conjunction with Mr Adams, my sincere and respectful salutations\n\t\t\t\t\tRichard Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3207", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 13 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy ever beloved Sir\nQuincy Nov. 13th. 1816\nI perceive you are growing Old, by the Curiosity you express to your Mother, to know Something of your Origin. My Fathers Mother was Hannah Bass; My Mothers Mother was Ann White a Daughter of Benjamin White, the Proprietor of Whites Hill in Brookline, a proud Son of Massachusetts Liberty, though an intimate Freind of Governor Dudley, as I have been informed by Richard Dana the Father of Chief Justice Francis Dana your Friend.\nIt was a favourite Saying of Sam. Adams that he never enquired \u201cwho was his Grandfather.\u201d? I know the Reason of this. His Grandfather, though my Father and myself bear his Name, was a Bankrupt. Elijahs Wheel Shall be preserved. Sir John Hurd, Garter King at Arms, a very clever Fellow, was perpetually teizing me about my Pedigree; I told him, I knew nothing about it; but that I was an Englishman of King Charles the firsts days; that I was made of English Beer, for my Ancestors had been Maltsers from the Beginning in America, Maltsers! Said Sir John, \u201cI know what that means\u201d there is nothing more characteristick of an English Country Gentleman. Walking one day in Hide Park, Sir John on Horseback overtook me, by Surprise. He instantly dismounted, led his Horse by the Bridle under his Arm, and Said to me, he had discovered Something ralative to my Family which he wished to Show me and invited me to call at his office to See it. Having other Things of more importance on my mind I never called, and I neither know nor care what his discovery might be. Of all the Impositions upon Mankind this of Pedigree, has been one of the greatest: Yet it is So natural, and So irresistable that every Man is compelled to attend to it, in Self defence. Quincy Church Yard will furnish You with proof that your blood has not flown through Scoundrels, and that is all I desire.\nMajora canamus,!\nFor Sixty Years I have neglected all Sciences but Government and Religion. The former I have, for Several Years passed by in despair, the latter Still occupies my Thoughts, I have all my lifetime, Studied Religions, Irreligions and no Rereligions as much as my contracted means and opportunities would permit; I have read within two years, Grim in 15 Volumes, Tucker in Seven and nine Volumes in twelve of Dupuis. No Romances I ever read, have entertained me So much.\nMy Conclusion from the whole is \u201cUniversal Tolleration\u201d Let the human Mind loose. It must be loose; it will be loose.\u201d Superstition and Despotism cannot confine it. And the conclusion must be that Musquito\u2019s are not competent to dogmatise \u201c\u03c0eri \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.\u201d Philosophy and Theology must Submit to the Decalogue and the Sermon on the Mount, and trust the Ruler with his Skies.\nIt is my desire that you purchase for me Du Puis in twelve volumes. I will pay Your Brother.\nI am grieved for George. I had conceived hopes from him. But what are my hopes or yours? Of what importance are they? General Boyd, of whom I have a great Esteem will carry this.\nI long to See, a Quarterly Review and an Edinbourg Review of Dupuis. They have reviewed Grim, who is not of half the importance to Mankind, as Du Puis.\nDupuis has increased my Attachment to Christianity; but not to Catholic, Lutherian or Calvanistic Christianity.\nWha Shall I Say of Priestleys Observations of Dupuis? Perhaps you know nothing of the one or the other.\nA Man Should be in his own Country, / With more Affection and more Anxiety than I can / express and more than I ought to express, if I could / I am / your\nA.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3209", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams Smith, 14 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Smith, John Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir, \n\t\t\t\t\tEaling 14 November 1816.\n\t\t\t\tUnder the circumstances stated in Coll Aspinwalls certificate (which I return) and in your Letter, I cannot reccommend John McIntosh to relief as a destitute American Seaman.I enclose the Power of Attorney with the certificate concerning the Mayor of Leeds to which the Legation Seal must be affixed. truly yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3210", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 19 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tN. 101.My dear Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tLittle Boston 19. November 1816.\n\t\t\t\tLast week I sent you with a Letter from my wife the Newspaper containing the Account of the Lord Mayor\u2019s day feast at Guildhall, where you will find again some mention made of the American Minister\u2014The singularity of the feast did not however consist in his being there; but in the Circumstance that no other Minister, either home-bred or foreign was present; and in the phenomenon still more extraordinary, that it was the second instillation of the same person in the Office of Chief Magistrate, in immediate succession after the first.A Mr Aspland, an Unitarian Clergyman called upon me not long since, and gave me two Copies of a late Periodical Publication, one of which I now enclose to you. It will be particularly interesting to my father and you, as containing a Letter from Mr Van der Kemp, and one to him, as I take it, from Mr Jefferson, with a Syllabus for a comparison between the Doctrine of Jesus and that of the Grecian Philosophers, and that of the Jews before the time of Jesus\u2014I possess a work of this kind, much more comprehensive including a parallel between the Doctrines of Jesus, and those of the Jews and Greeks, but those of Mahomet, of the Persians, Egyptians, Hindoos, Chinese, and indeed with all the systems of Religion and Morals that have ever been promulgated upon Earth\u2014It is in five large Quarto Volumes, and at St. Petersburg where I had some leisure hours I did occasionally dive into it. But it would require an uninterrupted leisure of years, even to read the book, and I must therefore at least postpone the subject, satisfied that I shall find no doctrine that will stand the test of a comparison with that of Jesus.Your Commission for the floor-cloth shall be duly executed. I send you in the mean time some seeds. If you will enclose all your Letters or Packets for me, under Covers addressed \u201cto James Maury Esqr. Consul of the United States, Liverpool.\u201d he will forward them to me immediately, at a very trifling expence of Postage; but when addressed to me, and sent by ships to Liverpool, the Postage from that place is heavy for mere Letters, and enormous for Packets of any size\u2014Therefore only recollect, after addressing them to me, put them under another cover, directed to Mr Maury.\u2014Your\u2019s as ever.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3212", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 26 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy ever, ever, dear Sir\nQuincy Nov. 26 1816\nThe Newspapers, throughout the Continent are announcing to Europe and America, Somewhat imprudently, that you are recalled and to be made Secretary of State. I know not whence this comes: but whether true or false, I hope it is true. And if it is true, I hope You will accept the Office of Secretary of State. If there is no Truth in it I hope you will demand your Recall and come home. And if they will not Grant your Recall I hope you will come home without it; I had rather you Should retire to Montezillo, renounce all public Employment forever, And lay your Bones here with your Ancestors, than remain where you are, annihilating yourself and ruining you Children.\nI live in terror of your long Letter. I fear it will roll upon Metaphysics, Theology, Chronology or History, all of which Subjects I dread. Not because I have any Pirrhohism upon these Subjects, for my Opinions of the most of them have been Settled before you was born; but because it would cost me an hundred Volumes to justify them, which my Eyes and paralitic Fingers will not permit me to write.\nThe State of Politicks here, is very merry. The Fed\u2019s as they Still call themselves are Seriously divided. There is a Strong Inclination to vote for Monroe. But the Pride of Party opposes. It\u2019s Sagacity foresees Ruin. I foresee, what all Ages have foreseen, that poor earthly Mortals can foresee nothing, And that after all our Studies and Anxieties We must trust Providence.\nOh! how can I express my Feelings for you and your Family. It is impossible. The whole must be included in the Words\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3213", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 26 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy Novbr 26th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI think I will not give to any passenger any Letters, unless a Letter of introduction, for however urgent they are to be charged with them, I find frequently that they lay months before they are deliverd. If my Letters cannot have the Novelty of youth to recommend them, They will lose their most valuable quality, and be very dull in their old Age\u2014like a twice told tale, and very like, better told by others. even that which is most dear to absent Friends, a knowledge of their health and fire side occurrences, lose their value\u2014six months after they are relatedMr Brooks might have forwarded the Letters much sooner\u2014The Galen is to sail within a day or two; more than a month since; I gave Letters to mr Forbes; who said he should go immediatly and last week he saild\u2014Mr Alxandr Everet, your former prottagee & his Lady are to go in her\u2014He is really Benedict, the married Man at last. the Ladies have been ready to shake him in a Blanket for his Seven Years courtship, and report says the parents of the Lady, who is highly spoken of, were desirous of breaking off the match, but she was true as the needle to the pole and Hymen has at last united them. and is it not better, to show your moderation to all men? than by a precipitate Step, plunge yourself, and those whose happiness you are seeking into difficulties? This is a lesson\u2014as you well know, which was inculcated upon you 25 years ago; and upon your Brothers after you\u2014how well attended to, in some instances, time has shewn. I have the same to go over again with some of my Grandchildren\u2014or rather to one who would be so.To an uncommon solidity, at the Age of 23, is united one of the, \u201ckindest tenderest Hearts, which pity knows\u201d with mind and manners modest and correct, and with a character as an officer and Gentleman, unimpeached\u2014Such is Lieut Clark, who has formed a strong and ardent attachment for your Neice Susan B Adams, and who would soon be united to her, if prudential reasons did not forbid\u2014in concequence of which he has left the Independence, lyeing inactive in our harbour, and by permission is gone to join Commodore Chauncys ship in the Medeterranean in hope\u2019s by active service to be in the way of promotion\u2014The News papers inform us, that you are to be recalld, and made Secretary of State &c &c\u2014this is circulated through all the papers, far and near. I receive compliments &c upon the occasion some I beleive very sincere. many inquiries are made whether I am informd of it, to which I replie, that I know nothing but what the News papers relate unless what I do not think to proper to tell, viz a message from the President, by the Secretary of the Navy, that if mr A. returnd, that office would be offerd to him\u2013I should rejoice in any honorable circumstance that would bring you, to your Native Country\u2013I must now acknowledge your Letters of Sept 28th No 97, and october 5th No 98. I hope you are not as incorrigible as you represent yourself\u2014for a dirty old Man, is worse than a slovenly young one\u2014The only line which I remember in ossian, is that old Age is dark, and unlively\u201d and this my Glass, who is no flatterer repeats every time I have occasion to consult it\u2014I am not without some expectation that mr munroe will have the vote of some, if not all of our Electors\u2014notwithstanding the exertions of the Boston Rebel to prevent it\u2014I must close my Letter, or I shall not be able to discharge a Debt which I owe to your better halfwe are all well, / affectionatly your Mother\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3214", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 26 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Daughter\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy Nov\u2019br 26th 1816\n\t\t\t\tI am indebted to you for several very entertaining Letters, while I have not any thing in return to amuse you with. Some marriages amongst the young folk are taking place, miss E Gerry last week to a Major Townsend. Susan was at the visit party. She is well married it is Said. a daughter of doctor Hoolbrooks to a mr Vincet, Brother to mrs E Everet who was lately in England. miss Hoolbrook is an intimate of Susan\u2019s who has been invited to make the Wedding visit but as her Harp is upon the willow, and the Swain just left her, she has not any taste for any thing but musing\u2014Melancholy musing\u2014miss Catharine dexter is an other votary to Hymen. mr Alexander Townsend is the Gentleman to whom She is engaged\u2014After having seen the world in various countries, \u201cits Splendor and its nonsence all\u201d I hope you are looking forward to a return to this, with some pleasing anticipations\u2014here are most of your Relatives and connections, and here I hope your heart, and inclinations will center\u2014I heard from your Sister Smith by mr Clarkson a cousin of mr J Smiths, who left us this morning for Boston She was well about a week since\u2014and her little Boy. She wrote Caroline that they were comfortable there at the valley\u2014I would not let this vessel Sail without a few lines from me\u2014I am glad to learn that George is so well as to be making an excursion into the Country\u2014so many of our Americans visit you, that you get more than I can tell you respecting all the occurrences of it I really feel too Stupid to add any thing more, than that I am your affectionate\n\t\t\t\t\tA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3216", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 3 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tLittle Boston 3. December 1816.\n\t\t\t\tMr Cobbett whose political opinions, as you know have undergone some changes since he was battling it in favour of the British Government in Philadelphia, has become the great champion of Parliamentary reform; and in order to increase the number of his readers among the labouring classes of the People, he has lately had recourse to the expedient of reprinting particular numbers of his weekly political Register in a cheap form; upon open sheets\u2014I enclose you those that have been thus published, in which you will find his view, of the present Situation and Prospects of this Country; and you will know what deductions are to be made, on account of his ardent temper, his violent prejudices, his bitter animosities, his overbearing self-sufficiency, and his gross partialities. The distressed state of the Country, which from different and opposite motives is exaggerated by many of all parties, has revived his popularity, which he had almost entirely lost\u2014As he attacks indiscriminately whigs and Tories, and as most of his predictions relative to the War with France were refuted by the Event, he was quite out of credit, and had lost most of his readers. The Ministerial and opposition papers took no notice of him\u2014But now they are all assailing him again; and he is rising in the popular opinion\u2014But he, and a few of the disciples of his school have in a great degree driven the whig leaders from the hustings of the popular meetings; and thus far he is essentially serving the Cause of the Ministry. The whigs would most gladly take advantage of the present times, but Cobbett has cried them down so that they scarcely dare shew their heads\u2014Cobbett boasts of the Meetings all over the Country; but there have been as yet very few. How it may be when Parliament meet, which is to be on the 28th: of January, I undertake not to say; but I expect the next Session will pass like the last in making long speeches, very moderate, and very excellent sense-less; and in doing nothing\u2014They will feed as many as they can by subscriptions\u2014let the rest starve; and keep the soldiers to shoot down rioters\u2014They will get along with the revenue\u2014and set all else at nought.Very faithfully your\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3217", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Richard Rush, 5 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Rush, Richard\nDear Sir\nQuincy december 5th 1816\nMy good Friend\u2019s when they are going to make a visit to Washington, wish an introduction to the most Eminent public Characters there, and I embrace with pleasure the opportunity of bringing you acquainted with one of our best Divines. He is a gentleman of Liberal Sentiments, both in Religion and politicks\u2014Knowing that he designed a journey to washington, the Electors, have committed to him, their votes for President. not that I think, he is carrying votes consonant to his own opinion, but for the opinions of others he is not responsible.\nI cannot describe this worthy man so well, as in the words of Cowper, Who takes St Paul for his model\n \u201cI would express him Simple, grave, Sincere\nIn Doctrine uncorrupt; in language plain\nAnd plain in manner, decent Solemn Chaste\nAffectionate in look, and tender in address\u201d\nHe was Educated under the Revd Dr Freeman, who has lately visited your city, of whom I doubt not you have heard. I regretted very much that I did not give him a Letter to you\nMr Coleman, is settled in a neighbouring Town, and frequently exchanges with our Clergyman, who is also an amiable and Liberal man. mr Coleman has a very Lovely Lady for his wife. he keeps a Small accademy for the instruction of youth, to the Number of ten, and he has under his tuition the Sons of Some of our first Characters in Boston. his parochial Duties, and attention to his Pupils, is So arduous that he finds it necessary to take an annual journey to reemit his health and Spirits \u2013\nI have a desire he Should See mrs Rush. I think they will be mutually pleased with each other.\nThe hands of your Friends are So much affected with the cold weather, that after writing a Letter or two, to mr Madison & Munroe\u2014and some for mr Sergeant to my Son, he leaves to me the pleasing occupation of writing to you upon this Subject, paying me the compliment, of Saying, \u201cit will do as well if you write.\u201d\nI gave a Letter for you to mr Clark from whom there has not been time, to hear, Since his arrival in Washington he is So amiable and Worthy a man, that I feel a maternal Regard for, and interest in him, and am not a little obliged to you, for your exertions in his behalf.\nMake my kind Regards acceptable to mrs Rush / and Believe me dear sir / Ever your friend\nAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3218", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Robert Selden Garnett, 5 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy,Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Garnett, Robert Selden\nthursday 5th December 1816\nMr. and Mrs. Adamsrequest the Honor of\nMr Garnetts\nCompany at Dinner on\nthe 12th of December at \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 o\u2019Clock\nThe Favor of an Answer is requested.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3219", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to John Quincy Adams, 5 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Son\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy december 5th 1816\n\t\t\t\t\u201cOh that I too, could make a visit to my Father,\u201d was your exclamation in your last Letter. more than a visit You may make, my dear Son, If the Newspapers may be credited, for they announce from South to North, that you are to be recall\u2019d and to fill the department of State. this is repeated over and again, & appears to give universal satisfaction. this I learn from all quarters\u2014I rejoice in any circumstance honorable to you, which may recall you here again.You have been absent much longer than You contemplated when You went from us. The Lives of your parents have been lengthend out, to a date, beyond expectation, and I now flatter myself with the hope, that we may be spaired to See you again\u2014our Season is now become very cold and the failure of the crops of Hay, and Indian Corn, gives us serious allarm for the support of the poor. We should not want, if the price abroad did not induce the Speculator to monopolize, and to Ship for foreign markets, what we need at Home. Sixteen thousand Barrels of flower were enterd in one week at the custom house in Boston, yet it keeps up the price, from 12\u2014to 13 dollars pr Barrel.The Electors met this day in Boston for the choice of president. two Electors declined, one was sick, and the vote in consequense, was not taken to day\u2014It is universally believed Mr Munroe will be Elected, altho this State Should refuse to vote for him\u2014as I Suppose they will.I see by the paper that mr J B Johnson is chosen one of the Bank Directors of the National Branch in New Orleans\u2014He is much respected there\u2014we are all at present in good Health, but the weather So cold that my fingers are stiff as I write. no Snow yet\u2014Your Father reads continually, in the morning by candle Light, frequently at five oclock; I cannot rise untill day Light, and try to keep him in Bed, but he cannot Sleep, and rise he must. the Evening too, he reads, unless company prevents, or I read to him. I am now writing by candle Light. So neither of us will Say much about our poor Eyes\u2014George I hope is better. I inclose a Letter from Claudius for him. I look for the promissed journal\u2014I have written myself quite out, and Sent last week by the Galen\u2014no war no politicks what shall I say?Why that I am as ever your / affectionate / Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3220", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 6 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nDear Sir\nQuincy Decr. 6. 1816\nJohn Sergeant Esquire, a Director of the Bank of U. S. is appointed by that Board to negotiate for ten Millions of Spanish Dollars, offered by a commercial House in London\nThis Gentleman, a Son of Jonathan Dickenson Serjeant Esq, once an intimate Friend of mine in Congress in times of difficulty and danger, requests an Introduction to you.\nI give it, with pleasure, both because I hear a good account of his personal Character, and because your Assistance may be usefull to him in his public pursuit.\nOur Massachusetts had half a Mind to vote for Mr Monroe: but as their Magnanimity could not hold out We must remain in a forlorn Minority.\nIn hopes of Seeing you and your Family Once more I am your ever affectionate\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3221", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Abigail Louisa Smith Adams Johnson, 9 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Johnson, Abigail Louisa Smith Adams\nmy Dear Abbe\nQuincy December 9th 1816\nThrough Caroline De Wint, I was last Evening informd that your Mother has had a return of the complaint which so much allarmd Us, when She resided here.\u2014Caroline supposed mr Johnson has or would write to inform us of it. but as we have not received any information from any other quarter, I would fain flatter myself that your Dear Mother is better. I have not acquainted Susan, as I wish much to hear from you first, and to learn the State your Mother is in, that I may not leave your sister in a painfull Suspense\u2014Susan has been every week expecting a Letter from her Mother. She has repeatedly written to her, and She has felt it the more, as her Spirits have been deprest, by her Seperation from the Gentleman to whom She holds herself engaged.\nHe received News from the Secretary of the Navy to repair to Washington & join Commodore Chauncys Squadron in the Mediterranian, he is accordingly gone for that purpose, and by a Letter which Susan received from him yesterday, this is the day he is to Sail\u2014\nI have never been acquainted with a more correct, steady, and amiable Young Man. I wish your Mother mr Johnson and you could have known him. If he could consistantly with his duties as an officer, have been permitted to have left the Ship long enough, and I could have thought that in the Eye of the World, no censure would have been attached to allowing Susan to have accompanied him such a journey, they would have made you a visit in the Fall of the year. it was the wish of both of them, often exprest. He has prudently consented to defer his Union and to try to obtain more independent circumstances by active Service. for this purpose & for the Restoration of his Health, which is delicate, not calculated to bear our Severe winters doing daily duty on deck let the weather by ever so inclement, he therefore applide and obtaind permission to join Commodore Chauncys Squardon.\nSince he first became acquainted with Susan, not a week has past, in which he has not been once here, beside once a week writing So that be became quite domesticated with us. and the more we knew of him the more attached we have been to him, and his affection for your Sister I beleive to be as Sincere, as it is fervent. his Sentiments and opinions have had Sufficient weight with her, to correct many of her own\u2014I have been the more gratified in this connextion, as it has removed all fears of one which I never approved. you may be assured that mr Clark is deficient in but one particular\u2014I mean a want of Sufficient property to enable him to marry immediatly.\nI have regretted that your Eyes would not permit you to keep up a correspondence with your Sister. When distance intervenes writing keeps alive, and warms the affections of the Heart\ngive my kind Love to your Mother and Say to her that I am anxious, very much so, to hear from her that I learn with pleasure your Aunt Nancy is with her, who goes about doing good, and makes herself as usefull in her Single State as others in a wedded one. my kind Regards to her\u2014I long to See my Great grandson and hope if I live you will bring him next Spring, William Clarkson has made us a delightfull visit. we were all much pleased with him.\nIf you cannot write, Request mr Johnson to do so as Soon as you receive this Letter from your / Affectionate GM\nAbigail AdamsMy kind Regards to mr Johnson and your Aunt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3223", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 13 December 1816\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Cousin & Friend\n\t\t\t\t\tHermitage Jamaica plain Decr. 13th 1816\n\t\t\t\tFrom your suggestions, I have attempted and publish\u2019d an Analysis of the Will of Mr Boylston, which its probable you have seen; but how far I have succeeded in meeting your expectations, (that is, as far as I have gone into it\u2014) you can best determine\u2014any hint or amendment from you on the subject, I shall be greatly obliged to you forAs your opinions have the force of a Commandment I averr\u2019d on no account transgress.\u2014With my affectionate Remembrances to Mrs Adams I am ever sincerely / my Dear Cousin\u2014 / affectionately yours\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nichs Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3224", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Abigal Adams Shaw Felt, 15 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Felt, Abigal Adams Shaw\nQuincy December 15 1816\nMarried and cannot come, is an excuse of ancient date, but married, and cannot write, I do not find in any Chapter of the Bible\nNow my dear Neice what is the reason that I have not received a line from you, Since you exchanged the Name of Shaw, for that of Felt? It is true, I have heard of you, from your Brother, but Surely You Should recollect, that you have one only Aunt living at Quincy, who is as anxious for your health your happiness and your welfare, as any connection you have living\u2014during mr Felts vacation, I flatterd myself we Should have Seen you, but as that did not happen, I expected to have heard from you\u2014\nMr Foster has in his hands Some Money belonging to you\u2014you recollect that there was one quarters Rent left in the hands of mr Cutter to pay his Bills for Building the Granary, and repairing the Damages occasiond by the Hurricane. he has Since collected and presented his Bills the amount of which with a new Pump\u2014will take up an other quarters Rent. I have requested mr Foster to Settle with him at the close of the year\u2014and take his discharge. at the Same time inform him, that I think we must raise the Rent, twelve Dollars pr quarter, we have expended So much money in Building. Mr Foster will Still have a Surpluss in his hands\u2014If you wish to know any thing respecting us, I have the pleasure to inform you, that we are all well, that mr Clark whom you know, is gone to Gibralter for his Health, and with a design to join the Fleet under Commodore Chauncy, to return if he can, in the Spring. Susan in the mean time is grown quite Solid and Domestic\u2014Caroline de Wint is gone to housekeeping in N York for the Winter\u2014From Abbe Johnson, I hear as Seldom as from your Ladyship. Cousin Louisa is quite an invalide with a swelld Face. Mrs T B A. as full and tight as usual.\nYour Quincy acquaintance as usual\u2014Lucy Greenleaf you know engaged to mr Henry Davis of Baltimore, mr Edward Millar to miss Nicolson of plimouth, mr George Smith it is whisperd to miss Walter of Boston\u2014\nCol. Sumner came from Boston this afternoon Your Brother was to have accompanied him, but he had a Swolen face\u2014and was fearfull of comeing out\u2014the weather being very cold\nmake my Regards to mr Felt, and Say to him, that I hope to be better acquainted with him do not give up the use of your pen. altho I know you never Loved it very well, it is a tallent you ought not to hide, and one in which your Dear Mother was distinguishd. few pens were like hers\u2014She guided and governd the Heart, as She pleased\u2014Blessed be her Memory\nLouisa and Susan desire to be kindly rememberd, so does your affectionate / Aunt\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3225", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 15 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Dear Sir Quincy December 15th 1816 \nMy good Husband has call\u2019d upon me for Some Letters, written to me by my Son, when he was last in Paris, in 1815 in which he gives me a particular account of the Family of Count de Tracy and of the circumstances which introduced him to their acquaintance.\nBeleiving that it will give you pleasure to become acquainted with this happy Domestic Circle, I readily embrace this opportunity of transmitting them to you, with two or three other Letters which follow in Succession, and are interesting, as they describe the Novel and importent events, to which mr Adams was an Eye witness\nI rely upon your known care and punctuality to return them to me. I need not add how valuable they are to me. They may also afford Some entertainment to your Grandaughter Miss Ellen Randolph, whose praises are in the mouths, of all our Northern Travellers, who have been so happy as to become acquainted with her\u2014they bring us also: such delightfull accounts of Monticello and its inhabitants that I am tempted to wish myself twenty years younger, that [I mi]ght visit them, but I am so far down Hill, that I must only think of those pleasures which are past, amongst which, and not the least is my early acquaintance with, and the continued Friendship of the phylosopher of Monticello\u2014to whom are offerd the respectfull attachment / of Dear Sir / Your Friend\nAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3226", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Catherine Elizabeth Murray Rush, 18 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Rush, Catherine Elizabeth Murray\nQuincy December 18th 1816\nI hope my dear Lady, you will not think I intrude upon your Hospitality by my frequent introduction of my Friends to your acquaintance. it is a tax you must pay for Superiour Merit\u2014Miss Eliza Sumner, the Sister of the Lady to whom I gave Letters last winter Mrs Wells with her Brother Col. Sumner intend passing part of the winter in washington. Mrs Wells, who met with so kind reception from mr & mrs Rush last winter has enjoind it upon her Sister; to apply to me for Letters to you. now I do not know my dear Lady, that I have any Right to use so much Freedom with you, unless I may lay claim to it, from your connection with the amiable & excellent Son of the one of the best Friends I ever had.\nI do not recollect that I ever Saw you but once, altho I had the pleasure of a Slight acquaintance with your Sister Mrs Mason to whom I request you to tender my compliments. If I Should be inquired of, do you know mr Rush? I must replie, personally I do not think I Should recognize him, or he me, but his Heart and Soul are my familiar Friend\u2019s, and as Such, in the Language of Shakespear\u2014\n\u201cI Grapple him to my Soul with hooks of Steel\u201d\nI think both mr Rush, and you will be pleasd with Col & miss Sumner, and that you will find them worthy your notice. I do not give Letters to all who apply. I declined a few days Since not through want of merit in the Lady, but really through fear of drawing too largely upon your Bounty. I will however Name her to you, miss Cushing a Neice of the late Judge William Cushing, who was many years one of the Judges of the Supreem Court of the United States, and I presume well known to mr Rush\u2014her Sister lately married to mr Ashman, now a Senator of the US belonging to Northhampton, accompanies her Husband to Washington with miss Cushing. they are both amiable women. The Father of Col Sumner & the Mother of miss Cushing were Brothers & Sisters\nMr Clark exprest much dissapointment that he was obliged to leave Washington, without paying his respects to you. I regret it too as it might have enlivened his Spirits, and dispelld some of the Dismalls which his too Susceptable Heart experienced\u2014\nI wish you and mr Rush could visit Boston that those who have been noticed by you might have the opportunity of returning some of the many favours they have received from youWith Sentiments of Sincere / Regard and Esteem / I am your Friend\nAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3229", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to Lucy Cranch Greenleaf, 26 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Greenleaf, Lucy Cranch\nDear Mrs Greenleaf\ndecember 26th 1816\nyour uncle and I ask the pleasure of mr Greenleafs and your Company to dinner tomorrow.Your Aunt\nA A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3230", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Albert Gallatin, 28 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Gallatin, Albert\nEaling 28 December 1816\nWill you have the goodness my dear Sir to send the enclosed to Mrs. C King, as I do not know her address. I take the liberty of making this request having witnessed your readiness to serve the Ladies, and feeling and how happy they are to receive an obligation at your hands\u2014\nPresent my respectful Compliments to Mrs. Gallatin and believe me, Sir, with the highest sentiment of esteem and respect, Your most humble and obedt Servt.\nL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3231", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Abigail Smith Adams, 28 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Abigail Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Mother.\n\t\t\t\t\tLittle Boston 28. December 1816.\n\t\t\t\tGeneral Boyd, Mr Stores, Mr Forbes, and Mr and Mrs. Everett, have all arrived in London within the week past; and by them, with many other Letters and despatches I have received your favours of 5. and of 26. November\u2014There must be I think a Letter in arrear between the 30th. of September and the 5th. of Novr\u2014You acknowledge the receipt of my Numbers 92 and 93\u2014and 97 and 98. I hope the intermediate numbers will not be missing.My father and you, both intimate to me the expediency of my return to the United States; to which my inclinations also strongly urge me\u2014There are however some considerations to be taken into the account of this question, upon which it might not be convenient to enlarge upon paper\u2014I have received from various quarters hints like one in your last Letter; but none precisely from that quarter which I should consider, as a call upon me for a determination and an answer. Should a similar suggestion be made, as I have reason to expect it would be were it connected with a serious intention, I shall at all Events receive and treat it with respect\u2014But I shall certainly not ask to be recalled from this Mission, for the sake of being in the way of appointment or election to any Office in the United States\u2014I do not intend my Children shall be educated in Europe; and if I remain here, though the year now about to commence, I shall probably send George home to enter College next Summer. Nor is it my present purpose to extend my residence here beyond the Spring of 1818.I enclose a Letter from John to his Grandfather, and hope next week to forward Letters from his brothers. Charles complains that in all his late budgets, though both his brothers have been remembered there has been nothing for him. Ever affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3232", "content": "Title: From Abigail Smith Adams to William Steuben Smith, 1816\nFrom: Adams, Abigail Smith\nTo: Smith, William Steuben\n\t\t\t\tI have not been able to answer a very pleasant Letter from your Father, which I received after I was sick. I am now something stronger, and my physician says, I shall get up again, but a small blast would blow me away.... You will be so good as to give me information of your Brother as soon as you hear. I have not any Letter of a later date than Novbr 7th. Remember me to Aunt Nancy when you see her. I presume you will be attentive to her, as a State of single blessedness is not the most Eligible in the World.Let me know when you hear from your Father, how is he this winter? His situation at the Valley must be lonesome and melancholy. Present my Love to your dear Spouse.... My Love, Louissa\u2019s, and Susan\u2019s, who is the Life of the House & grown a sprightly Lass, since you saw her.Your affectionate G.M.\n\t\t\t\t\tAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0120", "content": "Title: To James Madison from DeWitt Clinton and Others, January 1816\nFrom: Clinton, DeWitt\nTo: Madison, James\n We the Subscribers recommend Monsieur Francis I. Berier of the City of New-York to the Professorship of the French language in One of the additional Military Academies contemplated to be established. Mr. Berier is a native of France. He has been at the Head of the Economical School in the City of NewYork, for some Years past. From his acquaintance with the language of the United States, we believe him to be well qualified for the Professorship to which We recommend him.\n Dewitt ClintonPresident of the Trusteesof the Economical School[and four others]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0121", "content": "Title: Memorial of the Shawnee Indians of Lewistown, Ohio, [January 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n To their Father the president and the Congress of the United States now sitting in Council on the affairs of the Nation\n The Memorial of your Children the red people of Lewistown, head of great Miami humbly and respectfully, sheweth, To your honers that we amongst our own and other tribes almost twenty summers ago Made and confirmed a treaty with our father (and your much famed) General Wayne by which peace and protection were granted to us your supplicating children and altho great were those advantages, until lately, few and easy were the Conditions, peacable and good behaviour, (and we being setled near to the whites appeal to them for our character) and altho since the unhappy contest between our present and former friends too! too, many of our deluded people have been seduced to go over to your (and consequently our) enimies. We your memorialists have at all times at the call of your noted General Harrison and those that succeeded him followed your standards, and underwent a full share of the toils and dangers of the war, for which we claim no other merit then that of having done the duty of your children, to you their kind and beneficent fathers, who have during the performance of that duty supported our families for which we are sincerely thankfull. But, calling to mind we were once a people that by our own exertions, and the natural advantages of our country procured a plentifull living for our families, these advantages being exhausted we wish to get into a way that would render our living less precarious as well as less burdensome to our friends the white people, And as we had some time ago received a visit from the Revd. James Hughs a minister of the presbyterian church who appeared anxious to give us instructions by preaching the gospel to us and who has again visited us as a missionary authorised by that church not only\nto preach the gospel to us but also to teach our young people the arts of the whites, by which they would be capable to make provision for this life, and taking in by reading &c. a knowledge of a future state\u2014to acquire which we are aware that we have, to undergo a pupilage that however irksome to an untutored mind, is become absolutely necessary to procure those advantages. Our friend Mr Hughs proposes \u27e8pla\u27e9ning a school in which our children shall be taught as well to read &c. as to work, the boys to till the ground to the best advantage and the girls to sew, spin and do all the business of a domestick life, from which proposal, however gloomy our situation has been since a living in our former way has become impractible, a dawn breaks in on our prospects that promises better times than would ever attend an untutored state, but as these advantages cannot be procured without the aid of the General Gourment and lands being necessary for such an establishment and as our friend Mr. Hughs and ourselves have thought that the situation of section N. 29 of town 5 and range 13 between the great Miami and the \u27e8Varginia?\u27e9 Reservation, (though not rich) is the most suitable for the purpose of any that can be got, it being about 12 Miles from our town a distance that will prevent our children from too frequently visiting their homes\u2014We therefore pray that, that section may be given \u27e8us\u27e9 for that purpose, and that your honors will do such other things as you in your goodness and wisdom may deem necessary for Furthering the welfare of your distressed friends and we shall ever acknowledge and as in duty bound pray\n Col. Lewis Shawny chief his [mark] markCapt. Civil John Mingo Cheif his [mark] MarkWachanachy war Chief his [mark] Mark\n I as Interpreter have fully explained and Interpreted the Above petition to the Indians and they were not only pleased, but Extremely Anxious and solicitous for its Success.\n James McphersonLate Agent", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0122", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Patterson, 1 January 1816\nFrom: Patterson, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honour, at this time, of laying before you, a Report of the operations of the Mint during the last year.\n From the Statement of the Treasurer, herewith transmitted, it will appear, that during that period there have been struck at the Mint\u2014\n In gold coins, 635 pieces, amounting to $3,175 dollars;\n In silver coins, 69,232 pieces, amounting to 17,308 dollars; Making in the whole 69,867 pieces, amounting to $20,483 dollars.\n The high price of gold & silver bullion, for some time past, in the current paper money of the country, has prevented, &, as long as this shall continue to be the case, must necessarily prevent, deposits of these metals being made for coinage, to any considerable amount. But a fresh supply of copper having lately been received at the Mint, we have again resumed the coinage of cents: & it is believed that we shall, in the course of the year, should no failure in the expected supply of copper take place, be fully able to coin fifty tons weight; amounting to nearly 47,000 dollars; and that, with a regular supply of copper, which can readily be procured, on terms highly advantageous to Government, we can continue to coin 50 tons per annum, as long as it may be judged expedient.\n The circulation of these copper coins, & of those heretofore issued from the Mint (amounting to 251,646 Dollars) & which must be still nearly all in the country, would, it is presumed, soon supply, in a great measure, the place of the small silver coins, which have now almost totally disappeared. I have the honour to be, Sir with the greatest respect & esteem, your most obed. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0123", "content": "Title: Presidential Proclamation, 1 January 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n \u00a7 Presidential Proclamation. 1 January 1816. Revises building terms and conditions for the city of Washington. Suspends the first and third articles of the 17 Oct. 1791 building regulations until 1 Jan. 1817. Adds an exception that \u201cno wooden house covering more than three hundred and twenty square feet, or higher than twelve feet from the sill to the eve [sic] shall be erected, nor shall any such house be placed within twenty-four feet of a brick or stone house.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0125", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 2 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Solathiel Curtis, to be collector of Direct taxes and Internal duties for the 5th District of Virginia, in the place of Wm. McKinley resigned.\n John Mason, principal assessor of the 1st: Collection District of the State of Vermont in the place of Thomas Hammond resigned.\n Nathaniel Goodwin, principal assessor, of the 4th Collection District of Vermont in the place of Jonan: Palmer, deceased.\n John Cassin, principal assessor of the 1st Collection district of the State of Louisiana in the place of Thomas Parker deceased.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0126", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Gaetano Caruso [ca. 2 January, 1816]\nFrom: Caruso, Gaetano\nTo: Madison, James\n Gaetano Caruso has the honor to state to the President of the United States that in the year 1805 at the time that the American Squadron blockaded Tripoli, Captain John Hall of the United States Marine Corps engaged G Caruso in the Capa[c]ity of Director and leader of a military Band for said Corps under the conditions specified in the inclosed Document which were not fulfilled. A few months afterwards it was proposed that he should take his discharge, whereupon he addressed himself to the Ex-Secretary of the Navy relative to this Subject, who directed Colonel Wharton through Commodore Rodgers not to molest him as he was a foreigner, nevertheless Colonel Wharton constantly urged him to take his discharge; Caruso being a man of feeling could not resist these repeated Solicitations and at length applied for his discharge, which could not be granted without petitioning for it, in which he stipulated that a passage for him and his family Should be allowed him and it was agreed that they should go on board the Frigate Chesapeake as will appear by the inclosed order from Robert Smith Esquire, but directions having been received to dismantle Said Frigate on account of a disturbance which took place with an English Vessel, he was obliged to disembark and of course he could not avail himself of the concession granted him. In consequence of said disappointment, Caruso has often applied to the Secretary of the Navy but unfortunately has never received an answer, and as his last resource he has now taken the liberty to address the President of the United States, imploring that he will order that he be supplied with the means of transporting himself and family to their own Country, for during their residence in America they have suffered heavy indisposition owing to the climate and they all wish to return as soon as possible.\n The said Caruso trusts to the well known benevolence of the President and has the honor to be his most obedient humble Servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0127", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tishomingo, [2 January 1816]\nFrom: Tishomingo\nTo: Madison, James\n The Talk of Tissua Mingo delivered to the Agent of US at the agencey house the 2. day of January 1816. Brother. I have now come to see you to Complain of the wrongs my nation is Suffering you know we took you by the hand when the pathes, all around us was bloody and you then promiseed us that we might look to the United States for Justice that the President Our father & the Secretary of war was good men that they loved the\nred people & you told us we must all go to war with you & my people might look to you to mak all things Strait & right we have done every thing you have wished us to do and we See that you burnt the houses of the Intruders, but they have come back & there is more of them than ever and we See the troops, is taken away from fort hampton, and there is no men left to help you & my people does not wish to get into a Quarrel with the people of the Un States. We think you honest & that you tell us the truth but it is strange to us that these bad men Should be Suffered to take Our Land from us & hard to see them destroying our range & Killing our game we was Glad to See you Come among us & Expected y\u27e8ou\u27e9 to be a father & a friend & we see you have done all you can for us & I wish you to send my talk to the President of the united States. My Father the President you have Sent your Agent a mong us he has done all he can for us and we now Apply to you to Send him Some help to drive off the intruders that is every day Coming on Our land when this talk comes to you my Father I hope you will consider our Case and enable Our Agents immeddley to drive away all intruders he tells us that he has directed prosecutions to be begun against them in the Fedel Court & that court will not Sit untill the Summer before that time half Our Country may be destroyed & as you have the power to Save us I ask you can you forget your Children that has been always ready to obey your agent & to Spill there blood for you. I Send you this talk in behalf of my nation and hope you will listen to what I say and take care of us & not Suffer bad men to destroy our Country \u27e8&\u27e9 ruin us. Your friend & Brother\n Tissua Mingohis X markIn behalf of theChickesaw NationTest James ColbertInterpreter for theUStates to Chickesaw", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0128", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 3 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n John Mullowny, of Pennsylvania, to be Consul of the United States for the Island of Tenneriffe.\n Nathaniel G. Ingraham Jnr, of New York, to be Consul at Plymouth in England.\n George Read Jnr, of Delaware, to be the Attorney of the United States for the District of Delaware.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0129", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jabez W. Heustis, 3 January 1816\nFrom: Heustis, Jabez W.\nTo: Madison, James\n Permit me to claim your attention for a moment to a subject, to which equity, impartiality and honour, cannot fail to give a candid hearing.\n Your Exelency and Congress have been duly impressed with a sense of the important acquisition which the honour of our Country has derived from the heroic achievements, and the glorious victories, affected by the valour of our intrepid Navy, and have justly & generously confered upon deserving merit, the honour and reward to which it was entitled.\n But pardon the liberty I take in requesting a small share of attention to the valient and successful exploits of the Army. Whilst the officers of the Navy have grown rich, those of the Army have been impoverished and neglected.\n Your Exelency no doubt recollects the gallant and victorious achievement of the little band of patriots under the command of Col Wm Lawrence at Mobile Point on the 15th of Sept 1814, where a forc of one hundred men, defeated seven ships and sunk one of them, and put to flight a land force of 400 British and Indians. And yet the officers and men have never been rewarded for this signal victory. Is there a similar instance of naval valour and success, in which the victors have not recived a pecuniary reward? I conclude that I have said sufficient to convince your Exelency of the justice of the claim, and therefore conclude. I have the\nhonour to be Sir With the greates[t] respect Your Humble and most obt Servant\n J W Heustis MDLate Surgeon of the2nd Regt ofU States Infantry.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0130", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Hughes, 3 January 1816\nFrom: Hughes, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\n I have served my Country for Seventeen years as a soldier, fourteen of That time has been passed on the Water\u27e8s\u27e9 of Missouri and Mississippi, all commands in the interior west of those Waters I was ordered on & executed Them with Zeal and fidellity. The late organization of the Peace Establishment has left me to chalk out a new life and I must assure your Excellency it is truely a new one to me.\n I have been attending the Heads of Department to obtain some\nappointment, I have been unfortunate in two, a third has offered on[e] which I am well disposed to rest if by your Goodness I can be permitted to Hold the same.\n The decease of Mr. Thomas Gale leaves the Indian Agency of Natchitochis Vacant, this appointment I have offered myself before the Honble. Secretary of War as a Candidate for supported in my application by General Andrew Jackson, the Honble. James Brown, E. Fromentine, Henry Clay, and T. Bolden Robinson, of Congress, \u27e8&\u27e9 His Excellency Governor Holmes, & General John Mason.\n My intimate acquaintance with the different tribes of Louisiana, my familiarity with the French and Spanish language, and long residence in that latitude, added to my really necessitous condition will I hope permit me to claim your favourable attention to this my application & suffer me to thank and remain Your gratefull & Obedt Servt.\n Danl Hugheslate majr 2nd Infantry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0131", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Miller, 4 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Miller, William\n I have recd. your communication of the 28th. Ulto: and I can not be insensible to the approbation e\u27e8xpres\u27e9sed of my conduct during a momentous period, by the Legislature of a State, which bore with distinguished patriotism, its share of the trials which were encountered.\n In recommending the appeal to arms, the reluctant duty was prescribed by the honor, and sanctioned by the voice of the nation; and in concurring in a peace which provided for its interests, and elevated its character, I consulted not less the obligations of my public trust, than the principles which I have ever cherished.\n The arduous contest, with the augmentation of its pressures, from fortuitous events, through which our Country has successfully passed, may now be reviewed with instruction as well as with congratulations; and the review will never fail to encourage a confidence in the energies of a free people, and in the blessing of Heaven on a just cause.\n I pray you, Sir, to assure the General Assembly that their \u27e8kind\u27e9 partiality\nhas made on me all the impressions which I ought to feel; and to accept for yourself, my high \u27e8and\u27e9 friendly respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0132", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 4 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n I withdraw, the nomination of Nathaniel Goodwin, to be principal assessor of the 4th Collection District of Vermont.\n I nominate Nathaniel Goodwin, to be the principal assessor of the 4th District of the State of Connecticut in the place of Jonathan Palmer deceased.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0133", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Leonard and Others, 4 January 1816\nFrom: Leonard, James\nTo: Madison, James\n The Undersigned beg leave respectfully to represent to the President of the United States, the case of Lieut: Charles: R: Broom, of the Marine Corps\u2014who has been sentenced by a Court Martial, to be dismissed the service of the United States. He will have learned by this incident of his life, a lesson of Prudence, & the service may acquire in him a useful officer\u2014this we are the more encouraged to hope, as he is a member of a most respectable family\u2014One of whom, has already gloriously fallen in defence of his country: And as the Character he has previous to this affair sustained\u2014offers an earnest of what may be expected from him, should he be reinstated in the Service. We have the Honor to be With the Highest respect\u2014Sir\u2014Your most Obt: Sts.\n James T. Leonard[and nine others]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0134", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Josiah Meigs, 4 January 1816\nFrom: Meigs, Josiah\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honor to present with this in obedience to your directions, a map of the United states, on which are exhibited the various Cessions of Lands by treaties with Indian tribes.\n The areas of the different Cessions are estimated only\u2014and consequently until actually surveyed, must be considered as imperfect. I am &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0135", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Joy, 6 January 1816\nFrom: Joy, George\nTo: Madison, James\n I have sometimes been induced, after writing, to pass a Letter under your Eye. The enclosed however, tho\u2019 containing some expressions that would not have been used in a direct Correspondence, has been written in that intention. It is perhaps all that I shall have time to say on the subject of which it treats; and as it\u2019s duplicate, barring accidents, will reach America about the same time; there need be no haste in the transmission or delivery of it.\n I am preparing for Holland. My hope is to be able to proceed thence to the U.S. and return after a few weeks; but before I go I hope to hear the fate of the Convention with this Country and on some other subject of foreign relation and finance. On this last, as far as it has any connexion with Europe, (and perhaps the less the better,) I am authorized to submit a proposition uniting respectability with security; and I hope therefore that no arrangement will be made that shall fix the future negotiations in any particular hands, \u2019till you hear more in detail from, Dear sir, very faithfully, Your friend & Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0136", "content": "Title: Pardon for William Fitzgerald, 6 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas at a Circuit Court of the United States for the County of Washington in the District of Columbia, held in June last, William Fitzgerald, of the said County, was convicted of a Criminal Offence, whereupon he was sentenced by the said Court to pay a pecuniary fine to the United States, to be imprisoned ninety days, and to stand committed until the said fine, with the fees and costs of prosecution should be paid and satisfied; and whereas it has been represented to me that there is no reason to believe the said Wm. Fitzgerald will ever be able to satisfy and discharge the said fine, fees and costs of prosecution, and it has been recommended to me by the said Court, in consideration of the sufferings which the said Wm. Fitzgerald has undergone in his long imprisonment, which is already greatly protracted beyond the term of his sentence, of his impaired health, and of other Circumstances, that I pardon the offence, & remit the fine,\nfees and costs aforesaid: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the Premises, and for other good causes me thereunto moving, have pardoned the offence, & remitted the fine, fees & costs aforesaid, and I do hereby pardon and remit the same, willing and requiring moreover that the said William Fitzgerald be forthwith discharged from his Imprisonment.\n In Testimony whereof I have hereunto set my Hand & caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington this 6th day of January, AD 1816, & of the Independence of the United States the fortieth.\n James MadisonBy the President,Jas Monroe,Secy. of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0138", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Edwards, 7 January 1816\nFrom: Edwards, John\nTo: Madison, James\n John Edwards humbly sheweth that he hath been convicted at the present Term of the Circuit Court for Washington County in the District of Columbia on two Indictments (as appears by a transcript thereof hereunto annexed) & hath been sentenced by the Court to receive the punishment there mentioned.\n Your petitioner prays that in consideration of his extreme youth, & it\u2019s being his first offence, that your Excellency will be graciously pleased to grant him a pardon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0140", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 8 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Commissions having issued during the recess of the Senate to the following persons I now nominate them to the offices respectively annexed to their names.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0141", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 8 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n I nominate, Thomas Torrence of the Mississippi Territory to be a Legislative Councillor of the same Territory in the place of Ferdinand L. Claiborne deceased.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0142", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 9 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Richard Been, of Pennsylvania, to be Collector for the 23d district of Pennsylvania in the place of P. Ferrally resigned.\n John S. Moffit, of Maryland, to be Collector for the 3d District of Maryland in the place of George W Thomas resigned.\n Thomas Binns Ellis, of Virginia, to be collector for the 15th District of Virginia in the place of John Stith, resigned.\n Isaac Johnson, of Virginia, principal assessor for the 26th District of Virginia in the place of Samuel Waples resigned.\n Quin Morton, of Tennessee, principal assessor for the 8th District of Tennessee in the place of John A. Wilson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0143", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Russell, 9 January 1816\nFrom: Russell, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\n I had the honour to address to you a letter on the 15th. of february last, to which I have not hitherto had the satisfaction of receiving a reply.\n I have this day requested the Secretary of State to obtain your consent to the suspension or termination of my mission to Sweden. Independent of the reasons stated to him, in favour of this procedure, and which, it is believed, have already, at my instance, been communicated to you, by Mr Gallatin and Mr Clay, and deemed sufficient, I have one of a peculiar character, improper perhaps to be committed to an official dispatch, but which, I persuade myself, will not, on that account, plead the less powerfully on my behalf. To your delicacy & sensibility I frankly address it.\n I have a matrimonial engagement which ought already to have been performed and the execution of which cannot be longer delayed consistently with my honour & my happiness.\n I will dare to remind you that, nearly five years since, while in the service of your administration, at Paris, I was bereaved of the partner of my youth and the mother of my Children, and to hope that to this service I am not to ascribe the protraction of the cheerless and comfortless condition to which I have thus been reduced.\n I am at a time of life when time is precious, and the morrow uncertain. My Children stand in need of maternal care and tenderness. I will not doubt therefore that I shall find in your feelings an advocate for my own.\n I should feel wretched if my request should cause you any inconvenience or regret. I should be driven to dispair if you should not accord it.\n I am sensibly alive to all the claims which your kindness and confidence have formed on my gratitude, and it will be the chief pride & pleasure of my life to acknowledge and, as far as may be in my power, to discharge them. Accept, I pray you, the assurance of the Most profound respect of Sir Your grateful & faithful servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0144", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Blandford, [ca. 9 January 1816]\nFrom: Blandford, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n The Petition of Joseph Blandford respectfully sheweth, that a Judgment was obtained against him by default on an indictment for an assault & Battery, & that he is now confined in the Jail of the County of Washington, on an execution for the fine & fees on said Judgment amounting to eighteen dollars & eighty eight cents. Your petitioner further states that he is poor & unable to pay the said fine & fees, & has moreover a wife & six children to support by his labor. He therefore prays that the said fines & fees may be remitted, that he may be discharged from Jail, & that he may be enabled to labor for the support of his family.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0145", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Joy, 9 January 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Joy, George\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From George Joy. 9 January 1816, New England Coffee House London. \u201cI have just heard of an opportunity of sending the enclosed Duplicates, by a fast sailing Vessel\nfrom Dover. Should both Copies arrive, one will be sufficient to transmit to Mr. Benjn: Joy.\u201d\n Adds in a postscript: \u201cThe 1sts. are in the Nabby: Care of Mr: Gelston.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0146", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 10 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Peter B. Porter, of New York to be commissioner on the part of the United States for carrying into effect the 4th Article of the Treaty of Peace and Amity, concluded on the 24th Decr: 1814, between the United States and His Brittannic Majesty.\n John Holmes, of Massachusetts to be commissioner on the part of the United States for carrying into effect the 6th Article of said Treaty.\n William Porter, of Massachusetts, to be consul at Palermo.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0148", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Melvill Jr., 10 January 1816\nFrom: Melvill, Thomas Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\n As a feeble testimony of admiration of your public character & private virtues, the Berkshire Agricultural society has instructed me, to transmit to You Excellency, a Diploma of Honorary Member thereof.\n I feel myself peculiarly happy in this occasion to renew an assurance of the high Consideration with which I have the honor to be Most Respectfully Your Excellencys Most Obdt st", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0149", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo Botta, 10 January 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo Botta. 10 January 1816, Paris. Would not dare to send a copy of his Camillus if JM had not already kindly received his Storia della guerra d\u2019America. This may give Botta courage to place before JM the theme of his poem, which is independence and civilization. And to whom could these matters be more acceptable, than to the president of the United States of America? Thus asks JM to accept his poem Camillus, [not found] mere remains brought back to light and annexed to this letter. Requests this favor because of JM\u2019s humanity in the past and his own infinite love for the prosperity of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0152", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Patterson, 11 January 1816\nFrom: Patterson, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the mortification to inform you, that this morning, about 2 o\u2019clock, a fire broke out in the Mill-house, a wooden building, belonging to the Mint, which is consumed, together with an adjoining building containing the rolling & drawing machines; & also the melting-house.\n The front part of the building, containing the coining presses, the office, & assayers department is uninjured.\n The manner in which this fire originated is perfectly unaccountable. No fire is ever kept in the part of the building where it was first discovered, nor had any of the workmen been there for some days.\n No loss of gold or silver will be sustained of any consequence, nor will the copper coinage be in the least impeded.\n I shall not fail to give you further necessary information on this unpleasant subject as soon as an examination can be made & the damages ascertained. I am Sir, with the greatest respect & esteem, Your most obed. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0153", "content": "Title: Pardon for Joseph Blandford, 11 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas it has been made to appear to me that a Judgment has been obtained against Joseph Blandford in the Circuit Court of the United States\nfor the County of Washington, in the District of Columbia, by default, in a suit instituted against the said Joseph Blandford in the said Court for a misdemeanor, in an assault and Battery, whereupon a pecuniary fine was imposed upon the said Blandford by the said Court, by reason whereof, from his inability to satisfy and discharge the same, with the costs of prosecution and fees of office, the said Joseph Blandford has for some time been, and now is, confined in Jail: And whereas it has been recommended to me by the said Court, that I pardon the offence, and remit the fine and costs incurred as aforesaid by the said Blandford, on account of the helpless condition of a numerous family, dependent upon him for support, and of other circumstances: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the Premises, and for other good causes me thereunto moving, have pardoned, and I do hereby pardon and remit the said offence, fine and costs, willing and requiring moreover that the said Joseph Blandford be forthwith discharged from his Imprisonment.\n In Testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my Hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington this 11th day of January A D 1816, and of the Independence of the United States the fortieth.\n James MadisonBy the PresidentJas. Monroe,Sec: of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0154", "content": "Title: Pardon for John Edwards, 11 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas it has been made to appear to me that Judgments have been obtained against John Edwards in the Circuit Court of the United States for the County of Washington in the District of Columbia in two prosecutions instituted against him for several misdemeanors, in stealing watches, whereupon the said Edwards, pleading guilty, was duly convicted of the said offence, by reason whereof he was sentenced to be publickly whipped with stripes, and to pay a fine in each case to the United States, or to stand committed \u2019till the same should be paid; and whereas it has been recommended to me by the said Court that I pardon the offence, and remit the\nfine aforesaid, on account of the tender age of the said Edwards, and of other circumstances, also stated by the said Court: Now therefore be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the Premises, and for other good causes me thereunto moving, have pardoned and remitted, and I do hereby pardon and remit the said offence, fine and costs, willing and requiring moreover that the said John Edwards be forthwith discharged from his Imprisonment.\n In Testimony whereof I have hereunto set my Hand; and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington this 11th day of January AD 1816, and of the Independence of the United States the fortieth.\n James Madison.By the President,Jas. Monroe,Secy. of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0155", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Coles, 12 January 1816\nFrom: Coles, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\n I have been shown the original, and permitted to take a copy, of a Power of Attorney, devised with a view of obtaining Soldiers bounty lands, in despite of the provisions of the law, which withhold from the soldier the power of disposing of his land until after he shall have received his warrant, which I take the liberty of enclosing to you, with the hope that you may thereby be enabled either to defeat its operation or check its further progress. I was told by the person from whom I received this Power of Attorney, that a company has been formed in the Western Country with a capital of 75,000 $, with the view of purchasing soldiers lands; to effect which they or their agents have attended all garrisons and other places where soldiers have been disbanded, and have availed themselves of the soldiers distresses, ignorance, or drunkenness, to filch from them their lands, which they have done to a considerable amount. The mode they have adopted is this. The soldier gives the ordinary and proper Power of Attorney to the speculator to obtain his land warrant &c from the Govt.; he then gives to him another Power of Attorney, in the form of the enclosed, which you perceive not only makes over and invests in him the right to the land, but is also an obligation on the soldier, in case he should revoke the Power of\nAttorney, to pay a stipulated sum, which is supposed to be the value of the land, and thus the speculator endeavours to secure either the land itself or its value, the more effectually to do which the poor foolish soldier is made to acknowledge the receipt of 320 $, when in fact he never receives more than 30 or 40 $, and sometimes a mere song for his 320 acres of land. The soldier also makes to the speculator a Deed in which he \u201cgrants bargains and sells all the rights title claim and interest which he has or will have or which he ever had or ever can or could have to the land\u201d &c &c &c. This discovery, as it is called, of the means of acquiring a right to Soldiers land is deemed of so much value that it is kept by the company a great secrete; but at St. Louis Mr. Easton (the Delegate in Congress) who is one of the Company, employed a Sergeant of the Army to induce soldiers to part with their lands, and promised as a reward to give him five dollars for each soldier, and to permit him to buy a certain number of rights for himself, on condition that he would pay twenty dollars for each form supplyed him, and give his obligation under the penalty of 1000 $ not to divulge it. This however the sergeant did, and it is in this way that I have become possessed of it.\n I have only time to add, before the mail closes, that I had a very tedious and disagreeable voyage down the river, and that I did not arrive here until the first of this month. I had however the pleasure of tarrying a week at Natchez and Washington, and stoping at Batton Rouge St. Francisville &c on my way down. With My most affectionate respects to Mrs. M. and my other friends with you I am most truly and sincerely yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0157", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Jones, 13 January 1816\nFrom: Jones, William\nTo: Madison, James\n The proofs I have had of your confidence and regard and the belief that the opinions which I have formed upon a deliberate view of the state of the national currency and its effects upon public and private property, will not be unacceptable to you in the present crisis of our affairs; I take the liberty of submitting to your inspection the copy of a letter which I had occasion to address to a friend in the Senate in answer to one from him on that subject. My letter was as you will perceive antecedent to the promulgation of the plan of the Bank submitted by the Secretary of the Treasury and of course can have no referrence to that plan.\n I am perfectly persuaded that the Secretary would not submit, nor Congress approve, any plan that does not under all circumstances promise to guard the national interests as effectually as the nature of the case will admit, and my confidence in the result, is fortified by reposing upon the executive deliberation after the subject shall have been enlightened by the discussions in both Houses. I have principally in view to invite your attention to the last proposition contained in the letter to my friend in the possible event of the failure of the plan for the establishment of a Bank, in which case some other expedient to enable the government to collect and distribute its monied resources in a currency which shall have equal value in general circulation appears to be imperatively demanded as well from commercial and social considerations as from fiscal necessity. With great respect & sincere regard I am Dear Sir your Obdt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0159", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 15 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Joseph Bartholemew, of Indiana Territory, to be Major General in the Militia of the same Territory.\n James Dill, of Indiana Territory to be a Brigadier General of Militia of the said Territory.\n Walter Wilson, of Indiana Territory, to be a Brigadier General of Militia in the same Territory.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0160", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 15 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n An Error having taken place in the nominations, confirmed by the Senate, of commissioners on the part of the United States for carrying into effect certain Articles of the Treaty, concluded with Great Britain, on the twenty fourth day of December one thousand eight hundred and fourteen, I now nominate,\n Peter B. Porter, of Newyork, to be Commissioner on the part of the United States for carrying into effect the Sixth and Seventh Articles of the Treaty of peace and amity between the United States and Great Britain.\n John Holmes, of Massachusetts to be Commissioner on the part of the United States for carrying into effect the fourth Article of Said Treaty.\n I withdraw the nomination of Thomas D. Anderson, of Pennsylvania, to be consul for the regency of Algiers and I nominate him, to be consul for the regency of Tunis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0161", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Darlington, 15 January 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Darlington, William\n \u00a7 To William Darlington. 15 January 1816. JM invites Darlington to dine with him the following Saturday, at 4 p.m.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0162", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Patterson, 15 January 1816\nFrom: Patterson, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\n On the morning of the 11th. I had the painful task of acquainting you, with the destruction of a part of the mint, by fire. At that hour, its origin was totally unknown & unsuspected by any of the officers or workmen belonging to the establishment. But on examination, we have now very little doubt, that it must have originated from a barrel, in a neighbouring yard, partly filled with wood-ashes, taken occasionally from the hearths of an adjoining dwelling-house, & which had been set in actual contact with the weather-boarding of our mill house a wooden building, where the fire was first discovered. Several destructive fires in this city, & elsewhere, particularly that by which the Lutheran Church in fourth street was some years ago consumed, have been ascertained to proceed from a similar cause.\n There are not at present, nor are there likely to be, for some time any deposits of bullion in the mint of any consequence: the public therefore will not probably experience any inconvenience from the above disaster until the damages can be repaired; & I am happy to be able to assure you, that this can be done, & that on a much improved plan, without any special appropriation for the purpose, merely from the balances of former appropriations, not yet carried to the surplus fund. But Sir, I will not presume to undertake these repairs without your approbation. I have the honour to be, Sir, with the greatest respect & esteem, your most obed. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0163", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hugh F. Rose, 15 January 1816\nFrom: Rose, Hugh F.\nTo: Madison, James\n From the knowledge I have of your philanthropic disposition, and, the acquaintance I know you have with my family, most particularly my late fath\u27e8er\u27e9 Colonel Hugh Rose of Amherst virginia I have presumed to\naddress you instead of the Secrey War. A few days Since I received orders that carried me from one island to another in this harbor. Not having gotten these in full I supposed from what I saw that they were intended to harrass. I consequently tendered my resignati\u27e8on\u27e9 but have this day been made to understand that this order alluded to was given in Consequence of the informality of Lt. Col. Wm. Lindsay.\n I wish to continue in Service & believe that every officer under whom I have Served will at least say, that I am assiduo\u27e8us\u27e9 humane &c.\n Genl. Gaines, I presume will have received my letter of resignation before this will reach Washington. With Sentiments of High esteem Yr. Mo. obt. Srvt\n Hugh F. RoseHospl. Surgns. mateU,S, Army", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0165", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Ignacio \u00c1lvarez Thomas, 16 January 1816\nFrom: \u00c1lvarez Thomas, Ignacio\nTo: Madison, James\n The circumstances are well known which have heretofore prevented these Provinces from establishing with the United States of America the relations of amity & strict correspondence which reciprocal Interest and common glory ought to have inspired. At length the obstacles have been overcome which were opposed to our desires and we have the fortune to be able to send near your Exy. a Deputy to implore from YE. the protection & the assistance we require for the defense of a just Cause and sacred in it[s] principles and which is moreover ennobled by the Heroic example of the UStates, over whom YE. has the glory to preside.\n A series of extraordinary events and unexpected changes which have taken place in our antient mother Country have constrained us not to make\na formal Declaration of National Independence nevertheless our Conduct and our Public Papers have sufficiently expressed our Resolution. When this present letter reaches YE the general Congress of our Representatives will have met and I can assure you without fear of being mistaken that one of its first acts will be a solemn declaration of the Independence of these Provinces of the Spanish monarchy and of all other foreign Sovereigns or Powers.\n In the mean time our Deputy near YE will not be invested with a Public Character nor will he be disposed to exceed the object of his mission without an understanding with YE and your ministers. That these views may be exactly fulfilled I have selected a gentleman who from his personal qualities will not excite a suspicion that he is sent by this Govt invested with so serious and important a Commission, he is Colo Martin Thompson who independently of this Credential has the title which we are accustomed to give to our Deputies. I hope that YE will be pleased to give him full Credit & secure for him all the consideration which in a like case we would give & secure to the Ministers which YE may think proper to send to these Provinces.\n The said Deputy has it specially in charge to offer to YE in my name & in that of the Provinces under my direction the profound respect and particular estimation with which we view the very Illustrious Chief of a Republic so powerful. May YE deign to receive these expressions and to give us an occasion to accredit them. God preserve your Life many years.\n SigndYono AlvarezGregorio Tagle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0166", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 17 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n I nominate, John M. Forbes of Newyork, to be Consul General for Denmark, his consulate to embrace also Meacklenburg and Schwerin, and the Prussian Ports of Stettin and Stralsund.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0167", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Erick Bollmann, 17 January 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Bollmann, Erick\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Erick Bollmann. 17 January 1816, Philadelphia. \u201cI have the Honor of transmitting to your Excellency a Copy of a Pamphlet on the money-concerns of the Union. I should be highly gratified if the Contents were to meet your approbation.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0168", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Congress, 18 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Congress\n The accompanying extract from the occurrences at Fort Jackson, in August 1814 during the negociation of a Treaty with the Indians, shews that the friendly Creeks wishing to give to General Jackson, Benjamin Hawkins and others a national mark of their gratitude and regard, conveyed to them respectively a donation of land, with a request that the grant might be duly confirmed by the Government of the United States.\n Taking into consideration, the peculiar circumstances of the case, the expediency of indulging the Indians in wishes which they associated with the Treaty signed by them, and that the case involves an inviting opportunity for bestowing on an officer who has rendered such illustrious services to his Country, a token of its sensibility to them, the inducement to which cannot be diminished by the delicacy and disinterestedness of his proposal to transfer the benefit from himself: I recommend to Congress that provision be made for carrying into effect the wishes and request of the Indians as expresse\u27e8d\u27e9 by them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0169", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, 18 January 1816\nFrom: Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n Eleutherian mill near Wilmington Delaware.\n J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019envoyer \u00e0 Votre Excellence un petit M\u00e9moire Sur la Question qui occupe actuellement le Congr\u00e8s relativement aux Manufactures.\n Je t\u00e2cherai d\u2019engager Mr. Patterson, ou Mr. Guillemer, ou Mr Duane \u00e0 le traduire en Anglais. Dans l\u2019un des deux premiers cas, je le ferais imprimer. Dans l\u2019autre, il Serait naturellement plac\u00e9 au Journal du Traducteur.\n Je fais tr\u00e8s peu de progr\u00e8s dans la langue anglaise, parceque mettant plus d\u2019importance aux choses qui me paraissent devoir \u00eatre dites qu\u2019\u00e0 la maniere de les exprimer, je me laisse entrainer \u00e0 \u00e9crire dans la langue qui m\u2019est familiere les id\u00e9es que je crois bonnes \u00e0 r\u00e9pandre. Votre Excellence rend justice, Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, \u00e0 mon respectueux, profond et reconnoissant attachement pour votre Personne, \u00e0 mon Z\u00eale ardent pour votre Patrie.\n Permettez moi de pr\u00e9senter mes respects \u00e0 Madame.\n CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n Has the honor to send JM a little memoir on the question that currently occupies Congress relative to manufactures. Will try to engage Mr. Patterson, Mr. Gilmer, or Mr. Duane to translate it into English. In the first two cases, Du Pont de Nemours would have it printed; in the other, it would naturally be placed in the translator\u2019s newspaper. Du Pont de Nemours makes very little progress in the English language, because, placing more importance on what seems to him necessary to say than on the manner of expressing it, he gets carried away, writing in the language familiar to him the ideas he wishes to promulgate. In a postscript, presents his respects to Dolley Madison.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0170", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Heath, 18 January 1816\nFrom: Heath, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n Jeferson County Mississippi Teretory\n Having this day Read your Proclamation respecting the People setld on Publick Land, it is said their that they are uninformed or eavil disposed people may it pleas your Excelencey this is a rong representation but they are generally poor people and at this time a very distrssed set of people as ever I saw of whome your presant oretor make one of the number the staple Comodity of our Country is Cotton and nothing else for exportation our sheep dose not do well hear all our wooling Cloathing Comes from abroad we have no Iron mines hear no salt springs no aples nor cyder no ardent spirits distiled none of these but we are obliged to have some of. In 1808 our Government laid on an imbargo our Cotton fell half in its price it was then not worth making after that the unintercorse law took place which made it lower yet next the war all this we Bore with pride and submition 300 men was then raised under general Clabourn Cheefly volenteers mostly of these represented evil Carectors stated in your\nExellencys Proclamation a prety large party of them was Slain at fort mims in that horid massacree (your oritors only son fell a victum to savage Cruelty there) which put our Country generally (espesially the poorer Class of the people) in a state of Deep mourning. But ther was still a word of Comfort saing they dyed in a good Cose. Besides all these troubles and aflictions four years has our Cotton roted even so that we did not mak half Crops when the proclamation of peace Came out evvir tongu was rejoyceing expecting bettr times this year our Cotton roted again so that we got about a 4th of a Crop, and the people generally mu[c]h in Debt the price of our market Comodity raised tis true but we had but little of it the Land ofice was opened and all the publick Land offered for sail the Entering of Land took place the rich and moneyed men have had pick and Choice a numbre of the Best improvements have bin entered from under the setler and the poor setler turned out of doors last of all your Excelencys proclamation Comes out which seams to hurt the fealing of the people wors then all the Jeneral Cry among the poor fugutives is where shall we go or whether shall we fly shall we leave this land of liberty and tak protection in the Dominians of his Catholick Majasty and forsake our religion and bow our heads to the roman preasts or shall we fly to our ould masters the British and kneel and think it an honour to kiss the hand of a Lord Lieutennant. O God of Heaven what shall we do leave a gain the Country we Cant and to live in it our Government will not let us Because we are not able to pay for its Land.\n I hope your Exelency will pardon the bouldness of your oritor he is an ould man that helped rais the first Liberty pole in wilksbary Luzern Pensylvania in July 1776 and have bin Eye to the suferings of the back woods People for 40 years. Hear lyes a tract of land 500 miles square almose uninhabited the Lusana bound unknown. Clark and luises travels up the Masura up to its sorce then dow the river of the west to the sea shore all an uncultaveted Region of land. So rich are we in Land that it is almost unnumarable and yet must our poor inhabitance leave there nativity because they Cannot pay for land. Have we not a law that if a man Can not purchase a gun the Government find him one so that he might be inabled to defend there Government. Why not when we are so rich in Land that a poor man with a family not able to pay for Land have a small piece to raise his family on so that in time he might propogate his nation as well as defend it.\n I Beg your Excelency to Bear these Broken hints in mind and while occupiing the presedensial Chare be a stay and staff to the poor of our Nation A Father to the Fatherless and the Widows Guide and so will he be Crownd with honour and with Glory and no doubt be adored yet by thousands or perhaps Millions that is yet unborn. This from your Exelencys humble Servent and a welwisher to his Country.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0172", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Brown, 18 January 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Brown, James\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From James Brown. 18 January 1816. \u201cMr Brown\u201d accepts JM\u2019s \u201cpolite invitation for Saturday next.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0174", "content": "Title: Benjamin Stephenson to James Monroe, 19 January 1816\nFrom: Stephenson, Benjamin\nTo: Monroe, James\n I feel myself impelled by a sence of duty towards a number of Citizens of the Illinois Territory to remonstrate against the execution of the late proclamation issued by the President to remove setlers upon the public lands after the day in March next\u2014should this order be inforced it \u27e8wi\u27e9ll in the above Territory be distressing to many Citizens and not beneficial to the interest of the government, my object in addressing you, is, to solicit that a time may be set for the removal of the above setlers one or two months, after, they shall have an oppertunity of purchasing the land on which they have setled and made improvements. I have the honor to be sir verry respectfully yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0176", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Harry Toulmin, 20 January 1816\nFrom: Toulmin, Harry\nTo: Madison, James\n I almost blush at my own presumption when I take the liberty of addressing you upon the present occasion. There is not a man in America, who has more uniformly than myself felt a confidence in the principles and wisdom of the national executive: and if a knowledge of local circumstances, induce me to become a humble petitioner in behalf of thousands around me; I trust it will be ascribed to the warmth of benevolent feelings, and not to the smallest disposition to call into question, the justice & rectitude of the measures of government. It was not till saturday last that your proclamation of Decr. 12th. reached this part of the country. There had been rumours two or three weeks before that orders had been issued for removing the settlers on the Alabama: but they seemed to be generally discredited. On the first report, I addressed a letter on the subject to Genl. Jackson, and to one or two other gentlemen at Washington city: having on my mind the impression that the measure of removing settlers, was merely a matter in agitation, and not a thing fully decided upon by the government. It is possible therefore (tho I do not particularly recollect) that I may have spoken with more confidence in my own opinion, than my respect for the chief magistrate would permit me to do, concerning a measure actually adopted.\n I now venture, with much diffidence and humility to address you personally: but not by any means to complain of the principle or purport of the proclamation, but merely to intercede with you for such a relaxation of its terms, as my knowledge of the situation of the parties to be affected by it, convinces me would be an act of humanity to the individuals, and of benefit to the public. The exposition, indeed, given in the National Intelligencer, of Decr. 16th. of the grounds of the president\u2019s proclamation, gives such a\nstatement of facts as cannot fail to justify the general measure. I trust however that the mis-conduct imputed to intruders, has not of late in any great degree, been exhibited by settlers in this part of the Mississippi Territory: & I should be extremely sorry that blameless men, should become sufferers, through the imprudence or wickedness of those whose conduct is so highly reprehensible.\n As to myself, I have not the smallest interest in the case. I never encouraged settlements on public lands, and long since chose to forego the opportunity of settling in that part of this country which I preferred, rather than afford an example of intruding upon the national property.\n The practice, however, became general: and so much was it connived at, or rather encouraged, that although the principles of legislative representation in this territory, were in other respects, by no means liberal, yet a distinct representation in the territorial legislature, was given by law to counties, in which not a single man resided who was not an intruder.\n This circumstance would surely have a strong influence on public opinion: and it cannot be wondered at that an idea should have prevailed that this act of congress was intended to operate simply against settlers under the Yazou speculation. The fact is that men received political rewards for settling on the public lands. As few, perhaps, as half a dozen men who happened to be freeholders else where, became entitled to elect a member to the general assembly, in consequence of their removing to the lands of the United States, and thus acquired possibly one hundred times the political consequence and power, which belonged to them whilst they remained on the lands they actually owned. Is it possible that under such circumstances, the mass of settlers should regard themselves as guilty of a crime?\n When the treaty was concluded with the Creek Indians an idea generally prevailed, that General Jackson had recommended and encouraged the immediate settlement of the ceded territory. The national benefits which in some points of view, would flow from such a step, gave an air of probability to the report, that such encouragement had been given. What the fact was; I do not know for I never thought of mentioning it to the General: but I do know that the President himself, has, by some among the settlers, been understood as expressing in his late Message to Congress, high satisfaction in the rapid settlement of the Alabama country!\n The friends who mentioned this to me, mentioned it as a decisive proof that the report of orders having been issued for the removal of settlers, was utterly false.\n I was surprised at the intelligence, and somewhat humbled to think of the carelessness with which I must have read the President\u2019s Message. I came home & examined it: and accordingly found that the President had mentioned amongst the strongest features of the flourishing condition of our country, \u201ca population rapidly increasing on a territory as productive as\nit is extensive.\u201d My friends had proceeded up the river: and it is well they had! for it would have been a very unthankful task of mine, to attempt to persuade them that the territory alluded to was not the Mississipi Territory, nor even that portion of it which had lately been ceded by the Creek Indians!\n There are two main settlements in the Country acquired by Genl. Jackson\u2019s treaty. One of them is on the Cauhauba, between the Alabama & Tombigby.\n It is altogether an insulated settlement. It is said that several hundred families are established there. I do not know that any of the settlers have penetrated to our old settlements on the Tombigby. The emigrants have come principally I believe from Tennessee, and have during the last year derived their support from that quarter, traversing a wilderness, as I suppose of from 200 to 250 miles, with every bushel of corn: but I cannot pretend to precision. The other main new settlement is on the Alabama itself, and its smaller waters.\n This is more immediately connected with our older settlements. The emigrants are principally, I believe from Georgia & S. Carolina, and from this part of the Missi. Territory. The two former have traversed a wilderness of about 270 miles to get to the place.\n The last have not been obliged to encounter the same inconveniences: but few of them, I believe, own land, even here. I have never been able to obtain any accurate information, as to the amount of the population in the Alabama settlement. I am told however that all the good land is occupied. There are also small settlements, it is said, in different places between the Alabama and Chattahouchie.\n The point to which I am desirous to solicit with all respect and diffidence, the attention of the Executive, is the impossibility which it will be to carry into effect so early as march next, the order for removal, without absolute ruin to a large proportion of the unfortunate settlers. When we take into view the distance which they travelled to get to the country, in addition to the losses and inconveniences which always attend breaking up an old establishment; it must be evident that their means of travelling must, in a large proportion of cases, be entirely exhausted. They were obliged to travel with their families, furniture & provision, before they reached their place of destination, over the same ground, on which it cost the United States, a year ago, from 30 to 40 dolls: to transport a barrel of flour. They have cleared lands: they have procured stock: they have built houses: and many of them have raised crops for their present year\u2019s subsistence. Under such circumstances, to return back to Georgia or Tennessee would be impracticable to some, ruinous to others, & distressing to all. In distant parts of the United States it will, no doubt, be thought, that in the immense country which is now ready for sale, between the Tombigby and Pearl river,\nthere can be no difficulty for all the settlers to be accommodated, who have seated themselves, without authority, on the public lands.\n Multitudes, however, have not money at the present moment to pay the first instalment: but if they had; I doubt whether they would find land enough to suit their habits, their constitutions, & their reasonable expectations. After emigrating so far in search of a better country; they will hardly be contented with poor pine woods: and there is really nothing else between the Tombigby and Pearl river, excepting the river swamps, and some sma\u27e8ll\u27e9 tracts of country, now pretty generally occupied, nea[r] the Choctaw boundary. So poor is the country that I often travel, in going my circuit, a distance of 50 or 60 miles without seeing a house. As to the swam\u27e8p\u27e9 lands; white men cannot safely reside in them.\n I doubt whether those from Tennessee could safely cultivate them: but if they could; their habits would extremely revolt at the plan of living in the pine wood\u27e8s\u27e9 and cultivating a field two miles off, in a swamp.\n I am at a loss therefore to conceive what is t\u27e8o\u27e9 be their fate for the ensuing year. It will be some time before the people on the Alabama will generally be aware of the contents of the proclamation.\n Those on the Cauhawba may not hear of it for a month to come. Corn in this country ough\u27e8t\u27e9 to be planted in the month of March. They ar\u27e8e\u27e9 now clearing lands. If they are removed; they will be obliged to clear again in other places, at the very moment they ought to be planting. The season will be lost: and their families must suff\u27e8er\u27e9.\n I would, therefore, beg leave humbly to suggest, whether humanity does not recommend some indulgence: and whether much evil might not be prevented, and every valuable purpose accomplished, by suspending the order for removal from the 10th. of March to the last of November?\n Should the lands be sold in the intermediate time; it would still be extremely desirable, that the occupants should be permitted to gather their crops.\n Such an indulgence would, I conceive, be an act not only of humanity, but of policy. The next winter would then find provisions abundant in this country: and the purchasers of public lands would feel a confidence in making settlements, from a knowledge of this circumstance. They would even bid more freely at the public sales.\n They would not be detered by the stigma of buying peoples\u2019 crops over their heads.\n Should fears still be entertained of the effect of combinations among settlers at the public sales, I cannot but think the remedy to be both easy and effectual, by directing the sales to be held not at St. Stephens, but at Knoxville, or Augusta, or Char[l]eston, or even Washington City. If threats be made at the sales by combinations of settlers it is not the fear of bodily\nharm which operates on men\u2019s minds, so much, I think, as the fear of public opinion. Where this did not exist against them; it would not be thought of.\n As to prosecutions for offences with regard to public lands, I doubt whether they can be of any avail, till the Congress shall organize a court whose juridiction, and power of summoning juries shall be co-extensive with the district east of Pearl river. The jurisdiction of our superior courts is governed by county limits: and how can a jury be found in Monroe county to convict a man of intrusion, where every man is an intruder.\n In truth the duties of the single judge allotted to the largest part of the Mississippi Territory, are so comprehensive, and I think I may say so burthensome, as well as so perplexing in consequence of the intermingling of federal & territorial powers in a country where there are perhaps as many suits in which the U. States are parties as in some of the federal judiciary districts; that I despair of seeing business dispatched with ease, till courts shall be established correspondent with the growing extent of the country, & increase of the population.\n I am afraid I have said too much. But when writing about countries & situations so distant from the seat of government & so detatched, it is not easy to distinguish what is important from what is superfluous. I therefore pray your indulgence.\n I prefered a personal address, presuming as it might seem, to any public petition. I believed it would do the same good, and not create that popular excitement, which petitions often generate.\n Happy should I be would you authorize me to quiet the minds of the settlers, and to give them some assurance, that they will not be disturbed, whilst making & securing the crops they are now about to plant, under such conditions as you may be pleased to annex to the permission to remain. I have the honour to be dear Sir with the highest respect & consideratn your most faithful & obedt. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0177", "content": "Title: Account of a Meeting with Isaac Briggs, [21 January 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n \u201cFifth day the 21\u2014I called on the President, found him polite, affable, & friendly, as usual. While he was in conversation with me, a servant announced the minister Plenipotentiary of the United States to Spain\u2014he bid the servant request the minister to wait in another room\u2014when our conversation was finished and I rose to take leave, he invited me to return and take pot-luck with him at 3 o\u2019clock\u2014I returned accordingly and partook of an excellent family dinner\u2014myself the only stranger present\u2014Dolly attempted to open a bottle of Champagne wine, the cork flew to the most distant corner of the room with an explosion as loud as\u2014the sound of a pop-gun\u2014she looked scared, and the wine seemed to be in haste to follow the cork\u2014she however dexterously filled 3 large glasses, one for me, one for her sister Lucy Washington, and one for herself\u2014she handed the bottle to her husband, but he would not take more than half a glass; I remarked, after tasting it, that it was a very treacherous wine\u2014yes, said the President addressing himself to Lucy, if you drink much of it, it will make you hop like the cork\u2014Dolly and Lucy, however, each took two glasses, but they soon afterwards left the table and retired\u2014one glass and a half was as much as my head could bear without feeling uncomfortable.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0178", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 22 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n I nominate John Taylor, of Mississippi Territory, to be a member of the Legislative Council of the same Territory, in the place of Thomas Barnes, resigned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0180", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Charles Jared Ingersoll, 22 January 1816\nFrom: Ingersoll, Charles Jared\nTo: Madison, James\n I have received to day, by the way of England, the enclosed papers from Canton in China, which I lay before your Excellency in compliance with the request to that effect\u2014Subscribing myself your faithful and obedient servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0181", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Lee, 23 January 1816\nFrom: Lee, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Mr Espie, the President of the College at St Foy in this department, has sent me the packet accompanying this, to be forwarded to you. He has the reputation of a man of great science, and litterature, and being a great admirer of our institutions, he intends I am told dedicating one of his works to you. If you should think proper to reply to his letter, I will take care that it reaches him. With great respect and attachment I have the honor to be your very humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0183", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David Parish, 24 January 1816\nFrom: Parish, David\nTo: Madison, James\n The warm interest you have never ceased to take in the affairs of our worthy friend Lafayette, induces me to transmit to you an Extract from a Letter I lately received from him, & to take the liberty of enquiring whether the location of the Land you wished to Secure to him near New-orleans, & about which there was some difficulty, when last I had the honor of conversing with You on the Subject, has been since then effected.\n I propose writing to the General shortly & should be happy to be enabled to give him some satisfactory information in relation to this business. I am with high Regard Sir Your faithful & obed Serv", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0184", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Louis XVIII, 24 January 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Louis XVIII\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Louis XVIII. 24 January 1816, Paris. Letter of credence for \u201cSieur Hyde de Neuville\u201d as French minister to the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0187", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Lafayette, 25 January 1816\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Madison, James\n The Correspondance of Mr Jackson Has over My Letters, in our Quick Sand of politicks, the advantage of Being writen from the Center and On the Spur of the Occasion. The Sad Situation of this Country, the Views of its Legislators, the Sentiments of its Government, and the main object of foreign powers are obvious. On one Side Coblentz and pilnitz on our part the principles of 1789. Such is the Case not only for france But for Europe. In the mean while Some Courts may Run Headlong into the perils of open Counter-Revolution, others dissemble their fears and Amuse the public with Granted Constitutions, they may all, including the tuileries, Unite Against french freedom and national Power, Yet Each of them Seek for french intriguers Against their Associates, in Case they Quarell, and against their own Work, in Case it Cann[o]t be Supported; There Remains a Vivid Sap, originally American Grass, that Shall Sprout and Spread over their Contemptible diplomacy, and Every Where Attest and Secure the Rights of Mankind.\n Among the Numerous Emigrants to the U.S. Several from Actual proscription others from an Anticipation of it, or Because, while they dislike the present order, their Hopes if not their Strength are Exhausted, I Receive daily Applications for Encouragement to be placed in the Army or Navy. My Answer Has Ever Been Conformant to What I know of the state and Rules of Both in the American Service. In two Cases However I Have taken the Liberty to write. An Engineer of a transcendant Merit General Bernard, Late aid de Camp to Napoleon, and a navy oficer, Charles du perron, who altho\u2019 He might Be Employ\u2019d, is determined never to Mount a french Ship But Under the tricolor flag, and Has no view to promotion wishing only to be admitted for Sometime in the American Navy Ranking\nthe last among those of His present Rank in france, it Came into My Head, as He is of a piemontese Family and Acquainted with the italian States, that if a negociation Respecting Some ships at Venice was to take place, He might Be there Usefully Employ\u2019d. Inclosed is the Copy of a Letter writen by the imperial minister of marine. I Have Been Bolder in Encouraging the talents in other Lines, Such as that of the ponts et chauss\u00e9es which may at any time Be Usefully Employ\u2019d.\n I Cannot Conceive How Napoleon, to whom Every facility Had Been given to go over to America, Had the folly to Surrender Himself to the British. His Brother Joseph Has Been wiser. I ever found Him Very friendly to the U.S. and personally friendly to me. He Honestly Endeavour\u2019d to dissuade the Emperor from the line of politicks He Had adopted with Respect to American trade, and So did His Brother in law the Actual prince of Sweden.\n While the two Royalist parties are debating Upon the graduations of Arbitrariness and proscriptions, Some friends of mine in Each House, d\u2019argenson and Broglie, lanjuinais, tracy &c. are Voting Against Both Sections. Permit me to include the late opinion of Young Broglie who Seats as a duke in the House of peers. I was much pleased with it and told him, on a Visit He Has Just paid at La Grange, that I would Compliment that maiden opinion with Sending it to You. Mr. Crawford Has Seen this Young man at mde de sta\u00ebl\u2019s whose daughter He is going to marry.\n I Have Not Received any information Respecting the location of the tract near New orleans. Sir John Coghill Has Received an answer, and I Have got a letter Both of which Suppose Anterior intelligences which did not Reach me. M. du plantier does no More write. As we Are in Hopes of the Arrival of Mr. Gallatin I Suppose He may tell me Something more positive. In the mean while I know from Experience that No measure that may Be taken with propriety Can Escape your friendly Concern in my Behalf, and other measures I would as much as any man Heartily deprecate. Adieu, my dear Sir, Be pleased to Remember me to all friends about You, and Receive the Expression of my Grateful and most Affectionate Respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0188", "content": "Title: Resolutions in the Maryland House of Delegates, 25 January 1816\nFrom: \nTo: \n Mr. Lloyd, in the house of delegates, on the 25th of January, moved the following resolutions, which were of course negatived, as a majority of that body were federalists. All the republican members voted for them.\n \u201cResolved, by the General Assembly of Maryland, That the firmness, energy and wisdom, which characterized the political conduct of James Madison, President of the United States, in the progress of the late war, were equalled only by that foresight which has been evinced in its honorable termination, and by his uniform attachment to the best interests of the people.\n \u201cResolved, That his prompt acceptance of a treaty alike honorable and advantageous to his country, incontrovertibly shews the pure and honorable motives by which he has been actuated.\n \u201cResolved, That the blood which has been shed, and the treasure which has been expended in our late war, have placed our country on a proud eminence to be seen and to be admired by the world; and it has been pourtrayed in colurs not to be effaced, while memory holds her seat, that our citizens are the bold and able avengers of their country\u2019s wrongs, the proud and honorable defenders of their country\u2019s rights.\n \u201cResolved, That the best interests of our country will be preserved and advanced by a continuance in office of those who have so ably discharged the high trust reposed in them.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0190", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 26 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Commissions having issued during the recess of the Senate to the following persons, I now nominate them to the Offices respectively annexed to their names. \u2026", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0191", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 26 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Josiah Simpson, of the Mississippi territory, to be one of judges of the same territory.\n Herman Visger, of New York, to be consul at Bristol in Great Britain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0192", "content": "Title: Remission for George French, Charles French, and Richard Montgomery Boyer, 26 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas it has been represented to me that George and Charles French and Richard Montgomery Boyer, all of George Town, in the District of Columbia, have been severally fined by a Court of Enquiry of the Militia of the said District for non-attendance in the Companies to which they respectively belonged, at and before the late attack of a British force on the City of Washington: and whereas it has been made satisfactorily to appear to me that the said George French, Charles French and Richard Montgomery Boyer were at that time all engaged in active and meritorious service against the common Enemy in another and a separate Corps, with the special permission of the Government: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the premises, and for other good causes me thereunto moving, have remitted, and I do hereby remit the fines aforesaid, and every part thereof.\n In Testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to these Presents, and have signed the same with my Hand. Done at the City of Washington the 26th day of January AD 1816, & of the Independence of the United States the fortieth.\n James Madison,By the President,Jas. Monroe,Secy. of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0193", "content": "Title: Remission for Thomas Walker, 26 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas it has been represented to me that Thomas Walker, of the City of New york, was, some time ago, charged with a violation of the Revenue laws of the United States, in selling spirituous liquors in said City without a license for so doing, and that he has been judicially convicted of the offence with which he was so charged, and that thereupon he was sentenced to pay a pecuniary fine to the United States, and to be confined in prison until he should satisfy the same; and whereas it has been made to appear to me that the said Thomas Walker has already undergone a rigorous confinement in prison by reason of his inability to pay the said fine, and that a still longer confinement, whilst it would be entirely unavailing, might involve the United States in much additional expense: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the Premises, and for other good causes me thereunto moving, have remitted, and I do hereby remit the fine aforesaid, and every part thereof, willing and requiring that the said Thomas Walker be forthwith discharged from his Imprisonment.\n In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to these Presents, and have signed the same with my Hand. Done at the City of Washington the 26th day of January A D 1816, & of the Independence of the United States the fortieth.\n James Madison.By the President,Jas Monroe,Secy. of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0194", "content": "Title: Resolution in the Maryland Senate, 29 January 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Nathaniel Williams, Esq. in the Senate of Maryland, moved the following resolution, which was read and unanimously assented to:\n Resolved by the Senate of Maryland,\n That the wisdom, valor and patriotism, so signally manifested, during the late arduous war with Great Britain, by JAMES MADISON, President of the\nUnited States, and by those statesmen and heroes who acted with him in the council, in the field, and on the ocean, entitle them to the gratitude and admiration of their country; and will reflect lasting fame and renown on the annals of American history; and that the negotiation and acceptance of an equal and honorable peace with a haughty and powerful adversary, are the natural fruits of gallantry and courage, conducted by firmness and intelligence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0195", "content": "Title: To James Madison from [Aaron?] Ogden, 29 January 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: \nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Mr. [Aaron?] Ogden. 29 January 1816. \u201cRegrets his intended departure for New York, will deprive him of the Honor of Dining with Mr. Madison on Thursday next.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0196", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John L. Glaser, 30 January 1816\nFrom: Glaser, John L.\nTo: Madison, James\n To his Excellency James Madison, President of the United States of America, the Memorial of the Subscriber, John L Glaser, a citizen of the said United States, respectfully represents:\n That your Memorialist is a native of the city of Hamburg, and having been brought up to mercantile business, he emigrated from thence to the United States upward of ten years since, that he has during that time been engaged in business as a Merchant, chiefly in the city of Philadelphia, and during the last War in erecting and carrying on a Manufactory in Beaver County in the state of Pennsylvania, and has been naturalized as a citizen of the United States nearly four years, as appears by his certificate of naturalization annexed to this memorial; that he is married in the said United States to a daughter of the late Governor Howell of New Jersey; and that having formed a partnership in the mercantile business in this city, he intends shortly to depart for Hamburg to reside there a few years, for the promotion of his commercial interest, and after that time to return to, and, for the remainder of his life, to settle permanently in the United States: and having understood that the office of Consul of the United States to the said city of Hamburg is at present vacant, he respectfully solicits the President to nominate him to the honorable Senate of the United States for that station.\n Having very respectable connections in Hamburg; having been brought\nup to mercantile business, and being fully acquainted with the language, and with the customs & trade of that city, he trusts that he would be enabled in the capacity of Consul of the United States to be useful to his adopted country, and should he obtain the office, will discharge the duties of it with faithfulness, and to the best of his abilities.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0198", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Simmons, 30 January 1816\nFrom: Simmons, William\nTo: Madison, James\n The Secy of war informs me that the Interrogations & answers relative to the extortion practised upon the Cadets at West Point in the prices of the articles furnished to them, and the degrading manner in which they are treated for trifling offences have been referred to you,\n The case of my son who is one of the Cadets & who has been pricked with bayonets and other ways inflicted with degrading punishment is not yet before you, the papers and proof I have now in my possession, as well as other documents and papers relative to the conduct of Capt A. Parterage one of the Professors, I could wish to have a personal interview with you, and to offer to you such proof & papers as I have in my possession which would seem to call for a reform in the institution at West Point. I will do myself the pleasure to wait upon you at any hour you may please to Signify\u2014and am with great respect your Obt. Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0199", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Worthington, 30 January 1816\nFrom: Worthington, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n Executive office of Ohio Chillicothe\n In complying with the request of the General Assembly of Ohio, I have the ho\u27e8nor\u27e9 to transmit to you, a copy of resolutions passed by that body. Very respectfully", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0200", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Delaplaine, 31 January 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n Although I caused a Copy of your portrait to be taken for the purpose of having an engraving taken from it, yet, as it has not been executed, and as Mr. Wood our distinguished portrait painter goes to Washington to paint your portrait for me, I think it will serve my work better to have one of you at this age & from the life too, than a mere copy & from a picture painted many years ago.\n Have the goodness to sit to Mr. Wood, who will have the pleasure of presenting you this.\n Do me the favour of giving me a sketch of your life. It will take you but a few minutes\u2014Birth\u2014parentage\u2014Education\u2014Offices\u2014Profession\u2014&c &c & other things. Presidents Jefferson Adams, mr Jay &c all furnish theirs without scruple, as politics & panegyric will form no part of my work. Your obed. humle. st.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0202", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Officers of the Eighth Military District, [ca. 31 January 1816]\nFrom: \nTo: Madison, James\n The Memorial of the Officers of the Army of the U. States in the 8th Military Department Stationed at New Orleans.\n That on the reduction of the army on the conclusion of the late War, a General order was issued from the Adjt & Inspector Generals office dated the 17th Day of May 1815 for the arrangement of the army to be retained on the peace establishment which your memorialists considered as the basis of the contract between the Goverment and the officers who were retained in service. That by the 2d. clause of that order it was declared that the \u201csupernumary officers might be called on to fill vacancies should any of the officers [\u2026] their as-[\u2026] the case provided for of vacancies occasioned by the refusal of those officers first named to accept, promotion would proceed in its regular course, and that your memorialists would not be subject to the mortification of seeing officers who had returned to private life selected to fill the vacancies that might afterwards occur to their prejudice.\n Your memorialists therefore most respectfully state that the[y] have seen with inexpressible chagrin a system adopted which seems to destroy the hopes they had formed of rising in their profession and which they humbly conceive is calculated to damp that laudable ambition which is the first incentive to military glory, the ambition of rising into notice by faithful service and acquiring with increased rank the power of more efficiently serving their country. They allude to the appointments which have been made to fill the", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0203", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, [February 1816]\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n The Secretary of State respectfully submits to the President the \u27e8propriety of\u27e9 nominating to the \u27e8Senate this\u27e9 gentleman as consul for the Island of St. Thomas.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0204", "content": "Title: From James Madison to David Parish, 1 February 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Parish, David\n I recd. yours several days ago. Having recd. no information on the subject of it for a long time, I have been seeking it from the persons most likely to know what has taken place at N. O. relative to it, and what the prospect for Genl. Fayette is. As yet my enquiries have not succeeded, and I drop you this notice, lest you shd. infer from the delay that your letter had miscarried, or had not been attended to. You will hear from me as soon I collect any information worth sending you, or ascertain that none is to be had. I wish I could anticipate more than I do a result corresponding with the hopes of Genl. Fayette and the solicitude of his friends. Accept my friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0205", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Gilmer and Others, 1 February 1816\nFrom: Gilmer, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\n Our friend and fellow citizen, John Montgomery Sr having expressed an intention of forming a mercantile establishment at the Port of Tarragona in Spain, and in order to add more respectability to the same wishing to procure the appointment of Consul for that place, we take the liberty of recommending him to your Excy. as a proper person to fill that office with dignity to himself and honor to his Country. With the highest respect we remain Your excys. Most obedt. humb. Servts.\n Robt. Gilmer[and four others]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0206", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas W. Holden, [ca. 1 February 1816]\nFrom: Holden, Thomas W.\nTo: Madison, James\n The petition of Thomas W Holden respectfully sheweth That your petitioner was indicted at the last December session of the Circuit court for the county of Washington & district of Columbia & being found guilty on the circumstantial evidence exhibited against him, was sentenced to receive thirty nine lashes & to pay one hundred dollars fine: That the said corporal punishment was inflicted on him, & in consequence thereof he was reduced to such a state of sickness & debility, as to require constant medical aid. That your petitioner is too poor to pay the fine imposed upon him: nor has he any friends to assist him with a pecuniary loan. That your petitioner\u2019s present state of health is such as to excite apprehensions that death will soon put an end to his miseries, if his confinement should continue & he has no hopes of relief but what are founded in the clemency of the executive. And he humbly prays your excellency that the power to pardon may be exerted in his behalf.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0207", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jo\u00e3o, Prince Regent of Portugal, 1 February 1816\nFrom: Jo\u00e3o VI, Prince Regent of Portugal\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Jo\u00e3o, Prince Regent of Portugal. 1 February 1816, Palace of Rio de Janeiro. Dom Jo\u00e3o by the grace of God prince regent of the United Kingdom of\nPortugal, of Brazil, of the Algarves within and beyond the sea, of Guinea in Africa, and of the conquest, navigation, and commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and of India, sends greetings to the United States of America, with esteem and regard. The continuing health inconveniences, which have made it impossible until now for Mr. Jos\u00e9 Manoel da Camara to depart for the United States to carry out the charge for which he has been named as minister plenipotentiary near JM, the prince has found it advisable to name in his place, with the same character, Cavalier Jos\u00e9 Corr\u00e9a da Serra, expecting, from the latter\u2019s recognized merit, demonstrated knowledge, and proven loyalty, that he will discharge the duty the prince has assigned him, successfully maintaining the good harmony and understanding, which fortunately exists between the two countries, promoting the reciprocal advantages of each. Has no doubt that JM will receive Corr\u00e9a with the usual welcome, giving him at the same time complete credence in whatever he brings before JM in the prince\u2019s behalf, principally in whatever touches on the sincere affection and good will with which he always desires to please JM. May our lord keep the United States of America in his holy care. Written in the palace of Rio de Janeiro on the 1st. of February 1816.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0210", "content": "Title: Richard W. Meade to James Leander Cathcart, 2 February 1816\nFrom: Meade, Richard W.\nTo: Cathcart, James Leander\n As you about proceeding to Washington I have thought it my duty to draw up, a Statement of the present State of Spain, which I beg you to present to The President in my name. From a personal residence in Madrid during the Summer & late \u27e8of?\u27e9 Decr. last I can vouch for the truth of\nthe picture, & I conceive that It is highly interesting to our Governt. to be made acquainted with the real State of the Case.\n With respect to our relations I can only Say that they are on the most Singular footing that ever existed between two Nations, & I must candidly Confess that things have been managed very badly. What we want is a Man of Talents & Energy to represent us. When our Squadron was in the Mediteranean had a Minister appeared at Madrid & our Ships off Cadiz Harbour, Such an arrangement would have been procured as we have a right to demand. With the Rod in one hand & the Olive branch in the other, a treaty may be formed, but if a Minister is to proceed to Madrid to begin the old routine of Remonstrance, nothing will ever be obtained from these people, who are as obstinate as they are Ignorant. A firm Character invested with full & ample powers would obtain every thing which we have a right to demand, & no doubt in my mind the possession of the Floridas could be for a fair & equitable consideration. Such is the distress for money, that there never was perhaps a more favorable opportunity.\n I have a personal regard & respect for Mr. Morris but I do not hesitate in Saying He is not a proper person to manage the Spaniards, We want a Man of Talent, Energy & knowledge of the Country A Man who without meddling himself in the Court Intrigues, should know how to make himself acquainted with them to avoid them, & who would exact strict justice where He was entitled to it. Be cautious in making Complaints, but when made not cede the point.\n A violent case of transgression on the part of an English Brig of War, on the Neutrality of the Spanish territory took place in this Bay in the American Brig Wm. & Mary Capt Jacob Smith coming into port, on the 4 feby. 1815, within Some of the forts & only one mile distant from one of the principal forts called St. Catherines; I took up the business very warmly, & procured from the Capt General of this Province the strongest proofs & declarations to prove a gross violation of the Laws of Nations. I transmitted these documents to Mr. A. Morris the then acting Agent of our Government at Madrid. He transmitted them to The Secretary of State but so far from receiving any Satisfaction, his Note transmitting them was treated with the greatest Contempt, & he was verbally informed no answer would be given to him. During my residence in Madrid, I managed the business in Such a manner, as to procure a regular order from the Secretary of State to His Catholic Majesty\u2019s Ambassador in London, directing him to claim the property, with damages, & to demand Satisfaction for the insult. Mess: Dickason & Co. the Agents of Mess: Brown & Sons to whom the property belongs, inform me that the order had reached London, & that they had every hope of the property being given up.\n If you See Mr: Young in Washington give my respects to him & tell him\nI shall be happy to hear from him. Wishing you a pleasant passage I remain Dsir Yr. friend & he. Srt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0211", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Hollinshead, 3 February 1816\nFrom: Hollinshead, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\n State of South Carolina City of Charleston\n Most honorable excellent Sir\n I write to address your dignity, with a confidence to meet your approbation under a contemplation of my living so many years under your administration: that has been conducted with much admirable magnanimous fortitude I esteem you as a philosopher, and under the patronage of heaven a father of our National family. If it is the will of providence to direct the smiles of fortune, to permit the personal acquaintence to commence between us, I will imbrace it with the greatest happiness I herein humbly, Petition, your honorable excellence; to order the Secretary of the States, to record my New adopted Name Rev. Dr. Benjamin Hollinshead, which I will explain more fully when I write again, when I receive an answer from your excellence: the change of my Name took place Jan. 30th. 1814, and granted in the general assembly and Eligible in every court in the union. May it please your honor to confer the favour and your humble petitioner will ever pray. I am, with great respect,\n Rev. Dr. Benjamin Hollinshead\n If you please to have it recorded as quick as these lines comes to hand, and write A letter to me by the first Mail it will do me a singular honor and kindness long to be remembered. Such an act, will be graciously rewarded and I shall ever remain your humble Servant formily Dr. Andrew Moore a Physician but now about changing the practice also from Physic, to Divinity I am with great regard Your humble servant\n Rev. Dr. Benjamin Hollinshead\n N. B. I am Baptised and have taken the degrees of Doctor of D.D. in my new name and I wish your answer quick as posible as I wish to be admitted to the bar here in Charleston in the course of three weeks.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0212", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Asa Lyon, 3 February 1816\nFrom: Lyon, Asa\nTo: Madison, James\n A. Lyon Member of the House of Representatives will do himself the pleasure to wait on the President of the U. States on Tuesday next at 4 o\u2019clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0213", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Ohio Congressional Delegation, 3 February 1816\nFrom: Ohio Congressional Delegation\nTo: Madison, James\n The Post Master General has had the goodness to favour us with an extract of a letter from W.P. Drake, a gentleman of respectability, who resides at Sandusky, Ohio, in which it is stated, that in December last, the principal chief of the Wyandot nation residing in that vicinity died, that the Indians are in much confusion, and some of them had intimated their wish, to dispose of their lands. Mr. Drake, thinks there would be no difficulty in making the purchase.\n We need not urge the valuable acquisition of Territory this purchase would secure, nor, the importance of connecting our frontier settlements. These advantages are known, and we doubt not, properly appreciated. The citizens of Ohio, are extremely anxious for the extinguishment of the Indian title to lands within the limits of the State, and we trust there is a disposition to gratify their wishes, if it can be done, consistently with that course of policy which prudence dictates. With sentiments of undivided esteem we are your Obt. servts.\n Wm. Creighton Jun[and six others]\n PS The Wyandot lands are bounded on the North by the lake, and lay between our settlements and Michigan.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0214", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Congress, 6 February 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Congress\n It is represented that the lands in the Michigan Territory designated by law towards satisfying the land bounties promised to the Soldiers of the late army, are so covered with swamps and lakes or otherwise unfit for cultivation, that a very inconsiderable proportion can be applied to the intended grants. I recommend therefore that other lands be designated by Congress for the purpose of supplying the deficiency.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0215", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Burns, 6 February 1816\nFrom: Burns, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n U.S. Ship Independence Boston\n As I have been from the commencenment of this late War with great Britain & the U. States your petitioner humbly prayeth, that your excellencys favor in granting me my discharge as I have a Father, Mother, Brothers and Sisters in Baltimore whom I have not seen these 8 years past and as your humble petitioner wishes very to see them, which I hope your excellency considers on the ever Memorable action of 11 September 1814, on Lake Champlain in which I was one the surviving Heroes who gained and ended this last difference and dispute against our enemies, hoping your Honors excellency will pay some attention to your Humble petitioners request, which will be ever thankfully and gratefully received by your ever obediant & Humble Petitioner", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0216", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Frederick I of W\u00fcrttemberg, 7 February 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Frederick I (of W\u00fcrttemberg)\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Frederick I of W\u00fcrttemberg. 7 February 1816, Stuttgart. Announces the marriage of his son, the prince royal, to the Grand Duchess Catherine of Russia on 24 Jan. 1816.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0218", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Mortimer and Others, 8 February 1816\nFrom: Mortimer, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n U: S. S. IndependenceBoston\n Although repeated applications has been made to you: and likewise to Comm: Bain:bridge, it is now time to intercede for a few men who has endured every hardship during the War both on Lake Oentar\u27e8io\u27e9 and Lake Champlain and now are left to the very last. If your honourd pleases to \u27e8Clear?\u27e9 the remainder it is people that has never had a Shot fired over their head were discharged. We remain your most Obedt. & humble Servts.\n Thomas MortimerMark Bres\u27e8eck?\u27e9James KelsaRichd. Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0219", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William M. Redmond, 8 February 1816\nFrom: Redmond, William M.\nTo: Madison, James\n I Humbly Intreat your pardon for taking the liberty of Writing these few lines to you, but Sir as they Concern my welfare in a future time I trust they Will meet your Sanction. The Cause of my taking the liberty Sir is my Being a Native of Ireland and Served the U.S. During the War both by Sea and land and had an Honourable Discharge from the army at the Close of the Late Contest with my Native Country. Prier to my Entrance in the army, I Served on board the US. Ship Congress Captn. J. Smith Esqr: and \u27e8o\u27e9btained an honourable Discharge and being a little Dubious of Going to Sea but Determined to take \u27e8a\u27e9n active part in the Contest I Inlisted in \u27e8U\u27e9.S. Regt. 40th: Capn. Joseph Loving Junr: from whom I obtaind an honoura[b]le Discharge at \u27e8the C\u27e9lose of the war. And then Sir another war Braking out with Algier and Determined as I was to see Peace Restored I Imeadiately offered my Service for the Mediterenian on board the first American 74 Independence. Every thing now Sir having been amicably Settled and my absen\u27e8ce\u27e9 from home being long I feel Very anxtious of Returng. to my Native Country for a season to Visit an afflicted Mother and Disconsolate Brothers and Sisters both for the Death of my Father and my absence it now being ten years since I Eloped from home an\u27e8d\u27e9 Honord. Sir I trust you will Consider my trouble and let me Retturn. One word from your Honour will be Enough and my Service at present is not much wanting. By ording my Discharge you will Gain t\u27e8he\u27e9 Prayers of your humble Servant and if Ev\u27e8er\u27e9 another war should Involve this Country in troubl I will willingly lend my asistance. At Present I am on board the Washington 74 being Removed from the Independance\n P.S. Please honored Sir to Excuse me if I have not adressd. you in a Style Suitable to your Station If I have not Your honr: Ignorance is the Cause.\n N.B. My Fathers Death hapened Since my Elopement, and Sir Leaving an English man of war Prier to the war with America for fear of aprehention I assund [sic] another Name which is on the US. Ship Congress\u2019 Books. The asumed Name was Wm. Bleakley. The Signature is my Proper Name.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0220", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Story, 8 February 1816\nFrom: Story, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n Mr Justice Story will do himself the honor of accepting the invitation of the Honorable the President of the United States for tuesday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0221", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John P. Van Ness, Richard Bland Lee, and Tench Ringgold, 8 February 1816\nFrom: Van Ness, John P.,Lee, Richard Bland,Ringgold, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\n Office of the Commissioners of the Public BuildingsWashington\n Give us leave to inform you that the War office is finished according to Contract, and ready for Occupation, excepting a few inconsiderable particulars which are delayed by the want of some arrangement among the Heads of Departments as to their respective locations. They have before been apprized of this State of the Building, but probably pressing engagements have prevented them from attending to the Subject. You will be so obliging, Sir, as to instruct us to whom we shall direct the Keys of the Building to be delivered, on behalf of the Government. We are with high Consideration and respect, Sir, Your Obt. Servts.\n John P. Van NessRichard Bland LeeTench Ringgold", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0222", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edward Coles, 9 February 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Coles, Edward\n I wrote you a few lines two days ago, inclosing a letter from Mrs. M. I this moment discover that instead of \u201cJamesville\u201d it ought to have been addressed to \u201cStatesburg.\u201d This information may prevent its miscarriage. The inclosed papers give the last accts. from Europe. The Senate have\nconfirmed the nomination of Mr. Pinkney to St. Petersburg: & negatived the special Mission to Naples. It is understood that he will not accept the appt. Affece. respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0223", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 9 February 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Washington Boyd, of the District of Columbia, whose commission as Marshal has expired, to be Marshal of the said District for the term of four years.\n Thomas Morris, of Newyork to be a Commissioner for carrying into effect the fifth Article of the treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States and His Britannic Majesty concluded on the twenty fourth day of December one thousand eight hundred and fourteen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0224", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Ignacio \u00c1lvarez Thomas, 9 February 1816\nFrom: \u00c1lvarez Thomas, Ignacio\nTo: Madison, James\n Palace of the Government inBuenos. Ayres. the 9th: of February 1816.\n If in the exercise of the powers with which, I am invested, as Supreme Chief of the United Provinces of R\u00edo de la Plata, a suitable occasion should present itself of proving to you my high respect for your person, I would eagerly avail myself of it, confident as I am of the great desire of my fellow-Citizens to form a closer connexion with the United States. Permit me therefore, to present to Your Excellency, by the hands of the National Colonel, Don Martin Tompson, a Specimen of the first Essays of the Manufacture of Arms established, in the Provinces of Buenos-Ayres and Tucuman under the auspices of a free Government, as an homage due to the chief Magistrate of the United States of North America. I flatter myself that Your\nExcellency, on considering the frankness of this proceeding, will give to its sentiment, that value which is intrinsically wanting in a present, whose only merit consists in exhibiting the State of our Arts, and the Material of which it is composed. What appertains to the Mineral Kingdom, is peculiar to this Country, which is at length beginning to breathe, on being freed from the bondage and fetters of the Spanish Government. The Tract which I have the honour to transmit herewith to Your Excy:, will make you acquainted with the New Discovery in this Class, made in the Territory of my Government. May an opportunity soon present itself for renewing to Your Excellency the assurance of my highest Consideration, and the becoming expressions of the sentiments of a People, who admidst the struggle in which they are engaged to secure their rights, reflect on the natural relations which are one day to unite them with that People over whom you so worthily preside. God preserve You many Years!", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0226", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 9 February 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n In compliance with a resolution of the Senate of the 5th: Instant, I have the honor to lay before you copies of the letters addressed by the Secretary of War to the Board of General Officers, and of the report of the Board of General Officers to the department of War, concerning the reduction of the late army to the peace establishment, together with copies of the report of the Secretary of War to the President, and of the several general orders which have \u27e8been issued respecting\u27e9 the same. I have the honor to be, With very great respect, your Obt. Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0227", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Logan, 9 February 1816\nFrom: Logan, George\nTo: Madison, James\n My nephew Joseph P: Norris intending to pass a few days at Washington; permit me to introdu[c]e him to your friendly notice. Accept assurances of my friendship", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0228", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Logan, 9 February 1816\nFrom: Logan, George\nTo: Madison, James\n My son Algernoon [sic] Sydney Logan intending to pass a few days at Washington: permit me to introdu[c]e him to your friendly attention. My Wife unites with me in best respects to yourself and Mrs. Madison. Accept assurances of my friendship", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0229", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph J. Nicholson and Others, 9 February 1816\nFrom: Nicholson, Joseph J.\nTo: Madison, James\n U.S. Navy-Yard, Philadelphia.9th: of Feb. 1816.\n We, whose names are here annexed, most respectfully beg leave to solicit your attention to the case and situation of Capt. Henry H. Ford, late of the U.S. Mar\u27e8ine C\u27e9orps.\n For several months we all\u2014and some of us for several years\u2014have been well acquainted with this gentleman; and have uniformly observed in him\na manly, just and honourable character. His present condition, resulting from his dismission from his Corps, is to us a source of much regret. But as his talents and qualities amply capacitate him for the profession of Arms, which he has hitherto so long adopted, we yet entertain a hope that Your Excellency may be pleased to reinstate him in the rank, from which he is now excluded. We have the honour to be, with the highest respect, Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient, humble Servants\n J. J. Nicholson,Lieut. Comdt. U.S. Navy[and three others]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0230", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James B. Church, 12 February 1816\nFrom: Church, James B.\nTo: Madison, James\n I have not had the Honour as yet of \u27e8r\u27e9eceiving any Communication from your Excellency, but presume I shall \u27e8n\u27e9ot much longer remain without the wished for Correspondence \u27e8f\u27e9rom the usual Department of Government.\n The Object of the present is, to notice to \u27e8y\u27e9our Excellency, that, since the renewal of Intercourse & Trade \u27e8b\u27e9etween the United States & this port, I have remarked a great Degr\u27e8ee of\u27e9 Neglect on the part of Masters of Vessels in exhibiting their Ships \u27e8p\u27e9apers for Inspection. This Circumstance however I attribute to \u27e8the\u27e9 relaxed Habits contracted during the War (while of course \u27e8a\u27e9ll trading Regulations must in some measure be suspended) under \u27e8the\u27e9 Consideration of which I shou\u2019d feel Reluctance in reporting \u27e8the\u27e9 Names of Ship Masters who have failed in this point of \u27e8R\u27e9egularity, hoping, that, as Commerce regains its former \u27e8S\u27e9teadiness, & Captains of Vessels a Recollection of their Duty, \u27e8I s\u27e9hall not have Occasion to repeat the Subject.\n A considerable Number of American \u27e8Ve\u27e9ssels have unloaded here, within the last 4 or 5 Months. I have had many cases of Shipwrecked Sailors calling \u27e8f\u27e9or my Assistance during this Winter, & have contributed \u27e8e\u27e9very possible Relief. I have the Honour to remain Your Excellency\u2019s most obedt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0235", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 13 February 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n The resolution of the Senate and House of Representatives of the state of South Carolina, relative to the quota of arms to which that state may be entitled, under the act of Congress making provision for arming and equipping the whole body of the militia of the United States, having been referred by you to this Department, I have the honor to report:\n That from the returns which have been made there appears to have been distributed to the several states and territories, under the above mentioned act of Congress, sixty two thousand six hundred and sixty six stands of Arms; of which number two thousand have been delivered to the order, of the executive of the state of South Carolina.\n The last returns make the whole number of the militia of the several states and territories, seven hundred and twenty nine thousand, seven hundred & thirty seven; and the militia of South Carolina, thirty two thousand two hundred and two. On an apportionment, then, the abovementioned number of arms to the several states and territories, agreeably to the relative numbers of their militia, the quota to which South Carolina would be entitled, is two thousand seven hundred and sixty two; leaving a deficiency to be made up to that state, of seven hundred and sixty two stands of arms.\n I have the honor further to report, that the arms for supplying this deficiency, can be immediately furnished to the order of the Executive of the state of South Carolina, from the depot of public arms at Charleston.\n The balances which remained on the appropriations for \u201carming and equipping the militia,\u201d have been carried to the surplus fund, or transferred to other appropriations, for the support of the military establishment, so that no farther distribution of arms to the states can be made at this time. Contracts have, however, been entered into with individuals, for the annual supply of a number of arms, to be applied to the purpose of arming and equipping the whole body of militia.\n All which is most respectfully submitted.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0236", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Rufus Easton and Others, 13 February 1816\nFrom: Easton, Rufus\nTo: Madison, James\n The undersigned having been informed that the office of attorney for the United States for the Missouri Territory has lately become vacant by the resignation of John Scott Esquire, beg leave to recommend Charles Lucas Esquire of the town of St. Louis Attorney and Counsellor at Law as a suitable person to be appointed and well qualified to discharge the duties of that office. Dated the 13th. day of February 1816\n Rufus Easton[and four others]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0237", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard M. Johnson, 13 February 1816\nFrom: Johnson, Richard M.\nTo: Madison, James\n Altho not acquainted personally with Charles Lucas Esq of St Louis, from information obtained from honorable sources I have no doubt he would give satisfaction to the people & to the Govt if appointed to fill the office of atto for the U States in the Ter. of Missouri. With sentiments of Sincere respect your ob Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0238", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Josiah Meigs, 13 February 1816\nFrom: Meigs, Josiah\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honor to return herewith Mr. Clays letter to you, relative to the Marquis De la Fayettes Lands, & to state\n that the act of 3d March 1803 granted to him\n that patents have issued for\n Where the location (of less than 500 Acres) mentioned in the letter has been made, the records of this office do not shew, but if it has been made on vacant land, I think a patent may issue for it, although less than 500 acres, the balance being abandoned by the Marquis: The act of 21st. April 1806 provides that none of his locations shall be less than 500 Acres, evidently to prevent small locations of valuable spots, but if he is satisfied to take less than 500 Acres for 504 Acres now due to him I see no objection. I have the honor to be most respectfully Sir your obedt. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0239", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Josiah Meigs, 13 February 1816\nFrom: Meigs, Josiah\nTo: Madison, James\n The late Proclamation relative to Intruders on the Public Lands having apparently caused a considerable excitement, I presume it not improper to communicate the inclosed Extract from a Private Letter received this day from Colonel Nicholas Gray, Register of the Land-Office at Washington. Mip.p.i. Territory, West of Pearl River. I have the honour to be very respectfully Yours.\n P.S. The Proclamation has produced, at the Land-Office at St. Stephens, M. T. the same salutary effects as at Washington.\n Land-Office, West of Pearl River. 22. January. 1816.\n Our Sales had begun to slacken, until the President\u2019s Proclamation appeared, and had general circulation: this day I have sold 2782 Acres, and expect to-morrow to sell more.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0240", "content": "Title: Samuel Harrison Smith to Alexander J. Dallas, 13 February 1816\nFrom: Smith, Samuel Harrison\nTo: Dallas, Alexander J.\n Treasury Department, Revenue Office,\n Abner Lowell, Keeper of the Plumb-Island Light House, having died, Lewis Lowell appears, from the enclosed letter, to be properly qualified as his successor. I am, very respectfully,\n Sam SmithCommissioner of the Revenue", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0242", "content": "Title: From James Madison to David R. Williams, 14 February 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Williams, David R.\n The enclosed report from the Secretary of War gives such information as can now be afforded, on the subject of the Resolution of the Legislature of South Carolina transmitted in your letter of the 22d of December.\n The Magnitude of the object of the Legislature, so well enforced by your Excellencies own remarks, with the disposition heretofore manifested by Congress, justify a confidence that provisions will be continued for making the American people an armed nation, as the true security for their remaining a free and independent one. Accept Sir assurances of Great esteem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0244", "content": "Title: From James Madison to David Parish, 15 February 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Parish, David\n The result of my enquiries relating to Genl. Fayettes land is, that there remains unpatented 504 59/100 Acres, that the location near N. Orleans is understood to amount to less than 500 Acs. and that it is a legal question, whether by taking less than that amount, in satisfaction for it, thereby abandoning the difference, he can bring the location within the meaning of the Act of Congress, fixing the amount less than which his locations were not allowable. It is understood also that the Corporation of N. Orleans claim the location in question, as covered by a grant to them. This claim if persisted in, must be another legal question. What steps or whether any have been taken by Mr. Duplant[i]er, who is living, relative to these questions, or to the interests of his Constituent in any other respect, I can learn nothing. From himself I have recd. no information for a long time. It must be presumed that he keeps up his correspondence with General Fayette. I had intended to have written myself on this occasion to the General; but as the information given will be as well conveyed thro\u2019 you, and is so little satisfactory, I forbear to make a duplicate of it. Accept my respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0245", "content": "Title: To James Madison from J. H. Estienne, 15 February 1816\nFrom: Estienne, J. H.\nTo: Madison, James\n Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident,\n En pr\u00e9sentant une main hospitali\u00e8re et g\u00e9n\u00e9reuse aux \u00e9trangers \u00e9clair\u00e9s et industrieux, qui ambitionnent de vivre Sous vos lois liberales, vous acqu\u00e9rez au nombre des enfans de votre grande famille, les hommes r\u00e9pandus Sur les deux h\u00e9misph\u00e8res, qui sont p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9s de la dignit\u00e9 de leur \u00eatre, et affectionn\u00e9s \u00e0 leur Semblables.\n Votre patrie Sera donc d\u00e9sormais celle du genre humain. Elle est devenue celle de mon affection, et \u00e0 ce titre joli, Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, vous faire hommage d\u2019un travail Sur les hospitaux militaires que m\u2019a Sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 l\u2019amour de l\u2019humanit\u00e9.\n Si vous daignez, Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, accueillir ce travail, je me f\u00e9liciterai de vous avoir pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 le l\u00e9ger tribut, qui aura fix\u00e9 un mittant votre attention. Je suis avec le plus profond respect, Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, Votre tres humble & tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant Serviteur\n CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n By offering a hospitable and generous hand to enlightened and industrious foreigners who seek to live under the United States\u2019 liberal laws, the country gains in the number of children in its great family, men spread over both hemispheres, who are conscious of the dignity of their being and attached to their fellow men.\n JM\u2019s country will be henceforth that of the human race. It grows in Estienne\u2019s good will, and rightfully, he pays JM the compliment of a work on military hospitals, which the love of humanity has suggested to him.\n Should JM be pleased to receive this work, Estienne will congratulate himself on having presented JM a small tribute which will have held his attention for a moment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0246", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Bland Lee and Tench Ringgold, 15 February 1816\nFrom: Lee, Richard Bland,Ringgold, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\n Office of the Commissioners of the Public Buildings\n Inclosed we forward a contract made with the Bank of Washington for an additional loan for thirty seven thousand five hundred dollars, part of the loan authorised by the act of Congress for repairing or rebuilding the public buildings in the city of Washington for your approbation\u2014and have the honor to subscribe ourselves with great consideration yr most obt svts\n Richard Bland LeeTench Ringgold", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0247", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Ralph Randolph Wormeley, 15 February 1816\nFrom: Wormeley, Ralph Randolph\nTo: Madison, James\n Captain Wormeley presents his respectful Compliments to Mr. Madison, will do himself the honour to wait on him at Dinner on Saturday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0248", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Lafayette, 16 February 1816\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Madison, James\n I Have Had the pleasure to write to You By Several opportunities and took the Liberty to Recommend Some of the Numerous french Citizens Whom the proscription Laws Under the Name of Amnesty Have obliged or induced to leave this Country. This Letter goes By the frigat Which Carries over the Representative of the King M. Hyde de Neuville Whose Speeches in the Chambre des deput\u00e9s Have probably Reached You, and Mr. Petry Whose Conduct, in His transactions With the Ministers of the U. S. Has Ever Appeared to me Sincere and friendly. Of public affairs I Shall Say Very Little Refering Myself to the dispatches of Mr. Jackson Who lives in the Metropolis. I Have taken Again My old Station of La grange Where I Am With My family, in a State of Retirement More Close than Ever. The Slightest Attendance to public proceedings, ordinances, and debates, Even on Both Sides of the Houses Will Convince You that My Agricultural Employment is More fitted to My principles and temper than Any part I Could take in the present System of Government.\n Permit me, my dear Sir, to intrude Again Upon Your time and Your friendship With Some References to private Business. I have Not for Years Heard from Mr. duplantier about My Lou\u00efsiana Affairs. No Account of them from Washington Has Reached me. One Letter from New orleans Cautions me Not to take Any Engagements Against the Rights I Have in Consequence of the first Location Near the town, But Supposing me Better informed Says Nothing of What Has Been or is intended to Be done. Sir John Coghill Has Received Several Letters, Namely two from Mr. Lafon Whose Authority in Matters of Survey and titles is of Great \u27e8W\u27e9)eight. His Correspondances and What He Has Been able to find out on this Side of the Atlantic Convince Him, and I Believe He is Not Mistaken, that the Corporation Had Never Any Right to the tract Near the town, Not Even to the part Within the fortifications. It is also Very probable that most of the Claims Which Have So long differed the Location Kindly intended for me, and Curtailed the Requisite Extent of 500 Acres are Equally Void.\n Upon those premises, Sir John, Whom our Bargain Well known to You Has made in Some Measure My partner, Builds two propositions. The first that By Convincing Government and its Agents of the Nullity of the Claims and Representing that the Corporation itself Had No Claim prior to the Late Gift made to them, We may facilitate the Location of 500 Acres Near the town. In this I have no objection to Agree With Him.\n His Second plan Would Be to improve those Circumstances into a Reclamation of ours Upon the tract of 600 Yards Which, Says He, Being a Grant posterior to the first Location Announced in Consequence of a prior\nConcession is Legally Void. My Answer to that pretention, Let it Be legal or not, I Need Not tell You to Have Been Conformant to the duties and propriety of My own Situation. I Am the More at liberty to do it as When our Complex Arrangement Has Been Made Sir John Was Not Uninformed of the Bill of Congres, Granting that precious tract to the Corporation of New orleans.\n In Vain He observes that the Sales of the Pointe Coupee Have Been Made Much above the actual prices Which I don\u2019t pretend to decide, that Government Having Been deceived By Ungenuine Assertions of Mr. Clarke and others Had intended to make a transaction, Not to propose A Gift; I Have Ever declared to Him that We Were Very differently Situated, and that it did not Become me to Extend the Value of a Grant Beyond the inttentions of the Giver, the Less So as its Munificence Has already Exceeded Any Expectations I Could Have Conceived. So that it is Well Understood Between Him and me I shall never do Any thing But Under Your direction, My dear Sir, and With the full approbation of Government. Yet these Motives make me Very desirous to Hear the Location Has Been Completed according to Your Benevolent Intentions in my Behalf.\n Sir John Coghill Has Been Very Honourable in all His transactions With me. Should I Wish the location Near the town, it Would place His purchase of 520 Acres at an Enormous Rate and deprive me of the only property which the pressure of My Affairs Has permitted me to \u27e8K\u27e9eep. If on the Contrary, the Location is made, as intended, Within two miles from the town I shall Have 250 precious acres, intermixed with Lots Belonging to a Capitalist Who May Give to the Whole a Value Equally Advantageous to the town and to Myself. Self interest Agrees With all other Consideration to Make Me Wish for a Happy termination of the Affair. The More So as the time is Approaching When Sir John May put me the Question Whether I Will Give Up the Whole or Reimburse His Money With interest, a Risk Which He Will Not Run, and I Have Not to Care about, if the intended Location is obtained as it Cannot fail to Become, as our friend Jefferson Used to term it, of an immense Value, at least to future Generations.\n Sir John Coghill and Mr. Seymour Have Had the Honour to Adress You, the Members of the Cabinet, and Governor Claiborne to know Whether they Had Some thing to do as foreigners to insure their possession. No Answer Has Been Made from Any Quarter, and as their Letters Meant a tribute of Respect More than a Measure of Self-Concern, I Know, Betwe[e]n us, that one of them Has Been Mortified to Remain Unnoticed.\n Nothing But My Long Experienced Sence of Your Goodness to me Could induce me to trespass So \u27e8Much\u27e9 on Your time With the tedious particulars of My Situation in that Respect. I thought However it Was\nNecessary to Explain it, Quite Uninformed as I am, and Not Quite Unteased with observations which altho\u2019 they Cannot alter my dispositions, make me wish to Settle the Business as Soon as possible in the Way that you think the Most Convenient. Adieu, My dear Sir, the glory, prosperity, Liberty, and Happiness of the U.S., the justice done to their Government are to me Sources of Enjoyment Never More Necessary than in the present European times, Altho\u2019 there is no Body in france More Confident in future European freedom and less despairing of our Situation than your Respectfull affectionate friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0249", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Lee, 16 February 1816\nFrom: Lee, William\nTo: Madison, James\n I have been honored within these few days, by your letter of the 21st. December, to which I shall pay due attention.\n The confidence you have reposed in me, by continuing me for so many years in this Office, has been highly flattering, and has proved my greatest consolation, in all the painful occurrences, I have of late experienced in this city, which has now become peculiarly disagreeable, from the alarming state of party spirit, and the great influence of a predominant foreign faction, who not content with heaping on me personally, every species of insult, have of late extended them to many of my countrymen, and to my family. Although these attacks, have united all my countrymen in support of my public, and private character, as you will see by their handsome address to me; a copy of which I have sent to the Secretary of State, still, I feel my position so very irksome, that I have a great desire to return home.\n As I am not richer, than when I took this office, my surest means of existence in the United States, will be the continuance of my commercial house here, and in seeking when there, to increase its connections. The Office of Consul, the fees of which can never support a family, would contribute greatly to the success of that establishment; shall I therefore venture to recommend, my friend Mr Strobel, lately named Consul for Nantz, for this appointment. Should he be thought eligible, the arrangements we\nhave made together, will contribute to the support of his numerous family and mine, through our joint commercial exertions; while the influence the office naturally gives, would supply the want of a greater capital, than we possess.\n If this arrangement should not meet your approbation, will you permit me Sir, to make a visit of a few months to the UStates, for the purpose of adjusting my accounts public, and private, during which time, the rancor of parties may subside. In such case, may I be permitted to name Mr. Strobel, my agent here. He is a native American, well known and respected in this city, from a former residence in it, of ten years. His having already been named to Antwerp and Nantz, from numerous recommendations, lodged in the department of State, sufficiently prove, that he is every way qualified, to discharge the duties of this troublesome office.\n I will not however hide from you Sir, how agreeable it would be to me, to be restored to my country. My family at least the female part, have now become of an age, to think of establishments, which never can be had to our views, in this ruined distracted country. If I have hazarded too much in this request, I beg leave to ask forgiveness. With the highest veneration and most sincere respect. I have Sir the honor to remain your obliged humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0250", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Lowrey, 16 February 1816\nFrom: Lowrey, John\nTo: Madison, James\n I am directed by the highest authority of the Cherokee Nation to express to their Father the President of the United States that they rejoice at the successful termination of the late war in which the young Cherokee Warriors had the honor to participate with the young Warriors of the republic. The local situation of my nation made the events of the war highly interesting to the Cherokees as well as to the republic, & we claim no merit for having done our duty. Father I have the honor to present to you a duplicate of my instructions for my government & of the Cherokee Chiefs who accompany me on this occasion. I have the honor to be with the highest respect yr. Obt, Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0252", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Murdoch, Yuille, Wardrop & Co., 18 February 1816\nFrom: Murdoch, Yuille, Wardrop & Co.\nTo: Madison, James\n By desire of our friend Anthony Charles Cazenove Esq of Alexandria we have shipped for you by the Schooner Mary & Francis. N Cushing Master Two pipes of our finest, old wine, which we hope you may receive safely, as we flatter ourselves it will prove superior. They are addressed to the care of that Gentleman, in whose favor we draw upon you for the Cost, as \u214c annexed statement.\n \u00a3157.18. Sterling payable 60 days after sight.\n We have the honor to be Sir Your most Obdt. Servants", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0253", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Erastus Roberts, 18 February 1816\nFrom: Roberts, Erastus\nTo: Madison, James\n I take it upon myself to communicate to you my wish to be re-appointed in the service if a suitable vacancy should present itself. I take this method because I presume it to be the one most acceptable to government, and also, from your known wish to do justice to the late Army as far as it lays in your power\u2014taking it for granted that every mans\u2019 character, who has served four years and a half in a military capacity, must of necessity be known. Therefore when honors are to be distributed, every consideration must centre in the main question, who are the most worthy? not, who have the most friends?\n I am confident, so long as honor remains in the nation, that our government will not be approached by flattery or be influenced by the jegune opinions of individuals\u2014that so far as virtue and integrity can be made to rule, they must be seen and admired through every part harmonizing with the whole.\n My station in the Army, you already know, was very low at first, but before the end of a short war, I rose to the rank of a second Lieutenant. I\nhave written to the Secretary upon this subject, and I hope I do not give offence by making my request known to you: altho\u2019 I know it is out of the usual course.\n After failing, as I did, in the commencement of 1809, when I presented letters of recommendation for a commission, (and also an introduction to you Sir). I was determined, the first opportunity that offered, not only to show myself worthy of what I had been refused, but to obtain the rank of a Commissioned Officer by acknowledged merit. I descended at the commencement of the war from every pretention, took upon myself the habilliment and badge of the Soldier, devoted three of the best years of my life to my country, faithfully performed all my \u27e8assign?\u27e9ments, and at the close of the contest my country refuse me the only reward I had gained by my services, or ever expected to gain\u2014that of being held in commission. The other Non-Commissioned Offi\u27e8cers\u27e9 who were promoted at the same time I was, are not entitled to \u27e8other?\u27e9 consideration, for it was my pen that procured for them, their preferment. (Pardon me, I say so.) If all the world should pronounce Don Antonio, not to be a man of merit, because foresooth she did not know him, would you believe it?\n One remark farther: I have never been supported by particular friends. My promotion in the Army has been gained by close attention to duty and the good opinion generally of the Officers under whom I served. At any rate I have exerted myself on all occasions to be useful in my station whether high or low, and am anxious, if you think proper, to be again employed. With sentiments of respect I am Sir, Your obedient Servt.\n Erastus Roberts,late St. & Q.M. 6th. Regt. Inf.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0255", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Bakewell, Page & Bakewell, 19 February 1816\nFrom: Bakewell, Page & Bakewell\nTo: Madison, James\n Convinced that you, who have devoted so large a portion of your life to the promotion of the welfare & Independence of our Country, will not look with indifference upon the progress she is making in Arts & Manufactures, we take the liberty of sending you a pair of decanters made & cut at our Manufactory, & of which we request the favour of your acceptance.\n When it is recollected that all the materials for making Glass are found abundantly on our own soil, & how largely this article contributes to the comforts, conveniences & elegancies of life, we flatter ourselves, you will derive as much pleasure from receiving this specimen as we in presenting\nit. We have the honour to be with sentiments of the highest respect Sir yr. most obt. Servts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0256", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Chevalier de Dagepan, 19 February 1816\nFrom: Dagepan, Chevalier de\nTo: Madison, James\n Ayant peut-\u00eatre commis une indiscr\u00e9tion, en faveur de mon oppinion, Contre les englois, dans le court espace que j\u2019ai rest\u00e9 \u00e0 boston, Ce qui \u00e0 occassion\u00e9 je crois, un embargo envers ma correspondance; voyant Ce, me Suis d\u00e9cid\u00e9, de faire route, pour New-york; a cet \u00e9ffet le courrier fut ma Voiture; poursuivi par des Englois, qui avoient projette, de me mettre au rang des morts; j\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 forc\u00e9 de Soutenir un Si\u00e8ge dans la taverne du vilage d\u2019mamaroneck depuis deux heures du matin 30 janvier dernier, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 midy: la pr\u00e9sence de quelques notables du pays, me prenant Sous leur protection forcerent L\u2019ennemis de lever le Si\u00e8ge.\n Je Suis Enfin d\u00e9livr\u00e9, et r\u00e9side provisoirement dans la Contr\u00e9e, en attendant plus ample inform\u00e9, principalement contre le chef de Cette taverne, qui jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, n\u2019a rien fait pour Se justifier du complot d\u2019assassinat, train\u00e9 Contre moi; grace \u00e0 ma contenance, ayant affaire \u00e0 une douzaine de laches, j\u2019ai Eu le bonheur de p\u00e9trifier cette bande; pour Cet effet, j\u2019aurai Lhonneur d\u2019adresser ma plainte, \u00e0 Messieurs les magistrats de la vil[l]e de New-yorck.\n Le sujet de la premiere lettre que je me Suis fait L\u2019honneur d\u2019adresser \u00e0 Votre Seigneurie, portait, que madame La baronne Thureau de Paris, doit m\u2019avoir \u00e9xp\u00e9di\u00e9 un paquet Sous le Couvert de votre Ex\u00e9llence.\n En Second lieu, en ma qualit\u00e9 d\u2019ancien officier d\u2019artillerie de marine, je Suis parvenu au point de diriger le mortier \u00e0 la mer Comme je le dirige \u00e0 terre; ai L\u2019honneur de proposer \u00e0 la nation am\u00e9ricaine, de dresser des bombardiers marins, \u00e0 qui je transmitterai mes moyens, tant pour Venger mon pauvre pays, que pour pr\u00e9server Celui que s\u2019abitte du jour des Englois.\n Ce projet est d\u2019autant plus interr\u00e9ssant, quil ne pr\u00e9sente point de d\u00e9pensse. J\u2019ai Lhonnneur d\u2019Etre avec Respect de votre Ex\u00e9llence le tr\u00e8s humble et tres obeissant Serviteur\n Le chevr. de legion D\u2019honr. Dagepanancien Capitaine Commandantau 1er. R\u00e9gt. d\u2019artillerie de marine,r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 aux Etats unis.\n Nte: pour que Lhonneur de v\u00f4tre r\u00e9ponse me parvienne, je prends Cette adresse. A Monsieur Peter Ferris, au village de Mamaroneck pr\u00e8s Newyork.\n CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n Having perhaps committed an indiscretion in his opinion against the English in the short time he stayed in Boston, which he believes occasioned an embargo against his correspondence, he decided to take the road to New York, and to that effect the express was his coach. Pursued by some Englishmen, who had planned to place him in the ranks of the dead, he was besieged in the tavern of the village of Mamaroneck from two in the morning until noon last January 30; the presence of some notable persons of the country, taking him under their protection, forced the enemy to lift the siege.\n Finally released, he resides provisionally in the region, awaiting more detailed information, principally against the head of the tavern, who up to this time, has done nothing to acquit himself of the murder plotted against Dagepan. Thanks to his bearing, while facing a dozen cowards, he was fortunate to be able to terrify the band; consequently, he will have the honor of addressing his complaint to the honorable magistrates of the city of New York.\n The subject of the first letter which he did himself the honor to write to JM was to the effect that the baroness Thureau of Paris must have sent him a package under JM\u2019s name.\n In the second place, in his quality as a former naval artillery officer, able to direct mortar at sea as he directs it on land, he has the honor to propose to the American nation, to train naval bombardiers, to whom he will transmit the means to avenge his poor country, as well as to protect those who brought down the English.\n This project is all the more interesting as it involves no expense at all.\n [Adds in a postscript] In order that JM\u2019s answer may reach him, he is at the address of Mr. Peter Ferris in the village of Mamaroneck near New York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0257", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Lowrey, 19 February 1816\nFrom: Lowrey, John\nTo: Madison, James\n We beg leave to state that a considerable number of our warriors fell and a larger number were wounded Some are utterly disabled from gaining a living by labour, Wives have lost their husbands, Mothers their Sons on whom they depended for Support and Orphans are multiplied. We beg leave to ask whether our people cannot be put on the Same footing as our White Brothers. We respectfully Suggest this for the consideration of Our Father.\n John Lowrey\u2019s X markSpeaker.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0258", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Porterfield, 19 February 1816\nFrom: Porterfield, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\n Ro Porterfield has this moment rec\u2019d The Presidents polite invitation of the 17th. He will do himself the honor of Waiting on the President Tomorrow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0261", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Ringgold, 20 February 1816\nFrom: Ringgold, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\n General Mason having informed me lately in a confidential manner that he had it in contemplation to resign his appointment of Superintendant of Indian Affairs, is the cause of my addressing to you this letter. The General gave me this information, in consequence of a long friendship which has subsisted between us, and his desire that I might succeed him in the appointment; and my present object is to make known to you my solicitude to obtain it.\n Feeling much gratitude for the appointment which you so lately conferred on me, I consider it proper, as well from my respect to you, as on my own account, to state some facts and the reasons which have induced me to make this application. Before the late burnings of the public buildings in this city, I was engaged in a business which had just began to reward me for my expences and labours, and promised an ample provision for my large and encreasing family. By that invasion I too was a great sufferer, the extensive manufactory which I had established with all the materials was destroyed, causing a loss to me of at least 20,000$. At Havre De Grace I had before sustained a loss of not less than 12,000$, in the same way. By these heavy misfortunes I was thrown out of business, and deprived of the means of reinstating myself, as the real property, which I possessed in Washington County Maryland, had been encumbered in the erection of my works, and maturing my establishment to the state in which it was, when it was reduced to ashes by the enemy. I sustained unfortunately some other losses about the same time, which made those already mentioned the more heavy. In consequence of these losses I have been under the necessity of selling the whole of my real property in this district as well as in Maryland, which after discharging my debts, will leave me something of value for my family. I have thought it proper Sir, to state these facts, that you might know my present situation, and the causes producing it. It will be shewn that they do not in any way affect my reputation, or qualifications for business.\n My pretensions to the office in question are not altogether unknown to you; I was educated to business on an enlarged scale in Philadelphia, and have since been much conversant with accounts, and business of different kinds. My conduct while in the department of War, and in the office you so kindly conferred on me, has been under your immediate inspection, and I trust satisfactory. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Sir your most obt. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0262", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Adams, 22 February 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Madison, James\n I am informed, that General Dearborne, Mr. Morton & other gentlemen have recommended Mr. Winthrop for a Consulate abroad, and I am requested to add my testimony to theirs, in his favour.\n My acquaintance with him, has been only general, but his father and Grand Father, his name, and family, have been esteemed & venerated, all my days; his education was publick, he has travelled in Europe, & his moral character, is without reproach. His Father, his Uncles, his connections in general, men of property and learning, have been remarkably, steadily and disinterestedly, attached to the republican Administrations both of the national and State Governments. I have the honour to be with great esteem, Sir your most obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0263", "content": "Title: To James Madison from J. Howard March & Co., 22 February 1816\nFrom: J. Howard March & Co.\nTo: Madison, James\n At the request of Col: R H Macpherson, we have shipped on board the Mary & Frances, and consigned to Messrs. Adams Herbert & Co. of Alexandria on your Excellencies account, a pipe of the very best old Madeira Wine. For its cost including Insurance, \u00a379.2.6 Stg, as pr. Invoice enclosed we have this day had the honour to draw upon you in favor of Messrs. Adams Herbert & Co. We Remain, Very Respy, Sir, Your Mobt Servts", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0264", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Josiah Meigs, 22 February 1816\nFrom: Meigs, Josiah\nTo: Madison, James\n Permit me to present, with this, a letter from James Turner, Esquire, of North Carolina, Senator in Congress, recommending Israel Pickens, Esquire, as receiver of public monies in The Land-office about to be opened in the Mississippi territory for the sale of Lands lately acquired by a treaty with the Indians of the Creek Nation. I have the honor &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0266", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 23 February 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honour to transmit, herewith, Nominations to the Senate of the United States, on behalf of Charles R. Broome, to be a first Lieutenant; Erastus Loomis, Robert M. Desha, John S. Page, Henry E. Dix, and Augustus A. Nicholson, to be second Lieutenants in the Marine Corps. I have the honour to be, &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0267", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Caspar Wistar, 23 February 1816\nFrom: Wistar, Caspar\nTo: Madison, James\n The friends of Mr. Jno. Cuthbert, who Solicit of you for him the appointment of Consul at Hamburgh, have requested me to state to you what I know respecting him. If it were not for the reluctance I feel when intruding upon your valuable time it would be a gratification to do so, for all that I know is very pleasant to tell. He is a man of great Steadiness & regularity, & of excellent Conduct, & has spent several years in the North of Europe, in Commercial Pursuits. He is the son of a venerable Citizen of Philada., Mr. Thomas Cuthbert, one of the veterans of the revolution who Served in the campaign of 1776 & of one or two other years & fought at Trenton & at Princeton. He suffered so much during the late deranged State of our Commerce that the assistance his Son may derive from a public appointment will be a Source of great gratification to him. With the best wishes for Mrs. Madison as well as yourself I am most respectfully your obliged \u27e8friend?\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0268", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Nelly Conway Madison, 25 February 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, Nelly Conway\n Sister Rose informs me that you wish a remittance of $400. I inclose a check in favor of Capt. Eddins who will save you all trouble by indorsing and negociating it. I presume he will be able to convert it into cash readily on the usual terms.\n Dolly is again pretty well. She has been several times latterly & for some continuance, much otherwise, more than once seriously sick. We learn with\ngreat pleasure that your health has been but little affected throughout the winter, and hope this will find it remaining good. Yr. affe. son", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0269", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jacob Brown, 25 February 1816\nFrom: Brown, Jacob\nTo: Madison, James\n Genrl: Brown and Mrs: Brown accept with pleasure the invitation of the President and Mrs: Madison for Thursday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0270", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 26 February 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n William Little, of Massachusetts, to be principal assessor of the 11th Collection district of the same state.\n Richard Douglass, of Ohio, to be principal assessor for the 3d Collection district of the same state in the place of James Denny deceased.\n Nicholas Scales, of Tennessee, to be principal assessor of the 5th Collection district of the same state in the place [of] John R Bedford resigned.\n George W. Hardwicke, of Georgia, to be Collector for the 3d collection district of Georgia in the place of D.W. Crawford, resigned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0271", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Aaron Jordan Booge, 26 February 1816\nFrom: Booge, Aaron Jordan\nTo: Madison, James\n New Lebanon County of Columbia N.Y.Febr. 26th 1816\n My truly & sincerely beloved President\n You have been called to the Chief Magistracy of the United States in difficult & perilous Times; but You have been made, under the Guidance of a kind Providence, the happy & honoured Instrument of conducting the Nation firmly & wisely through their Difficulties & Dangers to a State of Peace & Safety, a state of Tranquility, Honor & Prosperity. The sincere Thanks & Applauses of every Friend to his Country & every Friend to the Rights of Mankind attend You. The Benefits which our common & beloved Country have received under your Administration will be remembered with Gratitude So long as the History of our Empire Shall last; while a Consciousness of your own Rectitude & Faithfulness will not be among the least of your Rewards. I know that your Time & Attention are devoted to the Concerns of the great Empire over which You preside; yet your Benevolence is such that You are disposed, I am persuaded, to attend even to an Individual so far as is consistant. I therefore give myself Liber[ty] to mention to your Excellency, that I have an ardent Desire, if the Favor can be had, to be a Chaplain in the United States Service. If Chaplains are already Selected I hope there may be a Place for Me in the invalid Core which is to be raised or to be a Chaplain in the military Academy which is to be at Knoxville or to be put into Some other Employment which may be judged Suitable. While I make this humble Request your Excellency will permit Me to observe, that in the Revolution, which I supported to the utmost of my Abilities I lost all my Property, that I have ever been a decided & undeviating Republican, that by supporting the Administration of the late President that worthy & excellent Man Mr. Jefferson & the support I have given the present truely beloved Chief Magistrate of the United States I have drawn upon Me the Hatred & Persecution of those unreasonable & cruel Enemies of our present happy Government the Federalists Clergy and Laity, that they have deprived Me of all professional Means of Supporting myself & a beloved Family. The Governor & a goodly Number of the principal Characters of this State gave me their cordial Recomendation when I was appointed Chaplain in the United States Service, my appointment gave great Satisfaction to all the Republicans who knew Me & I believe my Continuance in the Service would be equally So. The sufferings which have been laid upon Me I could cheerfully bear the Cause in which I Suffered being So good at the Same Time it has been & Still would be a great Consolation to Me under the Wrongs which have been done Me to be noticed & supported by my Friends. There are I Suppose many Children of Soldiers & others who are attached to the Army which are destitute\nof the Means of Education these I deeply compassionate & can I be in the Service, I will, in Addition to the Duties of a Chaplain, as a Schoolmaster instruct these faithfully with out any Expence to any one but myself & by being removed at Suitable Times from one Post to another I might Instruct Many. These Considerations are dutifully & respectfully Submitted.\n It is my humble & fervent Prayer to Almighty God that your Life and Health may be continued many Years, that the remaining Period of your Presidency may be happy to You & happy & profitable to the Community; & that when You retire it may be to the Enjoyment of all needed Good in this Life accompanied with a good Hope of a better Life in the World to come. I Subscribe myself as I really am your Excellencys Sincere Friend\n P.S. I have in very grateful Recollection the kind Attention paid to Me when at Washington by Mrs. Madison. My best Respects wait on observing to her at the Same Time that my little grand Daughter Dolly Madison her Namesake is a fine Child.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0274", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Wheaton, 26 February 1816\nFrom: Wheaton, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n I am informed by Mr. Graham, that the accountant of the War Department, has reported a ballance due to me, on my accounts in the Quarter Master Generals Department, (exclusive of pay due me for personal Services) Seven thousand, Six hundred dollars, in consequence of which a Mr. Cook is ordered to Richmond, to pay of my due bills. This course leaves it possible to Subject me to Serious inconvenience; if not intended an implied censure, on my official conduct. It is very important that in the payment of those bills, given for Supplies furnished, & Services rendered by various persons; for the Sole benefit of the United States, that each due bill, Should be compared with the voucher & receipt, in my office in Richmond, duplicates of those deposited with the accountant here; by compairing dates, and Sums, impositions (if any) would be detected.\n I had therefore hoped I Should be permitted to Settle my own transactions in that way. If however after So much responsibility as has been confided to me in the Course of the war, it is in So great a degree lessened by the peace, that I may not pay those debts, permit me to request that I may be ordered to Richmond, to have those payments made in my presence and under my examination. With the Homage of my heart I am Excellent Sir faithfully your obedient Servant\n Joseph WheatonD Q M Genl.\n Note. Those due bills were given when Mr. Monroe was Secretary of War, when funds could not be Supplied, & when that course was indispensible to the public Service.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0275", "content": "Title: Account of a Meeting with Isaac Briggs, 26 February 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n \u201cI then made a visit to the President, who received me and entertained and instructed me, as has always been his custom, in a free, social and\nfriendly conversation. The subject was American Manufactures, for the effectual protection of which he is a decided advocate. He began by again praising my pamphlet in high and strong terms. He then, in a very luminous manner, exhibited the present state and held up a prospective view of Britain, France and Europe generally, and the countries around the Mediterranean, the Black, and the Caspian, Sea\u2014and also of Mexico & S. America, as impressively pointing the United States to a course of policy\u2014the only wise one, easy and obvious now, and for which the present moment is auspicious\u2014but if we suffer the present occasion to pass unimproved, it may never hereafter be in our power to regain the advantage.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0276", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 27 February 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n William Habersham, of Georgia, to be a Commissioner of Loans of the same State in the place of Robert Habersham resigned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0277", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Hollinshead, 27 February 1816\nFrom: Hollinshead, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\n Mr. President Honorable Sir\n I wrote a letter addressed to your excellence the 3d. Ult. For which I was desirous of your honorable correspondence. Mr. President, I again take the liberty of addressing your honor, on the occasion of reprinting the assemblies & Catechism for which I am securing a copy right. I inclose a copy\nof my subscription. May it Pleas[e] your Honor to Grant me a benefit in the City of Washington and its vicinity. Not that I wish to incumber your honor, about the collection of subscribers; but may it please your honor, to [cancel] favour some one of the respectable ministers of the Gospel that will take a pleasure in attending to a laudable business of this importance. I am happy, under your magnanimous Parental Administration. Do please to correspond with me. I am with great respect your humble servant\n Rev. Dr. Benjamin Hollinshead", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0278", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Lee, 27 February 1816\nFrom: Lee, William\nTo: Madison, James\n By the copy of my correspondences with the authorities here, which I have this day forwarded to the Secretary of State, you will see how necessary it is for me to quit Bordeaux, if not for ever, at least for a time. My situation Sir, is so very unpleasant, that I really have at some moments, fears for my safety. I have seen such dreadful scenes in this country formerly, that I have no inclination to brave public opinion, when directed by injustice and fanaticism.\n May I be permitted Sir, to reiterate the request, contained in the letter I had the honor to write you a few days ago, by again taking the liberty to recommend to your notice, my friend Danl Strobel Esq., as a fit person, to fill the place of Consul to this port.\n If this appointment can be made, consistent with your ideas of propriety, & the public service, it would also confirm and assist, my commercial operations with this port, while it would secure to Mr. Strobel[s] large family & mine, the means of existence.\n It would perhaps been more in rule for me, to have written the Secretary of State, on this head; whose friendly disposition towards me, I have had so many honourable proofs of. But, the motive which has overruled in my mind, and induced me to direct the request to you, is the desire, that whatever may be the result, of my perhaps too presumptious solicitation, it might be known only to the President & myself. With the highest veneration & most sincere respect and attachment I have the honor to remain your obliged & obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0279", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Miller, 27 February 1816\nFrom: Miller, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Being unexpectedly compelled to leave the City to-morrow morning, I offer an apology for not doing myself the honor to dine with you on Thursday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0280", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Munroe, 27 February 1816\nFrom: Munroe, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n Office of Superintendant of the City of washington\n I have the honor to transmit herewith a General abstract Account of Receipts & Expenditures \u201cin the City of washington, under the Authority of the united States\u201d prepared in obedience to a resolution of the House of Representatives of 17th. instant; by which it will appear that the aggregate Amt. expended is \u2003\u2003 $1,746,014.46\n Of which there was Drawn from the United States Treasury\n Donations from the States of Virginia & Maryland\n And From the Sales of Lots assigned by the original proprietors as a grant\n The same resolution requires also a statement \u201cof the probable value of the public property remaining on hand.\u201d\n This property consists of\n About 5,200 standard building lots of 5265 square feet each, which estimated at $180 \u214c lot, the average price of the lots heretofore sold, would Amount to\n 541. acres 1r. 29p of ground in the City of Washington reserved for the use of the United States, which estimated at the same rate, tho\u2019 deemed of much more value, would Amt. to about\n Lands & Freestone quarries in Virginia, Wharves & water lots in the City of washington, and Debts due for property sold estimated at\n I have the honor to be, with the most respectful consideration Sir Yr Ob Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0284", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Nicholas, 28 February 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, John\nTo: Madison, James\n I think it proper to inform you that the court to which I belong has determined that they have no cognizance of the causes of the United States and that a considerable number which had been brought in that court were dismissed.\n Although it was probable that I was one of those who have assented to laws which gave cognizance of such cases to the state courts, I had no hesitation, when called upon to decide the question, [\u2026] that Congress cannot give such a power and that the state courts cannot execute it. The unwillingness of the government to take on itself the odium of establishing a full judiciary and the readiness of it\u2019s opponents to receive concessions in favor of the state governments I presume was the cause of it\u2019s first passing in silence, and the same causes and the authority of precedent have kept the question unmoved to the present time. The number of suits brought in this county and the certainty that the time limited for the session of the court would not be sufficient for the old and new business forced the question on us, and I believe it cannot be looked at without surprize that it has been so long dormant. I apprehend that it will be indispensible for the U.S. to increase the number of its courts and indeed from what passed during the war and what is now doing in evading the revenue laws I think they should not rely on the half way services of the State courts, but establish some [\u2026] inculcate & enforce honorable principles. The frontiers of this state & Vermont especially want looking to and I think a very respectable court should be formed for their use. If there could be a mixture of respectable federalists in it, it would have a good effect in correcting that most dangerous creed of the party that nothing which the govt. does is entitled to a voluntary support.\n I have almost persuaded myself that your recollection of me had considerable influence in placing Mr. Dox in the office I solicited for him and of\ncourse have considered it as a pledge, which it undoubtedly is let the motive have been what it might, that he would be continued if his conduct should be good. Before he was appointed his pretensions were but equal to others who were untried, but after trial he may fairly claim a preference and the interest of the U.S. would forbid the office being [\u2026]ded in new hands. I understand that [\u2026] will be made to procure the office for Southwick, but I cannot for a moment believe, whatever may be Mr. D\u2019s fate, that S can be successful. Perhaps no man in the U. S has acted more unworthily or endeavoured to do more mischief. When Duane was appointed a Lt. Colonel at the close of Mr. J\u2019s administration I was really mortified and indeed know it declared in this state, where all have been ready to abuse the govt. when opportunity offered, that it was done to promote your election, but that appointment was nothing to this. Duane is not a gentleman but he had been undeviating in his republicanism. S. has been it\u2019s bitterest enemy and has done every thing likely to injure public affairs in hopes of disgracing its officers. It need not surprize you if he should have a great support among republicans here for you may rely upon it, that a great number of persons remain Clintonians who pretend to have withdrawn themselves because the people went before them, and wish for such an opportunity of raising his standard again as S.s appointment would afford. S. withal is a thoughtless, [\u2026] who has been in the receipt of a vast income and is now bankrupt.\n I have now done with such subjects forever and feel much more disposed to congratulate you on the prospect of your early release from the importunity of office hunters than to let my wishes add to your troubles. I sincerely hope that the remainder of your administration may be as tranquil as the former part has been stormy and that your retirement may be as happy as your long series of useful services to your country deserves. I am very respectfully yr mo. ob. st.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0287", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 1 March 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander J.\nTo: Madison, James\n The Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to lay before the President of the United States, the annual Report of David Shriver Jr, the Superintendant of the Western Road, from Cumberland to the river Ohio.\n The Secretary having respectfully submitted to the President, propositions for accelerating the completion of this great national work, deems it proper, upon the present occasion, to add the following statement and estimates of the appropriation, which have been made, and which will be required for that purpose.\n 1. Statement of past appropriations.\n Deduct amount carried to the Surplus Fund, not re appropriated\n The sum expended upon the road prior to 1815 is\n The sum expended upon the road during 1815 is\n The sum expended upon the road from the 31st. of Dec. 1815 to the 27. Feb. 1815[6] is\n Leaving the balance of appropriations on the 27th. February 1816 at\n 2. Estimate of appropriations required.\n To carry the road to Union town, about the sum of\n To compleat the road from Uniontown to Brownsville, about twelve miles will require at the rate of 7.500 dollars per mile, according to the estimate heretofore laid before Congress, about the sum of\n To make the road at and from Wheling on the Ohio to the 113 mile marked upon the Survey of the Commissioners about 12 miles will require at the same rate about the sum of\n To survey the course of the Road from Brownsville to Wheling, through Washington and Alexandria, will require about the sum of\n Upon this general view, it is proposed, that in addition to the above stated balance of past appropriations\n there be recommended to Congress a further appropriation to the amount of\n Making together the amount required for the above purposes\n All which is respectfully submitted.\n A. J. Dallas,Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0288", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jos\u00e9 Manuel de Herrera, 1 March 1816\nFrom: Herrera, Jos\u00e9 Manuel de\nTo: Madison, James\n Having been designated by the Mexican Republic to come to the Government of the United States and negotiate affairs of extreme importance, I set out on the 16th of July of last year and after crossing a vast expanse of land in order to reach the Vera Cruz coast and having been detained there over a month on account of the fire which destroyed the vessel which was to bring me, I finally managed to sail on a schooner that appeared as I had resolved to return to the interior, having given up every hope that I could be afforded such a coveted opportunity.\n On the first of October last I reached the city with the intent to remain there only the time absolutely needed to take the necessary measures for continuing my trip to Washington and placing in Your Excellency\u2019s hands my credentials together with a letter from my Government and other papers, but in spite of my wishes and efforts and notwithstanding the very nature of the business with which I am entrusted, I was unfortunately frustrated in my intentions and hampered in my movements so much so that I have been four months in New Orleans, the obstacles which delayed my departure growing more and more numerous. This truly unpleasant situation, all the more as in my opinion it may cause injury of the greatest consequence to the interests of mankind, has induced me to return to Mexico for the object of removing in person some difficulty which, if I avail myself of the services of any other person, might check the earlier success of my negotiations with the Government there from which I am sure I shall receive the needed assistance and which certainly could not exempt me from doing whatever certain circumstances demand, which circumstances have come together quite unexpectedly.\n As my arrival in this country and the object of my mission have been made extremely public I deem it my duty to tell Your Excellency what has happened while leaving out useless details which would only break up the earnest and delicate matters which engage Your Excellency\u2019s attention.\n I have also seen fit to enclose the official letter addressed to Your Excellency by my Government and the papers therein mentioned, all in copies\nand through Se\u00f1or Don Guillermo Robinson, to whom I am indebted in addition to other services for undertaking to put those papers in their proper course, the only object of which is to inform Your Excellency of the particulars they contain until the moment shall come when I present the original to Your Excellency in all the forms that are customary. In the meanwhile I have the honor to tender to Your Excellency my profound respects [etc].", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0290", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Everingham, [ca. 1 March 1816]\nFrom: Everingham, John\nTo: Madison, James\n The Petition of John Everingham, of the City of Charleston in the District aforesaid\u2014Respectfully Sheweth;\n That during the Session of the District Court of the United States for the District aforesaid in December last, a Judgment was obtained against your petitioner on a Bond in the penal sum of five thousand Dollars, given for the Privateer Schooner Lovely Cordelia. That your Petitioner was only a Security on the said Bond & had entered into the same merely by the entreaties of his friends, he being totally unacquainted at that time with the Captain or Officers of the said Privateer; Your Petitioner begs leave to state to your Excellency the peculiar hardship of his case in order that your Petitioner might obtain a pardon of the said forfeiture. That the said Schooner Lovely Cordelia arrived in the port of Charleston in the District aforesaid on the 27th. day of October 1813 from a Cruize. That shortly after her arrival she was seized by the Officers of the Customs for having on board certain persons of Colour in violation of the Act of Congress prohibiting the Slave trade. On being libelled in the Court of Admiralty, Application was made by Peter Sicard to have the said Schooner appraised and bonded and delivered to up to him. That the said Application was granted and the Schooner Bonded for the sum of $2500: & then delivered up to the Claimant. That your Petitioner unfortunately became one of the Securities to the said Bond. That the said Schooner was afterwards condemned as forfeited & there being no other person, than your Petitioner, who was Solvent, on the Bond, your Petitioner has had to pay the amount thereof & has never received any thing yet to reimburse him for the same and never expects it as all the parties are insolvent. That at the time of the said condemnation, nothing was said of any other Violation of the Laws of the Government, & your Petitioner supposed that this would be the whole loss he would have sustained by his imprudence in entering into Bonds for the said Schooner. But to his astonishment on the 19th. April 1815 a Bail Writ was issued against your Petitioner on the Bond given at the Custom House when the said Privateer received her Commission & he was arrested and compelled to give Bail in the sum of $5000. That on making enquiry respecting this Suit your petitioner ascertained that one of the Seamen by the name of John Conklin, formerly belonging to the said Privateer, had come forward & lodged information that on the 27 October 1813 a certain quantity of Dry Goods had been landed from the said Schooner without a permit in violation of the Collection Law. That for this violation of the laws the Bond had been sued & your petitioner arrested. That the Affidavit attached to the Writ & made by the said John Conklin was dated the 18 April\n1815 the same day when the Writ was issued, nearly eighteen Months after the Offence was said to have been committed. That at the time the said suit was commenced the Captain and most of the Officers of the said Privateer were dead or beyond the reach of your Petitioner & thereby as he was totally ignorant of all the circumstances or the Affairs of the Schooner he was prevented from making any defence. That accordingly when the cause was called in Court Your Petitioner being possessed of no information to ground a defence on suffered Judgment to pass against him without any dispute. That the only Witness examined by the United States to prove that the Goods were were landed, was the said John Conklin on whose testimony the Jury found their Verdict. Your Petitioner respectfully begs leave to bring to the View of your Excellency the peculiar situation in which he was placed at this trial. A Suit commenced Eighteen months after the violation of the Laws was said to have taken place. The Captain of the Vessel dead and the rest of the Officers and Crew either dead or beyond the controul of your Petitioner. Without any Knowledge of the circumstance and without the means of acquiring any information whether the alledged violation was correct or not, only a Security on a Bond, without any interest that could be derived to him from the Vessel or her Cruizes, he came into Court and could not say any thing in his defence. The Bond he had signed, & he had no means of disproving what had been asserted.\n Your Petitioner begs leave further to state that during his residence in this State he has always endeavoured to support the Laws of the Government & has never been known to have violated them. That during his Transactions for many Years with the Custom House, he has always been punctual in the payment of his Bonds. That he has paid in his own right very considerable amounts for duties to the Government and has never been deficient. That he has also paid large sums for duties on account of being Security for others, many of whom have never been able to reimburse him for the same. That in this particular instance he has already paid the appraised value of the Schooner Lovely Cordelia, & that if the amount of this Bond is likewise demanded, he will have to pay it himself as there is no person on the Bond that is worth One Cent, the Parties being entirely insolvent.\n Your Petitioner therefore prays your Excellency would be pleased to take his case in consideration and to grant him a pardon for the forfeiture of the said Bond. And your Petitioner will ever pray &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0291", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Maury, 2 March 1816\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I presented, thro\u2019 Mr. Monroe, my thanks for the honor done me in the re-appointment of Consul for this port, for which I beg leave in this, to repeat my thanks.\n Your draft of \u00a3204:16:4 in favor of Richard Cutts was lately presented & paid: this balances the account rendered in March 1814, but the interest accruing since & to your credit amounts to \u00a319:9:6, and supposing it might be acceptable, I have taken upon me to send you two cheases: a Cheshire & a Gloucester, of which the bill of lading & bill of parcels are inclosed: the cost is \u00a35:6:8, leaving a balance stil in your favour of \u00a314:2:10\u00bc. I hope you will receive them in good condition & with the usual improvement from the passage over the Atlantic.\n Tobacco is stil high, tho\u2019 considerably lower than it has been. With high respect & esteem I have the honor [\u2026] \u27e8your\u27e9 old obliged friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0293", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Wilson Cary Nicholas, 4 March 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honor to enclose to you a resolution of the Assembly of the State of Virginia, instructing the Governor of the Commonwealth earnestly and respectfully to submit to you, the importance of effectually providing for the defence of the Chesapeake Bay. Your knowledge of the Chesapeake Country, its population, the value of its products and its importance in a political and commercial point of view, renders it\nunnecessary and superfluous for me to enter into detail upon the subject. It is equally well known to you that the produce of the extensive country which is washed by this bay and its tributary waters, has no other outlet to the sea, and that through them must pass the products of other countries intended for our consumption. \u27e8The\u27e9 Chesapeake too affords a necessary and essential Naval Station for the public ships of the United States, without it, our squadrons may often have to seek a port at such a distance as may be fatal to them. The importance of this bay as a link in the chain of inland communication from North to South, has, I am sure, attracted your notice, as well as the communication that some of its tributary streams (with the improvements contemplated,) will afford with the Western waters. Upon the political effects that will flow from thus combining the interests of so many states, and the cement that this community of interests among those states would form, it would be presumptuous in me to say a word, to you, whose life and talents have been devoted to the formation and strengthening the union of the States. The entire loss of our export trade during the late war & the cruel desolation of the shores of the bay and the rivers emptying into it, has forced this subject upon the attention of the people of this State in an irresistable manner. For the people of Virginia I earnestly request that such measures may be taken during peace as will exempt us from a renuwal of the calamities & losses sustained during the last war. It is certainly most desirable that the entrance into the bay by hostile ships should be prevented if practicable. Whether that can be done or not, can only be decided by Engineers and naval men. If this should be deemed impossible, permit me to suggest, that the position lowest down the bay that affords a good harbour and admits of easy access from the sea, from the rivers and the upper parts of the bay, and is capable (with proper works), of being defended, with the aid of such naval force and floating battaries as could be combined, would give great security to commerce, and in great measure prevent a renewal of the predatory war from which we have lately suffered. In the discharge of the duty assigned to me, I should ill represent the feelings of the General Assembly if I did not give you the strongest assurance, that this application does not proceed from any doubt of your disposition to provide for the defence of every part of the United States. Forty years devotion to the public service, has inspired the utmost confidence in your talents and patriotism: But it is understood that your exertions in this way are limitted by the means at your disposal, and it is hoped that your recommendation will induce the Congress of the United States, to put at your command adequate funds to enable you to provide for the effectual defence of the Chesapeake, and every other part of America that is vulnerable and exposed. I have the honor to be, With the greatest respect Sir, Your humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0294", "content": "Title: To James Madison from St. George Tucker, 4 March 1816\nFrom: Tucker, St. George\nTo: Madison, James\n The last Richmond papers announce on the part of Mr. Hay, his intention to resign his present office of attorney for the U: S: for this district.\n May I take the Liberty of recommending as his Successor in Office, a friend, and a Gentleman of the first character and Talents, now in Washington, and personally known to you? I should deem myself guilty of presumption in so doing, if I could not add with Confidence, that I am not acquainted with any Gentleman of the Bar, on whose attention to the Duties of his Office, I could rely with more Confidence than on Mr. Wirt, if he can be prevaild on to accept the charge.\n I beg you will pardon this intrusion & believe me with the most perfect esteem & respect, Dear Sir, Your most obedt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0296", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David Humphreys, 5 March 1816\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Madison, James\n I take the liberty of introducing Mr: Pollard of Boston, a gentleman of considerable literary taste & acquirements, who is travelling for the first time as far South as the City of Washington. His object is to see the Country & become somewhat more acquainted with its Inhabitants. Your pardoning this liberty is the rather to be hoped for, from a consideration of my not having before trespassed on your time in this way; as well as from a reluctance to abuse your indulgence, in future.\n My best respects are tendered to Mrs. Madison, with the assurances of the sentiments of the high consideration & esteem, with which, I have the honour to be Sir, Your mo. obdt. & very humble Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0298", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Martin Van Buren, 5 March 1816\nFrom: Van Buren, Martin\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00b6 From Martin Van Buren. Letter not found. 5 March 1816. Offered for sale in American Art Association Anderson Galleries catalogue no. 4201 (1935), item 306, where it is described as an autograph letter, signed, from Albany, recommending Lawrence L. Van Kleeck. On 12 Mar. 1816 JM nominated Van Kleeck to be collector for the thirteenth collection district of New York (DNA: RG 46, Executive Proceedings, Nominations, 14B\u2013A1; in John Payne Todd\u2019s hand, signed by JM). The Senate confirmed the nomination on 14 Mar. 1816 (Senate Exec. Proceedings,Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America (3 vols.; Washington, 1828). 3:37).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0301", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 6 March 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander J.\nTo: Madison, James\n The Secretary of the Treasury, to whom the President of the United States, referred the Resolution of the House of Representatives of the 17th. of February 1816, requesting a statement of certain expenses, which have been incurred for public edifices and improvements, in the City of Washington, under the authority of the United States, has the honor to \u27e8Re\u27e9port:\n That the annexed Schedule A, certified \u27e8by the\u27e9 Superintendant of the City, contains a General \u27e8abstract\u27e9 of the Receipts and Expenditures, and of the \u27e8objects of\u27e9 \u27e8E\u27e9xpenditure, in relation to the City of Washington,\n\u27e8under the\u27e9 authority of the United States, so far as the same occurred, under the agency of the Board \u27e8of\u27e9 \u27e8Commi\u27e9ssioners, or of the Superintendant of the City, \u27e8respectively,\u27e9 from the year 1791, to the 1st. of January 1816.\n That the annexed Schedule B, certified \u27e8by the Reg\u27e9ister of the Treasury, contains a Statement \u27e8of monies\u27e9 which have been advanced by the United \u27e8States, an\u27e9d of the objects of expenditure, in relation \u27e8to the Cit\u27e9y of Washington, other than those included \u27e8in the pre\u27e9ceding Schedule.\n That from the Schedule A it appears, \u27e8that the a\u27e9ggregate of the expenditures, under the \u27e8Board of\u27e9 Commissioners, and the Superintendant \u27e8of the Ci\u27e9ty, amounted on the 1st. of January 1816 to the sum of\n Of which there was drawn from the Treasury the sum of\n Of which there was received upon donation from the States of Maryland and Virginia the sum of\n Of which there was received from the sale of lots assigned by the original proprietors, as a grant, the sum of\n That from the Schedule B it appears, that the aggregate amount of the monies advanced by the United States, upon specific appropriations, and authorised Loans, in addition to the above amounted, on the 1st. of January 1816, to the sum of\n The gross amount of expenditures on the 1st. of January 1816, being the sum of\n That the value of the public property \u27e8remaining\u27e9 on hand, is estimated, by the Superintendant \u27e8of the City,\u27e9 in a letter dated the 27th. of February 1816, \u27e8at the\u27e9 sum of 1.724.000 Dollars,\n 1. About 5200 standard & building Lots of 5265 square feet each, which estimated at 180 dollars per lot, the average price of the lots heretofore sold, would amount to the sum of\n 2. Five hundred and forty one acres of ground in the City of Washington reserved for the use of the U. States, which, estimated at the same rate, though deemed of much greater value would amount to the sum of\n 3. Lands and Free-Stone quarries in Virginia; wharves and water lots in the City of Washington; and debts due for property sold; about\n All which is respectfully submitted.\n A. J. DallasSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0303", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Patterson, 6 March 1816\nFrom: Patterson, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\n The ordinary repairs of the Mint, the director has considered himself as authorized to make, from the annual appropriations for that purpose, without troubling the President with repeated applications for his sanction. But the repairs which the late fire has now rendered necessary, being so considerable, I would not venture to undertake, without your approbation; which is, therefore Sir, most respectfully solicited.\n No estimate of the expences or time necessary for these repairs, can, at present, be made, with any degree of accuracy: but, it is believed, that the balances of the two last years\u2019 appropriations, not yet carried to the surplus fund, together with that for the present year, will be more than sufficient; & that the whole may be accomplished in eight or ten months from the time of commencement.\n In truth, except the mere building, which was ill-constructed, & of little value, no great loss has been sustained by the fire. The principal parts of the machinery were, in fact, nearly worne out; & must have been replaced in a short time, tho\u2019 no such accident had occurred.\n The only difficulty, at present foreseen, will be in procurin\u27e8g\u27e9 rollers; two or three pair of which will be wanted. These can, I believe, be best obtained thro\u2019 the agency of Mr. Boult\u27e8on\u27e9 of Soho, the gentleman who has for many years supplied the mint with copper: but in answer to a letter which I addressed to him some years ago, on the subject of rollers, he informed me, that they were among the articles which could not be exported without obtaining permission from the Government; this, however, might probably be effecte\u27e8d\u27e9 thro the application of our Minister at London. I have the honour to be, Sir with the greatest respect & esteem, Your most obedt. Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0304", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William I, 6 March 1816\nFrom: William I (of the Netherlands)\nTo: Madison, James\n C\u2019est avec un vrai plaisir que j\u2019informe Votre Excellence du mariage entre mon tr\u00e8s Cher Fils le Prince d\u2019Orange & Son Altesse Imp\u00e9riale Madame la Grande Duchesse Anne Paulowne, dont les fiancailles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9es \u00e0 St. Petersbourg le neuf Fevrier dernier. Je Suis trop persuad\u00e9 des sentimens que Vous me portez, ainsi qu\u2019a ma Maison Royale, pour ne pas \u00eatre convaincu que Vous partagerez la satisfaction que cet heureux \u00e9v\u00e8nement me fait \u00e9prouver & saisis avec empressement cette occasion de Vous renouveller l\u2019assuran\u27e8ce\u27e9 de mon sinc\u00e8re attachement & de ma haute estime Sur ce je prie Dieu Tr\u00e8s Ch\u00e8r & Grand Ami, qu\u2019il Vous ait en Sa Sainte & digne garde. Votre Bon Ami\n CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n Is pleased to inform JM of the marriage of his son, the Prince of Orange, to Her Imperial Highness, Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna. The betrothal was celebrated in St. Petersburg on 9 Feb. 1816. Believes that JM shares his satisfaction at this happy event and seizes the occasion to offer renewed assurance of his sincere attachment and high regard.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0305", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edward Coles, 7 March 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Coles, Edward\n Finding by your letter to Mrs. M. answered by the enclosed, that you must have left N. O. before the communications from myself & Payne could have reached it, I take this occasion to thank you for yr. information given in two letters relative to abuses in the pub: lands, and the landed bounties for Soldiers. I hope the steps taken will prove some cure for them. The rule adopted by the War Dept. appeared to be the best calculated to save the Soldiers from the fraudulent speculations of which you apprized us.\n Mrs. M. has I presume given you the news of the City; and the newspapers will give that of the Nation. Our foreign intelligence is much in arrears. The latest was recd. through the prints of Charleston.\n You do not say how long you mean to continue in S. Carolina. We shall count on a visit during one to Virga. Cant you make one to us here in the mean time. No one, unless it be among the ladies, will be more gratified, than your truly affece. friend,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0306", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 8 March 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Anthony Haden, of the Mississippi Territory to be a member of the legislative counsel of the same Territory, in the place of Mathias McGirk resigned.\n Benjamin Cooper, of the Missouri Territory to be a member of the legislative Counsel of the same territory in the place of Abraham Gallatin resigned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0309", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Newton, 9 March 1816\nFrom: Newton, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n I take the liberty of mentioning a gentleman every way qualified to be one of the Commissioners for ascertaining and fixing the boundary line between the United States and the British possessions in Canada. The gentleman I allude to is Isaac Briggs. This gentleman is well known to you and Mr. Jefferson. I know that Mr. Jefferson possesses the highest confidence in his honesty, and that he also considers Mr. Briggs a man of abilities. His knowledge and skill in mathematics and astronomy eminently qualify him for an office of so much importance. I shall add no more.\n This letter is written with great diffidence. It is a spontaneous act. I persuade myself you will see nothing in it exhibiting a want of respect towards you. I flatter myself your liberality of sentiment will not permit you to discern in this letter any departure from it. I remain, with sentiments of great esteem and respect, Your Obt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0310", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Stevens, 9 March 1816\nFrom: Stevens, John\nTo: Madison, James\n The difficulties, dangers, delay & expense of transportation, experienced by the public as well as by individuals, during the late war with Great Britain, have fully demonstrated the necessity of effecting, if practicable, facile, cheap & expeditious means of communication generally throughout the Union, but more especially between the Eastern & Southern States parallel with the Sea Coast. But if in the accomplishme\u27e8nt\u27e9 of this all important object, a system of defence of the harbors and extensive bays & sounds along the Sea Coast can also be combined, at a very moderate expense to the Union, it may most assuredly be presumed this Government would not hesitate a moment to embrace & carry into immediate effect Such a\nsystem, should it bring with it satisfactory evidence of the competency & certainty of the means it offers for the attainment of objects so eminently important.\n Without further preface I shall proceed to lay before your Excellency a concise explanation of my views on this momentous subject.\n About four years ago, when the great project of uniting the waters of the Hudson River with those of Lake Erie was first agitated, I published, in the form of a pamphlet, some documents which I then thought, and still think, were conclusive in demonstrating the decided superiority of rail roads over lock navigation. From recent accounts I find that the project I had therein recommended has been carried into effect in various parts of Great Britain; that transportation on rail-roads in Steam Carriages, is likely soon to come into general use in that Island. It can therefore be no longer considered as a visionary and impracticable scheme.\n From Providence in the State of Rhode Island to Savannah in Georgia, a distance of more than a thousand miles, is an inland navigation through rivers, bays and sounds, with interruptions at only four different portages or carrying places amounting on the whole to not much more than one hundred miles.\n The first is between New Brunswick & Trenton in the State of New Jersey, a distance of 25 miles. But what is very remarkable, after ascending the hill immediately behind New Brunswick, and which is about 70 or 80 feet above the level of the tide-water of the Rariton River, the whole distance to the banks of the Delaware below the bridge near Trenton the ground is so very near to a dead level as to require very little work to render the surface fit to receive an excellent rail road, passing for a considerable distance through the finest timber swamp in the State.\n The next carrying place is across from the Delaware to the Chesapeake which from some point between New Castle and Reedy island might be effected in a distance of about 12 miles, over ground nearly level.\n The next is from Norfolk to some of the waters leading into Albemarle Sound, a distance of from 12 to 20 miles over a very level Country.\n Then after passing through Pamlico, Coxe and Bogue Sounds in the State of North Carolina to some point at the head of the present navigable waters beyond the of Swansborough, there will be another portage to Wilmington of about 40 or 50 Miles over a dead level.\n It would appear, however, from the Map of North Carolina that from Swansborough the Sound extends to within less than one Mile of the outlet of Cape Fear River opposite to Brunswick. By cutting then a short canal at this place & making the Sound navigable, the portage to Wilmington would be rendered unnecessary. In the passage by water from Wilmington to Charleston, it is necessary to enter the open Sea for a short distance; the\nrest of the voyage to Savannah in Georgia may be performed through an inland navigation.\n Thus then by means of Steam boats and Rail roads, the whole of this long journey of 900 miles by water & one hundred miles by land, might, without the least fatigue, be performed in about half the time it now takes to convey the Mail.\n The accomplishment of so extensive, and, at the same time, So facile, cheap, and expeditious a line of communication, forms in itself alone an object truly worthy of the most serious attention.\n But when with it may be combined a most efficient system of defence against the Naval attacks of an enemy, it may with propriety be said to command most imperiously the utmost exertion of the energies of the nation to bring so essential a work to as speedy an issue as possible.\n The System of defence now proposed is to be effected by constructing the Steam boats which this long line of Communication would require, in such a manner as that they may, at any time, be converted into ships of war of the most formidable kind. How this is to be done, is not now necessary to explain; suffice it to say that should your Excellency be disposed to view the plan of which I have now merely sketched an outline in so favorable a light as to authorise & appoint proper persons to confer with me on the subject, I feel the fullest confident in being able to give them satisfactory explanations of the efficiency of the plan of defence now proposed. With the highest respect I am, Sir, Your obedient Servant\n Horses or other animal power may be used to give motion to carriages on the rail roads now proposed, to perhaps as much advantage as steam, except where great expedition is required.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0311", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Wirt, 10 March 1816\nFrom: Wirt, William\nTo: Madison, James\n I understand that the office of attorney for the U.S. in the district of Virginia is vacant by the resignation of Mr. Hay; and if a successor be not already selected, I beg leave to present to your notice Mr: Abel P. Upshur\nof this city. The circumstance of Mr. Upshurs having read law under my direction and lived in habits of great intimacy with me for several years, has brought me closely acquainted with the structure of his mind and character and I have no hesitation in saying that I consider him as among the first young men of our state. He is uncommonly acute\u2014solid\u2014fruitful in resource\u2014already enlightened in an eminent degree and with habits of application and an emulous love of his profession which insure him a station in the first ranks of the bar. He is, moreover, a gentleman of the purest and noblest sense of honor\u2014with habits of moral propriety which would do honor to a sage. In such case, however, it is proper to state that he is a federalist\u2014but a Virginian and not a Northern federalist. He justified the late war with G. Britain\u2014and was among the volunteers who marched to York river to meet the enemy. In relation to the office for which I present him, I am entirely certain, from the elevation and firmness of his character, that no difference of political sentiment would ever swerve him from his duties, or abate in the smallest degree the zeal proper for their discharge. How far, in the present condition of the country, his political creed ought to operate as a bar to his appointment, or whether its tendency would not rather be to soothe the exasperation of party and promote that coalescence which is so desirable on every account and of which we have such promissing omens it is not for me to decide. I submit the proposition with great deference and rely upon your usual indulgence to excuse this liberty. I beg you to accept the assurance of my unalterable attachment and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0312", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 11 March 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Peter P. Ferry, of Ohio, to be Collector of the Customs for the district of Sandusky in the same state, in the place of E.W. Bull, deceased.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0313", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David Jones, 12 March 1816\nFrom: Jones, David\nTo: Madison, James\n Eastown Chester County\n Last December I was Seized with the Influenza, which confined me to my house through the winter, & I have not rode out yet more than one mile; but expect shortly to be ab\u27e8le\u27e9 to go to Philadelphia. I have most ardently wished for \u27e8an\u27e9 hour\u2019s Conversation with you. The first Subject is a Na\u27e8tio\u27e9nal Bank, which will be a national Curse, attended \u27e8with\u27e9 innumerable bad Consequences, one of which I fea\u27e8r\u27e9 will finally issue in the Separation of the Western Cou\u27e8n\u27e9try. This is not my opinion only, but as far as my knowledge extends, it is the opinion of nine Tenths of men of Sense. I do not beleive that Congress can pass a law for it constitutionally; but I fear many of them have no Qualms of Conscience on the Subject. It is in your power to stop it, & if you do not exercise that Power, your Name will be cursed, by all good men, while History lasts. If now you shew yourself a friend, to the rights of Citizens your fame will descend to the latest Posterity. But perhaps you will Say that some\u27e8th\u27e9ing must be done. Yes Sir, that should have engaged the first of the Session, instead of trifling away the Time shamefully. It is better to do nothing, than to do mischeif. Cannot we have a paper Currency without opening a Door for villainnous Speculators? I assert we Can. If we are a government, we can issuse [sic] paper money. This was done in the king\u2019s Time, & we prospered. Or if that will not go down, can not we issue Treasury notes without Interest as small as half a dollar? Let those be a Tender in payment of all Debts to the United States; such as imposts & Taxes, &c. There can be only one objection to this Plan, & that is, it leaves \u27e8no room for\u27e9 Rascals to Speculate. This is the \u27e8Truth before God\u27e9 & man. Such has been the Conduct of Congress for some Time past, that they are dispised by all good men. \u27e8In time\u27e9 of the revolution, Congress were adored. In the Silent watches of the Night, they\nwere honoured with Bands of musick before the Doars where they Lodged. Sed Tempora mutantur. I shall now dismiss this Subject, & make some remarks on the report of the President of the mint.\n The report is a very singular one indeed.\n The President said, there were so many pieces of gold coined, which amounted to so many Dollars. Such a defective report, Perhaps, never was made before. Why was not the Denomination given? Why was it not Said, so many Eagles, half & Quarter Eagles? All which remain in the mint or bank subject to the orders of government? The same method is pursued, in giving an account of the Silver Coined; but not one word is said, whether they were all Dollars, half or Quarter Dollars. Had reason been exercised, & had there been a wish to relive a distressed Country, the Coinage would have been in half & Quarter Dollars, and ten & five Cents. Now Sir where is this money? I have seen none of it. If it was made to remain in the bank, it might as well be in the bottom of the Sea. We cannot without great embarrassments, on the Turnpike, travel to Lancaster. It is true banks have issued small Ticket, but Soon, they are refused, because, we are out of the bounds of there Circulation. This is very vexatious.\n As to cents, I suspect, they coined none, it is said for want of Copper; but now they have coined Tuns; but not one of them appears. We are not releived. Some thing is rong Some where. I hope Sir you will try to put it right. There are many other Subjects, I wish to mention; but perhaps more has been said already, than will be well received. I cannot help that. I am honest. I may be rong, but I am open to conviction. While I was in the army I endeavoured to give you a true Statement of all things which came under my Notice. I have defended you against Calumny; but I condemned your Conduct in pardoning that infamous Treator Hull. This will fix a stigma on your improper Lenity. I hope you will never will repeat so bad an act during life. Wishing that god may give all the wisdom necessary for your exalted Station, I remain your affectionate Friend & humble Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0315", "content": "Title: Pardon for John Everingham, 13 March 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas it has been represented to me that at the session of the District Court of the United States for the District of South Carolina held at Charleston in the month of December in the year one thousand eight hundred & fifteen, a Judgment was obtained against John Everingham, of the said District, at the suit of the United States, for the penalty of a Bond given in a case of the Privateer Schooner, Lovely Cordelia, in the year one thousand eight hundred & thirteen, the said Everingham being one of the Sureties to the said Bond, & not at all interested in the subject matter to which it related, and for which it was executed: And whereas it has been made to appear to me that the said John Everingham was ignorant of the extent of the penalty to which he had made himself liable touching sundry articles of Dry goods laden on board the said Schooner, Lovely Cordelia, that the principal obligor to the said Bond is since dead, and was entirely insolvent at the time of his death, and that all the other sureties, tho\u2019 living, are likewise insolvent, and unable to pay any part of the said Judgment, and that, under these Circumstances, the whole burthen of the said Judgment, if carried into effect, would fall upon the said John Everingham, altho\u2019 he is justly chargeable with no culpable neglect in the case: and whereas it has been represented to me by sundry respectable Individuals, well acquainted with the said John Everingham, that he has heretofore sustained a highly reputable character, and that in extensive transactions which he has had with the Custom House at Charleston, his conduct has always been correct and honorable: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the premises, and for other good causes me thereunto moving, have pardoned, & I do hereby pardon the offence, of illegally unlading goods from the Schooner Lovely Cordelia\nin the year one thousand eight hundred and thirteen, at Charleston, in the District of South Carolina, and I do hereby release all the penalties and forfeitures accruing in consequence of said offence, willing and requiring that all proceedings, by reason of the same, be forthwith stayed, and particularly that the said John Everingham be fully released & discharged from all penalties incurred by him, by reason of the Bond aforesaid, and the Judgment of the Court thereupon.\n In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed, & have signed the same with my Hand. Done at the City of Washington this 13th day of March, Anno Domini, one thousand eight hundred & sixteen, & of the Independence of the United States the fortieth.\n James MadisonBy the PresidentJas. MonroeSecy. of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0317", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 14 March 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n James Dixon of Maryland to be the Principal Assessor for the Sixth Collection District of Maryland in the place of Joseph Griffiss deceased.\n Francis A. Blanc of Louisiana to be Collector of direct taxes and internal duties for the third Collection district of Louisiana in the place of Duplessis Junr resigned.\n James F. Randolph, of New Jersey to be collector of direct taxes and Internal duties for the fourth district of New Jersey in the place of Robert Lee resigned.\n Daniel Kincheloe of Virginia to be Collector of direct taxes and internal duties for the fourth district of Virginia in the place of Jonathan Jackson resigned.\n Andrew H. Jones of South Carolina to be collector of direct taxes and internal duties for the second district of South Carolina whose appointment was made during the recess of the Senate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0319", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Philippe-Joseph Malherbe, 14 March 1816\nFrom: Malherbe, Philippe-Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n Le Soussign\u00e9 dont l\u2019adresse est cidessus pour eviter toute erreur, \u00e0 l\u2019honneur de faire offre de Ses tres humbles Services \u00e0 Votre Excellence. Il ose se flatter et ne craint pas meme d\u2019assurer \u00e0 Votre Excellence, qu\u2019elle aura tout lieu d\u2019etre tres Satisfaite, si elle daigne lui Confier le Soin de quelques Commandes d\u2019armes \u00e0 feu Les temoignages flatteurs qu\u2019ont dej\u00e0 bien voulu lui donner Ceux des Souverains, qui l\u2019ont honnor\u00e9 de leurs\nordres Gracieux, Sont une preuve de ce que le Soussign\u00e9 prend la libert\u00e9 d\u2019avancer et en meme tems une obligation plus Stricte encore de redoubler de Soin dans l\u2019execution des ordres, qu\u2019il plairait a Votre Excellence de me donner.\n En attendant cet honneur le Soussign\u00e9 \u00e0 celui d\u2019offrir \u00e0 Votre Excellence Ses hommages respectueux, et Son d\u00e9vouement le plus parfait, et d\u2019etre de Votre Excellence Le tres humble & tres obeissant Serviteur\n CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n Notes his address above, in order to avoid any mistake, and offers his services to JM. Flatters himself without fear of giving assurances that JM will have every reason to be satisfied, if he will entrust Malherbe with orders for some firearms. The flattering testimonials, which sovereigns who have honored Malherbe with their orders have been pleased to give him, are proof of that claim and place him at the same time under an even stricter obligation to redouble his care in the execution of orders which JM might be pleased to give him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0320", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John P. Van Ness, Richard Bland Lee, and Tench Ringgold, 14 March 1816\nFrom: Van Ness, John P.,Lee, Richard Bland,Ringgold, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\n Commissioners Office of the Public Buildings\n To the President of the United States\n The undersigned commissioners appointed by him, for carrying into execution An Act \u201cEntitled An Act making appropriations for repairing or rebuilding the Public Buildings within the City of Washington,\u201d beg leave respectfully to report.\n That as soon as they had received his letter of appointment, they proceeded to the execution of the trust committed to them. In the first place it became important to engage architects of the first taste education and ability, to superintend the repairs of those massy and magnificent structures, the Capitol and Presidents House; and after duly weighing the overtures from several individuals, they finally determined on selecting those who had heretofore been employed in the completion of these edifices, namely\nBenjamin H Latrobe for the Capitol & James Hoban for the President\u2019s House, and as the director of the most delicate and important part of the work, the cutting & laying of the stone, Mr. George Blagden whose skill has been so long approved. As soon as these appointments were made, they proceeded to negociate the loans authorised by congress; all of which have been effected with the Banks of Columbia, of Washington, of the Union Bank of Alexandria, the bank of the Metropolis and the Union bank of George Town, as fast as the exigencies of the public buildings required, amounting in the aggregate to the sum of five hundred thousand dollars. Instant measures were taken under the superintendance of active agents and the direction of the architects, to clear the buildings of the ruins with which they were encumbered, and to provide the necessary scaffolding, workshops and enclosures; and contracts were entered into, for purchasing, in due season, supplies of stone, brick, lime and timber for the Capitol and President\u2019s House; which supplies were obtained with more promptitude, and on better terms, than could have been expected, considering the destitute condition of the places from which they alone could be purchased, in consequence of the late war, the total want of every article suitable to the purpose in this district of Columbia, and the great scarcity of transportation. Another difficulty also occurred, the engaging of a sufficient number of artificers of different descriptions, and more particularly those in the stone-cutting and sculptural lines. The great demand for artists of those descriptions in the principal cities of the United States, in consequence of their encreased opulence, has opposed serious obstacles to the obtaining of a sufficient number for the public buildings; from which has existed the necessity of offering higher wages than had before been common. The wages also of all other artificers have considerably encreased, but the commissioners have the pleasure to state, that they have employed workmen in every line, at a cheaper rate, and purchased materials of a better quality and on better terms, than any private undertakers in this district; and that the most ample arrangements are now made, to supply in due season, all the articles of wood, stone, brick and lime which may be wanted in the present year, as fast as workmen can be found to operate on them.\n To expedite the completion of the Capitol, being satisfied, that the sculptured ornaments necessary for it, as well as for the President\u2019s House could be procured on cheaper terms in Italy, made out of the best statuary marble, than in this country, made out of the free stone heretofore used, and that these ornaments might be delivered in the United States in due season; whereas, if attempted to be made here, many years would elapse before they could be prepared (owing to the want of the requisite artists), & one of the italian sculptors, then, and theretofore in the employment of the United States on an annual stipend, having died soon after their appointment, the commissioners determined to send the other to Italy, having\nobtained under the permission of the President from the Secretary of the Navy, his passage in one of the national ships to the Mediterranean, to procure under his special superintendance these articles; and have placed the sum of twenty thousand dollars in London, subject to the order of Richard McCall Esquire consul of the United States at Barcelona, to defray all the expences incident to that mission; and they have the best grounded expectation, that Mr. Andrei the sculptor entrusted with the execution of this business will return in or before the month of August next with the articles expected. In the mean time to supply the place of the other Italian sculptor, they have deemed it proper to take into the public imploy Signor Vellapurta an eminent scluptor [sic] lately arrived from Europe, on the same terms on which Mr. Andrei is now employed, there being now many objects on which he can be usefully imployed.\n As to the Treasury and War offices the commissioners immediately determined to offer the repairs of them to undertakers, subject, however, to the plans and inspection of the architect of the Presidents House. They are happy to state, that they have faithfully performed their duty, and, that these buildings will stand repaired on the first of April next, (the War office and the fire proof of the Treasury having been some time completed) in a more substantial and useful manner than they were originally built. But it was difficult to induce the contractors employed on these offices to sign their engagements without giving them an assurance, that in case the circumstances of the times should interpose extraordinary obstacles to the execution of their contracts, the commissioners would, on the completion of the buildings, take into consideration such obstacles, and not permit them to suffer loss from their undertakings. They deemed such an assurance required by the claims of justice, and that it would be unbecoming the dignity of this rich and great nation to take advantage of an individual in a case of this kind, especially when he had faithfully executed his work with the best materials, and in the most approved manner. Being satisfied, from the extraordinary rise in the price of materials and workmanship that the contract price was very inferior to the actual expenditures, they have considered themselves bound to make to these undertakers an additional allowance which they trust will meet with the approbation of the President and the nation.\n They beg leave to refer to the paper A, to shew the actual expenditures on the Treasury Office; to the paper B to shew the actual expenditures on the war office; to the paper C for the actual expenditures on the Capitol, and the value of materials on hand there; to the paper D for the actual expenditures on the Presidents House, and the value of materials on hand there; to the paper E for the actual expenditures incident to all the buildings; and to the paper F for the amount of money drawn from the Banks and the application thereof. To the abstract G for the Contingent\nexpences; & to the abstract H for the actual expenditures at the Fire Proof. From all which documents it will appear, that there has been expended, in permanent fixtures the sum of one hundred and thirteen thousand, one hundred and seventy dollars, and twenty eight cents; in materials in a prepared and unprepared state, not yet permanently fixed, the sum of forty six thousand five hundred and twenty five dollars, seventy three cents; that there remains in Bank, to the credit of the commissioners, the sum of six thousand nine hundred and twenty six dollars and fourteen cents; and that there has been advanced to Richard McCall the Consul of the United States at Barcelona and to various other persons in this country, for the purchase of materials not yet delivered, the sum of thirty three thousand three hundred seventy seven dollars and eighty five cents; which sums added to the sum of three hundred thousand dollars, not as yet drawn from the banks with which the loans have been negociated, amount to the sum of five hundred thousand dollars authorised to be borrowed.\n Before they close their report, they beg leave to add, that a considerable portion of the above expenditures consisted in preparing the necessary scaffolding, workshops and enclosures, and in removing the ruins of the buildings, particularly in taking down the massy vault of the house of representatives, the fall of which threatened ruin to all the work in a sound state below it; which was executed (from the judicious manner in which it was attempted) without injury or accident; and in putting temporary roofs over both wings of the Capitol. They will also observe, that when the buildings shall be fully repaired, a considerable portion of the value of the materials used in the scaffolding workshops and temporary roofs will be returned to the treasury. They beg leave further to add, an assurance, that in all their transactions, they have been particularly attentive to the due application of all expenditures; they having been made under their immediate direction and controul. All which is most respectfully submitted.\n John P. Van NessRichard Bland LeeTench Ringgold", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0321", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert G. Scott, 15 March 1816\nFrom: Scott, Robert G.\nTo: Madison, James\n At the moment of hearing of Mr. Hays resignation of Attorney for the United States, I was absent from my home engaged in the discharge of official duty; & was unable to write in time to be among the first to apply for that office.\n Inclosed is a letter this day received from Judge Tucker, in reply to one \u27e8a\u27e9ddressed by me to him, which will \u27e8exp\u27e9lain the reason, why my application for the Office is not supported by that highly valuable & respectable citizen\u2019s recommendation.\n If the government shall give me the appointment they may be assured of every exertion both mental and physical on my part to discharge the duties of the Office, faithfully diligently & advisedly.\n My residence is convenient to the court, & at the same place with the Judge of the Admiralty, who had I been fortunate enough to have applied earlier, would have cheerfully given me his recommendation. I trust you will pardon me for thus earnestly addressing; my family are increasing & their support & education is an object of primary importance with me. I am with perfect respect Your Obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0322", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 16 March 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\n I have duly considered the subject of a letter from the Governor of Virginia, enclosing the Resolutions of the Legislature of that Commonwealth, which you were pleased to refer to the Navy Department. Availing myself of the experience and professional knowledge of the Commissioners of the Navy Board, I have requested their opinion upon the subject, which so fully accords with my own, that I beg leave to lay a Copy of it before you.\n It is not in my power to say, how far the Waters of the Chesapeake Bay,\nand the adjacent shores, can be protected, until it shall be ascertained whether it be practicable to fortify the Middle Ground; for which purpose I propose, that the Commissioners of the Navy be authorized to make a Survey of the Bay and Rivers leading into it, as early as the season will admit; and upon receiving their report a more correct opinion may be formed, respecting the attainment of so desirable an object. I have the honour to be, With the highest respect, Sir, Your Most Ob: Servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0323", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Patrick Magruder, 16 March 1816\nFrom: Magruder, Patrick\nTo: Madison, James\n The office of accountant of the navy department being vacant by the death of Mr. Turner, permit me to express a wish to be considered on the list of applicants to fill the duties of that station. I have thought it unnecessary to procure recommendation letters, as presuming I am sufficiently known to you. Reasons very urgent have prompted this application and are deemed unnessary[sic] to be stated. I am Sir, \u27e8yrs\u27e9 with respect,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0324", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward W. DuVal, 17 March 1816\nFrom: DuVal, Edward W.\nTo: Madison, James\n A bill now before Congress proposes to allow, to the Representatives of the Officers & Crew of the late Sloop of War Wasp, the sum of 50.000 dollars, to be distributed as prize money; & to authorise the President, of the U. States, to Appoint a prize Agent, for the distribution thereof. Should this bill become a law, may I hope, Sir, to receive from you the Agency it contemplates? It would in no wise interfere with the duties assigned to me, nor can I see that it would be, in the least, incompatible with the situation I hold, in the Navy Dep\u2019m\u2019t.\n I do not believe I should say too much, by venturing it as a fact, that the convenience & interest of those for whom the donation is intended would be greatly promoted by confiding the Agency to some one, residing at the seat of Government, directly connected with the Navy Department. The occasions have neither been rare, nor unimportant, in which the presumed influence & authority of the Secretary have been solicited in behalf of those entitled to distributive shares of the sums, at various times, appropriated. It would, no doubt, be improper to say that this has always been induced by the inattention of the Prize Agents: sometimes it may have been, and whenever a grievance, real, or imaginary, is thought to exist, both officers and Seamen naturally appeal for justice to the Department. Were the Prize Agents then immediately under its Eye & control, complaints might be promptly redressed, or their fallacies detected.\n I do not know but that this application should have been presented thro\u2019 the secretary of the navy, but as I am persuaded that he will, in reference to its object, rather consult your wishes than express a wish of his own, I have taken the liberty of addressing it to you, and trust it may not be deemed exceptionable. With very great respect & esteem, I have the honor to be, Your ob: Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0325", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Lewis Sutton, 17 March 1816\nFrom: Sutton, Lewis\nTo: Madison, James\n Hunting Town Calvert County March 17th 1816\n I hope this will find you in good health. You receive this note from an unknown hand, one who has always supported the republican cause, and always been a true friend to his Country.\n I am a Virginian by birth, but for some Years since, have had my residence in Calvert County, Maryland. I am a located Preacher belonging to the Methodist Church. I have been partially employed in Merchandise since my location. I have a family of Children a Wife and a few Emanumited servants.\n I have been under the impression that the Post (Master) Genl. would resign, and that Mr: Bradly would be turn\u2019d out. Should either station be vacated I should be very thankfull to recieve an appointment, to, the first or second station of that Office. It would not only suit my own convenience in educateing my children, but also think it would contribute to the prosperity of the present Administration by the support of my numerous friends and acquaintances.\n And as I know your Excellency must have good cause for all your Political movements, I would refer you to Doct: Jas: H. Blake Mayor of Washington City, and to Genr: Jas: Wilkinson of this County, for information relative to my standing and capacity. Doct: Blake does not know so well as Genr: Wilkinson, because he is not personally acquainted with me. I intended (to have visited) you on my way to Virginia but have been disappointed by some unforesein obstacles. This is a simple, plain way of communicating my wishes. I hope you will pardon me for the freedom I have used. Should it be necessary I will come, (the Lord willing) and see you, and bring any testimonials requisite to satisfy your mind. A note directed to Huntingtown address\u2019d to your very humble Servant will be thankfully recieved, and, properly attended to. With high considerations to your Majesty I am very respectfully your humble Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0326", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Wirt, 17 March 1816\nFrom: Wirt, William\nTo: Madison, James\n I thank you for your favor of the thirteenth instant. I certainly had not thought of the Office in question, for myself, nor am I now sufficiently informed of the interference which the discharge of it\u2019s duties at Norfolk will cause with my other professional engagements to decide, with entire satisfaction to myself whether I can with propriety undertake it. I have written to Norfolk to ascertain the ordinary length of the Session and would prefer to suspend a definitive answer until I shall have heard from that place. If a decision shall become necessary before I shall have so heard, I would be obliged to you to consider this letter as acceding to your proposal, and to accept my thanks for the very obliging terms in which that proposal is conveyed. Your obedient Servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0327", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 18 March 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Cornelius P. Van Ness of Vermont to be a commissioner on the part of the United States to carry into effect the fifth Article of the Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States and His Britannic Majesty signed on the 24th day of December 1814.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0328", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Brent, 18 March 1816\nFrom: Brent, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\n In addition to the correspondence heretofore laid before the President of the U States relative to the complaints from a Certain meeting of militia officers relative to the non payment of the Militia of Pensa. The paymaster of the Army has the honor to enclose a Copy of a letter from the Secy of the Government of that State, In which the Governor, who was Intimately acquainted with the whole transaction has been pleased to intimate his opinion as to the Conduct of the pay Master of the Army. Most respectfully", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0329", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Lewis Condict, 18 March 1816\nFrom: Condict, Lewis\nTo: Madison, James\n Having learned that the office of the Ac\u27e8comp\u27e9tant in the Navy Department is vacant permit me to ask your attention on behalf of my esteemed friend Bernard Smith of N. Jersey, as a person worthy the appointment. His employment formerly under your own eye, in the State Departmt., renders it unnecessary for me to say any thing, concerning his qualifications or his morals. In N. Jersey, he has always been, the worthy upright citizen, the uniform Republican, the zealous supporter of the character and measures of the government. He lost one belo\u27e8ved brother\u27e9 in the field where Covington fell, & another gathered laure\u27e8ls in the\u27e9 Mediterranean with the gallant Decatur, both of whom were brought into their Countrys service by the instrumentality of this their elder brother. If consistently with other considerations, you can confer this appointment upon him, as a Jerseyman I shall feel gratified, & I believe it may be truly said, that our little state, has neither claimed nor enjoyed, a very large share of public honors or emoluments. With the highest respect & esteem your mo: obt. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0330", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Rush, 19 March 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rush, Richard\n The President, Requests the honor of Mr. Rush\u2019s Company at dinner Tuesday the 19h. inst. at 5 oclock. The favor of an Answer is desired.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0332", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 20 March 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n William Wirt of Virginia to be Attorney of the United States for the District of Virginia in the place of George Hay resigned.\n Constant Freeman, late of the Army of the United States, to be Accountant of the Navy, in the place of Thomas Turner deceased.\n Miles King, of Virginia to be the Navy Agent at Norfolk, in place of John H. Fawn resigned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0333", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jo\u00e3o of Portugal, 20 March 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Jo\u00e3o VI, Prince Regent of Portugal\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Jo\u00e3o of Portugal. 20 March 1816, Palace of Rio de Janeiro. Dom Jo\u00e3o by grace of God, king of the United Kingdom of Portugal, and of Brazil, and Algarves within and beyond the sea, in Africa lord of Guinea, and of the conquest, navigation, and commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and of India, etc. sends greetings to the United States of America, which he highly loves and esteems. God having seen fit to call unto himself today at eleven o\u2019clock in the morning the most faithful queen, the lady Dona Maria, Jo\u00e3o\u2019s dearly beloved and esteemed mother, who expired owing to the extreme debility that accompanied the prolonged and painful disease from which she suffered, Jo\u00e3o informs JM without delay of this occurrence which is so sad for him, counting on JM\u2019s merited friendship that he will join Jo\u00e3o in his warranted sadness with those same feelings of which JM has given evident proofs in all the fortunate, or the unhappy occurrences of Jo\u00e3o\u2019s royal house and family: hopes also that JM will always see in him the most constant disposition to please. May the Lord keep the United States of America in his holy care. Written in the Palace of Rio de Janeiro on 20 March of 1816.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0334", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 21 March 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Emanuel Wambersie of Georgia, to be consul at Ostend, in the Low Countries.\n Henry Wilson, of Maryland, to be consul at L\u2019Orient in France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0335", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 21 March 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander J.\nTo: Madison, James\n The Secretary of the Treasury, to whom the President of the United States, referred the resolution of the 29th of February 1816, requesting, that there be laid before the House of Representatives, \u201ca statement of the cases, in which he has employed, or caused to be employed, Counsel to assist the Attorney General prosecuting causes in the Supreme Court of the\nUnited States; stating as nearly as may be, the amount of the property in dispute, in each case, the names of the Counsel so employed, the period of employing them, and the compensation granted to them in each case; also, the manner of making such compensation, and the fund out of which the same was paid,\u201d has the honor to present the following\n \u27e8That it\u27e9 appears to have been the practice of the \u27e8Governmen\u27e9t, to employ Counsel, to assist the Attorney \u27e8General,\u27e9 and, also, the District Attornies, in cases of great importance, either as to the principle, or \u27e8as to the\u27e9 value, involved in the controversy. Thus, for ex\u27e8ample,\u27e9 so early as February term 1796, of the Supreme Court, \u27e8Alexander\u27e9 Hamilton received a fee of 500 to as\u27e8sist the\u27e9 Attorney General in maintaining the affirmative \u27e8upon\u27e9 the question, respecting the constitutionality of the \u27e8carriage\u27e9 tax; and Alexander Campbell and Jared Ing\u27e8ersoll,\u27e9 Counsel maintaining the negative, received a f\u27e8ee of\u27e9 233.33/100 Dollars, under an agreement, that, \u27e8for the\u27e9 purpose of obtaining a final decision, the U\u27e8nited\u27e9 States should pay all the expenses, incident to \u27e8the\u27e9 transfer of the cause, from the Circuit Court \u27e8to the\u27e9 Supreme Court.\n That, on the 24th of March, 1\u27e8804\u27e9, in obedience to a Resolution of the House of \u27e8Repr\u27e9esentatives of the 3d. of the same Month, the \u27e8Secretary\u27e9 of the Treasury presented a statement \u201cof a\u27e8ll the\u27e9 monies which since the establishment of the p\u27e8resent\u27e9 government had been paid at the Treasury \u27e8of the\u27e9 United States, as fees to Assistant Counsel \u27e8and for\u27e9 legal advice in the business of the United S\u27e8tates, in\u27e9 which were distinguished the several sums, \u27e8when paid,\u27e9 for what services, and to whom paid respecti\u27e8vely,\u201d\u27e9 amounting, in the whole, to the sum of 502\u27e82.16.\u27e9\n That the Statement hereunto an\u27e8nexed,\u27e9 marked A, contains a like specificatio\u27e8n of all the mon\u27e9ies paid, or payable, at the Treasury of the \u27e8United\u27e9 States, from the 24th of March 1804, until \u27e8the pres\u27e9ent time, for the employment of Counsel \u27e8to assis\u27e9t or to represent, the Attorney General, in \u27e8causes de\u27e9pending in the Supreme Court of the United \u27e8States,\u27e9 amounting, in the whole, to the sum of $4540.\n That this Department does not possess \u27e8the means\u27e9 of stating the amount of the property in \u27e8dispute in\u27e9 each case, in which Assistant Counsel \u27e8has been\u27e9 employed in the Supreme Court; but it \u27e8is confident\u27e9ly believed, from general information, that \u27e8in every\u27e9 such case, either the value of the property was \u27e8great, or\u27e9 the principle of the controversy was import\u27e8ant or\u27e9 the employment of Assistant Counsel, in the \u27e8cases of\u27e9 sickness or other casualties, was essential to \u27e8the publ\u27e9ic interests, as will more particularly appear \u27e8by the no\u27e9tes accompanying the Statement A.\n That the manner of making the compensa\u27e8tion to\u27e9 the Assistant Counsel has uniformly been, \u27e8by issui\u27e9ng the Warrants of the Secretary of the \u27e8Treasur\u27e9y, founded upon the official settlement of \u27e8the Comp\u27e9troller and\nAuditor; and by paying the \u27e8amount,\u27e9 either out of the Appropriation, annually \u27e8passed\u27e9 by Congress, \u201cfor the discharge of such \u27e8miscell\u27e9aneous claims against the United States, not \u27e8otherwise\u27e9 provided for, as shall have been admitted \u27e8in due\u27e9 course of settlement at the Treasury\u201d; or out \u27e8of the appropriations annually made\u27e9 \u201cfor the \u27e8discharge of such demands against the\u27e9 United States, \u27e8on account of the civil departme\u27e9nt, not otherwi\u27e8se provided for, as shall have been\u27e9 admitted in \u27e8due course of settlement at the Tr\u27e9easury.\u201d All \u27e8which is respectf\u27e9ully submitted.\n A.J. Dall\u27e8as,\u27e9Secretary of the \u27e8Treasury.\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0336", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry J. Jones, [ca. 21 March 1816]\nFrom: Jones, Henry J.\nTo: Madison, James\n The humble petition of Henry J. Jones of Charleston in the state of South Carolina sheweth that in the month of July or August 1797. one John McMichan shipped certain merchandize on board the schooner Eliza\u2014Solomon Boston Master, bound to a small outport in the Island of Cuba. and consigned the same to your petitioner on board, which said merchandize was duly landed at the said port. But there being neither Merchant Consul nor magistrate there the debenture certificate could not be executed untill the return of the schooner to Charleston. On her arrival at the port of Charleston, the shipper, the officers of the schooner and your petitioner, went to a notary and completed the certificate which according to the best of your petitioners recollection was immediately thereupon deposited at the Custom house in Charleston.\n The said document having been lost or mislaid a suit was commenced against your petitioner as security on the said Bond on the 2d. Aug 1798.\nwhich suit by special order from the then Collector Addressed to the district Attorney and now in his possession was discontinued.\n Your petitioner further shews that After the lapse of fifteen years the said proceedings were revived against him as Security for the penalty aforesaid when in the meantime, after the death of the principa[l] the said J McMichan, and the absence of the Captain and mate of the said Schooner and the loss of the said Certificate, your petitioner had no means of defending the said Action and was compelled to suffer Judgment.\n Your petitioner used due diligence to recover the said certificate amongst the papers of the Custom house but the great masses of them and their very confused State prevented his success. Your petitioner states that it was not Customary for shippers to attend To their bonds being cancelled on leaving their certificates, no suspicion being entertained that such difficulties would arise from the Negligence of the Officers in the Custom house.\n Under the peculiar hardships of the case above stated your petitioner prays that your Excellency under the powers reserved in the Consti[tu]tion of the United States will grant him relief which from the total absence or failure of evidence it was impossible for him to Expect in a court of Justice. He therefore prays that the Collector may be directed to Cancel the said Bond \u27e8And\u27e9 the proceedings may be discontinued against your petitioner with costs. And yr petitioner will ever pray &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0337", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Leander Cathcart, 22 March 1816\nFrom: Cathcart, James Leander\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honor to transmit for your Excellency\u2019s perusal the most correct information obtainable of the actual state of Spain & its government when I left Cadiz in February last, & have only to add that a few days prior to my departure General OReilly took passage in a merchant vessel bound to Lima in order to take the command in chief of all King Ferdinands forces in Peru & its jurisdiction.\n The Asia of 64 guns the Prueba & Esmeralda of 44 each & the Brig Volador of 18 saild in company with us on the 3rd. of Feby. bound to Carthagena to join Morilla in order to endeavour to subjugate the Patriots in that Province, but from their man\u0153vres they seem\u2019d to be so very badly man\u2019d that little may be expected from their exertions even in a better cause, & were our nations at war I am confident that three of our large Frigates would capture or sink the whole Squadron in half an hour.\n I intend to proceed to the seat of Government in a few days when I will do myself the honor to wait upon you & in the mean time subscribe myself with the most distinct respect Sir Yr. Exys. Obd. Servt.\n James Leander Cathcart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0339", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Mason, 23 March 1816\nFrom: Mason, John\nTo: Madison, James\n A large Family now growing up about me, and every day impressing more and more strongly on my mind the necessity of giving my whole attention to my own concerns, has determined me to divest myself, for that purpose, with as little delay as possible of the public trusts with which I have been honoured.\n I therefore beg leave to offer my Resignation of the office of Superintendant of Indian Trade, to take place on the first day of next month, if, as I respectfully hope may be the case, it can then be conveniently accepted.\n In relation to the office of commissary General of Prisoners if it should be deemed in any degree desireable that it continue to be connected, in the same hands with the other, it too shall be at once resigned; or, since from its\u2019 nature it is drawing to a close, I will retain it, and endeavour to wind it up as soon as practicable; yeilding, I pray you to be assured Sir, with the utmost chearfulness, to whichever of these two courses, that may be most agreable to you. With very great Respect I have the Honor to be Sir Your very obedt. Hbl Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0340", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Wirt, 23 March 1816\nFrom: Wirt, William\nTo: Madison, James\n As I intimated, in my last letter, a wish to make farther enquiries before I should answer decisively as to the proposition you were so obliging as to make to me, I think it probable you may expect to hear from me again on this subject. It is for this reason I trouble you now, with stating my willingness to accept the office, which I understand Mr. Hay has laid down. At the same time, I beg you to believe me unaffectedly sincere in declaring that there is nothing in the office which excites any solicitude on my part to possess it, and that I feel myself much more highly honored by the terms in which you were so good as to make the enquiry, than I should, by the possession of the office itself. So far am I, indeed, from being solicitous to possess it, that I assure you, with that frankness which I hope our long acquaintance warrants, that your bestowing it on any one of the many gentlemen of my profession in the state, who are, at least, equally intitled to it, and stand, perhaps, in greater need of it, will not in the smallest degree, mortify me, or diminish the respect and affection, with which I am and ever have been, your friend and servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0341", "content": "Title: Remonstrance of the Mayor and Council of the Town of Alexandria to Congress, 23 March 1816\nFrom: \nTo: Congress\n To the honorable the Senate and House of representatives of the United States of America in Congress Assembled\n The Remonstrance of the Mayor & Common Council of the Town of Alexandria on behalf of the Citizens of the said town & others, most respectfully sheweth that they have seen with surprize and regret that a bill is depending before the honorable the Senate, the object of which is to limit the right of appeal from the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia to\nthe supreme Court. Your remonstrants did not expect that any attempt would have been made to abridge the few privileges which the people of the District of Columbia are permited to enjoy. They view the present attempt to deprive them of the right of appealing to the highest Court in all cases where the claim amounts to one hundred dollars, which they have enjoyed ever since their existence under their State Government, and since the removal of the general Government to the Potomac, the same Right has been Continued. Your memorialists cannot forbear to solic[i]t Congress to reflect on the peculiar situation in which the people of the District are placed. They are governed by laws in the enactment of which they have no voice. Their property their liberty and their lives, are under the controul of a government in the administration of which they can have no part. The situation in which the people of the District of Columbia are placed, is the same in which the Colonies were, who to rescue themselves from this degraded state waged the war of 1776. We are taxed without representation on the floor of Congress. We have not even a territorial Delegate. Deprived of the common civil rights for which America has faught and bled, the people of the District have quietly submitted, because the form of the constitution under which they have lived demanded it of them, because the public good required the sacrifice. But can the public good require that the right of appeal should be more limited than it is. In many cases the public interest requires that the cases in which the sum claimed is but $.100. should be reexamined by the Supreme Court. In some cases where the sum or value of the article does not exceed $.100. are involved important principles. The Court of Appeals of Virginia has appellate jurisdiction in all cases where the claim amounts to $.100. The Congress of 1801, which passed the law which now regulates the right of appeal intended most correctly and with a becomeing sense of Justice to place the people of the District in a situation as nearly like that in which they were under the state governments as the Constitution would allow. They abridged their former rights no further than The Constitution Compelled them. The cases which are taken by writ of Error from the Courts of the District of Columbia to the Supreme Court, generally Involve in them principles of Importance, and which ought to be settled by the Court of the last resort.\n Your Memorialists cannot beleive that the Honorable Court can have any reluctance to hear appeals from the District of Columbia, altho\u2019 the claim in dispute amounts to no more than One hundred dollars, but if such were their wish, that wish ought not to Influence your honorable body.\n The Court of Kings Bench, have Jurisdiction where not more than Forty shillings are Involved. That Court does not feel itself degraded by taking cognizance of such cases, They listen to and decide forty shilling cases, with as much attention and solemnity as they do Cases in which Thousands of pounds are claimed. Your Memorialists do hope that the present Law\nwhich limits the right of appeal, may not be repealed. That some respect will be paid to the Just claims of the people of the District on this Important subject. Those who are advocates Of a more limited right of appeal say that by the present Law the people of the District are in this respect in a better situation than the rest of the Citizens of the United States. This argument will upon a little Consideration appear to be without foundation.\n The Citizens of the different States have in all cases in which the United States Court have no Jurisdiction, the State Courts to resort to in which the right of appeal is allowed, where the sum Amounts to One Hundred dollars. The Citizens of the District of Columbia, have but one Court to which they can resort, the decision of which in all cases under One Thousand dollars, it is intended by the present bill shall be final. In this Point of view the Citizens of the District of Columbia are to be placed in a worse situation than the Citizens of the States. The Passage of the bill Contemplated will in the Opinion of your Memorialists do the Citizens of the District of Columbia a serious Wrong; a wrong which they will be Compelled to view as an act tending to deprive them of one among the most Important of the few priviledges they now Possess. All which is most respectfully submitted.\n Edm: J Lee MayorAug. J. Smith,Prest of the common Council of Alexa.[and twelve others]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0342", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John P. Van Ness and Richard Bland Lee, 25 March 1816\nFrom: Van Ness, John P.,Lee, Richard Bland\nTo: Madison, James\n Office of the Commissioners of thePublic Buildings Washington\n We lately forwarded to you executed in duplicate a Contract with the Bank of Washington for an additional loan of thirty seven thousand five hundred dollars, and now inclose a similar contract executed in the same\nmanner for another sum of thirty seven thousand five hundred dollars with the Union Bank of Georgetown\u2014which contracts when they shall receive the approbation of the President of the U. States will complete the loan authorised by the Act of Congress for repairing or rebuilding the public buildings in the City of Washington. We remain with very great consideration, Sir, yr most obt Servants\n John P. Van NessRichard Bland Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0343", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 26 March 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n I lay before the Senate for their advice as to a ratification Articles of a Treaty and of a Convention which has been concluded with the Cherokee nation; with Documents relating to the losses by the Indians for which in demnity [sic] is Stipulated.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0344", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Asbury Dickins, 26 March 1816\nFrom: Dickins, Asbury\nTo: Madison, James\n Presuming on the kindness and confidence with which you have honoured me, I beg leave to suggest, whether, under the Bill now before Congress for constituting a Board to settle claims on the United States for private property lost or destroyed in the public service, an opportunity may not be found for carrying into effect the disposition which you have been pleased to manifest to give to me some suitable employment under the Government.\n Although I do not pretend to any merit or qualifications superior to those of other gentlemen who may present themselves on this occasion, allow me to remark that I have made sacrifices for my attachment to the Country which few have had an opportunity to make, and that I have rendered services, which, though humble, were nevertheless necessary. And, if I might be permitted to touch on so tender a subject I would express a hope that your Sensibility may find a motive for favouring my application for the sake of the eight helpless children whose welfare is so deeply interested in its success. I have the honour to be, with the most respectful attachment, Your obedt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0345", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Bland Lee, 27 March 1816\nFrom: Lee, Richard Bland\nTo: Madison, James\n When I addressed you some time ago to communicate the wish of Majr. Henry Lee of Westmoreland to be appointed Secretary of Legation to some foreign embassy I informed him that I did suppose that the President would always leave such appointments to the ministers themselves, and that only he was on terms of intimacy with a gentleman, who might be selected for such a mission that he had little chance of obtaining his object.\n He has been since advised by some of his military friends that the Post of adjutant general to the army, might probably be within his reach, in as much as the Commander in Chief entertained a very great regard for him, in consequence of Majr. Lee\u2019s conduct when serving under him.\n In this state of things he has requested me to communicate to the Government his willingness to enter the army again.\n I have therefore written to & conversed with the Secretary of War on the subject. By him it is intimated that Genl. Brown has already pointed out the person, whom he would prefer as adjutant General\u2014but that there would probably be two Deputy Adjutant Generals to be appointed with the pay and emoluments of a major. I have therefore requested the Secretary to name Majr. Lee as a candidate for one of these\u2014in as much as he is very anxious to get into some active employment, in which he might be useful to his Country.\n If you should deem him worthy of either of the posts which he asks, he will I trust amply justify the confidence which, you please to repose in him. I am, Sir, with sentiments of the greatest esteem & respect Yr. obt Sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0346", "content": "Title: Benjamin Parke to William Harris Crawford, 27 March 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Parke, Benjamin\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n \u00a7 Benjamin Parke to William Harris Crawford. 27 March 1816, Vincennes. Conveys information about discontent among the Indians over the surveying of lands ceded to the United States. Assembled some of the chiefs of the Wea and\nVermillion Kickapoo nations at Fort Harrison to inform them that the surveys would be completed and that the surveyors must be protected. Requested that the Indians provide protection, to which they at first agreed then sought a delay. Resents \u201cthis prevaricating, impudent conduct\u201d and suspects that the \u201cyoung men\u201d of the Vermillion Kickapoo, some of whose friends were \u201cwith the Prophet,\u201d are inclined to war. Reports that the \u201cWabash Indians are constantly complaining of the non-arrival of their Annuities\u201d and that hostile parties of the Potawatomi may be advancing toward the region. \u201cI thought it would be imprudent to permit the Wea and Vermillion Kickapoos to separate under an idea that there was no prospect of an amicable settlement of the controversy\u201d and that a delay would be advisable. Reminded the Indians that the United States had a right to the land in question and that it will never be returned to them. Stated that he would refer the matter \u201cto a Grand Council of the Miamis, Kickapoos and Delawares, to be assembled at Fort Harrison on the 23d May\u201d and suggests that a special commissioner be appointed to attend the council.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0347", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Ringgold, 28 March 1816\nFrom: Ringgold, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\n Having ascertained from friends on whose superior judgement I have the greatest reliance, that in consequence of the pecuniary misfortunes to which I have lately been exposed, there are well grounded apprehensions, that my appointment to the office of superintendant of indian affairs, for which I have applied might be objected to by the public, I beg leave to withdraw my application.\n The great respect which I entertain for you is sufficient to induce me to the application for an appointment, the conferring which on me, at this time, notwithstanding the fair and honourable payment of all my debts might be a subject of criticism. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir your most obt. hum Sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0349", "content": "Title: Thomas Holden to Alexander J. Dallas, 28 March 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Holden, Thomas W.\nTo: Dallas, Alexander J.\n \u00a7 Thomas Holden to Alexander J. Dallas. 28 March 1816, Boston. Has been imprisoned in Boston for a debt to the United States of $400 and $21.05 in costs, which he cannot pay. Has been deprived of his property and has a wife and several dependent children. Prays that the \u201cHonble. Secretary\u201d will inquire into his circumstances with a view to discharging him from prison.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0351", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 29 March 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander J.\nTo: Madison, James\n The Secretary of the Treasury, to whom the President of the United States referred the Resolution of the 26th. of March, 1816, requesting that information be laid before the Senate, \u201cin relation to such proceedings as have been had for completing an accurate chart of the coast, within the extent of Twenty leagues from any of the shores of the United States; and\nin relation to such examinations and observations as may have been made with respect to St. George\u2019s Bank, and any other Bank or Shoal, and the soundings and currents beyond such distance to the gulf-stream, in pursuance of the Act of the 10th of February, 1807, entitled \u2018An Act to provide for surveying the coasts of the U. States,\u2019\u201d has the honor to present the following\n That, by the Act of the 10th. of February, 1807, the President of the U. States was authorized and requested, to cause a Survey of the Coast of the U. States, and to employ proper persons, in accomplishing the purposes described in the Act; for which a sum not exceeding $50.000 Dollars was appropriated.\n That as the first step towards the execution of the Act, it became necessary to procure from Europe, the instruments to be used in the Survey of the coast; but in consequence of the restrictive system, and the difficulty of obtaining a proper Agent, that step was unavoidably postponed, until in the year 1811, Mr. F. R. Hassler, the Professor of Mathematics at the Schenectady College, in the State of New-York, (a gentleman eminently qualified for the trust) was employed, under the authority of the President, to proceed to London, and there to superintend, the construction of the instruments.\n That Mr. Hassler sailed from the U. States in August 1811, and arrived in England in the month of September following; but owing to the state of affairs between the two nations, and the war which ensued, the progress of the work, committed to his care, was greatly and unavoidably interrupted and retarded. He was informed, however, \u201cthat notwithstanding the war, he should continue in England, until the objects of his mission should have been accomplished, provided the British Government permitted it.\u201d\n That, under these circumstances, Mr. Hassler was not able to compleat his work, and return to the U. States, until the month of October 1815; when he arrived at the Port of Philadelphia, and delivered to the Director of the Mint, the Instruments and Books, which he had been instructed to procure. It is stated by the Director of the Mint, that Mr. Hasslers duty has been well performed; and that, in his opinion, a superior collection of Instruments, for the purpose contemplated, is not possessed by any government in Europe. A List of the instruments and Books, and an account of the cost and charges, accompany this Report, marked, respectively, A and B.\n That instructions have been given to prepare the instruments for use; a plan for carrying into effect the Survey of the Coasts has been submitted to the consideration of the President; and it is proposed to begin the work as soon as it is practicable. But the unexpended balance of the original appropriation having been carried to the Surplus Fund, it will be necessary to wait for the enactment of the general appropriation bill, in which a\nprovision for the expense of prosecuting the Survey is included. All which is respectfully submitted.\n A.J. Dallas,Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0352", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Kidd, 29 March 1816\nFrom: Kidd, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Marischall College Aberdeen\n May it Please your Excellency\n From the heartfelt regard I have for your happy country it being the place where I spent the happiest days of my youth. And from the profound respect I have for your character as a Statesman and Patriot I presume thus to address your Excellency most humbly intreating your acceptance of the accompanying volumes as a testimony of Esteem and Regard which I have no other way to express.\n The one of these volumes is a production of my own on the most difficult of all subjects upon which the human mind can speculate. I send it merely to open the subject for me to say, that the greatest and most successful most honourable and lasting of all monuments or conquests which you or any statesman can bequeath to his country is the instruction of the rising generation successively in the attainment of literature and a knowledge of the several scriptures and the fundamental Doctrines of the christian Religion. Statesmen in general govern by maxims of state policy but God governs by the maxims of his holy word. Nothing can inspire the human mind with so much true magnanimity as the knowledge and belief of the truths of the word of God.\n Nothing can enable a country to stand out more successfully against an enemy than a general profession and practice of the christian Religion. God favours such countries most signally in political contests Example Saxony at the Reformation and since Sweden, Holland England and the United States. See what has befallen papist countries Since\u2014look at unhappy france\nAutrich Spain Sardinie and Naples. England has not triumphed of late by her Arms. She has triumphed by the prayers and holy lives of her subjects engaged in sending out Missionaries and sending out the scriptures to heathen countries. May I in the name of God intreat that whilst you preside and rule like a Statesman and patriot you at the same time use all your influence to instruct the youth of the states in the principles of the scriptures. I leave the conscience free. Sectaries are a support to the state in every country. Manufactories are a great \u27e8work?\u27e9 without teaching the youth. Britain knows this well by experience.\n Lest you should think I am Enthusiastic I send you a Performance on Finance of which I am not a judge but if there be any thing in it useful most willingly do I part with it for the welfare of the united States. I dare say several hints in it may be useful.\n Whilst I send it for the welfare of the states, I may add that in case of another war the states cannot be too careful in attending to their dispatches and the mode of their conveyance. Seals upon dispatches are now quite useless. It is thought that France was lately overthrown by the uselessness of Seals upon dispatches. A method is found out that can counterfeit any Seal whatever. It is done by a little loaf bread mixed with a small quantity of paint and wrought like putty it will in time become so plastic as to receive the impression of any seal whatever and when let dry will retain the impression so exactly that the seal of the dispatches may be broken the dispatches read and a little fresh wax applied upon which the dryed bread will impress the likeness of the original that no man could tell but it was the original. Thus a bribe can be given to the bearer of the dispatches and he perfectly secured from the possibility of detection. In this respect Seals are become of no use in Europe They may be for ornament but what they used to indicate is quite gone.\n I may add no industry labour or expence should be spared to create a formidable fleet. The safety of the Union depends upon its Marine influence. Every exertion should be made by the states to both feed and clothe their own subjects. France was once and if things stand as they do any time will be again ruined by her dependence for manufactured Articles. Every State is tributary that cannot feed and clothe her own Citizens. If you teach the youth and feed and cloth[e] the citizens yourselves you will be independent but when you cease to do this all is gone.\n It may perhaps satisfy your Excellency to refer you to some characters who can tell who I am. Had the late Dr. Rush been in life I could have been at no loss for this. If Mr. Robert Patterson late professor of Mathematics in the university of Pennsylvania, by now overseer of the Mint be in life he can tell. And the Revd. Dr. Mason of New York knows me so does Mr. William Little 62 Vine Street Philadelphia. It is so long since I left the States that the most of my friends and acquaintances have been cut off by the Yellow\nfever, at one time and natural death since. Besides your Excellency can see by what is before you that I can have no motive but what I profess and openly avow.\n When your brave Admiral Decatur was a boy about 12 or 14 I knew him at the school of James Little in Southwark Philadelphia I presume he has no remembrance of me.\n Your last address is worthy Franklin Washington & Madison. May God Spare you long for a blessing to the united States and at last receive you into Everlasting happiness and felicity. And May the united states long florish free Independent powerful and happy. And may your late Example be before the Eyes of Every president to the end of time. I am may it please your Excellency your sincere humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0353", "content": "Title: Alexander J. Dallas to John Payne Todd, 29 March 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander J.\nTo: Todd, John Payne\n Be so good as to let me know, as soon as you can,\n What is the amount of repairs and rent, which the President has paid for his House, since the conflagration?\n What is the rent for the current year?\n I have promised the Committee of Ways & Means information on the subject this morning. Yrs. with great regard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0354", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Joy, 30 March 1816\nFrom: Joy, George\nTo: Madison, James\n There is a great dearth of news at this time from the U.S. and little doing here that has any relation to them. I am sorry that I never received any reply from you directly or indirectly on the subject of my proposition for an informal negociation with the King of France. The least encouragement of the measure from you, would, I have no doubt, have been seconded by Mr. Adams, who has known me long enough and well enough to judge how far I could be depended on; and who has recently admitted in conversation that the great changes that have taken place had materially altered the question.\n It is not, God knows, from any great opinion of my own faculties, that I could flatter myself with the success of such a measure; but with such a man so near me, a knowledge of the language in which the negociation must be conducted, inferior only, or I am grossly flattered, to that of Govr: Morris, Mr: Livingston and Mr: Adams himself, among all our Diplomatists; save Mr: Galatin, to whom the circumstance that gains him this superiority is an objection; and with the facility with which I could demonstrate my uniform opposition to the knavery of Buonaparte; I think the chance of laying a favorable foundation for a negociation, with the certainty that no harm would result, ought not to have been neglected.\n If you have forgotten my predictions of Buonapart\u00e9 from his early Campaigns; you will probably remember your own caution against my proceeding to Rotterdam after he resumed the direct Govt: of Holland: in itself a material Document. I think Mr. Monroe has not forgotten his admission that, if he became Emperor, he should think as I did of his ambitions and tyrannical Views. In short, as I wrote you before, nothing could be more sincere than my uniform protestations against the antirepublican and despotic feelings of this insatiate Autocrat, and what is much more important my uniform defence of our Govt: from the pretended contagion of his influence. With the evidence of this conviction, and the documents supporting it, at my fingers ends, I think it is not assuming too much to suppose that I might be listened to. And besides the aid of Mr. Adams, I could count with equal security on that of Doctor Eustis, with whom I am in frequent correspondence; and who has and always has had every disposition to cultivate the most friendly intercourse with me, and all my family. Indeed I am under no apprehension of clashing with any men more worthy of the public confidence, and least of all with those from my own section of the Union, and particularly such as have known my political principles (man and boy) thro\u2019 life: on a retrospect of which I do think it will be a subject of amusement, if I should ever reach Boston, to beat up the quarters of some of the\nold revolutionary prisoners, that I supplied at the risk of my purse and my life, and ask them out of mere mischief, whether they don\u2019t think I should have made as good a Commissary of Prisoners as Mr. Beazeley, or as good a Reporter as Mr. Charles King. In short I shall certainly have the malice some day to compare my pretensions with those of the Employees on the very few objects which I would have undertaken: not, as before observed, from any confidence, abstractly speaking, in my own powers; but from the lack of the necessary qualifications in many of those that are employed. Surely the Talents, as they say here, are against you, or the science of the Country has deteriorated since I left it.\n I have sent you by the Clifton for Baltimore, under cover to Mr. McCulloch, the Monthly Review for Jany: last; because it contains an Article on the Exposition of the Causes &ca: of the late War, which I suppose to have been written by you, or compiled from materials furnished by you. My attention was called to it by my Brother, who had lately stumbled upon it at Bath, and perhaps thought it would be acceptable to me from a slight reference in it to my own Pamphlets, which the same Reviewers had noticed at the time they were published. But I must apprize you that the circulation of the work is not to be measured by the number of Editions under which it has appeared; for these, by a very common trick of the Booksellers, were in fact new only in the Title page; neither has it been yet called up in parliament, as my Brother prophesied that it must be in a letter of which I have sent an Extract to Mr. Gales. Lord Castlereagh appears to be humbly deprecating all discussion on the subject by his Speech more copiously reported in the Times of the 15th: Ult: (which I therefore send you) than in any other paper. At first I was disposed to view this Speech in a very favorable light, as you will see by the enclosed Letter to Dr. Kirkland of the 22nd: Ult: and I have since availed myself of an opportunity, presented by another subject, to assure his Lordship that without any regret at the opposition I had given to the conduct of Administration in respect to America; I had recommended this and the Passage in his Speech given in the Chronicle of the 16th (which is transcribed in the same letter to Dr: K.) as indicative of a return of those sympathies that ought to exist between the two Countries; which was received with his usual politeness. On further consideration however, and particularly on the suggestion of wary politicians, even of his own party, without abandoning the hope of the existence of conciliatory feelings, that such expressions are calculated to inspire, I am induced to apprehend that entire confidence in them would be dangerous. I am not without suspicion indeed that they have been made in the view of lulling enquiry, and preventing that wholesome retrospect, into the causes and conduct of the War, that would constitute one of the best guards against a recurrence of it. To cherish such sentiments\ntherefore, without placing an entire dependence upon them; to propagate and disseminate them from this stock; and to refer to the solemnity of the assurance on his part, in order to encourage them in others; until time shall develop their sincerity, or the contrary, seems the only course to be taken at present. And as Prudence will not permit the relaxation of any measure, calculated to prevent hostilities, in consequence of this profession, lest it should prove hollow; so neither should there be any abandonment of the measure propounded in my letter to you of the 27th Septr. if it should prove sincere. If the opponents of that measure see no cause for your retaining the Presidency to remove the hope that a hostile nation has entertained to take advantage of our dissensions, because of a return to pacific sentiments; so neither can they see any thing in these last to object to the continuance of that precise Govt. with whom the pacific foreigner avows his satisfaction. And to the pretensions that the relations of Amity would be better maintained with the party opposed to the present Govt. of the U.S. a better answer can hardly be given them than in these words of the principal organ of this. In short a change of the Chief Magistrate at the moment of this tardy conviction, however produced, if it be such, would be quitting a certainty for an uncertainty on a most important question; to say nothing of the advantage that must result from a maintenance of the impression in obliterating those formerly made, or of the right of that Magistrate to evince and confirm by his own practice, the result of his previous measures.\n I want to hear if any thing more has been said or done in relation to the affair with Spain. The feeling of this Nation, or rather the want of feeling, favors war between our Country & that. non Ego. I think, as Mr Monroe told me he did of Louisiana, that we had better purchase what remains of the Floridas at an adequate price than get it by War for nothing. However desirable and necessary it may be to maintain the backbone & skeleton of an army I have no idea of encouraging that martial spirit which makes military fame the end of the combatant instead of the means of acquiring it. And I find that we are not without Lunatics that would \u201csnatch bright honor from the pale fac\u2019d moon,\u201d it\u2019s proper soil by the way in a merely military point of view, and to which therefore they have a natural affinity. I should not have disliked a private negociation with Spain on this subject; tho\u2019 I certainly would not have undertaken it to be concluded by a special Minister who should mar an important part of it and be allowed, for half finishing a bargain already made, the credit of such negociation.\n My reasons for troubling you with the enclosed correspondence with Dr: Kirkland are twofold; first it relates circumstances that I have not time to repeat; secondly it demonstrates the manner of my correspondence with the opponents of the present Administration in a manner that may be\nuseful, in case you should have occasion to justify any dependence on me. I rest always very faithfully, Dear Sir, Your friend & Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0356", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Clark and Others, 31 March 1816\nFrom: Clark, James\nTo: Madison, James\n We your petitioners beg leave to make the following Statement of facts to Your Excelancy and pray for an indulgence untill we Can raise this one Crop in the first place the greater part of us were in expectation that\nthe land would have been purchased that would have filled the Charter Boundry of South Carolina and we expected to have been able to purchased from the State and a good many were reduced by the Sudden fall of produc at the Commencing of the late war that they were oblijed to Sell their lands which with some was not enough to pay their debts and the prices of land that will pay the Cultivator for his toil put it out of their power to purchase & it is next to impossible to rent land and Support a family in decency and every man that loves and Cherishes Indipendance wishes to do that this was a principal Cause for the greater part of us becoming intruders Also the greater part of the Indians in the uper part of the Nation have freely Consented to give the white people leave to Settle as far as the Charter Boundry of this State Still there is some of the half Breeds that try to Stir up discontent if we are not permited to raise this Crop it will effectually ruing the greater part of us reduce Some families to Baggary or Stavation that we are well disposed to the government the muster rols bear evidence for all or nearly all go ten or fifteen miles to perform militia duty during the war according to our number we turned out more volunteers in an expedition against the Creeks and Cheerfuly Stood our drafts when there was a Call for men and in all Cases we are Subject to the Laws of the State your Excelancy will please to Observe that we do not plead for a continuance longer than to raise this Crop the Sale of which will enable us to provoid for our families and look out for a place to live on we your humble petitioners beg that you will grant us the prayer of our petition & we will ever pray &c.\n We give you here the number of families that will Suffer Severely if they are not permited to raise this Crop & it is probable the State may purchase in the Course of that time and would of Course put us imediatly under the Authority of the State We Omit the names of Individuals and State the number of families which is thirty-five.\n James ClarkRichard HoldenAbner FilesCharles \u27e8Gates?\u27e9 Junr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0357", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 1 April 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander J.\nTo: Madison, James\n The Secretary of the Treasury respectfully submits to the President, the answer which he proposes to give to the Committee of Foreign relations,\non the reference of the Petitions respecting the West-India trade, and the Plaister trade. He thinks, that it would be premature to commence a commercial warfare; but, at all events, the facts, respecting the British regulations, are not sufficiently ascertained, to be the foundation of any legislative act.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0359", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Josiah Meigs, 2 April 1816\nFrom: Meigs, Josiah\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honor to inclose with this a letter from William Morrison of Kaskaskia, requesting a lease of the Lead Mines of the United States lying East of the Mississippi, and between Rock river and the Ouisconsin\u2014and at Prairie de Chien. Those Mines are of great value, and, from the best information I have been able to obtain, are of great extent. Mr. Morrison is a man of large property, and has had the benefit of experience in the direction of Lead Mines in the territory of Missouri. Should it be judged expedient to grant a Lease, I believe that Mr. Morrison will faithfully and honourably fulfil his engagements.\n The authority to lease Lead Mines is given by the 2d. section of the Act of March 3, 1807 (Laws of U. States V. 5 p. 119). Mr. Morrison will if he obtains a lease carry on the business in an extensive manner. He proposes to employ chiefly Frenchmen, natives of that region, whose manners and habits will be less likely to give offence to the Indians than those of any other description of people in the Western Country. I have the honor &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0360", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Wilson Cary Nicholas, 2 April 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Madison, James\n As you no doubt are informed, the last assembly made large appropriations of money to the internal improvement of this state, to ensure the judicious application of this money, it is essential that we shoud be able to command the services of one or more able civil engineers. Among the citizens of this State, I have looked in vain for such a man, and I fear there is no native of the U.S. qualified. In conversation lately with Commodore Decatur, upon this subject, he told me that he had heard you speak of a\ngentn. lately arrived from France, who was supposed to have great skill as an engineer, that he had been educated in the best schools in that Country & was a Col in the French service. May I take the liberty to request you will give me the name of this gentn., his character, and inform me where he can be found? The importance & value of the object to Virginia, will I hope induce you to pardon the liberty I have taken in making this application to you. I am with great respect Sir your hum. Serv.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0361", "content": "Title: To James Madison from S. Underwood, 2 April 1816\nFrom: Underwood, S.\nTo: Madison, James\n I have a desire to leave my present situation for America. I was educated under the patronage of the late Countess of Huntington\u2014have been a Dissenting minister for more than thirty years\u2014have also been in the habit of instructing Youth nearly for as long a term\u2014and understanding that ministers, & teachers of Youth are much wanted in America, induces me to turn my thoughts thither. I am fifty Years of age, have a Wife, and four Children, two only of which would be dependent upon me. If you, Sir, could point out any suitable situation the Ministers here would afford you every satisfaction. I am, with the greatest respect, Your very Humb Sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0363", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, [4 April 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n I withdraw the nominations of John Balkam, William Campbell and John Burley, as stated in my message of the 21st March: and I nominate the said John Balkam, of Massachusetts, to be principal assessor for the 1st. Collection district of the same state in the place of Shubael Downes resigned: The Said William Campbell of Virginia, to be principal assessor, for the 10th Collection district of the same state in the place of William I. Welken resigned: The said John Burley of Massachusetts to be principal assessor for the ninth Collection district of Massachusetts in the place of Edward Toppan.\n I nominate, Martin Bickham, of New Jersey to be consul for the Isle of France in the place of William Buchanan deceased.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0366", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Merchants and Traders of Philadelphia, 5 April 1816\nFrom: \nTo: Madison, James\n The Memorial of the Subscribers, a Committee of the Merchants and Trade\u27e8rs\u27e9 of the City of Philadelphia, respectfully represents,\n That Your Memorialists are impelled to address you by the interest which they feel, in common with many others of their fellow citizens, in a subject which they deem worthy of the attentio\u27e8n\u27e9 of their Government.\n During the warfare, which has been of so long continuance in Europe, and in which at different periods most of the European Nations have been involved as parties, the United States were enabled to maintain a strict neutrality. By means of the neutrality and the advantages which it lawfully afforded, the Commerce of this country became widely extended, and its prosperity and success seemed to excite the envy and cupidity of the belligerent Powers. The established principles of public law and the rights of neutrals as they had been long and universally recognized were denied or disregarded; and spoliations to a vast amount were committed upon American property, which was not only incontestibly neutral, but accompanied with all the requisite evidence to establish that neutrality. In the property, which has been thus unjustly taken by several of the European powers when engaged in War, Your Memorialists have a serious interest; and as they have in vain sought for redress in the tribunals of the Captors, they now look with respect and confidence to their own Government, to obtain for them indemnity.\n The prevalence of universal peace, as Your Memorialists would fondly persuade themselves, presents a season most favorable to the exhibition and enforcement of their claims. During the pressure of War, the same motives and dispositions continued, which gave birth to the violence committed on their rights; and rendered all application for redress in a great degree fruitless and indeed hopeless. It is now to be hoped, that when the pressure of War has ceased, a returning sense of justice may dictate atonement for the wrongs, which have been done to the Citizens of the United States; and that an earnest appeal to that sense of justice, made on their behalf by their Government, may be crowned with success.\n Your Memorialists do not herein undertake to state the precise injuries which they have suffered, nor the particular demands which they deem themselves authorized to make for redress. Exhibitions of many of these claims have been heretofore made, and the evidence thereof remains in the Office of the Department of State. It is deemed sufficient respectfully to represent, that the wrongs for which redress is sought are of serious magnitude; and that if the attention of Government shall be directed to the subject the most satisfactory statements and proofs will be immediately placed before the Executive.\n Your Memorialists hereupon respectfully request, that the subject upon which they have addressed you, may be taken into consideration, and such measures adopted as shall seem to the President to be best adapted to afford that relief which the circumstances of the case demand.\n Henry PiattRob WalnRobt. RalstonDanl. W. CoxeJohn Coulter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0367", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Wilkinson, 5 April 1816\nFrom: Wilkinson, James\nTo: Madison, James\n My Pen is occupied on a narrative, intended for posterity, in which I am desirous to incorporate, every act & incident of my publick Life, which may denote Zeal, & demonstrate Patriotism.\n Pending my last most unrighteous & fatal Persecution, my solicitude to contribute my humble services, to the common defense, impelled me to petition you, for a prompt trial, agreably to the provisions of the Law, & the principles of Justice, or for the temporary suspension of my arrest, that I might resume my Sword, in the publick cause.\n Mr. Richard Brent, then, of the Senate, took charge of this application, & advised me he had delivered it to you; It is my desire to give this document, a place among others, of similar import, but I find, by reference to my files, that it has been mislaid; and, for this reason, I venture to tresspass on your time, and to ask the favour of a Copy. Most respectfully I am Sir Your most humble & obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0368", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Elizabeth Parke Custis, 6 April 1816\nFrom: Custis, Elizabeth Parke\nTo: Madison, James\n In this quiet place where I came to attend the sickbed of a relation, I address once more my Dear & Honrd friend Mr. Madison with almost ruin\u2019d health, & a mind long harass\u2019d by deep affliction, few causes could induce me to intrude upon your time, but friendships sacred claims impel me to do so, & I trust to your oft experienced kindness for my excuse. You possess the enviable power to serve your friends, to promote the good of our Country, protect the unfortunate & do justice to the injured. I invoke you to hear me once more advocate the cause of one, who has ever been your faithful adherent & defender\u2014an honest & zealous Officer of our Govt, & our Country\u2014tis perhaps the last occasion when I make a request to you, as if I stood on the confines of eternity. I declare I am influenced by those pure motives which God approves, & which should make my petition respected. Mr. Warden is the man for whom I solicit your protection. He was appointed by you Sir\u2014every means were used by his enemies to prevent his success\u2014his excellent character defeated their efforts, & he was unanimously approved by the Senate\u2014his enemies rested not, & have triumph\u2019d in causing his dismission\u2014from all who knew him in Paris, I have heard the same acc. that Warden was a man of such pure Honor that people of all parties esteem\u2019d him\u2014his scientific acquirements & correspondents gave him much information, & extended his influence which was always devoted to promoting the Interest of our Country, the known integrity of him, who had no object but to be faithful to you, & our Country, made the american character esteem\u2019d where Warden was known. Frenchmen & Americans gave me this information & Caraman formerly Secry to Serurier, now Count George de Caraman Charg\u00e9 des Affaires at the Hague consequently & officer of the present Govt of france, wrote me a short time Since his astonishment at our Govt. removing so valuable a man, for which he says they are condemn\u2019d by all who wish\u2019d well to America. I conversed with many in Philada on this subject\u2014some said they heard He was dismiss\u2019d because he was of foreign birth. I defended the Govt. from that charge. You appointed him, the Senate unanimously confirmed him, & it was absurd to suppose this Govt could object to foreign birth, when neither Mr. Jefferson or you, had ever but (for a short period) appointed any Secry of\nthe Treasury but Foreigners\u2014one of whom had also gone to make Peace with England & was afterwards appointed minister to france, much more important offices than that of Consul. One said He heard Mr Monroe had become his enemy because Warden said on Some occasion that he must defend his character which was all he possess\u2019d, in reply to some unjust charges\u2014I said Mr. Monroe could not act so inconsistent. He was a Native American\u2014with fortune & friends to support him, yet he wrote a book against Washington the father of his Country when he thought he was censured unjustly\u2014one person utter\u2019d what I consider\u2019d a malicious Slander against you & Mr. Monroe & I contradicted it accordingly. He said he had been to Washington, & heard Warden was sacrificed, because on Mr. Barlows death he did not give all the Govt. papers to Thomas Barlow, & use all means in his power to get him recieved a charge des affaires of the United States\u2014I was shock\u2019d at the political prejudice which could make any man assent so monstrous a charge, & replied \u201cI saw Thomas Barlow when going to france. He seemed a Lad not grown, whose education was to be finish\u2019d in france\u2014& altho he might have been capable of copying his Uncle\u2019s letters, or attending him when travelling, was incompetent to a more important Post, which required matured talents, & establish\u2019d character\u2014that I could only attribut[e] the assertion to downright enmity & thought it insulting to my understanding when such a tale was told to me\u2014he apologised respectfully assured me he heard what he related. I intended to have told you all this on my arrival\u2014but I was taken very ill, & have never been well since. I write now with an aching head\u2014but as your dear Wife told me Mr. Gallatin would soon go to france, I could no longer delay making this effort to plead the cause of him, who has not only zealously devoted all his powers to serve our Country\u2014but who I know has been your energetic defender in france, & in this Country\u2014poor Warden\u2014destitute of fortune\u2014stripp\u2019d of the means of support, in a distant Country during a period of National Calamity, has by his virtues & talents inspired esteem, wherever good or learned Men reside. None will say other wise, but those who wanted his place\u2014or envied his good name.\n I plead not the cause of relations, mine want nothing\u2014nor of one whose advantage can promote mine in the most remote degree. I speak for a faithful officer of our Country. I appeal to the chief of the Nation, & implore him to exersize the God like power to dispence justice & bestow happiness upon the good. Mr Skipwith engaged in extensive speculations abandon\u2019d his post\u2014to him it can be no object\u2014to Warden, all important. as his long acquaintance among the french & their esteem for his talents & integrity would enable him to render great service to our Country & You my valued friend when released from your now toilsome station would rejoice in having caused this benefit to our beloved Country, by restoring a Virtuous man to office who never deserved to lose it\u2014having desired Warden to send me\nsome of his correspondence, I recd. the enclosed sometime past: it surely exculpates him he has always spoken in terms of sincere respect of you & never hinted a complaint of you.\n Mr: Crawford must have been misinformed respecting the real character & conduct of Warden\u2014or obey\u2019d the orders of the State Dept. Mr. Monroe was no doubt influenced by some erroneous information.\n I always hesitate to condemn a fellow mortal however strong the injurious testimony. God is merciful & we should recollect how many times we have suffer\u2019d ourselves, or witness\u2019d the injury done to others, by misconception\u2014or malicious accusations.\n To your justice & humanity I confide this cause & may the Almighty ever bless you, & preserve you from the dire calamity of wanting a protector\u2014Ever yr sincere friend\n I send Wardens letter uncertain if you recieved the original as many letters from Europe are lost.\n I have not time to write this out fair, but you can understand it I hope.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0371", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 8 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Jacob D. Williamson, of Virginia, to be principal Assessor of the 8th collection district of the same State, in the place of John Stephenson, resigned.\n Hasting Jennings, of South Carolina, to be Collector of direct taxes and internal duties, for the 8th collection district of the same State; William Langley having declined the appointment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0372", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 8 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n James Trecothick Austin, of Massachusetts to be agent on the part of the United States as authorized by the Treaty of Ghent, for managing the business of the United States under the 4th Article of said Treaty.\n Samuel Hawkins, of New York, to be agent in like manner for managing the business of the United States under the 6th and 7th Articles of the same Treaty.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0373", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 8 April 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander J.\nTo: Madison, James\n As it is not my intention to pass another winter in Washington, I think it a duty to give you an opportunity, to select a successor for the office of Secretary of the Treasury, during the present session of Congress. I will chearfully remain, however, if you desire it, to put the National Bank into motion; presuming that this object can be effected before the 1t. of October next. Permit me, therefore, to tender my resignation, to be accepted on that day, or at any earlier period, which you may find more convenient to yourself, or more advantageous to the public. With every affectionate wish for your honor, health, and happiness, I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0374", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 8 April 1816\nFrom: Latrobe, Benjamin Henry\nTo: Madison, James\n In reflecting on the subject on which you did me the honor to converse with me this morning, the appointment of a principal Engineer to direct the improvement of the State of Virginia by Roads & Canals, under the Establishment lately formed for that patriotic purpose, I have thought that I may venture, so far to intrude upon your time, as to offer to you, & through You, to the Government of that State, a few remarks on the whole subject, while I at the same time answer your immediate enquiry, as to my knowledge of any person capable of filling the Office. I resided long in the State, & was engaged professionally in the design of the State prison. If I were not attached to the interests of Virginia, I should be very ungrateful for the many\nkindnesses received from its\u2019 citizens & Government, now, more than 20 years ago. On this plea I hope my prolixity will be excused & pardoned.\n It is desired that the Person to be employed shall be a compleat civil Engineer, & not only understand the principles on which roads ought to be laid out & constructed but that he shall also be perfectly acquainted with the much more difficult & rare Science necessary to lay out & construct a Canal.\n When I consider the great extent of Virginia, & the highly responsible duties that will devolve upon the head of the department of internal improvement, I cannot but feel that it will be exceedingly difficult to fill the situation adequately. For not only will it be required that the principal Engineer should be a man of Science, & of considerable practice in his Profession, but that he should have a vigorous constitution capable of undergoing great fatigue in a climate unfavorable, at least to the health of foreigners. Whether any one Engineer can be found, who could go thro\u2019 the necessary bodily fatigue, possessing at the same time the requisite mental qualifications, so as to keep pace with the natural impatience of the people to see the work in progress, appears to me very doubtful. Before I therefore venture to mention the names of the professional men with whom I am acquainted, I beg leave to offer a few preliminary remarks. If I shall do this in a very desultory & perhaps ill arranged manner, I hope to be excused, as my present engagements will prevent my even making a copy of this letter.\n The objects of improvements are Roads & Canals.\n Roads have been made in every part of the United States, especially to the North of the Patowmac. The best road in the Union as far as it has proceeded, is that intended to connect the Eastern with the western navigable Waters, commonly called, the Cumberland turnpike road. The errors in the details of its location, which now appear, but which were probably difficult of discovery before it was actually opened, are very few, very trifling, & easily corrected. Both in its location, and in its construction it would do honor to the country in Europe, the most improved in the theory & practice of this branch of civil Engineering.\n This road was laid out by three Commissioners none of whom were professional men. They had with them a good Land surveyor. The line was afterwards examined by Mr Charles Randall, a practical road- & Canal-maker from England, whom I had for many years employed, & had recommended to Mr Galatin for that service. He reported in detail on the practicability of the different sections, & proposed alterations, suggested by his experience, many of which were adopted. Mr Schriver was afterwards appointed superintendant of the road, a man experienced in the construction of turnpikes, & whom it is unnecessary to praise, because the work itself is his highest commendation. Mr. Schriver improved further many details of the roads. The contracts for the execution were submitted to me\nby Mr Gallatin. My report & remarks were published by Professor Cooper in the Emporium, where they may be seen, but excepting the very slight service that they may have rendered, in the manner of execution, I had no share whatever in this great national Work.\n I have gone into this detail to show, that in the department of roads, we are so far advanced as to be able to do exceedingly well, & perfectly well, without the assistance of any man regularly bred to the Profession of a civil Engineer. For in this principal & most difficult road, no man professedly an Engineer was employed either in laying out or constructing it. But this is not the only road which is admirably planned and constructed. All the Maryland artificial roads, are works exhibiting great abilities in the commissioners, and rather an admirable & courageous spirit of improvement, especially in the citizens of Baltimore. In these roads, the talents of that family of men of talents, the Ellicots, have rendered most important services. The Pennsylvanian roads are fewer in number, and only one is of great extent, & possesses superior merit in the determination of its Line, that from Pha. to Columbia. Its construction is, or was bad.\n If therefore the department of roads were separated from that of Canals, no difficulty would so far occur in proceeding immediately with the business of improvement. If a commission were appointed consisting:\n 1. Of an accurate, experienced & quicksighted Land-surveyor. 2. Of a man practically, & long experienced in making roads, & 3. Of one or more citizens, men of high character & of no property in the district thro\u2019 which the road should pass, but well acquainted with it, I am convinced that the roads would be well laid out. If a professed Engineer were finally to pass along the line, examine, & report upon it, it would be advantageous, & he could do this in a very short time. But in few cases do I think it would be necessary.\n The two former of these Commissioners must be professional men, & should have a Salary. They should be concerned in no Contracts, & be liable [illegible] to serve in any part of the State to which they were called. All roads should be laid out by them & the Commissioners for the district. The Surveyor would require deputies & assistants. If the State obtains the services of a regular & eminent Engineer he should have the duty of inspecting & revising the work. But altho\u2019 a regular Engineer myself, I am convinced that such a service would be useful only in very difficult & doubtful cases. The great error of such men, is to force a straight road at the expense of an easy road: but in the roads lately made, experience has much diminished the extent to which it was formerly carried.\n The best surveyor of roads, & indeed of Canals that I have ever known is Mr. Robert Brooke of Phila. During nine Years residence, & professional practice in England, I did not become acquainted with one equal to him. He is one of the best Mathematicians in any country. He was a surveyor\nunder the English Engineer Weston on the Delaware & Schuylkill Canal, & I had the advantage of his very superior talents after the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal was laid out.\n Mr. Isaac Briggs, is well known to You, better probably than to me, and is an excellent surveyor and mathematician, nor has he, I believe, the only defect of Mr Brooke, extreme slowness of operation. Mr. Thompson, a very respectable carpenter in this city, was employed as surveyor on the Cumberland road, and also in the improvement of the Patowmac navigation. That alone is sufficient to prove his competency. But in respect to the choice of a good Surveyor, I presume there will be no difficulty. The necessity of their services has caused them to abound.\n 2. In the practical construction of roads, there is a Man (James Cochran[)], now employed on the Cumberland road, as a Contractor, whose equal will not easily be found. I employed him 18 years ago in that most difficult work the Schuylkill Basin, afterwards as principal contractor for the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal, then to dig the whole of the Washington Canal, in which very great difficulties exist. He has executed, of the Baltimore turnpikes, a very considerable part as contractor, and, I believe more than any other of the Cumberland U.S. road. If the State of Virginia could obtain his permanent services, either in the capacity of a Commissioner as proposed, or of a general inspector of their works in execution, or for estimating the cost previously to their being undertaken, they could hardly be bought at too high a price. But he is an unassuming, & rather humble man in his pretensions. With much energy & most admirable temper in the management of his men, he is one of the most modest in his deportment to his employers. His integrity and sobriety are proverbial where he is known. In fact after so many Years acquaintance with him, & after having paid to him some hundred thousand dollars on behalf of the public, I have not once found him deficient in a single good quality. He is an Irishman, and can collect, for the service of a public work, more of his country men than any other, and govern them with more effect. I consider him as by far the first Man, I have ever known in his line of business. He is also, what is called, a good Scholar.\n Charles Randall whom I have mentioned above has many of the good qualities of Cochran, but is altogether inferior in respectability of character & deportment, altho\u2019 a very good, intelligent, & useful man; and very fit for the situation of a Commissioner, connected with other respectable Men. Cochran can fill his own place in any Suitable station.\n After these two men there are many others who could be named, but all inferior to them.\n To lay out, & construct a Canal, talents, science, industry, & experience are equally necessary. Much more is requisite in our country to discover the\nbest line of a Canal, whether it shall run parallel to our rivers, or connect them together. All the difficulties to be encountered, & which grow out of the peculiar geological construction of the country are enumerated in my report to the Secretary of the Treasury, printed by order of the Senate U.S. in 18o[8] and which it might be useful to refer to on this occasion.\n That which has not been taught and practiced, cannot be known perfectly, and as our Canals are very few, and most of them constructed on wrong principles for navigation, being also employed as Mill races, we have had no School for Canal Engineers in our country. The Delaware & Schuylkill Canal, was very badly planned by learned Men, uninstructed in the business they undertook. To executed [sic] this work Weston, an English engineer was called in. He condemned the plan, but was obliged to follow the original line. It failed in consequence of deficient funds. Mr. Weston was afterwards engaged in the Western navigation of the State of New York. Having acquired an independent fortune he returned to England & has declined a late invitation to come back.\n He did not as far as I know, leave behind him any well instructed pupils. Mr Brooke mentioned above was his surveyor, and undoubtedly acquired under him much of the valuable knowledge he possesses. Of the Merimack Canal, I know only, by Mr. Blodgets description, that it was not planned or constructed by his father on good principles. My opinion of other Canals is contained in the report above mentioned. In none of these works has there been an opportunity to create any Engineer of eminence: and in fact, the art of cutting canals, of building locks & other works connected with them has been carried to such perfection within the last 50 Years in Europe, that however desireable it would be to find among our own citizens the Engineers we want, necessity obliges us to import at least the first teachers of knowledge from Europe. My own knowledge of Engineering, tho\u2019 an American citizen, was obtained by an early education on the Europaean continent and afterwards in England under a very eminent Engineer by actual practice there. The works I have planned and \u27e8e\u27e9xecuted, have afforded an opportunity of bringing up several Men who have since become highly respectable, whom I will now name.\n The first & most competent of these is Mr. John Davis \u27e8a\u27e9t Baltimore, an admirable practical Engineer, with sufficient science, to add great value to his experience. He was Clerk of Works at the Philadelphia Waterworks, has supplied Baltimore with water, & is fully employed in that city and neighborhood. He has acquired a very handsome fortune, & could not be himself engaged; but his recommendation of persons to engage in the execution of public Works would be important, & decisive as to their merit.\n Mr. Fred. Graf, Clerk of the Waterworks at Pha. also engaged, a very useful Man, and capable of a appreciating the merits of persons recommended to execute works.\n Mr. Robt. Mills. Mr. Mills is known at Richmond as an architect. He accompanied me during all the operations on the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal, and also in exploring & laying out the line of that great & difficult work. He has not however ever had an opportunity of acquiring a knowledge of the construction of Works in Water; the Canal company\u2019s funds having failed before any locks were built. He has since then been entirely engaged in Architecture.\n Mr DeMun, by previous education & natural talent and by the same experience with Mr Mills, was well qualified to direct & plan a great work, with some advice and assistance from the longer experience of others, & I much regret that he appears to be lost to the Country as an Engineer being engaged in a great Land concern West of the Mississippi. His survey of the Teche and Chafalaya in Louisiana, and his report on that Coast in a military as well as civil point of view did him great honor, & obtained the approbation of the U.S. government to which I had recommended him for that service.\n My eldest Son Henry, now at New Orleans was educated from infancy for the profession of an Engineer, & has had more practice in the construction of heavy works in Water & on Land than any man of his age perhaps in the country. He is now at New Orleans, where he has been largely employed in works for the UStates Government, & obtained the unqualified approbation of General Jackson as one of the Engineers engaged in the defence of N. Orleans. But his engagements confine him at present to that country, & he is besides only 22 Years old, although he has carried on independent business since he was 18.\n I have now named all those whom I know to have any scientific acquaintance with that branch of civil Engineering which relates to Canals, and who have been brought up by myself. Of the talents of others I ought to speak with great diffidence, and in fact I know only one Man whom I ought to name as an Engineer, capable of planning any Work however extensive. This is Maximilian Godefroy Esqr. of Baltimore, a man of rare science, talents, & virtues, long resident in our country, & who, desireing to be considered as a candidate for the proposed situation, has too much self respect to wish for a Station in which he could not do himself honor. As a military engineer his talents are indisputable, and nothing is so easily converted to a civil use, as the science common both to the profession of a civil & military engineer.\n Should it however be decided, that America does not offer a Man competent to the post to be filled, there is no doubt but that the necessary Science & practical knowledge may be obtained from Europe. A young french Engineer, highly recommended, regularly educated in the Polytechnic school & for some Years engaged in that great work, the Canal D\u2019Ourque, Mr. Surville, came hither in hopes of employ. He was some months in my office, & I had an opportunity of judging of his capacity, which I believe to\nhave been adequate to every thing that could have been required. The wretched state of France however, in which he left his Mother & Sister, induced him suddenly to return thither: but I am convinced that he could easily be brought back.\n Some Months ago I received a letter from Mr. Jeffries a man of very large fortune & public spirit in the south of England, in which he enquires, whether there would be employment for a first rate civil Engineer in this country. He does not name him. He recommends to me at the same time a Mr Anderson, a man eminent in the actual cutting of Canals, to whom he says he has given letters to me. I have waited to see Mr Anderson before I should answer this letter, but he has not made his appearance. In the enquiries of the Virginia Government, if directed to England, it may be useful to apply to Mr. Jeffries, who is a Man of first rate character & fortune & to whom I will in that case write an open letter.\n In the question as to the employment of an English or French Engineer, if the qualifications were equal, the advantage of language might probably decide in favor of the former. Otherwise it is very certain that the french Engineers have generally, I may say always, a better education in the Science of their profession than the English. This in our country, in which the line of Canals is not already marked by the accidental situation of villages, roads, and peculiar properties, is of immense importance: and besides our language is soon sufficiently acquired. As the body of an Engineer is almost of equal importance with his mind, I think that, in this climate, a Frenchman has the advantage.\n But I am ashamed of the length to which this letter intended to consist only of a few pages has extended, & beg to add only, that whatever I may be thought capable of contributed to the attainment of the object in view, is cheerfully at the Service of Yourself & the Government of Virginia. I am with high respect Your obedt. hble Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0375", "content": "Title: Presidential Proclamation, 8 April 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n \u00a7 Presidential Proclamation. 8 April 1816, Washington. Proclaims the treaty with the Cherokee Indians to be in force (see JM to the Senate, 26 Mar. 1816, and n. 1).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0376", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 9 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander J.\n I have received your letter of yesterday communicating your purpose, of resigning the Department of the Treasury. I need not express to you the regret at such an event, which will be inspired by my recollection of the distinguished ability and unwearied zeal, with which you have filled a\nstation, at all times deeply responsible in its duties, through a period rendering them peculiarly arduous & laborious.\n Should the intention you have formed, be nowise open to reconsideration, I can only avail myself of your consent to prolong your functions, to the date & for the object which your letter intimates. It cannot but be advantageous, that the important measure in which you have had so material an agency, should be put into its active State by the same hands.\n Be assured Sir that whatever may be the time of your leaving the Department, you will carry from it my testimony of the invaluable services you have rendered your Country, my thankfulness for the aid they have afforded in my discharge of the Executive trust, and my best wishes for your prosperity & happiness.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0377", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Christopher Ellery, 9 April 1816\nFrom: Ellery, Christopher\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honor most respectfully to address you in behalf of Doctor Walter V. Wheaton, who visits the seat of government with the view of soliciting a personal interview, in the hope of thus attracting the more favorably your notice & attention to the claims set forth in the recommendatory letters & representations of his friends, who have urged his appointment as Hospital-Surgeon upon the Score of service & merit. Of Doctor Wheaton\u2019s skill & success in the exercise of his art, as displayed while on duty with the army during the late war, I leave it to those who witnessed his operations to speak; but of his character & connections here, I can, and am happy to say, that they are highly respectable. Doctor Wheaton\u2019s morals & manners are those of a gentleman. His professional education he received in a great measure under the eye of his father, Doctor Levi Wheaton, whose Superior as a man of sense, as a scholar, as a physician & Surgeon, as a politician, is very rarely to be met with. That the son has derived from his father and possesses his talents & virtues I have no doubt; and that his course, if honored by the countenance of government, will reflect credit upon himself, his friends, and his Country, I feel equally well assured. The relatives of Doctor Wheaton, other than his most excellent father of whom I have spoken, are, some of them, by reputation, if not by personal acquaintance, known to you, Sir; particularly his uncle, Seth Wheaton, and Henry Wheaton, son of this gentleman, the father distinguished in various ways,\nbut cons\u27e8picuous\u27e9 in his political conduct as a determined Whig f\u27e8ormer\u27e9ly and republican latterly, the son distinguished here, in the place of his nativity, in New York, where he resides, and, unquestionably, in Washington, whither he is carried by professional pursuits, for the mildness of his manners, the purity of his heart, the powers of his mind; in a word, admired & beloved every where.\n Such is Doctor W. V. Wheaton\u2014such are his connections. Can there, then, be hesitation in conferring upon him the favor asked? To this question an answer comporting with their wishes will be gratefully received & acknowledged by Doctor Wheaton & by his friends, who are, at all times, proud of the distinction which they enjoy as friends to their country and to its present administration, whereof Sir, you are the head, and among them none more so than myself, who have the honor to be, Most respectfully, Sir, Yr. Most ob. Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0378", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 9 April 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Col: Hawkins, will accept the offer as of agent, for the boundary under Porter, and there is reason to think that they are on a very good footing. His name is \u201cSamuel.\u201d He had better be sent in to day, and it will be fortunate if he & Col: Austin go together.\n Consuls, I. C. Barnett for Paris of Jersey\n Septimius Tyler of Connecticut for Bayonne.\n Joseph Ficklin, Kentucky, for St Bartholomews.\n Auldjo\u2014Cowes or Southhampton\u2014I will send his other name, & look at mr Adams\u2019s note respecting him", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0380", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Americanus, 10 April 1816\nFrom: Americanus\nTo: Madison, James\n Sir\u2014When you were first elected president of the union, the republican party had great hopes that under your administration, with the examples of your predecessors before you, as practical beacons to point out the courses to be avoided or pursued, little reason would have been found for republican reprehension. In good truth we have not much to complain of. You have enabled us to answer with satisfaction the questions, IS HE HONEST? IS HE CAPABLE? We do not doubt your integrity. You have full credit with your party for good intentions. It is acknowledged, that you possess great political and diplomatic knowledge, and that no one man in the union is so well qualified to become secretary of state as yourself. But you have committed a series of errors, that may perhaps do honor to your feelings, but none to your judgment.\n From the beginning of your administration to the present day, except in the cases of Mr. Monroe and Mr. Dallas, you seem to have regarded imbecility, incapacity and federalism with a too favourable eye. How you could retain such men as Dr. Eustis and Paul Hamilton, or appoint such a secretary of the Treasury as Mr. G. W. Campbell, or of the navy as Capt. Jones, or a man, throughout his whole life so marked by selfishness and intrigue, as general Armstrong, has been a matter of wonder to your friends and your enemies. That inveterate blue-light Wagner, would never have been dismissed if he had not dismissed himself. Bradley and his connections have been favored, and fostered, and promoted, and assisted, for no\nother reason that I can find, but that they are Susquehanna speculators, and bigottedly devoted to Timothy Pickering and his politics. How you could have ventured to appoint Dallas, every one of whose measures have been so strongly marked by the decided outline of genius, though his details may have been objectionable, I know not. Gallatin would have been more in harmony with the caution, the timidity and the second rate talent that have too often marked your selections than Dallas is; and with the character also of the various congresses that have so feebly supported you, even when you were clearly right.\n Whatever may have been your faults, you have not sinned as they have, by want of knowledge, as well as want of firmness. But you have frequently left undone those things that you ought to have done, and you have also frequently done those things which you ought not to have done. Instead of attaching and rewarding your friends, you have counted upon their disinterested support, and lavished favours on your enemies. I have heard of some savage nations who think it prudent to worship the Devil. Their motive is, not love and gratitude for benefits conferred, but fear for evils apprehended. Thus have you too often acted. You are careless about your friends, and wonderfully conciliatory toward your enemies. Dr. Eustis\u2019 misconduct as secretary of war at home, was, it would seem, a sufficient qualification to send him ambassador abroad. Mr. secretary Crawford\u2019s disgraceful imbecility as ambassador abroad, appears to have made him secretary of war at home; for excepting his gross, his manifest want of talent and acquirement, his pompous deportment, his egregious vanity, his despotic measures while minister, his secret but not inefficient enmity to yourself and Mr. Monroe, and to the wishes of the republican party, joined to his double-faced conduct on the late nomination of a future president to succeed yourself\u2014what qualification has this man? Is there one person in the country in the least conversant with the characters and conduct of American politicians, who does not know that every American in Paris, was put to the perpetual blush from the abominable ignorance, and utter insignificance of Mr. Crawford as ambassador there! I say the fact is so notorious that it is impossible to deny it: I say, you could not have kept him there: and yet this man comes home, to undermine, and if he dare, oppose the republican candidate, and to be made secretary of war! The old man of the mountain, Thomas Jefferson, would not have done this: his party looked up to him. He served those who served him; he did as the federalists wisely did before him; he rewarded his friends, and bade defiance to his enemies.\n I shall dedicate one whole letter to Mr. Crawford\u2019s life, character and achievments; he shall not escape me.\n I have been led into these reflections by the perusal of Mr. secretary Crawford\u2019s long report of March 23 [sic], 1816, on Indian affairs. A communication as pompous and as prolix as might have been expected from\nsuch a politician. I could easily occupy a couple of columns, with well founded remarks on the ignorance displayed by Mr. Crawford, on the subject of his report, but I will content myself with copying the concluding paragraph of his letter which accompanied it.\n \u201cIf the system already devised, has not produced all the effects which were expected from it, new experiments ought to be made, when every effort to introduce among them (the Indian savages) ideas of exclusive property in things real as well as personal shall fail, let intermarriages between them and the whites be encouraged by the government. This cannot fail to preserve the race, with the modifications necessary to the enjoyment of civil liberty and social happiness. It is believed that the principles of humanity in this instance, are in harmonious concert with the true interest of the nation. It will redound more to the national honor, to incorporate by a humane and benevolent policy, the natives of our forests in the great American family of freemen, than to receive with open arms the fugitives of the old world, whether their flight has been the effect of their crimes OR THEIR VIRTUES. I have the honor &c. Wm. H. Crawford.\u201d\n This last paragraph is volunteered: lugged in by head and shoulders; being perfectly uncalled for by the subject matter of the report, and perfectly unexpected by every republican. Thus needlessly to step aside from the plain high-way of official communication, to give vent to an opinion quite unconnected with the subject\u2014an opinion that is to every reader injudicious, because it is to say the least extremely dubious\u2014and to every liberal mind extremely offensive\u2014exhibits want of judgment so egregious, and bigotry so detestable, that from this time forward the man who makes it, will only be distinguished by the weakness of his head and the rancour of his heart. The mark is upon his forehead\u2014Faenum habet in cornu fuge, fuge. This man, sir, may be secretary of war, but he will never be the people\u2019s President!\n I shall take the liberty in the course of two or three more letters on the subject of Mr. secretary Crawford, to pen a sermon upon the occasion, taking the passage above quoted as my text. Wherein with your permission and Mr. Binns\u2019 (who has a very important voice upon such an occasion,) I shall with all due deference enquire.\n 1st. Whether it be expedient to adopt into the great family of the nation for the purpose of extending civil liberty and social happiness, the American savages and their descendants.\n 2nd. Whether the Americans who have settled on and who defend our frontier, ought to be encouraged to enter into the tender connection of matrimonial union with the neighboring savages, in order to extend the empire of civil liberty and social happiness! And in particular, whether the finest portion of the human race in form, figure and capacity\u2014the young\nmen and young women who border on the Indian frontier in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia\u2014blooming, healthy, hardy, active and enterprising, shall or can be tempted by governmental allurements to relinquish the society of each other, and to prostitute their persons to the dirty, draggle-tailed, blanketted, half human Squaws, or the filthy ferocious half naked Savages, bedecked indeed with pewter pendants in their ears, lips and noses, and so politely recommended also by Mr. Crawford to the fair daughters of America as beaus and husbands: all for the benevolent and patriotic purpose of propagating and extending \u201ccivil liberty and social happiness!\u201d\n 3d. Whether it would be desirable to shut our ports against every class of emigrants from the old world, whether induced to come hither from well-weighed considerations of preference, or of interest, or driven hither by the hatred which their virtues and talents may have excited at home.\n 4th. What credit is derived to these sentiments and recommendations of Mr. secretary Crawford, from his own character and standing in society; which it will be very proper for this purpose, to bring in review before the public.\n Having thus distributed the heads of my discourse, I shall for the present take leave, with sincere respect, sir, for your talents and integrity, notwithstanding your occasional mistakes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0381", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Lackey and Samuel C. Roundey, 10 April 1816\nFrom: Lackey, William,Roundey, Samuel C.\nTo: Madison, James\n hear is a Nomber of Semen that Surved thar tim On Board of the Flotilla in Newyork Station in the Care of Commerdore Jacorb Lewis kind sir we Surved Our tim Out till Pease took place we Surved. Duren the War the was a number Recevid Bounty 48 Dollars But the purser george S Wise Refuesed paying Ours Witch was due to us Kind Sir we Thought to Reply to you to grant the Same if you please Sir we have poor distred familys and if you wood grantit to us if you pleas the Money Or a few Lines So that we Can gitit of the purser We Remain your humble Survents\n William LackeyOn Board gun boat No. 47Samuel C. RoundeyOn Board gun boat No 109\n Your Most obedient kind Sir", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0383", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Congress, 11 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Congress\n With a view to the more convenient management of the important and growing business connected with the grant of exclusive rights to Inventors & Authors; I recommend the establishment of a distinct Office, within the Department of State, to be charged therewith, under a director, with a Salary adequate to his services; and with the privelege of franking communications by mail from and to the office. I recommend also that further restraints be imposed on the issue of patents to wrongful claimants, and further guards provided against fraudulent exactions of fees by persons possessed of patents.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0384", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Albert Gallatin, 12 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Gallatin, Albert\n Mr. Dallas has signified to me that it being his intention not to pass another Winter in Washington, he has thought it his duty to give me an opportunity of selecting a Successor during the present session of Congress; intimating a willingness, however, to remain, if desired, in order to put the national Bank in motion.\n Will it be most agreeable to you, to proceed on your mission to France; or are you willing again to take charge of a Department heretofore conducted by you with so much reputation and usefulness, on the resignation of Mr. Dallas which will, it is presumed, take effect, about the 1st. of October? In the latter case, it will be proper that a nomination be forthwith made, for the foreign appointment. Favor me with your Determination as soon as you can make it convenient; accepting in the mean time my affectionate respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0387", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Wheaton, 13 April 1816\nFrom: Wheaton, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\n This letter will be handed you by Dr Walter V. Wheaton my brother in law and late a Hospital Surgeon in the army. He is a candidate to be retained under the new law, and I take the very great liberty of commending him to your notice and protection. His reputation in the service and the strong testimonials he has received from those who were witnesses of his zeal and labours enables me to say without partiality and with perfect truth that he merits the attention of the government. I have the honour to be with the highest respect and consideration, Sir, your obedient humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0388", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 14 April 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n The enclosed from Genl. Ripley, was intended for my own inspection only; but as it is interesting in many views, and especially as his objects can be effected only by your being acquainted with them & his reason, in their favor, and your se[e]ing it, can do no harm to him or any other person, I send it to you.\n I send also Mr Bagots reply to my note respecting the British Commissrs. for the boundary.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0389", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 15 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Timothy Upham, of New Hampshire, to be Collector of Portsmouth, in the place of Joseph Whipple deceased.\n John F. Parrott, of New Hampshire, to be Naval Officer for Portsmouth.\n William Hammond of Rhode Island, to be surveyor of the port of North Kingstown, in the same State.\n Bridges Arrundell of North Carolina, to be Collector of the port of Beaufort in the same state in the place of Henry M. Cook resigned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0390", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, [ca. 15 April 1816]\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Major Thompson belongd to a Pena. brigade in the revolutionary war, when I knew him. He was I think a subaltern. I have seen him often, since I\ncame here, & apparently in indigent circumstances. I have always thought well of him, without any minute knowledge of him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0391", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Williamson, 15 April 1816\nFrom: Williamson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n The very polite attention of Mr Jackson, Your Envoy at this Court, and the highly liberal manner wherein he has been pleased to afford me information, relative to a variety of matters interesting to those purposing to settle in the United States, induce me to take advantage of his kind offer to transmit this address.\n I was intended for the Engineer Branch of the Army, but prefer\u2019d the Infantry. After more than twenty Years of Service in India, I retired on the Halfpay of Captain, and for the last Sixteen Years have principally turned my attention to objects of national Utility.\n The boasted Congreve Rocket was first proposed by me to the Board of Ordnance in January 1807. Their Committee of General & Field Officers at Woolwich, among whom the late Lieutt. General Congreve had a Seat, rejected my proposal, merely under \u201cthe probability that it would not succeed.\u201d In September 1808 Colonel Congreve, Son of the General, was sent with his Rockets to Copenhagen, where their effect induced to a capitulation. I applied to Colonel Neville, Secretary to the Board, for information respecting the priority of Suggestion, but received an Answer couched in the most evasive, and even insolent, terms!\n Since that period, I have had opportun[i]ties of becoming fully acquainted with both the English and the French Systems of Rockets, and can safely aver that my own, recently improved, surpass them in all respects.\n I likewise proposed to the Board of Ordnance two new species of Ammu[n]ition. One of them was condemn\u2019d; it was pronounced to be \u201cinadmissible\u201d; the other was subjected to the examination of a Committee, before whom I exhibited its effects, which were so very striking, that, on the first discharge, an old General could not help exclaiming\u2014\u201cDn. me, but I wish that were in Boney\u2019s Guts.\u201d Nevertheless, altho the Committee insisted on my delivering to them my whole stock of prepared ammunition, and my apparatus for its construction, as being necessary to enable their\ndeciding regarding its merits, they reported, that it was \u201con a principle such as they could not recommend for adoption in the British Service.\u201d\n We cannot but wonder at such humane objections on the part of a power whose Admirals, \u201csink, burn, and destroy, as per Margin,\u201d and whose Code of Instructions for the young gentlemen entering the Artillery Branch contains every possible recip\u00e9 for the construction of Shot, Shells, Grenades, Rockets, Carcases, mines, petards, fire ships, and, in short, whatever can produce the most destructive and sanguinary effects.\n The idea of securing harbours, &ca, from those heavy swells, rolling in from the Sea, was originally offer\u2019d by me in a Letter addressed, some time in 1800, to Lord Despencer, then at the head of the Admiralty. Finding that no attention was paid to my several Letters, I gave up the pursuit in disgust. About four years ago I saw, by chance, a printed Copy of correspondence that passed in 1802 / 3, between his Lordship & General Bentham, now employed in the construction of Break-Waters at Plymouth, but which, it is said, will not succeed. My system was never revealed, and I err much if it be not as infallible as it is cheap, & easy of execution.\n At the same time I had stated, that means had occur\u2019d to me of enabling a dismasted Vessel to escape from her opponent; (supposed to be also in bad plight); or even, under common circumstances, to act with great advantage. Of this I presume they could make nothing; for I explained nothing. Professional Pride, doubtless, caused them to refrain from taking Lessons of a Landsman, and bound them to silence on this subject; which also remains in my own keeping.\n The experience of former times caused me to resolve, that a plan of the greatest importance, namely, \u201cfor destroying Vessels in Rivers, Harbours, &ca, and even in open Seas; and for preventing hostile fleets from entering a port,\u201d should, so far as possible, be secured both from immediate piracy, & from that neglect, or indecision, which might prove injurious to my interests: therefore, in proposing it to the Secretary of the Admiralty, I annex\u2019d suitable Conditions, which he told me were inadmissible. Consequently, I withheld my plan.\n The subject must, however, have excited curiosity, or perhaps some uneasiness; especially when it was known that I had retired to France, with my family. Since my Arrival in Paris, the Secretary of the Admiralty, who came over, did all in his power to induce me to confide in the honor, justice, liberality, &ca, of the Board, but in vain; they keep their honor, justice, & liberality, and I keep my secret.\n In 1807 I was deputed by a most respectable Society to make the tour of England for the purpose of examining the state of Manufacture, Machinery, & population. This precious, and perhaps singular, opportunity afforded me a rich harvest of information, and led to the publication of my Volume on \u201cAgricultural Mechanism.\u201d\n The French Minister of Marine has proposed to employ me in the construction of a Vessel to be navigated by Steam, and intended for a long voyage. He has my memoir on the Subject of Steam Vessels generally, but not my improved system. I have in readiness Drawings of a system of Pumps for ships of all Classes, but especially applicable to those of great burthen, and intended for action. My means are peculiarly simple; they are also undeniably certain; and, besides a variety of useful and valuable services, are competent to discharge at least treble the quantity of Water that can be got rid of by the ordinary complement of pumps, yet with far less fatigue to the Crew. To obtain my invention, the Minister must allot me a suitable recompence.\n At this moment I have not settled to any one particular object, tho several are within my grasp. A Company about to establish Steam-Boats have invited me to be their Engineer; they giving me a sixth of the profits in consideration of my superintending the construction of the Boats, their Engines, &ca, and of my seeing that all should be kept in perfect condition.\n I am likewise invited by another Company engaging in an immense concern, demanding nearly \u00a3700,000 Capital to be their Engineer, and to devise all their machinery: they purpose giving me a share of the profits for my industry. Their object is to establish all the Birmingham business, and some others of great national importance, as also to raise immense quantities of Water for the Service of the City of Paris.\n My machinery is extremely simple; any common mechanic can either make, or mend it: a quality in praise whereof little need be said, and to which I owe that patronage now dawning upon my humble, but persevering, endeavours to maintain a very numerous family; for which I formerly possessed ample means, until the Bankruptcy of my agents included my property in that extensive vortex, which absorbed that of hundreds of equally unsuspecting friends.\n It will naturally be asked, \u201cWhy, under such flattering appearances, I entertain an idea of removing to another quarter?\u201d\n But for the differences subsisting at the time of Bonaparte\u2019s first abdication, America would have been my choice. My wife was in a very declining state, and we proposed either to try the effects of a Voyage, or to remove to a milder Climate. She has been here for two Years, and has recover\u2019d beyond our most Sanguine hopes. We feel, however, extremely uncomfortable, in consequence of the antipathy generally entertained against the English: in fact, we are often insulted in the streets; and, whatever might have been the quondam politeness of the French, they now forget, even in the superior circles, that decorum which teaches us to refrain from insolent national reflexions.\n I do not pretend any affection towards the British Government: I abhor it, as being fraught with duplicity, and, as already shewn, mean and\ndishonorable in its conduct. But I cannot forget that my country men are industrious, brave, and generous; and, that I left in England many relatives, & many friends, highly entitled both to my gratitude, and to my esteem.\n My chief apprehensions are, that France will not long enjoy even that apparent repose of which they now affect to assure us. Party, though secret, runs high, and it requires but a mere accident, or the smallest effort tim[or]ously made, to throw the whole into Anarchy and Confusion! Consequently, all relating to connection with the Government would be annihilated, and my other speculations would at least be paralysed, if not permanently injured.\n Besides, I consider the French to be characteristically fickle, and that the present Government has neither the means, nor an inclination to do any thing of moment in behalf of its marine. The state of the King\u2019s Health renders the position of every Minister precarious; whence it might easily happen, that, after making some progress, all relating to Steam-Ships might be abandon\u2019d, to the total loss of my time, my patience, and my interests.\n Supposing the above to be chimerical, there appears a reasonable foundation for ultimate independance. I ought, in such case, to consider myself certain of success, and, of course, should teach my British feelings to be passive.\n To transport my family would, at this moment, be out of my power; nor would it be prudent in me to adopt a measure of so serious a nature, unless under adequate and apparently certain, benefits. I tender this address under the possibility of your perceiving an opening for the introduction into America of an individual, who, professes no deep, nor abstruse science, but of whose genius and talents many persons, of some celebrity, entertain an high opinion, whence you might authorise Mr Jackson to confer with me in such discretionary manner as the case might warrant on Your part, and require on mine. I expect neither confidence nor support beyond my merits; but I should naturally look for that fair reward to which the active application of my Talents should establish a claim. Mr Jackson should have the means of satisfying himself compleatly as to the authenticity of what has been stated.\n Favor me by considering this address to be strictly confidential, as the disclosure of its contents might eventually injure my interests in this quarter. Your benevolence will dictate as early an attention to the Subject as your more important duties may permit; and as my decision will probably be dependant on the reply which You may do me the honor to transmit, it were to be wished that it were as explicit as you might consider prudent.\n Altho the approbation of one humble individual can add but little to your well earned reputation, it may be permitted me to express the confidence I entertain, that, under your auspices, neither would my useful Suggestions be pirated, nor my useful Services be forgotten. I should pass my\nremaining days in gratefully laboring to promote the interests of that state which valued, and foster\u2019d my zeal; and animated by the pleasing reflexion, that, like Fulton\u2019s, my Children might boast of that honest industry which had entitled their Parent to your countenance, and to national respect and esteem. With Sincere wishes for your Health and happiness, & for the peaceful prosperity of the United States, I have the honor to Subscribe myself Sir Your very obedient humble Servant\n I must beg of You to excuse the haste under which this is written.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0392", "content": "Title: McQueen McIntosh to Alexander J. Dallas, 15 April 1816\nFrom: McIntosh, McQueen\nTo: Dallas, Alexander J.\n The office of Surveyor of the port of Darien by the late resignation of Thomas McCall Esquire has become Vacant. I am desirous of obtaining this appointment and being Under the impression that the Nomination\nto it is Made by yourself I take the liberty of soliciting your assistance in the accomplishment of this Wish. Not having the honor of an acquaintance with You, as a Testimonial in My favour I herewith transmit a recommendation Signed by the most respectable Inhabitants of this Community. Your attention as Early as Convenient to this business Will be greatfully Acknowledged by him who has the Honor to subscribe himself with the highest respect Your Most Obdt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0393", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Congress, 16 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Congress\n I lay before Congress copies of a convention concluded between the United States and the Cherokee Indians on the second day of March last, as the same has been duly ratified and Proclaimed, And I recommend that Such provision be made by Congress as the Stipulations therein contained may require.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0394", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 16 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Beverly Daniel, whose commission has expired to be Marshal for North Carolina for the term of four years.\n Isaac Cox Barnet, of New Jersey, to be Consul at Paris.\n Thomas English, to be Consul at in Dublin in Ireland.\n Thomas Auldjo, to be consul at Cowes in England.\n John Levett Harris, of Pennsylvania to be consul at St Petersburg.\n Joseph Ficklin of Kentucky, to be consul at St Bartholmews.\n Elisha Field of Massachusetts to be consul for the Cape de Verd Islands.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0395", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Americanus, 16 April 1816\nFrom: Americanus\nTo: Madison, James\n \u201cIf the system already devised, has not produced all the effects which were expected from it, new experiments ought to be made, when every effort to introduce among them (the Indian savages) ideas of exclusive property in things real as well as personal shall fail, let intermarriages between them and the whites be encouraged by the government. This cannot fail to preserve the race, with the modifications necessary to the enjoyment of civil liberty and social happiness. It is believed that the principles of humanity in this instance, are in harmonious concert with the true interests of the nation. It will redound more to the national honor, to incorporate by a humane and benvevolent policy, the natives of our forests in the great American family of freemen, than to receive with open arms the fugitives of the old world, whether their flight has been the effect of their crimes OR THEIR VIRTUES. I have the honor &c. Wm. H. Crawford.\u201d\n Sir I proceed now to enquire whether it would be desirable to give encouragement to our young men and women of the frontier country to intermingle with the savages for the purpose of improving the breed, of fitting them by and by to become members of the American Union, and of propagating the principles of civil liberty, by propagating mongrels between the American and the Squaw.\n I do not wonder at such a notion being advanced by Mr. Secretary Crawford, who has practised so long in the neighborhood of the Creeks and the Cherokees, and who is well acquainted with the natives on the Oakfuskee and the head waters of Talipoosa; but a common man must have time to acquire this taste: as in the smoking segars and the chewing tobacco,\ncertain prejudices and loathings are to be overcome, before we can reconcile ourselves to a filthy custom, for the sake of social conformity. We have no details of Mr. Crawford\u2019s plan, to enable us to judge of the specific temptations he means to hold out for the purpose of encouraging this species of prostitution. Whether our blooming lasses are to be paid in land or in money for thus selling their embraces to the idle, haughty, drunken, ferocious savage; some kind of remuneration must be held out, for I have no more conception of our people submitting to this motley intercourse, with a view of extending the enjoyment of \u201ccivil liberty and social happiness,\u201d than I have of their intermarrying with the stinking negroes for the same benevolent purpose.\n In truth, the absolute futility of any plan for civilizing these people, is shewn demonstrably by the facts stated in the report itself. The plan has been often tried in every way, but uniformly without success. You can no more convert an Indian into a civilized man, than you can convert a negro into a white man. The animal configuration and propensities are different.\n But I will suppose for a moment that Mr. Secretary Crawford\u2019s plan is carried into execution and that a couple of thousand or more, of intermarriages take place of the description he recommends. Our frontiers will then exhibit four or five thousand children with half savage, half civilized physiognomies. I beg to know of you, sir, who have intelligence and taste to understand the argument, whether it be not a national object of great importance to improve as much as possible the national physiognomy, and the impression on the countenance, of national beauty and civilization? Was not the introduction of small pox inoculation, and is not the introduction of Vaccine inoculation, highly prized in consequence of its abolishing the disfigured features that the small pox so frequently occasioned?\n If this mark of the Savage on the forehead\u2014if this mongrel, motley expression of civil and savage physiognomy could be eradicated in a generation or two, it might be patiently borne: but we know it can not. Let any man look at the strange, wild, forbidding, doubtful features of the person who boasts of his descent from the Princess Pocahontas, and let him ask himself \u201cwould I wish my child to look like this man?\u201d I protest and vow with all seriousness that I would not. Then, look at the kind of disposition entailed in this instance upon the unfortunate offspring, like the sins of the parents visited upon the children to the third and fourth generation. The propensity to noisy, querulous, wordy warfare\u2014the finding fault with every thing and every body to gratify a splenetic temper\u2014the inclination to become a common scold, and the constant habit of behaving like one, so fully exemplified in this mongrel Legislator! Here is a specimen of Mr. Crawford\u2019s cross between the civil and the savage man: and truly (saving the pun) a cross specimen the creature is. May Heaven in its mercy save us from Mr. Crawford\u2019s crude plans, and the Indian face, and endless vixatory\norations of the descendant of Pocahontas! From such secretaries and such legislators good Lord deliver us!\n But let us examine a little further this proposition of Mr. Crawford\u2019s.\n I would enquire whether it be prudent or patriotic to annihilate the comforts, the natural feelings, and honest propensities of our own people, of our own young men and maidens, for the purpose of trying another experiment to civilize those whom nature has made wild and uncivilized, and who remain untameable after the unsuccessful experiments of more than a century and a half? I would enquire where is the benevolence, the patriotism, the attachment to social happiness, in sacrificing our own people and their comforts to the pleasures of the Savage? Might not the wilderness that these people inhabit be converted into the flourishing habitations of the industrious white man, in half the time that would be required to civilize the Indian, even supposing it possible to do so at all? There is neither benevolence, or prudence, or practical knowledge, or patriotic feelings in thus recommending that our frontier inhabitants should be sacrificed in fact as to all the means of social happiness, for the purpose of improving the condition of their ferocious neighbors. These may be Talapoosa notions and feelings, they are certainly very wide of being those of an American Citizen.\n Then the means necessary to be used, recommended by Mr. Crawford, are of the worst description of dishonesty \u201cLet inter marriages between them and the whites (says this notable law-giver) be encouraged by the government.\u201d Now, I say that government can give no encouragement, has not the means of giving encouragement, but by some direct or indirect method of paying or remunerating those white males or females who prostitute themselves to promote Mr. Secretary Crawford\u2019s wild scheme. For it is absolutely incredible that any such marriages will ever take place by choice: the natural, the unsophisticated feelings of every young white man and woman, would sicken and revolt at the idea of such a strange connection. If they are encouraged to submit to it, the very lowest and most degraded alone will conform, and even they must be well paid for so doing.\n The United States have no other means (I say again) of giving encouragement to such a scheme. That is, Mr. Secretary Crawford recommends, that government shall interfere to tempt by the love of gain, to pay, to bribe, our young men and women to commit prostitution, for the sake of adding to the comforts of the American savages! Who is there that does not deplore the frequency of illicit intercourse in our large cities? But the prostitution of a white woman to a white man is, virtue itself, compared to Mr. Crawford\u2019s recommendation of yielding up the persons of our young woman, and that too for life, to the embraces of the savage, for the pay and reward of govermental encouragement; to which this benevolent and patriotic gentleman adds, the encrease of civil liberty and social happiness!!!\nI wish Mr. Crawford would kindly instruct the world, in the quantum of civil liberty and social happiness enjoyed by an Indian squaw!\n Sir, you are a wise man and a good man; if you be led astray, it is by amiable propensities, that call for public indulgence, though I wish you indulged them less yourself. But I appeal to the innate goodness of your heart, and I ask of you, did you ever know in the whole compass of private or political life, a proposal so disgustingly demoralizing? I want words to express my profound abhorrence of such a proposition, and I should shudder at the official importance given to it, if I did not feel perfectly secure in its utter impractibility. No! Mr. Secretary Crawford may stand forth the unfeeling unblushing advocate of bribery and prostitution, but he will find his filthy proposals treated with the execration they deserve by those whom he marks out as the victims of his flagrant want of sense, and his unnatural want of taste. But I have not yet done with Mr. Crawford. I have two other epistles to trouble you with on his behalf. For the present, accept sir, I pray you, my assurances of perfect consideration and great respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0396", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 16 April 1816\nFrom: Latrobe, Benjamin Henry\nTo: Madison, James\n Having a good opportunity to write to England, I will gladly avail myself of it, to make such enquiries, as might conduce to promote the object of the Governor of Virginia, in procuring a Professional Man of character & eminence to direct the improvement of the State by roads & Canals. It would however be necessary, perhaps, that I should mention the terms likely to be granted to the Principal Engineer. In order to lead to an estimate that is usually made of such services, I will take the liberty to mention a few facts.\n My annual compensation as Engineer to the Delaware & Chesapeake Canal was 3.500$, independently of all expences incident to my employment, of which I rendered an account properly vouched. This Salary was given under the express condition that I might engage in any other professional business, residing however near the Canal, & giving notice of my absence\u2014it being known that I was then also surveyor of the public buildings of the U.States. It is not generally understood, that, by the systematic arrangement which all Engineers make of their business, works of great magnitude at great distances from each other may be minutely directed by drawings & written instructions, together with occasional inspection\nby personal attendance. During 3 Years however I conducted the Canal & public Buildings & several other minor works, the minutest details of which were directed in my own hand, by having able & faithful agents. My professional income was then about 7.500 \u214c annum in all; 3.500 from the Canal 2.000 from the public buildings 1.000 from the Navy department, & the remainder from minor works. I have been thus candid, in order to show what may be expected. 22 Years ago, during my residence in England, when very young, & just commencing business my income was about 1.000 \u00a3 sterling from my profession. Mr. Rennie, the Scotch Engineer, a man of great eminence told me that he had made in one Year 12.000 \u00a3sterlng. about 50.000 dollars. Repton, engaged in beautifying & laying out parks, with whom I was very intimate (1794) stated his income to be 5.000 \u00a3sterling. These are extreme cases however. Weston was applied to 4 Years ago to undertake the New-York western navigation. He declined, & recommended Jessop, the younger. Fulton told me that his terms were all his expenses of removal, say 3.000$ (probably), & an annual Salary of 5.000$. Lower terms, I am confident, could not be obtained from any Man of eminence: & I presume higher it might not be necessary to offer. I am with high respect Yr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0397", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, [17 April 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n It being presumed that further information may have changed the views of the Senate relative to the importance & expediency of a Mission to Naples, for the purpose of negociating indemnities to our Citizens for Spoliations committed by the Neapolitan Government, I nominate William Pinkney Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia, to be Minister Plenipotentiary to Naples specially charged with that trust.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0399", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 17 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Nehemiah R. Knight of Rhode Island to be Collector of direct taxes and internal duties for the Second Collection district of the same State in the place of William B. Martin resigned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0400", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 17 April 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n The Secretary of State, to whom was referred the Resolution of the House of Representatives, requesting the President to cause to be laid before that House information relative to the duties laid on Articles imported from the United States into the British Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; relative to the Duties on Articles exported to\nthe United States from the said Provinces; the duties laid on Goods, Wares, and Merchandise, imported into the British West India Islands, or any of them, from the United States, or from Colonies in America owned by other foreign European Powers; and, likewise, as to the Duties on imports and exports to which vessels of the United States are subject in the Ports of the British East Indies; has the honor to state, that, as the information received by the Department, on the subject of these inquiries, since the Peace, from Public Agents, has been very defective, he has been under the necessity of resorting to the Collectors of the Customs, and other respectable sources, within the reach of the Department, to enable him to comply with the Call of the House, which produced inevitable delay in making this Report. He begs leave further to state, that the accompanying tables, numbered 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. and 6. embrace all the information that he has been able to obtain relative to the objects of the Resolution. It is believed that it is substantially correct, though less particular and precise than might be wished. From these tables it will be seen, that the vessels of the United States are excluded from all participation in the trade, by sea, of the provincial or colonial possessions of Great Britain in America, with the exception of Bermuda and the Bahama Islands, where they are restricted to a very limited Commerce, particularly designated in the table numbered 4. It will be moreover seen, that this trade is confined exclusively to British vessels, and, in most instances, to British merchants, and articles of minor value as respects both imports and exports. Whether, under the existing Regulations in Canada, the trade by inland navigation between the United States and those Provinces is confined to British Vessels, is not distinctly understood. Respectfully submitted.\n Table No. 1. Information relative to the Duties laid on Articles imported from the United States into the British Province of Canada.\n On the 29th of May, 1815, the intercourse between the United States and Canada was regulated by an order in Council, in Canada, of that date.\n This order directs, \u201cThat duties shall be paid and collected on all Goods and Commodities imported from the United States, agreeably to the following Tariff,[\u201c] viz:\n All kinds of wood and lumber, seeds and grain of every sort, all kinds of provisions, and live stock, flour, pot, and pearl ashes, furs, skins, pig iron, and tallow, may be imported, duty free\u2014\n Segars of American Manufacture\n Leather, including all Hides or Skins, tanned or dressed\n All gold or silver plated ware, jewelry, and paste work\n Spirits of American Manufacture\n All other articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture, of the United States, shall pay a duty of 10 per cent. ad valorem, over and above such duties as are chargeable by law.\u27e8*\u27e9\n *It is understood that this tariff of duties was to continue until April 1816. It is now stated that the above Order in Council is no longer in force; and that the produce and [manufactures of foreign countries are not admitted into Canada from the United States; and that all manufactures or produce of the United States which are admitted, except provisions, pay a duty of thirty-three] and one-third per cent.\n Table No. 2. Information relative to the Duties laid on Articles imported from the United States into the British Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.\n Horses, neat Cattle, Sheep, Hogs, Poultry, Boards, Heading, Hoops, Planks, Scantling, Shingles, and squared Timber, are admitted\n Barley, Beans, Biscuit, Bread, Flour, Oats, Peas, Potatoes, Rice, Red Oak Staves, and Wheat\n Note. No American Vessel is now admitted into Nova Scotia or New Brunswick. The Governors of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are empowered to permit the introduction into those Colonies, by Proclamation, of certain Articles. Such Proclamations have been always issued every three months: The last was issued on the 6th of February 1816, and authorizes\nBritish subjects to import into Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, from the United States, in British built Ships or vessels, owned and navigated agreeably to the laws of Great Britain, for the space of three months from the date, the articles mentioned in the preceding Table.\n Table No. 3. Information relative to the Duties on Articles exported to the United States from the British provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.\n Note. The preceding are the principal articles which are the growth, produce, or manufacture, of Nova Scoti\u27e8a,\u27e9 and New Brunswick, and which are exported from those colonies to the United States. All articles are permitted to be thence exported to the United States, except salt-petre and munitions of war. On the articles exported, which are the products of Great Britain or her other colonies, there is a duty imposed, on their importation into the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswic\u27e8k\u27e9 of five per cent. which is nearly all drawn back when the go\u27e8ods\u27e9 are exported to the United States. There are a few articles, however, which are an exception to this rule: Rum, if imported into the colony, being, to the amount of two-thirds of its value, bought with the produce of the colony, pays 20 per cent. and has a drawback of 18. Rum otherwise bought pays 25 per cent. and has a drawback of 22 per cent. Sugar, if purchased as the first mentioned rum, pays 70 per cent. and has a drawback of 59 per cent. All other sugar pays 120 per cent. and has a drawback of 109 per cent. Coffee, if purchased, also to the amount of two-thirds of its value, with the produce of the colony, pays 2 cents per lb. and has a drawback of 2 cents. Other coffee pays 4 cents, and has a drawback of 3 cents 6 \u2154 mills. Molasses pays 2 cents per gallon, and has a drawback of 8 \u2153 mills. Wines pay 40 cents per gallon, and have a drawback of 34 cents. Gin pays 34 cents per gallon, and has a drawback of 29 cents. Brandy the same duty and drawback. There is, besides, what is called a king\u2019s duty on wine, from the Islands, of 15 dollars per pipe, and from Great Britain and ports in the Mediterranean not French, of 244 cents per pipe. In the year 1815, the Government of Nova Scotia laid a duty of a dollar per ton on plaster of Paris, landed to the northward and westward of Cape Cod. Recently, a duty of 4 dollars per ton has been\nimposed by the Government of New Brunswick on plaster of Paris landed in the United States north of Cape Cod.\n Table No. 4. Information relative to Duties laid on Goods, Wares, and Merchandise, imported into the British West India Islands, or any of them, from the United States.\n \u27e8N\u27e9ote. Where, in this Table, an article \u27e8of i\u27e9mport is stated as \u201cnot admitted,\u201d it \u27e8is\u27e9 an inference drawn from the absence \u27e8of\u27e9 that article in the list of articles admit[t]ed.\n Horses, neat cattle, and other live stock\n 10 pr. ct. on the value at the place of importation.\n Meal, of rye, peas, beans, or Indian corn.\n Heading the same as white oak staves.\n Note. The trade of Jamaica, to and from the United States, according to recent British regulations, is to be carried on \u27e8in British vessels only, and\u27e9 the articles admitted \u27e8into that island must be the property of British subjects and carried\u27e9 in British vessels only, and British subjects. The importation of the product\u27e8s\u27e9 of the United States from other colonies in the West Indie\u27e8s\u27e9 is not allowed. Every description of fish is prohibited admission\ninto the Island of Jamaica. Rum, molasses, and pim\u27e8ento\u27e9 alone, can be exported therefrom, paying a duty of 10 pr. cent. ad valorem.\n At present vessels of the United States are not allowed to import into the Island of Tobago any kind of merchandise whatever, nor to go there in ballast and bri\u27e8n\u27e9g away cargoes of any sort.\n Lumber and provisions have been recently permi\u27e8t\u27e9ted to be imported into Antigua, from the United Sta\u27e8tes,\u27e9 in British vessels.\n Generally speaking, since the peace, vessel\u27e8s\u27e9 of the United States have been prohibited an entry at all the British West India Islands. Into Bermuda, which, strictly speaking, is not regarded as on\u27e8e\u27e9 of the West Indies, vessels of the United States may carry flour, rice, corn, and lumber, upon paying a duty of 5 \u00bd per cent. Rum, sugar, molasses, and salt, may be exported on paying a duty of 5 per cent. Port charges, about 20 dollars. No tonnage or light money. But Bermuda is a mere place of entrep\u00f4t, at which the United States have little or no trade.\n From the Bahamas, American vessels were, by proclamation of the Governor, on the 15 th of April last, excluded, unless they resorted to the ports of those Islands in ballast, for the purpose of loading with salt: In that case they are required to pay a King\u2019s tonnage of 2s6d sterling per ton, and a colonial tonnage of 20 cents per ton: Also, an export duty of a half penny sterling \u27e8on\u27e9 each bushel of salt. At this time no kind of salt\u27e8ed\u27e9 provisions is permitted to an entry in the Baham\u27e8as from\u27e9 the United States. Flour and corn pay no duty. Ric\u27e8e,\u27e9 bread, peas, and lumber, pay a duty of 5 per cent\u27e8, of\u27e9 from the United States. There is no export duty \u27e8on\u27e9 articles exported in British Vessels, excepting Br\u27e8azil\u27e9letto, which pays 1 dollar and 25 cents per ton.\n As to the Newfoundland trade, it may \u27e8be\u27e9 proper to mention, that it is understood to be rest\u27e8ricted\u27e9 to the colonies and the mother country by act \u27e8of\u27e9 parliament; but that licenses are grante\u27e8d by\u27e9 the king\u2019s council in Great Britain, permit\u27e8ting\u27e9 certain persons in certain British Vessels, t\u27e8o be\u27e9 named in the license, to import into the col\u27e8ony,\u27e9 direct from the United States, bread, flour, \u27e8corn,\u27e9 rice, and live stock. Fish of all kinds, oil, and \u27e8the\u27e9 produce of Great Britain, can be exported from Newfoundland, into the United States, in British vessels only.\n Table No. 5. Information relative to Duties laid on Goods, Wares, and Merchandise, imported into the British West India Islands, or any of them, from the United States, through Colonies in America, owned by other foreign European Powers, &c.\n The information received in relation to this point leads to the general impression, that the importation of the products of the United States into\nthe British West Indies, from other foreign Colonies in that quarter, is not, at this time, allowed. As far as it regards the island of Jamaica, it has been distinctly stated, from an authentic source, that the Governor\u2019s Proclamation, permitting the importation of the productions of the United States from the Spanish, or other neutral, colonies, having expired on the 30th of November last, the importation is prohibited in any other than a direct manner; and that, as will be seen in table numbered 3, must be in British vessels only. When the products of the United States were admitted, from the other European Colonies in America, into Jamaica, the duties were the same as if they had been imported direct from the United States.\n As to duties laid in the British West India Islands on goods, wares, and merchandise, other than those of the United States, when imported from Colonies in America owned by other foreign European Powers, the Department of State is not furnished with any information.\n Table No. 6. Information as to the Duties on Imports and Exports to which Vessels of the United States are subject in the Ports of the British East Indies.\n The articles usually imported into Calcutta and Bombay from the United States, are Brandy and Hollands Gin, which pay\n Naval stores, spars, and Wines, which pay\n Note. The preceding particulars have been communicated from one source: from another, a general Remark has been made, that all Articles from the United States imported into Bengal, are subject to a 20 per cent. duty, except Naval Stores, which pay i0 per cent. This duty is paid on a valuation of the articles as they are landed from the Vessels. The duty on tonnage is not precisely known. On one hand it is represented to be not exceeding one per cent. on the value of the vessel. On the other, it is said that American vessels pay more than double the duties that the English do, both on Imports and Exports, and double pilotage; and that the British Ships in the East India Colonies have an advantage over those of the United States of at least ten per cent. on imports and exports. On the 15th of last September, it is said, new Regulations with regard to Duties on imports and exports were published in Calcutta, which places British vessels on a still more favorable footing than they were before, compared with foreign vessels. The port charges are alleged to be very expensive at Calcutta, amounting to about 2 \u00bd per cent. on the articles exported from thence to the United States, exclusive of brokerage and Commission, which amount to about 2 \u00bd per cent. more. Of the\n Assafotida, Coffee, Cotton and silk Goods, Drugs and Medicines, Ginger, the Gums Arabic, Senegal, and Copal; Sal Ammoniac, Sugar and Turmerick, pay\n English ships, it is stated, receive a dra\u27e8w\u27e9back on silk Goods and Indigo, of five per \u27e8centum.\u27e9\n By a recent arrival from India, inf\u27e8orma\u27e9tion has been received, that all Goods th\u27e8ere im\u27e9ported, under the American flag, pay a \u27e8duty\u27e9 of 20 per cent. on the Invoice, naval sto\u27e8res ex\u27e9cepted, which pay 10; under the British f\u27e8lag,\u27e9 2 \u00bd. All silk Goods, and cotton piece Goods, \u27e8made\u27e9 in the Territories entirely subject to the In\u27e8dia\u27e9 Company, pay 7 \u00bd per cent. on a valuati\u27e8on\u27e9 made by the Collector at the port of exp\u27e8orta\u27e9tion; the British flag nothing, and is, per\u27e8haps,\u27e9 allowed some drawback. On cotton G\u27e8oods\u27e9 made in Districts not entirely subjec\u27e8t to\u27e9 British Power, the American flag is allowed a drawback of 2 \u00bd per cent. But it is represented that there is so much difficulty attending the passing the Goods when the drawback is Claimed, that it is often relinquished. The British flag receives a drawback of 7 \u00bd per cent. Dollars are now taxed at the mint 2 \u00bd per cent. and will not, probably, sell for more hereafter than 2 \u00bd per cent. profit.\n With respect to Imports into the Cape of Good Hope, and the Isles of France and Bourbon, from the United States, it is understood that Naval Stores, Provisions, Brandy, Wines, Fish, Flour, Gin, and Specie, pay a duty of 6 per cent. ad valorem. The exports from those places to the United States, are Cotton, Cloves, saltpetre, coffee, sugar, pepper, spices, and hides, which are subject to a duty of 1 \u00bd per cent advalorem.\n From Batavia, Manilla, and Sumatra, the articles of export are Sugar, Coffee, Camphor, spices, Cotton, Indigo, and pepper, the duties on which are varied at the pleasure of the Governor, according to the demands for the Current expenses of the different Colonies. No tariff has been received. Nothing but Specie is exported from the United States to those places.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0402", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 18 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\n The inclosed has just been handed to me from Mr. Latrobe. You will say to him what you think proper on the subject. Accept my esteem & friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0403", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 18 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n John Swart, of New York to be Collector of the direct tax and internal duties for the Seventh district of the Same State in the place of George Tiffany resigned.\n Jacob Tysen, of New York, to be principal assessor for the 26th district in the same state in place of David Mersereau resigned.\n William P. Moore of Virginia to be principal assessor for the 26th, district of the same state instead of Isaiah Johnson who declines the appointment.\n Thomas Anderson, of South Carolina to be principal assessor for the 4th district of the same State in the place of James Goudy deceased.\n William E. Hill of Virginia to be principal assessor of the 18th district of Virginia in the place of Anthony Street resigned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0405", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Glendy, 18 April 1816\nFrom: Glendy, John\nTo: Madison, James\n The bearer Mr. N. Andrews purposes setting off to-morrow for Washington City, in hope of obtaining the office of Chaplain, on board of a frigate or seventy four Gun Ship, in the service of the U.S.\n If ministerial talents, and literary acquisitions\u2014If loyalty to the Government of this Country, and ardent zeal in the cause of pure Republicanism\u2014If heroism in days of peril, and courageous resistance to a tyranic foe\u2014If an amiable wife and Numerous family, in straitened circumstances, looking up to him as the chief mean of their support\u2014If these be stable grounds on which to build his hope of success, he cannot be considered as destitute of reasonable claims and honorable pretensions.\n He was regularly educated and ordained a dissenting Minister in old England\u2014Emigrated to this Country more than twenty years ago\u2014was one of the Volunteer Corp that marched from this City to meet the Enemy on the frontiers; and when the foe landed at North-Point, thirsting for blood and plunder, He again volunteered, (tho exempted from Militia on account of his Years) and marched to bid defiance to ruthless enemy and save our City from flames and devastation. Permit me to recommend him and his cause to your kind attention, and solicit your interest in his behalf. Believe me Sir, with profound respect, and the most cordial esteem, gratefully & faithfully your\u2019s\n N.B. My family cordially join with me in presenting our most respectful compliments to your beloved lady & son.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0407", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 19 April 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honour to enclose, herewith, Nominations for the promotions and appointments required by the Naval Service of the United States. I have the honour to be, &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0408", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Albert Gallatin, 19 April 1816\nFrom: Gallatin, Albert\nTo: Madison, James\n Last Washington mail brought me the enclosed letter (returned) from Gen. John Smith of New York. Mr. Astor has never spoken to me on the subject. It would please me that he should be gratified in that respect. It will promote the filling of subcriptions, and he has a fair claim to that honorific distinction. In April 1813, when the federalists of New York refused to subscribe to the 16 millions loan, he came out with a subscription of more than two millions of dollars bottomed exclusively on his own resources & credit, and enabled me by that competition to obtain better terms from Parish & Girard. I know that amount was much more than was convenient and did much embarress him. Respectfully Your obedt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0409", "content": "Title: Circular Letter Concerning Ambrose Rose, 19 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n He has just entered his 15th year is about 5 feet high, Square built and stoops a little in his shoulders has a fair skin and ruddy complexion light brown hair cut short large blue eyes but not prominent dark brown eye brows rather large eye lashes of the same colour and very long, his nose short and inclined to turn up his lips too short to cover his teeth which makes him keep generally his mouth open, his teeth large and strong and more irregular in the right than in the left side his legs are as long as his thighs which give him a clumsy gait.\n The Youth, named Ambrose Rose referred to in the description above, left Lynchburg in Virginia in the month of January last and instead of returning to his father Dr. Hugh Rose near Orange Court House in the same State, took an unknown direction, and has not since been heard of. His parents apprehensive that he may have possibly formed a project of going to sea are extremely anxious to prevent an execution of it. You will oblige them therefore greatly, as well as myself by taking the necessary Steps for discovering whether such a youth has connected himself with any vessel in your port, or be hovering about with an appearance of having that in view; and in case he be found by a research in that or any other mode, you will render a most acceptable service by taking effectual care of him until he can be sent for, or by sending him yourself to his father. Any expence you may incur will be thankfully repaid. Please to address your information to Doctr. Rose; and drop me a line at the same time on the subject. Accept my respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0410", "content": "Title: Remission for Thomas and Joel Holden, 20 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas it has been represented to me that Thomas and Joel Holden, of the State of Massachusetts, are imprisoned in the Common Jail of Boston, upon an execution issued against them on a judgment in the District\nCourt of the United States for the District of Massachusetts, at the suit of the United States, and it has been made to appear to me that the said Thomas and Joel Holden are entirely unable to pay and satisfy the said Execution or any part thereof, and that they have numerous families who are altogether dependent upon their personal exertions for their daily support: and whereas under those circumstances, the longer confinement and imprisonment of the said Thomas and Joel Holden would seem to be an Act of rigor, which it would be unavailing: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the premises, and from other good causes and considerations, me thereunto moving, have remitted, and I do hereby remit the claim of the United States aforesaid, and every part thereof, willing and requiring, that the said Thomas and Joel Holden, be forthwith discharged from their Imprisonment.\n In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington, the 20th. day of April A.D. one thousand, eight hundred and Sixteen; and of the Independence of the United States the fortieth.\n James MadisonBy the PresidentJas. Monroe. Secy. of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0411", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, [ca. 21 April 1816]\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n The Revd. John H. Rice called on me today, with a view that I might present him to you. He is on his way to New York, to attend a general meeting of the bible societies of the UStates, and the object of his call was, to solicit such countenance to them, as yourself & the others, in the principal offices of the govt., might be disposed to give, not as members of the govt., but individuals deriving additional weight from their offices.\n He spoke largely on the subject, & urged many political reasons, in favor of such countenance, such as, that those societies had acquired, &. were acquiring immense political weight throughout the world, particularly in G. B. Russia, Austria, Prussia &ce. That G B. as chief of the mov\u2019ment, had added much to her strength, derivd from commerce, military success &ce, by the influence it secur\u2019d to her, among the mass of the people in foreign\nstates. That the UStates might participate in that influence, if the heads of the govt. would give their names only, to the project; that if they declin\u2019d it, the influence, would be turnd against them.\n Wishing that you might have time to consider the subject, I declind presenting him, under the pretext of business, but promisd to communicate his proposition to you, & give an answer to his \u27e8friend a\u27e9 Mr Caldwell of the Capitol hill, or by letter at N. York, in a day or two.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0412", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jean David, 22 April 1816\nFrom: David, Jean\nTo: Madison, James\n J\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous adresser dans le mois de Decembre dernier, mes reflexions Sur les Banques des Etats unis, ecrites en mauvais Anglais; j\u2019aurois pu Sans doute vous les transmettre en francais. Je viens aujourd\u2019hui vous communiquer dans cette derni\u00e9re langue un ecrit Sur le m\u00eame Sujet. Je le crois utile \u00e1 votre patrie et desire beaucoup qu\u2019il obtienne votre Suffrage. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec respect Monsieur votre tres humble &ce\n CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n Had the honor of addressing JM in the month of December last, his reflections on the banks of the United States, written in bad English; he could doubtless have transmitted them to JM in French. He communicates to JM today a document in the latter language on the same subject. He believes it useful to JM\u2019s country and wishes very much, that it may obtain JM\u2019s approval.\n Sur les Banques des Etats unis d\u2019Am\u00e9rique\n Le Congr\u00e8s vient de decreter l\u2019etablissement d\u2019une Banque nationale; cette mesure etoit indispensable pour detruire l\u2019agiotage scandaleux qui existe sur les Banknotes des differentes places. Mais remediera-t-elle au discredit de Votre change avec l\u2019etranger! J\u2019oserois presque assurer que cel\u00e0 n\u2019y apportera aucun changement et que le mal ira toujours croissant comme il auroit \u00e9t\u00e9 Sans cette mesure, jusqu\u2019a ce que par la ruine enti\u00e9re des negociants et des Banques, le commerce de ce pays ait eprouv\u00e9 une crise qui l\u2019ait plac\u00e9 dans la situation o\u00f9 il doit \u00eatre.\n Deux causes principales contribuent au discredit de votre change avec l\u2019etranger. Le luxe qui vous rend ses tributaires pour une Somme enorme; et la quantit\u00e9 prodigieuse de Banques qui existent dans les etats unis, lesquelles, en facilitant les operations commerciales, sont cause que l\u2019on fait trop d\u2019affaires, ce qui tend \u00e0 la ruine du commerce.\n On ne doit pas juger du present et de l\u2019avenir par le pass\u00e9. Depuis l\u2019epoque de la revolution fran\u00e7aise, jusqu\u2019a la guerre qui a eu lieu avec l\u2019Angleterre en 1812, le Pavillon Americain etoit presque le Seul qui put naviguer librement; alors l\u2019amerique n\u2019ayant pas de capitaux Suffisants pour tout le commerce que les circonstances lui permettoient de faire, il etoit convenable de cr\u00e9er beaucoup de Banques pour en faciliter les operations. Mais ce qui etoit un bien alors; est devenu un grand mal depuis que le commerce des Etats unis a considerablement diminu\u00e9, soit par leffet de la derni\u00e9re guerre, soit par la tranquilit\u00e9 de l\u2019Europe.\n Aujourd\u2019hui toutes les nations etant en paix et touts les pavillons pouvant naviguer librement, les americains Sont necessairement reduits \u00e0 leur propre commerce qui Sera tr\u00e8s peu de chose en comparaison de celui qu\u2019ils faisoient precedemment. En consequence Si le Gouvernement veut prevenir la ruine totale des negociants et je dirai m\u00eame de l\u2019Etat, il doit prendre le plutot possible les mesures convenables a ce Sujet. Voici celles qui me paroissent indispensables.\n Il faut supprimer toutes les Banques particuli\u00e9res et qu\u2019il n\u2019y ait plus que la Banque nationale que l\u2019on vient de decreter.\n Que cette Banque ait une Seule Banque succursale dans chaque ville des etats unis.\n Que ces succursales excomptent avec beaucoup de reserve\n Qu\u2019elles ne mettent de Banknotes en emission que pour un quart ou une demi au plus, en Sus du numeraire quelles auront dans leurs cases et qu\u2019elles payent en numeraire effectif toutes les fois qu\u2019on l\u2019exigera.\n Par ce moyen la masse des affaires diminuera considerablement, elles en deviendront plus lucratives, peu \u00e0 peu la confiance renaitra, votre change avec l\u2019etranger Se bonifiera, il pourra m\u00eame venir au pair et \u27e8pe\u00fbtre?\u27e9 gagner.\n Il y auroit peut \u00eatre un moyen plus simple.\n Ce seroit de Supprimer toutes les Banques et que les particuliers payassent eux m\u00eames leurs engagements en especes, mais ce remede violent pourroit devenir dangereux. C\u2019est \u00e0 l\u2019assembl\u00e9e du congr\u00e8s \u00e0 juger lequel des deux est preferable, mais elle doit necessairement adopter l\u2019un ou l\u2019autre; si elle ne le fait pas le commerce s\u2019appauvrira touts les jours, jusqu\u2019a ce que le discredit etant port\u00e9 \u00e0 Son comble une banqueroute generale aura lieu et alors il est impossible de prevoir jusques ou le mal pourra \u00eatre port\u00e9.\n Je considere aujourd\u2019hui l\u2019Etat comme un malade en Danger, mais cependant encore assez fort pour Supporter les remedes necessaires pour Sa guerison., Si on neglige de les lui administrer il est a craindre qu\u2019il ne perisse.\n Je viens aux autres moyens de bonifier votre change avec l\u2019etranger,\n Il faut augmenter les droits de Douane sur toutes les marchandises qui viennent de l\u2019etranger et les porter S\u2019il est possible a 100 pour 100 de leur valeur.\n Il faut favoriser encourager chez vous la culture et la fabrication de ces m\u00eames marchandises.\n Il faut mettre des taxes considerables Sur tout ce qui tient au luxe comme chevaux, voitures, domestiques &ca. &ca. car le luxe port\u00e9 a l\u2019exc\u00e9s comme il l\u2019est dans ce pays corrompt les m\u0153urs et ruine les citoyens.\n Je pense que par ces moyens reussis, on preservera l\u2019etat de la crise terrible dont il est menac\u00e9.\n CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n On the Banks of the United States of America\n Congress has just decreed the establishment of a national bank; this measure was indispensable to destroy the scandalous speculation on banknotes of different places which exists. But will it remedy the discredit of the United States\u2019 foreign exchange! Ventures to state as a certainty that it will not\nbring any change in that respect, and that the evil will continue to grow, as it would have without the measure, until, by the complete ruin of the merchants and the banks, the commerce of the country will have experienced a crisis which will have put it in the situation where it ought to be.\n Two principal causes contribute to the discredit of the United States\u2019 foreign exchange. Luxury which makes the United States a tributary to others for an enormous sum, and the prodigious quantity of banks which exist in the United States, which, by facilitating commercial operations, are the reason why too much business is done, which tends to the ruin of commerce.\n One should not judge the present and the future by the past. From the time of the French Revolution, until the war with England which took place in 1812, the American flag was almost the only one which could navigate freely; then, America not having sufficient capital for all the trade which the circumstances permitted her to carry on, it was suitable to create many banks to facilitate the operations of that commerce. But what was a good thing then; has become a great evil since the trade of the United States has decreased considerably, whether by the effect of the last war, or by the tranquility of Europe.\n Today, all nations being at peace, and all flags able to navigate freely, Americans are necessarily reduced to their own trade, which will be of very little account in comparison to that which they used to have. Consequently, if the government wants to prevent the total ruin of the merchants and, will say, even of the state, it must take the measures suited to this subject, as soon as possible. Here are the ones which seem indispensable.\n It is necessary to suppress all the private banks, so that there will no longer be any banks except the national bank, which has just been decreed.\n That this bank should have a single branch bank in every city of the United States.\n That these branches should discount with large reserves.\n That the branches should issue no banknotes for any amount more than a quarter, or a half, at most, over and above the value they have in their deposits, and that they should pay the actual value at any time when it is demanded.\n By this means the volume of business will decrease considerably. Business will thereby become more profitable. Little by little, confidence will return, the United States\u2019 foreign exchange will improve. It will even be able to reach parity and possibly even higher.\n There might be a simpler means.\n This would be to suppress all the banks, so that private persons would have to pay their obligations in specie, but this violent remedy could be dangerous. It is up to Congress to judge which of the two is preferable,\nbut it must adopt one or the other; if it does not, commerce will be impoverished more each day until, the discredit having reached its summit, a general bankruptcy will take place, and then it is impossible to foresee to what lengths the evil may spread.\n Considers the state today as a sick man in danger, but strong enough, however, to bear the remedies necessary for his cure. If others neglect to administer them to him, it is feared he will perish.\n Comes to the other means of improving the United States\u2019 foreign exchange.\n It is necessary to increase the customs duties on all merchandise which comes from foreign countries, and to raise them if possible to 100 percent of the value.\n It is necessary to encourage the growth and manufacture of that same merchandise in the United States.\n It is necessary to place considerable taxes on everything belonging to luxury, such as horses, carriages, servants &c. &c., since luxury, carried to excess, as it is in the United States, corrupts manners and ruins the citizens.\n Thinks that once these measures succeed, the state will be preserved from the terrible crisis which threatens it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0413", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Robert and Mrs. Brent, 22 April 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Brent, Robert,Brent, Mary Young (Mrs. Robert)\n \u00a7 To Robert and Mrs. Brent. 22 April 1816. \u201cMr. & Mrs. Madison requests the favor of Mr and Mrs Brent to dine with them on Thursday next at 4 o\u2019clock. An answer is requested.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0414", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 23 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Citizens of the United States residing at Philadelphia in the state of Pennsylvania.\n a Citizen of the United States residing at Baltimore in the State of Maryland\n a Citizen of the United States residing at New York in the State of New York\n to be five of the Directors of the Bank of the United States in pursuance of the 9th. Section of \u201cthe act entitled the Act to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States.[\u201d]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0415", "content": "Title: James Brown to William Harris Crawford, 23 April 1816\nFrom: Brown, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n Captain Hamilton has requested me to state what I know respecting the characters of Doctors William Flood & William E Cochran of New Orleans, supposing that you might not be acquainted with them. The first of these Gentlemen has resided in Louisiana ever since I was a citizen of that country, and has held the first rank as a man distinguished by his professional talents, his integrity and patriotism. In the late memorable defence of that city, he bore a very distinguished part, and was sent on board the British Fleet by General Jackson for the purpose of obtaining an exchange of Prisoners. Doctor Cochran served as a volunteer in the Rifle Company of Capt Beale, was made a Prisoner in the action of the 23rd December, and detained on board the fleet until intelligence of the Peace arrived. His character is unblemished, and he possesses the confidence and esteem of the respectable part of society at New Orleans. I have the honor to be Respectfully yr Obdt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0416", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Dey of Algiers, 24 April 1816\nFrom: Omar Dey (of Algiers)\nTo: Madison, James\n With the aid and assistance of Divinity and in the Reign of our Sovereign, the asylum of the world, powerful and great monarchy transactor of all good actions, the best of men, the shadow of God, Director of the Good Order, King of Kings, Supreme Ruler of the World, Emperor of the Earth; Emulator of Alexander the Great, Possessor of Great Forces, Sovereign of the two worlds and of the Seas, King of Arabia and Persia, Emperor Son of an Emperor and Conqueror, Mahmood Lan (may God end his Life with prosperity and his reign be everlasting and glorious.) His humble and obedient Servant, actual Sovereign, Governor and Chief of Algiers, submitted forever to the orders of his Imperial Majesty\u2019s noble throne, Omer Pasha, (may his Government be happy and prosperous:) To\n His Majesty the Emperor of America, its adjacent and dependent Provinces and Coasts and wherever his Government may extend, our noble friend, the Support of Kings of the Nations of Jesus, the Pillar of all Christian Sovereigns, the most glorious amongst the Princes, elected amongst many Lords and Nobles, the happy, the great, the amiable, James Madison, Emperor of America, (may his reign be happy and glorious and his life long and prosperous) wishing him long possession of the Seat of his blessed throne, and long life and health, amen: Hoping that your Health is in good state I inform you that mine is excellent (thanks to the Supreme Being) constantly addressing my humble prayers to the Almighty for your felicity.\n After many years have elapsed, you have at last sent a squadron commanded by Admiral Decatur (your most humble Servant) for the purpose of treating of Peace with us: I received the Letter of which he was the Bearer and understood its contents; the enmity which existed between us having been extinguished, you desired to make Peace as France and England have done: Immediately after the arrival of your squadron in our harbor, I sent my answer to your servant the Admiral through the medium of the Swedish Consul, whose proposals I was disposed to agree to, on condition that our frigate and Sloop of war taken by you should be restored\nto us and brought back to Algiers; on these same conditions we would sign peace according to your wishes and request. Our answer having thus been explained to your Servant the Admiral by the Swedish Consul, he agreed to treat with us on the above mentioned conditions; but having afterwards insisted upon the restitution of all American Citizens as well as upon a certain sum of money for several merchant vessels made prizes by us and of every other object belonging to the Americans, we did not hesitate a moment to comply with his wishes, and in consequence of which we have restored to the said Admiral (your Servant) all that he demanded from us; in the mean time the said Admiral having given his word to send back our two ships of war, and not having performed his promise, he has thus violated the faithful articles of peace which were signed between us, and by so doing a new treaty must be made.\n I inform you therefore that a treaty of Peace having been signed between America and us during the reign of Hassan Pasha twenty years past, I propose to renew the said treaty on the same basis specified in it, and if you agree to it our friendship will be solid and lasting.\n I intended to be on the highest terms of amity with our friends the Americans than ever before, being the first nation with which I made peace; but as they have not been able to put into execution our present treaty, it appears necessary for us to treat on the above mentioned conditions. We hope, with the assistance of God, that you will answer this our Letter immediately after you shall have a perfect knowledge of its contents: If you agree, (according to our request) to the conditions specified in the said treaty please to send us an early answer: If, on the contrary, you are not satisfied with my propositions, you will act against the sacred duty of men and against the Laws of Nations, requesting only that you will have the goodness to remove your Consul as soon as possible, assuring you it will be very agreeable to us.\n These being our last words to you, we pray God to keep you in his Holy Guard.\n Written in the year of Hegira 1231. the 20th day of the month Dgemazial ervel: corresponding to A.D. 1815 [sic]. April 24.\n Signed in our well beloved City of Algiers.\n (Signed) Omar, Son of Moohammed\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003Conqueror and Great.\n Faithfully translated for the Government of the United States by me,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0417", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 24 April 1816\nFrom: Latrobe, Benjamin Henry\nTo: Madison, James\n I have too much confidence in your candor & justice to believe that you will be offended at the statement & request which it is the object of this letter to make to You. I will therefore without further preface appeal to You in this most critical moment of my life, upon which its whole future course appears to depend.\n I have been engaged as Surveyor to the Capitol under the Commissioners since the 6th. of April 1816. You know, Sir, how zealously I have performed my duty; and not only barely my duty in directing the work, but, by suggesting, & with great labor maturing plans for the improvement of the Capitol, have gone far beyond what it strictly demanded. I have also, as far as I have been permitted, given to the Commissioners all the aid my former experience, & my knowledge of the arts, the materials, the artists, & of most of the languages of Europe could effect: and by devoting often my nights, as well as my days to the public service, have already matured the plan of the Work, from its present State, to its completion.\n On the part of the Commissioners, I have been treated in a manner more coarse & offensive than I have ever permitted, to myself, or felt myself capable of using to my poorest mechanics. On the slightest occasions I have been told that there were plenty of architects ready to take my place, that I had been appointed from motives of charity to my family, that, if I meant to continue in their service, I must obey their orders implicitly, even when contrary to those given to me by the Committee of the Senate; and all this, without my having in the smallest degree neglected my duty, or given the slightest personal offence. I had been told indeed by one of them, that my pride should be taken down before they had done with me, & thus prepared for the System by which it was to be effected. These however are general complaints: I will therefore state only the most recent instance of the situation in which I have been placed.\n About a month ago a Contract was made by the Commissioners for Lumber, by which the public lost at least 4.000 dollars. It was concluded without consulting me; & I heard of it only after the facts were in possession of the public.\n A few days ago, I was informed that another contract had been made respecting the Marble from Loudon county. On this subject I had fully given my opinion in writing, and laid a conditional contract before the Commissioners, which, it was said, had been so varied; as to remove all the risk from the Contractor to the public; &, by attempting to work the Columns by the day, to render my Estimates wholly vague; & practically to defeat the whole project, after incurring half the expense.\n I was too much concerned personally in this case not to wish for a hearing upon it; and I therefore spoke to one of the Commissioners, very politely, (as I believe & intended) & attempted to explain the bad effect of the proceeding. I was however stopped short; & told in so many words, \u201cthat it was not my business, & that I fancied myself a person of much more consequence to the board than I really was.\u201d And yet after this I understand the contract to be suspended.\n I have now had the honor of being known to You more than 14 Years. For 10 of them I had the sole management of all the public buildings in the city of Washington. The Navy Yard was my work from its foundation. My appointment was specially given to me by the President U.S. (Mr. Jefferson) in a form of which I have annexed a Copy to this Letter. With the Superintendent of the city, Mr Munroe, the transaction of all my business, was interrupted by no disagreement, and in the subordination to him in all my arrangements I chearfully acquiesced. The works which I erected are still a testimony to my industry, as the very moderate state of my fortune is to my integrity. I therefore confidently appeal to you, whether in my manners, in my language, in the evidences of an academical education which may show themselves in my conversation & my writings, in the monuments of professional talent, which I have raised in so many states of the Union, in the unsought honors which have been bestowed upon me by many of the Societies of letters & of arts in our own country & in Europe, in my highly respectable family connexions, and in the personal kindness & respect with which I have been treated by all the Presidents of the United States, from General Washington to yourself, nay even in my honorable poverty after the expenditure of six millions in different public & private works, there ought not to be a protection against such unworthy conduct towards me, and a title to the respectful treatment enjoined by the habits of good Society.\n I do not complain that I am not consulted on professional matters, that the Commissioners interfere in the engagement & discharge of individual Journey men & apprentices without hearing me in the case: or that they\nmake contracts how, with whom, & after what delay they please. To all this they are authorized, & for it they are responsible. My complaint is, that being the mere creature of the Commissioner, dischargeable at his pleasure, while all my labors are prospective, I am in a situation in which I must submit to any affront that dare be offerred to me, because after incurring the heavy expense of my removal to, & establishment in Washington, loaded with debt, & charged with the maintenance & education of a large family, I cannot quit the station that feeds me, however scantily and degradingly.\n Under all considerations, permit me, Sir, most earnestly to solicit, that in the new arrangement directed by Congress, if the bill now before the Senate should pass & be approved by You, you will either be pleased to bestow on me the office of Commissioner of the public buildings, with the Salary annexed to it by Law, an Office of which I will cheerfully execute the duties together with those of my present employment, or that you will give to me an appointment such as was given to me by Mr. Jefferson, altho\u2019 Mr Munroe, as superintendent of the city, was by Law, charged with all the powers of the former Commissioners. For my cheerful submission to the exercise of all those powers, my former transactions with Mr. Munroe are a perfect pledge. Under such an appointment I shall feel that independence which is necessary to the exertion of my talents in the public service. Without it, the choice only is left to me, to consume my life in the chagrin of professional degradation, or to escape it, by the sacrifice of my principal means of support. I am with the highest respect Your obedt hble Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0418", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John P. Van Ness, 24 April 1816\nFrom: Van Ness, John P.\nTo: Madison, James\n Give me leave to state to you that Doctor Wheaton, whom I had the honor of presenting to you a day or two since, is the Son of a Gentleman highly respectable, both professionally (as a Physician) & otherwise, in Rhode Island, with whom I was formirly acquainted. This young Gentleman is the brother in Law of Mr. Henry Wheaton the Reporter. The family generally, which is a numerous one to the eastward, have I beleive generally been considered as republican & actively friendly to the present Administration. Doctr. W. himself appears to be much of a Gentleman and very intelligent. It may be well to suggest that he says there are only two subordinate Appointments, (probably a Lieut. & an Ensign), of the Army, in the State of Rhode Island.\n The names of John Jacob Astor and Peter H. Schenck (a brother of the Member from N. York of that name), have been suggested as proper to be appointed Commissioners for receiving subscriptions to the Bank of U.S. in New York. Mr. Astor you are yourself doubtless acquainted with; & his name was mentioned in the Bank Bill sent to you by Congress a Session or two since: the Member Mr. Schenck is anxious for the appointment of his brother who I understand from others is a very respectable man; I am not acquainted with him.\n Whilst I am on this subject, I will take the liberty of mentioning that my brother, the Collector at Burlington, requested me to communicate to the Executive by way of Information, the names of Mr. Fisk the former Member of Congress from Vermont, Stephen Mix Mitchell and Guy Catlin, as proper Commissioners for that State. The two latter reside, he says, at Burlington, and are influential with the Capitalists there.\n I trouble you with my letter very reluctantly, as I know you must every moment of your time at this period be laboring under a mass of business. With the highest respect and consideration I remain your obedt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0419", "content": "Title: Lewis Cass to William Harris Crawford, 24 April 1816\nFrom: Cass, Lewis\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n An incident has occurred in our interscourse with the Indians, which renders it necessary for me to apply to you for instructions.\n The Shawnese Prophet, whose character and conduct have attracted no inconsiderable share of publick attention has collected together from different nations a band of about two hundred warriors, who have adhered to him under all vicissitudes with unshaken fidelity. It was with much difficulty and after repeated efforts, that this party were induced last year to attend the treaty at the Spring Wells. After attending Some days, they precipitately repassed to the Canadian Shore, before any thing was concluded, and under circumstances and in a manner indicative of determined hostility to the United States. The texture of Indian Government is So loose, that such a party headed by such a man would not consider themselves under any obligation to fullfil the terms of a treaty concluded without their concurrence. There is enough in their Social System of authority in their Chiefs to carry a measure, if they are all united, but not if opposed by a popular influential man, followed by a considerable party.\n The Commissioners therefore did not consider that this band was entitled to the privileges guaranteed to the Indians generally, for they never agreed as is required by the treaty of Ghent, to terminate hostilities with the United States. From that time untill now, they have continued upon the other Side, furnishing at short intervals unerring indications, that their feelings towards the United States had undergone no Salutary change.\n This Man with his party came over a few days Since, and at a council held here requested, that they might be suffered to form a settlement upon the heads of the river raisin. So far as my consent was required it was peremptorily refused. But I told them the subject should be referred to the Government who would ultimately decide.\n Their demand to reside upon the river raisin is inadmissable, because it is within the tract laid out for Satisfying claims for military Services. When this fact was explained to the Prophet, he answered it was only a temporary occupation he requested, for his ultimate object was to return to his former Settlement at Tippecanoe.\n This open avowal discloses the intention with which the whole plan has been matured, and no doubt is entertained here, but that the British Indian\nAgency have prompted this man to make the request, and will dictate to him the course to be pursued, whether that request be granted or refused. He is the principal instrument in their hands for acquiring and preserving their influence over the Indians. No goods are distributed, but upon his Suggestion. No proposition is made but through him. He is in fact the medium of intercommunication between the British and the Indians. An establishment at his old position at Tippecanoe upon the Wabash, in the heart of the Indian Country and surrounded by Indians who are disaffected to us, would enable him to renew the Scenes of 1811, and to unite the Indians into that general confederacy, which is the marked feature of his policy.\n I stated to him, that if he would agree to seperate his party, to return himself and the Shawnese, who are with him to their nation upon the Auglaize and permit the Kickapoos and others to return to their respective homes, So that we might know to whom we could look in the event of any difficulties, his request would be granted.\n This proposition he utterly declined, Stating he could not think of disbanding his party.\n I ought to add that the Miamies, who own the land upon the Wabash evince great repugnance to his Settling in their Country and have requested he might never be suffered to return.\n Major General McComb, with whom I advised in this affair coincides with me in the opinion I have expressed.\n I have stated to them that an answer might be expected in Six or eight weeks. I have therefore to request that a decision may be made as Soon as your convenience will permit. With much respect, I have the honour to be Yo mo Obet sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0421", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Americanus, 26 April 1816\nFrom: Americanus\nTo: Madison, James\n \u201cIf the system already devised, has not produced all the effects which were expected from it, new experiments ought to be made, when every effort to introduce among them (the Indian savages) ideas of exclusive property in things real as well as personal shall fail, let intermarriages between them and the whites be encouraged by the government. This cannot fail to preserve the race, with the modifications necessary to the enjoyment of civil liberty and social happiness. It is believed that the principles of humanity, in this instance, are in harmonious concert with the true interest of the nation. It will redound more to the national honor, to incorporate by a humane and benevolent policy, the natives of our forests in the great American family of freemen, than to receive with\nopen arms the fugitives of the old world, whether their flight has been the effect of the crimes OR THEIR VIRTUES. I have the honor, &c. Wm. H. Crawford.\u201d\n Sir\u2014In pursuance of my plan, I shall take the liberty of enquiring whether America can be injured by encouraging that accession to her industry, capital, and population, which is derived from foreigners of respectable character who adopt this country as the permanent home of themselves and their families. Mr. Secretary Crawford overwhelms with one sweeping, sarcastic denunciation, the Fugitives from other countries, whether driven hither by their Crimes or their Virtues! As it is well known that many of our countrymen are the descendants of those who were driven hither against their will as the alternative of escaping from the gibbet, Mr. Crawford may, for aught I know, have some reason for avoiding any distinction upon this subject: but as I am no advocate for the encouragement of criminals either here or elsewhere, I choose to confine my defensive remarks to foreigners who seek our shores, clothed with a character unimpeachable in its moral relations. I well know that with many persons of Mr. Crawford\u2019s stamp, all the seven deadly sins put together, are not so damnable as the sin of republicanism, but as I shall say a few words on this subject by and by, I shall not dwell upon it now.\n Sir, among the other fugitives from England well worthy of being received with open arms (Mr. Secretary Crawford notwithstanding) is a certain proverb derived from thence, which like other proverbs is the result of long and general observation. \u201cIt is a dirty bird, that befouls his own nest.\u201d\n Now, as the majority of the population of the United States, consists at this moment, either of natives of Great Britain and Ireland, or the descendants of those who were so when they came hither, I leave Mr. Crawford to apply the proverb to the case. If I were to state that the majority of the present population consisted of persons either born in the British dominions themselves, or whose fathers or grandfathers were so, that majority would extend to full nine tenths of our present population. I exclude of course the favorite Aborigines. How many sweet little Cherubs beautiful as John Randolph, the Princess Pocohuntas [sic], might have added to our population, when she condescended to let some naughty foreigner take liberties with her lovely person, I do not pretend to say: perhaps we shall know more on this interesting subject, when the memoirs of the Pocoahuntas Family shall appear from the pen of that enlightened statesman who boasts of his direct descent from the royal and illustrious house of Pocoahuntas!\n Sir, when you appoint men to high and responsible offices, the public have a right to expect, that they shall be persons of experience in public affairs, persons who know the world, too wise to give unne[ce]ssary offence, and above all, that they shall possess American feelings. Upon what fair pretence, sir, can you retain this rash, this bigotted calumniator of more than\none half the American people and nine-tenths of their immediate ancestors? When we take in the German and Swedish part of our population, to all of whom Mr. Crawford\u2019s sarcasm extends, my calculation is below the mark. Is such a volunteer defamer of his fellow citizens a fit person for office? Are these American feelings? Are they in unison with the Constitution or the Laws of the United States? Do not this Constitution and these laws hold out encouragement to persons emigrating from a foreign country hither?\n A nation full of wealth, crowded with people, abounding in art, science and manufacture, has no need to encourage emigration: the motives to such encouragement fail. Such a country is England, who receives however with open arms, every respectable foreigner who can contribute to her wealth, her industry or her science. Can West or Copley complain of want of encouragement? Who was better received in England than count Rumford, than count Bournon, than Dr. Solander or Mr. Planta, M. de Magellan or Abbe Correa? There is no jealousy in that country on this score. Yet England abounds in wealth, and art and science and industry. Upon 57,000 square miles in England and Wales, there are a few more than ten millions of people: that is, 175 persons to the square mile. While in this country we have not upon the average above three persons in the same space. Here, wealth is so much wanted that almost the only subject of our incessant debating in this city, is how to raise money whether for public or private wants. The plans of Mr. Dallas and Mr. Calhoun absorb the whole of our attention, and if the tirade against foreigners in Mr. Crawford\u2019s report, had not stood forth so very prominent to the astonished public, as a flagrant instance of the absence of common sence, where caution and wisdom were naturally expected, all Mr. Crawfords habitual imbecillity and his minor defects, would have passed unnoticed and almost unknown. But his hatred to foreigners, were the last sounds that dwelt upon the ear. Again, can skill in the arts and manufactures, can improvements in every profession that depends on careful education and scientific knowlege be useful to us? Are not home manufactures wanted in self defence? And whence is this knowledge of them to be procured, but from the places where they are cultivated with the greatest success\u2014from England, France and Germany? I grant you that an idle, pompous southern planter, who thinks all necessary acquirements comprised in raising rice, cotton or tobacco; and who places the summit of refined education in having read Hume, Robertson and Ramsay, for a fund of historical knowledge, Walter Scott and lord Byron\u2019s silly verses, with a few novels to furnish polite conversation\u2014such a man, I say may deem science useless and manufactures a nuisance: but thank God, not so the America[n] people: not so the quick, intelligent, high-minded gentry of Virginia, who are alive to the importance of scientific enquiries and the useful arts, who laugh at the ravings and scoldings\nof the Roanoake legislator, and who welcome industry, wealth, knowlege, and good conduct, from whatever portion of the globe they may arrive hither.\n I would take the liberty sir, if I dared take a liberty with so great a man, of asking Mr. Crawford whether gen. Montgomery, gen. Gates, gen. La Fayette, baron Steuben, baron De Kalb, gen. Koskiusco, gen. Pulaski, gen. Hamilton, gen. St. Clair, gen. Lee, gen. Stewart were not foreigners? Whether the officers and soldiers of the Pennsylvania line were not foreigners? Whether our financiers Robert Morris and Alexander Hamilton, were not foreigners? Had our country any need to repent of \u201creceiving with open arms, these forgitives [sic] of the old world?\u201d Does it become a man of yesterday\u2014a man whose most distinguished act has been the famous report now under consideration\u2014who is hardly known but by the bigotry of his sentiments, and the imprudence of his conduct\u2014does it become such a man, who amuses himself like an ideot boy in the woods, with pulling down a wasp\u2019s nest about his ears\u2014does it become such a man to stigmatize indirectly these warriors and sages of the revolution? Is there one gleam of common sense in Mr. Crawford\u2019s wanton insult of his colleagues in office, Mr. Dallas and Mr. Gallatin and of you sir, who appointed these well informed and able men? Show me the foreigner who ever come to America, who has been or could have been guilty of such a needless, wanton, mischievous, mischief-making sarcasm upon the whole American people, their ancestors, their constitution, their laws and usages, such as is implied substantially in this Bravura finale of Mr. Crawford\u2019s Indian report? Foreigners, French or English, Welsh, Scotch or Irish, Dutch or Dane, had nothing to do with the subject matter of this report: had they stood in Mr. Crawford\u2019s way when treating about the Indians\u2014had he unfortunately stumbled by natural accident over a sarcasm in his path\u2014it might have been excused. But no: what he could not find in his road he went a mile or two out of his way in search of: he lugged in this ill-founded remark by the head and shoulders\u2014he impressed it into his service, for no earthly purpose but to gratify his splenetic disposition, and exhibit to the world his total disregard of common decency and common sense. He has indeed pulled a wasp\u2019s nest about his ears, and he need not complain of the consequences, for there will be no one to pity him.\n But the true origin of this outcry about foreigners, who come here in numbers so small compared with the mass of home population, that the wildest and most timid imagination cannot really apprehend any danger from them, is that they are for the most part REPUBLICANS. Hinc illae lacry mae! This is the origin of the weepings and wailings about foreigners, which originate among the tories and British agents of our sea-port towns, and are re-echoed by their tools the aristocratic federalists throughout the union. I say it is the voice of G. Britain thus crying aloud even in our\nwilderness, \u201cdown with the emigrants, no quarters to foreigners.\u201d Who are the foreigners complained of by these British agents? The English, the Irish, the Scotch. Do they ever complain of the Dutch, or the Swabians and Palatinates? No. Yet the mass of wealth, of energy, of talent, of knowledge, industry, are decidedly with the former class.\n Why are these the objects of jealousy to an American, whose country, whose laws, whose government, whose custom and manners they adopt and prefer; with whom they associate and take root, and assimilate? There neither is, nor can be, any good reason why they should be objects of jealousy to any true Ameri[c]an. But Great Britain to whom this country is an object of jealousy and hatred, has reasons many and strong, to prevent if possible the emigration of wealth, industry, talents and science hither; and what is to her of more consequence, republican wealth, industry, talents and science. Hence our sea port towns, the factories of Britain, are noisy against foreigners, the British agents and partners, the British subjects, and Americanized spies; who, think it an honor, notwithstanding their oath, to remain the slaves of an ideot monarch, and a more than ideot Regent\u2014look at, and speak of every foreigner as an enemy, in proportion as he is likely to become a valuable citizen here. Is there a man of common understanding in this city of Washingt[on], who does not know this? How will these wolves in sheep\u2019s clothing, laugh in their sleeves, at having tempted Mr. Secretary Crawford to stand forth as the bell-wether of the flock! Little to the credit of the administration is it, that the Secretary of War is the blind tool, the mouth-piece of such a party, so notorious!\n I am as much as any American can be, an enemy to giving foreigners any preference. But worth and wisdom are of no country. If we want these qualifications, let us seek them where they are to be found. Superior merit, whether foreign or domestic, ought to command its value, for the sake of public expedience and public profit. Moreover, it induces worth, and wisdom to come forward when it is discovered that these qualities are duly appreciated, whether in a foreigner or a native. All other things equal, the native ought to be preferred. But who is so mad as to say that native ignorance is better than foreign knowledge?\n Again, we are apt to call all people \u201cforeigners\u201d who are not born here; although they may have resided with unimpeached character for twenty years in the country, and have married into American families, begotten American sons and daughters, embarked their fortunes here, become naturalizen [sic] here, and taken strong family root in our soil. Surely this savors something of injustice, of jealousy, and of envious dislike that does our native citizens who cherish these feelings, no credit to entertain.\n Suppose Mr. Crawford were to say as General Dearborne once said to a citizen born abroad, but who has established two of the largest and most successful manufactories in our country. \u201cBut sir, says the General,\nyou are not an American born.\u201d \u201cWell, sir (replied my friend) and what then? How came I here? At an age when I was able to choose my country on mature consideration, and reflection. I came here deliberately from choice. I became a citizen upon your own terms and proposals\u2014according to your constitution and laws, which give me equal rights with yourself. I brought wealth, knowledge, industry, with me. I have embarked all my fortune in your country; I have deliberat[e]ly risked my happiness, and that of my wife and children, upon the same chance with yourself. I have renounced former connections to become one of you. I have made sacrifices to come here. I am rooted and Americanized here, and so is my family. We reflected and consulted on the subject, and renouncing every other, have chosen this as our country. How come you here? Not by choice, but by chance; without your own knowledge, exertion or consent. You found yourself here, because your parents chose to place you here. Your first appearance in America was, as a weak, helpless, squalling, puling, dirty, naked infant, requiring the assistance of others to keep you alive; dependant upon the care of others for twenty years of your existence. You were born and staying in America, because you could not help, you have remained here because you knew no better; without choice, motion, or reflection. And do you compare yourself as an American, to me?\u201d I would not like, as an American, to acknowledge the whole of this reasoning but there is something in it.\n My next will present you, sir, with some account of Mr. Crawford\u2019s political life; with his private character I have no fault to find, and if I had, it is not a fair topic for public discussion. I am, Sir &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0423", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Jackson, 26 April 1816\nFrom: Jackson, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\n I have yielded to the solicitations of the author of the enclosed address, to forward it to you. His reputation as a man of talents and of mechanical invention stands very high here and he is desirous of passing to the United States to render his acquisitions as extensively useful as possible. During the short interval of Buonaparte\u2019s return, the minister of the Interior, the celebrated Chaptal, had engaged him in some of the public works, and had the government continued, he would have been permanently settled in France. At the commencement of this period he was requested to disclose to the goverment the nature of the composition of the Congreve Rocket. He refused to do so\u2014and in consequence of this refusal was arrested sent to Vincennes and detained for several weeks. He was treated however with the utmost politeness\u2014obliged every morning to enter the apartment where the engineers were employed in the formation of rockets and requested to explain the difference of construction & to correct the workmen. Without disclosing his secret, he ascertained completely their own mode of construction.\n They are still anxious to engage him\u2014but the actual state of the treasury and the unfavourable prospect presented for some years at least, throws a damp on all the public administrations not absolutely and necessarily useful. Aware of his practical experience, they would willingly retain him but are not disposed to give him so much as he thinks they ought. Accept sir I entreat of you the assurance of my respectful attachment and of my high consideration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0424", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard M. Johnson and Others, 26 April 1816\nFrom: Johnson, Richard M.\nTo: Madison, James\n Understanding that Col Lane is an applicant for the Appointmt of Commissioner to Superintend the Public Buildings we feel great pleasure in having it in our power to say that from the character of Col Lane, we believe him in every respect well qualified for the faithfull discharge of the dutys of that station. He is a man of good moral character of great personal integrity & industry, of correct judgment & of the most amiable disposition. His services & Sufferings in the cause of the Country place him beyond the claims of most men for such an office.\n From the character given to Col Lane by gentlemen of great respectability I believe him to be well qualified for the place recommended.\n Wm. MayrantA. LyleJ. C CalhounW C Love", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0425", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Armistead T. Mason, 26 April 1816\nFrom: Mason, Armistead T.\nTo: Madison, James\n Col: Saml. Lane late of the United States Army having expressed a desire to be appointed the Commissioner to Superintend the Public Buildings under a late Law of Congress, I beg leave to testify to his Merit. I have long known Col: Lane & believe him to be a gentleman of strict integrity & honor. And should he succeed in his application for the office in question\nI have no doubt he will discharge the duties of it with fidelity & zeal. I am very respectfully your obt Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0426", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Anthony Charles Cazenove, 27 April 1816\nFrom: Cazenove, Anthony Charles\nTo: Madison, James\n I beg leave to wait on you with Messrs Murdoch Y. W. & Cos. letter of advise of the shipment of the two pipes of their fine Madeira Wine you have been good enough to favor me with an order for, & which is just arrived per Schr. Mary & Francis. Also with their draft on you for the same for \u00a3157.18\u2014Stg. which you will please to accept exchange @ 19 pCt. premium being the current rate & return to me. I am in hopes you will be pleased with its quality, being informed by Messrs. Murdoch in answer to my recommandation on that score that \u201cyour two pipes are somewhat different from the others, & are confident will be found to be superior.\u201d I shall attend to entring it at the Customhouse as on former occasions, but presume it will be best not to send it up till you send some trusty person to take charge of it, unless you should otherwise order it. Intending to improve the excellent opportunity of Mr. Gallatin to send my eldest Son to Geneva, to finish there his education, & become personnally acquainted with his family, he will be happy to attend to any commands you might favor him with, on the way thither; & what he may lack in experience not being yet 15, would no doubt be made up in zeal. I am with highest regard very respectfully Sir your most Obedt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0427", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 27 April 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honor to propose for your approbation the following appointments in the Staff for the Southern division of the Army of the United States:\n Robert Butler, Adjutant General.\n Assistant Adjutant Generals.\n Arthur P. Hayne, Inspector General.\n Assistant Inspector Generals.\n Assistant Deputy Qr. M. Generals.\n Paymaster to the First Battalion of the Corps of Artillery.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0429", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Bland Lee, 27 April 1816\nFrom: Lee, Richard Bland\nTo: Madison, James\n An Act having passed for abolishing the Board of Commissioners of the Public buildings\u2014I beg leave to express to you my grateful feelings, for the notice which you were pleased to take of me in the selection of persons to fill that commission. I have the conscious satisfaction of knowing that I have faithfully assiduously and I trust not unusefully devoted myself to the execution of the duties required from me.\n It is particularly proper for me to state, that my Colleagues have acted with equal attention and zeal for the Public interest, and that the most perfect harmony has existed between us relative to all our acts.\n If you shall think proper to bestow on me the New office\u2014I will devote All my time and most faithful exertions to the performance of its duties. I will make instant arrangements to apply to it my whole time. You may further rely on my instantly resigning it on the first intimation from the Government, or on finding it too arduous for me to execute.\n Having removed my family to this city and taken an house in a fit situation to enable me the better to perform my duties it will certainly be an\ninconvenience to be suddenly dismissed from the Public employment. I therefore some time ago wrote to the Hon. Secretary of War\u2014that I should prefer the appointment of Commissioner to settle claims for property lost or destroyed in the service of the U. states during the late war, as being less conspicuous and more definite.\n I have the satisfaction of adding, that, during my short residence in this city, tho\u2019 coming a Stranger & remaining very much so since, my public Conduct, as I am informed, has received the approbation of the various interests, into which it unhappily is divided\u2014and offers have been tendered to make to you such a representation. I have requested the Gentlemen who have mentioned the subject to me, not to do so\u2014as I was unwilling in any manner to be subjected to a comparison with my Colleague\u27e8s,\u27e9 who are both Gentlemen of honor, integrity, and ability.\n I will yet further take the liberty of asking from your friendship so often manifested, (as in such cases sometimes happens) if any personal objections be made to me, that you will afford me an opportunity of rebutting them, being confident that none applying to my honesty & fidelity in the execution of any trust confided to me can be supported.\n Be good enough to excuse me for troubling you so long on a mere personal Affair, and be assured, that I remain with that unchanged esteem which was first imbibed from my father in my early Youth, and since confirmed thro\u2019 all vicissitudes, by experience\u2014Yr sincere friend & obt. Sert.\n P.S. I do not know that I should have at all addressed to you this letter, if Mr. Ringgold had not expressed his determination not to accept the appointment if offered to him\u2014and Genl. Van Ness a perfect indifference on the subject, being contented if any one of the late board were appointed. If all were dismissed, he supposed, it would convey a censure on their conduct.\n If a personal interview & explanation would be acceptable to you I will wait on you at any moment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0430", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Bland Lee, 27 April 1816\nFrom: Lee, Richard Bland\nTo: Madison, James\n I have just received a letter from Mr. Francis Corbin whom you well know, he professes & I believe sincerely feels the highest personal respect for you. You probably know as well as I do, that he is a gentleman of very large property. He begs me to suggest to the President, that he would be pleased to be nominated one of the Commissioners to receive the subscriptions to the Bank of the U. States at Richmond; and further that he might be useful in promoting the success of that institution in the State of Virginia. With very great respect & consideration Yr. Obt. Sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0433", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 29 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n John P. Van Ness of the District of Columbia, to be Commissioner under the Act making an appropriation for enclosing and improving the Public Square, near the Capitol; and to abolish the Office of Commissioners of the public buildings, and of Superintendent, and for the appointment of one Commissioner for the public buildings.\n Peter Hagner, of the District of Columbia, to be additional accountant in the Department of War under the Act Supplementary to an Act making Alterations in the Treasury and War Departments.\n John McKee of Kentucky, to be Register at Edwardsville in Madison County in the Territory of Illinois under the Act to establish a land District in said Territory.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0434", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 29 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Alexander Scott of Maryland, to be commissioner under the act providing for the payment for property lost Captured or destroyed by the Enemy and for other purposes.\n John J Abert to be Topographical Engineer in the Souther[n] division of the army.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0436", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 29 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n John B. Jasper, to be Surveyor of the port of Slades Creek North Carolina in the place of Osmond Tooley resigned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0439", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 29 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n I withdraw the nomination of George Woodruff, to be paymaster to the 1st Battalion of the corps of Artillery; and I nominate Joseph Woodruff to the same office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0440", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 29 April 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honour to enclose for your signature the Blank Commissions and Warrants herewith. With great respect, &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0441", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 30 April 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n I nominate Robert Wilson of South Carolina to be topographical Engineer for the Southern Division of the Army.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-10-02-0444", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William S. Radcliff, 30 April 1816\nFrom: Radcliff, William S.\nTo: Madison, James\n I do not incautiously address you under the influence of a mortifying disappointment. The Judge advocacy for which I had recently applied is given to another, undoubtedly more capable and more deserving. I had the confidence to apply for the appointment, which I had the mortification to regret, because I have been unsuccessful. I am not one of those who enjoy the right of asking for a situation under the government, but of those who have the ungracious claims of a disbanded officer. I have rendered no eminent perhaps no essential servise in the late war and should not have filled a Blank in the Line of the Army were it not for the flatteries of the Secretary of 1813, who promised to attach me to a Regiment on the northern frontier. He forgot the engagement and would not listen my repeated applications afterwards, as my letters on file in the war Department will shew. He punished me for my credulity. I do not appeal to the benevolence of the Government, for there is nothing that more affects the pride of one who belongs to a persecuted family. But if there is any sincerity in the preference or sympathy of Government for the Disbanded officer, there is something yet in reserve for me.\n I have however been appointed a Justice of the Peace. But surely the comparative insignificancy of such an office, I am pe[r]su[a]ded will not be considered an apology for one more adequate to my education and capacity. I feel grateful for the instances of publick favor I have recieved, but hope that I have done nothing that deserves chastisement. It is impossible for me to become acquainted with the various vacancies that are made and occur and I therefore leave it confidently and with much deference to you to make a selection for me. I am with sentiments of the highest respect and esteem your obt. Servt.\n William S. RadcliffLate Captn. 41. R. U.S. Inftry.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0001", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John G. Heath, 1 May 1816\nFrom: Heath, John G.\nTo: Madison, James\n Mr Madison\n Boons lick The 1st May 1816. M. Ty\n I[n] the case of your appointing Benjamin Cooper a member of the legislative council of this Territory, I feel myself much injured by you. Not because you commissioned Cooper; But of the manner in which it was done. Myself and Cooper were nominated. I was first in nomination. At the Special request of a large majority of Both branches of the Territorial legislature I consented to it. The house of Reps. expected you would commission as usual, \u201cthe first in nomination.\u201d I am well aware that you was induced to tack this disgrace upon me at the request of my enemies, in doing of which you have rendered yourself contemptible in the opinion of a very numerous body of honest men in this Territory\u2014by suffering yourself to be thus imposed upon, and acting from ex parte Testimony, and that from my Enemies. I am also very willing to believe you was imposed upon in this affair by men in high offices at Saint Louis, for I think it not consistent with you[r] former Character that you would appoint a man to fill such office who can neither read nor write, a very Ignorant old man, in his dotage (being about 70). That Mr C is precisely that man is notorious and incontrovertable. All of which was well known to the Gentlemen interfering in his behalf. If It had been with pure desire to do good that Gentlemen had done this I would be silent: But I too well know \u2019twas to injure me was the whole. Nor did they care to stoop to any means to Effect it. Not even the disgrace of the Chief Magistrate of the U.S. In order therefore to do myself Justice by spreading the affair before the public, and giving you an opportunity of forming your opinion upon full, Testimony, I request the Special favour of Mr Madison to forward me perfect copies of all the petitions recommendation letters and Evidence forwarded to him on this affair. I suppose them to be matters of a public nature, as nothing of such concern can be transacted secretly agreeably to the principles of our government.\n I do not want the Commission nor any thing but Justice from your hands which I conceive I have I right to demand, altho I am an obscure slandered individual, Conscious of no offence against my accusers and Slanderers, but that of having faithfully discharged my duty (to the best of my ability) as a member of the legisture [sic], and thereby thwarted and defeated the designs of what is called in our gazettes the Junto which designs &c &c I thought unrighteous. My constituents thank me for my candour, and exertions, and I am yet conscious of having done right tho Sorry to have given offence in doing it. This Sir is the root of the whole difference notorious to many. Let certain men vary as they may.\n It is a hard matter to bear up under the oppres[s]ion of such powerful opponents Especially when their baseness is sa[n]ctioned by the Superior of the united states, and that too without even an opportunity of opposing it. Were the men whom induced you to injure me of more importance than the house of Reps of the Missouri Territory? which do you Suppose would in all reason[a]ble probability have the fairest chance to know and Judge of my character and capacity, the few men of Saint Louis my avowed Enemies and the few injnorant [sic] creatures they influenced to petition, Or the whole bulk of a country my neighbours Colleagues and the whole representation of the Territory? As I have been denied the Opportunity to answer heretofore I trust your Justice will induce you to grant my request. Yours with respect & Esteem.\n John G Heath", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0002", "content": "Title: Presidential Proclamation, 1 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas by the act entitled \u201cAn act granting bounties in land and extra pay to certain Canadian Volunteers,\u201d passed the fifth of March, 1816, it was enacted that the locations of the land warrants of the said volunteers should \u201cbe subject to such regulations, as to priority of choice, and the manner of location, as the President of the United States shall direct:\u201d\n Wherefore, I, James Madison, President of the United States, in conformity with the provisions of the act before recited, do hereby make known, that the land warrants of the said Canadian Volunteers may be located, agreeably to the said act, at the Land Offices at Vincennes, or Jeffersonville, in the Indiana territory, on the first Monday in June next, with the Registers of the said Land Offices; that the warrantees may, in person, or by their attornies, or other legal representatives, in the presence of the\nRegister and Receiver of the said land districts, draw lots for the priority of location, and that, should any of the warrants not appear for location on that day, they may be located afterwards, according to their priority of presentation: the locations in the district of Vincennes to be made at Vincennes, and the locations in the district of Jeffersonville to be made at Jeffersonville.\n Given under my hand the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and sixteen.\n James Madison.By the President,\n Josiah Meigs,Com\u2019r. of the Gen. Land Office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0003", "content": "Title: Presidential Proclamation, 1 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas by the Act entitled \u201cAn Act providing for the sale of certain lands in the Indiana Territory and for other purposes,\u201d passed the 30th of April, 1810, it was enacted that a part of the said lands should be offered for sale to the highest bidder, under the direction of the Register of the Land Office and of the Receiver of public monies at the places respectively where the Land offices are kept, and on such day or days as shall by proclamation of the President of the United States be designated for that purpose, in tracts of the same size, and on the same terms and conditions as have been or may be provided for lands in the same districts:\n Wherefore, I, James Madison, President of the United States, in conformity with the provisions of the act before recited, do hereby declare and make known, that sales shall be held on the first Monday in September next, and five succeeding days at Jeffersonville in the Indiana Territory, for the disposal of such part of the lands aforesaid as lie in the district of Jeffersonville, which have not been reserved by law for schools or for other purposes, and the plats of survey of which shall have been transmitted, prior to that day, by the Surveyor General to the Register of the Land Office at Jeffersonville; and that sales s[h]all be held at Vincennes, in the Indiana Territory, on the second Monday in September next, and three succeeding weeks, for the disposal of such part of the lands aforesaid as lie in the\ndistrict of Vincennes, which have not been reserved by law for schools or for other purposes, and the plats of survey for which shall have been transmitted, prior to that day, by the Surveyor General to the Register of the Land Office at Vincennes.\n Given under my hand this first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and sixteen.\n James MadisonBy the President, \n Josiah Meigs,Com\u2019r of the Gen. Land Office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0005", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 2 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\n Washington May 2. 1816\n I have recd. yours of the 28. Apl. I have always regarded Mr. Latrobe as the first Architect in our Country, and particularly distinguished by his uniting with science & taste, a practical acquaintance with the minutest details of the art. He is considered as also well skilled in what belongs to the profession of a Civil Engineer, and of course with what relates to the improvements under your care. The existence alone however of the prejudices agst. him to which you allude, has all the weight you attach to it; and as far as Roads are in question, which will probably be the earliest object, the requisite qualifications are the least rare, and most attainable. It is proper to remark that I have not inferred that Mr. L. looks to any actual appt. in Virga. How far it might be expedient to accept his counsel or his incidental services you can best judge after ascertaining your other prospects.\n I will communicate to Mr. Dallas, what you say on the cumulation of taxes in Virga. but I need not apprize you that the law must controul both his dispositions & opinions. Accept my friendly esteem\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0006", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Moore, [ca. 2 May 1816]\nFrom: Moore, John\nTo: Madison, James\n The petition of John Moore, humbly shews unto your Excellency: That at November Term of 1815 of the Circuit Court of the district of Columbia, held for the County of Alexandria, your petitioner was found guilty of a Misdemeanor, and amerced in the sum of fifty Cents, and ordered to stand committed until payment of the fine and the Costs of prosecution. Your petitioner shews unto your Excellency, that being unable to pay the said fine and the Costs of the prosecution, he now is, and has been ever since the month of November before mentioned, confined in the Jail of Alexandria County\u2014and has no prospect of being liberated from his confinement, except your Excellency\u2019s clemency be extended to him.\n Your petitioner therefore humbly prays your Excellency: That the Judgment aforesaid may be remitted, and that he may be discharged from his long and painful imprisonment, And your petitioner as in duty bound shall ever pray\n Jno. Moore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0010", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Adams Herbert & Company, 3 May 1816\nFrom: Adams Herbert & Company\nTo: Madison, James\n We had the honor to receive by the mail of this day, your Excellency\u2019s letter of date the 1st Current, and beg you to accept our acknowledgements for your promptitude in forwarding us the check for five hundred fifty three Dollars & 80/100 which it contained, and which is in full for the original cost and subsequent Charges on One pipe wine from Madeira. We shall attend very particularly to the casing & forwarding the wine to our friend Mr Stone and as there will be no Charges on it we shall not have Occasion to trouble you.\n Being the agents both of Col. McPherson and Messrs March & Co we should be glad to be favored with your future orders for madeira or other wines, and will pledge our selves to pay strict attention to your directions as to the body, flavor & Color of the wine. We have the honor to be with the highest respect Your Excellency\u2019s Mo. Obt. Servants,\n Adams Herbert & Co.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0011", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Anthony Charles Cazenove, 3 May 1816\nFrom: Cazenove, Anthony Charles\nTo: Madison, James\n Your very obliging favor of 1st. instt. is received, returning your acceptance of Messrs. Murdoch & Co\u2019s. dft in my favor for \u00a3157.18. Stg for which am much obliged. Relative to your offer of payment prior to maturity I would beg leave to observe that the funds are not to be used till then, & if equally agreable to you, would prefer not receiving them till that period. The act. of expences of importation & shipment to Frederickg. will be furnished you in due time.\n A vessel is just now up for Fredericksburg in which your two pipes will be shipped care of Mr. W. S. Stone after getting them cased. She was to have sailed on Sunday, but have prevailed on the owner to wait till all tuesday to receive any other articles you may be disposed to send by her. Allow me Sir to offer you my services in attending to the shipment of them & to request your disposing of them on every occasion where they may be useful to you. I remain very respectfully Sir Your most Obedt. Servt.\n Ant. Chs. Cazenove", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0012", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Jean-Baptiste Say, 4 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Say, Jean-Baptiste\n Washington May 4. 1816\n I must trust to your goodness to pardon the long delay in offering my thanks for the Treatise on Political economy, & for the kind sentiments expressed in the letter which accompanied it. I regret that notwithstanding the delay, I have not been able to steal from my occupations the time necessary to do justice to such a work by an entire and continued perusal; and that I must postpone that gratification to the approaching epoch at which I shall exchange the labors of a public for the relaxations of a private station. I can speak however of the value of your present, with the perfect confidence inspired by the uncontradicted suffrage which its great merit has procured for it. Luminous developments of the true principles of political economy are every where needed; and if more so in our young Country than in some old ones, the prejudices are young also which are to be encountered. We have an open field for free discussions, and I hope our docility will be proportioned to the advantage.\n I sincerely wish that nothing may occur to drive you from the Country of your birth and your choice, to seek an Asylum in a distant hemisphere.\nHonorable as such acquisitions may be to this Country, they ought not to be coveted on such conditions; the less so as we are aware that the partiality of its distant friends may anticipate advantages greater than it may be capable of realizing.\n Apart from such reflections, I pray you Sir to be assured of the great value I place on your esteem, and of my best wishes for your welfare, whatever may be theatre of your fortunes.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0013", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David Parish, 4 May 1816\nFrom: Parish, David\nTo: Madison, James\n Philadelphia the 4 May 1816.\n I have the honor of enclosing herewith a dispatch from the Senate of the City of Hamburg & beg leave to say that I shall have pleasure in forwarding any Communications you may have to make in reply. I am with great Regard Sir Your most obedt Serv.\n David Parish", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0014", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Perrin Willis, 4 May 1816\nFrom: Willis, Perrin\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington May 4th: 1816\n As circumstances rendered it necessary for you to appoint Mr Hagner Accountant of the War Department, I hope and trust some other vacancy will occur which you may deem proper to confer on me.\n My devotion to the interest of my Country during the many years I was in her service very much strengthens my claim to her patronage.\n I do not choose to follow the example set by most applicants, of dilating my pretensions; for if they require to be stated they are so unimportant as also to require embellishment. I have the honor to be with high consideration Your most Obt: Servt:\n Perrin Willis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0015", "content": "Title: Presidential Proclamation, 4 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas, by the act of Congress entitled \u201cAn act providing for the sale of certain lands in the state of Ohio, formerly set apart for Refugees from Canada and Nova Scotia,\u201d passed the 29th of April 1816, it is enacted, that such part of the said lands as have not been located, shall be attached to, and make a part of the land district of Chillicothe, and be offered for sale, to the highest bidder, at Chillicothe, on such day as shall, by the proclamation of the President of the U. States, be designated for that purpose:\n Wherefore, I James Madison, President of the United States, in conformity with the act of Congress before recited, do hereby declare and make known, that sales shall be held on the first Monday in August next, and the five next succeeding days, at Chillicothe, in the state of Ohio, for the disposal of the said lands agreeably to the said act of Congress.\n Given under my hand the fourth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and sixteen.\n James Madison.By the President,\n Josiah Meigs,Commissioner of the General Land Office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0017", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Francis Corbin, 5 May 1816\nFrom: Corbin, Francis\nTo: Madison, James\n The Reeds. Wh: Ch: Po: Off: C.C. Virginia.May 5th. 1816\n Some days ago I requested my friends Genl. Mason, Mr. R.B. Lee, and Col: Tayloe to wait upon you with my respects, and to acquaint you that I would act as a Commissioner of the Subscriptions to the Bk. of the U.S. in Richmond, on the first of July next, if you thought proper to appoint me. To those gentlemen I suggested some Reasons for thinking that you could not make an appointment that would be more satisfactory to the Country People.\n The compensation which the Law proposes is no object. But it is an object with me, and will be beneficial to the Bank, so far as $25000 or $20000 extend, to convert my Stock in the British Funds into the Stock of this Bank.\n It is possible too that thro\u2019 the Door of this Institution I may be enabled to make my Escape from Slavery, a great point, at which I have been laboring all my life.\n But\u2014whether I succeed or not in either of these views\u2014for delicacy may, perhaps, defeat both, I still think that by consulting the Interests of our honest Country people, in preference to those of Town Speculators, Town Stock Jobbers, and Town Monopolizers, I shall render some service to the public and not discredit your Selection.\n Be pleased to present my very respectful compliments to Mrs. Madison, and permit me to subscribe myself, as usual, Dear Sir, with very Sincere Regard, Your much Obliged & mo: faithful Hle. St.\n Francis Corbin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0018", "content": "Title: Robert Howard to Alexander J. Dallas, 7 May 1816\nFrom: Howard, Robert\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of a Commission from the President of the United States, forwarded from your department, appointing James Horlbeck, James Carson and myself, Commissioners for receiving subscriptions to the National Bank in the City of Charleston. Mr. Horlbeck and myself accept of the appointment, but the precarious state of Mr. Carson\u2019s health requires his absence from the State. He therefore resigns, and will address you on the subject.\n In the filling up of the Commission an error it would seem occurred in the Christian name of Mr. Horlbeck. It should have been John instead of James, as we have no gentleman of the latter name in the State.\n Mr. Horlbeck with myself will attend immediately to the procuring of such Books & Blanks as may be necessary agreeable to the directions forwarded. With great respect, I am, sir, Your most obedt: servt:\n Rob Howard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0019", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Jeremy Bentham, 8 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Bentham, Jeremy\n I have a greater debt of apology, I fear, than I can easily discharge, for having so long omitted to answer your letter of 1811. I flatter myself however that you will not do me the injustice to beleive that the failure has proceeded from any insensibility to the importance of its contents, or to the generous motives which dictated it; and as little from a want of respect for the very distinguished character you have established with the world by the inestimable gifts which your pen has made to it.\n It happened that your letter was received in the midst of occupations incident to preparations for an anticipated war, which was in fact the result of the anxious crisis. During the period of hostilities, which apparently became more and more uncertain in their duration, there could not be leisure, if there were no impropriety, in opening a correspondence. On the removal of these difficulties, by the happy event of peace, your letter was among the early objects of my recollection: But a variety of circumstances, which it would be tedious to explain, deprived me of an opportunity of bestowing the proper attention on it, until the recent busy Session of Congress became a further obstacle which has just ceased with the adjourment [sic] of that body.\n On perusing your letter, I see much to admire in the comprehensive and profound views taken of its subject; as I do every thing to applaud, in the disinterested and beneficent offer which it makes to the United States; and it is with the feelings naturally flowing from these considerations, that I find myself constrained to decide, that a compliance with your proposals would not be within the Scope of my proper functions.\n That a digest of our laws on sound principles, with a purgation and reduction to a text, of the unwritten part of them, would be an invaluable improvement, cannot be questioned; and I cheerfully accede to the opinion of Mr Brougham, that the task could be undertaken by no hand in Europe so capable as yours. The only room for doubt would be, as to its practability, notwithstanding your peculiar advantages for it, within a space and a time such as appear to have been contemplated.\n With respect to the unwritten law, it may not be improper to observe, that the extent of it has been not a little abridged, in this country, by successive events. A certain portion of it was dropped by our emigrant forefathers as contrary to their principles, or inapplicable to their new situation. The Colonial Statutes, had a further effect in amending and diminishing the mass. The revolution from Colonies to Independant States, lopped off other portions. And the changes which have been constantly going on Since this last event, have every where made and are daily making, further reductions.\n To these remarks I may be permitted to add, that with the best plan for converting the common law into a written law, the evil can not be more than partially cured; the complex technical terms to be employed in the text, necessarily requiring a resort for definition and explanation, to the Volumes containing that description of law.\n These views of the subject, nevertheless, should they have the validity attached to them, still leave sufficient inducements for such a reform in our code, as had employed your thoughts. And altho\u2019 we cannot avail ourselves of them in the mode best in itself, I do not overlook the prospect that the fruits of your labors, may, in some other, not be lost to us; flattering myself that my silence will have no wise diverted or suspended them, as far as the United States may have a particular interest in them. It will be a further gratification if it should experience from your goodness, the pardon which I have ventured to ask. Whatever may be the result, I pray You, Sir, to be assured of my distinguished esteem for your Character, and of the due sense I entertain of your Solicitude for the Welfare of my Country.\n James Madison\n P.S. Be pleased to accept my thanks for the valuable collection of your works which accompanied your letter. I have directed a copy of Blodgets Tables and of Hamiltons works to be procured & forwarded to you, & will\nendeavour at some further return for your favor, to have added to them a few other publications.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0021", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Domenico A. Azuni, 8 May 1816\nFrom: Azuni, Domenico A.\nTo: Madison, James\n Monseigneur\n J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019adresser \u00e0 Votre Excellence trois \u00e9xemplaires de l\u2019ouvrage, que je viens de publier sur la Piraterie, et sur les moyens propres \u00e0 l\u2019extirpation des Pirates Barbaresques.\n Je prie V.E. d\u2019agr\u00e9er l\u2019un de ces \u00e9xemplaires pour elle, et de pr\u00e9senter les deux autres aux deux Chambres des Etats-Unis qu\u2019elle pr\u00e9side si dignement.\n Je serai bien flatt\u00e9 si mon travail peut m\u00e9riter votre approbation, et celle du Gouvernement; Ce serait la plus noble recompense que je puisse en \u00e9sperer. Monseigneur De Votre Excellence Le tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s Obeissant Serviteur\n CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n Has the honor to send JM three copies of a work Azuni has just published on piracy, and on the proper means for the extirpation of the Barbary pirates. Asks JM to accept one of the copies for himself, and to present the others to the two Chambers of the United States, over which JM presides in such a worthy manner. Should be very much gratified if his work earns JM\u2019s approval and that of the government; it would be the noblest reward Azuni could hope for.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0022", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Coxe, 8 May 1816\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\n Philadelphia May 8th. 1816\n I am informed by my friend & neighbour Mr. Du Ponceau, that he has received a letter from our Consul Mr. Lee, at Bordeaux, from which he understands, that Mr. Lee is about to leave his residence & station there. The causes and circumstances are apparently political connected with the opinions, feelings and prejudices, which have grown out of the period between the arrival of the late Emperor from Elba, and his retiring from France. I do not know, that I have heard of any specific ground of censure. Much less do I remember to have heard, that any such possible censure had been or could be substantiated; but I learn that Mr Lee has sent away some of his domestics & means to withdraw from his place of residence & public station.\n The purpose for which I have the honor to address you on this subject is the vacancy that may arise in the office of Consul at Bordeaux. My second Son Mr. Alexr. Sidney Coxe is desirous that I should respectfully submit his name to your consideration. He has been educated with great care and success in his academical & colleg[i]ate studies, went through a full & regular course of the study of the law with William Lewis Esqr who is a warm friend & supporter, and has been in the practice about five years, being nearly twenty six years of age. He has always partaken in the instruction & reading, which this city affords in our commercial & general political economy, and is strong upon those subjects, for a man not actually pra[c]tical. He is well acquainted with the French Language, and quite at ease in writing and speaking it. His principles are intelligently and decidedly constitutional. He served in the Campaign of 1814 as a Lieutenant & Adjutant of one of our volunteer batallions and has now a Majority in one of the Regiments of our city militia. He was run by our friends in the Councils of the city in the year 1814. His moral character is liberal and sound, and if it should be deemed proper to commit the office to him, he will be able to file in the department of state clear and strong testimonials to that effect.\n I respectfully congratulate you, Sir, upon the dissipation of the prejudices and clouds, which a singular combination of circumstances had created & suspended over our country, in the eventful year 1814. The generous dispositions towards the United states, which distinguish Russia, the good humor towards us apparent in the King of France, the absence of all symptoms of ill will in the rest of the principal cabinets of Europe, the right understandings of the principles of action & conduct of our government the lessons which the European powers have given to each other since the fall of Napn. and the aversion of the nations of Europe to the continued expences of useless armaments and unnecessary wars have assured our\ntranquility from without. It delights me always to remember the great and unceasing part you have successfully taken in the reform of our ancient & the settlement of our present empire from your first entry on the national theatre in the Autumn of 1779. to this hour of public virtue, liberty & independence.\n My elder son James Sidney Coxe, on whom you conferred the office of a midshipman is now in the best course of his profession, after an escape, almost miraculous from the explosion of the gun in the Guerriere, by which 45 or 50 men were wounded or killed. Commodore Decatur gave him up as lost, such were the number & severity of his wounds, and the shock even to his mind & Senses. I have been much gratified at the testimonies of his fortitude under his wounds and necessary surgical treatment which Commr. Decatur has borne. The young animal has risen above the injuries of the explosion and his youthful mind is devoted to the honor and energy of the Service. My younger son being seriously affected in his health, and having his hopes damped by peace, was induced by me to withdraw from the Navy, in which he could not have survived a year. The goodness you were pleased to shew to my family on the occasion leads me to report the issue thus briefly to you. I have the honor to remain unalterably Sir, your most respectful and most obedient Servant,\n Tench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0023", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Stevens, [ca. 9\u201323 May 1816]\nFrom: Stevens, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Humbly Sheweth, William Stevens of Ba[r]nstable in the county of Ba[r]nstable, and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Mariner, that he is now confined in prison, in the common goal of said county, on an\nexecution of the suit of the United States for the sum of eight thousand four hundred dollars, together with upwards of one hundred dollars costs, that being utterly destitute of property, and depending solely upon his personal labor for the support of himself & family, it is wholly out of his power to pay these sums or any part thereof. He further represents, that this judgment was rendered against him for penalties on alledged violations of the laws of the United States, whereupon he saith, that he was employed in the coasting business and lives near a small harbor called Oyster Island harbor, that one William Basset, who formerly lived in the same vicinity, but who had been absent many years, arrived in said harbor as master of a schooner partly laden with sugars, calling the said vessel and cargo his own property, that your petitioner was wholly unacquainted with the bad character of said Basset, who, it afterwards appeared, was extremely infamous and had piratically obtained said vessel and cargo in the West Indies; that your petitioner, solely from friendly motives, assisted said Basset in landing said property, without being at all conscious of the criminality of his own conduct in rendering such assistance. He further states that suits were instituted by William Otis Esq. Collector for the port of Barnstable against your petitioner and a great many other persons, for very heavy penalties; that said Otis called on him for information and he thereupon freely and truly disclosed to said Otis all the circumstances of said transaction within his Knowledge, and being afterwards called as a witness in behalf of the Government, on the trial of said causes, he freely and truly gave his testimony therein; that your petitioner received strong and explicit assurances from Mr. Otis that the suit against him should be withdrawn, that being wholly unacquainted with the forms of proceeding and relying upon the word of Mr. Otis, he did not employ any counsel to defend said suit against him, or to apply in legal form to the Secretary of the Treasury for a remission; still as he had received such assurances from the collector, and as several years had elapsed since the prosecution, he presumed that the proceedings again[s]t him had been withdrawn by the prosecutor, untill a few days since, when he was suddenly arrested on said execution. He is now advised that the only means of relief from perpetual and hopeless imprisonment, are to be sought in the power and mercy of the Executive. Your petitioner does frankly and truly declare that ever since he has been sensible of the criminality of the transaction, into which he was most unfortunately led by said Basset, he has never ceased to lament his participation in that Affair, and he humbly trusts, that his future integrity and good Conduct will evince the sincerity of his repentance. He further states that he has a wife and several young children dependent upon him, who by this severe calamity are plunged into a state of extreme distress. Wherefore he doth most earnestly pray, that the power of the Executive may be mercifully interposed in his behalf, that the\nfurther penal consequences of his offence may be pardoned, that he may be restored to liberty, and once more placed in a situation, where by hard labor and honest industry he can procure a subsistence for himself, and provide for the wants of his distressed and helpless family.\n William Stevens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0024", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Walk-in-the-Water, [9 May 1816]\nFrom: Walk-in-the-Water\nTo: Madison, James\n We have been consulting upon what you have mentiond to us with respect to our annuities being paid to us at Picqua and we are Sorry to hear it. Genl Wayne told us they should always be paid here and we have always received them here. The great Council fire of our Nation is here. We are Sorry to hear that our Annuities are to travel a New path. We Wish the[y] would come the old path. We are Certain this is the Wish of all our Brethren the Wyandotts. When we Sold our lands at Swan Creek we were told our annuities should be here and we hope Father you will always pay them where you told us you would.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0025", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Quincy Adams, 10 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n private\n I have been favored with two letters from you, which, having come to hand during a most busy season, have remained to this date unacknowledged.\n The first, of Sepr. 27. 1815. was brought by the person to whom it referred as the medium of a communication to this Government relating to the Ships of war at Venice. Altho the description and price of such an addition to our naval force, and the effects which might result from it, invited a favorable attention to the communication, there were objections to the purchase in the view of our naval councils, which gave a preference to the employment of our internal means of multiplying our public ships. It may be proper to add, that if a different decision had taken place, there would have been strong objections to the individual whose instrumentality presented itself.\n The Second letter, of December 24. accompanied the little pamp[h]let by Mr. de Liagno. I have read it with pleasure, as a favorable specimen of the talents of the Author; and if you should have any further communication with him, you will oblige me by making my acknowledgements for his polite attention. But notwithstanding his intellectual acquirements and the faculties of his pen, seconded as they appear to be by principles and dispositions friendly to the United States, I think you have done him a very kind service in dissuading him from transferring his fortunes to this side of the Atlantic. The literary arms and tactics of a champion against Chateaubriand, are better adapted to the Theatre of Europe than to that of the United States; so far at least as they are the resource for a livelyhood.\n You will receive from the Secretary of State the Communications relating to the topics in discussion with the British Government. Being sincerely desirous of maintaining peace and friendship between the two countries, we wish every fair experiment to be made for guarding against causes which may interrupt them. On questions, such as Impressments and Blockades on which we consider ourselves as standing on the ground of right and of public law, & consequently connect a defence of them with our honor and independance, collisions must be unavoidable in the event of wars in Europe, unless amicable adjustments precede them, or Great Britain should be more yeilding than we are authorized to expect. It is much to be desired also that on questions not of right, but of prudence and reciprocity, as a discontinuance of armaments on the lakes, and the commerce with the West Indies, an understanding or stipulations satisfactory to both parties, should not be delayed. You will learn that with respect to the lakes Congress\ndeclined to make appropriations for keeping pace with British armaments on them. But it is not to be inferred that if these should be actually carried on, they will not lead, at another Session, to a different policy. The effect of a display of British Superiority on the upper lakes, on the spirit of the Savages will be decisive. In this view only the question of naval superiority in that quarter is important to the U.S. whilst it is not so to Canada which has no apprehensions from Savage inroads. In any other view the extension of British armaments on the Lakes would have nothing in them to be dreaded. In time of peace they are harmless and in the event of a future war, the object of the U.S. would be to take the Lakes themselves, to which the inducement would be strengthened by so rich a prize on them. This was the first object in the late war, and wd. have Succeeded in any hands but those of Genl Hull. On future occasions, should they unfortunately not be precluded, the U:S: will have greater comparative means, with an application of them enlightened by experience. As to the commerce with the West Indies, there can be but one Sentiment. What passed on that Subject in Congress is a proof that if intermediate negociation be not successful, it will be taken up at the next session, with a determination to put an end to the existing inequality. If Great Britain will not admit American vessels into the West India ports, American ports will be shut against British vessels coming from those ports. The consequence must be either that the intercourse will cease, which tho\u2019 disadvantageous to the United States will be not less so to Great Britain: or that neutral ports will be interposed, which will furnish a greater proportion of the navigation employed, to the American than to the British tonnage. The present monopoly will be the less submitted to, as it is found to destroy the equality which was the object of the commercial convention in the branches of trade embraced by it. Be pleased to accept Sir assurances of my great esteem and my best wishes.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0027", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Wilson Cary Nicholas, 10 May 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Madison, James\n Nothing could induce me to give you so much trouble, but, a belief that your desire to serve our Country will cause you to pardon it. An act of the last Assembly directs an accurate Map of the State to be made, from actual surveys. I am anxious to have it well done and as economically as possible. With these views, I should be very glad to avail myself of any surveys made or to be made by the United States under the authority given some time before the war to survey the sea coast, the Bays and harbors of the United States. I am informed compleat instruments were imported (such as cannot be obtained in America) and that a Mr. Hassler was engaged to come to America, to make these surveys. Will you do me the favor to inform me whether such a survey of our Coast, Bay and harbors has been made, and if it has not yet been executed, when it probably will be? If it is not done or to be done under the authority of the United States, whether it would be possible to procure the services of Mr. Hassler with the use of the instruments belonging to the United States, until they may be wanted by the General Government. I have supposed it probable if such a survey is made for the United States it will include the potomac as high as the\nNavy yard at Washington, James River to Norfolk and York River to York-Town. I have the honor to be, With the greatest respect, Sir, Your humble servant.\n W. C. Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0028", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Pinkney, 10 May 1816\nFrom: Pinkney, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Baltimore. 10th May 1816.\n It has been mentioned to me as probable that the Gentleman who now holds the office of Marshall for the District of Columbia will on account of the State of his Health resign it, and that my Friend Mr. Tench Ringgold would in that Event wish to fill it. If this should be so I beg your Permission to second Mr. Ringgold\u2019s wishes by an earnest recommendation of him. He has indeed the Honour of being so well known to you that it seems to be quite unnecessary that I should trouble you on the occasion; but you will I am sure excuse me if, induced by my Friendship for Mr. Ringgold; founded on much personal Knowledge of his Worth, I venture to assure you that he is in every Respect, in my sincere opinion, qualified for the office above mentioned, and that his appointment to it would give general Satisfaction. I have the Honour to be with the highest Respect and Attachment Sir. your most obedient Humble Servant\n Wm. Pinkney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0029", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Simmons, 10 May 1816\nFrom: Simmons, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington May 10th. 1816\n I take the liberty to enclose to you a Report of the Committee to enquire into the Settlement of the accounts of James Thomas Qr. Mr. General on the Niagara frontier; and as the Committee have given it as their opinion that the settlement made with him, after I was out of Office, is objectionable, erronious, fraudilent and the principle distructive of all accountablility [sic]; and have recommended a postponment of the Case to the next session of Congress, when I shall again be called upon for a more mature examination into this extraordinary settlement made by the present accounting Officers of the government.\n This not being the only case of abuse against the public, which I complaind of, previous to my removal from Office; and as James Thomas\u2019s conduct implicating him was made known at the time it was discovoured to all the Heads of Departments, and Mr Monroe, who acted at the time as Secy of War, repeatedly promised that he (Thomas) should be dismissed the service, and observed to me more than once, that you were so well assured of the facts, that you would have him stricken from the list of Officers, this was not done, but Thomas was allowed to enjoy all the pay & emoluments of a Quarter Mr. General from the time he was implicated in the fraud until the army was disbanded, without doing any duty; and finally was allowed to retire as a disbanded Officer, and that altho he still ow[e]s a considerable balance after the extr[a]ordinary settlement of his Cash account, and no part of his Store account ever settled with Mr. Cutts, he has lately been furnished with an important Contract for the Northern part of the State of New York, where it is alledged that his predecessor has accumulated property during the short period he was Contractor, to the amount of from four to five hundred thousand dollars; these accounts of Mr. Elbert Anderson I also reported to Congress, stating the objections to a correct settlement of them. They however after my removal from Office, have been Settled by Mr. Lear in March 1815, and they being connected with Colo. Thomas\u2019s accounts, I have had them called for, and have had recourse to them, and find, that the settlement, and allowances to him, are also of an extraordinary nature, as will appear from the face of the general statement to be such as never allowed to any other Contractor, and could in my opinion not be justified by the Contract, or upon any usage or correct principle of allowance, but has been credited for several hundred thousand dollars more than he could be justly entitled to, thereby enableing the Contractor to accumulate the great amount he has to the injury of the public, and to the estonishment of many persons in New York, who will after they see the statement I will prepare, will then be able to judge, in what manner,\nmany large fortunes have lately been made by persons connected with the war Department, and the public will judge if its proper that Colo. Thomas should under all circumstances enjoy the Contract he now does, and his receiving the large advances at this time made to him.\n I hope I shall be excused for exposing the facts, which my long Services as a public officer enables me to do. I am very respectfully Sir your Most Obt Servt.\n Wm Simmons", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0032", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Eustis, 12 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Eustis, William\n private\n I duly recd. your two favors of Aug. 10. & Decr. 9th. 1815. but during so busy a season, that I have been obliged to postpone the acknowlegement of them, to the present date.\n The picture you give of the Dutch humiliation as exemplified in the tone of the Baron de Nagel, on the violation of the local sovereignty in the case of the seaman impressed, exceeds what I could have inferred from the relations of the New Kingdom to its powerful neighbour. It is not politic in the latter to exact such sacrifices. The feeling that makes them, will shew itself in a very different character, the moment any change of circumstances shall give a free play to human nature. The connection with Russia, may hasten the transformation. I observe that a deaf ear is turned to your cogent reasoning in support of the just demands of indemnity. In recognizing the principle, that a nation is bound by its established Govt. it is impossible to resist the inference in our favor, because the Govt. during the absence of the Prince of Orange, was in the relations of an established Govt. or a Govt. defacto, to the other Govts. of Europe; and the U.S. considering it in the same light could not refuse the ordinary intercourse between two friendly nations. A Paternal sovereign ought not to wish the benefits of such an intercourse to be witheld from a people beloved by him. The Allies in the very act of restoring Lewis to the throne of France have compelled him or rather the nation to indemnify the sufferers from the spoliations of Napoleon whilst he was de facto at the head of the French people. You will learn from the Secretary of State, that efforts will be made to obtain every where the indemnities due by the present for the wrongs of preceding Govts. Mr. Pinkney who is just departing as Minister to Russia, will take Naples in his way with a view to that object. And Mr. Gallatin who will embark in a few days, will press our demands at Paris.\n The complexion of Europe as recently presented to us seems to justify your view of its prospects. The peace of Paris has left feelings in various quarters and of various kinds, which are not auspicious to its duration. A military establishment in G.B. of 150,000 men; in Russia of half a million or more, and the indications of jealousy & ambition among other powers, with the combustible materials in France, prepare the mind for new agitations. It is understood also that whilst the Governments are forming their projects in relation to each other, the people all over Europe, have caught a spirit and acquired a knowlege that presage events of another, and it is to be hoped, of a better kind. Of all these matters however your position gives you better opportunities for judging.\n With respect to our Own Country, we are threatened with no immediate collisions, unless one should grow out of the questions with Spain, which we are taking measures to bring if practicable to an amicable termination. In our internal affairs, our difficulties arise from the state in which our finances were left by the war. The measures provided for by Congs. will I hope alleviate, and with the aid of time gradually remove them. The principal of these measures are the establishment of a Natl: Bank, and a continuance of a large portion of the war taxes. You will see also that a\nvery important provision has been made for fostering our manufactures. This will have the double effect of enlarging our revenue for a time; and by lessening our future importations aid in rescuing our Commerce from that unfavorable balance which embarrasses all our monied Institutions and financial operations.\n You will gather from the newspapers sent you the progress & complexions of the Elections General & local. Notwithstanding the pressures of the war, and those on the heels of it, the nation seems determined to lose nothing of the character it has gained. You will have noticed the new symptom disclosed in the Eastern quarter, by the motion & proceedings in Congs. relating to the British monopoly of the navigation between the U.S & the B. Colonies. It is evident that the monopoly will be met at the next session by countervailing regulations, unless they be prevented by intermediate negociation: and that they will be urged most by those who heretofore have so systematically combated them. If such be the effect of this partial loss by the shipping interest, what would have been the feelings if a total loss had not been prevented by the commercial Convention wth. G.B. which abolished the inequality under which that interest was placed by Mr. Jays Treaty or rather by the countervailing regulations as they were called, which were engrafted on it by G.B.\n Mr. Dallas will leave his Dept. in the fall. I shall delay as much as possible providing for the vacancy; with the greater propriety, as th\u27e8e\u27e9 step ought to consult not merely my expiring relation to the Executive trust.\n We have had a season, without example deficient both in warmth and in rain. To the present date we have had but a few warm days. And till a few days ago, there has been a continued & general drouth for several months. The farmers in many places, are plowing up their Wheat fields, & planting Indian Corn; and the latter crop is more unthrifty than was ever known at this season. Every crop indeed is remarkably unpromising. Present my respectful regards to Mrs. Eustis, and accept with my great esteem, assurances of my best wishes.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0033", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 12 May 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n As my letters to Mr Pinkney & Mr Gallatin are essentially concluded, and little is to add to that to Mr Russell I have thought that a trip to Loudoun to return on tuesday, will be no embarrassment to public concerns, and some advantage to my self.\n You will, I understood, from Mr Todd, yesterday, not leave town till the last of the week. Mr Dallas leaves it on wednesday.\n I saw him last night. He is perfectly well disposed, and has not, I presume, any mistaken view respecting his late Clerk. I am to see him again before he goes to Phila.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0035", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Carswell, 13 May 1816\nFrom: Carswell, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n Philadelphia 13th. May 1816\n Mr. Joseph Ray a Citizen of this City is desirous of obtaining the appointment of Consul at Pernambuco. I have on enquiry found him a Man of good character & I trust will discharge that duty with honor & integrity to the United States, should you think proper to give him the preference. With sentiments of high esteem I am Your obt. Hble Servt.\n Saml Carswell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0036", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Theodore Anderson, 14 May 1816\nFrom: Anderson, Theodore\nTo: Madison, James\n Navy Yard New York May 14. 1816\n Having been in the navy Yard at New York as Clerk to the naval Store-Keeper there from the 1st. of January 1815 and being on the Purser\u2019s Books at the Small Sum of $400 per Annum I have taken the liberty (though perhaps incorrectly) \u27e8o\u27e9f writing to you, to Request that you would have the Goodness to allow a Small addition to that \u27e8w\u27e9hich I now get; if it were but $200 more it would be sufficient. It is but a Small sum Sir to the U. States but to me would be very considerable. You can certainly form some opinion from my taking the liberty of writing to you h\u27e8o\u27e9w very cramped my means of Support must be. Thrown upon the wide world without freinds to advance me I have been thus induced to address you. Perhaps I have acted incorrectly Sir, if so\u2014Please make me allowance for my ignorance as it regards the Etequette to be observed. I now close by Simply informing you that I am the Son of Coln. Alexr. Anderson who had the Honour of being accqua\u27e8in\u27e9ted with you Sir before you arose to that Exalted Station which you now occupy. With Sincere Respect Sir I am your very Obt. & Hum. Servant.\n Theodore Anderson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0037", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Martin Baker, 15 May 1816\nFrom: Baker, John Martin\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the Honor with due Respect to address your Excellency: and take the liberty to remit you, per the American Brig, General Ward, to the care of D: Gelston, Esquire, New-york, a Case of Barsac white wine, growth of the Estate, called Darancour. It is genuine, and ten years old: I have seen it drawn and bottled in my presence, while there. I hope it may meet your approbation. I beg leave to State to your Excellency, that I leave this tomorrow for Montpellier, where my family reside at present, owing to Mrs. Baker\u2019s, late ill health: from thence, I proceed to my consular station, where, praying for your commands, I have the Honor to Be, with the highest Respect and Gratitude, Your Excellency\u2019s, most obedient, faithful, Humble Servant.\n John Martin Baker.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0040", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 16 May 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\n Navy Department, May 16. 1816.\n I have the honour to enclose to you herewith, the Kingston Gazette of the 4th: instant; also an Extract from a letter received by to-day\u2019s mail, from Captain Woolsey, the Commanding Naval Officer at Sackett\u2019s\nHarbour. I have the honour to be, with the highest respect, Sir, Your most Obedt: Servt.\n B W. Crowninshield.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0041", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 17 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\n I have duly received your letter of May 10. It is true as you have understood, that Mr. Hassler is ingaged [sic], under an Act of Congress, to make a survey of the Coasts &c of the U.S. and that he procured for the purpose instruments of peculiar excellence. But the survey is not yet commenced, and it is not probable that it will be extended to Virginia during the ensuing summer. You will infer, of course, that neither Mr. Hassler nor the Instruments can be spared for any other service.\n A survey of the Potowmac for any distance above its mouth is not likely to fall within the general survey provided for. Particular surveys of York river at least as far as York Town, and of Hampton Roads, have been made under the direction of the Navy Board, by Capt: Sinclair. A copy of his report can at any time be had; and you will be able to avail yourself of any other surveys made under the same direction. Accept Sir my esteem & friendly respects\n James Madison\n Isaac Briggs now of the State of Delaware is known to be skilful in every requisite for the most accurate charts. He may perhaps become an auxiliary to Mr. Hassler. If he should not he may claim your attention in selecting an able hand for the contemplated Map.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0042", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Francis Corbin, 17 May 1816\nFrom: Corbin, Francis\nTo: Madison, James\n The Reeds. Wh: Ch: Po: Off: VirginiaMay 17th. 1816\n I see, by the National Intelligencer, for I have received, as yet, no official information of it, that you have been pleased to gratify my whim. This act of kindness is not lost upon me. In whatever light I place it, either as the result of personal Esteem, or of a politic regard to the Country Interest, or of both combined, I view it with Eyes of equal sensibility & pleasure. The circumstances under which the favor was conferred, as represented to me by my friends in Washington, renders it highly flattering and doubly grateful. I can only return you my simple, but very sincere thanks. For when the Heart feels, it often happens that the Tongue is tied.\n Whether I shall be able to succeed in either of my views is uncertain. Specie it seems is not to be had, and is already in Richmond at twenty pr.ct. above par. Bills of exchange on London I should suppose would be equal to Specie in the Hands of the Bank. These too have advanced to 10 and 12 pr.ct. above par, but can only be paid for in Bank Notes\u2014which, on the present occasion, are useless.\n Be pleased, Sir, to present my profound respects to Mrs. Madison, and to permit me to subscribe myself with continued and increasing Respect and Sincere Esteem, Your much obliged and mo: faithful Hle. Servt.\n Francis Corbin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0045", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James B. Church, 18 May 1816\nFrom: Church, James B.\nTo: Madison, James\n American Consulate Cork 18 May 1816\n Having remained to this Time without the Honour \u27e8of\u27e9 receiving any Communication from your Excellency\u2019s Government, I feel it encumbent on me to state to your Excellency the Degree of Libertinism, Desertion & remarkable \u27e8ill?\u27e9ness I observe (of late) at this port amongst the Seamen of the United States, the result of which propensity has caused within a short Time a multitude of quite unusual (& many of them ungrounded) Applications to me for Relief \u27e8fro\u27e9m such Sailors\u2014and I have found it necessary (from having detected many \u27e8a\u27e9ttempts to deceive me) to adopt more than ordinary Vigilance to discover \u27e8im\u27e9postors & to discriminate between the worthy & unworthy. But, altho\u2019 t\u27e8he\u27e9 latter I regret to say have hitherto proved nearly as numerous as the former, my advances to relieve cases appearing to merit my attention \u27e8h\u27e9ave been very heavy.\n During the last twenty Years, t\u27e8he\u27e9 Fear of being impressed into the English naval Service, I must observe, \u27e8w\u27e9as a great Check on American\nSeamen to prevent them leaving their \u27e8na\u27e9tive Shipping, & from indulging in vicious practices on Shore, \u27e8bu\u27e9t now that the System of Impressment has entirely ceased, with the \u27e8ge\u27e9neral peace of Europe, that Apprehension on the part of foreign Sailors \u27e8(imp\u27e9ressment) no longer exists, & I attribute to the Security with which \u27e8in\u27e9 this Respect the American Seamen can wander about, & idle, t\u27e8he\u27e9 present unfavourable Conduct it becomes my Duty to report in \u27e8re\u27e9gard to them.\n I wish very much to have the Honour of hearing from your Excellency on this & other Important Matters relative to which I heretofore took the Liberty of addressing you, & with the highest respect I have the Honour to remain Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedt. Servant\n James: B: Church", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0046", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Nicholas, 20 May 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, John\nTo: Madison, James\n I was honored with your letter of the 6th. instant by the last mail and feel myself called on by my personal regard to you and my attachment to the government to call your attention to a possible a\u27e8pplicant for\u27e9 the office of post master at Albany, in w\u27e8hich?\u27e9 I think the character of the government deeply involved.\n It has been reported by several of the representatives from this state since their return that Solomon Southwick would be appointed and one has said I understand that he heard from Mr. Meigs that the appointmt. was no longer with him but was in the hands of higher authority, meaning yours, and that you were for S.S. I confess I gave no credit to this information, \u2019till I recd. your letter which has made me suppose that it is possible you have been deceived by people in this State who dare not be known as his supporters but recommend him to you with an \u27e8inten\u27e9tion of puting all the odium on you.\n I am assured that this man\u2019s pretensions have been so little countenanced in the last winter at Albany, that there was no idea that he was even a candidate, but I know the character of the people of the state so well that I can readily comprehend the whole procedure\u2014it is to give you some idea of it that I now write.\n The active politicians of this [\u2026] been made by Clinton & [\u2026] \u27e8w\u27e9as their great favorite. He is bold in his character and sticks at nothing to serve\nhis friends who are of a character to depend wholly on him. It was said many years ago by one of his newspapers that he was never known to desert a friend. The public councils are still filled with his friends but they have been obliged to withdraw from him by public opinion. Southwick stands in the same relation to them that his master does and altho\u2019 sunk much lower in character has their attachment still and is considered of great importance to the revival of the party. This will open to you a full view of the means of \u27e8obtaining\u27e9 recommendations which would [\u2026] \u27e8resp\u27e9onsibility on the signers\u2014for Secret friends in pretended opponents having access to the whole republican party and operating on their recollection of past union & their compassion for present poverty and asking only what will cost them nothing.\n From the cessation of all hostilities and other symptoms I should not be surprized that the great men here who have been so much his enemies have been appeased and have consented to bring this disgrace on the govt. I suppose you are apprized that they really have no objection to this effect being produced and that there are few great men in this state who wd. be unwilling that it should be believed that [\u2026] S. out of attachment [\u2026] continuance of Virga. power.\n I have no great opinion of the political integrity of the state, but I do not doubt such an appointment will be received with astonishment throughout. This man was taken up by the trading part of the federalists for services rendered in opposition to the govt. in time of the war and would have been brought into the state govt. but for the pride of some leaders who recollected his former offences. His price was fixed and that paid he was gone forever, but on it\u2019s failure he made the best of his way back and is now making the most of his old friends.\n I know that I am runing the risque of incuring your suspicion of being excited by my wishes in behalf of another. I believe you will find reason to believe me when I assure you that I am disposed to feel \u27e8con\u27e9tempt for office hunters and men that are w\u27e8i\u27e9lling to throw themselves on the caprices of any government for a living and that the great anxiety I feel in this case is for the comfort of a very venerable old patriot which will be procured by confirming the office in the hands of a virtuous son\u2014but my concern for them is entirely swallowed up by the apprehension of bringing so great reproach on your administration and I beg, if it is determined that the present incumbent shall not hold it that some third man may be taken. I am sincerely & mo. respectfuly yr. friend & servt.\n John Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0047", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Russell, 21 May 1816\nFrom: Russell, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\n Stockholm 21st May 1816\n Mr. Reuben G. Beasley having reason to believe that the consulate at Bordeaux will soon become vacant, has determined to repair to the United States, in order to apply, in person, for the appointment to that trust.\n I am not ignorant of the many charges which have, openly and secretly, been circulated to his disadvantage, but I need not say that could I for a \u27e8moment\u27e9 believe these charges to be well founded my own honor would forbid me to raise my voice in his favour. I have not, however, taking counsel only of my friendship, inconsiderately prejudged them\u2014or acquitted him without investigation. The result of this investigation, as far as I have been able to extend it, has been the unequivocal conviction that the charges which have been preferred against him are entirely unjust. Those which affect him as a public officer have originated in an ignorance of the limits of his official duties, and of the extent of the rights of those who have impatiently and unjustly complained. He has even been preposterously made responsible for events which it was impossible for him to foresee, and over which he could have no controul. The charges against him as a man and as a citizen are unfortunately to be traced to a less excusable source. Disappointed interest or wounded overweening vanity have excited against him ungenerous enemies who have sought a mean revenge by dark and covert calumnies.\n I will not detain you with details, which might tresspass too far on your time and which, besides, would involve the unpleasant necessity of becoming myself an accuser. I will confine myself therefore to assuring you of my thorough persuasion of the moral integrity of Mr. Beasley and of the purity of his intentions in the discharge of his official functions.\n The conviction that the charges brought against him are unfounded may, perhaps, have inspired me with the lively interest due to an injured man. Of this feeling, however, I cannot be ashamed, and I shall dare even to believe that, when you shall have been well acquainted with all the facts, you will at least approve if not participate in it.\n To your justice I confidently trust him, and should you find him innocent, of which I do not doubt, a consideration of his wrongs and of his misfortunes will, I am confident, coopertate [sic], with his qualifications and his services, to procure for him a favorable decision on his application for the consulate at Bordeaux.\n It is with you, Sir, that functionaries abroad delight to believe they shall always find a sanctuary from the loud abuse or the secret malignity with which they may be unjus[t]ly pursued\u2014and obtain, through the renewed evidence of your confidence, a vindication from their wrongs, if not an\nindemnity for their sufferings. I have the honour to be with the most profound respect Sir Your very faithful & Obedient Servant\n Jona Russell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0048", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Delaplaine, 23 May 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n I several weeks ago sent Mr. Wood a portrait painter of our City, to Washington, & after writing to you on the subject, requested Mr. Wood to wait on you to paint your portrait. I have not been able, altho I repeatedly wrote to Mr. Wood, to learn whether he painted your portrait or not, & I beg you will do me the honour of informing me by a single line whether you sat or not.\n I am about to send another painter, Mr. Otis of this City an excellent Artist, to Mr. Jefferson, who has kindly consented to sit for his portrait, & Mr. Otis will stop at Washington, purposely to paint your portrait as well as Mr. Munroe\u2019s; & I beg you will previously have the goodness to do me the favour to mention whether you will be in Washington about the first of June, & whether I may be honored with your portrait at that time. With the highest respect I am your obedt. & very huml st\n Joseph Delaplaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0049", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Ringgold, 23 May 1816\nFrom: Ringgold, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\n Coton near Leesburg Virginia May 23rd. 1816\n The enclosed letter from my friend Mr Pinkney, was written at a period when it had been intimated, that Mr Boyd had it in contemplation to\nresign his office, in consequence of ill health and incapacity to discharge his duties. Soon after the receipt of this letter, I was informed, Mr Boyd had no intention of resigning, and as far as it related to that office, no present advantage would result to me by transmitting the letter to you; but as the possession of some appointment has become an object of vital importance to me, in consequence of losses sustained, principally by the conflagrations of our late enemy, I beg leave to lay it before you; by its perusal, you will be able to judge of the rank which I hold in Mr Pinkneys esteem; and it will also furnish you with his opinion that should you honor me with an appointment, it will meet with approbation of the people of my native state, who knowing, that my embarrassments have been occasion\u2019d by the enemy, would be peculiarly gratified by my receiving a small portion of executive favor. I have the honor to be with the highest respect & attachment Sir your most obt sert.\n Tench Ringgold", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0050", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Wheaton, 24 May 1816\nFrom: Wheaton, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honour to enclose copy of a correspondence between myself & the Adjutant & Inspector General, in which I have reason to complain that I have been injuriously treated.\n It requires no comment from me; and the respectful confidence I feel in your justice renders it proper for me only to remark that the moment the performance of any other professional or public duties became incompatible with those of a Judge Advocate in the army, I should instantly have declined the one or the other without any official admonition. The constant & zealous support I have given the Government ought at least to have secured me from indignity, if it did not conciliate favour. But I ask nothing more than justice; and if the offices I hold are deemed incompatible with each other, that I may have a fair opportunity of electing which I will resign. I have the honour to be with the highest respect your obt servant\n Henry Wheaton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0052", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Warrell, 27 May 1816\nFrom: Warrell, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Richmond 27th May 1816\n The laudable zeal you have invariably manifested, for the honour, dignity and improvement of your native country, induces me to hope that the Museum of Virginia, about to be established in this Metropolis, will find in you a patron. I therefore take the liberty to forward to you the sub-joined proposals, conceiving should I neglect to do so, that I would be deficient in respect to yourself and attention to the establishment. I have the honour to subscribe myself Sir your Obedient Servant\n James Warrell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0053", "content": "Title: Remission of Forfeiture for the Ship Hor de Gaudiaria, 27 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas it is represented to me that a certain ship or vessel called the Hor de Gaudiaria, whereof Joseph G Stevens, was master, did some time in the year 1813 commit a breach of the Revenue laws of the UStates and information thereof having been filed in the District Court of the United States for the Georgia District, the said vessel, with her tackel apparel and Cargo, was adjudged by the said Court to be duly forfeited to the United States, which sentence was afterwards affirmed by the Circuit Court for the said District and by the Supreme Court of the UStates: And whereas it appears that the said forfeiture proceeded from the misconduct of the said Captain Stevens in smuggling some merchandize, belonging to himself, of inconsiderable value, and that the owners of the said ship and their agents were innocent of any participation in the same: Now therefore be it Known That I James Madison, President of the UStates of America, in consideration of the premises and other good causes do hereby remit the forfeiture aforesaid, so far forth as the United States are interested therein; requiring that all prosecutions and judicial proceedings for or on account thereof be forthwith stayed and discharged.\n In Testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand, at the city of Washington and caused the Seal of the UStates to be affixed to these presents this 27 May A D 1816 & of the Independence of the U S. the fortieth.\n James MadisonBy the PresidentyJas. Monroe, Secy. of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0054", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Gerrit L. Dox, 28 May 1816\nFrom: Dox, Gerrit L.\nTo: Madison, James\n Inclosed I have the honor to present for your perusal Copies of memorials (originals of which have this day been transmitted to the Post Master Genl.) from the Republican members of the Legislature of this state and the Republican and mercantile citizens of this City: advising my continuance in the office of Post Master in this place.\n The good character respectability and high standing both moral and Political which the individuals who have signed those papers bear, and which\ncannot on any account be detracted from will claim it is hoped the most earnest attention of the officers of Government.\n When I was appointed in Jany last there was an apparent conviction on the part of the Government that public sentiment was in favor of another candidate\u2014the information on which that conviction was built is not well founded. I have therefore taken the liberty to present such evidence as is presumed will put the question to rest.\n All the former candidates have declined except Mr. Southwick\u2014two of them Mr Denniston and Mr Noon have signed the enclosed recommendation\u2014so much are they averse to the appointment of Mr. S. that they do not hesitate to give up their own pretentions and use their influence for the purpose of defeating his appointment.\n In short but few men calling themselves Republicans and Americans can forget that Mr S. deserted the cause of his country and Government at a most trying period and was the first editor to paliate the atrocious and unheard of cruelties committed on Americans citizens by the band under the infamous Procter.\n For more satisfactory information as regards public feeling on this occasion I beg leave to refer you to the Post Master General for letters from distinguished Republicans of this state. I have the honor to be very respectfully your most obt. Sert.\n Gerrit L Dox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0057", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Nicholas, 30 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, John\n Having been detained longer than I expected, your favor of the 20th. found me at this place; from which however I am preparing to set out forthwith.\n I have so much confidence in the friendliness of your views, that I always feel indebted for your communications; & I understand so imperfectly the interior politics of N. Y. that I cannot be indisposed to accept your explanations of them, when it becomes a public duty to pay attention to them. I am bound however in the present case to say, that whatever may be the character or standing of Mr. S. the recommendations of him were not only in an extent, but from quarters also which it would seem you are not aware of, and that if made acquainted with the latter you would be satisfied that the object of some at least among the most respectable of them, could not be either to bring odium on the Executive, or to favor its adversaries. In truth the recommendations conveyed to the Post Master General very strong appearances that the appt. of Mr. S. would be more agreeable to the State at large, and to Albany in particular, than any one of his competitors.\n I make these remarks, without derogating from the tenor of my former letter, as due to Mr. Meigs with whom the appt. lies; and who, I am persuaded, was grossly misunderstood if he said any thing at all that could give rise to the report to which you allude. Nothing is less to be relied on\nthan statements of conversations, especially when the conversations may be meant on one side rather to parry than to explain; and the statements are made on the other, under the influence of personal or party feelings. Nor is any thing more common than for measures taken on the fairest grounds, to be perverted sometimes with a view to discredit the authors of them; sometimes to answer sinister purposes of those in whose favor they are taken. Accept &c &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0058", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Sinclair, 30 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Sinclair, John\n I did not receive the communications with which you favored me in Novr. last, untill very lately. I beg leave now to acknowlege them, and particularly to thank you for the Fac-Simile Copy of Genl. Washingtons letters.\n I am somewhat at a loss what opinion to express with respect to the long & interesting letter from him still in your hands. The mode of preserving & promulging [sic] it by multiplying fac-simile copies is very naturally suggested by the gratification felt in seeing the thoughts & words of illustrious & venerated personages, in their own handwriting. As a number of specimens of that of General Washington\u2019s however, are already provided in the letters to which that mode has been applied, and the object of perpetuation will be secured by the ordinary typographical multiplications, the expence of engraving a long letter becomes a fairer subject of calculation. Should you finally determine to disregard that consideration, & to send to the U. States, the original letter, I can not point out a better depository, in the first instance, than the office of Secretary of State, from which it may be transferred to any other deemed more suitable, either now existing or that may hereafter present itself. Should it be your pleasure also to transmit the engravings themselves of the other letters, I can not recommend a better disposition of them.\n I pray you, Sir, to be assured that I feel the just value of the interest you take in what concerns my country, and of the solicitude you manifest for the fame of a Citizen whose memory is so dear to it. I need scarcely add that I shall at all times be ready to give proofs of my respect for the offer of\ncorrespondence which is made to me. Accept, Sir, assurances of my esteem & consideration.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0059", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Wilson Cary Nicholas, 30 May 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Madison, James\n By a resolution of the General Assembly of Virginia, the President and Directors of the Literary Fund are requested to digest and report a system of public education, calculated to give effect to the appropriations made to that object by the Legislature, and to comprehend in such system the establishment of one University, and such additional Colleges, Academies and Schools, as shall diffuse the benefits of education throughout the Commonwealth, and such rules for the government of such University, Colleges, Academies and Schools, as shall produce economy in the expenditures for the establishment and maintenance, and good order and discipline in the management thereof. As President of the Board, the duty devolves on me to collect from every source the information necessary for this important object. The great cause of Literature and science is not local in its nature, but is an object of interest to the whole human species. The Commonwealth of letters embraces every region however remote. It cannot fail to excite pleasing emotions in every enlightened American, to perceive that Virginia has taken this subject under its patronage, and devoted a fund to its accomplishment, which is annually increasing. To you, Sir, I think it proper to address myself, knowing your attachment to literature, and feeling great confidence that you will not consider your valuable time mis-spent in communicating any ideas which may promote so useful an object. I can assure you they will be received with the high sense of obligation which their importance must inspire. I have the honor to be, With great respect, Sir, Your humble servant,\n Wilson Cary Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0060", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Rhea, 30 May 1816\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Sullivan Court House 30th May 1816\n By the national Intelligencer of the Elevinth instant I have observed that You have been pleased to appoint Jenkins Whitside John Rhea and James Tremble commissioners to superintend, at Nashville, subscriptions towards constituting the Capital of the Bank of the United States.\n Being about to proceed to Nashville in pursuance of the appointment You have honored me with, I request You to receive my gratefull acknowledgments for the same, and asurance that the trust You have been pleased to repose in me will be performed as far as my knowledge and abilities will enable. With fervent wishes for Your health and happiness\u2014I have the honor to be with Sincere esteem & regard your obedt. servt.\n John Rhea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0063", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 31 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\n I omitted to forward the inclosed. I know nothing of the writer but from the letter itself; and send it merely that you may have an oppy. of judging whether it be worth your further enquiry thro\u2019 Mr. Adams. Accept my best respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0064", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Richard Rush, [31 May 1816]\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: \n I am of opinion the seventh additional article of the constitution, which provides that \u201cno person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury,\nexcept in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or publick danger,\u201d does not exclude the jurisdiction of courts martial over military offences of a capital nature, committed by a soldier belonging to the regular army, in time of peace.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0065", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joe Butler, [June 1816]\nFrom: Butler, Joe\nTo: Madison, James\n The petition of Joe Butler, humbly represents; That your petitioner, was, during the last Session of the Circuit Court for the County of Washington in the District of Columbia, convicted of Theft, Was ordered by the Court to receive 39 Stripes, to pay a fine of 10. dollars, and to remain in Jail until the fine and costs were paid. The Corporal punishment was immediately inflicted\u2014and he is now held in confinment for fine & costs. He takes the libert\u27e8y\u27e9 to state, that he does not possess one cent in the world; that being confined in prison, he has no means of acquiring money, & his only hope is that the president will be pleased to remit the fine & Costs\u2014which he humbly asks\u2014having suffered nearly twelve months close confinement, and been severely scourged.\n Joe Butler", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0067", "content": "Title: To James Madison from E. B. Caldwell, [June 1816]\nFrom: Caldwell, E. B.\nTo: Madison, James\n Statement of the case of George J. Julia.\n The said George J. Julia, is a watchmaker by trade & came to this place from Philadelphia for employment. He was employed at his trade by William Wood of Washington about ten days; during which time he took from said Wood some small tools & Jewellery for which he was Indicted, plead guilty, & threw himself on the mercy of the Court, & was sentenced to receive ten stripes & pay a fine of five dollars. Mr. Tippett the keeper of the Jail, states, that during the confinement of Julia, he has exhibited symptoms at different times of derangement of mind. From this circumstance it is respectfully submitted to the President to grant a pardon to the sd George J. Julia.\n EB. Caldwell on behalf of the Petr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0069", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Muse, [June 1816]\nFrom: Muse, John\nTo: Madison, James\n The Petition of John Muse humbly represents,\n That at the last term of the Circuit court of the District of Columbia, for the County of Washington, he was convicted of keeping a disorderly house,\nand fined therefor five dollars\u2014and committed to prison until the fine and costs were paid. He does not possess the means of making the payment required, has suffered a tedious and close confinement for many months, and has no hope of being released, but thro\u2019 the clemency of the President of the United States\u2014which he hereby humbly solicits, and trusts, does not solicit in Vain.\n John Muse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0070", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Rhea, 1 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rhea, John\n Washington June 1. 1816\n I recd. your favor of the 24. Novr. with a recollection of all the proofs of your devotion to the public good which our relative situation had made me acquainted with; and I should have acknowleged it at the proper date, if I could have added any thing particularly interesting to you. Being now on the eve of a visit to my farm which needs much my presence, as I do its recreations, I can not leave Washington without this memorandum that my silence has not been the effect of any diminution of my esteem for you.\n You will have learnt from the Treasury Dept. that we have taken the liberty with your name of putting it into the Commission for receiving subscriptions to the Nat: Bank; & from the War Dept. that you are appointed one of the Commissioners for Treating with the Choctaw Indians. I hope you will find it not inconvenient to assist in both of these services. The latter is one which will exercise the best judgment, and call for an enlarged view of the national policy which ought to govern transactions with our savage neighbours. On the one hand it is very desirable to obtain from them cessions or an acquiescence in limits, convenient to the safety & growth of our settlements; and on the other it is incumbent on us to respect their rights, and not even to disregard their prejudices. In settling Indian boundaries it is but fair to keep in mind that they are peculiarly uncertain & overlapping in themselves, & that the evidences of them are equally obscure and contradictory. This is the case, more or less, with all contiguous tribes among Civilized nat\u27e8ions,\u27e9 it but too often happens; among Savages where the modes of occupancy are so vague & proofs rest on tradition or interested \u27e8memories\u27e9, it can not be otherwise. Where Indian claims therefore can be extinguished on reasonable terms, it\nis better to extinguish them doubly, altho\u2019 more than one can not be well founded, than to incur the risk of injustice, or the inconveniences resulting from a sense of injury however erronious. Our own Country will be more ready to bear the augmented expence, than the world will be to overlook a sacrifice of generosity or humanity to that consideration. The acquisitions made by the heroic successes of General Jackson are of incalculable value. It is proper that they should be turned fully to public account. If in doing it there should not be all the facility & celerity that might be desired, the final advantages will be the same. And while his Country will have the permanent enjoyment of these advantages, I sincerely wish that the progress to them may in every stage & under every aspect be worthy of the pages in which history will record his immortal reputation.\n We have nothing from Abroad more than will be seen in the newspapers. Thro\u2019 the same channel you are made acquainted with the current events at home. With my best wishes I tender you my Cordial respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0071", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Lakanal, 1 June 1816\nFrom: Lakanal, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n Gallatin-Contry par Vevay, indian-Contry,le 1er. Juin 1816\n Excellence:\n J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de Vous adresser une Lettre que J\u2019esperois avoir l\u2019inappr\u00e9ciable avantage de Vous pr\u00e9senter; des \u00e9venemens que Je n\u2019ai pu ma\u00eetriser ont Chang\u00e9 ma direction me Voici sur les bords de l\u2019ohio Dans des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s que Je viens d\u2019acquerir, Gallatin-Contry, dans le Voisinage de la Colonie fran\u00e7aise de Vevay: Je vais, dans Cette douce retraite partager nmon tems entre la Culture de mes terres et Celle des Lettres. Je me propose d\u2019\u00e9crire l\u2019histoire des \u00c9tats-unis pour laquelle Je ramasse des mat\u00e9riaux depuis dix ans: le Spectacle d\u2019un peuple libre supportant, avec docilit\u00e9, le Joug salutaire des lois, temperera l\u2019amertume que J\u2019eprouve en m\u2019\u00e9loignant de ma patrie; elle Seroit heureuse si v\u00f4tre g\u00e9nie pacifique avoit dirig\u00e9 ses destin\u00e9es. L\u2019ambition d\u2019un seul homme a pr\u00e9cipit\u00e9, sur nous, les nations Courroc\u00e9es; ma patrie abattue, mais frapp\u00e9e de la sagesse de v\u00f4tre administration, et se rappelant son antique gloire, Vous envie au nouveau monde\npour se relever de ses ruines. J\u2019\u00e9sp\u00e8re qu\u2019en \u00e9crivant v\u00f4tre histoire, et celle de \u27e8vos\u27e9 D\u00e9vanciers plus ou moins C\u00e9l\u00e8bres, le tableau se ressentira du charme qu\u2019\u00e9prouvera le peintre, et que soutenu par la beaut\u00e9 de mon sujet, bien plus que par mes propres forces, Je pourrai, avec un po\u00eate de l\u2019antiquit\u00e9, m\u2019\u00e9crier, \u00e0 la fin de mon ouvrage: \u201cexegi monumentum \u00e6re perennius\u201d daignez, excellence, accueillir le tendre et respectueux hommage de V\u00f4tre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur\n Lakanalde l\u2019institut de france, etde la Legion d\u2019honneur.\n CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n Sends JM a letter which he had hoped to present himself, but events out of his control have changed his direction. Finds himself on the banks of the Ohio on property he has just acquired, in Gallatin County, in the neighborhood of the French colony of Vevay. In this delightful retreat, he will divide his time between the cultivation of his lands and literature. He proposes to write the history of the United States, for which he has been collecting materials for ten years. The sight of a free people calmly bearing the salutary yoke of law will temper the bitterness he feels in leaving his own country. [France] would be fortunate if JM\u2019s pacific genius had guided her destiny. The ambition of a single man has thrown the enraged nations upon his country; now beaten down but struck by the wisdom of JM\u2019s administration, and recalling her ancient glory, she looks to the new world to raise herself from the ruins. He hopes that in writing about JM and his more or less famous predecessors, he can convey a picture of the charm of which the painter is sensible, sustained by the beauty of the subject, much more than by his own strength, and will be able to cry, as with a poet of antiquity, at the end of his work: \u201cexegi monumentum \u00e6re perennius.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0073", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 3 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n In pursuance of the authority vested in the President of the United States by the Act of Congress, passed the 3d: day of March 1809, entitled \u201cAn Act further to amend the several acts for the establishment and regulation of the Treasury, War, and Navy Departments,\u201d I do hereby direct, that out of the balance of the appropriation for \u201cbuilding floating batteries\u201d there be applied the sum of sixty thousand dollars to \u201cbuilding seventy fours and frigates.\u201d\n Given under my hand this 3d: day of June, in the Year of our Lord, 1816.\n (signed) James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0075", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Eaton, 3 June 1816\nFrom: Eaton, William\nTo: Madison, James\n In a few days the office of Post master for this place will be filled. Can I in any manner interest you in my favour. I really think Eighteen years devotedness merritts Something, my recommendation to the Hon the P.M.G. are good. Most Respectfully your obedt Sevt\n William Eaton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0076", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Albert Gallatin, 4 June 1816\nFrom: Gallatin, Albert\nTo: Madison, James\n New York June 4th 1816\n I omitted, in my last letter, an answer to your queries on the subject of the remittance to Baring for Todd\u2019s expences. The exchange is now at specie par, both bills on London and specie being about nine per cent above New York bank paper. There is no prospect of either the exchange or the\nEnglish Bank paper falling lower down. I have not known the true rate of exchange, after making allowance for the depreciation of American or English bank paper, to vary more than five per cent. The rate of English bank paper is more uncertain; but we have no means to conjecture how far it may vary within the course of the year; there is, as I said, no reason to believe that it will fall. The probability of making hereafter a remittance, on better terms than can now be done, rests therefore exclusively on the probable appreciation of the bank paper you can command; and this depends entirely on the resumption of specie payments. If you could exchange your bank paper at par for Treasury notes, or obtain these in part payment for your compensation, I would think it adviseable to remit now. If this cannot be done, I am confident that it is not material to Baring to wait some time longer; but it would be best to fix the time\u2014say the 1st. of next March, as, from what Congress has done, it seems probable that specie payments, so far at least as Governmt. is concerned, will take place by that time. If you approve I will write him to that effect. I have already informed him, in Septer. last, that you had remitted to me the money, and that it was owing to me that the remittance had not been made. I still apprehend that the local influence of Washington united to Maryland & Pennsylvania may induce Congress to postpone the measures which they adopted with difficulty at the close of the session; and if, as appearances seem to indicate, a change of opinion should take place in Virginia on that subject, the chance of specie payments will be still more lessened.\n A late circumstance induces me to mention another subject. During the twelve years I was in the Treasury I procured places only for two friends. One is an obscure clerk in one of the offices of the Treasury. The other whose name is John Badollet is the Register of the land office at Vincennes. He is perfectly competent, of most strict integrity, and supports a large family with the moderate emoluments of his office. Permit me to request, as my absence deprives him of his friend, that, if the attempt should be made, he may not be removed without sufficient cause and enquiry. This, I know, is the same thing as to request that he should not be removed at all.\n Captain Rodgers informed me yesterday that he would not be ready to sail before Friday, and requested that the day of departure should be fixed for Sunday; to which I assented. As the wind is East, there is as yet no detention. Respectfully and truly Your\u2019s\n Albert Gallatin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0077", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Anthony Charles Cazenove, 5 June 1816\nFrom: Cazenove, Anthony Charles\nTo: Madison, James\n Alexandria June 5th. 1816\n I directed some days ago the skipper of a vessel bound to Fredericksburg to wait on you respecting the articles you have to send there, but he found you had just left Washington for Annapolis. If I can be of any further service in that respect, you will please command them.\n Annexed is a memorandum of the few expences paid on the articles already sent, as well as the charges of importation on your two pipes of Messrs. Murdoch\u2019s wine amounting to $27345/100. I remain with highest regard very respectfully Your most Obedt. Servt.\n AntChs. Cazenove", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0078", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, [ca. 5 June 1816]\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n Genl Gaines\u2019s letter &C\n Under existing circumstances the call of the militia seems to be warranted. Colo. Clinch seems Not to suspect Hambly of any agency in promoting the hostility of the Seminoles. Gaines does, & I think there is some reason for Keeping a vigilant eye upon him. The measures which are contemplated will bring things to an issue. Under present appearances this is believed to be desirable. Should orders be given to carry them into execution without delay? It is probable that it will be done before the orders can be recd.\n Wm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0079", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Franclieu, 6 June 1816\nFrom: Pasquier, Louis Henri Camille, comte de Franclieu\nTo: Madison, James\n Monsieur le pr\u00e9sident\n Senlis oise 6 juin 1816.\n Les evenemens malheureux qui ont agit\u00e9 la France ont n\u00e9cessairement excit\u00e9 tout votre interet.\n En Ces Circonstances Critiques l\u2019id\u00e9e de pouvoir offrir a mon pays quelques Verit\u00e9s, que je jugeais utiles, ma [m\u2019a] dict\u00e9 quelques ecrits Fond\u00e9s Sur les principes dune heureuse legislation que Vous avez Su adopter.\n Permettez moi davoir lhonneur de Vous en Faire hommage et de Vous offrir le tribut de la Respectueuse Consideration qui Vous est due.\n Le Cte De FranclieuAncien Capitaine de dragons Francais. \n Ces Feuilles plates devaient Vous avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 remises.\n CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n The unfortunate events which have rocked France have necessarily concerned JM. In these critical circumstances, the idea of offering some useful truths to his country has led Franclieu to dictate some writings based on the principles of a fortunate legislation which JM knew to adopt. [Adds in a postscript] These proofs should have been sent to JM.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0080", "content": "Title: Pardon for Isaac Newson, 6 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas sentence of death was passed by a General Court Martial, duly convened at the Marine Barracks in the City of Washington, in the month of May last, upon a certain Isaac Newson, a Private in the Marine Corps, who was convicted of desertion from the said corps, which sentence has been regularly approved and ratified; and whereas it has been represented to me that this is the first offence of the kind of which the said Newson has been guilty; and it is hoped that a pardon of it at this time will cause the said Newson to be of a better conduct in future: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the Premises, and from other good causes recommending the said Newson to mercy on the part of the Executive, do hereby grant to the said Isaac Newson a full, free and entire pardon for the offence aforesaid, and the Judgment of the court thereupon, fully, freely and entirely pardoning the said Isaac Newson, and remitting and releasing all pains and penalties by him incurred by reason of the Premises.\n In Testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to these presents, and have signed the same with my hand. Done at the City of Washington this sixth day of June, Anno Domini, one thousand, eight hundred and sixteen, and of the United States\u2019s Independence the fortieth.\n James MadisonBy the PresidentJas. Monroe.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0081", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Albert Gallatin, 7 June 1816\nFrom: Gallatin, Albert\nTo: Madison, James\n New York 7th June 1816\n I have this moment received your\u2019s of 3d instt., an answer to which has been anticipated by my two last letters.\n I am urging the Captain of the Peacock, and still hope that he will be ready to sail the day after to morrow.\n I almost envy you the happy time which you will spend this summer in Orange, and which will not, I hope, be disturbed by any untoward change in our affairs. I think that, upon the whole, we have nothing to apprehend at this time from any foreign quarter. You already know how strongly impressed I am with the necessity of restoring specie payments. This subject will not disturb you in the country; but the present state of the currency is the only evil of any magnitude entailed by the war, and which it seems incumbent on us (pardon the expression) to cure radically. Public credit, private convenience, the sanctity of contracts, the moral character of the country, appear all to be involved in that question: and I feel the most perfect conviction that nothing but the will of Government is wanted to reinstate us in that respect. The choice of the Secy. of the Treasury is under those circumstances important, and I am sorry that Mr Crawford, as I am informed, has declined the appointment. I wish it may fall on Mr Lowndes or on Mr Calhoun. Our Maryland & Pennsylvania politicians, without excepting some of the most virtuous & whom I count amongst my best friends are paper-tainted. The disease extends, though more partially, to this State. I beg you to forgive this digression on a subject which I had no intention to touch when I began this letter.\n Mrs. Gallatin begs to be affectionately remembered to Mrs Madison. I send my best compliments to my friend Todd, and I beg you to accept the assurance of my respectful attachment & best wishes. Your obedt. Servt.\n Albert Gallatin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0082", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 8 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Montpelier Saturday morning June 8. [18]16\n I have recd. & thank you for the letters for Hamburg & Bremen, which will be transmitted from the Dept. of State.\n We ended our journey last evening. With the exception of a short pelting shower on the day we set out, the weather & the roads were peculiarly\nfavorable. I found the prospects of the farmers generally far better than I had expected; The Wheat fields much better, untill I reached my own neighbourhood, where the Hessian fly has done considerable injury, tho\u2019 much less than was reported; and the injury has been in some degree also mitigated by late rains. Affectionate respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0083", "content": "Title: To James Madison from an Unidentified Correspondent, 8 June 1816\nFrom: \nTo: Madison, James\n The enormous importation and the great amt. of British Dry goods brought in here on British Acct. totally preclude all Competi[ti]on on Our part, and our Cotton Mills are fast approaching their dissolution. Lately in the want of exports to meet those enormous importations some 7 or 8 Tons of Cotton yarn was bought up at Very reduced Prices and exported; but I cannot beleive that at present our Twist can come in competion in the Continental Market where English yarn is also permitted: with all due defference permit me to Sujist to you the great Interest this Country has in Spinning her Cotton and sending it to market in that improved State. If by the Opperation Some 20 or 25 cents \u214c \u00a3 cou\u2019d be added to the Value, how wonderfully wou\u2019d it increase our Amount of exports and our Wealth, compared to The Labour of the Children & women employed in Spinning it. I believe such a desirable thing cou\u2019d be brought about with many of the Continental Powers with whom English Cotton yarn is prohibited. For instance, if we say to France if we continue to take from you your surplus Luxuries, articles of Silk, Fans Spangles Milenary &c. &c. wholly manufacturd you must consent to take from us an Article partially manufactured and allmost of first necessity, that is Our Cotton Twist. It wou\u2019d be a reciprocity of Exchange that England cou\u2019d not offer, Her Policy forbiding Her to import Manufactured Goods of any Kind. At all events it wou\u2019d be worth the trial with the different Powers of the Continent. England has been and is now Spinning and sending it in that state principally to Russia 4 or 5,000 Bales per Week. Russia as well as her Southern Neibours is begining to take the allarm, she has lately prohibited all printed or Stained Cotton Goods. Those enormous importations over and above our Exports, must opperate a wonderfull Scene of distress amongst us\u2014every article of Value will be sweept out of our Country, and nothing left us but our Soil and Our\nBuildings and they mortgaged for \u00be their Value, with a paper circulating Medium without intrinsic Value, having not a Specie dollar to redeem it. To increase the Value of our exports and diminish our imports must have a wholesome tendincy to restore the Equilibrium of the Country\u2014your goodness will excuse any impropriety in these Sugestions when I assure you they arrise from the best of motives, the Prosperity of the Country. And now that we have several ministers about to proceed to different Parts of the Continent the opportunity is auspicious.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0084", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George W. Erving, 9 June 1816\nFrom: Erving, George W.\nTo: Madison, James\n Private\n On my arrival in this city I found Mr Morris; the account which he gives of the state of King Ferdinands domestick affairs, is most unfavorable; it conforms however Entirely with all the respectable opinions which I have heard: were one to receive these in full faith, without any of the allowances which are ordinarily to be made, one woud say that it is impossible that the system shoud stand for six months; a total disaffection amongst all classes\u2014even to the priesthood; universal misery; in the government total ineptitude & penury; certainly a dismal perspective. Whether such an extreme state of things is favorable or otherwise to our business, appears to me as yet a problem; for tho\u2019 advantageous in many obvious views of the subject, yet a government which must needs be wholly engrossed with the care of its own preservation (to which we cannot contribute) can scarcely be expected to occupy itself seriously in political arrangements of remote advantage; without a cent will it hear of indemnities? outraging the plainest principles of justice, & humanity, & policy, & common sense, at home, how shall it respect the obligations of inter-national honor & good faith? In fine as it has not improved since the time of Charles the 4th either in its morality or its good sense, in its disposition or its capacity to do what is just & reasonable, we can look only to its necessities or its apprehensions, & is not its situation such as to defy both these considerations. I am acquainted with the people with whom I have to do, I know Sir what you expect of me, & no effort shall be wanting on my part to produce good; but really I dare not flatter myself with the hopes of success. On one essential point I am made easier than I was; added to the solemn assurances of Mr Onis, to the convictions of Mr Morris, Mr Adams in a letter of May 21st says\u2014\u201cI have the most positive assurances that there has been no cession, nor talk\nof cession of Florida to Great Britain\u201d; yet withal, in the same letter Mr. A. says that the english have sent out \u201csix frigates with troops to the Bahama Islands to keep down the negroes\u201d: it is evident which he means by marking the last words in Italicks; indeed his letter is full of alarming intimations\u2014e.g. \u201cYou know that Colo Nichols brought over here certain pretended creek indians, one of whom has received a major\u2019s commission in the british service; you know that Lord Exmouth has made peace for Sardinia & Naples with Algiers, & ransomed their prisoners at 500 & 1000 Do per man; you know that the Dey has returned Decateurs treaty as a dead letter, & that we have another peace to make there; you know that this country continues armed cap a pie by sea & by land; that the Bank has carte blanche to coin paper for two years longer, & yet that the guinea scarcely fetches a pound note & a bare shilling. Dont believe the stories they tell you about distress in this country or in Ireland, there never was so little distress, & never so little discontent, a riot here & there since bread has grown dear notwithstanding.\u201d\n If the english manifest any designs upon our southern territory, must we not suspect that they have some understanding with the spaniards on the subject. What Mr Adams says of the interior of England ought to be, & doubtless is correct, but on other subjects there may well be different opinions: it really woud seem as tho the density of the atmosphere in that country, or the flatness of the ground were such as to prevent even the most penetrating eye from seeing far, the horizon is always contracted, scarcely ever extending far over the channel. I will make no account of one of their ministers declaring in the house of commons, that their standing army was not more than sufficient to keep down the people; it was the best apology he coud make without discovering state secrets; but it is quite evident to us here, that England having obtained a certain influence on the continent, is determined to preserve it; that she well knows that the continental powers are jealous of that influence, & are disposed to deprive her of it, & as is highly probable are even now caballing for that purpose; hence the absolute necessity of her continuing armed cap a pie, as indeed all her neighbours are; that she thinks of us, there can be no doubt, & of projects of ambition & monopoly every where, but those cannot be executed for the moment; her display at Algiers is a little inter-act which neither costs or produces much; & in as far as it was intended to have, or has had the effect of letting loose the pirates upon us, not only will add another stain to her character on this continent, but foolishly plays into our hands by producing perfect unanimity as to our navy; she will have put all our vessels afloat, all our fine officers into service, gradually augment the numbers of both; in short, for the little pleasure of making us spend a couple of millions Extraordinary, enable us within a few years to beat her out of the water. That her mind is perfectly hostile there can be no doubt, but I see here what I coud not so\nwell see in America, that the actual dispositions of the European cabinets, requires all her vigilance, all her care, & the preservation of all her means: Sir Charles Stewart (British Ambassador here) speaking to me on the state of France said rather heedlessly \u201cit is a trial of force\u201d; certainly there is no trial of force at this moment, whatever discontents may exist, there is no opposition in array, hence without intending it, tho\u2019 he spoke in the present, his ideas were directed by the view which he takes of the future; as tho he had said \u201cthere will be a trial of force,\u201d indeed it may well happen that France may become a field of battle, not between the king & the people, but between the several parties which it contains & their several allies. But to return to the affairs of Spain; I accepted of letters from Mr Onis to Count Peralada the spanish Ambassador at Paris, & to Mr. Salmon secretary of Embassy & Onis\u2019s brother in law. The ambassador who is a man of mere \u201crepresentation\u201d received me with warmth of manner, I was at his great diplomatick dinner (it was there I met with Sir Chs Stewart) on the 30th May, Ferdinands birth day: Salmon who is the man of business marked me out for his particular attention, & he spoke in terms encouraging as to our affairs at Madrid: all this however is not worth repeating, there is not the least sincerity in spaniards of this cast. They offerred all their means of making my journey to Madrid Easy & safe but Mr Salmon advised me to write for the royal passport, this I did on the following day, & expect to find the passport on my arrival at Bayonne. After all Sir the only fact which I find upon which to build much hope as to our affairs in spain, is that the influence of England always diminishing, will not be in our way.\n I think Sir that you have not seen the second work of St Pierre, & have therefore taken the liberty of sending it to you together with \u201cLes Etudes\u201d packed in a small deal Box by the ship Mary Augusta Captn Hall, in which I came to France, & I have addressed the Box to the care of Mr Gelston. In that Box I have also put an highly interesting pamphlet by Azanza (Duke of Santa F\u00e9 & prime minister to Joseph) & o Farrill, the two most prominent characters of the revolution; it contains developements still more curious than those in the book of Amorro which I sent to you last year, & is written in a more cool argumentative & dignified style: it shows distinctly that Napoleon had effected his purpose in spain, & that he lost the country only by errors in his government of it: as an apology for themselves, the authors leave nothing to desire; & the parallel between the cases of Norway & Spain is most happy. With sentiments of very sincere & respectful attachment Dear Sir Your most obliged & obt St\n George W Erving\n You are aware Sir that nothing is published here but by order from or permission of the government, & you may have observed that the french\ngazettes have not lately paid any particular homage to the U. States. Hence I was rather surprized to find in the gazette of France of May 13 two days after my arrival in Paris the inclosed paragraphs so complimentary & so conciliating. The word \u201chonorable\u201d at first led me to suspect that they might have been written by an American, but then the mistake as to \u201cconsul general\u201d & the entitling Mr Gallatin \u201cMinister secretary\u201d are quite french; indeed my arrival coud scarcely be know [sic] except at the department of foreign affairs where my passport was sent on the 12th; from that quarter therefore I suppose the publication to have come & therefore only to merit any attention.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0085", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 11 June 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n War Department 11th June 1816\n At the request of the Chickasaw deputation, I enclose a letter from Genl Jackson to Major George Colbert.\n They complain strongly of the menacing stile in which it is written.\n A treaty has been made with the Sacs & Foxes, & other tribes are \u27e8on?\u27e9 their way for the same object.\n As soon as the treaty is received it shall be transmitted. I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humbe. Servt.\n Wm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0086", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 12 June 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n War Department 12th. June 1816\n I have the honor to inclose the report of the age and qualifications of the cadets who have reported themselves to the Superintendent of the military Academy.\n From this report it appears that altho many of the Cadets were appointed before they had the age required by law that at this time they are with a single exception qualified in that respect. Under all the circumstances of the Case, it may be considered expedient to permit them to remain and acquire there the qualifications which they ought to have had before their appointment.\n The paper marked A exhibits the number of Cadets who have never reported themselves at the Academy. Some of these have been appointed there and one of them more than four years ago. When the insufficiency of the military academy to meet the applications for admission, is considered, it would seem to be reasonable that those who have neglected to avail themselves of the advantages which the appointment tendered to them, ought to be considered as having forfeited their Claim by non user.\n Perhaps an order declaring all appointments antecedent to the year 1814, who have not reported themselves at West Point vacant, and another directing all subsequently appointed to report themselves by the first day of\nOctober under the penalty of dismission, would be considered a mild and necessary measure. There are now more than five hundred applicants some of whom have the merit of having volunteered their services during the late war, & who are excluded by persons who are, or appear indifferent to the advantages which it is their duty to improve. If the first order included all those who have been appointed two years I am persuaded it would meet the approbation of the public.\n Inclosed are also the regulations prescribing the course of study and of instruction as modified by the department. If the Knowledge of Vulgar & decimal Fractions shall be thought unnecessary to admission, that regulation can be changed, before transmission to the Academical staff. I am inclined however to believe that it will be better to retain it as presented. It may prevent the admission of extreme dulness into the academy. A copy of that regulation will be transmitted to each Cadet with the notification of his appointment, so that he may not be taken by Surprize when he presents himself for examination by the Academical staff. I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humbe Servt.\n Wm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0087", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, [12 June 1816]\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n The Cumberland road progresses (in ways other?) than I expected. The report is that Mr. Shriver will be tempted to relinquish his charge for\nemployment under a Company in Maryland. It will be difficult to supply his place, though his slow march has been censured. Col. Williams estimates his services at too high a price; and there are other reasons for confining his share in the work to a temporary engagement. I trouble you with a general statement, intended to announce, as far as seems practicable, the existing difficulties on this subject. Be so good as to return the statement and papers, with your decision.\n The state of the currency does not improve, and the conduct of the Banks is in opposition to every measure, for re-establishing coin. The Banks of New-England, the Southern Banks, and the Banks in the Western country, would, I believe, follow the lead of the Banks of the middle States; but I have lost all confidence in the institutions of Pennsylvania, \u27e8and\u27e9 Maryland, and New-York. The inclosed letter from a friend, the Vice-President of the Bank of America, in New-York, opens a very unpleasant prospect. Under the assurances which had been given in Philadelphia, as well as New-York, of active preparations for resuming specie payments, with reference to the 1. of July, I had determined to suspend any Treasury interference, until the lapse of time had put the sincerity of the Banks to the test. An inspection of the Accounts of the principal institutions, which are connected with the Treasury, shews that in New-York some efforts have been made; in Philadelphia that, amidst a profusion of professions, little has been done; and in Baltimore, the movement has been perniciously retrograde. It is, therefore, indispensable, that the Government should express its views; and its designs, as soon as the fate of the subscriptions to the National Bank is ascertained. I have always avoided, as much [as] possible, giving you, or the Heads of Departments, trouble upon Treasury embarrassments; but as I shall not be here to take the responsibility and the defence, of any measure; when Congress assembles, I think you will approve of my calling your attention to the Resolution of the 29. of April last, and of submitting to a Cabinet decision, the question, whether, at this time, any, and, if any, what measure ought to be adopted by the Department, for collecting the revenue in the lawful money of the United States? The Resolution contemplates, perhaps, some process prior to the 20. of February, when it imperatively forbids the acceptance of any other kind of payment. It would not be expedient, however, to act before the subscription to the National Bank is closed, as we might produce an excitement unfavorable to the subscription, which, at present, has a general appearance of support. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Sevt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0088", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard M. Johnson, 12 June 1816\nFrom: Johnson, Richard M.\nTo: Madison, James\n Great Crossing. June. 12th 1816\n I have recommended for the appointment of Chaplin the Revd Joel Haden to th[e] Sec of war & hope it will meet your sanction as he is one of the first men in this county for talents & correctness. I feel some Solicitude also for the appointment of John T. Mason as deputy Commissary. I have had as difficult a task here as I have always had a hard one at the City in relation to the 1500 $ to members, which has been made the Hobby in this state by the federal faction, & other aspiring men. In my first Speech in Frankfort I was under th[e] necessity of taking from my opponent Robt P. Henry his disguise. He was a willing tool for my enimies & attacked my vote in his public Speech. In Georgetown Scott County the same Course was pursued by which time the faction began to believe that all was lost, that they could see that the people had some reason left & some judgement, & honor &c. for which they were very much afflicted. This Bob Henry has been your abusive enemy an enemy of the republican party but had managed his matters in Such a way that the mass of the people could not know much about it, & having ma[n]y Strong men as his Council and his mouth being made Speaking fashion he was well calculated to fan the flame of discontent, till I draged him from behind his false facts. And a few days since the same faction have Started another tool Benj. Taylor, formerly of the army contract, a blood relation of mine & under obligations to me for many acts of favour & friendship, & who married a Sister of my Brothers wife &c. This man Benj. Taylor has been brought out under an idea that he can pass as a true republican but exactly like Henry only not Known by as many overt acts. It is impossible to say what the result will be as Taylor has just come out & his course may be so marked as to put it out of my power to measure Strength with him before the people. One public interview would be sufficient as he has less speaking talents than Henry & I have a waggon Load of facts against him\u2014as yet my task has been a very pleasant one & so far I find no difficulty in Bringing the people to reason & reflection, who have been very much imposed upon by a certain Set of politicians in this County.\n I do not fear the consequences but this may arise from a Sanguine temper which has never meet [sic] with Successful opposition. It is said that Henry is to go the rounds with me & oppose the compensation Bill and then\ndecline in favour of Taylor. Clay is Struggling with a mixed & double faction as well as myself, but his enemies are a minority, from the best information.\n With a lively recollection of your many favours\u2014I continue to be your warm & zealous friend & shall die with sentiments of the greatest veneration for your character &ce\n Rh: M: Johnson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0089", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 13 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Montpelier June 13. 1816\n I return the Petition of Getz, which being without other proof than his own oath, might justly require a resort to the District Atty or &c &c. If however on consultation with the Treasy. Dept. a pardon be deemed proper, let one be made out.\n The communications from Brent at Madrid were returned several days ago. They are not without good sense, but betray a conscious deficiency of weight of character, that makes the presence of Mr. Erving the more important. They give additional relief to the political deformity of the Spanish Ministry.\n Mr. Gallatin writes me that he leaves the U.S. with a heavy heart; and purposes but a short stay in Europe.\n We are suffering much from dry weather. The pastures meadows & oat fields feel it severely. The wheat even wd. be the better for rain in moderation. Where the Hessian fly has spared it, it will be very fine if the present promise be fulfilled. I lose at least half my crop by the fly. I do not know the extent of this visitation. Two gentlemen this moment arrived from Monticello, speak of the drowth at that quarter, but heard nothing of the fly. Yrs.\n J. Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0090", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 13 June 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I hope that you & Mrs Madison derive all the satisfaction & comfort which the country can afford, after the fatigue of the last winter here. My daughter continues to be very weak, but as Mr Hay has arrivd; they, with Mrs M. will probably set out on their intended journey sometime next week. After their departure, I shall leave this for Albemarle by Loudoun, calling on you as I pass, of which you shall be apprized before I set out.\n The papers inform\u2019d you of the time when Mr Pinkney saild. Mr Gallatin had not gone on the 10th., tho I presume, he was detaind by hard winds only.\n Mr Fromentin interposed with great zeal in favor of a special messenger to Christope in favor of Duplessis. As you had decided to send Com: Lewis to So. America, I have taken the liberty to instruct him to pass by St Domingo, to endeavor to obtain the discharge of Mr D., which Mr Fromentin writes me to day, that he highly approved.\n Col: Austin suggests the idea of his, visiting, the bay of Fundy, with Mr Holmes, to acquire knowledge which may be useful in establishing the boundary in that quarter, & requests that one of the gun boats at Boston, may be employed in the service. Mr Crowninshield says that one may be spard without any inconvenience to the service. I am persuaded that much advantage might be derivd from it, as I also am, that it would be equally useful to give an instruction to that effect to Col. Hawkins. The movment, especially in the former instance, will draw attention in the eastern states, which will even in that respect produce a good effect. It will shew very distinctly that the delay in running the line, is imputable altogether to the British govt.\n I have answerd all the notes of Mr Onis, and brought up the affairs of the dept., in every branch of the business, more fully, than at any period before, since I was charged with it. With great respect & esteem your friend & servant\n Jas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0092", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 14 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Montpelier June 14. 1816\n Altho the inclosed letter is anonymous, the idea it suggests, of requiring an admission of our Cotton in a half man\u27e8u\u27e9factured State at least by nations whose luxuries fully manufa\u27e8c\u27e9tured, are admitted into the U.S. is not unworthy of attention. The general idea I believe has not escaped, in the instructions to Mr. Gallatin & Mr. Pinkney. But it may be well to enforce it and particularly in relation to Cotton Twist, which Russia receives from G.B. whilst her manufactures are excluded by the latter, and which France has lately prohibited even from the U. S. on the principle of reciprocity, the U.S. may reasonably demand such a regulation in their favor; and the\nnations granting it may with equal reason refuse it to G.B, without a charge of partiality. As the Netherlands have adopted a like policy agst. the U.S. a change may very properly be urged, on the same grounds, by Mr. Eustis, whether a treaty be or be not contemplated. An admission of Cotton twist from this Country into Europe, is of vast importance to its Manufacting estabts. & indeed to its general interests. Yrs.\n J. Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0094", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 16 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Montpelier June 16. 1816\n I return your communications of the 12th. inst. with my approbation of what you propose in relation to the Cumberland Road. Perplexing as this business is, it will become more so I fear, if Mr. Shriver should withdraw from it. He has, notwithstanding the impatience of some, more of the public confidence than will probably be enjoyed by a successor. And if a distrust of the Agent be added to the unavoidable difficulties, and delays, it is easy to foresee the complaints that will abound.\n The conduct of the Banks who refuse or evade the necessary efforts to restore the specie Standard is truly reproachful. This is the only effectual cure for the diseases of the Currency, and the effect of them on the national character, and the morals of the people. The sense of justice & the respect for contracts are daily losing force in the public mind. Whilst the Banks refuse to pay their debts, notwithstanding the means they have in the public Stock which they could dispose of with a profit, or even to pay interest on their debts, they but set an example & impose a necessity, for injustice & breach of faith between individual debtors & creditors; at the same time that they distract and obstruct all the pecuniary transactions of the Govt.\n It is certainly incumbent on the Executive to do every thing in its power to promote the salutary object of the Resolution passed near the close of the late session of Congress; and the consultation you suggest can not but be proper. Be so good therefore as to communicate to your Collegues my wish that they assemble for the purpose, and transmit the result of their united reflections. You will be best able to present the several points on which decisions are proper. Unless the national Bank should be both able & willing to afford relief, I see no resource agst. the existing policy of the State banks if supported by the State Govts. and for a universal Medium, but in a Treasury paper with the prerogative of being used in the National taxes & tran[s]actions; and an entire exclusion of the local Bank paper. And this can not be effected without a dilatory process. At present the abuses growing out of a diversity of currencies, and the discretion exercised by the Collectors, are as provoking as they are mischievous. I just learn, tho\u2019 the information may not be accurate, that the Collectors in some districts in this State, availing themselves of this discretion, and of the authorized regulations of the State Courts, receive the nat: taxes indiscriminately in all the circulating paper, and exchange for their own profit, the better for the inferior notes, particularly those of the District of Columbia. Should this be the fact, they must calculate on the latter\u2019s being receivable from them into the Treasury; and some correction of the error becomes necessary.\n Altho\u2019 it may be proper not to act on the result of the Cabinet consultation, untill the Bank subscriptions be closed, it will be proper that the consultation be held before the members in Washington be separated. Mr. Crawford I understand meditates a visit to Georgia, & Mr. Monroe to Virginia. You will ascertain their precise views, and fix the time for the consultation accordingly.\n I return also the letters of Mr. Hassler. I wish his compensation could have been arranged in the manner proposed to him. There is however weight in his observations in favor of his own mode. I believe we can not do better than to acquiesce in it: allowing him $3000 for salary & $2000 for his estimated expences. If $1500 for the latter would content him there would be an advantage in it. Best respects & regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0096", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 18 June 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n War Department 18th June 1816.\n In adopting regulations to prevent the abuses which have been practised in issuing provisions to the Indians, at the military posts esblished [sic] upon the frontier, or within territories, I was led to examine the amount of issues to the inhabitants of Detroit, and its vicinity, which commenced upon the recovery of that territory from the enemy in the year 1813. The issues were Continued thro\u2019 the last year, upon the importunate representations of Governor Cass in their favor. He was however informed that they would be discontinued at the expiration of the year. As it was bel[i]eved that the Crops were not very abundant, and that the difficulty of finding employment and of earning a Subsistence would be greater in the winter than upon the return of Spring, the issues were continued until at that time the contractors were ordered to discontinue them. The inclosed letter & regulation was recd. this day; and according to the governor\u2019s request submitted for your decision. There is no reason to suspect abuse in this case. Had the necessity of continuing the supply of provisions to the inhabitants of Detroit been anticipated during the session of Congress, application ought to have been made to that body for relief. I doubt extremely of the legality of the application to this object of the money appropriated for the military service. The emergency in the first instance might have justified the measure, and the peculiar situation of the territory thro\u2019 the last year might be urged in its execuse [sic] Now however it seems that the necessity is founded in the habits & manners of the people, which in all human probability can not be changed for many years. It appears now to assume the form of a permanent application of the public money to the support of the poor of that territory, which has been appropriated by the legislature for other objects.\n As the issues have been discontinued, if the wishes of Governor Cass are yielded to, a new order must be issued to the Contractor. I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humble Servt\n Wm: H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0097", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 18 June 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n Your instructions relative to Fort Harrison, and the reservation of the land in its neighbourhood, have been carried into effect. I hope now to be able to put the business of the Cumberland road, as well as the business of the Survey of the coasts, into a course of execution, without troubling you again. The consultation on the Resolution of Congress, respecting the currency, will be attended to, as you desire.\n The inclosed papers exhibit a general complaint against Mr. Duplessis, the Collector of New-Orleans, without specifying any fact of official delinquency. The subject, however, seems to demand attention; and I propose referring it, confidentially, to Mr. Benj. Morgan and the District Attorney, for investigation and report. I will, also, write to Mr. Robertson, requesting his attention to the enquiry. The probability is, that the present calamitous state of New-Orleans, will disperse its inhabitants; but it is best to take the chance of a letter\u2019s finding Mr. Robertson & Mr. Morgan at that place.\n We have no news, foreign or domestic. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0098", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Meer, 18 June 1816\nFrom: Meer, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Philadelphia June 18th, 1816\n I have taken the liberty by favour of Mr Mellish of enclosing you a specimen of my Bank Note Which is I believe superiour in many respects to any other hitherto used. It is engraved on a Steel plate (mostly with a hair pencil). It will print ten times more coppies than any copper plate and will come at about the same price of copper plats in general. This mode of work produces great strength and richnes of colouring, and a boldnes of expression not to be obtained by any other means, yet the most delicate tints may be produced; and it is susceptible of an infinite variety of pattern and design. This invention is most likely to secure Bank Notes and all kinds of Official and confidential papers from forgery. I shall be happy to supply any of the Governmental departments, and the Bank with plates. If you will be pleased to give me your patronage you will confer a great obligation On Sir Your\u2019s most Respectfully.\n John Meer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0099", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jacob Radcliff, 18 June 1816\nFrom: Radcliff, Jacob\nTo: Madison, James\n I hope you will pardon the liberty I take in addressing you on the subject of the application of Mr. Denton of this City who wishes the appointment of Consul at Bourdeaux if that place should become vacant. He is a\nGentleman of respectable character and long standing in this City, independent in his circumstances, and amply qualified to execute the duties belonging to that office. He does not seek it for the sake of emolument, but intending to reside in France it would be highly acceptable to him and gratifying to many of the friends of Government in this City.\n Should it be found consistent to confer on him this appointment, it will also be esteemed a favor by, Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt Servt.\n Jacob Radcliff.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0100", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Waterhouse, 18 June 1816\nFrom: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\n Cambridge, 18th June, 1816.\n Finding that Mesrs Rowe & Hooper are about sending you a copy of \u201ca Journal of a young man of Massachusetts,\u201d who was captured by the British, and confined during the war at Halifax, at Chatham, and at Dartmoor, I cannot refrain, because I think it is proper, from giving you more information relative to its publication, than what appears on the face of the book.\n This smart young man put his manuscript Journal into my hands, when I questioned him on each and every part of it, and feel satisfied of its authenticity. At his request, and at the request of the printers, I undertook to prepare this narrative for the eye of the American and British public. The raw material is here worked up into one uniform warp, woof and coloring; making, I hope, no bad specimen of American manufacture. Or to change the figure, the young surgeon brought me all the stones and the bricks, while I designed, and built up the structure, finding the mortar, or connecting material. Alexander Selkirk, who resided several years on a desert Island, put his manuscript into the hands of the famous Daniel De Foe, who out of it made the renowned history of Robinson Crusoe. This book may in some measure resemble it, provided De Foe never suppressed or added any important facts. I believe every representation in this little book to be true; but the painter, aiming to make an agreeable picture, has used a free and rapid brush, which now and then betrays marks of an incorrect manner, without ever once violating the truth of the story.\n This production was the amusement of my lonesome evenings, during the last winter; and was sent to the press without ever reviewing a paragraph or line of it.\n Sentiments of respect and ideas of propriety forbad me to allow the book to be presented to you, without this explanation; although the public have\nno idea of the painter. I remain, dear [canceled] sir, with a high degree of respect, your obedient servant\n Benjamin Waterhouse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0101", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Louis XVIII, 18 June 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Louis XVIII\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Louis XVIII. 18 June 1816, Ch\u00e2teau du Tuileries. Announces the marriage of his nephew, the duc de Berry, to Princess Caroline Ferdinande Louise of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies on the seventeenth of the present month.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0104", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 19 June 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n War Department 19th. June 1816.\n The inclosed letters announce the death of Colo. Hawkins. I presume his nephew who has acted as deputy agent for some time will be among the applicants.\n My relation is a man of the first respectability, and of talents much above mediocrity. I have but little doubt of his election to Congress if his name is held up. I am surprized at his wish to receive this appointment, and shall in giving the advice which he solicits endeavor to convince him that he is wrong in seeking it.\n Mr Boyd who is known to you is also an applicant for the office. I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humbl Servt.\n Wm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0105", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Thompson, 20 June 1816\nFrom: Thompson, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\n A recommendation having been handed to me for my signature, in favour of appointing Mr. Samuel Denton a Consul or Commercial agent to some port in France, & in case of a vacancy, particularly at Bordeaux\u2014I have signed the recommendation with great pleasure having been personally acquainted with Mr. Denton for upwards of Twenty years, & know him to be a friend to the liberties of his country, a Merchant of good reputation, and I believe both a moral & an honest man. Mr. Denton retired from Mercantile pursuits with a very respectable property acquired by his industry\u2014he is acquainted with the French Language and I trust (is) fully competent to discharge the duties of the office solicited, with credit to himself, & honor to his Country. I am very respectfully your Obt. Servant\n Jonathan Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0106", "content": "Title: Memorandum to James Monroe, [ca. 20 June 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n It is presumed that Dr. Judson is sufficiently respectable to be commended for his benevolent & patriotic views; and to be informed that they will be facilitated by suitable instructions to the port officers. These will be given by the Treasury & Navy Depts. on a communication of this memorandum, by the Secy. of State. If the Secy. of State does not view Dr. J. & his plan in the light here presumed, he will intimate as much, and not proceed as pointed out", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0108", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Myndert M. Dox, 21 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dox, Myndert M.\n I have recd. your two letters of the 16th. & 19. & return the respectable ones inclosed for my perusal in the latter.\n If the Post: M. Genl. shd. not have left instructions or authy. to those acting in the Dept: it will be necessary to communicate to him in his absence the arrangt. on which you wish a decision", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0110", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Wirt, 21 June 1816\nFrom: Wirt, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Richmond June 21st: 1816\n *I presume it is not improper to address you, as filling the department which superintends the execution of the laws of the U.S. as to a difficulty\nwhich has presented itself, in the execution of a duty devolved on me, as the District atto\u2019 of Virginia, under the act of the 3d. of March 1815, entitled \u201can act to vest more effectually in the state courts and in the district courts of the U.S. jurisdiction in the cases therein mentioned.\u201d The first section of the law gives jurisdiction to the state courts \u201cof all complaints, suits, and prosecutions for taxes, duties, fines, penalties and forfeitures arising and payable under any of the acts passed or to be passed\u201d for the collection of any direct tax, or internal duties of the U.S. The second section, provides that in all suits and prosecutions, instituted on behalf of the U.S. in the court of any state, the process, proceedings, Judgment, and execution shall not be delayed, suspended, or in any way barred and defeated, by reason of any law of any State &c. and the same section gives an appeal to the circuit courts of the U.S. from the decisions of the state courts. It was, I presume, on the supposition that the State Courts would exercise the jurisdiction thus conferred on them, that the district attos. were authorized and directed by the 1st: section of this law to appoint deputies in the county courts of the State. But, so far as respects the state of Virginia, the whole object of these appointments has been frustrated by a series of adjudications in our courts; for, in the first place, the general court (the court of the highest jurisdiction over offences against public laws) has refused to exercise jurisdiction under any penal law of the U.S.\n 2. The same court has declared that although the state courts may take jurisdiction of bonds given to the U.S. it could only be as matter of contract, and according to the form of proceeding practised under the laws of the state, but not according to the summary forms prescribed by the laws of the U.S. which defeats the purpose of the act in question, and is incompatible with that dispatch which is requisite for the raising of revenue.\n 3. The court of appeals has decided that no appeal will lie from a state to a federal court, whereas by the act in question the jurisdiction is given to the state courts only on the condition that the decisions of the state courts shall be subject to the revision of the federal courts.\n Now, if I appoint deputies, their oath of office will compel them to carry to the state courts the only subjects of which they will take cognizance; claims of debt by bond; and those subjects once carried into the state courts remain subject to all the dilatary forms of proceeding allowed by the state laws and without any remedy by appeal to courts of the U.S.\n It seems to me, therefore, that the appointment of deputies, under those unexpected decisions of our state courts, would be in a great measure vain from the refusal of the State courts to act, and even where they would take cognizance that such appointment would be so far from effectuating that it would defeat the purposes of congress in directing their appointment.\n I beg your instruction, or if I am wrong in directing this inquiry to you,\nthat you will throw my letter into the proper channel to recieve an answer. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, Your Obt Sert.\n P.S. It will be observed that the act of congress directing the appointment of attornies devolved this duty on my predecessor. I believe he did not exercise it in any instance; and although I have had no opportunity of conferring with him on the subject, I think it highly probable that his omission proceeded from the considerations which I have stated. I have concluded not to make the appointments without farther order.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0111", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 22 June 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n War Department 22d. June 1816\n Upon examining the fifth class of claims described in the regulations prescribed by the commissioner of claims, it will be seen that the whole of them are such as have usually been paid by the Quartermasters of the army. To avoid imposition, and the payment of the same demand twice, it will be necessary to refer every Case comprehended within that class to the additional accountant.\n For this purpose I have the honor to submit the inclosed regulation for the government of the Commissioner in all claims of that description.\n Circumstances have recently come to my Knowledge which require the adoption of a supplemental article by the Commissioner. In the winter of 1815. a claim against the Q.M\u2019s department was presented by Mr Kilbourn and the money was paid to him upon a receipt given by the claimant, & presented by Mr Kilbourn. Last winter irregular evidence was presented for the same claim which was rejected, & the party instructed of the nature of the evidence which he should produce. Within a few days the additional\nevidence has been produced, which brought into view the name of the officer upon whose original certificate the demand was paid. The same officer deposes to the service, but does not disclose the fact of his having given a Certificate to the party at the time the service was performed. The claimant swears that he had never recd. the amt. from the U S, & had never given to any person, a power of attorney to draw it for him, thus attempting to escape the penalties of perjury in this world. I have the honor to be your most obt & very humble Servt\n Wm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0112", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Squires and Others, [ca. 22 June 1816]\nFrom: Squires, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\n We the undersigned Subscribers Citizens of the County of Suffolk and State of New York Respectfully beg leave to recommend Newton E. Westfall late of the Army of the United States, to your consideration for some appointment by which he may be able to support himself and Family who are in reduced and needy circumstances.\n Mr. Westfall\u2019s talents and qualifications we presume will be questioned by few who are personally acquainted with him. We have the honour to be very respectfully Your Obedt. Servts.\n Daniel Squires[and sixty-three others]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0115", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 23 June 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington 23d. June 1816\n The within dispatches were recd from the Medn. yesterday by the John Adams, and as Mr. Monroe is to be absent until Tue[s]day, I have taken the liberty to enclose his also.\n The Dey seems disposed to quarrel, but with the force there & to be there, I think he would be prevented from doing us any mischief.\n The part the Spaniards have pursued as relates to the Brig, is very reprehensible.\n A fast sailing Brig is going to sail with provissions from N York for the squadron, so that any disposition that is to grow out of these dispatches can quickly be put in a train for execution.\n The letter from the Dey to yourself I have not seen. Please to send the Secy of States letters back, as I feel a delicacy in sending them\u2014with great respect I am truly yours\n B W Crowninshield\n The dispatches to the Secretary of State have been sent for by Mr Graham, and I have taken them out of this parcel since Mr Crowninshield left me\u2014most respectfully\n Benjamin Homans", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0116", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 23 June 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Dept of State 23d June 1816\n As the Secretary of State set off yesterday for Loudoun just before the arrival of Mr. Murray with important despatches from Mr. Shaler\u2014I have had these Despatches copied and have now the Honor to send you the Copies. The Secty will return on Tuesday so that he will be here in time to receive your Instructions relative to the unpleasant occurrences at algiers.\n You will also receive by this mail the Letter from the Dey of algiers alluded to by Mr Shaler. With Sentiments of very sincere Regard & Attachment I am Dear Sir Your Mo Obt Sert\n John Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0117", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 24 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Yours of 21\u201322d. is just recd. You may authorize Mr H. de Neuville, to communicate with you previous to his formal recognition. Roth intimated that he wd. probably visit me here with his credentials. If he desires it, or you think it eligible, let him know that I will receive him with pleasure. The bias of his own mind, if ascertained, may decide the question. Mine has none.\n The Letters of Jackson & Lewis are comments on each other. Out of both the real State of France may be collected.\n I send Col: Johnson\u2019s letter for perusal. Please to return it. If the Chaplain\u2019s place be not already filled, you may take occasion to touch on the subject with Mr. C.\n Young Rutherford [(]lately married into the family of Coles\u2019s) is about to visit Europe with his lady. They are all desirous of something from you in the nature of an introduction to Mr. Adams, Gallatin &c. It may be best to annex to the usual Passport which they want, a general note of their\nrespectability, & title to the Civilities of our diplomatic & other functionaries abroad. I did this in one if not more instances whilst in the Dept. of State, & I believe you have done the same. Yrs.\n James Madison\n Ed: Coles has just left me. You know his delicacy & the worth it covers. It wd. be very agreeable to me to give some proof my sense of both; and of my recollection of the personal relation he bore to me. Can any such be now realized? Altho\u2019 I have not spoken with him, I presume decent employment at home would not be unacceptable to an idle man, even if a trip to Europe shd. be preferred. Be so good as to enquire of Mr. Dallas & Mr. Meigs (Land office) whether ther[e] be any vacancy in the Western offices of Register of land or Receiver of Pub: money, partcular\u27e8l\u27e9y in or near Missouri Territory. The enquiry may be made without naming Mr. C. unless there be an opening at once for his appt. with the concurrence of all.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0118", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 25 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n I have received from Mr Graham the Communications to you from Algiers, which being copies I do not return.\n The course before us is obvious. The ground taken in the last instructions must be adhered to. The Dey must distinctly understand, that altho\u2019 we prefer peace we are prepared for War; and will make no change in the late treaty, nor concession of any sort to avoid it.\n It appears from Shaws letter to the Secretary of the Navy, that the Brig and crew detained by Spain had been given up to Algiers directly; and that the existing claim on us rests of course on that circumstance, and relates now to an equivolent. The delivery is not even necessarily implied by Shaler who must have communicated the fact in some other dispatch. This\nchange of the question with Algiers, Strengthens or rather renders impregnable the ground on which we stand. The Dey may be told that whilst no Stipulation required the delivery it was produced by our demand on Spain; and Spain may be reminded of the reprehensible manner, in which she first delayed & finally perrverted the fulfilment of her promise.\n I send herewith the letter of the Dey. Being in the Turkish language & with an Arabic translation only, I am of course unable to judge how far its contents may affect the policy to be observed by us, or what ought to be the answer. I wish there may not be some difficulty and delay, in finding an Interpreter. Be so good as soon as the meaning of the Dey is understood, to sketch a proper answer & have it forwarded for my signature, in case the letter be not of a character to make an answer improper.\n From a comparison of Shalers and Shaws dispatches, the question for consideration with the two Departments will be, whether any change or increase ought to take place in our mediterranean armament. It may be well to bring it, with the light derived from the Deys letter, into a consultation between all the Departments.\n The mode of Shalers retirement, was awkward to say the least. From the approbation of the naval commanders, it must have been viewed differently on the Spot, where all the circumstances could be best understood. If it be proper to yeild to his renewed wish to return, it will be necessary to look out for a successor. Poinsett would not I presume accept such an appointment. As no other is in prospect perhaps he might reconcile himself to it. I understand he will \u2019ere long be on a northern ramble. In that case there may be an opportunity of sounding him. Should our affairs however be peacebly [sic] adjusted with Algiers, it will be proper that Shaler should see that issue, before he with draws. Friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0119", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Forrest, 25 June 1816\nFrom: Forrest, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n City of Washington June 25 1816\n I have this moment been favored with yours of the 23d inst, enclosing a letter for Mrs. Cutts, which I have just sent to her. The fifteen dollars for\nJohn Freeman, I will hand him to day with the proper directions to ensure a co-operation between the Steam Boat and the Stage to Montpelier.\n I received a letter a few days since from my son Julius, dated at Frankford, on the 14th. inst. in which he mentions, having been very kindly treated by Judge and Mrs. Todd. He had attended a large meeting of Mr. Clay\u2019s constituents at Verseilles, at which Mr. C addressed them, which had made a favorable impression. He thinks with proper exertion, Mr. Clay and Coll Johnson may be re-elected, but in every other instance the representation from that State will be changed. The people carry their veng[e]ance so far, as to oppose Genl. Desha (who voted against the compensation Bill[)] (as they term it), from a belief that he did not do it sincerely.\n My son is delighted with the Western Country, and with its Inhabitants. I remain dear Sir, with sincere respect &c Your Obt. servt.\n Richd. Forrest", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0121", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Josiah Meigs, 25 June 1816\nFrom: Meigs, Josiah\nTo: Madison, James\n General Land Office June 25, 1816\n I have the honour to inclose in this a Letter from Mr. Speaker Clay.\n I returned home yesterday after an excursion of 18 days to the Northward during which time I visited all that was interesting. I spent several days at Newhaven. I found Doctor Dwight & the Professors of Yale College, exceedingly polite and obliging.\n At Stratford I visited my venerable friend Doctor S. W. Johnson, who at the age of 88 Years retains his great faculties.\n He enquired very kindly of the health of Mr. Madison; & begged me to do him the favour to present his sincere and profound respects. I am, most respectfully, Yours.\n Josiah Meigs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0123", "content": "Title: Remission and Pardon for Thomas Bean, [25 June 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas at a late Circuit Court of the United States for the County of Washington, in the District of Columbia, Thomas Bean, of the said County, was convicted of a Criminal offence, in stealing, whereupon he was sentenced by the Court to be whipped with five lashes and to pay a fine of one dollar; and whereas it is represented to me that the said Thomas Bean is unable to pay the fine, and it is believed that the disgrace of a public whipping would counteract and frustrate the plan of Reformation in his conduct, which, it is represented by respectable authority, he has formed, whilst, at the same time, there is some Reason to suppose that his mind was a good deal deranged when the Theft was committed, for which he was sentenced to undergo the punishment, and pay the fine aforesaid: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the Premises, & for other good causes me thereunto moving, have remitted, and I do hereby remit the fine aforesaid, and pardon the offence aforesaid, willing & requiring that the said Thomas Bean be forthwith discharged & freed from the Judgment & sentence of the Court, as above stated, and every part thereof.\n In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my Hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington, this\n25th day of June AD 1816, & of the Independence of the United States the fortieth.\n James Madison,By the President,Jas. Monroe, Secy of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0124", "content": "Title: Remission and Pardon for George J. Julien, [25 June 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas at the late Circuit Court of the United States for the County of Washington, in the District of Columbia, George J. Julien, of the said County, pleaded guilty, to a charge against him for larceny, in the said Court, whereupon he was sentenced by the Court to be publickly whipped & to pay a fine of five Dollars to the United States: and whereas it is represented to me that the said George J Julien is unable to pay & satisfy the said fine, and it is moreover represented to me by respectable authority that the said George J. Julien has at different times of late exhibited sym[p]toms of mental derangement, which peculiarly recommend him to favor: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the Premises & for other good causes me thereunto moving, have remitted the fine, & pardoned the offence aforesaid, & I do by these presents remit the sd fine & pardon the sd offence, willing & requiring that the said George J. Julien be forthwith freed and discharged from the Judgment & sentence of the court aforesaid in this case.\n In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my Hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington this 25th day of June AD 1816 and of the Independence of the United States the fortieth.\n Jas Madison,By the PresidentJas. Monroe, Secy of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0125", "content": "Title: Remission for John Muse, [25 June 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas at a Circuit Court of the United States for the County of Washington, in the District of Columbia, John Muse, of the said County, was convicted of a misdemeanor, in keeping a disorderly House, whereupon he was sentenced by the Court to pay a fine of five dollars to the United States, and to be imprisoned until the said fine, and the costs of the prosecution against him, should be first paid and satisfied; and whereas it is represented to me that the said John Muse has undergone a long confinement in prison, and that he is entirely unable to pay the said fine, and satisfy the costs incurred in the said Prosecution: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the Premises, and for other good causes me thereunto moving, have remitted, and I do hereby remit the fine aforesaid, and every part thereof, willing and requiring that the said John Muse be forthwith discharged from his Imprisonment.\n In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my Hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington, this 25th day of June A.D 1816, and of the Independence of the U. States the fortieth.\n James Madison,By the President,James Monroe, Secy of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0127", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 26 June 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n The communications from the Departments of State and the Navy, will give you a great deal of interesting intelligence. The Algerine business requires decision; and yet, in the affair of the Brig, you have a delicate case to act upon. The Dey has always considered the restitution of the prizes, as a part of the negotiation; and though we considered the promise as merely gratuitous, it was a promise, and ought to be performed, with as much good faith, as if it had been inserted in the Treaty. The question is, whether we perform our promise, upon a restitution of the Brig by Spain, as a present from Spain. Among civilized powers, the answer would, probably, be in the affirmative, but in settling with the Barbarian, there are peculiar considerations, which create more doubts in framing an answer. It does not appear to me, however, that yielding this point would secure peace; and, consequently, a course of general policy must be adopted and pursued, to maintain the ground of the Treaty.\n The conduct of Spain in this, and in every other, instance of contact with the United States, is offensive and injurious in the extreme. Mr. Monroe will inform you, that the Spanish authorities have seized 24 of our whaling vessels in the Pacific, under the pretence, that they sail without a sea-letter. You will reccollect, that the propriety of issuing Sea-Letters, became a subject of inquiry, upon issuing the first Circular to the Collectors, after the ratification of the Treaty of Ghent; and that it was deemed unusual and\nirregular to issue them, during a period of general peace. An exception was made, as to vessels destined to countries beyond the Cape of Good-Hope. I wish, indeed, that the exception had also embraced voyages round Cape Horn; as we have officially recognized, in some degree, the existence of a civil war in South-America, and the Spanish Treaty calls for a Sea-Letter. Any course will be taken, that may be deemed proper, as to vessels sailing hereafter; but the eastern merchants and Underwriters urge for an immediate interposition of the Government as to the vessels under seizure. They also believe that a Frigate should be sent to Lima to demand restitution. It does seem, however, that a crisis has arrived, or is fast approaching, in our affairs with Spain, which cannot be effectually \u27e8encountered?\u27e9 by a correspondence with the Chev. D\u2019Onis; and that something may be required, to invigorate the reclamations at Madrid. The state of Europe seems favorable, to the presentment of your ultimatum, for the settlement of the multiplying causes of dispute with Spain.\n Lord Castlereagh\u2019s overtures, to arrange the question of armament on the Lakes, are probably suggested by the apprehension of new commotions in Europe. Mr. Adams\u2019s metaphysical letter, to establish the prosperity of England, against every public fact, and morbid symptom, surprizes, but does not satisfy me.\n The case of the currency has been submitted to the Heads of Departments; and as Mr. Monroe has requested a meeting to day, I presume that their opinion will be given, in time to communicate it to you tomorrow. It is intimated, that the other topics of this letter, will, also, be brought under consideration.\n It is my intention to leave Washington on Tuesday next, to join my family at Philadelphia. The public business can be transacted there, without injury, until the 1: of October. If anything extraordinary occurs, I shall not remit in my attention, wherever my presence may be required, for the public service.\n I inclose the resignation of Mr. Gardner, the Loan Officer of New-Hampshire. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Serv", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0130", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 27 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\n Montpelier June 27. 1816\n I have recd. yours of the 25th. and return the letter from Mr. Kerr, who I presume is the former Senator from the State of Ohio.\n Not being acquainted with all the circumstances, which would throw light on the subject, among which is \u201cthe unfortunate circumstance mentioned in the Envelope,\u201d not accompanying your letter, I cannot appreciate properly, the representation made to you. It is due to Capt: Porter to disbelieve every thing impeaching his character without adequate proof, and to furnish him with an opportunity for every explanation necessary to protect it. The question immediately presenting itself, is how far a preliminary call on Mr. Kerr for further explanations, with notice that a communication of the subject must be made to Capt: Porter, ought to take place. Should your better knowlege of facts not decide this question to your satisfaction, you will of course advise confidentially, with the judicious friends near you. It is a fair presumption that the real import of Capt: Porter\u2019s letter to Mr. Brown which is described, not copied, varies from the sense attached to it by Mr. K. who writes with feelings which are not disguised, and which might warp his apprehension of what he read or heard. Accept my cordial respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0133", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Edwards Robinson, 27 June 1816\nFrom: Robinson, Jonathan Edwards\nTo: Madison, James\n Having been made personally acquainted with your Excellency through the medium of my Hond. Father, Jonathan Robinson of Vermont, I take the liberty of mentioning to you the death of the Honr. John Smith Marshal for this State, whose loss must be sensibly felt by his family & friends.\n As this event has vacated the office of Marshal, I beg you Sir, to consider me as a Candidate for that office, and that you would, suspend any appointment, till I can forward recommendations, which, I flatter myself, will be, in your opinion, perfectly satisfactory. Accept Sir, the high respect & esteem of Your humble Servant\n Jona. E. Robinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0134", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Steuben Smith, 28 June 1816\nFrom: Smith, William Steuben\nTo: Madison, James\n A vacancy having occurred in the Office of Marshal of this District, by the decease of the late Marshal, if a disposition of that Office has not been made by Your Excellency, I would sollicit the exercise of your prerogative in my favour. The Zeal which would be exercised might be all that could counterbalance any deficiency of talent, but with that every occasion should be seized to manifest the devoted love of his Country and support of its Government, administered upon the principles which have guided its helm for the last sixteen years. With the highest respect I am Your Excellency\u2019s most devoted humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0135", "content": "Title: To James Madison from St. George Tucker, 28 June 1816\nFrom: Tucker, St. George\nTo: Madison, James\n Williamsburg Virga. June 28th. 1816.\n An occurrence of considerable importance having happened within my observation within a few days past, I deem it an indispensible duty to communicate it to you as fully as the pressure under which I have been engaged will permit, at the present moment.\n On wednesday the 19th. of this month application was made to me on behalf of two persons committed to york Jail by two of the magistrates of that County for a writ of Habeas Corpus, to bring them before me, they being charg\u2019d with mutiny and revolt at Sea on board the Schooner Romp of Baltimore, lately commanded by one Squire Fisk; and at the same time Application was made for a similar writ, on behalf of two others, likewise in Jail there, who were charged by the two former of divers acts of piracy committed on the high Seas against the vessels of Spain and portugal, at peace with the United States. The Accusers in the one Case, being the accused, in the other. I issued the writs accordingly returnable immediately; but the prisoners were not brought up until Thursday Evening, too late to begin the Examination. I entered upon it on friday morning; and though at first I expected from the Conduct of the witness under examination a full disclosure of the whole Case; and though he made a very full disclosure to a certain point, yet from that point of time he declined answering most of the questions put to him, & the others, (though his accusers) followed his Example. It happened however that a great deal was disclosed; some very important papers brought forward, though in the Spanish Language, which, not understanding, I procured a very partial and imperfect translation into very bad french sufficiently intell[i]gible, however, to throw some further light upon the subject; to which were added the Deposition of one of the magistrates of York before whom the examination was originally made, as to what the parties then alledged, on their oaths, and the depositions of two Gentlemen who happened to be present at the same time; a young man, one of the Crew who surrendered himself, and made a full confession, in the Course of which he made mention of a very important paper, which he had delivered to the Collector of york, and which I afterwards obtained from him, contained a very full developement of the nature of the transaction, although not in itself an authentic Document, (being only a Copy,) so that I could no longer be at a loss to understand the Case. His testimony has been still further confirm\u2019d by a young man & a Boy, who Surrendered themselves yesterday, & made a full Confession. Another person committed by the magistrates of york, was also brought up by another writ of Habeas Corpus issued subsequently to the former, on a similar charge of Revolt, as the two first: to that I have had no less than eight of the Crew\nunder Examination; exclusive of another person, a Spaniard, a native of Barcelona, who translated a part of the papers in the Spanish Language, who slipp\u2019d off unpercieved after giving some Information, and made his Escape. The Register of the Schooner; her clearance at Baltimore; and Seamens Articles importing to be signed at Baltimore, together with the manifest of the Schooner at the time of sailing from Baltimore were delivered to the Collector at york, and by him produced before me. Other papers, sealed up, were also found on board the vessel; I have not yet examined them. I shall now attempt to make a concise state of the Case, as it appears from the Evidence.\n It appears that the Schooner Romp was built at Baltimore in the year 1814. probably for a privateer, from her dimensions, being eighty seven feet in length, twenty one feet five Inches in breadth, nine feet two Inches in depth, and of the burthen of 143. Tons. A certificate of Registry granted at Baltimore the 6th. of october 1815. was surrendered at the Custom house at Baltimore the 10th. day of April 1816, the property being chang\u2019d; on the day last mention\u2019d a new Register for the same Schooner was granted at Baltimore to Thomas Taylor of Wilmington, in the State of Delaware, mariner; who appears to have been, or to have sworne that he was, a Citizen of the United States; and that Squire Fisk the then master was also a Citizen of the United States. On the same day the Schooner was cleared at the Custom-house, for a voyage to Buennos Ayres, having on board Ballast and stores only; armed with six Guns; and navigated with seventeen men, only, according to her Clearance; the Seamens Articles however contain the names of one & thirty, including the master, mate, Cook, and a Boy; but this number was further encreased to fifty eight persons when she sail\u2019d from north point, near Baltimore, on her voyage; instead of proceeding towards Buennos Ayres, she steard immediately for the western Islands, where she took in some water, without coming to an Anchor, and proceeded from thence to the Coast of Cadiz, Gibraltar, and the neighbourhood, where she continued cruising, taking five Spanish and one native portuguese vessels, until the 25th: of May; after which she seems to have returnd to the United States, without ever entering any port whatsoever, or casting Anchor during the whole time she was absent from the United States; it appears they plundered one or both the portuguese vessels of some few Articles; two of the Spanish vessels were made prizes of and having prize Masters & Crews put on board of them, were sent to Buennos Ayres; the other Spanish vessels were strippd of their rigging, sails, provisions, & other Articles, & robb\u2019d of Money to the Amount of about $20,000. dollars, according to the Evidence of one who acknowledged that his station on board, was that of a prize-master. On the 25th. or 26th. of may the Crew rose upon the Captain & took the command from him, and\nthe next day sent him off on board of an English Cutter, called the Shark, for Martinique, and then forc\u2019d the command upon the former mate, William Hitchings [Hutchings], with directions to proceed to the first port of the United States, and deliver her to the Marshall of the United for the District, where she should first arrive. This proceeding is stated by some of the witnesses to be in consequence of general dissatisfaction among the Crew, at finding themselves sailing under Colours not acknowledged by any nation. It appears however that however they might be dissatisfied with their Colours, they did not chuse to part with their plunder; The money was accordingly shared amongst them. Two of those who surrendered themselves voluntarily said they had recieved about $235. dollars each for their parts; the third, a Cabin boy received about $120. dollars for his share; the Witnesses seem to suppose the money was pretty nearly equally divided; at that rate it would amount to about $13,500. dollars: but the Witness who on his first Examination stated it at about $20,000. being a prize master on board, while the others were only common Sailors before the mast, and a Cabin boy, it is possible his estimate may be the most correct. The Copy of the Letter of Instructions said to have been given by the owner Thomas Taylor, to Capt: Squire Fisk, if correct, shews the object of the voyage, too clearly to admit of Doubt; Although from the moment this paper was put into my hands I kept its contents a secret, except from one or two confidential friends, I am this moment shewn in the public Ledger printed in Norfolk on Tuesday last, a copy of the same paper, as far as I can judge; with other particulars, so nearly corresponding with what I have before stated, that there can be little doubt that the Information of the printer was recieved from a person well informed. I have obtain\u2019d the paper from the Owner of it, & enclose it for your perusal. I also do myself the honor to enclose you Copies of some of the Depositions, & confessions, taken and made before me, together with a Copy of the paper purporting to be a Letter of Instructions; and Minutes, (but not Copies) of the Examinations of most of the other Witnesses; these were taken by a couple of Gentlemen who acted for me as Clerks, for the purpose of communicating them to you as soon as possible. Fatigued as I am with this laborious Business I must have omitted many things. I shall do myself the honor of recommending the two young men, & the Boy, who surrendered themselves & made voluntary and full Confessions to mercy; & probably I shall intercede for some of the rest if Convicted of the Offences of piracy, & Felony, for which I have remanded them into the Custody of the marshall, to take their trials at the next Circuit Court of the U.S. to be held in Richmond. There are some other important Circumstances which I have not yet mentioned; one of the Spanish papers produced, & which appears to be a privateers Commission bearing date the 6th. of october last, at Buennos Ayres, contains the name both of Squire Fisk, as Commander of the armed Goelette, la\nSantafecina, commissioned under the Authority of the independent State of Rio de la plata, and of the present owner of the Schooner Romp of Baltimore, in some high official naval character that I do not understand; another of the Spanish papers, which I should suppose containd articles for the Government of the naval (military) Service, is attested by a person of the same name, in the same Character. The former mate of the Schooner whose name in English is William Hitchings, or Hutchings, but who now stiles himself Don Guillarmo Hutchings, produced also a Commission under the same Government bearing date the same day, constituting him a sublieutenant of the same Goelette, la Santafecina; in that Commission he is called a native of the United States, but when ask\u2019d by me, where he was born, he refused to answer the Question. If Copies of these papers should be wish\u2019d for by you, Sir, I will endeavour to have them made out in Richmond, where I shall go in a day or two, and deliver all the papers (many of which are unopened by me, being sealed up) to the Clerk of the Circuit Court. Should any further information relative to this subject be wish\u2019d for by you, Sir, a Letter directed to me in Richmond would probably find me there next week; but if sent to William Wirt esquire Attorney of the United States for this district, I am certain he would take Care to forward it to me, wherever I may be. I have the honour to be very respectfully, Sir, your most obedt. Servt.\n P:S: I should have mentioned that I have issued a warrant for the Apprehension of all those of the Crew whose names I could collect from the persons examined; a copy of this warrant will be found among the papers herewith enclosed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0136", "content": "Title: Jacob Radcliff and Others to Alexander J. Dallas, 28 June 1816\nFrom: Radcliff, Jacob\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n The Subscribers respectfully recommend, Roger Strong, Esqr. late one of the Aldermen of this City, as a suitable person to be appointed Marshall of the Southern District of the State of New York. Mr. Strong, was a revolutionary Soldier\u2014has been a practitioner of Law (being admitted to the grade of Counsel in all our Courts) for many years, altho\u2019 now out of practice\u2014is a man of an irreproachable Character, & is held in much estimation by his fellow Citizens. His Talents\u2014his legal acquirements\u2014his habits of Business are such as qualify him to discharge the Duties of the Office much to the public Advantage.\n Jacob Radcliff[and seven others]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0137", "content": "Title: Remission for Joseph Butler, [28 June 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas at a Circuit Court of the United States for the County of Washington, in the District of Columbia, Joseph, alias Joe, Butler, of the said County, was convicted of Theft, whereupon he was sentenced by the said Court to be publickly whipped, to pay a fine of Ten Dollars, and to remain in Jail until the fine, and the costs of Prosecution should be paid: and whereas it is represented to me that the said Joseph, alias Joe, Butler, has already suffered the first part of the sentence, by being publickly whipped, and that he is entirely unable to satisfy the other part of it, by reason whereof he has undergone a long and rigorous confinement\nin Prison: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the Premises, & for other good causes me thereunto moving, have remitted, & I do hereby remit the fine aforesaid, and every part thereof, willing & requiring that the said Joseph, alias Joe, Butler be forthwith discharged from his Imprisonment.\n In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my Hand, & affixed [canceled] caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.\n Done at the City of Washington, this 28th day of June A.D. 1816, & of the Independence of the United States the fortieth.\n James Madison.By the President,Jas. Monroe, Secy of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0138", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n Montpellier, June 29th, 1816.\n I return the draught of instructions to the Commissioners for treating with the Chicasaw Indians.\n Not being aided by a map, I am not sure that I understand distinctly all your demarkations. I take for granted they are correct, unless it be otherwise in the reference to the portion of the Chicasaw lands lying within the State of Tennessee. You will be able to decide on re-examining that part of the document. After obtaining the lands on the Tombigbee, and those running up to the Tennessee river, the order in which the other purchases ought to be pressed is of importance. Will it not be best to give preference to the tract within Kentucky, if that State concur in the price? The tract being remote and small, the Chicasaws may be the less unwilling to part with it; and its containing claims of Revolutionary officers is another consideration deserving notice. If the State of Tennessee retains its anxiety for the lands within its limits between the Tennessee River and the Mississippi, it may be well to prefer efforts for obtaining that cession to the purchase of lands to which there are no State claims, and which are not immediately essential to the great object of providing for the security of our Gulf frontier.\n I think you have given too great a scope to the Commissioners in referring to the market proceeds of the land (page 3) as the ultimatum. The sum would be enormous for an Indian purchase, and the more so, as the Chickasaw claim, however strong, is opposed by other claims which may fairly derogate from its worth. Your reference in another place to the customary rates for extinguishing Indian titles, with a liberal discretion to exceed\nthem, seems a better, because a safer course. I have accordingly interlined a modification, which you will regard as a general idea only, to be varied and expressed as you chuse.\n I enclose a different mode of stating the decreasing annuity to be paid in lieu of a gross sum or an ordinary annuity, which you will incorporate in your own phraseology. There appeared to be some danger of a construction which would take the whole intrinsic value of the lands for the sum to be divided into annuities.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0139", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Montpelier June 29. 1816.\n I have just red. yours of the 27th. As there is a concurrence in the opinion expresed in my last, as to the course to be taken with Algiers, little need be added on that subject. It ought evidently to be marked with decision\n& frankness, and with as much conciliation as will consist with these essentials. As the promise of Decatur was gratuitous; as it was followed by a delivery, to the Algerine Agent; and as the vessel has been actually recd. by the Dey, no further demand can be made by him, which is not founded in arrogance and cupidity, or in a collusion with Spain. If Spain has given up the vessel without equivalent, it is the same thing to the dey, as if he had recd. it directly from the U.S. If for an equivalent; it is an acknowlegment by Spain who sold, and by Algiers who bought the vessel, that Algiers had lost the right by the capture & consequently that the capture was lawful. In this point of view it is particularly desireable that the nature of the transaction between Spain & Algiers be ascertained. If there was a quid pro quo in the case, Spain will doubtless not be very ready to disclose or confess it. Algiers on the other hand will find her policy in bringing it into view. If Mr. Poinsett will consent to take the place of Shaler, after an adjustment with the day [sic], there will be great propriety in associating him in the negociation. Shd. he not acquiese [sic] in the consular appt. there will be two objections to employing him in the \u27e8n\u27e9egociation; 1. the surplusage of agency & expence; 2. the situation \u27e8in\u27e9 which a termination of the transitory business will leave him. \u27e8W\u27e9hether it be advisable to send the Corvette to the Mediterranean will be a \u27e8su\u27e9bject for consultation. As it is possible that the instructions carried by Chaun\u27e8ce\u27e9y will not supersede the appeal last made to the decision of the Govt. here, \u27e8i\u27e9t is of importance that our final decision should be speedily transmitted.\n The ground you propose to take with Onis is a very \u27e8p\u27e9roper one. If he says the Brig was given up for value recd. he is pres\u27e8se\u27e9d with the inference above noted, as well as with the breach of promise to \u27e8p\u27e9romote our accomodation with Algiers. If he says the surrender was grat\u27e8i\u27e9s Spain is bound in justice & in fulfilment of that promise, to take side \u27e8w\u27e9ith us in quashing the pretensions of Algiers agst. us. He will probably \u27e8a\u27e9vail himself of the diplomatic resort; that he is uninformed of what \u27e8h\u27e9as passed between his Govt. & the Dey: but that he will forward \u27e8y\u27e9our communications, to the former. You will of course transmit to Madrid, the instructions relating to Algiers, with instructions adapt\u27e8e\u27e9d to them & to your correspondence with Onis.\n The Case of the Whaling vessel seized at Valparaiso, & sent to Lima, with the danger threatened by the pretext for it, to so many others, has a just claim on our attention. If the want of a Sea letter be the sole pretext it may be hoped that the Govt. of Peru will not proceed to condemnation. The sea letter is meant, as a single document, \u27e8to\u27e9 prove the ownership of the vessel, and to prevent her interruption on t\u27e8he\u27e9 high seas: It is not meant, as a sine qua non, to invalidate other pro\u27e8of,\u27e9 especially on a trial in port, unless there be a positive stipulation \u27e8to\u27e9 that effect. The Ship Charles therefore may be acquitted at Lima, and oth\u27e8er\u27e9 seizures thereby\nprevented. Not having the Spanish Treaty with m\u27e8e\u27e9 I can not say what its precise tenor may be, on the subject of sea letters; but it is not presumable that it can be fair\u27e8ly\u27e9 applied to any other than the ordinary cases of war between powe\u27e8rs\u27e9 enjoying undisputed Sovereignty: nor Could Spain in any vie\u27e8w\u27e9 appeal to the Treaty, without admitting what she will not admi\u27e8t\u27e9 that her Colonies are de facto Independent Nations. It may be further remarked that the Amn. vessel was bound to Lima, a Roya\u27e8l\u27e9 Province, and therefore no more liable to be seized for the wan\u27e8t\u27e9 of sea letter, than if bound to Cadiz or the Havannah. Nor ca\u27e8n\u27e9 any pretext be drawn from the light in which the U.S. have latterly placed the Contest between old Spain & Spanish America for if that could have the effect of requiring sea letters, the evide\u27e8nce\u27e9 of the ground taken by us, could not have been known at, or rather was long subsequent to the date, of the seizure in question. \u27e8If\u27e9 your correspondence with Onis on this subject shd. pledge him to second our demands on the Spanish Authorities in Chile or Peru, it will be worth while to send a frigate with them, and the experiment may perhaps be due to the case, even \u27e8i\u27e9f he should not favor it. I leave the decision with yourselves; \u27e8u\u27e9nless you doubt & there be time for further communication with me. Will it not be proper, if a Frigate be sent to that Quarter, \u27e8to\u27e9 let her visit the Mouth of Columbia, as belonging to the U.S. \u27e8b\u27e9ut with instructions to avoid using force in any way\u2014unless \u27e8i\u27e9n that of defence? Bagot might be sounded, and at any rate apprized of the measure if adopted. I take for granted that whatever may pass with Onis on this occasion, or be done with\u27e8o\u27e9ut him, will be added to your communications for Madrid. Who would be the fittest Agent to go in a Frigate? Wd. Poinsett go? or wd. he be objectionable on the score of prejudices agst: his former \u27e8a\u27e9ppearance in that quarter?\n I wish, before a separation at Washington takes place, that \u27e8t\u27e9he critical state of our affairs with Spain may undergo a liberal consultation. Little more \u27e8is\u27e9 wanting, if there be not enough already, to call for some final explanation from her. Cordial regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0140", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, [29 June 1816]\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n The inclosed report gives you the result of our consultation on the Resolution of the 29. of April 1816. I entertained a doubt, for a moment, upon the power of the Treasury to make a discrimination in the terms of paying different descriptions of public debt and duties. I am satisfied, however, upon reflection, that the arrangement is indispensable for the accommodation of the country; and as the rule is a general one, applying to the kind of debt, and not to the person of the debtor, I perceive no breach of law, or of impartiality. As soon as the papers are returned to me with your opinion, I will act upon them. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Serv\n [Enclosure]The Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President of the United States the following Report:\n Treasury Department. 29. June 1816.\n That in pursuance of the authority given by the President, the Secretary of the Treasury prepared and submitted to the consideration of the Heads of Departments and the Attorney General, the Statement, founded upon the Resolution of Congress of the 29. of April 1816, relative to the collection of the revenue in the legal currency of the United States, which is hereunto annexed marked A.\n That the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, and the Attorney General, assembled at the Treasury, after having only considered the Statement; and in answer to the several questions therein proposed, it was unanimously decided,\n 1st. That it is not the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury at this time, nor at any time before the 20t of February 1817, to demand that all payments to the United States shall be made in the manner specified in the Resolution of the 29. of April 1816.\n 2d. That it is not the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury at this time, nor at anytime before the 20t of February 1817, to cause the Notes of the State Banks, which are not payable and paid on demand in the legal currency of the United States, to be refused in all payments to the United States.\n 3d. That it will be expedient and proper for the Secretary of the Treasury to adopt the measures, which he has suggested; to wit,\n A Circular letter to the State Banks in the form of the draft marked B.\n A Proposition to the Banks in the form of the Notice marked C.\n If the State Banks, or a considerable number of the most influential Banks of the Commercial Cities, accede to the proposition, it will be adviseable to announce and enforce it, as a Treasury regulation. If there should not be such an accession of the Banks, it will be adviseable and proper to suspend any further proceedings, until the 20. of February 1817; when it will be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to demand, that all payments to the United States be made, in the manner specified in the Resolution of the 29. of April 1816. All which is respectfully submitted,\n A. J. DallasSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0141", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Miles King, 29 June 1816\nFrom: King, Miles\nTo: Madison, James\n Mathews county Virginia, June 29th. 1816\n I have for a long time contemplated writing to you a letter on the subject of Christianity!! A subject of the deepest interest to the human family, yet is I fear but little understood, felt or enjoyed, by the Major part, even of those who\u2019s gracious privilege \u2019tis to enjoy it. I mean the inhabitants of Christendom.\n But considering the Manifold duties of your high station, the difficulty and perplexing Anxieties you must have felt, as the political helmsman of our National ship, whilst steering thro\u2019 the late perilous Storm of War, to bring your charge safely into the blessed haven of an honorable peace, with the least possible loss to the community & with the fairest prospects of future advantage. And these difficulties increased, by the Mutiny and desertion of a considerable part of the national Crew, all conspired to induce my postponement of this communication, untill, the tumult of war\nwas oer, and thro\u2019 the divine bounty in Answer to many thousand prayers, peace, sweet Boon of Heaven, has been restored to our beloved and highly favoured country. It is now, when the harness of War is laid aside, and the calm of peace, offering unto us a fit season for reflection and meditation\u2014rendered yet more auspicious, to You by the present respite, from the affairs of State, whilst rural enjoyments & domestic felicities, unite their force, to awaken the finest feelings of our rational nature: Enkindling the flame of a pious gratitude, to the Author of all our Blessings\u2014The Triune God!!! That I would address myself to your Excellency\u2014in the most respectful manner on the most important Subject, Known to Mortals. That is Vital religion\u2014Christianity\u2014or real Godliness! Not that I design to write an elaborate essay on this plan or Scheme of our Salvation, as propounded to us in the Glorious Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ!! But rather to arouse you if necessary to the perusal of the Gospel itself & some of those able comments upon the sacred text, such as those of the Learned and pious Dr. Clark of London, now publishing in N york & others\u2014that you might be made thereby, wise unto Salvation, e\u2019re you go hence & be seen on Earth no more for ever. Yet I write not so much for the purpose, of humbly Soliciting your reading these Books, as I do to beseech your Excellency to consider your latter end\u2014to begin to familiarize yourself to the Solemn Scene which Shortly we must Act; a Scene when o[v]er will finish our part in the great drama of Life below\u2014and usher us into a new state of being where all around us is Eternity! how different these, from those fairy scenes to which we\u2019ve been accustomed in our terrene state? It is to remind you my illustrious Countryman of things already Known, that chiefly induces this address; to remind you again & again of Death! and Judgement! that I continue this Epistle to prolixity, if not Wearisomely. I would here Observe, that my being in sentiment a republican, and having ever espoused the principle in my heart, and at same time professing to be a Christian in deed as well, as Word I have not Omitted to offer up Strong Cries, tears & groans that cannot be uttered, to the Father of Mercies, the God! of all grace, thro\u2019 the infinite Merit of our Lord & Saviour Jesus Christ!! for the preservation of our Civil & religious liberties\u2014and for your personal Safety & Eternal happiness! Yes Sir, as the chief Magistrate of this growing country\u2014I view you in the same light I have done your predecessors in Office, no Matter what thier political tenets\u2014as the Lords! anointed, and as such deem it my duty as \u2019tis my privilege to pray for you in your publick & private capacity that God! may guide you by his unerring Counsel, & afterward recieve you to Glory! that he would shew you your situation by nature & practice & what you may & must be by grace, before you appear at his dread Tribunal. Oh Sir may you bear in mind this truth \u201cIf we say that we have no Sin, (whilst in a state of Nature or being unconverted is implied) we decieve ourselves & the truth is not in us.\u201d But\n[\u201c]if we confess our Sins he is faithful & Just to forgive & cleanse us from all unrighteousness\u201d &c.\n Continuing therefore to labour daily in your behalf at the Throne of grace! I am the more emboldened to write to you with respectful freedom. And altho\u2019 perhaps entirely unknown to you, I nevertheless feel as it were an intimacy probably Sympathetic, if Su\u27e8c\u27e9h there be? arising perhaps from the circumstances of our being natives of the same country & state\u2014Children of the Same universal parent\u2014Subjects of the same Redemption, thro\u2019 the Blood of Jesus!! Objects of the Same holy Spirits!!! charge & care for the Sanctification of our Whole Nature to the praise & Glory of God! pilgrims and Sojourners in the Same probation, fellow travellers to the Same awfull Bourn\u2014espousing the same political opinions, enjoying the same religious toleration, Visited by the Same Gospel, Eligible to the same heights of present & future Bliss, upon the same conditions, namely repentance towards God! & faith in our Lord Jesus Christ!! as the Son of God! to who\u2019s humanity the deity was and is united in a Mysterious, manner which union he Knows is above our present comprehension, & therefore does not require it of us\u2014but only to beleive that it is so\u2014that God! was in Christ!! upon Earth reconciling a guilty world unto himself thro the Sufferings & Death of Jesus!! Whom he raised from the Dead on the 3rd day\u2014by the power of his spirit instant in Christ!! to be the Judge in his Glorrified human Nature of that World, which he died to redeem. Who\u2019s prerogative it is in a coming day\u2014to which Successive generations, Nations, Kindred & tongues are rapidly hastening\u2014as fast as time bears them along\u2014to Summon all to attend his Bar\u2014for Judgement in righteousness\u2014When every one Shall receive his final doom, to happiness or Woe, and that for ever, according as his works in this life hath been \u201cTo them who by a patient continuance in well doing have sought for glory, honor and immortality\u2014Eternal life! But to those who are contentious and Obey not the truth, But Obey unrighteousness, Indignation and wrath, tribulation and anguish upon every Soul of man that doeth Evil, upon the Jew first and also upon the gentile, for God! is no respecter of persons.\u201d Yea furthermore on this interesting theme\u2014Christ!! has himself assured us, that all who are ashamed of him or his Gospel, no matter what our condition, whether we are Governors or Governed, in this state of trial or probation\u2014he will be ashamed of them in That day of final decisions, before his Father in Glory! an[d] the assembled Universe Where & When Angels & Men\u2014will hear these awful! or Else these Glorious Words! \u201cDepart ye cursed into everlasting fire prepared for the Devil & his angels; or else come ye Blessed of my Father, inherit the Kingdom, prepared for the righteous, from the foundation of the World.\u201d Oh Sir is not this an important time to think of\u2014and Ought we not to prepare for it by an immediate Obedience to the faith of the Gospel! Do not suffer Dr Priestlys Philosophy if I may call it\nso\u2014to deceive you nor Mr Paines Age of reason, nor any other specious Writings of ingenious tho\u2019 Mistaken Men to Mislead you\u2014let Reason & conscience have fair play\u2014they must decide in favour of the Gospel! Doctor Priestlys opinions respecting the Divinity of our Lord! which he denies\u2014is as erroneous in my Judgement, as his Opinions are respecting everlasting punishment, which he also denies. But Sir to Satisfy yourself on this latter Subject, turn to the 46 verse of 25 Ch: of St Matthews Gospel in the Original Greek, a copy of which is now before me & you will there find, the same word that specifies the Eternal (\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) life of the Righteous\u2014is put also for the everlasting punishment of the wicked. (\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) So that if the happiness of man be interminable, thro\u2019 righteousness\u2014so also must his punishment be from the evidence before us, for his unrighteousness\u2014unbelief\u2014infidelity & neglect of a Saviour!!\n I feel it incumbent on me ere I proceed further; on recollecting the acknoledged Talents of the distinguished Character, I am now addressing\u2014who\u2019s writings on National polity cuts \u27e8so\u27e9 conspicuous a figure in the annals of Empires; To ask your Kind indulgence for all the inaccuracies you may meet with herein, as to Orthography or diction, as I have not the advantage of extensive erudition\u2014altho\u2019 I have read & travelled considerably: Being by my former profession a Mariner trading to Europe and was during the Administration of Mr Adams, for a year or two a Lt. in the Navy of the U.S. But am now thro\u2019 a wonderful & happy change of heart & life\u2014by faith in the Son of God! even Jesus!! & the help of his holy Spirit!!! a Preacher of his Gospel! tho\u2019 I confess an unprofitable Servant\u2014Of the Methodist Sect, persuasion & faith in Christs!! Gospel. And altho\u2019 I might possibly, thro\u2019 dint of study & Labour of composition, have presented my thoughts and interrogatories on this topick more Systematically than you find them Yet I prefer risking their favourable reception by you in the artless dress they wear; as the Spontaneous effusions of my heart! tho Somewhat incoherently and ungrammatically expresd rather, than Send them forth under the More pleasing, specious and imposing garb of Logick & Rhetorick, were I perfectly master of Both; and for this plain Gospel reason, that if ever this letter should prove beneficial to you, my exalted countryman in your Spiritual concerns\u2014which I devoutly pray as I write may be the case; \u201cYour faith Might not Stand in the Wisdom of Men, but in the power of God!\u201d who acts consistently with his own dignity and power, \u201cIn choosing the foolish things of the world to confound the Wise, and the weak things of the world to confound the things that are Mighty.\u201d That all may behold and adore his Omnipotent hand, in the Salvation of Sinners! Oh that the almighty God! may please in the present case, to oppose my Weakness, to your great Wisdom & Knowledge of the world\u2014in a Successfull manner! he shall have all the Glory! And I must ask your Excellencys further indulgence, whilst I assure you that a few Years ago, It\npleased God! who saw that I was willing to be instructed, by any one, to raise up Strength, & wisdom enough for this purpose, in one of the weakest instruments\u2014a poor old woman of the Neighbourhood, at my own table & tho\u2019 unlettered, proved as effectual in arousing me from my lethargick state, as did the yet weaker instrument, the Herald of the Morn that great Apostle who by his crowing, recalled St Peter, to a Sense of his deep transgression! in denying Christ!! I beseech your Excellency further more, not to be offended at the freedom of asking you this solemn Question; Are you a Christian? that is, do you believe Jesus Christ!! to be the Son of God! according to the history given us of him in the old & New testaments? Does this faith in him, of which I now enquire, go further than a Mere assent of your understanding to the truth of the history? Does it produce a hearty consent of your Will, to Obey all the commandments of Christ!! as displayed in his Gospel! Does it detach your affections from things of Earth, as Wealth, Fame, or Power in an inordinate degree, & place them on things above that lie beyond the grave? If so \u2019tis saving faith, that works by love and purifies the heart. Its fruits are Love, Joy, peace, long sufferring\u2014gentleness, goodness, meekness, temperance, Knowledge; courage; patience, Brotherly Kindness, & Charity as described in 13 Ch: 1 Ep to Corinthians. But if in these particulars it be Barren and unfruitfull\u2014it is as the Apostle James, (from whom remotely I presume your Name is derived) hath said, a dead faith, that cannot profit you. If you have not such a principle, as the above described living faith, engrafted by the word of God! on your Soul! Suffer me to address you in the plain Language of my Lord!! to Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews \u201cYe must be Born again.\u201d no matter how Moral you are, that live under the Gospel dispensation & tis not my design to Speak of others now, For this I say, that altho\u2019 there is no true religion, without Morality\u2014yet there is much that is called Morality\u2014which Savours nothing of Christ!! or his Gospel! tho\u2019 it be even allowed as the standard, or Criteria of all Morality\u2014but to have a fuller Veiw of this subject I would propose your perusal of a Sermon Written by Th: Sherlock Bp London\u2014Vol 3\u2014page 325 on this text\u2014\u201cthis is the condemnation; that light is come into the world.[\u201d] But perhaps you may feel disposed, to give Such an Answer to the foregoing questions? as are generally given, by the unregenerate\u2014and not long ago was given in Substance by our distinguished fellow Citizen Mr Jefferson, to a letter from me on the same Subject as this. To wit: \u201cthat you are not bound to answer it, seeing it is a thing in which only God! & the individual are concerned; But specious as this reply may be in appearance, it is opposed to the dictates of a good conscience, the Law of Charity & the precepts of the Gospel for tis evident, the latter, which never contradicts either of the former, enjoins us, allways to be ready to give an Answer to every man, who asketh us of the reason of the hope that is within us, with Meekness, and fillial fear.\u201d Permit\nme to reassure you that I have no unworthy\u2014no sinister, or impertinent motive, in asking such an important question, with so much freedom! My Object, being simply to arouse your own reflections, and induce Meditation, on a Subject of such importance to you. Think I beseech you again, for a Moment on the possibility of the Christian, Religion as Exhibited in the Gospel of Christ!! being founded in Eternal truth; and if true consider well, how we shall escape everlasting Misery if we Neglect so great Salvation as it provides? Hear St Paul declaring to the learned thessalonians, \u201cThat when the Lord Jesus!! shall be revealed from Heaven in flaming fire! with his mighty Angels! he would take Vengeance on them that Know not God! and that Obey not the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ!! who shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord! and from the Glory of his power.\u201d And is it not a melancholy fact, that in the face of such awful denunciations, and many others of Similar import, both in the Old & New testaments\u2014there should yet be found persons, preeminent for Worldly Science, who Seem to take a pride in Vaunting a thing called by them Philosophy\u2014in opposition to these friendly admonitions\u2014a fictitious Monster, that Might as well be called a Metaphysical Centaur as Philosophy\u2014which hurries them on to slight; the divine precepts of the Gospel! oppose its doctrines, despise its authority, deny its power, and continue as void of its benign influence on their life; conduct & conversation, as if it were a fabulous romance; Ah! how lamentable that such Miserable Egots, should be found in the higher Walks of Life, yea often in the most elevated stations within the gift of a civilized & partly Christianized people! well might the great Apostle of the gentiles say to the Ephesians, \u201cThat we wrestle not against flesh & Blood only, But against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this World, against Spiritual wickedness in high places.\u201d What a pity \u2019tis that among the learned part of the community\u2014there Should be so many found who are wise in their own conceits & yet So duped by their implacable enemy Satan, as to prefer an intimate acquaintance with fictitious tales; wearing the Meritricious Ornaments of human Art\u2014like a fine dressed Harlot! to the Sublime and Heavenly truths of Sacred Writ\u2014which is able to make wise unto Salvation; for Such are the Illiad of Homer, the \u00c6neid of Virgil or the yet more trifling Metamorphosis of Ovid &c in comparison of the Gospel! Oh! how true it is, \u201cthat Knowledge puffeth up.\u201d But I would not have it Supposed for a Moment, that I am an enemy to useful Knowledge\u2014far from it, but every thing in its proper order\u2014truth first, and then her handmaid Knowledge, or rather learning ready at her call, allways in waiting.\n M. Chateaubriand in his Beauties of Christianity, a work not long published, has ably contrasted, the sacred writings, with the most approved of Ancient or Modern times. Speaking of Voltairs Henriad, he Observes,\n\u201cthat to the very faith which he persecuted, the Author of the Henriad is indebted for the most striking passages of his Epic poem, as well as for the most Exquisite Scenes in his tragedies.\u201d and again of the Same author he says, \u201che pursues through 70 Volumes what he denominates the Wretch! and yet the finest passages in his Works, were inspired by Religion. Alas! how inconsistent \u27e8are\u27e9 all Gospel! slighting Sinners, how they increase Wickedness & misery as Madame de Talmond told him he did, & to what a Miserable end they are Often Brought. Let Tronchin shew Voltaire\u2019s. Perhaps you have not read this Work; If not, let me hope that you will, without loss of time & laying aside all that part which Savours too strong of Popery\u2014recieve such gratification as may enable you to forgive the freedom, that recommended it to your Excellency.\n But to return to the Gospel! as a System founded in truth, and being in itself what St Paul declared to the Romans, and what every real Christian has found by experience it is! Viz: the power of God! unto Salvation, present & future\u2014the first as it saves its Vota\u27e8rie\u27e9s from All habitual sins, Willful Sins\u2014those of desire & those of infirmity &c and of the second as a consequence of the former, from the fear of Death! and Wrath of God! in the day of Judgement! Of this Gospel! I ask then of your Excellency, has it not withstood the test of Most Malignant criticism, & that for ages\u2014Both of Jew & Gentile? and has it not proven itself to be of God! by standing unimpaired all these rude Shocks\u2014yea like fabled Atlas, who\u2019s towering hight the clouds assaulted, whilst foaming Billows, burst in fury on its Base, yet stands immoveable. So stands unhurt the Glorious Gospel! Has not its pure Morality extorted even the Sullen praises of Rosseau? and did we ever hear of any intelligent person, that forsook the Gospel because it lacked Morality? No. This fact alone speaks volumes in its praise, and loud proclaims to all; that he who slights it then, is neither friend to Virtue, God! nor men; Such persons where ever found, may be Justly charged, with prefering in Some degree, Licentiousness to liberty\u2014and is it not manifest, that such fly the Gospel, for fear of its restraints! Can he who Obeys the Gospel, fail to be a better man, in every relation. Ergo, we should all Obey it. Is it not wonderfully adapted to our Situation as probationers for Eternity! in regard to our ignorance of futurity\u2014and our Amazing Weakness in a State of nature? & may we not with perfect truth esteem it, in our morally diseased condition, as the grand Panacea, of Heaven, established on Earth, wherein Mankind, without respect of persons, may find an infallible remedy for every case: Yes My exalted countryman, the Gospel is as a Stream of Mercy, wonderfully adapted to our present Miseries; Wherein every leper as Naaman the Syrian, may by faith, wash and be clean. Oh that such a feeble worm of Earth as I am, could persuade your Excellency, promptly to Dive by serious research into these Waters of life, untill you found the precious pearl, of Worth inestimable! I mean a living faith in\nJesus Christ!! a New Heart\u2014and regenerated, nature. The Moral image of God! so long lost by disobedience or inattention, fully recovered, a peace with him, enjoyed by the reestablishment of his Kingdom within your Soul! Then would you own with all the Sons of Sion, that your happiness now was real, and did as far transcend that So called by men in their u[n]regenerate state; As the Meridian splendour of the bright Orb of Day, does the faint glimmerings of the little glow worm! That the Gospel is no fable, neither a scheme of human invention, to Awe the timid & curb the vulgar throng, as infidels assert contemptuously; May be proven from a Variety of indubitable facts, but passing by a Number, I select the following three! First Amongst its firm supporters of less Ancient days, than Might be recurred to, are to be found Men of clearest intellect & brightest parts, of highest attainments in every useful Science & possessed of honor, Sobriety & Candour Such were Addison, Newton, Locke, Boyle &c besides a vast Number of both Clergy & laity of every State in Europe, as well as Many of other climes\u2014who\u2019s Names, talents, stations, creeds are probably more familiar to your Excellency than Myself\u2014which renders any further remark from me on this head superfluous\u2014save only, that I would Observe these lived & died in the firm beleif that Jesus Christ!! is the Son of God! also that he is Very God! & very Man & that his Gospel is both the Word & power of God! Secondly as a System, connecting the present life, with the future & eternal destinies of the human race\u2014it stands so conspicuously pre eminent, to all others yet devised\u2014as to invite comparison, for the purpose of our conviction. Before the cheering Rays, that flow abundant, from this Divine System of truth, duty & interest\u2014fly the dark shadows of a Pagan Worship! And the Gospel having taken the Wings of the Morning, hastes to Oer Spread, a long benighted World; with its Glorious light! exhibiting to those regions, long immersed, in gross Idolatry & Heathenish rites, that prostituted reason & left all understanding prostrate; a day of Merciful Visitation & spiritual freedom! Oh! Blessed day of Gospel grace, that you and I have lived to see, In its Auspicious dawn. Yes Sir, Hindostan hails, with thankful Songs of heartfelt praise, the Almighty Name of Jesus!! thier great dileverer! that sounds as Musick in each sinful ear, and to the heart conveys, life, health and peace. Before his glorious Gospel! and its almighty power! presently shall sink\u2014as it is now Sinking, to Oblivions depth; the Monstruous rites of Juggernaut, as faithfully described by Claudius Buchannan in a work entitled, his Christian researches in Asia, & India. Your Excellency may possibly have read, his affecting & highly interesting narrative of the conversion also of the two distinguished, Musselmen Youth, Sabat and Abdullah, to the Christian!! faith and practice, by reading the Gospel of Jesus Christ!! which they casually met with, in the palace of the King of Bochara if my Memory is correct, in the year 1805 ab [sic]. Much more might be said in proof of my second\nposition\u2014but I forbear as hoping to have said enough, since \u201ca word to the wise is sufficient,\u201d and proceed. Thirdly\u2014To state without fear of contradiction, That the Gospel! when truly believed & Obeyed, has never failed in making, all its Subjects, better men, in every relation of life: Affording at Same time, real & substantial [illegible] to every individual disciple\u2014and of which no powers of Earth or Hell combined can deprive him On its Maxims, (for you will Observe the Gospel is ancient date reaching back to Adam) are founded all the Jurisprudence, of civilized humanity! Wherefore then is this Gospel! so slighted or contemned? Is it not Slighted by men of honest hearts & cultivated, Minds thro carelessness and inattention to future things? May your Excellency put the question to your own heart, & see if I have suggested the true cause of its being slighted by you? And is it not neglected and despised, by men of grosser Vices, more vulgar minds, groveling Ideas and base practices & pursuits, because it conflicts, or rather condemns their carnal doings? Yes Sir, Our Saviour has himself declared the true cause, & this it is: \u201cMen love darkness rather than light, because their deeds are evil: neither will they come to light, lest their deeds be reproved.\u201d What has given Europe the ascendency, so universally acknowledged, for every useful Art or Science, tending to the present & future happiness of man? Christianity! What has given rise to such a growing Empire as our own? Christianity! Did not the light of the Glorious Gospel! reflected in the hearts of our fathers, cause them to understand, the true Nature & value of civil liberty? Or whence that phrase in our bill of rights, so highly prized by every true American of our Blest republic? that all men are by nature free, and endowed with equal rights &c does not the Gospel! teach, \u201cthat God! is no respecter of persons,\u201d But that in every land, he that feareth God! & waketh righteousness is accepted of him? your Excellency doubtless percieves the analogy. May these few & simple facts; have their desired effect on your ingenuous and enlightened Soul, I most devoutly pray.\n I am somewhat afraid, lest thro\u2019 my zeal for the Gospel! My countrys welfare, and your Excellencys\u2019 present & future happiness, I may have trespassed so long on your patience, as to require apology at this place, If so: I tender it with profound respect: Whilst at the same time I assure you of my unfeigned regret, at having written so much already, in so lame & feeble a Manner, when the subject is of so Sublime a Nature; But the confined limits of a letter, and a wish to avoid all possible circumlocution, has necessarily abridged or Obliterated much that, even I could have said in farther praise & commendation of our common Lord!! and his Gospel! If I had the pleasure of a personal communication, but this I cannot reasonably expect, because of the great distance and yet greater disparity that lies between our respective situations and circumstances. I cannot forbear however at this place to remark by way of conclusion, that I had the satisfaction of Seeing\nyou a few Weeks ago in the streets of Annapolis, and when you Sailed off to Visit the 74 Gun ship I was in a little Sloop, which you may remember, being the only vessel, that accompanied you off to the ship, and displayed our little flag on the occasion, which was all that was in our power to do, as a mark of respect to the chief Magistrate of my country. Exhibiting at same time to those on Board my little Vessel, a ready compliance on my part with that Gospel precept which requires its votary\u2019s \u201cto give honor to whom honor is due.\u201d\n I am free to confess that I felt considerable desire, when so near your person, to have had an introduction, But notwithstanding A personal acquaintance with Commodores Rogers & Porter, some Years [illegible], & this partially or slightly renewed, the day before you arrived in Annapolis, yet I could not prevail on myself to ask an introduction thro either of them, for fear it might be thought intrusive in some degree, and humility is in my Judgement one of the most prominent features of a Christian!!! Having seen you get safe on board the Man of war, so soon as their salute by firing ceased, we proceeded onward down the Bay, and I reflected as I lost sight of the ship & you on board, on the closing Scene of life, that \u2019ere long would oer take us both! and compared its importance with the Pageantry, I was leaving. Ah Methought, if instead thereof, you, your lady & gay attendants, would or could but have listened, for the same length of time to Such Awfull heart searching & interesting truths as, even I could have stated, on the importance & value of Time, as an opportunity afforded, to all, that their eternal felicity might be Secured. Such intelligent Beings\u2014possessed of Minds so highly cultivated & polished\u2014I thought would gladly have exchanged, the Noisy din of Martial Musick; for the heart cheering strains of Gospel Melody! for the awakening Lays of the Sacred poet, who in song reminds us all, that \u201cTime like a rolling stream: Bears all its sons away. They fly forgotten as a dream, Dies at the opening day. The year rolls round and steals away, The breath that first it gave. What \u2019ere we do, where \u2019ere we be, we are travelling to the Grave.\u201d I felt a Strong desire to have preached on board that Ship at that time, from these words of our Blessed Redeemer!! \u201cWhat shall it profit a Man if he gain the Whole World! (all honor, fame, pleasure &c) and loose his own Soul?\u201d and to have shewed, that Naaman, (including with your Excellency, the Commander of the Ship, the Gallant Commodores that attended you together with the heads of the departments present &c) The Syrian, spoken of in II Book of Kings 5 Chapt 1 Verse tho\u2019 a Mighty Man of Valour, Was a leper! and applied it individually and collectively, if practicable unto edification, exhortation and comfort.\n I have yet to state my reasons for supposing your Excellency an unbeliever of the christian faith, and consequently an alien from the Lords! spiritual Israel! First is from hearsay, or general rumour. But the second &\nprincipal is deducible from your own proclamations of 16th. Novr 1814 & in April 1815, on the Subjects of humiliation & thanksgiving; In neither of which is the Holy name of Jesus!! mentioned! which Omission totally destroys the merit they would otherwise possess. It would seem as if the President, on these Occasions came short of the Governor of Virginia, for he uses it in his, as if not ashamed to do so. ashamed did I say?\u2014Ashamed of Jesus!! sooner far, Let evening blush to own its star! Or just as soon; Should Morning blush, to Own its Noon. Now I say it does appear from the face of these publick documents, that your Excellency was either ashamed to mention it or else had forgotten it; But if you are a Christian! enjoying the love of Christ!? how is it possible you could have Omitted in an address to God! the Father! the name of him, thro\u2019 whom alone we have access to God!! For \u201cthro\u2019 him says the Apostle St Paul, to the Ephesians, we both, i.e. Jew & Gentile have access by one spirit!!! unto the Father\u201d; An[d] from whom we derive the glorious title of Christian. I should as soon expect a man could forget his native land, as the name of his Sovereign Lord!! and hence I am compelled to conclude, that you were ashamed to use it, at least publickly! If not? I humbly beseech your Excellency\u2019s condescension at a leisure Moment, to set me right, in an answer to this letter, directed to Me Near Mathews Court house Virginia, And be assured I will continue to pray our Heavenly Father! to Bless you & yours and put you in the right way of attaining unto Eternal life! there is but one way for us, however Turks & heathens may get there! & our way is by & thro him, even Jesus!! who himself says, I am the truth, the Way & the life! St Johns Gospel Ch. 14 & 6 Verse. Finally I salute your Excellency with fervent Charity & unfeigned Respect And Subscribe myself your friend & Servant in the Gospel of Christ!!\n Miles King", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0142", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Latham Mitchill, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Mitchill, Samuel Latham\nTo: Madison, James\n I have just returned from a visit to General John Smith, marshall of Newyork, at his residence on Longisland. He sunk under a disease of the chest, after an illness of thirteen days. The day but one before his death his daughter Miss Sarah Augusta Smith was at his particular desire, married pursuant to a contract of some standing, to John L. Lawrence Esq, the late Secretary of legation to Sweden, and now a member of the legislative As\u27e8s\u27e9embly of Newyork.\n It is understood that the Son-in law of the deceased, will be an applicant for the office. In the anxiety of \u27e8her\u27e9 family when I came away, there was no conversation between him and me on the subject: but in mentioning to you this solemn event, it seemed not improper to suggest a mode of filling the vacancy which his removal has made. I have the honour to renew the assurance of my high respect\n Saml L Mitchill", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0144", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n I well remember the law to which Mr Wirt alludes. Indeed, I drew it. It was deemed necessary from antecedent evils of a most embarrassing kind, which, I believe, it has, to a great degree, cured every where but in Virginia. I have thrown a few remarks upon the enclosed sheet, to be read\nas an addendum to Mr Wirts letter, and designed to meet its main object. This I have done in compliance with the request contained in your favor of the 26th instant. But I regret that you should be drawn into the trouble of any correspondence upon the subject. It has been looked at frequently in all its bearings at the office of the commissioner of the revenue. This would be the regular medium of correspondence upon the occasion; and from this officer, or ultimately from the secretary of the treasury as head of the department, the district attornies have received, or would receive, all explanations and instructions that are pertinent or practicable.\n I have ventured to say thus much that if, in the present instance, you should think fit to transmit Mr Wirts letter to me again, I shall be happy to put it in train to be acted upon by Mr Smith. It is probable, I think, that the answer would embrace the substance of the notes that I have briefly sketched.\n In the Intelligencer of the 18th of this month there is a curious anecdote connected with the recently asserted doctrines of British allegiance. I find it in Walter Scotts letter describing the fortress of Bergen-op-Zoom. It appears that in the late assault made upon it by the British, a Dutch officer in their service was taken prisoner. He was about to be executed as a traitor for serving against his native town, when he was rescued by the interposition of the British commanding general, who transmitted documents to prove the length of time that he had been in the British service!\n I observe also that Lord Exmouth\u2019s treaty protects from slavery the prisoners made in all future wars with any European power. To have said with any Christian power would have been more in the Catholick spirit of the gospel, and less open to the suspicion of any intentional exclusion. I tender the assurances of my great and cordial respect.\n Richard Rush.\n [Enclosure]\n It was, no doubt, supposed that the State Courts would take cognizance of the Subjects enumerated in the 1st and 2d Sections of the act of March 3d 1815. And such, it is beleived, has been the fact, with the exception of Virginia. Even in Virginia they will assume the jurisdiction where the case sounds in debt or contract, as contradistinguished from a penalty. Here then is one object of the Deputy\u2019s duty, and although the necessity of observing the forms of proceeding enjoined by the State laws or State practice, may beget procrastination, yet its evils must be borne in the abscence of all other modes of bringing the suit that would lead to more expedition.\n Although the court of Appeals in Virginia did decide that an appeal would not lie [sic] from a State to a Federal Court, yet it has been supposed that since the reversal of that opinion at Washington, the State Courts of\nVirginia will not practically adhere to it. Be it this, as it may, the proviso in the Second Section of the act does nothing more than give the right of appeal. There is a possibility that this right may not in every case be claimed.\n I have not understood that the refusal of the Virginia Courts to execute the penal laws of the U. States, has extended so far as to disclaim the power given in the third Section of the act, which relates to remissions and refers to the act of March the 3d 1797 as its root. If not, or if it be not taken as a consequence of that refusal, a Second object is carved out which, under the intendment of the act, may serve to justify the appointment of the deputies.\n At all events, as the act directs that they shall be appointed, I think the measure had better be taken. Mr Wirt, it is true, States some difficulties that are intrinsick. But I can see no harm in making the appointments. The deputies will at least do all that they can, and where Stopped by insuperable obstacles that will be their excuse. I would have the U States take every Step that is enjoined and that is practicable on their part, letting it be afterward Seen, that where it falls short in efficacy it has been owing to bars interposed by the State Courts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0145", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nathan Sanford, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Sanford, Nathan\nTo: Madison, James\n James W. Lent Esquire, is about to visit Washington; and he desires to be introduced to the President of the United States. I accordingly beg leave to present him, in this manner. Mr. Lent, is an old inhabitant of this City; he has always, sustained a pure and excellent character; he is in politics, a Republican; and he enjoys the esteem and respect of his fellow citizens. I have the honor to be With the highest respect Sir Your most obedient servant\n Nathan Sanford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0150", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Citizens of the Indiana Territory, [ca. July 1816]\nFrom: Citizens of the Indiana Territory\nTo: Madison, James\n The Memorial of the Undersigned Citizens of the Indiana Territory\u2014Most Respectfully Sheweth\n That being about to emerge from a Territorial into a State Government, and having yet running nearly through; and including the centre of our Territory\u2014one of the richest Tracts of Land in the Western Country\u2014the Indian title to which is yet unextinguished\u2014We beg leave to represent to Your Excellency the propriety and necessity of an extinguishment of that title, to a part, if not the whole of those lands\u2014at as early a period as is practicable, consistent with publick convenience.\n Were the right to those lands now vested in the United States; and were those Lands now for sale it would not only enable us to fix upon a central site, for our permanent seat of Government at our outset; but by the immense influx of population which it would produce, would greatly lessen our burdens; and add to the United States Treasury an incalculable and increasing source of revenue.\n That the Negociations for the extinguishment of the Indian Title to those Lands, may consume time, and be attended with some expence is very possible, but when Your Excellency takes into view the immediate and immense advantages resulting to the United States and to our Infant state\u2014We Humbly trust no reasonable expence will be spared; for the attainment of such desireable objects\u2014and believing as we do, that if the foregoing objects are attainable\u2014there is no person in our country\u2014equally qualified with General William Henry Harrison, to bring them about. We solicit Your Excellency to appoint him to conduct the Negociations aforesaid, and Your Memorialists as in duty bound will pray &c.\n James Dill[and fourteen others]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0151", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 1 July 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\n Navy Department July 1st. 1816.\n I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 25th ultimo.\n A consultation has been held with Colonel Monroe and the other Secretaries, who concur with me in opinion, that the U.S. Naval Force, now within the Streights of Gibraltar, is amply sufficient to protect us against the Dey of Algiers, or, if requisite, to chastise his injustice.\n Instructions will, therefore, be sent to Commodore Chauncey, authorising him to retain so much of the Force under his command as he shall think the circumstances of the case will justify, and to send to the United States such Vessels as he may judge unnecessary; his discretion may, it is believed, be safely trusted; but any change can be made to meet your wishes.\n The Brig Spark, Captain Nicholson, is now at New York, ready for Sea; and the Secretary of State has been informed that she will wait for any Despatches, that You, or he, may be pleased to send by her.\n The Frigate Macedonian will, I trust, soon arrive from Carthagena, and can perform any service that you may require. A further extension of the Naval Service will, however, necessarily absorb the Appropriations made by Congress, and render an Application for an additional sum indispensable.\n I have it in contemplation to proceed, this Week, towards the North, for the purpose of visiting my family; but the business of the Department is so well arranged, that no inconvenience will, I hope, arise. Mr. Homans will immediately transmit to me any important Communications, which can be as well acted upon there as here. I have the honour to be, With the highest respect, Dear Sir, Your Most Obedt. Servant,\n B W Crowninshield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0153", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Paulding Jr. and Others, 1 July 1816\nFrom: Paulding, William Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\n The death of Genl Smith having caused a vacancy in the Office of Marshall of the Southern District of New York We do respectfully recommend Roger Strong Esqr. for that Office.\n Wm. Paulding Junr.\n Charles Baldwin\n Wm. Irving\n Grove Wright\n Ogden Edwards", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0154", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Rhea, 1 July 1816\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Nashville 1 July 1816\n I have here had the honor of receiving Your letter of the first of last month, it having been sent on pursuant to Your direction. Previous to\nsetting out from Blountville for Nashville, I addressed a letter to You stating that having seen a publication in the nati Intel. in which my name as a commissioner to superintend Subscription for the Bank of the United States was mentioned, I was about to set out for this place\u2014that letter I hope You have received. It was then my opinion that a letter of information would be directed by the treasury Dept to the commissioners here. I have had no other information on that Subject except what appeared in the Nat Intel\u2014and that which You have been pleased to write to me. This day a book was here opened by the commissioners to take subscrips.\n Believing You would, as usual, be involved in a multiplici of business, I little Expected You would have wrote in answer to my letter of the 24th. of November last\u2014but You have written and I read Your letter with most Gratefull sensations.\n From the war Dept I have here received a communication informing that You have selected General Coffee, Mr McKee and me, to be commissioners to inquire into and to decide definitively upon claims set up by the Choctaw Nation \u201cto a part of the lands supposed to have been ceded to the United States by the treaty concluded with the Creek Indians at Fort Jackson in the Year 1814\u201d and containing instructions relative to that subject. To the business with the Choctaw tribe of Indians, I hope to be able to attend\u2014but the letter from the War Dept. not being received at Blountville, and not Expecting to proceed further than Nashville, I left Blountville prepared only to come here\u2014and a stage in which the mail is carried having commenced run[n]ing from Knoxville to Nashville, I came here in the stage. I may however, after the business of the Bank is done here have time to return to East Tennessee and Get my horse and some other things before my attendance at the Choctaws be necessary. The letter from the War Dept bears dates on the twentieth day of may last, and had time to have been received at Blountville, if it had not been some how delayed.\n Your instructions respecting the National policy that ought to Govern transactions with our savage Neighbors, and the instructions contained in the letter from the War Department, relative to the proposed negotiation with the Choctaw tribe, will be carefully and diligently attended to by me, provided it be in my power to be at the place and I trust it will. I am the more excited to do the duty assign\u2019d to me with the Choctaw tribe, being assured that my being selected to that duty proceeded from Your friendship. Every thing in my power will be done to carry Your views of the subject into Effect. I have here seen and conversed with Genl Jackson and Genl Coffee.\n It is not pleasant to me but it might be improper to refrain to Write to You, that the late treaty made at the City of Washington with Chiefs of the Cherokee tribe of Indians, whereby a large tract of Country included within the lines of the lands ceded to the United States by the treaty made\nwith the Creeks at Fort Jackson, is surrendered or Given to the Cherokee, is not well received by any person I have heard Speaking of it. That treaty appears to be generally disliked in Tennessee\u2014butt I have the pleasure to Observe that I have heard not one speaking disrespectfully of You on that subject. Many people are Said to have settled on the land. A settlement of Citizens of the United States on the lands ceded by the Creeks pursuant to the treaty made with them at Fort Jackson, would have united the Settlements of Tennessee with those at and near Mobille\u2014would have placed the Chickasaws and Choctaws on one side and the Cherokees and Creeks on the other; and in case of future war on the southern or florida frontier would have afforded a convenient passage for troops from Tennessee to the place of War. It would have deprived the Northern Indians, if hostile, of communicating with the Cherokees and Creeks, and the friendly Chickasaws would have prevented the approach of hostile Northern Indians to the Choctaws. The lands are said to be of Great value. There is a report here that the Cherokees and Creeks have agreed to have their lands in common, but whether certainly so I know not. If so You will hear it. The blood of Tennessee was poured out in subduing the hostile Creeks, and Citizens of Tennessee are not content that lands ceded by the Creeks in consequence of that war are Given to the Cherokees. Taking these considerations into veiw, and well knowing Your desire to promote the happiness and peace of Tennessee, I hope that You will direct, if You think proper so to do, such measures as will cause or bring about a revision of that treaty with the Cherokees. Excited by a pure and friendly motive I have taken the liberty to write of these things to You, and I trust You will consider and believe that What I have written hath proceeded from the sincere esteem and respect I have for You. I am the more influenced to write to You of these things because under Your administration, the United States have obtained a Grand National Character, having victoriously had a second War with Great Brittain, and are now crowned with Glory and honor and blessed with peace. The states Generally are at rest and quiet. Tennessee desires to be at rest, and to be secure from troublesome Neighbors, who have for many Years past afflicted and murdered the citizens. The people of Tennessee have firmly and decidedly supported and maintained Your administration, and now when the period of that administration is approaching to an end, I am not Willing that they Shall have any reason to suppose that their interests have been passed over or that any diminution of their esteem and veneration for that administration Shall be. At Your farm, which You were about to visit You probably will receive this letter; there and at every other place I sincerely wish to You the realization of Every happiness. I have the honor to be with true esteem and respect Your Obt. servt.\n John Rhea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0155", "content": "Title: Dolley Madison to Edward Coles, [ca. 1 July 1816]\nFrom: Madison, Dolley Payne Todd\nTo: Coles, Edward\n I have received your letter my kind friend and have spoken to Mr Madison according to your request, on the subject of a Consulate for you. He is sincerely disposed to favor your interest and refers you to the Sect:y of State, & in case of a failure\u2014to the Sect:y of War, for an Indian Agency. The choice of a Sec:y of Legation to England, depends on Mr Adams. Why have you not expressed your wishes to him? I cannot doubt his acquiescence in them. I am in hopes that the Lamps Mr Hughs speaks of are for me, as I repeatedly wrote to Mr. Lee for such. If you can obtain them, therefore I shall be greatly accomodated. I have written to my sister Cutts to consult you on the advantage of purchasing Drawing Room Chairs Sofa\u2019s && in Baltimore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0156", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 2 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Montpelier July 2. 1816\n I have recd. yours of the 29th. Ult: and return the letters from Mr. Adams & the communications from Mr. Harris.\n The step taken by the Emperor is an extraordinary one; Being produded [sic] by no pretended misconduct in the Amn. functionary, it is levelled at the relations between the two Countries, and would justify more than it is the disposition of this, to do on the occasion. Without knowing more than appears to have been known of the merits of the case, and deriving what was known altogether from a one sided statement, the interdict to our Charge d\u2019Affairs, equivalent to a suspension of his functions, was to say the least a very harsh and premature resort. And there may be the more difficulty in correcting it, as there is mingled with the proceeding an erroneous view of the privileges of Consuls, which the remarks of Mr. Harris, tho\ncontaining good sense & good stuff in general, were not calculated to impair. Like all our Consuls, he mounts that class of functionaries above the rank & the rights legally belonging to them.\n The course you suggest on our part, is the proper one. We must verify the facts as they really bear on Kuzloff; and satisfy the Emperor of his misdemeanor, of the misrepresentations of Daschloff [sic], and of the justice and delicacy observed by the Govt. here. The occasion will bring into view, the scandalous conduct of Estaphieve, & our forbearance in relation to that officer. The mode of collecting evidence agst. Kuzloff, may be concerted with Mr. Rush, and committed to Mr. Ingersol. It may perhaps be best so to frame the notification for the Consul, as not necessarily to invite or presume his becoming a party to the examinations, at the same time that it afforded him an opportunity for his doing so.\n Whether a special messenger ought to be immediately sent, or it be best to await communications from Mr. Harris subsequent to his receipt of your explanations already sent him, may be a question. You will decide it, according to your estimate of the time likely to elapse before we shall hear from him, the effect that may be expected from those explanations, and the importance of the additional facts or proofs, attainable by the researches to be set on foot. If the question be doubtful, we ought to lean to the safer side of sending a messenger, considering the manifest expediency of conciliating Russia, by all the means, compatible with the respect due to our own Country & its Government.\n The first person you name for this service would not I am confident, chuse it; nor would His relation to me well permit it. If Mr. E. Coles would like such a trip, no similar objection would lie, and I should be glad of the opportunity of gratifying him. Let me know the moment the measure is decided on, and I will ascertain his inclinations, which I expect an early opportunity of doing. To Capt: Biddle, there can be no objection; unless it be thought more consonant with the occasion, to employ a civil than a military messenger. It is not very probable that the distinction would be adverted to at St. Petersburg. Cordial respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0157", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 2 July 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n Department of War, July 2d. 1816.\n I have the honor to inclose the report of lieut. Gadsden, upon the fortifications necessary to be constructed for the defence of Mobile and\nNew-Orleans, which has been approved by general Swift. The maps accompanying Latour\u2019s history of the campaign in Louisiana, will be useful in forming a general opinion upon this report, which appears to be sensible and judicious. The alterations and repair of fort St. Phillippe, and of St. John, recommended by this report, I presume, may be commenced as soon as the necessary materials can be obtained; as it will not interfere with the determination to commence no new work of importance, until the foreign Engineer can be obtained. I have the honor to be, Your most obedt. & very humble servant,\n Wm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0158", "content": "Title: From James Madison to St. George Tucker, 3 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Tucker, St. George\n Montpelier July 3. 1816\n I have recd. yours of the 28th. Ult: and have forwarded to Mr. Wirt the papers accompanying it.\n The case to which they relate will, I presume, bring into view the political character of the people of Buennos Ayres touched in the Correspondence between the Secy. of State and Mr. Onis and the provisions of the Statute agst. expeditions from the U.S. agst. powers in amity with them. As Mr. Wirt will make to the Executive Dept. any communications which may interest its responsibility, I do not foresee that I shall have occasion to avail myself, of the obliging offer with which you close your letter. Accept my esteem & cordial regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0160", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Selectmen of Camden, District of Maine, 3 July 1816\nFrom: Selectmen of Camden, District of Maine\nTo: Madison, James\n Your Petitioners would represent, That Moses Thorndike of Camden in the County of Lincoln & District of Maine, was at the last May Term of the District Court for this District, sentenced upon a conviction on an Indictment found against him in Sept. AD 1814, for a misdemeanour, To pay a fine of $75:\u2014 to the use of the United States & costs of prosecution & to stand committed until sentence should be performed.\n The charge alledged against him was, that, in the month of August AD 1814, he aided & abetted four or five prisoners of war, landed here by the U.S. Ship Adams, in making their escape.\n The circumstances of the case were so favourable on the side of the prisoner, That the Fine, (To use the language of the Judge,) was assessed as low, as the nature of the offence & the dignity of the United States would allow; but small as it was Thorndike, who is very destitute of property, was unable to pay it & costs of prosecution; & in consequence thereof was committed to the Gaol in Portland, where he is now in close confinement.\n We would further state to your excellency, That Moses Thorndike has been confined in prison on account of his misdemeanour upwards of three months; which would seem to be a punishment at least equal to the Fine imposed by the Judge, That close confinement is gradually undermining the constitution & impairing the health of the prisoner, who is considerably advanced in years, That his wife & family depend upon their own industry & labour for their daily subsistence & that were he released from confinement, his release might be of assistance to them, without being of detriment to the public.\n We would therefore recommend the said Moses Thorndike, as a suitable object for the clemency & mercy of Government, & would pray your Excellency, as the Magistrate to whom the exercise of that clemency & mercy is entrusted, To grant a Pardon.\nRobert Chase\nSelectmen of Camden\nMoses Trussell\nBenaiah Barrows\nSaml. Hale\nWm. Parkman\n Portland Gaol July 5th 1816\n The selectmen of the town of Camden, of which I am an Inhabitant, having as well from a consideration of the length of my confinement & a conviction that my release would not prove injurious to the Community, as from motives of humanity to myself & family, petitioned Your Excellency to grant me a Pardon of the misdemeanour on account whereof I am now confined; I cannot but entertain a hope, that your Excellency will graciously & mercifully comply with the Prayer of their Petition; & thus release me from the further endurance of a Punishment, which, though intended by the Hon. Judge, who presided at my trial & passed the sentence upon me to be light, must, owing to my Poverty, operate with rigid severity; unless, as I humbly & sincerely pray, the merciful & pardoning attribute of Government should be exercised in my relief from confinement.\n Moses Thorndike", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0161", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 4 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Mont Pelier July 4. 1816.\n I have received yours of the 29th of June, with the several papers sent with it.\n Under the difficult circumstances of the currency, and the obligation to attempt a remedy or at least an alleviation of them, the place you have\nin view is entitled to a fair experiment. You do right however in reserving a discretion to judge of the sufficientcy of accessions by the State Banks. Should there be a single State, in which a failure of its Banks to accede, should reduce the people to the necessity of paying their taxes in coin or, treasury notes, or a bank paper out of their reach, the pressure and complaint would be intense, and the more so from the inequality with which the measure would operate.\n Can the Suspension of payments in coin by the principal Banks be regarded as the precise cause of the undue depreciation of treasury notes, as intimated in the 3d paragraph of your circular? A slight modification, if you think it requisite, would obviate the remark.\n As your statement to the President will remain an official document, I suggest for your consideration, the expression that the Treasury \u201ccannot discriminate in the mode of payment between the revenue of customs, and the internal revenue\u201d as liable to be turned against the distinction proposed in the payment of them.\n With respect to the validity of this distinction, I should yeild my doubts if they were stronger than they are, to the unanimous opinion which has sanctioned it.\n I anxiously wish that the State Banks may enter promptly and heartily into the means of reestablishing the proper currency. Nothing but their general co-operation, is wanting for the purpose; and they owe it to their own character, and ultimately to their own interest, as much as they do to the immediate and vital interests of the nation. Should they sacrifice all these powerful obligations to the unfair gain of the moment, it must remain with the State legislatures to apply the remedy in their hands; and it is to be hoped that they will not be diverted from it either by their share in the gains of the Banks, or the influence of the Banks on their deliberations. If they will not enforce the obligations of the Banks to redeem their notes in Specie, they cannot Surely forbear to enforce the alternatives of redeeming them with public Stock, or with National Bank notes, or finally of paying interest on all their notes presented for payment. The expedient also of restricting their circulating paper in a reasonable proportion to their metallic fund, may merit attention, as at once aiding the credit of their paper, and accelerating a resumption of Specie payments.\n I enclose the papers A.B.&C to guard against the possibility, that you may not have copies of them with you. Accept my esteem & cordial respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0162", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Burtchell, 4 July 1816\nFrom: Burtchell, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Philadelphia july 4th. 1816.\n A young man\u2014a Stranger\u2014an Emigrant, ventures to intrude himself upon the notice of the President of the United States; and full of apprehension that my conduct may appear like youthful presumption; I deem it safer to throw myself upon your Clemency than to Offer any appology for my temerity.\n Peculiar infelicity obliged me to exile myself from my native country, and being now in a Strange land without recommendation or friends, to no one but the first personage in America can I humble myself So low, as to reveal either my indigence or my feelings: yet, if I could subsist on the dust of the Earth removed from the view of my fellow creatures, or if my blood would defray the expences of aliment, I would waste it drop by drop, sooner than make an application to any human being; but I have no resource, and \u2019tis the peculiarity of my fate, to feel misfortune with all the poignancy that an unhappy too sensitive disposition can impart to it.\n Could I obtain one of the lowest commisions in the army or navy of the American union, or indeed any employment I would be satisfied; and every exertion that my frame would permit would be made to evince a sense of gratefulness. On any enterprise\u2014to any climate I would go most willingly; for I only dread one evil, the poverty that is at present environing me.\n I am only in my twenty second year and I may truly say, that my past life has been an age of unhappiness. No prospects open to me in futurity but such as are dark & Cheerless. Oh would it not be both Christian charity & deistical philanthropy to raise a youth of unimpeachable character from the lethargy of despondency from the verry depth of mental misery: to plant hope in his bosom and to make existence desirable, to disipate the gloom of his mind and to make the creation appear to him, as it did in his boyish days, beautiful grand and wonderful.\n That the feelings of the unfortunate are Bared is universally acknowledged; therefore I wish this letter to be destroyed after a perusal. I have expressed myself with the sincerity of a mind that in the energy of despair despises the sneer of unfeeling ridicule. Long has the name of Madison been familiar to my memory but \u2019tis now in the power of its possessor to engrave on the heart of\n Wm Burtchell.\n P:S. An answer to this (even if unfavorable) will be thankfully received, for it will end the lingering of suspence. You will have the goodness to direct\u201464 North fifth Strt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0163", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Forrest, 4 July 1816\nFrom: Forrest, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n Having let my two Houses to Mr. De Neuville, and Stipulated to furnish him with a Carriage House and Stable, which I am afraid I shall not be able to get ready by the time promised, and as he has agreed to receive one at a rea[s]onable distance during the approaching winter, I have thought it might be possible to obtain the one formerly used by Mr. Jefferson for that purpose. It is now entirely unoccupied. I will give any rent that may be asked for it until mine can be got ready.\n Pray do me the favor to let me know your pleasure on this subject. In great has[te] I remain yours most sincerely\n I have just returned from the House of Represents. and heard a most admerable oration delivered by young Mr. Lear.\n The French Minister left this Place in the Steam Boat yesterday for Montpelier.\n The Capitol was crowded to overflowing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0164", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 5 July 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n Treasury Department. 5. July 1816.\n The Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President, a copy of his letter to the Auditor of the Treasury, respecting the settlement of Mr. Hassler\u2019s accounts, which will require the President\u2019s approbation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0165", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Lane, 5 July 1816\nFrom: Lane, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington July 5, 1816\n Mr Hassler, the gentleman employed in collecting Mathematical Instruments, has called on me with his plans and drawings of an Observatory proposed to be erected at this place. He has likewise pointed out the scite which he has, after much consideration, selected as the most eligible for that purpose, and explained the reasons which determined his choice. These appear satisfactory to me and indeed conclusive. He has fixed upon square No. 634, lying about 200 yards North of the Capitol, the one on which General Washington\u2019s house stood. The whole of this square he says will be necessary for his operations, and to prevent the erection of private buildings which might intercept the horizon, and suggests the expediency of having it secured immediately.\n Mr Hassler is anxious that a decision on this point may be had as soon as is convenient. It is at his particular request I now write. If my agency can be of any service in forwarding the contemplated object it will afford me pleasure, only requesting specific instructions for the regulation of my conduct. With great respect and consideration I am Sir your Obedient Servant\n Saml LaneCommissr. P. Buildings", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0166", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Reuben G. Beasley, [post\u20135 July 1816]\nFrom: Beasley, Reuben G.\nTo: Madison, James\n I am now before you, and as I understand among a number of others, an applicant for the Consulate at Bordeaux. The circumstance of there being so many applicants I regret on your account as well as my own. It is fair to presume in such cases, that there may be some whose claims & qualifications are similar, and consequently it must some times be embarrassing and often unpleasant to decide. For myself, I regret being in company where there is even a chance of so placing you, and had I conceived such a case likely to occur before I crossed the Atlantic important as the object had become to me I should not perhaps have placed myself in this situation. As these sentiments may appear inconsistent with the earnestness which may have been manifested since my arrival they involve the necessity of an allusion to some painful circumstances in laying my case before you. In the\nsummer of 1810 while in Hamburg attending to the concerns of W. & J. Bell & Co. of London & Petersburg Va.: of which house I was a partner, Genl. Armstrong learning that the interest of our Merchants required an Agent in Sweden applied to me to go there: my business prevented the acceptance of this trust. In the Autumn of the same year I was called to England by the death of my partner which had thrown our affairs into confusion. The partnership the ensuing Spring was dissolved, and although our losses had been many and very great it appeared there would be a considerable surplus after paying all our debts. The liquidation of our concern in London was under my direction, those of Petersburg under that of Mr. John Bell.\n In this situation I was applied to on the death of Genl. Lyman by Mr. Smith our then Charge d\u2019affaires at London to know if I would accept the appointment of Consul, and as my private affairs occupied very little of my time, they being managed by Clerks who had been long in the house, I accepted the appointment.\n You may remember that a great portion of the trade of Great Britain had for some time previous to that period been carried on by forgery & perjury. In defeating abuses as far as they affected the rights of American Citizens or infringed the laws of the U. States I soon became an object of hatred to many of the Merchants and Masters of Vessels. You were pleased to keep me in the performance of this trust until war came. You were then pleased to signify to Mr Russell, should it not suit him to stay, to appoint me or some other fit person Agent for Prisoners. This circumstance was extremely gratifying to me as I considered it a mark of your approbation of my past conduct. I entered upon the duties of Agent for Prisoners with the same Zeal that I had done on those of Consul, but I soon found the labour & the responsibility of the situation infinitely beyond anything I had expected. I exerted my self the more, but had not the good fortune to give satisfaction to all, indeed, it was not to be expected situated as those I was appointed to Serve & myself were. I have reason, however, to believe that the most respectable and best informed of my Countrymen, who have had an opportunity of judging, approve of my conduct. It is known to you sir that the situation of things imposed on me the performance of other duties besides those which related to the Prisoners; among them that of corresponding with all our Agents in Europe. At the termination of the war you were pleased to appoint me Consul at Gibraltar, which as a mark of your approbation could not but be pleasing. The situation of Consul at London would have been more acceptable to me having business there & having looked to it at the end of the war. My private affairs which I had previously had reason to believe were in a prosperous state were afterwards proved to be otherwise. As had been agreed upon between Mr. John Bell & myself\nI had discharged the claims in England, but large demands unexpectedly coming from this side against me on account the house I was compelled to surrender all my own property.\n Thus, Sir, was I plunged from affluence to the most dependent situation.\n I have been more than four years in the public service. In the discharge of my duty it has been my misfortune to incur the ill will of many who will now have it in their power, from the nature of their pursuits & of mine, to injure me materially. I mean masters of Vessels, whose dispositions in general are not the most forgiving. These I say may now indulge any angry feeling with effect. They are constantly moving about, and as the success of a Commission Merchant depends entirely on his good name, they are the worst enemies he can have.\n Mrs. Beasley is a native of Bordeaux, her health was so much injured by the Climate of England that I could not permit her to remain there another winter.\n I hope, Sir, you will excuse me for troubling you with a recital of these facts which I could not well avoid in laying my case before you. I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, your most obedient humble Servant\n P. S. I have adopted this direct mode of addressing you having been told by Mr. Monroe that my case was now before you with many others.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0168", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 6 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\n Montpelier July 6 1816\n I have recd yours of\u2014\u2014. I regret that you could not gratify my hopes of the pleasure of a visit before your departure for Salem. Should your return to Washington afford an oppy. before the date of mine, perhaps the loss may be repaired.\n On our landing from the Boat of the Washington, I ask\u2019d the favor of you to offer on my account some pecuniary present to the Rowers. I did not fail to give instructions for ascertaining and re-placing the advance. I have learnt within a few days only, that this was not done. Be so obliging as to intimate without delay the precise sum which was recd. from you, keeping in mind, that I make a point, of considering the gratuity to the seamen, as entirely & exclusively my own. Accept Dr Sir, assurances of my esteem and of my best wishes.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0169", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Citizens of Davidson County, Tennessee, [6 July 1816]\nFrom: Citizens of Davidson County, Tennessee\nTo: Madison, James\n This memorial and remonstrance respectfully declareth:\n That one of the most inestimable privileges that freemen enjoy is the right of investigating the proceedings of those whose duty it is to advance the public weal, and remove the causes which have a tendency to produce\npublic and individual injury. Availing ourselves of this sacred right, we your memorialists, would respectfully submit a number of the grievances, under which we labour in common with the people of this State. A candid and full examination of which, we trust, will produce a removal so far as the power of doing this, or recommending it to be done, is vested in yourself. The people of this State know that their political and individual prosperity is much retarded, and they also believe that their rights are obstructed by two causes, connected with the relations of the United States with the Indian tribes\u2014The first of which is a failure to extinguish the Indian claim to land within the chartered limits of this State? And the second is a cession to the Cherokee Indians of that tract of country South of Tennessee ceded to the United States by the creek Indians by the treaty held by Genrl. Jackson. We are more concerned on the latter subject, that the Goverment should have yielded to the cherokees this tract, at the very time when that nation refused to sell for a full price to the United States a portion of land on the north side of Tennessee within this State which is of much importance to us, and is in a measure useless to that Nation. To show how far the existence of the Indian claim to the land within the chartered limits of this State is a political injury and connected with the violation of individual right\u2014we will beg leave to call your attention to the following facts. Previous to the formation of the constitution of the United States & when the State of North Carolina, possessed the absolute sovereignty of soil in what is now the State of Tennessee\u2014each of the States having declared independance: and after the States had conquered their enemies foreign & internal\u2014the Legislature of that State, with much magnanimity and justice, offered for sale her Western lands to her own Citizens to extinguish the debt which she owed to the war-worn soldiers of the revolution: that debt was paid and a fee simple title was vested in the Purchasers, to a large portion of the lands within what is now the State of Tennessee. This took place in the years 1783 and 1784. At that time the title of the Indians to the lands sold by the State, was not acknowledged by any treaty or law, and it was purchased and grants obtained, under a confidence that possession could be had so soon as the Indian Nations were conquered or would cease to be hostile. Few, if any of the tribes of Indians ever actually inhabited the lands which were sold by the State of North Carolina. That portion of territory in which the cherokee tribes were settled south and East of Tennessee was rese[r]ved when the boundary was prescribed of lands offered for sale. After the State of North Carolina had sold out the Lands to redeem her public debt, the territory now composing the State of Tennessee was ceded by North Carolina to the Congress of the United States, reserving however the rights of individuals holding under grants, and the right to perfect the titles of such as had purchased lands, from that State, which were not granted. Since that period, the United States have by treaties or\ncompacts with the Cherokees & Chickesaw Indians acknowledged a possessory right in those tribes to a large portion of the lands within this State, and that acknowledgement of title continues to exist, to the exclusion of Citizens who have paid a fair price to North Carolina for those lands more than thirty years since. Nay, the treaties purport to vest an absolute right to those lands in the Indians. A large portion of territory is unoccupied by the Indians on the North side of Tennessee, (except perhaps occasionally by a few straggling parties) to which their title is unextinguished: this land is of vast importance in a political point of view to the State, it has also been granted by North Carolina, and the Grantees are deprived of the enjoyment of their property; and yet the cherokees refuse to sell it with the same stubbern independance as if their title was absolute! An extensive and fertile track is situate to the West of the Inhabited part of this State and extending to the Mississippi, which land was sold by North Carolina, and a great portion thereof granted nearly thirty years since. It is unsettled by the Indians; yet it is claimed by the Chickesaw tribe, and the Grantees of the land, who have a freehold in the soil, by purchase from the State, have a more gloomy prospect of enjoying their property now, than existed twenty years ago. Many individuals are deprived of their Patrimony, purchased by the blood of their fathers. The State is deprived of the political advantage arising from the settlement of a part of its soil, fertile beyond description, and rendered doubly important from its situation on the great navigable waters which have become the highway to Market of the produce raised by several millions of people. At the close of the American war the absolute right to the vacant soil existed in the States respectively, and the usufructuary right was in the Indian tribes, most of whom were conquered by the States. If this right existed in the States, we would enquire whether it would be consistent with the principles of a free Goverment, to exclude the individual owners of the soil from the enjoyment of their property? And we would humbly suggest the injustice of doing this by laws or treaties made subsequent to the vested right of the owners. This is a grievance, under which the Citizens of the State of Tennessee have labored for many years past. In an humble and respectful manner has it been presented to the constituted authorities of the United States by the legislature of our State and by our representatives and Senators in Congress. With painful emotion it has been seen that all exertions for its removal have failed. Yet as Citizens we were respectfully silent, hoping each succeding year would produce a change; we fondly looked forward to the time when the rights of our Citizens would be considered as paramount to the rights of the Indians: and of two conflicting claims, that that claim would be protected which would convert a pathless wilderness into peaceful habitations of freemen, yielding individual wealth and national prosperity. And if an Indemnity was necessary, it would be confered on those whose claim was later in\npoint of Law and acknowledgement: and least in point of use and necessity. From the arrogant and aspiring pretensions of the adjacent tribes, we have no hope that they will voluntarily yield, or even sell their claims. Recent events shew that they desire to embrace every foot of territory which will lessen the facility of communication with the settlements on the Mississippi and Mobile and retard the prosperity of this State. We would enquire where is this matter to end? Is it to be left to the will of the Cherokee and Chickesaw Indians?\n We would also call your attention to the peculiarity of our injury. In no other State do we know of a sale of lands, at an early period after the revolution, where the purchasers are, as yet deprived of the possession. In a few years the extinguishment of the Indian claim will be useless to the individual claimants. The destroyer time, will have soon demolished every trace or mark of the surveys and boundaries, and already almost every individual to whom they were known is consigned to the Tomb. One other subject of complaint is the late Cession to the cherokee Indians of so large a portion of the territory added to the United States, by the treaty held with the Creeks by Genrl. Jackson. This is considered as an evil of much magnitude, and we submit the following facts to prove that the creeks were fully empowered to make the conveyance to the United States by the treaty of 1814. It is clearly established, and it is here almost universally known that at the first settlement of the Western Country, the territory in question was not held unde\u27e8r\u27e9 the least color of claim by the Cherokees, but was in the possession of the creeks, who continued to occupy it until the war in 1813 when the creeks fled from villages within this Territory, which were afterwards demolished by Genr. Jackson. The chiefs and head men of the cherokees even at that period, so far from claiming, this land, declared to Genr. Jackson that his army was in an enemys Country, after crossing a small stream call\u27e8e\u27e9d Wells creek, 20 miles south of Fort deposit on the Tennessee River. From thence southwardly, they said the army was in the territory of the creeks, and all the property was the property of the enemy. Of the truth of these facts, abundant proof can be produced, sufficient to establish the same at any time when it may be desired. Did not the cession of this land to the United States by the creeks, vest in the people thereof prima facie evidence of title\u2014if so, could the people be divested of this title by the act of the President and Senate\u2014this \u27e8they?\u27e9 humbly state that they do not think the constitution has vested this power in those branches of the Goverment. The cession of this territory to the United States was hailed with joy as an Aera in the prosperity of Tennessee. By this a communication would be had through a country inhabited by White men and governed by laws, to the counties on the Mississippi and Mobile. We even were informed the boundari[e]s of the lands held by the creeks were directed to be run by public authority, separating those lands from the Cherokees.\nWe understand the line was run, and information ther[e]of communicated to the proper office. But our satisfaction at this event was succeeded by surprise and regret, when we learnd so much of this tract was ceded to the Cherokees, as would effectically [sic] prevent that connextion in settlement with our fellow citizens on the Waters of the Mobile.\n We would ask where is the policy of ceding this tract to the Cherokees, who are so tenacious of the territory which they already possess that they will not surrender one acre, without receiving what would be the value of the land. We would enquire upon what principle of justice was this land ceded to the Cherokees? It was not useful to them for cultivation. Nor due to them as a Nation, to the exclusion of the people of the West, to whom the advantages from the occupation & settlement of this Country were in some measure due as a boon for its conquest. We applaud the course of Policy adopted by the UStates towards the Indians replete with humanity, justice and moderation, but we cannot agree that it is proper to sacrifice the convenience and welfare of so large a portion of the members of the community, to gratify the cupidity of any tribe. The Country bordering on the Tennessee and occupied by the Creeks before the war of 1813 is that through which would pass the great highway from this State to N. Orleans and Mobile. The country is fertile and would soon be covered by a population of yeomanry and become a perpetual barrier to the communication of the Northern and southern tribes of Indians who from their intimate correspondence produced such distressing effects subsequent to the declaration of War in 1812.\n Our Citizens would then travel in security, without the risque of being murdered at every wigwam by some drunken savage\u2014or of being ambushed and plundered, until a safe passage is purchased by giving to the Indians money for permission to travel the public road. One of our neighbours a short time since was insulted and afterwards murdered on the road leading through that nation. And another of our most respectable Citizens, when travelling with his family on the same road, was compelled to purchase his safe passage by his purse of money. The tribe will claim in palliation tha\u27e8t\u27e9 such excesses are committed by profligate and drunken Indians and perhaps will claim credit for surrendering such to be punished by our laws\u2014these things to us are no satisfaction or security. The course of business, requires frequent travelling along the roads leading thru that country and while the Indians possess the soil from the Mississippi to Georgia, our citizens are not secure from attacks. We desire rather security against this mischief, than revenge for a murder when committed. If you will refer to the Map of the Country South of the State of Tennessee and bring to mind that the produce of all the Western country is sold at new Orleans, and that the Indians possess an extensive territory between this state and Market, that thousand of the Citizens of Kentucky and Tennessee, annually return\nby land, after selling their produce, and that this happens most frequently in the unhealthy season\u2014that want of accommodation, sickness and insult and injury often await them through this Indian Territory, that every year increases the quantity of produce for the market, and consequently the number of persons exposed to the evils enumerated: and you will have but a faint Idea of the magnitude of the object to the people of this section of the Union, and of the regret with which they beheld, that a free communication was no sooner obtained from the Creeks, than it was surrendered to the Cherokees. We cannot but believe that the policy of retaining this part of the country is so evident that it would not have surrendered to the cherokees, except from a mistaken belief that it of right belonged to that nation\u2014and we believe if the fact had been known to you that the cherokee claim was founded altogether in pretence and had no substantial existence, that this cession would not have been sanctioned. We have heard it suggested that the treaty of 1806 contained a pledge that the United States would acknowledge the claim of the cherokees, to this territory. We will remark, that the article in the treaty which speaks of the boundary of the Cherokees and Chickesaw Indians was evidently concluded by the Secretary at War, relying upon the representation of the Cherokees, and without a knowledge of the title of the respective tribes. It is beyond dispute th\u27e8at the\u27e9 land in question did not belong \u27e8to, nor was it occupied either by\u27e9 the Cherokees or Chickesaws: but was vested in the creeks. An agreement on the part of the U States that they would endeavor to prevent collisions between the Cherokees and Chickesaws by procuring the establishment of a certain boundary, did not\u27e8,\u27e9 it seems to us, bind the U States to relinquish any title they might acquire from a third party, provided that third party had the better title: particularly when it is recollected that the projected boundary of the treaty of 1806 never was established. We might still go further in depicting the evils to be produced from carrying this stipulation into effect after the treaty held with the creeks by Genr Jackson\u27e8,\u27e9a and after the boundaries were run and ascertained. This tract has been settled by a numerous population, by men whose lives and property have often been pledged to their Goverment. We will leave to you to imagine the difficulty and distress and dissatisfaction which will result from dispossing this population of a country which was considered as a land of promise, and which they had prepard themselves to purchase by a sale of their interior possessions, and that this disposition should be made, that the country may remain a wilderness for the refuge of plunderers and murderers. We are also mortified that the treaty with the cherokees, should contain an imputation against the Militia of this State in making an appropriation of $25,500 for depredations pretended to be committed in their territory by the army of the U. States This claim set up by the Cherokees, we believe from good authority, to be unfounded. The language as well as matter of this article\nis a subject of regret to the Militia of Tennessee. Since it implicates the character of their Officers who are virtually accused of leading bands of maurauders and allowing the most flagrant acts to pass unpunished. We would beg leave to bring to your notice the tedious & injurious system adopted by the War department in the payment of accounts which have been created during the war, in the Quarter Masters Office. The payment of these accounts have been postponed from time to time to the great injury of those who hold unsettled claims, and as if to increase the difficulty, it has been lately ordered that these claims should be sent to Washington for inspection, previous to their adjustment. The delay and risque of loss in transmission of the evidences of these claims, are very great, and the difficulty of presenting demands, although entirely just, authenticated according to exact form, has been experiencd by all interested in them. Because the officers ordering the same paid, are now at an immense distance from the place of their liquidation. All these embarrassments have in many instances, created an expense equal to the amount of the demands producing it. The payment of the officers and soldiers for their services, has been so long protracted and so many difficulties presented, from the want of funds or otherwise that many of the soldiers who bravd the dangers of the field, and conquered the Heroes of Britain, have not yet received the first cent for their services.\n This Committee are assured that penury has not tied the purse strings of the nation, that appropriations were made to satisfy all demands against the pay and quarter masters departments in this district: therefore we most respectfully enquire what disposition has been made of the funds appropriated to satisfy the just claims on Goverment\u27e8?\u27e9\n The Citizens of Tennessee deem the grievances which this committee have referred to as materially affecting the rights and happiness of the community at large, and are happy to believe that they have by their recent and unparalleled display of Patriotism and Valor, secured to themselves the plaudits of the American People and are justly entitled to a prompt removal of all the causes hereby noticed, which so materially affect the present and future destiny of this Country.\n(Signed)\n Jenkin Whitesides\nCommittee\nJames Trimble\nWashn. L Hannum\nAlfred Balch\nWilliam Carroll\n For and in behalf of the Citizens of Davidson County.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0171", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John L. Lawrence, 6 July 1816\nFrom: Lawrence, John L.\nTo: Madison, James\n In the interval that has elapsed since the death of my late father in law Genl. John Smith decd., during the whole of which I have been absent from this City, my friends have proposed me as a Candidate for the office\nof Marshal of this District, vacated by his decease. In doing so, they appear to have contented themselves with simply mentioning my name to the Secretary of State, without supporting their wishes by the recommendatory testimonials usually resorted to, and so easily obtained in a City like ours, whatever may be the merits of the applicant. And this course, they have been pleased to say, seemed the more proper, because they supposed that my late character of Secretary of the Legation to Sweden had given the Government a sufficient knowledge of me, and because my nomination and election as representative in the Legislature of this State, a few days after arriving from Europe, was, in their opinion, an ample pledge of the estimation of my republican fellow Citizens.\n If, in thus acting, erroneous opinions were pursued, it is now perhaps too late to apply a corrective; as public report has stated that an appointment to the vacant office will immediately ensue. I must therefore address myself, in this way, to the favour you have manifested to me on a former occasion; and observe, that if it should comport with your feelings and views to appoint me to the vacant place, the gift will be highly agreeable to the family of the deceased, and gratefully acknowledged as of substantial advantage to myself.\n I must entreat your indulgence for this liberty, which is urged upon me by the circumstances of the case, & by a proper regard to the dispatch which my absence from the City has now made necessary. I have the honour to be Sir, Your Obedient and Obliged servant,\n Jno. L. Lawrence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0172", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 6 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington July 6. 1816\n Your letter with Mr Harris\u2019s respecting Mr Kosloff has been receivd, and will be duly attended to. I have written to Mr Ingersol to obtain a correct copy of every measure which was taken in the affair there, & Mr Rush has given him hints in a private letter, which will aid him in the details. I find that the evidence, in the proceeding, will operate more against the consul\nthan I had supposed, and less in favor of the candour & fair dealing of the minister, than he is perhaps aware of. No further proof will be nesessary. I shall make out a complete copy & forward it, to Mr Harris, by a special messenger, Mr Coles, if he consents on your offering it to him.\n Mr Bagot has recd. a power to arrange the fishing, on the coast of the British provinces. He informs me, that in consequence of some great irregularity & violent conduct of the fishermen there, towards the Inhabitants the govr. at Halifax had given orders to remove them, from within a marine league of the shore, but that he (Mr B.) will request him to revoke his order, in the hope of making an arrangment here. I shall see him to day, & apprize to morrow of what passes\u2014very respectfully & sincerely yo\u27e8urs\u27e9\n Jas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0173", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edward Coles, 7 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Coles, Edward\n Confidential\n Montpelier July 7. 1816\n Circumstances have arisen which make it expedient to forward communications to St. Petersburg by a special hand. Would the trip be agreeable to you? You probably know the allowance usual on such occasions. It is I believe $6 a day; the outward & return passage provided by the public; the expences on shore borne by the party himself. Unless a direct opportunity can be promptly found; it is probable that the course will be via England. Should you think favorably of the proposition, it may be well to ascertain by letter to Mr Monroe who is still at Washington, all the particulars which may be interesting to you; among others the precise amount of the allowance, and the probable time when your departure will be required. Whether your decision be in the affirmative or negative, be so good as to let me know it as soon as you can. Accept my cordial regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0174", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 7 July 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n On the day of my departure from Washington, the Heads of Departments assembled at Mr. Monroe\u2019s office, and considered all the subjects, which you had referred to them. Mr. Monroe will communicate the result to you; together with a statement of the measures suggested, in relation to Mr. Kusloff\u2019s case.\n There is no business to trouble you with, from the Treasury; and there is neither foreign, nor domestic, intelligence beyond the articles to be found in the Newspapers. The subscription to the National Bank proceeds slowly, but steadily. There is perfect confidence, that it will exceed the amount of the capital, before the twenty days have expired. The New-England Federalists will subscribe freely; and they have already dispatched an Agent to Philadelphia, to negotiate for the election of Mr James Lloyd, as the President of the Bank. Mr. Willing declines; and Mr. Jones\u2019s pecuniary situation, seems to present a serious difficulty, in the way of his advancement. If, however, the southern and western interests support him, I think his success probable. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Serv.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0175", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 7 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington July 7. 1816\n I had an interview with Mr Bagot yesterday on the subject of the fisheries. He proposes, to allot for our use, a certain tract on the Labrador shore, lying between Mt Joli & the strait of Belle Isle, the Esquimaux bay, a distance of more than 150 miles, being between 2. and 3. degrees. Ships which descend the St. Lawrance pass, generally, I believe, thro that Strait by Mt. Joli. His idea is, to stipulate this right to us, and to preclude us, from curing & drying fish, in any other part, of the British provinces, or fishing, within the marine league of the shore. I am inclind to think that he will agree to such a form of stipulation, as will not presume a concession of the\nright, under the treaty of 1783., in consequence of the late war; tho\u2019 we did not enter into any precise explanation on that point, it being unnecessary to do it, untill I had ascertaind the value of the coast offerd. We parted, to afford me an opportunity, to acquire that knowledge, to obtain which I communicated with Mr Homans, and have likewise written to Mr. Crowninshield. Mr Homans knew little himself, but will apply to those who are better acquainted, for the desird information. I do not know that Mr Bagot will extend the accomodation further, or that he possesses the power. His manner is candid; he wishes to put nothing on paper, to irritate; to agree, if we can, and in that case, in the simplest & most concise form; and if we cannot, to let the affair rest, as if nothing had been done.\n Two modes occur by which the arrangment may be made, without injury to our right. 1st. the obvious one of stating by preamble, that a difference of opinion existing on that point, to obviate which, it is agreed that each party shall retain its right, but inasmuch as G Britain is desirous of extending to the citizens of the UStates, the advantage which they have heretofore enjoyd of fishing &ce., in a manner not to injure &ce, and the UStates, are equally desirous to enter into such an arrangment as will prevent such injury, it is therefore agreed &ce. 2d. To state, that it appearing, that the use of those shores for curing & drying fish by the citizens of the UStates, had done injury to &ce, by interfering with the inhabitants, and by favoring contraband &ce, to prevent which it was agreed &ce. I shall be glad to know in what mode, you think, this arrangment, if any is made, had better be enterd into, and that you would be so kind, if you have leisure, to sketch on paper the form of an article. I fear that 10. days will elapse before I can hope for an answer from Mr Crowninshield.\n Mr Bagot informd me that he had a power to arrange the naval force on the lakes, which we would enter on, after the other should be concluded. On this subject also I shall wish your sentiments and direction. I have written fully to Mr Adams, heretofore, letters which you approvd; but it is probable that some ideas may have occurrd to you since on it.\n The affair of the consul, with Russia; instruction to Mr Shaler, founded on the communication with Mr. Onis, respecting the algerine brig; and the instruction to Mr Erving on the same subject, with this business with Mr Bagot, will I fear keep me here, a considerable time. I do not see how I can get off, till the whole is concluded, and have no hope of that, in less than a fortnight, if so soon. Very respectfully & sincerely yours\n Jas Monroe\n The enclosed letter from Mr Adams, goes to many points to which the attention was naturally, drawn by the expedn. & arrangments of Ld. Exmuth, in the mediteranean. Altho\u2019 I do not think that the Bh. minister has, removd, all cause for suspicion, that the practice of the dey, is countenancd\n& sustaind, by his govt., it is gratifying to see that it will not interfere with our operations there.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0176", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 8 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Montpelier July 8. 1816\n Mr. De Neuville arrived here on Saturday and sets out this morning on his return. I inclose his letter of Credence with a note of the date of its delivery.\n Be so good as to have an answer to the K. of the Netherlands sent to me for signature. That to the K. of Wertemburg is returned. Friendly respects\n James Madison\n The inclosed letters [sic] from I. B. may be worth attention in estimating and comparing characters for the vacancy at N.Y. Please to return it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0180", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 9 July 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n War Department 9th July 1816.\n Nothing has been heard from Genl Meriwether or Mr Franklin, upon the subject of their appointments to treat with the Chickasaws. Should either of them decline it will be necessary to make another selection\nimmediately. I would respectfully recommend Mr Sharpe to fill the vacancy Should the [sic] happen. It seems that he did not receive his appointment to treat with the Indians on the Wabash until after the day upon which the treaty was to commence; & of course did not attend. It will probably be acceptable to the feelings of the State that one of their Citizens should be employed in the negociation which may be important to the interest of that State.\n Dr Watkins Hospital Surgeon at Baltimore is now here, & has remonstrated against the appointment, or employment of Dr Pinckney at Annopolis. He states that Colo. Mitchell believes it would be highly impolitic to employ him & would not fail to produce much irritation in the republican ranks in that place. It seems he was appointed in the medical staff of a militia regiment during the war, & refused to march when the regiment was ordered to Baltimore. Under these circumstances I have determined not to interfere in the case, until further information is obtained.\n The situation of Mrs Crawford and the infant is such as to admit of my leaving them; I shall consequently set out this evening or tomorrow for the State of Georgia, & Shall endeavor to be back again in the month of August. As soon as I arrive at my residence in that State I will inform you of my intentions in relation to the vacancy contemplated in the Cabinet. The serious opposition made to the election of Mr Clay, may render an early communication of your intentions in relation to him, an object of some importance. It will at least give him an opportunity of withdrawing from the contest, if a defeat is anticipated. I understand from Mr Lowndes who is now here, that Mr Clay\u2019s friends believe that his election depends upon his being supported by the political friends of Mr Pope. If this should be correct, his case is almost desperate. It is hardly to be expected that Mr Pope and his friends Should upon such an occasion support him.\n Mrs Crawford unites with me my respects to yourself & Mrs Madison. I have the honor to be your most obt & very humbe Servt\n Wm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0181", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Roger Strong, 9 July 1816\nFrom: Strong, Roger\nTo: Madison, James\n It is understood that there are many applications for the Office of Marshall, for the Southern District of NewYork, become vacant by the death of Genl. Smith, nevertheless I beg leave to say that if a Commission be given me for the purpose, I will assume the Duties of that Office, and use my best Endeavours to perform them faithfully and satisfactorily. At the same time Sir, I do not wish to be considered, a Competitor of any Gentleman, whose appointment will better serve or promote the public Interest, having in early life, when for several years a Member of the revolutionary Army & to this day, entertained the sentiment, that the good of the Republic\u2014the Interests of our Country\u2014& of our fellow Citizens collectively, ought to be prefered, primarily to individual Interest. Very respectfully, I am Sir your Mot. Obt. Servant\n Roger Strong.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0182", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Rush, 10 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rush, Richard\n Montpelier July 10. 1816.\n Your favor of the 29. Ult: with the remarks on Mr. Wirt\u2019s letter came duly to hand. The latter were communicated to Mr. W., with an intimation, that if he had any further observations to make on the subject, they might go in the first instance to the Treasury Dept. It is more than probable that your view of the subject will be satisfactory.\n I inclose for your perusal a letter from Judge Tucker. The papers accompanying it were, as requested, sent on to the District Attorney. They corresponded with the narrative of the Judge. I merely intimated to each, that the case would probably bring into view, the political character of the people of Buennos Ayres, and the Statute prohibiting enterprizes agst. frien[d]ly nations.\n Mr. Crowninshield I find has given us the slip. We hope we shall be more successful in our other expectations. A trip into the Country, and especially to the Mountains, becomes every day more & more recommended by the progress of the Season. And I need not repeat the gratification we shall feel in welcoming our friends where we shall be most at leisure to enjoy their valuable society. Mrs. Madison charges me with her affectionate regards\nfor Mrs. Rush; Be pleased to add mine, and to accept assurances of my great esteem & best wishes.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0183", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jos\u00e9 Francisco Corr\u00eaa da Serra, 10 July 1816\nFrom: Corr\u00eaa da Serra, Jos\u00e9 Francisco\nTo: Madison, James\n Philadelphia. 10 July. 1816.\n You know too well my respectful, and I beg leave to say friendly sentiments towards you, and my personal feelings towards the Nation of which you are the head, to be persuaded without difficulty, that of all the diplomatic missions in which my Sovereign would employ me, none would have such allurements to me, as that near the United States. You have Long ago known my nomination to it, and I have already to thank you for the kind expressions which I am informed, you have manifested on that occasion. A few days ago I received via England my nomination and my credentials, and would have immediately set out for Washington and Montpellier, if a fit of rhumatism of which I flattered myself to have got the better, had not redoubled with encreased severity. As soon as I will be able to move with less pain, I will hasten to go and pay you my respects, and as credentials have not yet passed, you will I hope permit me to come in the same unceremonious philosophical friendly manner, as in my last visit, and treat me in the same manner, as nothing can be more flattering to me than your personal friendship. As for the future, I have the fond expectation that (during my mission at Least) the Portuguese Minister will be found for the United States a sort of family Minister. Our Nations are now in fact both American powers, and will be always the two paramount ones, each in his part of this new continent. I have the conscience also that no foreign minister ever came to the United States with such heartfelt attachment to this nation as myself, nor is it Likely that any such, will come for ages.\n I entreat you to present my best respects to Mrs. Madison, and to accept the assurance of the high esteem and respect with which I am Sir Your most obedient humble servant\n Joseph Corr\u00e8a da Serra", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0184", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Taylor, 10 July 1816\nFrom: Taylor, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Belle Vue near New Port Ky July 10th. 1816\n This will be handed by Leut Jos: P. Taylor son of our worthy connection Col. Richard.\n I take gr[e]at pleasure in assureing you that he is a fine young Man & one who did great credit to the service in the late War.\n Should both himself & Major Zachary be induced to accept the appointm[e]nts recently offered to him, I assure you I think they will be an acquisition to the service.\n I have the pleasure to inform you that our friends within my reach are generally well. I refer you to our friend for the situation of those near Louis ville.\n My brothe[r] Hubbard is a candidate for the office of Elector at the ensuing election, and I think will be elected.\n Be so good my Dear sir to tender my best Compliments to your good old mother my worthy friend Mrs. Madison my friend Mr Todd & my other friends of your Connection, as I presume this will find you at Montpelier. I have the honor to be with great respect Dr Sir Your friend & Servt.\n James Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0185", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Taylor, 10 July 1816\nFrom: Taylor, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Belle Vue Near New Port Ky July 10th. 1816\n A Letter was shewn me a day or two ago from the adjutant Genl of the southern Department to the following purport dircted to Cap R D Richardson Comdr of this place \u201cThe opinion of the Hon the Secy of War has been asked as to the propriety of continuing NewPort as a Military Post &\nDepot\u201d as soon as his wishes are known you shall be advised. Now sir all those who have heard the thing mentioned have declard at a Word that the Object of the Comdr. of the Southern Dept. is to put down the Competition between this place & Knoxville or some other favorite place in Tennessee and depend upon it, if a thing of the Kind was to be done it would be one of the most unpopular acts under your administration.\n I confess I have no fears if you are consulted upon the subject, for I have no doubt but the establishment in the first instance met your hearty approbation.\n The propriety of this establishment was conspicuously manifest during the late War. If the detachments of Militia & the Regulars could not have been equiped within the Western Country our frontier would have been completely over run before we could have sent to Pittsbg for the equipment.\n This place is situated immediately at the Confluence of Licking with the Ohio at the direct crossing from Tennessee & the interior of this state to Fort Wayne Detroit & our other posts in Ohio & Michigan Territory. It is on the great high Way thro\u2019 the Western Country and on the boundary between two of the Most populous & patriotic states in the Union. Col Johnson was here about 10 days ago. He examined the Garrison was much pleased with the Buildings & their situation particularly those which were intended to be permanent to wit an Arsenal 80 feet by near 40 two stories high beside the Cellar. A Powder Magazine & Barrack. A House for the Military storekeeper all these are of Brick except the latter which is of stone, all in good repair. The Barracks are of frame both of officers & Soldiers quarters, the former in good repair the latter in want of some repairs as to doors & Windows, but they are good frames well shingled & weatherbored & painted.\n Col Johnson asked of me to aid him in making the request that the Post might be augmented agreeable to the views of Capt Robert D. Richardson the Comdt. of the Ordenance Dept In repairing arms &c. & being made a more general depot of Ordenance Stores &c.\n Major Abert of the dept of Topogra: Eng: visited this post & examined a post for water Works five Miles up Licking from its mouth. I refer you to the Majors report which I presume he made on his return but at any rate I am sure Genl. Parker must Know his opinion on this subject.\n I think it more than probable that Col Johnson will address you on the subject.\n It is thought here that the object is if this plan is put down that there would be less competition between it & Knoxville as to the Military accademy. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Dr sir your Obed st.\n James Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0186", "content": "Title: Samuel Harrison Smith to Alexander J. Dallas, 10 July 1816\nFrom: Smith, Samuel Harrison\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Treasury DepartmentRevenue Office July 10th. 1816.\n Ebenezer Otis, late Keeper of the whitehead Light House, having died, Charles Haskell appears, from the enclosed letter, to be properly qualified as his successor. I am, very respectfully\n Sam. SmithCommissioner of the Revenue", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0187", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 11 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Montpelier July 11. 1816\n I have recd. yours of the 7th. and return the communications from Mr. Adams.\n The arrangement of the fisheries is a delicate subject, as it relates to the public sensibility; to its intrinsic merits; and to the peculiar importance attached to it by respectable names. It will be better to do nothing, than to surrender the point of right, or to accept what may be of small value, with an actual privation of the residue formerly enjoyed.\n I had hoped from the conversation of Ld. Castlereah with Mr. Adams, that nothing more would be required of us, than a concurrence in regulations which would prevent smuggling, and the annoyance of private interests; and which would avoid any necessary implication that the treaty of 1783. was still in force on this subject. The proposition of Mr. Bagot is of a very different tenor. It either necessarily implies that the treaty is not in force; or it sacrifices our rights under it, with respect to the marine league, and the shores elsewhere, without equivalent, or the shadow of reciprocity. However controvertible the doctrine may be which saves from the effect of war, the stipulations of 1783 in our favor, it is not without countenance from the peculiar character of that treaty, and can plead the sanction of\nhigh authorities on the Law of Nations to the principle that a war does not repeal engagements between the parties, with which the causes of the war are unconnected. The Edinburg [sic] Reviewers, if my memory be right, distinctly maintain this principle. We are to keep in view also, that our Envoys at Ghent carefully excluded from the treaty of peace, any admission or implication favorable to the British doctrine, or pretensions, that their country might be left at full liberty to avail itself of its own.\n All these considerations impose on us much circumspection in the present case. You have done very right therefore in taking measures for obtaining information from quarters the best informed and most interested; and we shall be justified in allowing much weight to the opinions which may be communicated, if they should place great value on what Mr. Bagot may be authorized to yield, and little on what we should lose. But reversing the supposition, it will be adviseable to leave the subject where it is, for the present. Our declining the offers made, will rather strengthen our cause; and perhaps the subject may be more easily managed, in connection with the further negociations with G.B. on the general subject of commerce, which can not be very remote, or with the negociations relating to the trade with her colonies, which are already in view, than when taken up for insulated discussion.\n Should the difficulties of such a discussion, however, be overcome, a safe & proper form for the arrangement, will be very requisite. Perhaps it may be found necessary to omit a preamble altogether; simply stating the stipulations entered into, and wording them so as to shun implications for or against rights or claims on either side. If a preamble be adopted, it might run, \u201cThe parties being mutually disposed to guard agst. incidents unfavorable to their harmony, or injurious to particular interests, without authorizing inferences impairing the rights or claims asserted by either, it is agreed &c.\u201d But it is scarcely possible to frame a recital precisely suitable, untill the terms & scope of the agreement be settled & reduced to paper.\n In what light is the Gulf of St Laurence viewed by G.B? as a water within her jurisdiction, or as a high sea? if as the former the use of the shores proposed, lose their value: if as the latter, and the contiguous marine league be not made free also, the value of the shores will be much impaired. I presume that jurisdiction is not claimed, beyond the marine league, and that this would create no difficulty. Indeed the use of the uninhabited shores, and of the marine league adjoining them, ought no where to create difficulty; nor the use even of the marine league, where the shores are inhabited, considering the means which the Sovereign of the Shores has of preventing violations of the revenue laws.\n With respect to the naval forces on the Lake, I do not see why Mr. Bagot should suspend an arrangement, on that subject, untill the subject of the fisheries be disposed of. There is no connection between the two; and an\nimmediate attention to the former is the more necessary as it is said that an enlargement of the British force, particularly on Lake Erie, is actually going on. It would be far more proper to suspend this enlargement, till the negociations concerning it be concluded. What seems expedient to be stipulated is 1. that no increase of existing armaments should take place. 2. that existing armaments be laid up. 3. that revenue Cutters if allowed at all be reduced to the minimum of size and force. There might be advantage in communicating on this subject with persons best acquainted with it; perhaps with Governor Tompkins, and particularly with Govr. Cass.\n What is the practice with respect to jurisdiction on the Lakes? is it common to both parties over the whole, or exclusive to each on its side of the dividing line. The regulation of revenue Cutters may be influenced by this question. There is an able argument of Judge Woodward at Detroit, in a case touching fugitives, which may perhaps throw light on this point. It was put on the files of the Dept. of State some years ago.\n Ld. Castlereah\u2019s interview with Mr. Adams betrays a consciousness that his Govt. was exposed to suspicion in the business at Algiers. He makes a limping retreat from the British obligation to force the Barbarians out of the practice of enslaving Xns. Why more scrupulous in the case of Algiers, than of Tunis? Why more careful of the rights of th\u27e8e\u27e9 African blacks, than of the European Whites? Why more delicate towards the Dey of Algiers, than the Kings of Spain & Portugal? True, G.B. does not mak\u27e8e\u27e9 war in form agst. them, but she disregards their sovereignty, in seizing & adjudging their slave ships. Let her do the same with the slave ships of the Barbarians. It wd. be equally effectual: nor is it less required by the opinion of Europe & the dictates of humanity, by which she justifies her interposition in behalf of the Negroes. Friendly respects,\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0188", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Coles, 11 July 1816\nFrom: Coles, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\n I have just had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 7th, and hasten, agreeably to your request, to inform you of my decision in relation to the proposed trip to St. Petersburg.\n Having nothing at this time to engage my attention at home, and being desirous of seeing Europe, I have no objection to availing myself of this occasion to do so; and am ready to set out as soon as I may receive the directions of the Government. I have this moment written to Mr. Monroe informing him of the contents of your letter, and of my readiness to depart whenever I may be required. I have requested him to direct to me in Albemarle where I shall be in a few days.\n Payne arrived here yesterday in excellent health, after having had a pleasant journey. We spent the last evening at Col. Mayo\u2019s and were invited to dine with him today. We lodge in the same room.\n As I write in haste, and in the midst of the bustle of a noisy tavern, I cannot add more than to assure you and Mrs. M. of the high respect and most affectionate regard of your sincere friend\n Edward Coles\n 10/ is said to be the price of wheat tho\u2019 10/6 is talked of\u2014no sale has however been I believe made at that price.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0190", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Samuel Lane, 12 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lane, Samuel\n Montpelier July 12. 1816\n I recd. yesterday yours of the 5th. Having full confidence in the judgment of Mr. Hassler, I take for granted that the scite chosen by him for an Observatory is well adapted to it. In comparing it however with others, it is necessary to attend to the difference in the degree of fitness, and in the cost of ground and of conveniency to the public. Mr. Munroe Superintendant of the City will furnish to the Secretary of the Treasury, or in his absence to the Attorny General, his ideas with respect to both, and I request the favor of you to communicate with the one or the other as the case may be, on the subject, and to obtain from Mr. Hassler his opinion as to any other scite next in fitness to that already selected, which Mr. Munroe will also take into his estimate and observations. When the scite shall have been finally decided on, I shall avail myself of your readiness to include the erection of the Observatory among the objects committed to your superintendance. In the mean time be so obliging as to send me the estimated expence of the building. Accept my respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0191", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Munroe, [12 July 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Munroe, Thomas\n Mr. H. Who is to survey the Coasts, has selected for the scite of an Observy. a square north of the Captl. including the House formerly Gen: Washington; an entire square being necessary for the purpose. In\ncomparing this scite with others, it will be necessary to know the cost to the pub: of the ground, as well as to take into view the inconvenecy of alienating from all other uses, the square selected. Be so good as make an estimate of the value of the square the whole of which must be made pub: property, & to communicate it with any observations you think may be useful, to the Secy. of the Trey. or in his absence from the City, to the Attorney Genl. Mr. H. has been desired to point out the next best scite. A like estimate of that will also be requisite.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0193", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Denton, 12 July 1816\nFrom: Denton, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n Being informed that the office of Consul at Bordeaux will soon become vacant in consequence of the determination of Mr Lee to leave France, & whose arrival here is daily expected\u2014Many of my Republican Friends have recommended it to me to apply to the Government for the Office in case there should be a Vacancy.\n I therefore beg leave to offer myself as a Candidate for this office in such an Event. I have been concerned for these last twenty years in this City in pretty intensive Commercial Business during which time I have passed upwards of two years in France & have acquired a tolerable knowledge of the French Language. I need not say, perhaps, that should I be appointed, that my best Endeavors will be used to be serviceable to my Country, & useful to My Countrymen. I have the Honor to be with Great Respect Your obedient servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0196", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 13 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Montpellier July 13 1816\n Herewith are the papers recd. from Mr. Hughs. He seems to have been no wise sparing of diplomatic politeness to the Spanish Govr. You will of course express the satisfaction afforded by the successful execution of his commission in reference to our Captive Citizens with an approbation of the interest taken in behalf of the English & French Captives; and forward the documents to Mr. Erving, with instructions to press at Madrid the restitution of the Amn. property refused to Mr. Hughs. If the Spanish Authorities had taken the ground that the property was forfeited by the aid and comfort it afforded to rebels, it would have involved the discussion commenced with Mr. Onis, and have avoided the inconsistency now added to their injustice. In resting the seizure on the alleged Blockade, which was a spurious one, and substituting a decoy, for the warning, required by the L. of N. to Neutrals, they have disarmed themselves of every plea, or rather have armed us with every plea agst. them.\n You will find herewith also the 2 letters from Mr Onis. His complaints of expeditions from our ports agst. Spanish Commerce, are entitled to the ordinary answer. His conciliatory remarks introducing them, are too guarded to mean much that is favorable, if they do not cover a disposition to thwart some of our demands on Spain. It appears from his final paragraph that his participation in the transactions relating to Louisiana, is to be produced as testimony agst. us. Will it not be well, in forwarding the correspondence to Mr. Erving to furnish him with the facts of an opposite tendency which fell within your personal knowledge. Great stress will doubtless be laid by the Spanish Govt. on the principle asserted by Onis, that France & Spain alone who were parties to the Treaties, can interpret the respective intentions recorded in them. To this must be opposed the meaning, deducible by the legal rules of interpretation, and the fact that the U.S. were bona fide purchasers without notice of any other interpretation, altho\u2019 Spain was not ignorant of our views, of purchasing, and even referred us to France as alone having the right to sell. The second letter of Onis shews adroitness; but it does not clear his Govt. from the charge of not proceeding at Algiers in the spirit we were authorized to expect. If However Algiers obtained the Brig, without redeeming it from Spain, no pretext remains for a demand on the U.S. Cordial regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0198", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Sidell, 13 July 1816\nFrom: Sidell, John\nTo: Madison, James\n The Office of Marshal of the Southern distt of New York having become vacant, by the much lamented death of Genl John Smith, and having been appointed and discharged the duties of Deputy Marshal under that Gentleman, and which duties being many, and arduous during the late War, there being no regulars deposit for prisoners nearly until the close, recurrence were necessary and frequent to the Milatary Commanders for Such temporary deposits in and about this Harbour, for which I never received any pecuniary compensation and having discharged the Several duties of the Same I flatter my Self to the Satisfaction of the Marshal and the public at large, I am induced to solicit your Excellency to appoint me to that office. I have the honor to be Known by his Excellency Daniel D. Tompkins, the Honorable Nathan Sanford and John Ferguson Esq Naval Officer (late Mayor) to whom no intention to them of my application has been made Known. With Sentiments of respect I am your Excllys Obt Servt.\n John SidellDepy Marshal", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0199", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Simmons, 13 July 1816\nFrom: Simmons, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington July 13th. 1816\n The enclosed letter from Captain Samuel Perkins who for many years acted in the Quarter Master Department at West Point in the State of New York, and has been charged with the disbursement of large sums of public Money at that post, as well as in this City, and at other places, all of which he has to my knowledge honourably and faithfully accounted for, and has always borne the reputation of a faithful vigilent public Officer. It was at his instigation that the charges were preferred of fraud and peculation against the United States by Captain Alden Partridge one of the Professors of the Military Accademy at West Point, whose conduct was so fully invistigated and so highly censured by the Court of Enquiry who were so long sitting at West Point at such an enormus expence\u2014and whose voluminous proceedings were so long before you previous to your departure from this City. At which time I called repeatedly upon the Secy of War, at the instance of some of the officers; to know the decision, when I was informed that you had not yet decided upon it, but soon after your departure from here, I\nwas told by the Secy of war that it had been so far decided that Captain Partridge was to be superceeded in his Command, which was to devolve upon Major William Mc.Ree, who had not yet returned from his tour to france; this information the Secy of war authorized me to communicate, which I have done to many officers of the army and at West Point. It would appear by the enclosed letter that Captain Partridge is yet in Command, and is Still conducting himself in further unjustifiable conduct and as the writed [sic] of the enclosed letter intimates that he has been censured for his Acts in this business, and is to be removed from Office (perhaps he may not be considered a proper person to witness the expenditure of so large an appropriation as was made the last Session of Congress for the Military Accademy at West Point) I called at the war office for the purpose of laying the letter before the Secy of War agreably to the suggestion of the writer, but I find that he has gone to Georgia, and there is no person at the Office who can take any order upon it. I have therefore thought it proper to enclose the letter to you, for your perusal and information, of which I have informed the author\u2014and I will be thankful for you to return it to me when you have done with it. I am very respectfully your Obt Servt\n Wm Simmons", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0200", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Rhea, 14 July 1816\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Nashville 14th. July 1816\n This morning I received a letter from John McKee Esqr. agent &c\u2014informing me that he had received a letter from the United States Factor of that agency, informing him that he, (the Factor) will not be able to furnish goods necessary for the treaty untill he sends to New-Orleans to purchase them and that Bread stuffs cannot be procured untill the new Crops are fit for use.\n From information received in a former letter from Mr McKee the Agent\u2014I expected that the time for holding said treaty with the Choctaws would not be far distant\u2014and therefore I sent for my horse and some other things, to East Tennessee\u2014and I expect him here in a few days\u2014and I would soon afterwards have been ready to have gone on to the Choctaw Agency.\n About the first instant I addressed a letter to You from this place, which I hope will have come to You. I am induced to write this\u2014as well that You may know what the Agent Mr. Mc.Kee has written to me\u2014as that I may have the pleasure to assure You of my readiness to attend to the buisness of the intended treaty or negotiation with the Choctaw tribe of Indians\u2014that You have been pleased to confide to me, as soon as the buisness of subscriptions for the National Bank is here finished. I have this day written to the agent Mr McKee.\n There are not Yet subscribed here, one hundred Shares for the National Bank. I have the honor to be with most sincere respect & Esteem Your Obedt servt.\n John Rhea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0201", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 14 July 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington July 14. 1816.\n I had before observed, in the newspapers, some account of the affair of which Judge Tucker\u2019s letter speaks more particularly. I doubt, from the state of the facts which he exhibits, if the case can be reached with any effect unless under the act of June 5. 1794. There may be difficulties even under this act. The pamphlet which I beg leave to enclose, will serve to show the footing upon which our law stands as to piracy. The doctrine which it holds out is believed to be sound. Happening to have one more of these pamphlets on hand which I can spare, I will transmit it by this mail to Mr Wirt. Should it never have reached him before, it may prove acceptable.\n I am looking forward with nothing but pleasure to the visit I design to make to Montpellier; the only regret I have is, that I am forced, by some other arrangements, to delay it until September. I must make the most of this necessity by protracting the longer my enjoyments by anticipation.\n Mrs Rush cordially reciprocates the kind expressions conveyed in your favor, and for myself I have to offer the usual assurances of my great respect and friendship.\n Richard Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0203", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 15 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Montpellier July 15. 1816\n I have recd. your several letters of the 5. 7. 8. & 11th. Your Statement in the case of Mr. Hassler, was sanctioned & sent to the Treasy; as was the proposed purchase of a Custom-House at Boston. Be so good as to have issued a Commission for Mr. Plumer, as Loan Officer for N.H. The recommendations of Mr. Wentworth are very weighty; but being local, justify the preference of Mr. P. who is called for by those more in a situation to speak for the whole State; and it is a State, not local office.\n The accounts from all quarters promise success to the Bank Commissrs. If there be no hope for Mr. Jones, it is much to be wished, that some commanding character might come into view. It will be a real disadvantage both to the Bank & the Govt. if a Presidt. should be chosen with disaffected views, or even without the entire confidence of the Treasury Dept. & the nation.\n You will have noticed the return of the Macedonian. I understand Mr. Hughs speaks unfavorably of the prospects, and of the character also of the Revolutionary party, in that quarter. Cordial respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0204", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 15 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Montpellier July 15. 1816\n I rcd. from Mr. Graham during your trip to Loudon the inclosed letter from Mr. Bagot. The subject of it is delicate. The first remark is that it belongs to Congress, not to the Ex. unless provided for by conventional arrangement explanatory or supplemental. The 2d. remark is that it has the aspect of equity, and may have been countenanced by the conversations of our Minister at London. 3d. But in order to judge fairly of its merits, it is necessary to ascertain the real motives of the B. Govt. for a measure which was certainly not Obligatory, and which took effect before it could be presumed that it would be reciprocal, & which could scarcely contemplate the unusual expedient of refunding now called for. It is probable, and I have some recollection that Mr. Adam\u2019s letters show, that it was pressed on the B. Govt. by interested individuals; but would these individuals have been wronged by a refusal, and were they not net gainers pro tanto beyond any fair expectations? Were they again American Shippers, or British shippers in Amn. vessels? As far as the latter was the case, the reciprocity claimed, would consist in a remission in favor of B. subjects on one, and a refunding in favor of B. subjects, on the other. It is at least probable that part of the shipments from the U.S. in Amn. vessels to G.B. were B property; and that none of the shipments in B. Vessels from G.B. to the U.S. were Amn. property. This probability arises from the circumstances of the period. Another view of the subject may deserve attention. If the number of ships in question was nearly equal on each side, the duties to be refunded wd. greatly exceed the duties remitted; the cargoes in the former case being more valuable, tho\u2019 the rate of duties in the latter may have been higher.\n On the whole it will be best to give Mr. B. assurances of the conciliatory & liberal disposition which we really feel; But that enquiry must be made into the real merits of the case, and that whatever may be the result of them, no time will be lost, as nothing cd. be done by the Ex: previous to the meeting of the Legislature. How wd. it do, to let the claim if doubtful be combined with ours on the subject of the negroes carried away, either in negociation, or in a reference to Arbitrators? Cordial regards\n J. Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0205", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Graham, 15 July 1816\nFrom: Graham, George\nTo: Madison, James\n As it is the request of Capt. Hamilton, I forward to you the enclosed Letters. Capt. Hamilton is the officer who was discharged from the British service, in consequence of his refusal to do duty when the British forces landed in Louisiana, on the ground of his being a Native American. With sentiments of the greatest respect yr. obt. sert.\n Geo. Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0206", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 15 July 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Dept of State 15th July 1816.\n As the enclosed Letters from Mr Wirt and Mr Mitchell relate to a subject of some delicasy and importance I have deemed it proper to transmit them to you, more particularly as it is doubtful, from the present appearance of the weather, when Mr Monroe will get back from Virginia. The Papers alluded to by Mr Wirt as having been forwarded by Judge Tucker, have I presume been sent directly to you. With sincere & Respectful Attachment I am Dear Sir your Mo Obt Sert\n John Graham\n I know not whether Mr Gelston has found a translator for the Letter from the Dey of Algiers. I believe he has written to Mr Monroe on the subject; but as his Letter is marked private I have not opened it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0207", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Brockholst Livingston, 15 July 1816\nFrom: Livingston, Henry Brockholst\nTo: Madison, James\n I understand that Mr. Dill is an applicant for the office of Marshal of this district, which is now vacant by the death of the late incumbent. The pretensions of this gentleman will not, I am persuaded, suffer by a comparison with those of any of the other candidates. He has for a long time acted as deputy-marshal not only to the entire satisfaction of his principals, but to that of the Court & bar. His connections are respectable\u2014his character in every respect very fair, & his appointment will be thought a good one throughout the district. With very great respect I have the honor to be Sir, your most obed sert\n B: Livingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0208", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Smith, 15 July 1816\nFrom: Smith, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n Office of Pay & Deposit of theBank of Cola Washn. July 15th: 1816\n In payment of the compensation allowed you, the Secretary of the Treasury gave me a dft on Philadelphia for $6.250 to cover the months of march, april & may last, & advised me to apply to you for information, how to dispose of it\u2014it will readily sell for a premium of 4 to 4\u00bd pct. in notes of this District, & if you have no call for money in Phila. at this time, the\nproceeds of the dft. at that rate, can be placed to your credit on the books of this office\u2014the salary now accruing will probably be paid in the same way. I shall be happy to be honored with your wishes on the subject which shall be promptly attended to. With the most perfect respect I am, Sir Yr mo Obt St.\n Rd: Smith Agent", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0210", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Newton E. Westfall, 15 July 1816\nFrom: Westfall, Newton E.\nTo: Madison, James\n Venerable Sir\n Southampton N.Y. July 15th. 1816\n In my Communication of the 22d Ultimo requesting the restoration of sund[r]y Letters transmitted for your perusal it was not my intention to include the one addressed to your Excellency by the Civil and Military Officers of this (Suffolk) County. Since the return of said Letters I have consulted several of my friends who advice and urge its retransmission as a document to which the President may hereafter wish to refer. I therefore at their Solicitation re-enclose it I have the honor to be with great consideration Your Obt Sert\n N. E. Westfall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0211", "content": "Title: Edward Hempstead to Return Jonathan Meigs Jr., 15 July 1816\nFrom: Hempstead, Edward\nTo: Meigs, Return Jonathan Jr.\n I wish through you to have it Stated that there has been no person authorized to act as Governor in this Territory for Several Weeks. The term for which Governor Clark was appointed expired Some weeks Since, and if re appointed the Commission has not reached here: or if not re-appointed, I presume it has been over looked: as no one here doubts the disposition of the Government to continue him in Office. With much esteem & respect Dr sir yr ob ser\n EHempstead.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0212", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 16 July 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\n your esteemed favor found me at Salem & with much regret & chagrin, that I had not paid you the visit that I promised you, & from which I expected so much pleasure, and I assure you that I have not abandoned the expectation; but at some other period mean to have the honor.\n The gratuity which was paid by me to the Boatmen of Come Chauncys Barge, was on your account, as you wished it; the amount was, I believe, twenty five Dolls., but am sure it was not more, and which was thought sufficient by the Come. I regret that the subject should have given you the least anxiety. With great esteem & respect yours\u2014\n BWCrowninshield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0213", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 16 July 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n I trouble you with a draft of the agreement with Mr. Hassler relative to the survey of the coast. The work is an important one, and must require both time and money to complete it. I am confident that Mr. Hassler is the only person equal in all respects to the undertaking, within the reach of the government.\n The circular to the banks is prepared for issuing, and the prospect of an accumulation of revenue in New York was so favorable that I had drafted a treasury notice assigning funds to pay all the treasury notes, which were payable in New York, during the year 1814 and the early months of 1815, on the first day of September next. The inclosed letter from Mr. Irving has, however, induced me to pause upon both measures. The crisis described by Mr. Irving will not immediately affect Philadelphia and Baltimore, where the banks continue to issue notes, most licentiously, for the accommodation of the merchants. The paper balloon will, nevertheless, explode unless some relief can be afforded to the sufferers in New York, and some reform be introduced at the banks of Philadelphia and Baltimore. I will reflect upon the powers of the treasury, and beg the favor of your views as to the best course to be pursued.\n The collector of Philadelphia has sent a report, which accompanies this letter, relative to the site for a custom-house. The apportionment of the\nsum appropriated by Congress is left to the department under the direction of the President. As we can procure a custom-house at Boston for $29,000, the sum to be applied at Philadelphia may exceed the one-fifth of the appropriation. I think the purchases in the other commercial cities will also be within the amount of an equal distribution. I am, dear sir, most respectfully and faithfully, your obedient servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0214", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, [ca. 16\u201322 July 1816]\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n Upon reflection, I think it best to proceed with the Circular to the State Banks, and to issue the Notice, for the payment of the Treasury Notes, which are due in New-York. I ought not to anticipate a failure in the revenue, by the delinquency of the merchants; nor can I perceive any power in the Treasury Department to interfere for their relief. The case is not at all, like the case of a dispersion of the Citizens by pestulince [sic]; when the exercise of a reasonable discretion, to suspend the collection of duties, might be e[x]cused. The question, at present, arises on the power to suspend the collection of the duties, in a particular city, to save the Merchants, who have\nover-traded, from a sacrafice of property. Congress might deem it expedient to grant such a power, but certainly it does not e[x]ist; and, indeed, the only instances of legislative interposition, are those, where a particular district has suffered from storms, or conflagrations. Whatever should be done for New-York, would soon be claimed for every other place, to the total sequestration of the resources of the Treasury.\n The Act of the 27. of April 1816 provides for laying out a road from Shawanee town to the US. saline and to Kaskaskia, in the Illinois territory; and I inclose a reccommendation of Commissioners to be appointed for the service. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0215", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 16 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington July 16. 1816\n I returnd last night and receivd your letters of 7th & 8th. The letter of the Dey of Algiers, is sent to Mr Crowninshield at Salem, for an experiment, to obtain a translation of it, there, & at Boston, to be made under his auspices. It could not be translated at New York, or Phila., and I fear, that we shall have no better success, to the East. I have recd. no answer to the enquiry respecting the Labrador coast; so that I fear that I shall be detaind here sometime, on account of Mr Bagot. Mr De Kantzow is here. I am to see him to day. I suspect the object is, to communicate his power to form a commercial treaty, given, to take advantage of our law.\n I have a letter from Edwd. Coles, who is willing to go to Russia, & requests to be informd of the allowance, time, & place of his departure, by a letter to charlottesville. If he goes in a public vessel, I can give no answer to his latter enquiries, till I hear from Mr Crow[n]inshield to whom I have written on the subject. If in a private one, his despatches might soon be prepard, as I presume Mr Ingerson has or soon will furnish the means. To morrow I will write you further on those subjects with affectionate respect\n Jas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0218", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 17 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n I return the letter from Mr. Wirt, and the letter & paper from Mr. Mitchell. You cannot do better than pursue the result of your consultation with Mr. Rush on the subject. He is acquainted with what passed between me & Judge Tucker & Mr. Wirt. It seems proper that Mr. Mitchell be instructed to send if he be permitted the persons under his care, to the U.S. We are bound by respect to the laws, to prosecute the several offenders, and also by respect to the friendly nations, agst. whom they have been violated. A just prosecution of those at Martinique may save them from a vindictive one elsewhere. best wishes\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0219", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, [ca. 17 July 1816]\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n I inclose Mr. Hassler\u2019s letter, respecting a site for the Observatory. The reccommendation of the ground selected, is very strong; but it requires consideration, whether the authority is sufficient, for purchasing that portion of it, which does not belong to the public? The appropriation is adequate, regarding it as an incident to the survey of the coast. I have requested from Mr. Munroe and Col. Lane an estimate of the price of the lot, and the cost of the building; which shall be forwarded to you, as soon as I receive it.\n Mr. Jones has just sent me the inclosed Note, which will give you a general idea of the progress of the Bank subscription. The institution is becoming every day more popular; and the universal expectation, that it is the only remedy for the disordered currency, must essentially contribute to make it effectual. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0220", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 17 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington July 17th 1816\n I had an interview with Mr de Kantzow yesterday, whose object in it was, to present a copy of his power to form a commercial treaty, which is sent to you. I inform\u2019d him that Mr Russell was instructed on the subject; he seemed to be aware that there would be some impropriety in acting on it, till we heard from Stockholm. He said he should return to day to Phila., where he would receive my answer, with which he shod. be satisfied, whether to proceed in the business, or postpone it. I promised an answer as soon as I heard from you.\n I have nothing yet from Mr Crow[n]inshield or Mr Ingersol. with affecte. respects\n Jas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0221", "content": "Title: To James Madison from LeRoy Pope and Clement C. Clay, 17 July 1816\nFrom: Pope, LeRoy,Clay, Clement C.\nTo: Madison, James\n Huntsville, M. T. 17th. July, 1816.\n Your fellow-Citizens, the People of Madison County in the Mississippi Territory, assembled in general meeting, beg leave respectfully to address you on some subjects which they deem of the first importance to themselves, and not without interest, as it seems to them, to the Union at large.\n Entertaining, as we do, the highest respect for your character, your talents, & your long & eminent public services, You will readily do us the justice to believe that we take no pleasure in arraigning any part of your policy, or disapproving any of your measures. Yet, without in the slightest degree impugning your motives, we are constrained, reluctantly & with regret, to express our dissatisfaction with the Treaty recently concluded at Washington with the Cherokees, by which the claim of the United States to an extensive, fertile, & highly important tract of country has been ceded to that Tribe, as we conceive, unnecessarily and without equivalent.\n That a great, enlightened & powerful Nation, like the United States, should systematically pursue towards the Aborigines of this Continent a policy the most pacific, liberal & humane, is to us matter of rejoicing & pride. We trust such a course of conduct will long continue to characterize our National Councils. But we do not think that this course can legitimately require us to sacrifice any undoubted right; much less to lose sight of the obligations of the first duty of Societies as well as of individuals, to secure & improve the means of their necessary preservation, Safety & happiness. We believe the tract of Country in question to be, if not absolutely necessary, at least evidently & highly conducive to the encreased security of these great ends: And we believe that the Government would not only have been justified in appropriating it to that object, but, under existing circumstances, was loudly called upon to do so by an enlarged & comprehensive view of the most important National interests. Of course we are willing, and, in fact, expect, that in such instances equivalents should be accorded. But while we should unequivocally have approved a liberal compensation in money, every way sufficient to cover any claim of title, altho\u2019 dubious, defective & disputed, we as unequivocally disapprove, in this case, the relinquishment of the soil itself.\n Nor do we think that this relinquishment was imperiously required by the National Faith, nor demanded at our hands by justice & humanity. It seems to us sufficiently clear, that the Cherokees had not the best title to that country. We believe that it formerly belonged to the Creeks, & became vested in the United States by the Treaty of Fort Jackson. This opinion has been deliberately formed, long entertained, & openly avowed by no less than three of the Commissioners appointed to run & mark the boundaries of the Creek Cession, who had bestowed on the subject the most laborious attention. As many of the facts on which that opinion rests are now in possession of the Government, we shall not attempt, at this time, needlessly to recapitulate them. Nevertheless, we trust we may, without offense, be permitted to regret that the Government had not known them earlier: We regret that it was induced to take the settlement of the question of limits out of the hands of its own Commissioners, who were on the spot, & had the means of collecting evidence from every quarter: And we regret that\nit entered so hastily into an arrangement which not only abandoned our interests, but at the same time prejudiced those of the Chickasaws, without examining their claims or hearing their objections.\n As matter of policy, we regard the Cherokee Treaty as utterly indefensible. The Country retro-ceded is every way important to us, & to the United States. As for ourselves, we are an isolated point of population, separated from any other White Settlement of the Territory by immense wildernesses. We are surrounded on three sides by Indian lands. All our hopes of Safety & importance rested on the extinguishment of Indian title in our neighborhood. This slip of Country was, therefore, peculiarly desirable to us. It would have connected us with the other Settlements of the Territory. Its local interests would have harmonized with ours\u2014would in fact have been the same; and thus it would have protected us against Indian Aggression, of which we have once been the destined object & had well nigh been the victim, while it secured us our rightful influence in the Territorial Councils.\n To the United States, the policy & expediency of retaining this Country seem to us even still more apparent & palpable. It is in fact the Garden of the whole Creek Cession. It would have sold high & rapidly; and as a mere pecuniary concern might have deserved the attentive consideration of Government. But this we regard as of very minor & secondary influence. It is not on this account, that we consider it of such importance to the Union. It is because it would have speedily invited & supported a very compact & hardy population. It would then have encreased the means & facilities of defending the lower Country: and by connecting in one unbroken chain the active, athletic & enterprising yeomanry of Tennessee & Kentucky with those of Georgia & this Territory, would have forever secured the invaluable Depots of New-Orleans & Mobile against the shock of foreign invasion. The means of their protection would have been brought home to their doors, Men, & provisions, & munitions of war could have been transported to their relief with an expedition & certainty incalculably greater than at present. But this is not all. As the acquisition of the lower Country of the Creeks, cuts them off from the Seminoles & the dangerous influence of Spanish interference; so would this district have separated the Cherokees & Creeks, on the one hand, from the Chickasaws & Choctaws, on the other; and, by surrounding them on all sides with a white population, have effectually tamed their pride, curbed their power, & put an end to their incursions.\n But, in the present posture of affairs, we apprehend that the cupidity of the other Southern Tribes cannot but be excited. The success of the Cherokees will stimulate the Chickasaws & Choctaws to make extravagant pretensions: and, if their claims are treated with equal respect, the flower of the Creek Cession will have been wrested from that Tribe only to enrich\n& aggrandize its rivals, without advantage to the United States who have purchased it with the blood & treasure of her Sons. And if these Tribes should fail in their efforts, & be disappointed in their hopes\u2014envy & hatred towards the Cherokees, distrust & jealousy towards the Government, would seem to be the material & necessary consequence. For they persist in disaffirming the right of the Cherokees: & why should that tribe be more distinguished by the favor & patronage of the Government than their own? And will they not arraign as partial & unjust that policy which gives away to their Adversary, merely on his own exparte statement, that very Territory to which they pretend to assert a better claim?\n We are constrained to believe that, with the purest intentions on its part, the Government has been grossly deceived & imposed on by the Cherokees. It was deceived in 1806, as well as in 1816; for the Cherokees had no title, at either period, to the Country in question, except a mere tenancy at will from the Creeks; and the \u27e8presant?\u27e9 title of the Creeks seems to have been entirely unknown. Both treaties were made with the Cherokees alone, & upon their own interested statements. The other Tribes, not being represented in the Council, had no opportunity to gainsay their pretensions, nor make proof of their own better claim. As to the alleged Guarrantee [sic] of 1806, it is only that the United States shall exert their influence with the Chickasaws that the Cherokee boundary may be extended to a named point. But this cannot, as we conceive, be fairly \u27e8construed?\u27e9 into as absolute recognition of title; nor that the United States should exert their influence unjustly. It appears to us to be essentially conditional and supposes the truth of the Cherokee statement then made, & the future satisfactory establishment of their claim to be superior to any other. But certainly the United States were not bound, in any event, violently, & unjustly, without hearing or enquiry, to wrest territory from the Chickasaws merely to confer it on the Cherokees. What motive could they have for such an act? What mattered it to them to which of the Tribes any tract should belong? Besides, as to the Chickasaws, this extreme & insolent construction is expressly forbidden by the instrument itself: And as to the Creeks, their title, as we have said before, does not seem even to have been suspected. But if that title be the best, & if it still pertained to the Creeks, could it be considered, either rightfully or in fact, as disaffirmed or annulled by the Treaty of 1806? And were the United States bound, by force of that treaty, to disregard & abandon it, merely because, in consequence of subsequent events, it had become vested in themselves?\n We do not, however, propose that the late Treaty of Washington shall be declared void: and we will not now enquire how far the duplicity & false statements of the Cherokees would justify such an act & render it reconciliable [sic] with the preservation of National Faith. We reverence too highly the Faith of our Country to desire to see a stain on its escutcheon. We\nwish it to be ever not only unspotted, but free from suspicion. The remedy we propose is simple, easy, effectual. It is the acquisition of the Country in question by negotiation & purchase. This we believe to be not only practicable, but of easy attainment. To that end, we respectfully pray the speedy appointment of Commissioners vested with the necessary powers, who shall be required to summon, at an early day, a Council of the Tribes interested. Let their claims be heard & investigated. Their claims will be found to be in conflict. The Tribes will disagree: indeed, they disagree already. The Chickasaws are dissatisfied. They assert that the Cherokees never had any claim to the Country ceded: & that it belonged partly to them but chiefly to the Creeks. The right of the United States as derived from the Treaty of Fort Jackson should then be succinctly stated, & the deceptions which have been practiced to conceal that right. Let the Commissioners then show that this Country, so disputed between the Tribes is likely to be to them the source of rancorous quarrels & bloody wars, while in fact it will be scarcely inhabited by either of them. The Cherokees are conscious of the radical weakness & defect of their title; the Chickasaws are fearful of the effect of the late Treaty: both will be ready to compromise with the Government. Each will prefer that \u27e8the?\u27e9 Country should be owned by us than by the other because they will derive a certain advantage: and we have no doubt they will both willingly accept a pecuniary compensation in lieu of their claims. Let that compensation be liberal. The Government can afford it: it will be amply & speedily reimbursed.\n We respectfully recommend, further, that this acquisition South of the Tennessee, should, if possible, be bounded by the lines of Genl. Coffee\u2019s Survey: because those lines being already run & marked, the Government will save that trouble & expense; being already Known, there will be no room for dispute or misapprehension concerning the actual extent of the purchase; and the liberal & generous policy of the United States will be apparent to the Indians themselves, [illegible] for a Country already decided by its Commissioners to be its own.\n If to this acquisition the Commissioners should, at the same time, be able to add the tract within this Territory lying North of the Tennessee & claimed by the Chickasaws, or even so much of it as lies East of Cypress Creek, we think the safety of the lower Country would be permanently secured. This, including the County of Madison, would make the white Settlement of nearly equal extent on both banks of the River, and as it would border immediately on fertile & fast-growing \u27e8Counties?\u27e9 of Tennessee, it is incalculable how much the whole Southern frontier in this quarter would be strengthened.\n The whole Chickasaw Country north of the Tennessee is of no actual use to the Tribe. It is, & has long been, totally uninhabited by them; it is not pastured by their herds, nor do they even hunt on it. Why, then, should it\nbe supposed that they are unwilling to sell? And if they will sell, what sort of policy is that which forbids the United States to buy, when this acquisition is not only in itself valuable, but is at the same time the best & cheapest rampart it could create for the protection of the great emporium of the West, on whose Safety depends the prosperity of the immense empire watered by the Mississippi & its tributary streams. We believe that the County of Madison has been better sold, & in a shorter time, & has brought more money into the Treasury, than any other section of United States lands of equal extent. Measuring \u27e8out?\u27e9 more than 22 miles square, it already contains about 15,000 souls; and its exports for the last year are computed to equal in value those of all West Tennessee. It is believed that the neighboring lands will sell much higher than did those of this County, as great part of them are of a quality superior to ours in a climate more propitious to the culture of Cotton, & whose commercial advantages are greater.\n We are aware that, on these subjects, we may be accused of interested motives: We avow it without hesitation. We cannot but feel a deep interest & concern in the decision of the question of acquisition now respectfully proposed for your consideration. But we contend that ours is not altogether a selfish view as seeking simply our own greater security. It is not, in our view, a mere legal question: it is one in which the whole Western Country, nay the Union itself, is deeply interested as well as ourselves. On the importance of New-Orleans there is no need to dissent. The free navigation of the Mississippi, & the command of its mouth, are obviously indispensible to the full developement [sic] of the wealth and prosperity of three fourths of the Territory of the United States. Besides, both the River & the City are now identified with our National Glory. What was acquired with our treasure, during the administration of Your predecessor, by wisdom & policy; has been, during your own, defended by our Arms, & illustrated by our Victories. And if, on a question which ought to be exclusively National, and in which the whole Union is unequivocally & vitally interested, it be lawful to recur to party recollections, we might, perhaps, by excused for saying that Louisiana should be peculiarly dear to Republicans, since it is the fruit of their power, & will immortalize their name & Councils. How dear, then, must it be to You\u2014a Patriot, a Republican, a President of the United States! Yet we tremble, even now, to think what might have been the fate of Orleans, had it been assailed when the Creeks were in Arms, & the Hero who has since immortalized himself in its defence was still struggling for the laurel of Tehopeca. We are certain that no reasonable means of ensuring its safety should be neglected: And we are confident that no plan for the protection of that place & Mobile can be now devised, cheaper, better, more speedy, & effectual, than the one which it has been our object, in this Address, to point out & insist on. Cast Your eye on the Map, & then decide whether we are over-sanguine & enthusiastic in our hopes & belief.\nAt any rate, if we are deceived, we are deceived honestly. We are not conscious of the influence of any improper motive; And we sincerely believe that our own local interests, which we have not sought to conceal, are in this case so completely identified with those of the Union, that you cannot advance the one, without, in an equal degree, promoting the other. If we have spoken freely, we know it to be our right; & we trust we have exercised it with temper & moderation, & without offence.\n But we will not swell this address to any greater length, satisfied if we have succeeded in calling your attention to the subject. As lovers of our Country, as Supporters of Your Administration, as friends of your fame, we earnestly entreat You to take it into early & serious consideration. And should you decide in favor of our wishes, we need not say how truly & heartily we shall rejoice\u2014both as patriots & as men; as Citizens of the United States at large, as well as inhabitants of a little insulated district, without influence now in the Territorial councils\u2014and which must remain equally insulated & impotent till some such measure as we propose, shall be adopted for our relief.\n LeRoy PopeChairman \n Clement C. Clay Secy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0222", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel D. Tompkins, 17 July 1816\nFrom: Tompkins, Daniel D.\nTo: Madison, James\n Mr. Charles Radcliff, is very desirous of obtaining admission into the military Academy at West point. He is the son of the respectable Mayor of this city & possesses attainments of the first order for his age. He is, moreover, extremely ardent in pursuit of military science and fame. I beg leave to speak with confidence of the character and qualifications of the candidate & to express the high gratification it will be to me, if the wishes of young Mr Radcliff and of his patriotic & influential connections, can\nbe indulged. With the highest consideration, I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most Obt S.\n Daniel D. Tompkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0223", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 18 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Montpellier July 18. 1816\n I have just recd. yours of the \u2003 inclosing Mr. Hasslers letter on the subject of the Observatory. I had previously recd. one from Col: Lane, informing me of the selection made by Mr. H. for its site. Altho\u2019 I had no doubt of the fitness of any spot preferred by Mr. H. taken in the abstract, it occurred that as the whole square would be required, the expence to the public might be very considerable; and that there might be inconveniences in alianating so much ground in that particular siction [sic] from uses to which it might be otherwise applied. On these considerations I thought it proper to desire Mr. Munroe the Superintendent of the City, to make out an estimate of the value of the grounds in question with such observations as to the other point as he might think useful; to be furnished to you, or in your absence to Mr Rush whose attention I asked to the subject. I am glad to find the concurrence in what has been separately done. After all, the question you raise as to the legality of a purchase of ground by the public is a material one, and can not be decided without an accurate view of the case. I suggested to Col: Lane that it might be well for Mr. H to point out the best substitute for a site, which wd. be free from the difficulties incident to the square best in itself. From Mr. H\u2019s letter I conclude he will have left Washington before one arrived of mine there. Perhaps He can from memory, refer you to the one he wd. have named to Col: Lane.\n I return the letter from Mr. H. & the note from Mr Jones. I have already expressed my wish, in case his prospect for the Presidency of the Bank should unfortunately for him prove hopeless, his place might be taken by one whose standing would ensure success. It is of great importance to the nation as well as to the Bank itself, that the head of it should enjoy the full confidence, in every respect, of the Treasury & of Congs. I observe that notwithstanding the general calculation of success to the subscriptions their progress is slow and deliberate. Perhaps it results from the very certainty of the successful issue; and a policy in those who wish as much as they can get, to damp subscriptions, that they may rush in at the last moment. Accept my esteem & affece respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0224", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Adams and Randall Tarrier, [ca. 18 July 1816]\nFrom: Adams, George,Tarrier, Randall\nTo: Madison, James\n The Petition of George Adams and Randall Tarrier, humbly sheweth, That your Petitioners are now lying in the jail of Washington County in the District of Columbia under sentence of death upon conviction of the crime of Highway Robbery. Of this crime your Petitioners solemnly declare that they are innocent: but confess, that they are guilty of having defrauded the person on whose testimony they were convicted of a watch and [\u2026] recommendations by the Court & Jury of a mitigation of their punishment by way of condition of pardon\u2014and pray most earnestly that they may be delivered from the hands of the executioner upon such conditions as may seem just. But if the President can not annex conditions to a pardon, they rely upon his mercy that he will not allow them to suffer for an offence comparatively light the highest penalty than man can enforce upon his fellow. And your Petitioners will &c.\n George Adams Randall Tarrier", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0226", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert B. Gibson, 18 July 1816\nFrom: Gibson, Robert B.\nTo: Madison, James\n The opinion of Robert G Haden Esqr the Justice who granted this Warrant was that it was the duety of Justic of any County in aney state to Back\nthis Warrant whare the robbers Could be found to Convey them to the Teritory for trial. James Gooden of Wilks County & state of Georgia refused to Back the Warrant stateing that the Governor\u2019s seal of Terrtoy and state should be affixed to it first and on his refuseall I Robert B Gibson went to his Excellency David B Mitchell Governor of state of Giorgia and Infrmed him and told him I saw one of the Robbrs Azeriah Doss on that day with a Waggon on the rode. His Excellency advised to get a Warrant in the state and arest Azerriah Doss which I did on the second of June last in Columbia County and state of Georgia. The Justices after Examining Azeriah Doss and the Testimony v him first found him Guilty by his Confesing and the Testimony and then discharge him in these words on the Back of Warrant which have in my possion. After Duly examining the evidence in favour of the state Vs Azeriah Doss we find the procedings illegull for the following reasons viz that the Crime was Commited out of the limits of the state & the Warrant Granted in it therefore discharge the prisnor By paying the Costs this 4 June 1816. Sm. McNair J.P. [and] J. Hoge J.P.\n N.B. Be Pleased to address a letter to Robert, B, Gibson Monrowe Cty Fort Claybourn Missisippi Teritory on this subject by mail giveing such information as the laws afford U. States in such case.\n The County of Monrowe is not orgainized as yet and at the time of Robbery it was in Jackson purchase a bout 70 Miles of the house of RG Haden Esqr. its is now the opinion of the best informed Counsell that the Robbers are only punishable by the United States Lawers and at such places as the Congress may by law have directed for crimes of this sort. The amendment to the Constitution of the United States says no person shall be deprived of life liber\u27e8ty\u27e9 or property without due proses of law? now necessity Compells me to seek for my rights the Robbers holdes the property and says there is no law to hurt them and Certain William Riddle of Jasper County found one of Robbers a horse and has had a dividend of the mony and Confeses he has and Anderson Riddle of Wilks County and state Georgia has apart also as they made a dividend of the money and property are they not eqully liable & is it not this a Crim vs the U.S. to Robe one where Country is not orgainizied if so please to have a proclamation for the Robbers to be brought to Justice and to be tried for the offenc at such places as the Congress has appointed by law and Grant this Citizen such relieff as the Nature this case doth requre & be pleased to give such information on this subject as Goverment affords the Distrssed &C yr most Humble Servant\n Robert, B, Gibson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0227", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Stephenson and William Morrison, 18 July 1816\nFrom: Stephenson, Benjamin,Morrison, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Kaskashia July 18th. 1816\n A vacancy in the appointment of commissary general of pu\u27e8rcha\u27e9ses and supplies having taken place by the death of Colo Jonas Simonds at St. Louis\u2014The undersigned take the liberty respectfully to recommend to the President of the United States for that appointment Mr. Thomas Hempstead of St. Louis as a suitable person to discharge the duties of that office, and to fill the vacancy\n B: StephensonW\u27e8m\u27e9 Morrison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0228", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 19 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n I have recd. yours of the 16. & 17. I return the letter of M. De Kantzow. Our expectation of letters from Mr. Russel, or of his speedy return, will justify our delay in taking up the subject, and will be a proper answer to it. It will be well not to encourage too much the idea of a treaty; first because, it is not very probable that Sweeden will admit her Colonies to be included, as a part of her Commercial self, in the reciprocity indispensable. Secondly, because the productions of Sweeden are not such as she will withold from us without a treaty, or such as give freight like ours. Iron, the article we import, is rather a ballast than burden. Thirdly, because it is desireable that the Ex. shd. not impose restraints on the policy which the Legisl: may\nadopt with respect to a general navigation Act, which must at an early date engage their deliberations.\n I have a letter from Mr. Coles, in which he says he has informed you of his acceptance of the trip to Russia. I had before suggested an answer direct to you, and referred him to your statement of the precise terms of the service. There shd. be no room for doubts or disappts. on this head. The precedents I presume, are such as will prevent them. I find from Mr. Crowninshi[e]ld that a pub: vessel could not be employed without a very inconvenient expence; and were this not the case, a private conveyance would be sufficient for the occasion. If a direct one to St. Petersburg does not at once offer, it will be best for Mr. C. to take a passage for England, whence he will doubtless find a ready one to his destination.\n The Memorial from Moose Island is justified by the tardiness of the B. Govt. It will be a fit occasion for spurri[n]g it through Mr. B. as well as Mr. A. and they may be properly reminded of the suspended and equivocal character of the Island, as requiring a moderate & provisional treatment of its inhabitants; instead of the one complained of.\n The letter to me from Mr. de Neuville, presents him in a view which it is not amiss, you should be acquainted with. I have written as civil & conciliatory an answer, as I thought could be justiable [sic], because I presumed that such an one might be useful. I send this also for your perusal to be forwarded from Washington; unless you see any thing in it sufficiently objectionable to require the delay of returning it.* His letter to me be so good as to return in any event. I ought to say, that his manner & language while here corresponded with the wish he manifests to promote a liberal policy between the 2 Countries; and that he presented a character, very amiable, and a mind highly intelligent. Yrs.\n J. Madison\n * vary the address if necessary.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0229", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George T. Hawksworth, 19 July 1816\nFrom: Hawksworth, George T.\nTo: Madison, James\n Pardon the liberty I have taken in writing to you. Had I a friend in this world to look up to for protection I would not trouble you thus, and knowing \u2019twould be useless to write you thro\u2019 any other channel therefore thought it most prudent to address you in person stating the unpleasant way I am situated. First I must tell you who I am; I am the unfortunate late commander of H.M. late Brig Magnet that was driven onshore by Commodore Chauncey on Lake Ontario, and afterwards destroyed hir by fire, to prevent her falling into the hands of the Americans. Had I known how they intended to treat me I certainly would have given her up to the American Squadron, no doubt Sir you have long \u2019ere this heard the whole particulars, the manner Sir J. Yeo treatd me. Of course rather than brook the insults of tyrants I came over to the land of liberty to tender my services to the U. States\u2014knowing it was \u27e8t\u27e9he only place for injured & oppressed persons to \u27e8see\u27e9k redress; of course gave all the information relative to the force on land as well as on the lakes. The secretary of the Navy Sir had the goodness to give me an acting Sailing Master\u2019s Warrant while it contin[u]ed war, till the Gun Boats was paid off and afterwards order\u2019d me to the Navy Yard. There I remained three or four Months, when the secretary proposed to give me a certain sum to give up my claim on the U. States, Ah! Sir you well know my situation could I refuse any thing tho\u2019 small from that goverment whom protected me in time of trouble, or can I say I had any claims on the U. States. It entirely depended on their goodness, how much, or what they thought proper to give me, therefore deem\u2019d it most prudent to accept of the sum, which was a thousand dollars. Little I th\u27e8ought?\u27e9 \u27e8in time?\u27e9 how I should live when that was gone; ref\u27e8lect?\u27e9 Sir a young man brought up from his infancy in the Navy, never acquired any other business, banished from his native country, to a strange land, \u27e8wi\u27e9thout money, freinds, or a profession to gain a living. I can\u2019t sail in an American Ship, as I am not yet become a citizen, in fact I know not what to do. My Father in England has lately died, \u27e8and\u27e9 left me considerably, thro\u2019 its utterly impossiable to obtain it unless I go myself, that I can\u2019t do. It entirely depends on My Uncle whether I ever get a Cent, for he has taken the adva\u27e8n\u27e9tage of my desertion, and tells me I cannot \u27e8get?\u27e9 it unless I come myself\u2014knowing I never can go home. Let me beg of your good\u27e8ness?\u27e9 Sir to befreind me believe me I shall eve\u27e8r\u27e9 remember it with gratitude; probably Sir \u2019twould be in your power to o\u27e8rd?\u27e9er Dr. Bul\u27e8lus\u27e9 Navy Agent at New York; to assist me in some measure by giving me same income I had before as Sailing Master, I trust \u2019ere long I shall be able to help myself should my hard hearted Uncle feel for me, or could I become an america\u27e8n\u27e9 citizen\nI could get my living on the water. Believe me to be Sir with great respect your most Obet. & humble servant\n George T. Hawksworth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0231", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Rush, 20 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rush, Richard\n Montpellier July 20. 1816\n As I have taken the liberty of throwing on your attention the business of fixing on a Site for an Observatory at Washington, I pass the inclosed to Mr. Dallas thro\u2019 your hands. You will see that the turn which the subject is likely to take, will relieve you from further trouble with respect to it.\n I have recd. your favor of \u2003. We regret that we shall not have the pleasure of seeing you, and we trust Mrs. Rush before September. The\nproper indemnification for the delay, will in our then having you the longer with us. Affece. respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0232", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Graham, 20 July 1816\nFrom: Graham, George\nTo: Madison, James\n Department of War, July 20. 1816.\n I enclose you blank Commissions for the Commissioners to treat with the Chickesaws & Cherokees for your signature. From the enclosed letter you will perceive that Genl. Jackson declines accepting until he shall receive the instructions. No letter has been received from Mr. Franklin or General Meriweather. The letters advising them of their appointment were dated the 15th. of June, and those enclosing their instructions the 3d. and 5th. July. Should either of these gentlemen decline, will you be so good as to inform me which of the Mr. Sharps is intended to be appointed?\n Enclosed is a letter from Genl. Macomb which has been communicated by the Secretary of State to Mr. Baggot, and considered satisfactory on the subject of the enlistment of British deserters generally. At the request however of the Secretary of state, I have written to Genl. Macomb to discharge any British deserters that may have been received as substitutes, if there are any such.\n As orders have lately been given for recruiting, I beg leave to suggest the propriety of instructing the recruiting Officers not to enlist deserters from any service. I have the honor to be &cc\n (signed) Geo: Graham.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0233", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, [20] 21 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I have written to day to Mr Coles to come here immediately, to take despatches, to Mr Harris in Russia. I have recd. Mr Ingersols report; the despatches will therefore be ready for Mr Coles, by the time he gets here. He will be plac\u2019d, of course, on the best footing, that precedents will admit of.\n I have not yet heard from Mr Crowninshield, either, respecting the Labrador coast, or the letter of the Dey of Algiers.\n I saw Mr. Bagot yesterday. He says that he is willing to adopt any regulation to be reciprocal, respecting the naval force on the lakes, either by convention, or instruction to the proper commanders on each side, to be agreed on in the latter case by the parties. I shall see him again in a day or two, & will write you more fully on this subject in the interim. With affectionate respects\n Jas Monroe\n Who shall be sent to So. America? Poinsett & Hughes, would perhaps either be willing to go. Onis promises his aid. The Macedonian is out of repair. The Guerriere is in good state for the voyage.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0234", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 21 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Montpellier July 21. 1816\n I have recd. yours of the 16th. inclosing the propositions of Mr. Hassler, the Report of the Collector of Philada. and the letter from Mr Irving.\n The importance of the object, and the peculiar fitness of Mr. Hassler for it, prescribe an acquiescence in his terms. Will it not be better to throw his paper into the form of instructions and explanations accompanying his appointment, than to let it stand in that of a Contract? Some attention will be necessary to the mode of subjecting military officers to his orders. The War & Navy Depts. will understand it. Mr. H. proposes that the Chief\nofficer shall be the Treasurer &c. Can this service be forced on him, or will his consent & compensation be requisite? If there be a difficulty, it may be provided for by an after arrangement.\n Considering the expence of erecting permanent Observatories, and the competition of sites for them, to which may be added the question of appropriating an occasional fund to permanent Objects, it may deserve your consideration whether it may not be adviseable to borrow the use of existing establishments if such can be found, or to erect temporary Observatories if it can be done with a material diminution of expence.\n I presume you can not do better than to secure the site referred to by Gen: Steele, for the Custom House in Philada. It must be of peculiar importance that it be located conveniently for the public & for the merchants. Of the reasonableness of the price for the lots, I cannot judge. The judgment of Gen: Steele is entitled to much confidence. As it is uncertain what may be the expence called for in N.Y. & Baltimore, it will be fortunate if offers from both should arrive before that at Philada. be made unalterable. It is possible that the excess at other places may be greater beyond their proportions than that at Philada. In that case, if economy be impracti[c]able in purchasing the sites, it must be applied to the buildings; unless an increase of the appropriations by Congs. can be safely anticipated.\n Mr. Irving\u2019s letter gives a deplorable picture of the mercantile & monied situation of N. Y. If the evil however arises from the excess of imports beyond the wants of the Country, a partial & temporary relief only can be administered. The Country merchants cannot sell, because the people do not need more of their merchandize; not selling, they can not pay the importers; and these not receivng cannot pay their duties to the Treasury. Were they enabled to pay the duties, or indulged with time for the purpose, how are they to make their remittances to Europe amounting to so much more than their duties? Of the several alleviations stated by Mr. I. my first impression is in favor of a renewal of the bonds, with an augmented security; as countenanced by the danger, in case of an extensive explosion, of an actual loss to the public. I suspend my opinion however till I can aid it with the result of your reflections on the subject. A memorial from the Merchts. is desireable, as an authentic Ground work for Ex. interposition if it finally takes place. Accept my best wishes\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0236", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Simon Scyhder, 21 July 1816\nFrom: Scyhder, Simon\nTo: Madison, James\n Filerdelfe Jooli 21. 1816\n Yoor eggzelenzi will be plezed to reggolegt that the bond you give me when you was in the Vederal cit\u00e6 in 1804, is begome due the 29th of this month, (umhount 20551 tullurs) Your eggzelenzy Most obt Survt.\n Simon ScyhderTresserer of Penshyl fania\n P. S. I shall sturt vur Shelins Krofe [Selinsgrove] in eine wike, you weel pleze deruct to Shelin\u2019s Grofe, Penashyl Fania.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0237", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel S. S. Hoyt and Others, 22 July 1816\nFrom: Hoyt, Samuel S. S.\nTo: Madison, James\n Qr. Master Genls. OfficeNew York 22d July 1816.\n With becoming deference, would we address your Excellency, on a Subject of very little moment to the Government, but of great importance to us individually. In a time of need, we abandoned our usual avocations to devote our time and talents in the Service of our Country; we were appointed, and discharged the duties of Warrant Officers in the Qr. Master Genls. Dept. in the 3d. Military District.\n On the restoration of peace to our beloved & native Country, we were discharged, pursuant to an act of Congress passed 3d. March 1815. Conformably to this act every Commissioned Officer was entitled to receive in addition to his pay, three Months Wages as a gratuity from Government. We received from the Pay Master of the District the gratuity, but at this remote period we are Called upon to refund to Government the Amount of that gratuity. This Call is made upon us through the Pay Master General Robt. Brent Esquire, who has decided that we were not entitled to receive it; this decision has been Corroborated by the Attorney General Richard Rush Esquire, & is predicated on the letter of the Law above Cited which limits the gratuity to Commissioned Officers.\n It is well known to your Excellency that we do not hold Commissions, properly So Called, but we hold Warrants from Brigd. Genl. Robert Swartwout Principal Qr. Master Genl. of the U. States Army, who was fully authorised from the Dept. of War to make the Appointments; which Appointments render us as fully amenable to Martial Law as Commissioned Officers, and we are of Opinion that we are as fully Comprehended in the\nSpirit of the Law, as are any other Officers. The Army is composed of Officers Commissioned and Non-Commissioned, and privates. No mention is made of Warrant Officers: therefore we must necessarily belong to one or other of these Classes. If we be Commissioned Officers we are entitled to the gratuity, and if we are Non-Commissioned we are entitled to it, for they as well as private Soldiers have received three months pay when discharged. It was unquestionably the intention of Congress, when the above act was passed, to remunerate every Officer of every grade, that Should be deranged by virtue of Said Act.\n We are all heads of families, and the allowance granted us by Law, will afford but a bare Subsistence, and it will necessarily press very hard upon us to be compelled at this time, to refund to Government the amount of three months pay received and expended One year ago.\n We have therefore Sir, presumed to appeal to you, and exercise a Strong hope that your Excellency will cause a decision in our favor. We have the honor to be With perfect respect Your Excellency\u2019s Obedient Servants\n Saml. S S Hoyt Bk. Mr.W. Cunningham. Forage Mr.John Brown B, MRobert Dunn princpll Wagon MasterChles. Bleecker Principal Ba\u27e8rk\u27e9. Mr.John Bedient Principal Forage Mr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0238", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonas Humbert, 22 July 1816\nFrom: Humbert, Jonas\nTo: Madison, James\n As there is a vacancy in this District in the office of Marshal, I beg the liberty of being considered as an applicant for such situation.\n The Honorable Secretary of State will lay before the President testimonials in my behalf.\n Should my recommendations be satisfactory, and the strong interest I have taken to support and defend the administration previous to, and during the late war, I shall deem the attention of the President a disting[u]ished favour, and endeavour to Justify the declerations of my friends, and answer the highest expectations of the Government. With great respect I am the Presidents most obedient and faithful servant\n Jonas Humbert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0239", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Munroe, 22 July 1816\nFrom: Munroe, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington 22d. July 1816\n I have the honor to enclose a Letter recd. to day. I mentioned to the Committee that I thought it might be more proper, and also more satisfactory to the Executive that the Supreme Court, or at least the Circuit Court Judges & Officers should designate the scite, or make some communication of their wishes on the subject. They replied that neither of these Courts being in session, it would take some time to consult the Judges, & obtain a representation from them. That the Presidents informal permission was all that would be necessary at present, and that an Act of Appropriation for a suitable portion of the public reservation could be hereafter obtained.\n To insure, however, a judicious location of the building and prevent any avoidable injury being done to the Square which contains \u27e819a\u00b0 1e\u2032 \u214c 27\u27e9 it might perhaps be well for the President to require that the Approbation of some of the principal Officers of the Government or of those of the District on the spot, should be obtained before the building is begun. I have the Honor to be most respectfully Sir, Yr Ob Hum Servt\n Thomas Munroe.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0240", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 23 July 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n Having considered the question, as to purchasing a site for the Observatory, more attentively, I conclude that it would be deemed, probably, an extreme latitude of construction, to make an expensive purchase of lots, as an incident to the authority for a survey of the coast, which is a temporary work. The objection does not arise to occupying lots already belonging to the public; and which would, at all times, be subject to the directions of Congress. Under that impression, I will address Mr. Hassler upon the subject.\n I have received a letter from Mr. Baker, complaining of a discrimination between British and American vessels, in the port of New-York, as to pilotage, and fees, exacted under the State laws. The draft of an answer is submitted for your consideration, with the letter itself. It seem[s], however, to me that subjects of this kind should be discussed in the Department of State.\n The Bank subscriptions close tomorrow, and I will hasten to communicate the result, as soon as the materials are collected to ascertain it. There is a general confidence, that the whole capital will be subscribed. Mr. Girard\u2019s interest is at the maximum, 3000 shares, or 300,000 Dollars. He says, that he will take a much greater interest if it be necessary. His name is sometimes mentioned, as President of the Bank; but it is probable that he will support Mr. Jones, whose prospects become more favorable. Except these gentlemen, I do not know a Republican, within your definition of fitness, who would be likely to succeed, or be willing to become a Candidate.\n I trouble you with a case from Bermuda, because it seems to be, in some sort, anomalous. The island is not within the exception of the Convention, as to the West-Indies; nor within the general provision, as to the British European dominions; but it is stated, that, by an Act of Parliament, vessels of the United States are permitted to go to, and trade at, Bermuda. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0241", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 23 July 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington July 23. 1816\n I have sent on to Philadelphia the papers which accompanied your favor of the 20th instant.\n I had not been unmindful of the request intimated in your previous favor of the 12th, upon the same subject, and was upon the point of drawing up a few remarks in relation to it when that of the 20th arrived. In any other event I should have had great pleasure in rendering any little assistance in my power towards the making up of a right judgment upon the occasion.\n I do not dispair of securing to myself the pleasure of my intended excursion before the next month is out. If Mrs. Rush does not accompany me, it will be a great abridgement of my pleasure, and quite mortifying to her. She greatly fears, that the summer arrangements for our little children may create bars. I offer my most respectful and cordial salutations.\n Richard Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0242", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Taylor, 23 July 1816\nFrom: Taylor, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n Louisville 23d. July 1816\n My son Joseph having buisiness at the War office at the Citty of Washington as he is young & Inexperienced he may be at some loss how to proceed to gett it finished. I have therefore Ventured to trouble you with a request to advise him in what wou\u2019d be his best course to take in the matter.\n I wish also to mention to you the [sic] he has been Transfered from the Infantry to the Artillary but his standing is a Lower grade than he formerly held in the Infantry. Now I confess I have a wish that if he reejons the Army it shoud be in the same rank he formerly held. I hope you will be so good to Excuse this Intrusion on your time, My wife Joins in Love to your good Mother, & our best wishes to your Lady & beleive me to be with Friendship & Esteem your most Obt. Servt.\n Richd. Taylor\n N. B my fingers are crippled with the rheumatism so that I doubt if you can read this scrall.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0243", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 24 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n I must ask the favor of you & Mr. Rush to attend to the subject of the letter from Mr. Munroe & the one inclosed in it. As the building proposed is to be on public ground, for pub: use, & eventually to be purchased, with rent in the mean time, paid, by the public, the Ex: sanction merits enquiry & consideration. There is always some risk of error, in yieding [sic] to sudden impulses, especially when derived from private & irresponsible resources. To justify it in any case, the necessity ought to press; and the inconveniency from delay, such as not to have been foreseen by the more competent & Customary Authority. You & Mr. R: with the information of the Superintendant will appreciate all these considerations, better on the spot, than I can here. Say something to me, if requisite, on the subject of the letter from Jos: Salsbury. That from Mr. Ware will require attention, on the actual resignation of Mr. Poindexter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0244", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Anderson, 24 July 1816\nFrom: Anderson, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington City. 24th. July. 1816\n I take leave to Obtrude upon your time for a few moments, in behalf of William G D Worthington Esqr., Who in consequence of his delicate health, Occasiond as he believes, by the nature of the duties he has to perform, Which require much confinement\u2014has apply\u2019d to me, to present his name to you, for such an appointment, either foreign or domestic, as will afford him more exercise; and for Which you may consider him competent. I can truely say, that were Mr Worthington to leave me; I Shoud find\nmuch difficulty in Obtaining a Suitable person to fill his place, and Were Selfish considerations to prevail, I woud most certainly Wish him to remain in the Office. I have uniformly found him, Strictly attentive to his duties, possessing a mind, Capable of investigating, and decideing correctly the most intricate cases; and With much promptitude\u2014as a man of Strict honor in the Strongest Sense of the term. I entertain the highest Opinion of him\u2014haveing ever found him a perfect gentleman, in the whole of his deportment\u2014and I have the gratification of knowing that you hold him in high estimation. In the choice of an Office, he is too modest to offer himself, for any particular one; and if he were not, I do not know of any, which it might be proper for him to accept, being now Vacant. Mr Worthington, has the most entire confidence in you, and feels assured, that you will duely estimate his pretentions, and Shou\u2019d you deem him entitled\u2014Will make a better and more proper choice for him, in the Selection of an Office, than he cou\u2019d make for himself. Haveing had a Verry good opportunity of Testing his Talents, and his Whole Character, I can with perfect Security, and real gratif[i]cation, recommend him to you, as qualified to fill any respectable appointment, either at home or abroad, Which may require the exercise of respectable, and luminous talents, Sound discretion, inflexible integrity, genuine patriotism, and the most amiable and conciliating manners.\n I take leave to enclose you, Mr Worthington\u2019s letter to me, No. 1, and also his letter no. 2\u2014the latter, in answer to my reply to his first. I deem it proper to mention, that I communicated with Mr Dallas, agreeably to the Suggestion of Mr Worthington\u2014and had the Satisfaction of learning that Mr Dallas\u2014from the Opportunity, he has had of becomeing acquainted with the Character and talents of Mr Worthington, highly estimates both; and assured me, that he woud most freely Unite, in recommending him to you, for Such appointment as he might request. This I communicated to Mr Worthington, and Suggested to him at the Same time, my Own Opinion of the propriety, of his Stateing the Kind of Office, or the Office, that he might Wish to fill; but his great modesty, has induced him to decline makeing any special designation; as you will Observe by his letter No. 2, in Which he assigns his reasons for so doing. As the facts, respecting offices being, or becomeing Vacant must almost always be known to you, before they can be known by persons, who might wish to become candidates\u2014and as I do not know of any, at this time being Vacant, Which might Suit the Talents, and Character of Mr Worthington\u2014I must request that you will be pleased, to dispose of him, in Such way, as you may consider due to his merits. In estimateing these, you will I am Sure, take into full consideration, his highly respectable Standing as a member of the house of Representatives and Senate of Maryland, his firm, and uniform Republican principles, and his faithful and able Support of the present and preceeding\nadministrations\u2014accept Dear Sir\u2014my Sincere Esteem, and most respectfull consideration\n Jos: Anderson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0246", "content": "Title: Pardon for Gaude Petit, alias Frederick, 24 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas it has been represented to me that at a late Court of the United States for the District of Louisiana, Gaude Petit, Alias Frederick, was indicted for Piracy, where upon he was found guilty by the Jury, and condemned by the Court; and whereas it has been represented to me, that this is the first criminal offence with which the said Gaude Petit alias Frederick has ever been charged in the United, States, and it is to be hoped, that it will be the last: Now therefore, be it Known that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the premises, and for other good causes me thereunto moving, have pardoned, and do hereby pardon, the offence aforesaid\u2014Willing and requiring, that the said Gaude Petit, alias Frederick, be forthwith discharged and acquitted.\n In Testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my Hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.\n Done at the City of Washington this Twenty fourth day of July, A.D. one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, and of the Independence of the United States the fortieth.\n James MadisonBy the PresidentJas. Monroe, Secretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0247", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Caffarena, [25 July 1816]\nFrom: Caffarena, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\n Excellence,\n The fervency that I have, and shall ever use for the progress of Arts & sciences particularly for the benefit of our Country (which I have the honour to represent as Vice Consul in Genoa these eleven Years passed,) Induces me to adress to Your Excellency a statue in Alabaster, representing Napoleon, when he crossed the Alps before the Battle of Marengo, which I beg Your Excellence to accept as a mark of my distinct regard.\n The author of this work is Henry Causici scolar of the famous sculptor Canova in Rome and the same Young man has this day taken his passage on the Ship Gosport of Philadelphia with the intention to establish himself in America; I do not dare recommend him as this very same work will be sufficient to obtain Your Excellency\u2019s Protection.\n I hope Your Excellence will excuse the liberty I take, and shall in all times be happy to receive Your Excellency\u2019s Commands. I remain with the Greatest Respect Your Excellency, Most obedt. & most Humble servant\n Edward Caffarena\n P. S. I take the liberty to make Your Excellency observe, that in unpacking the Box that contains the statue (which is the largest of the two) one must have particular care (in so doing) as the least accident might break it, being very delicate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0248", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, [ca. 25 July 1816]\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n I inclose the Memorial of the Merchants of New-York, to which Mr. Irving\u2019s letter (already communicated to you) referred. It appears to me, that the only proper mode of interfering for the relief of the Memorialists, would be to authorise the District Attorney to stay executions, after judgments had been entered, taking, if necessary, additional security. To suspend suits, or to renew the Bonds, is an alternative that I am not prepared to reccommend.\n I send for your perusal a letter, which I have received from Mr. Mc.Call, covering two Spanish doccuments. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0250", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 26 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Montpellier July 26. 1816\n I have recd. yours of the \u2003 and return the N. York Memorial inclosed in it. Interpositions for relief in such cases are of a delicate nature when proceeding from the Legislative the most competent authority. When claimed from the Executive, they are peculiarly delicate. The only ground on which the latter can proceed, seems to be that of increasing the security of the revenue, by suspending a pressure which might impair the solvency of the debtor to the Treasury; and this ground is sanctioned by precedents, as well as by its intrinsic policy. Cases of necessity arising from calamities, in a manner preternatural, will provide for themselves.\n From this view of the subject, the course you suggest of staying executions, in individual cases, and guarding effectually agst. loss from the delay, is the one to be pursued. A lumping relief, which would embrace cases not within the reason of it, and authorize expectations so general as to threaten bankruptcy to the Treasury, belongs to the deliberations of those who make\nlaws, not of those who are to execute them. The distress of the Merchants of N. York is much to be regretted; the more so as far as it is the effect of a laudable co-operation of the Banks there with the National system: and there would be the greater pleasure in mitigating their sacrifices, if it were practicable, as these involve with the ruin of the importing Merchants, an increase of danger to our struggling manufacturers. Friendly respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0251", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 26 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n I have just recd. yours of the 24th. Mr. Coles leaves me this moment on his way to Washington. There will certainly be an advantage in sending him in a pub: vessel; and I am glad it can be done with so little expence. If the Congs: will Suffice for the pacific, it will be better than to send the Guerriere, which may possibly be wanted for other service.\n You have not yet alluded to my correspondence with De-Neuville, whose letter to me & my answer were sent for your perusal, and the latter for your judgment on its expediency. If they did not get to your hands, be so good as to mention it, that the accident may be repaired. If my answer was not deemed objectionable & was forwarded, be so good as to return the letter of De Neuville. I think you have on hand some other letters to be returned.\n Herewith are the communications from Mr. Adams. He pinches Castlereah not a little. I always suspected that the enlistments & apprenticeships of captured Negroes, in the W. Inds. would be the refuge agst the allegations on our part. But, if the former be for life, & the latter for 14 years even for those of mature age, & both be forced, as the Law & order in Council shew, how \u27e8can either be a situation\u27e9 in which the unfortunate blacks are protected in the privileges of freemen? Nor is it conceivable that the Act of Parlt. which contemplates evidently the african trade, and seizures on the high seas, can be fairly applied to negroes in the U. States in a slavery originating with G.B. herself; seduced or forced therefrom with her sanction, and recd. on board vessels within the waters of the U.S. As the B. Govt. presses a full scrutiny into the charges agst its officers, whether wth. a view to discredit this Govt. or for whatever other purpose, it will be proper to promote the establishment of the truth. It will be particularly proper to keep in the front of the transaction, the inviting proclamation\nof the B. Commander, and the bondage de facto into which, it is admitted, that the negroes are placed, under the name of freedom & protection. I hope Mr. Adams will not fail in the most suitable stage of the business to do justice to this view of the subject. It will put our charges on defensible ground, even if we fail to establish what is fairly to be believed, that the captives or fugitives in question, were sold into the ordinary slavery of the W. Indies. The object of Ld. Castlereah evidently is to draw the question to a point most difficult of proof, and in the failure of it to avail himself, of an ostentatious zeal for an impracticable investigation. Yours\n J. Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0252", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 26 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington July 26th 1816\n I have not yet heard from Mr Crowninshield, and I begin to fear that Mr Bagot\u2019s power relative to the arming on the lakes is of a very limited nature.\n Finding many admonitions that my constitution does not accord with this climate, I must move to a higher surface. I shall therefore go to Loudoun, transacting by letter thence, all that can be managed in that way, as indeed most of the business may be, & prepard to make another short visit here after the 5th of augt., when I propose to return, to conclude, what then remains unfinish\u2019d. Mr Rush & I will then set out together for your house, whence I shall go home to Albemarle, accompanied by him, with a view to avail himself of the opportunity to see Mr Jefferson\u2014with affecte. respects\n Jas Monroe\n I am inclind to think that Mr Morris\u2019s pretentions place him on fair ground for the vacancy at NYk.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0253", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Richard Rush, 26 July 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: \n The choice of a site for an observatory in this city, is suspended for the present; but as all the other letters and papers upon the subject are in the hands of the Secretary of the Treasury, I think this, also, will find its proper place there.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0254", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 27 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Montpellier July 27. 1816\n I have recd. yours of the 23d. inclosing a letter from Mr. Baker, with the draft of an answer; and a letter from Wm. Js. Sears of Bermuda.\n The subject of Mr. Bakers letter, regularly belongs to the Dept. of State: But whether addressed to the Treasury Dept: or to that, ought to have proceeded from the Minister, & not from the Consul otherwise than thro\u2019 the Minister. From courtesy, which as well as conveniency sometimes takes the place of strict rule, it may not be amiss to make to Mr. Baker the observations contained in your intended answer; with a reference to the usual channel, for such discussions. I send both the papers to Mr. Monroe, who in speaking with Mr. Bagot will lead his attention to the diplomatic usage.\n I send to Mr. M. also the letter from Mr. Sears. If our vessels enjoy in that Island the same privileges as in the European ports of G.B. the claim stated, tho\u2019 not supported by the Convention, seems to be covered by the general terms of the act of Congs. referred to. I have however but slightly looked into the subject; and the fact & the extent of the trade allowed to our Vessels at Bermuda, ought to be scrutinized. In describing the B. Dominions, the Convention wd seem to include Bermuda in the W. Inds. since it is not probable that it was overlooked altogether by both the Amn. & B. Commissioners. Whether an Amn. Consul will be admitted there, is\nanother point to be ascertained. This can probably be done at Washington. Cordial respects & esteem\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0255", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William S. Radcliff, 27 July 1816\nFrom: Radcliff, William S.\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington July 27th. 1816.\n The disagreeable cause of my late resignation is now removed, and I hope that it has not been acted upon finally and conclusively. If however it has been accepted may I ask the favor to be indulged with a reappointment as soon as may be convenient. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Your Obt. Servt.\n William S. Radcliff.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0256", "content": "Title: Pardon and Remission for Moses Thorndike, [27 July 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas it has been made to appear to me that a certain Moses Thorndike, of the District of Maine, was, at a District Court of the United States, held at Portland in the said District, in May last, duly convicted of the offence of aiding and abetting in the year 1814, certain prisoners of War, subjects of Great Britain, in making their escape from the custody of the Marshal; and thereupon the said Court sentenced the said Moses Thorndike to pay a fine of Seventy five dollars, and the Costs of his prosecution: And whereas the said Moses Thorndike is represented to me, to be unable, from poverty, to pay the said fine and Costs, and to be a fit object of Mercy: Now therefore be it known, That I James Madison, President of the United\nStates of America, in consideration of the premises and other good causes, do by these presents Pardon and remit the fine and Costs aforesaid: requiring that all prosecutions and judicial proceedings for or on account thereof, be forthwith stayed and discharged.\n In Testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the UStates to be affixed to these presents, at the City of Washington, the Twenty Seventh day of July AD. 1816, and of the Independence of the U. States the Forty first.\n James MadisonBy the PresidentJas. MonroeSecy. of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0257", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Parker, 28 July 1816\nFrom: Parker, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\n I have just received the within communication from Major Genl. Gaines. A list of the citizens named has been sent to the Judge Advocate who has orders to summon all such as may be deemed material as well for the prosecution as for the accused. Such of the officers as had not previously been ordered have been written to except Brigr. Genl. Smith & Captain Shipp who are at St. Louis and Colonel G. M. Brooke who is a member of the General Court martial at Nashville.\n In the absence of the Secretary of War I have the honor to ask if it will not be proper to delay any orders to these officers untill the Court meet. Perhaps their depositions may be taken, or when Genl. Ripley has given his evidence he may go on to St. Louis which will be his station & relieve Genl. Smith. Colonel Brooke is probably on his way to Nashville. Col. Mc.Ree and Major Fanning have been ordered to return to this country & will doubtless arrive in time. I have the honor to be With perfect respect Your Mo. Ob. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0258", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 29 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n The 2 letters of Mr. De Neuville present topics which are not agreeable. The one demanding the recall of Mr. Lee will be sufficiently answered by his actual return to the U.S. and an intimation that without any particular examination of the charge agst. him, this Govt. could not fail to respect the wishes of M. C. M. in such a case.\n The other letter complaining of the toast of the Post Master at Baltimore on the 4th. of July, is of a different character. It is to be regretted that so much harsh language is indulged in our prints, and on public occasions agst. nations with which we are at peace, and have an interest in being well. And it is unfortunate when those in office, inattentive to their relation to the Govt. give eclat to unnecessary expressions insulting to foreign powers. It was, notwithstanding, an illjudged step, in the French Minister, more especially in the present situation of his Sovereign, & the temper of the times, to extract from such a source, a text for diplomatic correspondence. The freedom of speech & of the press, so difficult to be regulated with exactness, without danger to its vital principle, the latitude it takes with respect to other foreign Govts. which decline taking offence at it, and even towards the domestic Govt., and the spirit naturally predominant on the solemnity celebrating the birth of our popular System, ought to have entered more into the consideration of Mr. de Neuville. The circumstance of Mr. Skinner being a functionary of the Govt. which is the pivot of the Remonstrance, is lost in the remoteness & lowness of the office; this being filled by & held under an officer of a grade, not participating in the Ex: Councils, and the number itself, (amounting to \u2003) of such officers, lessening the importance of their unofficial conduct, and the attention due to their individual opinions and expressions. It is probable also that you will be able to make your answer decisive by referring to proofs that this Govt. is grossly abused in some of the pub: prints of France, & that inferior functionaries there take liberties equal to that of Mr. Skinner, if not in print, in language held in public, & perhaps in their official transactions. These facts if they can\nnot be referred to as within proof, are either so notorious or so credible that a glance only at them ought to put an end to the discussion.\n I have retained the recommendations of a successor to the deceased marshal of N.Y. till we be together. Morris, Laurence, Dill & Coffin will be in comparison. The last ostensibly has strong pretensions but I observe is not patronized on this occasion. L. & D. are strongly pressed & have plausible relations to the vacancy. Morris is less recommended; but his appt. if proper, wd. have the advantage of healing the wound recd. from the Senate. I think it questionable however whether a preference of him wd not produce more murmers among the disappointed than that of either L or D. You have probably more information on this point. Yrs &", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0260", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 29 July 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Dept of State 29th July 1816.\n Mr Monroe has, I presume, informed you that he had returned into the Country. He was not well when he was here, and as there was little probability of his being able to do any thing immediately with Mr Bagot either in relation to the Fisheries or the Naval armaments on the Lakes he thought it unnecessary to remain. He had several conversations with Mr Bagot on the latter subject and thought at one time that they would agree, but when he put his ideas on Paper that Gentleman intimated some difficulty as to his Powers. These Papers were sent to him informally. I have now the Honor\nto send you a Copy of his reply. This was forwarded to Mr Monroe and by his direction I now send it to you. His answer will be sent here by the next Mail and is to be forwarded to you before it is sent to Mr Bagot.\n We have not heared from Mr Crowninshield on the subject of the Fisheries. I now enclose his Letter respecting that from the Dey of Algiers. If Mr Gelston does not succeed in getting it translated in Newyork we can get it done in Baltimore as there is a Gentleman there now who understands both the Turkish and the Arabic. He came to this Country recently with a Genl Mina, who sent him here to offer his services in translating this Letter. I have written to Mr Gelston to request that the Letter from the Dey may be immediately returned to the Dept. and stated the reason for doing so. We may therefore expect in a few days either with or without a translation.\n Mr Coles arrived here on the afternoon of Saturday & set off this Morning to see Mr Monroe who will I presume not detain him, as he had nearly prepared his Letter for Mr Harris before he left this. The Papers which are to go with it are ready.\n With the exception of a few days the weather has been very pleasant and remarkably cool for the season; but as we have had some fine Rains and now & then a warm Sun, the Corn looks well. With the greatest Respect I am Dear Sir Your Mo Obt Sert\n John Graham\n Your Letter to Mr Dallas was received this Mong and will be forwarded on to him as the Secy of State is not here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0261", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Jones, 29 July 1816\nFrom: Jones, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Presuming that it may be acceptable to you to know the progress and prospects of the subscriptions to the Bank of the United States which in the existing state of things so materially involves the financial operations of the government, and the currency and credit of the country; I have the pleasure to communicate to you such information as I possess on the subject either officially or privately. The following statement will exhibit the ascertained result of the subscriptions marked thus x, and also the probable result at those places where the amount has not yet been ascertained, but approximates to certainty marked thus *. The amount at the remaining places is conjectural but founded upon the best data at this time attainable.\n Portland Maine\n \u2033 Portsmouth N H\n \u2033 Providence R I (upwards of)\n \u2033 Middletown, Con (do)\n \u2033 Burlington Vert\n \u2033 New Brunswick N J\n \u2033 Philadelphia\n \u2033 Wilmington Del\n \u2033 Lexington Keny.\n \u2033 Cincinnati\n \u2033 Nashville Ten\n \u2033 Charleston S C\n \u2033 Augusta Geo\n \u2033 New Orleans\n \u2033 Washington City\n I think it may be assumed as certain that the Capital will not be three millions of dollars deficient and that upon opening the subscription again it will be filled in less than forty eight hours. With Sincere respect and regard I am Dear sir your Obedt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0262", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Jarvis, 30 July 1816\nFrom: Jarvis, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Sir may I intrude on you so much as to write you this Letter and I hope you will not take as an insult from me, but my veins swells within me to hear you runn down so, although I am in British Government, yet that does not make me forget my native country, if I should hear a boy of my size say any thing against my country I would die beneath his feet before I would surrender I was formerly of Stonnington and have been here six months I ask your pardon for insult[i]ng you so much but I cannot help it\n James Jarvis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0263", "content": "Title: Lewis Cass to William Harris Crawford, 30 July 1816\nFrom: Cass, Lewis\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n The west bank of this River from its mouth for about nine miles is in the possession of the Wyndotts, It is a spot to which they are much attached, From time immemorial the general council fire of all the nations has been kindled upon it, But the experience of the last four years has sufficiently shewn how important it is to us that this tract of country should be in our possession and that a white Settlement should be interposed between the British possessions on the opposite side and the Indians, The contiguity of this part of the River Bank, to Malden enables both parties to preserve a continued communication almost equally dangerous to us in peace and in war, The first instance of dereliction on the part of the Indians at the commencement of the late war was here, Alternately bribed and threatened, they finally crossed the River and this example was soon followed by the general disaffection of the Indians. If the Government should direct the lands of the United States in this Territory to be sold, a white population upon the margin of the river would effectually intercept this communication, and would add more than any other measure to the security of the Country. In this event it becomes important to ascertain what disposition can be made of the Indians now living upon this tract. Their progress in the arts of civilized life has been great, They have good houses, orchards, cornfields, Cattle, Hogs &c.\n I am told that these Indians from the time of Wayne\u2019s treaty, when this country was ceded to the United states to the present have contended they were assured by Genl. Wayne that this spot should be secured to them, and it was their faith in this assurance which induced them to sign the Treaty.\nFrom information which has reached me I have no doubt of the fact, and the accompanying Speech of Mr. Jefferson to them will shew the view, which was taken by the Government of this subject in 1809.\n Some time subsequent to the delivery of this Speech I beleive an Act of Congress passed securing to these Indians a part of the land for fifty years, In the dispersion and distruction of the records of the Territory during the war all the copies of the laws were lost and I have never been able to find this Act. The Wyndotts however have utterly refused to accept the land upon these terms, They require it agreeably to Mr. Jefferson\u2019s promise to them forever.\n Since the commencement of my official relation with them it has been a favourite object with me to procure their consent to abandon this land and to form a settlement elsewhere. They have finally agreed, if the United states will secure to them and their heirs a tract of Six miles square upon the River Huron, from twelve to fifteen miles from its mouth, that they will form a Settlement there next season and abandon all pretensions to the land, on which they now live. But unless the fee of the land is secured to them, it will be useless to make the offer. The connexion they have had with us has taught them the importance of Securing the land, upon which they must make valuable improvements, to their descendants. The moral claims which they have to the tract upon which they live from ancient possession, from the assurances given them by Genl. Wayne, and from the promise of Mr. Jefferson and the equitable claim which valuable improvements give them entitle them to some equivalent for the abandonment, which they propose to make of the land upon the margin of the River. I have not committed the Government nor myself in our di[s]cussions on the subject, I have merely promised to refer the question for decision, to the authority, which can alone decide it.\n Should the president upon a view of the whole matter think it for the interest of the United states, that the proposed arrangement should be made, it would be necessary to reserve from the Sales the tract which the Indians are disposed to Select. The Acts of Congress of March 26, 1804, and of April 25th. 1808 under which the lands of the United states in this Territory may be sold, leave it discretionary with the president when these sales shall be made, I presume therefore any particular tract may be reserved from the general sale, until Congress shall be enabled to act upon the Subject, Very Respectfully sir I have the honor to be Yo. mo. obt servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0264", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Daniel Parker, [ca. 31 July 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Parker, Daniel\n The proposed order for the 1st. of Augst. is approved.\n It being desireable that the testimony called for by Gen: Gaines, be procured in all the extent practicable, It may be proper to apprize Gen: Smith of the destination of Genl. Ripley, and to order his attendance with that of Capt: Ship if the service in that quarter will permit.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0265", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 31 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I wrote you a few lines the day I left Washington, to advise of it, and of the state in which the affairs then were, which had so long detaind me there.\n You have already, as I presume, recd., Mr Bagots letter to me respecting\nthe armament on the lakes, the vague character of which, seems to leave little hope of a satisfactory result, at this time. I enclose you a project of an answer, the object of which is, to take advantage of any power he may possess, to make temporary regulations by instruction to the governors or otherwise, and to compell a reference of the subject for a more permanent arrangment to the British govt. with Mr Adams. That is perhaps the best course, as the commercial subject is in his hands; it is the course, the nature of Mr B\u2019s powers, seems to make indispensible. I suspect the affair of the fisheries will take the same direction. I send you the only document, which I have yet receiv\u2019d on that subject.\n You will be so kind as to make such correction, as you may think proper, in the letter to Mr Bagot, & return it to Mr Graham.\n Your letter to the French minister was forwarded to him, it appearing to be a very proper one.\n What shall I say to Mr. Ten Cate respecting his project about a treaty, with which you were acquainted before you left Washington? with affectionate respect,\n Jas Monroe\n Mr Coles is with me. He returns to morrow & will proceed without delay to Boston, to embark for Russia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0266", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Ogilvie, August 1816\nFrom: Ogilvie, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Philadelphia August 1816.\n I take the liberty, my dear Sir, to transmit for your perusal a sort of synopsis of a book which will shortly make its appearance.\n He must have stouter nerves than mine, who in an age like this, can provoke the attention & await the decision of the august & penetrating awarders of literary justice, without apprehension & awe.\n But I have arrived somewhat abruptly & unpreparedly, at a stage in the prosecution of my enterprise, when farther success becomes hopeless, or worthless without the acquisition of some share of reputation as a philosophical enquirer & author. Recede I will not, stand still I cannot; I therefore must go on: And on I will go: Cheer\u2019d by the retrospect of past success & \u201cattended by the strong-siding champion Conscience\u201d\u2014& gladly welcome the smile of \u201cwhite handed hope\u2014That hovering angel girt with golden wings,\u201d with a cordial wish that the bright & serene sunset of your political career, may be followed by a long twilight of philosophical leizure & domestic felicity & a night of the sweetest sleep I am with profound respect, & the most heart-felt esteem one of the million of your friends\n James Ogilvie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0267", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Graham, [ca. 1 August 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Graham, John\n I return the papers sent with yours of the 29th: except the letter from E. Lewis, which goes to the Treasy. Dept. If Mr. B. has no more power than to receive proposals, I sd. have supposed his object in an interview wd. have been simply to ask for them, with an assurance of the General disposition of his Govts. to receive them favorably, and that the uncertainty or misconception occasioned by his remarks would have been prevented. I have stated to Mr. M. the grounds occurring to me, for a tacit or express arrangement as to the Lake armaments; an essential one being an\nimmediate discontinuance of equipments & preparations. As this already exists on our part, it wd. be sufficient to give an order to that effect on the other. If even this can not be done by Mr. B. and must be negociated across the Atlantic, the B. augmentations going on in the mean time, I see nothing in the transfer of the business to Mr. B. worth the taking it from Mr. A. The delay is certainly not diminished, and the \u201cgeneral disposition\u201d of the P. R. could have been as promptly expressed, or rather repeated to Mr. A. as conveyed thro\u2019 Mr. B. The views of the B. Govt. I am willing to believe are candid, but the course it has taken if it proceeds with its equipments, would tempt a different construction. I hope Mr. B. will yet be brought to have them suspended.\n I am reading some Spanish official documents sent by Mr. Dallas. The date of the last is in Decr. 1814. They sanction all the accounts from other sources, of the extreme jealousy & hatred of us prevailing in the Spanish Court; and prove that after the fall of Napoleon, there was a project entertained, for taking advantage of our war with England, and the expected succour of the latter to Spain, to settle all territorial matters with the U. S. according to Spanish wishes.\n We have had here as with you, fine rains with somewhat of the other desideratum, warm weather. There is however a return of cold, after hurricanes, & destructive showers of hail in spots. In some instances the corn and tobacco have been totally demolished by the latter. Cordial respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0268", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Graham, 1 August 1816\nFrom: Graham, George\nTo: Madison, James\n I return you the Letter from Mr. Garrard; he is an unfortunate young man who belonged formerly to the marine Corps, & was compelled to resign in consequence of intemperance, & which intemperance it would seem has produced another evil propensity, for I believe that none of the circumstances stated in his Letter are true, except so far as they relate to his Family. Mr. Franklin has accepted his appointment as Commissioner to treat with the Chickasaws & no Letter has yet been received from Genl. Meriwether, & nothing further from Genl. Jackson. The day fixed for holding the treaty is the first of Sepr. & if I do not hear from these gentlemen\nprevious to the 15th of this month, I shall be much embarrassed, as the Commissions ought to be filled up & sent off by that time, & the difficulty we experienced, in relation to the Commissioners for running the Creek lines, warns us not to depend too much on contingencies.\n I return Mr. Rea\u2019s Letter, together with the last Letter which has been received from Mr. McKee. With the most sincere respect yr. obt. Sert\n The two blank Commissions have not been returned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0269", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Christopher Hughes Jr., 1 August 1816\nFrom: Hughes, Christopher Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\n Baltimore, August 1st. 1816\n I write to you, by the authority of Col. Monroe, to say, that after a proper reflection upon the proposition which I have had the honour to receive from the Government, to go to Sweden as Secretary of Legation, and to remain as the Charg\u00e8 des affaires, de facto, in succession to Mr. Russell: and after a necessary investigation into my private affairs, required by the important domestic consideration of moving my family establishment into a foreign country, I have decided upon accepting the employment, and will make the arrangements for the purpose, agreably to the explanations which passed in my conversation with the Secretary of State, and to the indulgence, which his consideration for the present situation of my family has kindly extended to me.\n Allow me, Sir, very sincerely to thank you for the honour you have confer\u2019d on me by my late employments, and to express the high satisfaction I have derived from the kind assurance of Col. Monroe, that you have been contented with my conduct. It is no less a source of gratification to me, in my humble walk, to be associated with your memorable\nadministration, than it has been of pride and happiness to my family. I have the honour to be, with the most perfect respect yr. mo ob. Sert.\n Christopher Hughes Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0270", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonas Humbert, 1 August 1816\nFrom: Humbert, Jonas\nTo: Madison, James\n I beg your friendly indulgence in submitting this Communication for perusal.\n Perhaps I owe the President an appology for troubling him on a former occasion, particularly for the clumsy manner in which the letter was written. That letter however stated truths, and from the satisfactory way in which the President expressed himself to Mr Geo. White Editor of the \u201cPublic Advertiser\u201d Concerning a series of Essays, defending the Administration and Mr Madisons Nomination, I was induced to hope some little attention would have been given me, particularly as I was basely persecuted, and deprived from some advantages arising from a public place which occasioned me the loss of Nearly five thousand dollars.\n The honor of my native Country, and a firm Conviction of the rectitude of Mr Jeffersons as well as that of the Presidents administration gave an impulse to My feelings at an early period when foreign aggressions assailed us, and when administration was traduced in this City in a most shameful manner by Republicans, some of whom remain to this hour the Presidents deadly enemies; I know this fact from their own lips.\n Respectable testimony is by this time in the possession of the Hon. Secretary of State from different persons of first respectibility. I have solicited the situation of the Marshal\u2019s office now vacant, and requested the Hon. Secretary to lay my papers before the President.\n Respected Sir, permit me to solicit your friendship, and to appeal to those high and honorable sentiments which must influence your Conduct towards those who have supported and advocated the administration from the purest Motives; and surely, when the President Considers the treatment I met with, in Consequence of the inflexible determination I shewed in favour of the Government, which injured me very much in a pecuniary point of view, he Cannot resist emotions which naturelly attend an elevated mind.\n It would give me much pleasure if I could make it convenient to pay my personal respects to the President as well as to those respectable gentlemen\nwho are heads of \u201cDepartment.\u201d With sentiments of high respect and great esteem, I have the honor to be your most obedient Servant\n Jonas Humbert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0271", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert H. Jones, 1 August 1816\nFrom: Jones, Robert H.\nTo: Madison, James\n Warrenton 1. August 1816\n Circumstances that apply exclusively to my private affairs and in the U.S. interest induce me to resign \u27e8my\u27e9 Commission as Attorney of the United States for the Distric\u27e8t\u27e9 of North Carolina, and to request you to accept this as my resignation.\n It would afford me Sincere Satisfaction to tender herewith the name of Some Gentleman, as my Successor, of adequate talents to the duties imposed by the office. This however is denied me, and probably for the same reasons that have produced my resignation. Mr. Thomas P. Devereaux of the city of Raleigh a young gentleman very recently admitted to the Bar, wou\u2019d indeed accept the Appointment; but his youth and consequent inexperience prevents a recommendation from me.\n To guard individuals and the public from embarrassments and difficulties, I shall continue, as heretofore, to discharge the duties of the office until my Successor is known.\n I beg leave Sir, to avail myself of this opportunity, to express my Sincere wishes for your personal happiness and repose, and to add my fervent prayer, that you may very long live, to enjoy the approbation of your Countrymen\u2014the best reward of your Useful Services. I have the Honor to be with the most perfect regard Sir Yr. mo Ob St.\n Robert H. Jones.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0272", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 2 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n Monticello Aug. 2. 16.\n Mrs. Randolph, Ellen & myself intended before this to have had the pleasure of seeing mrs. Madison and yourself at Montpelier as we mentioned to mr. Coles; but three days ago mrs. Randolph was taken with a fever, which has confined her to her bed ever since. It is so moderate that we are in the hourly hope of it\u2019s leaving her and, after a little time to recruit her strength, of carrying our purpose into execution, which we shall lose no time in doing. In the mean time I salute mrs. Madison & yourself with unceasing affection & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0273", "content": "Title: Duncan L. Clinch to Robert Butler, 2 August 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Clinch, Duncan L.\nTo: Butler, Robert\n \u00a7 Duncan L. Clinch to Robert Butler. 2 August 1816, Camp Crawford. Sends a report on the plans made by Maj. Gen. Gaines to reduce the fort occupied by \u201cnegroes and Chactaw Indians.\u201d On 17 July, Clinch descended the Apalachicola River with \u201cone hundred and sixteen chosen men,\u201d two gunboats, and \u201cone hundred and fifty Indians\u201d under the command of Major McIntosh, \u201can old Chief called Capt. Isaacs, and the celebrated Chief Kotcha-hajo, or Mad Tiger, at the head of a large body of Indians.\u201d \u201cTheir object was to capture the negroes within the Fort, and restore them to their proper owners.\u201d Clinch enclosed their agreement \u201c(marked A).\u201d On 20 July they \u201clanded within Cannon-shot of the Fort,\u201d but it proved impossible to surround it. On 23 July \u201ca deputation of Chiefs went into the Fort and demanded it\u2019s surrender, but they were abused and treated with the utmost contempt. The Black Chief heaped much abuse on the Americans, and said he had been left in command of the Fort by the British Government, and that he would sink any American vessel that should attempt to pass it.\u201d \u201cThe Chiefs also informed [Clinch] that the negroes had hoisted a red flag and that the English Jack was flying over it.\u201d Describes the assault on the fort, beginning on 25 July, including a \u201chot shot\u201d from gunboat 154 that blew up the fort. \u201cThe explosion was awful and the scene horrible beyond description.\u201d States \u201cthe Great Ruler of the Universe must have used us as his instrument in chastising the blood-thirsty and murderous wretches that defended the Fort.\u201d Describes the condition of the fort and the property it contained, including a \u201cpaper marked B\u201d with \u201ca schedule of the property taken in the name of the U. States. The greater part of the negroes belonged to the Spaniards and Indians.\u201d The chiefs executed \u201cthe outlawed Chactaw Chief and the black Commandant Garson,\u201d and the \u201cSpanish negroes were delivered to Mr. Hambly Agent for the House of Messrs. Forbes & Co. and the American negroes [were] confined at\u201d Camp Crawford. Has taken precautions at Camp Crawford for the reception of \u201ca large body of seminoles\u201d reported to be \u201cdescending the\nAppalachicola.\u201d Commends his officers and men \u201cfor their cool and intrepid conduct\u201d during the campaign.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0275", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 3 August 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n Mr. Jones promised to communicate to you a statement of the subscriptions to the Bank of the United States. The deficit will not be great, and will be immediately subscribed, at Philadelphia. Mr. Jones\u2019s prospect brightens. He is opposed, however, by Major Butler, whose appointment produces all the inconveniences, that I apprehended.\n The Treasury Circular seems to be approved by all, but the Bankers. A Convention of Delegates from the Banks of the middle States will meet here on the 6: instant; and I am promised a candid and explicit answer.\n The Custom-House establishment at Boston has been purchased for 29,000 Dollars. The Baltimore proposition is suspended, as you desired, for further information from other points. The site for the Philadelphia establishment is ordered to be purchased. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully and faithfully, Yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0276", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 3 August 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Dept of State 3d Augt 1816.\n I send you the enclosed Letters from Mr Adams, Mr Shaler and Mr Montgomery all of which were received by the Northern Mail today. The Secretary of State will, I think, from what Mr Coles stated, probably be here, about the time they will return from your House. I have therefore presumed that it was not necessary to have Copies made for him, and as tomorrow will be Sunday, it would not be convenient to have them made.\n These Letters are all of some importance as respects our Affairs with Algiers. Most Respectfully I am Dear Sir your Mo Obt Sert\n John Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0279", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 4 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Montpellier Aug. 4. 1816.\n I recd. yesterday the 2 letters from Onis herewith returned, and today copies of the papers transmitted by Mr. Crowninshield, which as the originals are in the Dept. I retain. The law of Nations, and our position in relation to the contest between Spain & Spanish America, will of course govern the reply to these representations.\n The remarks of Judge Story as to the fisheries are valuable, and furnish some precise objects for discussion with the B. Govt. If Mr. B. will accede to the most favorable arrangement marked out, it may be well to close with him. Whether the one next best ought to be accepted, is a more delicate question; notwithstanding the opinion of Mr. Crowni[n]shi[e]ld on the subject. I do not think, in the present temper & situation of G.B. that delay, with a prudent conduct on our part will injure our prospects. And it appears after all, that the right to cure fish on the B. shores, the fish cured on them being in the proportion only of 1/5 or 1/6 of those caught by our vessels in those waters, is of less importance than was supposed. How far the waters within the marginal league have been used, and wd. be prohibited if not stipulated; is to be ascertained. On the whole, I still think, unless an arrangement likely to be satisfactory can be obtained, it will be better to prolong the negociation, than to cut it short from a despondence as to better terms. I observe that J. Story represents the Shores of Labradore as a good deal settled. If this be the fact and could appear in an arrangement of our use of them, we might accept the use of the shores without any implied surrender of our pretensions, which are limited to unsettled districts. Perhaps Mr. B. may be willing to make a partial arrangement, leaving open the negociation for its extension. If this can be done in a form, avoiding implications adverse to our claims, it wd. be a safe & might be an eligible course. It might be predicated on the want of\nfull information, and the purpose of obtaining it. The sources of further information pointed at by the Judge, may deserve attention. Best respects & regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0280", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Graham, 5 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Graham, John\n Montpellier Aug. 5. 1816\n I return the letter from Mr. Bagot. It manifests a good disposition on his part, and on that of the Commander in cheif in Canada. But it appears by communications to the War Dept. from one of our own sources, that the hostile purposes of the Indians in question, are the effect, of instigations from British Traders. I have desired Mr. G. Graham to lay these communications before the Dept of State. In connection with those from Mr. B. they will bring the whole subject into the Conversation desired by Mr B. The British authorities ought to repress a resort to their posts, of Indians from our side of the boundary, at least for political purposes; and to prohibit effectually the misconduct of their traders. If this be not done we must strengthen our military establishments, in that quarter, and hasten the exclusion of British traders from intercou[r]se with Indians within our limits. It will certainly be better for the British to co-operate with us in keeping the Indians within rule, than to force us into the alternatives; I am glad you are likely to obtain at length a translation of the Algerine letter. I wrote to Mr Monroe on the receipt of it, to send with the translation, an answer ready to be signed. This can best be drawn at Washington, where all the circumstances are most distinctly in view, including those connected with the Navy Dept.; and the lapse of time increases also the reason for diminishing delay. Friendly respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0282", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Parker, 5 August 1816\nFrom: Parker, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\n Adjt. & Inspr. Genls. office 5t. Augst. 1816.\n I am of the opinion that the within protest should be made to the court martial and that the subject is properly within its jurisdiction. I have therefore sent a copy to Major Genl. Scott the President of the Court & as Major Genl Gaines will probably be at New York before a letter could reach him elsewhere\u2014I have not answered his letter. all the papers relative to the charges & trial were sent to the Judge Advocate by order of the Secretary of War.\n Genl. Scott has advised me that he shall order the Judge Advocate to New York immediately. I have the honour to be Yrs Ect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0284", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Graham, 6 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Graham, John\n Montpellier Aug. 6. 1816\n I have just recd. yours of the 3d. and return without delay the several letters inclosed in it. The apprehensions of Mr. Shaler, are instigated at\nleast, by the recent occurrence, if true, at Oran, and its probable effect on the relations of G.B. & Algiers. Mr. Adams\u2019s idea of making his Country, the sole Champion of Xndum against the Barbarians, is very heroic; but is not in perfect harmony with the sober spirit which tempers its zeal & enterprize. If we can maintain an elevated position in the Mediterranean, for ourselves, and afford that example for others, it will, for the present at least, best reconcile all our duties. Friendly respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0286", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 6 August 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Dept. of State. 6th Augt. 1816.\n I send you a Letter from Mr Adams of old date which was received yesterday. Those which it covers are of some interest and I believe you have not seen them before. I have also the pleasure to send a Letter from Mr. Russell, and a Memorial from certain Merchants in Phia relative to thier claims on Denmark.\n Mr Forrest has returned from Baltimore and tells me that we may expect the translation of the Deys Letter today or tomorrow. I had wished him to wait for it, but as he left Mrs Forrest very unwell, he was anxious to return immediately and did so. Most Respectfully I am Dear Sir your Obt Hble Sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0287", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thaddeus Mason Harris, 6 August 1816\nFrom: Harris, Thaddeus Mason\nTo: Madison, James\n Dorchester, Masstts. Augt 6. 1816.\n May it please your Excellency, to permit a humble supplicant to press through the crowd that come to seek your favour, and solicit mercy in behalf of an unfortunate female.\n In making this application, I am indeed awed by those high considerations which demand and dictate the most respectful address; but which, I apprehend, need not deter me from a modest and frank statement of circumstances sufficiently important and interesting to deserve the benignant attention which I now implore you to yield: and I make the appeal directly\nto the Chief Magistrate of the nation, because he alone can extend the needed clemency & relief.\n Were I soliciting merely for myself, I should have deemed it necessary to substantiate my claims by adducing in my favour the testimonials of those to whom I am most known, whose notice is honour, and whose estimation is fame; but, as the petitioner for another, I make no pretensions but those which belong to me as the Minister of Religion and the advocate for humanity.\n Suffer me then, respected Sir, to entreat your attention to the peculiarly affecting situation of Mrs. Jerusha Blackman of this town, whose petition for relief was transmitted to the Secretary of the Treasury in May last, with an earnest request that he would have the goodness and benevolence to lay it before you; and which has since been returned uncomplied with. That Petition, sworn before a Magistrate, and accompanied with a certificate upon oath, of two credible persons, her neighbours, to the truth of the facts stated in it, respectfully and humbly represents, that, \u201cshe is now imprisoned in Boston in the Common Goal under the direction of the Marshal of the District of Massachusetts, by virtue of an Execution which issued on a judgement recovered at the District Court of the United States for the District aforesd. holden at Boston on the third tuesday of March last, in favour of the United States of America, for the sum of One hundred and fifty dollars debt, and thirty two dollars and eighty five cents costs of suit, and further costs of commitment amounting to about nine dollars and eighty one cents; that the petitioner is altogether unable to pay the debt and costs, being a poor widow woman, & having seven small children, mostly dependent upon her labour for support; that she has been frequently obliged to ask charity of her neighbours, and has long been accustomed to receive from them donations in charity to assist her in supporting her children, five of whom are living with her; that she was accustomed to retail small groceries in a little shop, with the profits to assist in supplying her family with necessaries; but, since the passage of the licence law of the United States, has been obliged to discontinue that business, not being able to pay for a licence; that she has not in any way concealed, nor made any conveyance of her estate in trust for herself or with an intent to defraud the United States; and in every respect believes that her situation comes within the provision of an act entitled \u2018an act providing for the relief of persons imprisoned for debts due to the United States,\u2019 excepting that the said judgement was obtained against her for a penalty supposed to be incurred by selling without licence; that this judgement was obtained against her by a default, and she verily believes that if she could have attended the Court and made a defence, she would have been acquitted by the Jury, but she could not obtain money to defray the expenses of attending Court and of a trial: and\nyour Petitioner humbly hopes that the President of the United States will find it the dictate of humanity, and consistent with his known benevolence and the high responsibility of his exalted office to grant a free pardon or remission of the said debt and costs, and thereby restore her to her family and former industry, otherwise her family must be left to want and wretchedness, and your petitioner be supported in prison at the expense of the United States.\u201d\n It would be superfluous for me, after this recapitulation of her petition to say any thing more. Neither the judgement needs any more lucid statement, nor the heart any stronger plea. Yet may I be permitted to remark that though by the death of her husband, and in consequence of those reverses in life to which all are exposed, she is in reduced circumstances, she is a respectable and deserving woman; and, as a member of the Church in this place, has a claim upon its Pastor at least for sympathy with her sufferings and efforts for their alleviation; nor can her neighbours and friends be unmoved at seeing a helpless inoffensive female taken from her family of fatherless children, who are wholly dependent on her protection and care, and immured in a prison among felons. Were she actually guilty of crime, (& this must be her only one) four months of imprisonment, with such attendant circumstances of debasement and mortification, might now ask the alleviations of mercy. Nay, if it were indeed proved that she had done amiss, (and it may have been through inadvertence and inconsideration) surely she has already endured enough. If the design of punishment, where deserved, be rather to correct than oppress the offender, when that effect is produced, the infliction may cease, and yet the majesty of the Law retain all its dignity, and its tendency to restrain others from transgression be in no sense weakened. Whereas, if disregarding peculiar circumstances, like those so ingenuously stated in her petition, it is yet rigorous in its exactions, it may in the end exemplify the maxim, \u201csummum jus, summa injuria.\u201d\n For the manner of this application, which I am aware is out of the usual line in which communications should be made, and for the freedom of my address, I plead the indulgence to which the peculiarly affecting circumstances seem entitled, together with the pressing emergency which admits not the delay of forms and ceremony; and now humbly cast myself and the case of this distressed woman on your clemency, entreating you to condescend to hear with compassion the groaning of the prisoner, to remit her fine, and to let the captive go free. So shall the sighs of the desolate widow, and the lamentations of her fatherless children be exchanged for gladness; and their grateful acknowledgements ascend to Heaven mingle with those of their Pastor and intercessor\n Thaddeus Mason Harris, D.D.Minister of the first Church in Dorchester.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0288", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John P. Schott Jr., 6 August 1816\nFrom: Schott, John P. Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\n New Castle\u2014Mercer Co. Pa. August 6. 1816\n Should there be a vancancy [sic] for an American Consul, or commercial Agent, to any of the West India Islands\u2014South America or elsewhere I should feel myself gratified with the appointment. I flatter myself that I should do Justice to the U. States\u2014being well acquainted with the Islands and most other places\u2014and can produce satisfactory recommendations from my friends in the City of Philadelphia\u2014who will vouch for any responsibility confided in me.\n My Father who resides in Philadelphia was an officer under General Washington during the Revolutionary war. I am very respectfully your very Obt. Hb. Sert.\n John P. Schott Junr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0289", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 7 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Montpellier Aug. 7. 1816\n Col: McCobb has just handed me yours of the 3d. inst. The recommendations of him for the vacant office he seeks, appear to be decisive. I have referred him however to you for a communication of the result. That there may be no unncessary [sic] delay, I write by the present oppy. to the Dept. of State, to forward to you immediately a blank commission to you, if there be one on hand already signed: and if not, to me for signature: and you may let Col. McCobb understand that his name will be put into it, unless reasons for a different decision should have reached you wch. is not probable.\n I have retained the two Spanish documents sent by Mr. McCall, for the information of the Dept. of State. Though not of recent date, they are very interesting as authentic keys to the Cabinet feelings and views at Madrid towards the U. S: and the use it wishes to make of G. B. agst. us. If such a Treaty exists or was ever entered into with the latter, as Mr. McCall supposes, a knowlege of it would be very desireable. But I doubt the reality of\nmore than some informal understanding on the subject, and that perhaps short of what is supposed.\n It was hoped at one time, from interviews between Mr. Bagot & the Secy. of State, that the former had powers adequate to some satisfactory arrangements both as to the fisheries, and armaments on the lakes. The latest, tho\u2019 not the final conversations between them, make it probable, that he can only receive propositions for the consideration of his Govt. Whether he can even arrest the progress of naval equipments, is more than doubtful.\n I have recd. from Capt: Jones a memorandum of the known subscriptions to the Bank. He is perfectly confident that any deficiency will be supplied instantly, in Philada. I am very glad to learn by your late letter that his prospect of being at the head of the Institution had become favorable, and I should calculate that supplemental subscriptions at Philada. would make it rather more so. Besides the personal motives which make me wish his success, I am persuaded that it would accord much better with the interests both of the Bank & the public, than any other appt. in competition with it. Accept my esteem & affe. respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0290", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Baker, 8 August 1816\nFrom: Baker, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Father of my Country!\n Norfolk. Augst. Thursday 8th: 1816\n Permit me honor\u2019d Sir, to call your attention, & request that you will peruse this, when the hours of business have ceas\u2019d their temporary influence. I was brot: up in the Counting House of Mr. Jacob Barker of New York. I Serv\u2019d him nine years, two of which I was at France & Spain; for the purpose of extending largely; his great Commercial views; as well as my own interests. After having been there very near two years, in consequence of the Cheasapeak affair; I was order\u2019d home, & owing to the great Commercial Channel being shut up, I was not view\u2019d by him with that interest & affection that he was wont to do. His promises had always led me to believe that my conduct alone would be the arbiter of my future\nprosperity & happiness; always credulous; I very readily repos\u2019d the confidence of a Son in the justice of a father; & trusted my Bark to the Sea of Capricious human passions. (I am an Orphan.) In consequence of his Commercial prospects being comparatively annihilated; my Services were consequently not repaid with the anticipated justice they merited & that my warm enthusiasm had led me naturally to expect; being the child of his fostering care. I was spurn\u2019d from my paternal abode with the cold indifference of an unworthy wretch. I was ever after determin\u2019d never to be aided by the influence of Such an unprincipled man; Nor have I. I then was determin\u2019d to meet an honorable death in defending the liberties of my belov\u2019d & injur\u2019d Country; & enter\u2019d the Army, 1st May 1812\u20142nd Lieut. in the Regiment of Artillerists, through the recommendation of my patron Washington Irvine Esqr. of New York. I remain\u2019d in the Service (I hope without reproach) untill derang\u2019d at this place, 31st October 1815.\u2014since which I have been in the Service of one of the principal Merchants here; as Book Keeper at $1000 pr. an. but in consequence of their failure; I have left them. The state of the Commercial world is such that no employment in that capacity can be obtain\u2019d. I have a family & they must Suffer; unless I am speedily reliev\u2019d. Permit me honor\u2019d Sir to entreat & Solicit for them your aid; in any capacity that would be congenial to the feelings of a man, of true sensibility! Suffer me to appeal to the feelings of husband & parent; & that my exertions for their future happiness & comfort may not be blasted in the hopes I cherish from this application. Possessing the Wisdom, considerations, & feelings; I must believe (honor\u2019d Sir) you do possess, (being the choice of an enlighten\u2019d people) & the unlimited rescoursces in your power. I am flatter\u2019d that the effusions of an unfortunate will not fail to touch the feelings of the President of the United States; that they will not be thrown aside with contempt; but meet with all the Success that a reasonable & just imagination could anticipate: The interest that gratitude imposes can never be defray\u2019d but with every hour of my existence. En attendant, I am Your devoted Servt.\n James Baker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0292", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 8 August 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n My dear Sir\n Georgia Wilkes County 8th August 1816\n Altho my views and wishes in relation to the vacancy about to take place in the Cabinet, remain as they were when we last conversed upon the Subject, a desire to enable you to form a cabinet according to your views of general policy imposes upon me the duty of conforming to your wishes in this Case.\n Should Mr Clay decline the offer, and any other person should be selected, which will not make the change necessary, I should prefer remaining in the war department for the reasons which I had the honor to state when the subject was first presented to me.\n The state of public feeling in this section of the Union presents a political phenomenon difficult to be accounted for. The advocates, and opponents of the Compensation bill are [illegible] with the same Anathema\u2019s, and to present appearances will meet with the same fate.\n Fortunately however it is thought there are some symptoms of a change in the public feeling, & if the election was a little more distant, a state of\npolitical sanity might be expected before the die will be cast which is to fix the character of the state for some years to come.\n My Solicitude for the fate of my friend Bibb is extreme. I greatly fear that his election is impracticable, & that his successor will be as unlike him as light is to darkness. If any honorable appointment could be conferred upon him between this and the first Monday in November, it would enable him to withdraw from the unequal Contest in a manner Consistent with his feelings. I need not speak to you of his services, or of his public or private worth. With them you are well acquainted, & I have the fullest Confidence that you will be disposed to do any thing in relation to him which the public good will permit. I Know him too well to believe that he would consent to receive an appointment on any other Conditions. Present my respects to Mrs Madison & Mr Todd, & accept the assurances of the high regard with which I have the honor to be your most obt & very humbe Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0294", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 8 August 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Dept of State 8th Augt 1816.\n The enclosed Packets addressed to you were handed to me this Morning by Mr Thomson who has, as they will inform you, a Diplomatic appointment from the govt of Buenos Ayres. He does not intimate any expectation of being received in that Character at present, but he intimated an intention of waiting here until an answer was received from you.\n He also said that he was charged with the delivery to you of a small pair of Pistols and one or two other articles which were merely intended as specimens of the progress of the arts among his Countrymen and by no means as a Regalis. He appears to be a very well behaved man, of good appearance, but altho he is the Son of an Englishman, as his name will indicate, he does not speak the Language\u2014as he is to call again on Monday I can make to him any communication you may wish made in that way.\n With this Letter I forward one just received from Mr Poinsett covering some Papers which you may perhaps think worth looking at.\n The Secretary of State has not yet returned to Town. I had a Letter from him yesterday in which he says that he will be here in a few days I have therefore determined to send no more papers to him in Loudoun. With the Most Respectful Regard I am Dear Sir your Mo Obt Sert\n John Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0295", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Forrest, 9 August 1816\nFrom: Forrest, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n City of Washington August 9. 1816\n The nine Marble Scales which you requested me to purchase for you, were shipped on the 3d. inst, on board the schooner Gift, Capt. Palmer bound to Fredericksburg. The size is 19 Inches square. Freight 9d virginia Money each.\n The Hail-Storm on Saturday week, did considerable damage to the corn, in many parts of Maryland; there will however, from present appearances, be a large crop made.\n I hope to have my new houses finished by the time stipulated with Mr. De Neuville (Sepr. 10.).\n This Place is improving most rapidly, notwithstanding the high price of every building material, and mechanic\u2019s wages, Common Bricklayers from $2.50/100 to $3. Pr. day. I remain dear Sir, with sincere respect and esteem, Your most Obt. servt.\n Richd. Forrest\n Coll: Tayloe lost his youngest son this morning. He died of the Whooping Cough. Coll. T. is in the neighbourhood of Fincastle.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0296", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 9 August 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Dept of State 9th Augt 1816.\n I had the Honor to receive your Letter of the 7th directing me to send a Blank Commission to Mr Dallas for the Collector at Waldsboroug. We have Blanks with your signature for such Commissions but they want the signature of the Secretary of State. As there is reason to believe that he will be here today I hope it will be in my power to forward on the Commission signed as you direct that it should be, tomorrow. If not, it shall be done as soon as he returns. Mr Bagot has answered Mr Monroes last Note relative to the proposed arrangement on the Lakes by saying that he is not authorised to conclude definitively any arrangement as to details, without previously submitting it to his Government\u2014that he will immediately forward for consideration the proposal contained in Mr Monroe\u2019s Note, and that he will in the mean time, willingly take upon himself to give effect to\nany arrangement upon which he & Mr M can agree, for the purpose of suspending the further construction and equipment of armed Vessels upon the Lakes, and of generally abstaining from exertion in those quarters.\n It would seem from the Public Prints that Mr Lee has arrived at New-york; but we have no Letters from, or by him as yet.\n It is stated by Mr Simpson in a late Letter that the Swedish Govt had given Notice to that of morocco, that it was not its intention to join in the proposed combination of the European Powers against those of Barbary. The answer of the Emperor as Stated by Mr Simpson, was, that he had heared of the proposed combination; but had never supposed that Sweden would enter into it. Most Respectfully I am Dear Sir Your Mo Ob Hble Sert\n John Graham\n We send on by this Mail some Blanks for your signature.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0297", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 10 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Montpellier Aug. 10. 1816\n I have recd. yours of the 6th. inst: I have approved the contemplated purchase of a Custom House in N.Y. as I do your proposed instructions to the Bank Commissioners, on the subject of preparatory arrangements. It is to be hoped that Judge Hall will have taken the course you allude to. Should he have failed even to ascertain the offers to subscribe within the prescribed period, the delay may be embarrassing: as N. O. can not be fairly deprived of an opportunity of sharing in the subscriptions. The best expedient that occurs, is to give them a priority in the supplemental shares; explaining to Judge Hall the intentions of the Treasury. Should a better course occur to you, pursue it without the delay of further communication with me on the subject. Wd. it be amiss to send a couple of blank Commissions to N. O. to be filled by Judge H. or some other functionary on the spot? Friendly respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0299", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 10 August 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Dept of State 10th Augt 1816.\n Mr Monroe who returned last Night has seen the enclosed, and directed me to send it to you. I am sorry to say that an unexpected delay has taken place in getting the translation which we had looked for, from Baltimore. It seems that the Gentleman who undertook to make it, finds an Arabic Dictionary necessary to the completion of it, and that such a thing is not to be had in Baltimore. We have looked for one here without success. Under these circumstances I have caused it to be intimated to this Gentleman that we would be satisfied with a general summary of the Contents of the Dey\u2019s Letter, which I hope we will soon get from him. That with the enclosed from the Baron L\u2019Escalier will perhaps enable you to give more particular directions as to the answer, than were contained in one of your late Letters\nto me. With Sentiments of the greatest Respect & Regard I am Dear Sir your Mo Obt Sert\n John Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0301", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 11 August 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n Philadelphia. 11 Aug. 16.\n The inclosed application from Mr. Hughes, appears to be within the rule, exempting the effects of public Ministers, upon their return to the United States, from the payment of duties. If you approve, the proper instructions will be given to the Collector.\n My solicitude, respecting the conduct of the State Banks, the organization of the National Bank, and the disorder of the currency, encreases every day. The Treasury proposition will be rejected. To persist in that measure, or to originate any new one, at this late period of my official service, will require an expression of your judgment, to which I will chearfully and promptly conform. It is evident, that the State Banks calculate upon persuading, or coercing, Congress into their procrastinating scheme. But I hope they will be disappointed. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully Yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0303", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 12 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Montpellier Aug. 12. 1816\n I have just recd. yours of the \u2003 written on your return to the City. It may be best to taper off with Sweeden by appointing a Scy. of L. to be Charg\u00e8 on the departure of Russell and the reasons you give favor that of Hughes; whose wishes rather than understanding seem to have listened to your remarks on the subject. It must be kept in mind however, that in Case Mr. R. shd. chuse to prolong his stay at Stockholm, and ask for a particular Scy. of L. it will be contrary to usage, to force another on him. It is not probable that Mr. R\u2019s views will call for an application of this rule, and we may expect daily to have his final explanation of them. In the mean time, delicacy prescribes a suspension of the final arrangement in favor of Mr. H; unless indeed on recurrence to Mr. R\u2019s correspondence it be found to render the consideration of delicacy inapplicable, & the suspension wholly unnecessary.\n The information given by J. Lewis will require an instruction to the Collector & Dist: Atty. at Baltimore to be on the watch agst. the apprehended violations of the Laws there by naval equipments agst. Spain.\n If Lescallier has seized the purport of the Algerine letter the answer will be a mere reciprocation of friendly sentiments. Shd. the letter as is probable complain of the failure to restore the Brig, the nature of the promise, and the actual receipt of the vessel will furnish the answer. Shd. it moreover renew pretensions to Tribute they must of course be met by most decisive and permanent protests. It may not be amiss to state it as a principle incorporated in the policy of the U.S. as belonging to another continent, and unconnected with the policy of the old in this respect, to pay tribute to any nation. This explanation may spare the pride & the inconsistency of the Dey; and the discrimination in reference to America, is supported also by its distance, and its invulnerability to Algerine incursions. Affece respects\n J Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0304", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Albert Gallatin, 12 August 1816\nFrom: Gallatin, Albert\nTo: Madison, James\n The month I have already spent in Paris has been necessarily devoted in a great degree to my private arrangements; and I am only within two days settled in my house.\n Various considerations induce me to think that it will be proper to open soon the discussion of the subject of indemnities with this Government; and I believe that they expect it. In making my compliment to the King, I took care, alluding to Our former intimate alliance with France, to say, that it could not have been disturbed but during those times when moral & political obligations were overthrown & the law of nations (le droit des gens) trampled upon; that therefore the President saw, in the event which had brought back the Bourbons to the throne of France, a pledge of the renewal of those friendly connections &c.\n I wrote to the Barings, stating that it was owing to me alone that you had not remitted their advance to Mr Todd; they answer that it is wholly immaterial & that they will wait your convenience.\n The busts you wish are not amongst the most popular, and must be sought for; but I hope to obtain them so as to send them before this autumn.\n Mrs. Gallatin has sent some articles to Mrs Madison amounting to 338 francs. For this or any thing also which Mrs. G. may send, the best way to remit is to request Mr Astor or any other friend in New York to purchase there a bill on Paris. When I left America the exchange was about 5 francs pr. dollar N. York bank paper. Mr Vail or Mr Gelston will secure the duties.\n The crop which, on account of incessant rains was in danger, looks now fine & will, it is hoped, be saved. It was a subject of great alarm. They said that the people were not healthy enough to bear starving.\n I met La Fayette at Mr Parker\u2019s seat 15 Miles from Paris. Though not forbidden, he does not think proper to come here. He is in good health, and anxious to hear the result of his New Orleans location. I have seen Humboldt & Say but once & a single moment, and had not time to pay them the compliment in your behalf.\n The English I have seen here do not seem to put much confidence in Lord Exmouth\u2019s expedition against the Algerines. I have not heard a single word about or from our squadron, the arrival of the Washington at Gibraltar only excepted. Nor have I any account from Shaler, or from Erving. Not a single hint has been dropped respecting our differences with Spain. It seems to me as if none of the Powers had made up their mind on the question of the independence of the Spanish colonies. With sincere attachment & great respect Your obedt. Servt. & friend\n Albert Gallatin\n I have a fine h\u00f4tel, for which furnished, (but without plate, linen, china, kitchen furniture &ce) I give 13,000 francs a year.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0305", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 12 August 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington Augt 12. 1816\n Mr Bagot has offerd, an alternative, in the coast of the Island of New Foundland, from Cape Ray to the Raimia Islands, if preferr\u2019d to that on the Labrador, from Mt. Joli to the bay of Esquimaux. I have conferr\u2019d with Mr Homans respecting it, who fears that it is too much Subjected to fog. I believe it will be best to refer it to Mr Adams with all the light we can obtain, together with the arrangment to be made respecting naval armament on the lakes.\n The brig for Algiers is ready to sail. Mr Dallas intimates that it might be well to send Mr Poinsett there, who would readily go, if he could be forwarded to Constantinople; & may be willing, if employed in the first service only.\n The Congress frigate will be ready to sail for the Pacific, in 15. or 20. days. You did not decide who should be the agent for that service. Poinsett, & Com: Lewis, might each be willing to undertake it, but I fear that the objection to both, is too serious to be surmounted. What do you think of James Yard? He has an important claim on the provincial govt., & might be willing to accept the trust. He understands Spanish &ce. I have said nothing to him on the subject, and mention him only from knowing the above fact, & the difficulty of finding a proper person. With affecte. respect\n Jas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0307", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 13 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Montpellier Aug. 13. 1816\n I have yours of the 12th. intended for the 11th. inst. I have no map by which I can judge of the comparative values of the 2 offers of Mr Bagot as to the fisheries. There will be some delicacy in referring the arrangement to Mr. A. who prefers a decision here, and will say that we having better means of procuring the necessary information we ought not to put the task & responsibility on him. If Mr Bagot will not favor an arrangement which we can acquiesce in, I still think it will be best to decide nothing, but to instruct Mr. A. to press the subject in such an extent as we think admissible, and to engage as far as we can the co-operation of Mr. B. As to armaments on the Lakes, Mr. A may be furnished with our propositions and if they be concurred in, the effect will be accelerated, in case the B. Govt. be liberal\neno\u2019 to send over the necessary orders, without waiting for the consummating forms.\n If it be understood that Shaler intends or wishes to leave Algiers, Poinsett may take his place; and in the event of an ulterior mission, he will be so far on his way. I think however he ought not to be permitted to form any ulterior expectations as well because the ulterior mission in question is of too important & too delicate a nature to be hastily contemplated, as because unforeseen selections may become preferable.\n As you will so soon be here I leave for consultation the choice of an Agent for the pacific. The gentleman you name comes fairly into a comparative view of characters. Affecte respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0308", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Caldwell, 13 August 1816\nFrom: Caldwell, James\nTo: Madison, James\n No. 124 Locust StreetPhiladelphia, 13th. August 1816\n I do hope you will not take offence at my presumption in now addressing you. You Sir may p[r]obably not recollect me: but I Knew you well in this City though quite a Youth yet to what your honour is: you also Knew my Father well, he is dead many years. I am by misfortune in trade become excessively poor Indeed and to add to my distressed situation have a very large and helpless family around me who Consequently are distressed as well as myself. I hope I will be pardoned by asking from you Sir Some releif. I have been more than One year Confined to my house lamed So badly I Could not Walk a great part of the time: I had before that been thrown out of all employment by misfortune. It might probably be sir in your power to recommend employment to me with the pen; if you would how thankfull I would be. Oh Sir Can I ask Can I beg & pray you will indulge me with a line & Some present releif: I am Assured by persons Knowing you that I will be indulged with an Answer to this. And beleive me sir Your very obliged Svt\n James Caldwell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0310", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard M. Johnson, 13 August 1816\nFrom: Johnson, Richard M.\nTo: Madison, James\n Great Crossing, Scott County 13th. Augt. 1816\n I have not had time before this, to express our deep concern at a report that attempts will be made to have the military deposite at Newport within my congressional district removed to some other quarters. I have already written to the Sec of War on this Subject but it is of too much importance to us & also to the nation in Case of war to fail in our duty to call your\nattention also to this matter. In case of war there is not a position west of the mountains more important than Newport as a military depot independent of the valuable works at that place. Other considerations might be urged on this occasion but the Works & the commanding & safe position are Sufficient at this time. We feel a confidence that no such step would be taken in haste. Our Election is over & I have Succeeded by a majority of about 1000 votes upon a vindication of the Compensation Bill With the higest veneration & respect your ob Sert\n Rh: M: Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0314", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 15 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n Yours of the 14. sd. be 13th. has just come to hand. Wishing to read more attentively than the circumstances of the moment permit, the communications from Mr. Harris, I do not return them by the present mail. Shd. the affair of the Russian Consul not be terminated before the arrival of Mr. Coles, the full explanations he carries, can not fail I think to dissipate the impressions of the Emperor, and to turn his resentment agst. the Author of it. As he was wrong in prejudging the case, and in taking the unjustifiable step of instituting a premature self redress, and as Mr. H. even acquiesced in the idea of witholding this from publicity, any additional expedients on our part, for the purpose of conciliation, might expose us to the appearance of stooping too much. On the supposition that the peculiarity of the case & the importance of preserving the amicable footing on which we have stood with Russia, wd. justify the further complaisance of a letter from me or you, as suggested by Mr. H. the note we are taught to expect from Dashkoff, will probably furnish the most apt occasion for it.\n After perusing the letter from Genl. McComb, send it to the War Dept. Bagot must be given to understand that a search of our vessels for deserters, on the high way of the Lakes, can not be permitted without mutual stipulations on the subject; nor ought any act of authority to be exerted, implying an exclusive jurisdiction on waters, the equal right to which is sub judice,\nas is the straight between Bois blanc & Malden. He ought to interpose at once with the Authorities in Canada.\n I hope your explanations to the Spaniard, will be the more satisfactory, the more he reflects on them. If a deviation from neutrality were the present policy of the U.S. Congress alone could authorize it; and if the Ex. had the authority, it would be nominal only, without legal appropriations of money.\n I pass the letter for Mr Dallas thro\u2019 your hands, as the subject of it has relation to the Dept. of State. Mr. Hughes is incorrect in saying that all the young men nominally attached to the Mission, enjoyed the immunity he asks. The error however does not affect his claim as he was officially attached. This distinction was taken at the date of the general question. Affec. respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0315", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 15 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n I do not know whether you were acquainted with the late Major Duncanson of Washington, uncle of the writer of the inclosed letter. He was one of the earliest adventurers to the city of Washington. He had made a princely fortune in the E. Indies, the whole of which he employed in the establishments of that city and finally sunk. His political merits were a most persevering republicanism in the worst of times, having been one of the four only republicans in Washington & George town in the time of mr. Adams. When I first went there, a stranger, I found him often useful for\ninformation as to characters, and I always believed him an honest & honorable man, altho\u2019 the warmth of his temper made him many enemies. These are the merits of the uncle. Of the nephew I know nothing, and have therefore informed him I could render him no other service than that of stating to you that I knew of his uncle, considering it as a duty to bear testimony to truth. I salute you with affectionate attachment and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0317", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, [post\u201317 August 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n If Mr. Dallas, taking into view with this the other circumstances of the case known to him, thinks relief ought to be granted, he will send the papers to the Dept of State with an intimation that a pardon be forwarded for my signature.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0318", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Lafayette, 18 August 1816\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Madison, James\n My dear Sir\n La Grange August 18h 1816\n Your kind favour, May 10h, is an Additional proof of the friendly Concern in My Behalf for Which I Beg Leave to Repeat My Most Affectionate Thanks. The instruction issued from the General Land office ought, it Seems, to Have procured the Certificate Necessary, But Sufficient, to obtain a patent. That Some thing in the Secondary Measures at New orleans Has Been Wanting Appears to Be pretty Well Ascertained. Whether it is owing to Remissness or to Opposition I do not know, But am in Hopes the Letters by Mr. petry Will Have Cooperated With Your Benevolent influence to Remove the difficulties. You Have Been pleased to Attend to the\nimportance, With Respect to Me, of Confining the Location Within the Extent of two Miles from the town, Since the Nature of My Bargain With Sir John Coghill makes it the Condition Upon Which I am to keep a part of the Munificent donation of Congress. If M. Lafon is Not Mistaken, and No Man Has Better Means of information, the Remaining Grounds (Exclusive of the Corporation\u2014Six Hundred Yards,) are Considerable and part of them Very Valuable. Nor does He think, No More than all the people I Have Been able to Consult, that either the Corporation or Any other Claimants Have Legal titles to that tract. Those opinions I Have thought it My duty to Lay Before You; I know it is Quite Superfluous to Entreat the Continuation of Your friendly interest in the affair; So that I Have Nothing to add But My Grateful Apologies for the trouble You are pleased to take.\n Mr. Gallatin\u2019s dispatches Will tell You More of the Situation of Europe and france than I Could do in this place of Retirement Quite insulated from the Affairs and the Rulers of the day. I Have However in Answer to Mr. Crawford and Monroe indulged a little More politics than I Will Now Entertain You With. Those, Such as they are, I Submit to You; But Mr. Gallatin Has daily Opportunities for intelligence to Which I am a Stranger.\n I Have Made it a point to Keep down the expectations of Military Men With Respect to employment in the U.S. two only I took the Liberty to Mention. Gnl. Bernard Has Readily Accepted the offer of Government. His only objection, I Hear, Relates to a Laudable fear Of giving umbrage to the feelings of American Engineers, So that in His personal dispositions Will Be found the Requisite Means to Accomodate Matters for General Satisfaction. My Naval friend Had Been Long Gone to Havre, Unwilling to Loose time, and provided With Letters Which I Have Not Given Before I Had Cautionned Him Against precipitancy. I Have, on Receiving Your Letter, writen to Him, and do Not know whether He Had Sailed. I am Sensible of the Argument You object to His zeal, disinterested as it is, and Can only Say that if one Exception Was made in favour of a Volunteer, I think His Sentiments Would Make Him deserve it.\n These Lines are Sent to Mr. Vail, a Very Amiable Young Man, Who is on the point of Sailing for the U.S. Accept, My dear Sir, the Constant Affectionate and Grateful Respects of Your old friend\n Lafayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0319", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, [ca. 19 August 1816]\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n It appears that Dr. Flord [Flood] returned to New Orleans on the 3d of July, and that the bank subscriptions were opened. The amount is not expected to exceed $300,000 at that place. The general deficit will probably be $3,000,000, but it will be immediately supplied by companies already formed. Mr. Girard alone will take $1,000,000, if he can obtain that sum.\n I am anxious to receive your sentiments upon the expediency of persevering in the treasury proposition for commencing coin payments of small bank-notes on the 1st of October. I think the banks here would be obliged to acquiesce. There is a danger, however, of a failure of current means of paying taxes in the interior; and the merchants would be glad, at this crisis, to seize any pretence for refusing to pay their bonds. I am, dear sir, most respectfully and faithfully yours,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0320", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 20 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\n Montpellier Aug. 20. 1816\n I have just recd. yours of the 13th. The information given by Mr. Gardner\u2019s letter inclosed in it, is agreeable. It may nevertheless be advisable to continue the equipment of the Congs. for the Pacific Ocean. You will keep us apprized of the progress, and of the time as nearly as it can be fixed, when she will be ready to sail. Capt: Morris will be a very fit Commander; and it is not proposed to employ any Civil Commissioners. I will send you in a few days a memorandum of the objects to which your instructions to him will relate. Accept my friendly respects\n James Madison\n The letter from the Dey of Algiers has at length been translated by a foreigner in Baltimore. It is full of bombastic professions of good will, but concludes with the alternative of a renewal of the Old Treaty, or the recall of the Consul as a termination of peace. As soon as the answer to the Dey, and the Commission & instructions to Shaler & Chauncy are prepared, you will be made acquainted with them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0324", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Charles Pinckney, [ca. 21] August 1816\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles\nTo: Madison, James\n (Confidential)\n In Charleston [ca. 21] August 1816\n It Being discovered great pains had Been taken to circulate & reprint the Pamphlet against our worthy & excellent friend Colonel Monroe in all the federal Papers in North Carolina & in this & the neighbouring States it has Been Thought adviseable By his friends here that I should answer it\u2014a copy of what is said on this occasion is enclosed which I am hopeful will meet your Approbation & that this will find You in health & enjoying every comfort You wish & that You may continue to do so as long as You desire or is agreeable to You is the sincere prayer & hope of dear sir with affectionate regard Yours Truly\n Charles Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0327", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Lane, 22 August 1816\nFrom: Lane, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington August 22, 1816\n I regret the necessity of troubling you for directions respecting a late proposition of Mr Latrobe. That gentleman has surprised me by proposing to carry up part of the wall of what has been denominated the Central building of the Capitol, in other words to protrude the wall of the north wing upon the centre in order to enlarge the area of that wing. This, he says, is absolutely necessary to ennable him to introduce the new arrangement of the interior of the North wing which was sanctioned by a resolution of the Senate at their last session. The enclosed draft will I hope give a clear view of the subject.\n Notwithstanding Mr Latrobe persists in representing this measure as one long ago decided upon to me it is entirely new, and having consulted the late Commissioners it appeared to be equally new to them. I have some reason to suspect that it is an after thought to prop up the Vestibule of the north wing, the perilous state of which I once pointed out to you Ignorant how far the authority under which the repairs of the public buildings\nare making would justify an addition to them. Ignorant too whether this particular measure had ever received your approbation or had even been submitted to your consideration, I would respectfully request your attention to it and to be favored with early instructions. If the wall is to go up preparations should in my opinion have been made sooner in the season and I know of nothing which ought to have delayed them.\n Mr George Boyd of the war Department goes out to London on public business, and has politely offered to execute some commissions for me, which will not only give us the benefit of Mr Boyd\u2019s judgement and taste in the selection of the articles but they will come to us on better terms than we can procure them through any other channel. With a view to these advantages I am anxious to ascertain of what material the covering of the Presidents House and Capitol ought to be composed. If it is one which should be imported I can avail myself of Mr Boyd\u2019s services Upon this subject there appears to be a diversity of opinion among artists. Mr Latrobe suggests the following list giving preference in the order in which they stand, Marble, Freestone, Zink, Iron, Copper. Capt. Hoban is decided in favor of Copper which Mr L. puts at the bottom of his list. It is of no consequence to add that my individual opinion coincides with the Captain\u2019s. May I be favored with your directions on this point. I have the honor to be &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0328", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Taylor, 22 August 1816\nFrom: Taylor, James\nTo: Madison, James\n NewPort Kentucky Augt. 22d. 1816\n I see that Col Simons late of the US Army & who was appointed a Commissary of purchases for the district of St. Louis is dead. Major Taylor Berry of St. Louis late of the Army and who was a D.Q.M. Genl and at the head of that dept for all that country, would gladly accept that appointment. He was continued in Office till he closed all the business in his dept which he has done honorably to himself, and I am sure to the best interest of the Goverment as I have been assured both by Gov. Howard & Col. Russell.\n Majr. Berry served in the Army during the whole war. He was my principal asst. QM at Detroit and soon after was appointed & went on to St. Louis, and has been there ever since and of Course must have a better Knowledge of that Country & how to make advantageous purchases for the Goverment than any one can, who should go on from any of the Atlantic states.\n Majr Berry in his application to me to solicit this appointment for him, observes, that he finds the Goverment disposed to reward disbanded officers, that as he has closed his business in so honorable a manner, he thinks it ought to have weight in his favor. It can be easily ascertained by the Accountant\u2019s Office that he has closed his business highly honorably to him self. I Know the fact as I have seen a Copy of a letter from the Acct. to that effect stating a small balance due Majr Berry.\n I assure you sir I think the Goverment could not get a better public servant, as he is an inteligent active, zealous young man and in every way qualified for such an appointment. At the time he got the appointment of\nit Lieutenant & then his staff appointment he had letters highly honorable to him self from Gens. McArthur & Cass as well as my self. Should this place be disposed of or a preference is given to another, and there should be any appointment in that quarter he would gladly accept of it, as he has fixed his residence at St. Louis. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect sir Your Most obd st.\n James Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0329", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Cutts, 23 August 1816\nFrom: Cutts, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington Augt: 23d 1816\n Not hearing from me since my return from Maine on the subject of pecuniary affairs, I fear your patience is quite exhausted, My only apology is that I have considered exchange on England & between the different States as gradually lowering & that you were not in want of the funds placed in my hands at present. Exchange between the City & Philadelphia is about 5 \u00bd \u214cCt: disco[u]nt New York. 10 \u214cCt: & Boston 15 \u214cCt:\u2014Exchange on London par at Boston. 5 \u214cCt: advance at New York. & 10 \u214cCt. at Philadelphia.\n The funds you were so obliging as to lend me\u2014have been very useful\u2014first in taking advantage of the difference of exchange & secondly in enabling me to become a Subscriber to the National Bank for one hundred Shares, which if retained will undoubtedly be good property in a few years.\n I can, if you desire it before you return to the City, place to your credit in the Columbia Bank four or five thousand Dollars\u2014& I expect in the course of Ninety days the whole amt: as a friend of mine in Boston assured me that he should in the course of four months from that date be able to pay me about eight thousand Dollars. If you should not be wanting your funds before you return to the City or the National Bank commences its operations\u2014I would be on the look out for Specie & Stock to pay my second instalment. It is generally thought the exchange between the large commercial towns & England will be nearly equalised as soon as the N Bank Commences its operation. The Columbia which put into Bato [Baltimore] in distress\u2014has been partially repaird & may soon be expected will arrive at New york with a load of Passengers\u2014the number that are daily ariving\u2014& expected are immense. British Ship holders\u2014are employing their ships in this trade\u2014the passage money is from ten to thirteen Pounds\u2014the Passengers finding the[ir] own provisions\u2014which makes a \u27e8general profit?\u27e9 for the ship.\n Mrs. Cutts & Family are well & all unite with me in best regards & affectionate remembrance & with our respects to Mrs M. & Payne. I am with great respect & esteem Yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0331", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jo\u00e3o of Portugal, 23 August 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Jo\u00e3o VI (of Portugal)\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Jo\u00e3o of Portugal. 23 August 1816, Palace of Rio de Janeiro. Dom Jo\u00e3o by the grace of god king of the United Kingdom of Portugal, and of Brazil, and Algarves within and beyond the sea, in Africa lord of Guinea, and the conquest, navigation, and commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, and Persia, and of India etc. sends greetings to the United States of America, which he highly esteems and prizes. The significant proofs of JM\u2019s particular interest, and which Jo\u00e3o returns, require that he inform JM of the betrothals of his daughters, Dona Maria Isabel Francisca with the Catholic king Fernando VII, and Dona Maria Francisca de Assis with the infante of Spain, Don Carlos Maria Isidro, assured that JM will receive this notice with the same pleasure that corresponds to the satisfaction Jo\u00e3o feels in JM\u2019s fortunate occurrences and advantages. Written in the palace of Rio de Janeiro on 23 August of 1816.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0332", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 24 August 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n Treasury Department. 24. August 1816.\n The Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit the following Statement to the consideration of the President of the United States.\n Treasury Notes, which were issued under Acts passed prior to the Act of the 24. of February 1815, were payable at the expiration of a year from their respective dates, with interest at the rate of 5 2/5 per cent. per annum, at the Loan Offices, respectively, specified in the Notes. Many of these Treasury Notes became due and remained unpaid.\n By the Act of the 24: of February 1815 it was declared that \u201cit should be lawful for the Secretary of the Treasury to cause to be paid the interest upon the Treasury Notes, which have become due, and remain unpaid, as well with respect to the time elapsed before they became due, as with respect to the time that shall elapse after they become due, and until funds shall be assigned for the payment of the said Treasury Notes, and notice thereof shall be given.\u201d\n On the 15. and 22d. of June 1815 notice was given, that funds were assigned for the payment of Treasury Notes due, and becoming due at all the Loan Offices, except those of Massachusetts and New-York. The funds assigned consisted of Bank notes, the local currency at the respective places of payment, being the only funds possessed by the Treasury.\n Many of the holders of Treasury Notes have refused to accept the payment thus offered. And it appears from a communication made by the Collector of Portsmouth, in New-Hampshire (which accompanies this Statement) that \u201ca Treasury Note for 1000 Dollars, payable in Philadelphia, dated on the 1: of August 1814, was tendered to him in payment of a Bond for 1109:95/100 Dollars, being the amount of said Note, with interest from the date, to the time of the tender.\u201d This Note was provided for under the Treasury Notices of June 1815. And the tender is now made, with a view to try the general question, whether the assignment of Bank Notes, is the assignment of a lawful fund for payment, in consequence of which the interest on the Treasury Notes shall cease to run?\n The Collector and the District Attorney request, that they may receive the instructions of the Government upon the occasion; and the Secretary of the Treasury respectfully submits the expediency of instructing them to proceed, as if no tender had been made.\n A. J. DallasSecretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0333", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Spread, 24 August 1816\nFrom: Spread, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Honored Sir,\n Having received a Letter a few Days ago from a man of the Name of Wm. Walsh who resides in Dublin, wherein he mentions that he wrote to the President Concerning a new Machine which he Has lately Invented for the purpose of Cleaning, & dressing Flax in a few hours Green from the Field, & in three Different Qualities which one of them would be fine enough to make fine Lace, or Stockings equal to Silk, in a far Superior Degree, & in one sixth part of the time that it take\u2019s by the Usual, or Common mode of Dressing Flax; He earnestly requests me to write to the President to Know if he had received his Letters wherein were Enclosed Samples of the Flax dressed by this New Machine, & Humbly solicits the President to let me know if he had received his Letters, & also if His Excellency would be pleased to Inform me If he could expect any encouragemt from Government, were he to Come over with his Family to this Country; being absolutly Confident in his opinion, that such an Acquision would be of great Benefit, & Utility to the United States of America. Should his Excellency approve of his Intentions, & that he may expect any encouragemt. from Governmt. he will be pleased to Signify it by a few lines directed to Wm Spread No. 72 Broome Street\u2014\u27e8New\u27e9 York, who will Immediately Communicate the Same to him, and which Will be esteemed as a lasting favor Conferrd on him and Gratefully Acknowledged by His Excellencies Most Humble: servt,\n Wm: Spread\n I have enclosed to his Excellency by request of the Said Wm: Walsh, three Different Samples which he has sent enclosed to me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0334", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 25 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Montpellier Aug: 25. 1816\n Since the rect. of your several letters relating to the Treasury proposition, and the decision of Bank Deputies at Philadelphia, my thoughts have been duly turned to the important and perplexing subject.\n Altho\u2019 there may be no propriety in recalling the proposition, it seems now certain that it will fail of its effect. Should the Banks not represented at Philada. come into the measure, the refusal of those represented would be fatal. The want of a medium for taxes in a single State would be a serious difficulty. So extensive a want would forbid at on[c]e an enforcement of the proposition.\n The Banks feel their present importance and seem more disposed to turn it to their own profit, than to the public good, and the views of the Govt. Without their co-operation, it does not appear that any immediate relief can be applied to the embarrassments of the Treasury or of the Currency. This co-operation they refuse. Can they be co-erced?\n Should the State Legislatures unite in the means within their power, the object may be attained. But this is scarcely to be expected; and in point of time is too remote.\n The national Bank must for a time at least be on the defensive.\n The interposition of Congress remains: And we may hope the best as to a vigorous use of it. But there is danger that the influence of the local Banks, may reach even that resource. Should this not be the case, the remedy is future not immediate.\n The question then before us is whether any and what further expedients lie with the Executive.\n Altho\u2019 we have satisfied by what has been already attempted, our legal responsibility, it would be still incumbent on us to make further experiments, if any promising ones can be devised. If there be such I have full confidence that they will enter into your views of the subject.\n One only occurs to me, and I mention it because no other does; not because I regard it as free from objections which may be deemed conclusive.\n The notes in the Treasury might be presented to the Banks respectively with a demand of the specie due on the face of them. On refusal suits might be immediately instituted not with a view to proceed to execution, but to establish a claim to interest from the date of the demand. The notes thus bearing interest being kept in hand, treasury notes bearing interest, might be issued in payments from the Treasury; and so far injustice to the several classes of Creditors might be lessened, whilst a check would be given to the unjust career of the Banks.\n Such a proceeding ought to be supported by the Stockholders, the army, the navy, and all the disinterested and well informed part of the\nCommunity. The clamor agst. it would be from the Banks and those having interested connections with them, supported by the honest part of the Community misled by their fallacies. And the probability is but too great that the clamor would be overwhelming.\n I do not take into view the expedient of requiring a payment of the Impost, in specie in part at least, because it could not be extended to the other taxes, and wd. in that respect as well as otherwise, be a measure too delicate for the Ex. Authy: Nor cd. its effect be in time for any very early purpose.\n I have been led by the tenor of your letters to put on paper these observations. The report you are preparing will doubtless enlighten my view of the whole subject. Friendly respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0336", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 26 August 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Dept of State 26th. Augt 1816.\n As the Post Rider will go on from your House to Mr Monroes I take the Liberty of putting the enclosed Packet for him under Cover to you: and leave it open that you may see Mr Daschkoffs Official Letter.\n May I ask the favor of you to send to Mr Monroe the Copies which were sent to you, of the communications from Mr Crowninshield & Judge Story relative to the Fisheries and which you retained. He may want them when he writes to Mr Adams on that subject, as he proposes to do whilst he is in Albermarle. I would not make the request was it not that the Originals have been mislaid either by Mr Monroe or myself.\n We had a fine Rain here last Night and never was it more wanted for every thing was suffering. Our Crop of Corn is I fear past recovery. With Affectionate Respect I am Dear Sir your Mo Obt Sert\n John Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0338", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 27 August 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n The Bank subscription is filled. The deficit of the general returns, 3,000,000. Dollars, was taken by Mr. Girard, in a single line, to the great disappointment of the Brokers and Speculators. I congratulate you upon\nthis event. There is little doubt of the organization of the Bank being republican, and friendly to the Government.\n The Cumberland road presents new embarrassments; and I shall have occasion to trouble you upon the subject, as soon as I reach Washington, which will probably be on Sunday next. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully Yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0339", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Spratt, 27 August 1816\nFrom: Spratt, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Respected sir\n Washington City Augt. 27th. 1816\n Please to allow me the privilage to beseech your clemency in my present unfortunate situatio\u27e8n.\u27e9 On the first day of June 1812, I arrived in New york, from Ireland, on the 8th: of Augt: following I enlisted under capt. Crane on that station, as a Sargeant & took the oath pr[e]scribed by law to serve five Years. Accordingly I Reced. no bounty. When three or four days in the Service I took sick & obtained permission to go to my boarding House untill I felt fit for Duty. When Recovered from my Illniss I did not return to Capt. Cranes Quarters but Shipped in the flotilla service on the N,York Station, as pursers steward, where I served to the Return of peace Much to the satisfaction of the Purser, & the officers on board. On the fifth of last Month I was in D. Parker Esqr:\u2019s office where the Lieut: who enlisted me happened to be. He Recognised my countenance & Reported me to the General as a Deserter from him. After expostulating with him on the subject he Imposed on me as a Punnishment to Enlist [canceled] four Men in my place. Since that period I have been as active as possible & cannot get a Man to Enlist, for such as are inclined that way, they to the Garrisons & take on before I can see them. Since this Unluckey circumstance took place I have been Maried to a Lady of unspeakable merit, & Liberal circumstances. She has Discovered the difficulties which I have met with, which causes to grieve & Lament Incessantly, particularly as the General Threatens to order me to fort Washington & serve as a Marine.\nMost Humane Sir\u2014Among the innumerable Acts of Gratitude & Indulgence\u2019s which has been witnessed in the course of your Administration, I most Humbly beseech that mine may be registered as a further token of your unparalelled Equity. Should my services be Required in the ivent of Another War, with Great Britan, or any other Despostic Nation, I would consider Three Months Duty more Essential & of more real value than five years services whil\u27e8st\u27e9 the Country Remains in her present blessed & Desirable Situation, but I would Expect as a citizen & from my standing in life to be Honoured with a Station whereby I could more Conspicuously Signalise my Zeal & love for Freedom in the field of Battle than by standing in the ranks as a private, as I am an Irishman whose very heart Strings Vibrates with an ardent & Undisembled Wish for Liberty & such other (admirable) Political Institutions as are Exercised under your Immediate Circumspection & Controul. My supplication Extends to a full Emancipation of the Crime\u27e8nals?\u27e9 with which I have the Honour to acquaint You in this Letter. Your Ever Devoted & Obt. Humble. servt.\n James Spratt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0342", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 29 August 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Dept of State 29th Augt 1816\n I now forward a Copy of Mr Monroe\u2019s Official Letter to Mr Harris. I have been obliged to run it off in haste but I believe it is correct. The other Copies which Mr Monroe directed to be sent to you were forwarded by the Mail of yesterday.\n You will, I presume, have heared from Mr Crawford himself, that he had returned to this City. With Affectionate Respect I am Dear Sir Your Mo Obt Sert\n John Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0343", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Lane, 29 August 1816\nFrom: Lane, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington August 29, 1816\n I consider it my duty to inform you of every material circumstance which may occur in relation to the public buildings, and where doubt or difficulty arise to wait for your explicit instructions. But I am sometimes\napprehensive that this idea of duty may lead me to become importunate and to ask for instruction on points relative to which I may not have it in my power to transmit such views as may be requisite for forming a decision. Perhaps this difficulty might be in part obviated and the public work on some occasions expedited if I was directed to consult, in your absence, such of the heads of Departments as might be in washington. From the very friendly disposition evinced towards me by those officers I have no doubt of their cheerfully affording their assistance.\n Upon a subject which has for some time engaged my attention and which I view as an important one it has now become necessary to decide. I allude to the Dome of the Senate chamber. Mr Latrobe insists upon a brick arch as formerly. To this I am opposed for several reasons among which the most important is the following. Mr Blagden assures me that the former arch had forced out the exterior wall 3 \u00bd Inches and that since the removal of the arch the wall has returned nearly to its original position. This gentleman (in whose Judgement and candor I have great confidence) is decidedly of opinion the arch contemplated by mr Latrobe will throw down the wall. I have omitted to bring forward this subject at an earlier period that the retrograde movement of the wall might be first clearly ascertained. Much longer delay might now be injurious, as severally arrangements which will be materially affected by the decision of this question ought now to be made. I have therefore to beg that I may be instructed herein and have the honor &ct", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0345", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Graham, 30 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Graham, John\n The Spanish Documents inclosed; with the letter from McCall, were sent to me by Mr. Dallas: They are curious and interesting. Mr. Dallas is apprized that they would be communicated to the Dept. of State. As he is or soon will be in Washington, you will be able to know from him whether he chuses that they shd. remain there. If his choice be to repossess them you will return them, taking copies in the mean time, and having a translation made for the Secy. of State who has no particular knowlege yet of their contents. The letter from Mr. McCall will go back of course to Mr. Dallas.\n I am glad to hear that you have had a good rain at Washington. The drought here is becoming intense. If it continues a few days longer the crops of corn will be most seriously deficient. With the most favorable weather for the residue of the season, they will be very short. Little Tobo. is made in this quarter. If appearances elsewhere be equally unfavorable that crop also wi\u27e8ll\u27e9 be a scanty one. I have recd. yours of \u2003 covering the correspondences with Mr. Bagot, & Mr. Das\u27e8chkoff\u27e9.\n If Mr. Dallas does not read Spanish, a verbal translation of the Spanish documents may be acceptable to him. Accept my regards & friendly \u27e8respects\u27e9\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0347", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, 31 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n Montpellier Aug. 31.1816\n I had the pleasure of duly receiving your letter written from Georgia, and have written one to Mr. Clay founded on its acquiescence in the arrangment tendered to you.\n I am truly concerned at the view you give of the situation into which the unfortunate measure of Congress has thrown Dr Bibb; and should consider myself as befriending one of the best of men and most enlightened of patriots, if I could find a relief from it. But on turning my thoughts on every side, I see nothing practicable that is worthy of him and adequate to the object. I am persuaded that the same difficulty restrained you from suggesting something on the occasion. I anxiously wish that the unfavorable tide may take another turn before the critical epoch arrives; and in the mean time shall be attentive to any eligible prospect that may be opened or suggested.\n The enclosed case of a condemned Soldier has been some time lying by me. Considering his youth & that it is his first offence, the punishment is\ntoo great notwithstanding the aggravating circumstance attending it. Regulate the time & mode of saving him, as you find most proper.\n I enclose a printed Remonstrance from Tennessee, the original of which came lately to hand; and one from the Mississippi Territory. The measures which have been taken in relation to the Indians form an answer to them. Accept my cordial regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0348", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Jones, 31 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jones, William\n private\n I have recd. your letter of the 25th. inst: inclosing a newspaper of the 20th. in which is stated the purport of a letter grossly calumniating the present naval officer of Philada. and alleged to have been addressed to me by Lt. Col: **** at the time of filling the vacancy occasioned by the death of his predecessor.\n My recollection is so imperfect on this subject that it does not authorize me to say more than that I retain a faint imp\u27e8res\u27e9sion that a letter was recd. on that occasion from Col: Forrest, in which he manifested dissatisfaction at the course taken by the Executive, and a wish that his name might not appear among the Candidates.\n Of the particular terms or precise tenor of the le\u27e8tter I have\u27e9 no distinct remembrance. I do not think it probable that Mr. Clarke could have been described in it as he is in the newspaper. It is not altogether impossible however that such might have been the case; and that like numberless similar things which it is the lot of the Ex: station to receive, the slanders might have been dismissed from my thoughts, as no wise affecting a character which had been sufficiently vouched to me. Whether the letter, whatever may have been its purport, has been destroyed, or bundled with others sent from time to time to the Treasy. Dept. which can scarcely have\nhappened, or remain among papers not put on my assorted files, I can not say.\n I feel too much respect for the wish you have expressed; to have said less in consequence of it. But your candor & correct judgement will permit me to remark, that on the supposition that the receipt of a letter, such as is described in print, could be ascertained, I should depart, in more respects than one from established usage, in being the instrument of it. Nor do I readily perceive that the fact in question, can be of essential importance. If the printed statement be a libel, it carries the necessary proof with it: if not a libel, the insertion of the statement in a letter recd. could not make it one, and in point of aggravation the difference between the sending such a letter, and a false assertion in print that such a letter was sent, would not seem to be of very material weight in estimating the offence. Should the assertion be admitted to be true, no other ascertainment of it can be requisite.\n I learn from Mr. Dallas that the progress of the Bank subs\u27e8cr\u27e9iptions you were so good as to communicate, has terminated in the legal amount; and with the additional pleasure of finding him confident that the Institution will commence its carreer in friendly hands Accept Dear Sir assurances of my great esteem & cordial regards.\n James Madison\n Excuse so coarse a paper, being unexpectedly without a better sheet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0351", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 31 August 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n Department of War, August 31. 1816.\n I understand from Mr. Graham, that the enclosed letter has already been submitted to your consideration. The proposition to cede any part of the lands lying between the settlements on the East and West side of the Indiana Territory, if made by tribes to whom the Country belongs, ought, it appears to me, to be acceded to. The description of the proposed cession is so defective, that it is impossible to form any distinct idea of its boundary. I presume, however, that it embraces the lands lying between the principal branches of White river & the Eastern boundary of the Territory. I have marked in the inclosed Map the supposed position of the old Delaware Town. If the line running from that point Eastwardly, makes any narrow angle, it must incline greatly to the South. Of the Western boundary it is impossible to form even a conjecture.\n I believe Judge Park to be an excellent man, but his letter shews that he is not exempt from the common feeling of people inhabiting the Frontiers. The inconvenient form of a cession of land, is a recommendation with him, instead of an objection, as it creates a supposed necessity for further demands for the extinction of Indian title. Several of our treaties with the Indian tribes appear to have been made in this spirit. In the present case however, it appears to be a matter of but little importance, what the form of the cession may be, provided it is confined to the Waters of White river, none of which extend as far north as the cessions already obtained on the East and West of that stream.\n If it is determined to hold a treaty for the purpose of obtaining the Cession proposed, I think it will be expedient to employ Mr. Sharpe, and some person East of the Mountains, who will not be influenced by the single motive of obtaining Indian Lands. Some person in Virginia, Maryland, or Pennsylvania, might be selected for that purpose. The approach of the time\nthat an answer is expected, requires that the question should be decided with as little delay as possible. Considering that the tract of Country proposed to be ceded is embraced within the limits of the Country described in the various memorials which have been presented, praying the extinction of the Indian title; and that the form of the settled parts of the territory will be improved by the acquisition, I would respectfully propose that Judge Park be instructed to invite the Indians to meet him for that purpose, in conjunction with Mr. Sharp, and such other person as shall be selected for that purpose. If other tribes should have pretensions to the same lands, they might be invited to attend the treaty, or their title might hereafter be extinguished. As the cession is considered extremely important, there is some danger that the people, as in Tennessee, would be disposed to disregard the title of those who may not unite in the Cession. For this reason it would be better that all the tribes having claims to the lands should be present at the cession, and consenting to it.\n Inclosed are several communications from Colonel Meigs, from which it appears that a cession of the Cherokee Claim to the lands South of the Tennessee, and West of a line drawn due South from that river where it is intersected by the Eastern boundary of Madison County, will probably be obtained at the approaching treaty with the Chickasaws.\n The Conditional ratification of the treaty with South Carolina, will probably be accepted by the Governor of that State, as the jurisdiction was the principal object which the State had in view.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0353", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Augustus Johnson, 31 August 1816\nFrom: Johnson, Augustus\nTo: Madison, James\n Common Gaol. St Albans August 31. 1816\n The Petition of Augustus Johnson of St. Albans in the District of Vermont. Respectfully Sheweth.\n That by the consideration and judgment of the District Court holden at Windsor within and for said District on the 26 day of May AD 1816. The United States recovered a Judgment against your petitioner for retailing spirits without licence, for the sum of one hundred and sixty eight dollars debt and for the sum of fifty seven dollars and sixty eight cents costs of suit, on which Judgment execution issued against the body of your petitioner, dated June 10th. AD 1816. That pursuant to said execution, the Marshal of said District on the 26 day of July AD 1816 committed your petitioner to the common Gaol in St Albans aforesaid where he still remains. That your petitioner is brought into his present unfortunate situation by his retailing rum by small quantity on a public day, having previous to said day tendered the money for a licence to retail spirits on said day to the collector of the revenue of the collection district in which your petitioner then and still resides, which he verily believed at the time would be a sufficient justification for him.\n Your petitioner further shews, that he has a wife and eight small children, who depend solely on his exertions and industry for their maintenance and support; and what is still peculiarly mortifying, is his total inability to pay any part of said debt and costs, and not able to support his wife and family in his present situation, nor even to support himself in his confinement only by the assistance of his friends.\n In this distressed and unhappy condition, he with confidence appeals to the clemency of the President for relief in his unfortunate situation, and prays his offence against the United States may be pardoned, and said debt and costs wholly remitted. And your Petitioner as in duty bound will ever pray.\n Augustus Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0354", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 31 August 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Owing to some accident I did not receive your letter of the 28. untill after Mr Rush left me, which I much regret, as it deprivd me of the opportunity, of conferring with him, on the answers to be given to those of the French & Russian ministers, which accompanied it. I am astonished at the contents of both, as they put us to trials, which, if either of them had good sense or moderation would be avoided. The demand of Mr Hyde, if complied with, would put an end to the independence of this govt., & that of Mr Daschkoff, would have nearly the same effect. I shall prepare answers without delay and send them to you. My health is still delicate. My long detention at Washington, fixed in me the seeds of a bilious complaint, which are not yet eradicated, tho I am gradually getting rid of them. If I could be free from this kind of persecution, from these little men, who make great affairs out of trifles, and be at liberty to busy myself in my private affairs only, & take the exercise incident thereto, I think I shod. soon be well. I hope that Europe will soon be in a state, if she is not now, to engage every power in so close a grapple, each with some other, as to occupy their whole force, resources, & attention. This would give to us, at once, our just importance, with each. We appear to have it at this time, with England; and Mr Harris\u2019s last letters give cause to hope that we shall soon have it with Russia. With the Bourbons, there is no reasoning by any just standard. Their stupidity & folly are extreme Their pride & not thier reason dictates their course which necessity alone can check, Mr Hyde, as you justly observe, seems to indulge a hope, that he will mask the degradation of those whom he represents, by the renown he seeks at our expence. With affectionate regard\n Jas Monroe\n I presume there will be no call, in relation to the literary institution, contemplated by Mr Jefferson. I shall dine with him to morrow & write you respecting it, again in the evening; the cause is imputable to the failure of the proposed arrangmen\u27e8t\u27e9 in the Executive.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0355", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 2 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n Department of War, September 2. 1816.\n The Commissioner appointed under the act authorizing the payment for property lost, captured, or destroyed by the enemy &ca, has suggested a doubt under the 9. section of that act, whether the term Military deposite, embraces the case of occupancy by a military force, so as to entitle the owner to compensation for the destruction of the houses or buildings thus occupied.\n The occupancy of buildings as a deposite for military stores, ordinarily must have been the result of convention, and on frontier stations, the destruction of them by the Enemy, must frequently have been in the contemplation of the parties.\n The occupancy of buildings by a military force, especially in presence of an enemy, or upon a frontier line, the scene of military operations, would frequently be the result of necessity, and not of compact, where nothing has been stipulated, and where of course the possibility of destruction by the enemy, cannot have been provided for, in favor of the owner. I should, therefore, be in favor of a liberal construction in this case, inasmuch as an adherence to the letter, will embrace cases less entitled to the provision granted by that section than those which would be excluded.\n Mr. Lee expects precise instructions upon this point, and will not proceed in any case involved in this doubt, until they are received.\n Inclosed are several papers submitted to this Department by the Commissioner of the General Land office.\n It appears to me, that there is no necessity for taking any notice of the claims of the Indian Warriors, in surveying the lands. The claimant may be authorized to select four quarter sections adjoining each other, and if judged necessary, forming a square, embracing his improvements. This would prevent the necessity of fractions, and supersede the necessity of\nrunning any other lines than those of the sections. To meet the case stated, of the habitation being on one side, and the plantation on the other of the river, the party should have the option of selecting on either side; and perhaps the right to select an oblong form, so as to include both, would not be unreasonable. If this proposition is not thought unreasonable in this case, it might be extended to all cases where two plantations are owned by a warrior, but in no case to exceed four quarter sections in a right line.\n Some measure must be adopted before the sale of the land to ascertain the persons entitled to the provisions of the treaty, as the evidence now possessed is believed to be insufficient. Perhaps an Agent will be appointed in time to perform this service.\n P.S. Upon examining the treaty, it declares that the mile square shall include the Plantation as near the Centre as practicable. If it is to be executed literally, special Surveys must be made. The Treaty makes no provision for the families of deceased Warriors, unless a liberal construction is given to it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0356", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jean Joseph Amable Humbert, 3 September 1816\nFrom: Humbert, Jean Joseph Amable\nTo: Madison, James\n New orleans 3. Sept. 1816\n Permit a republican soldier to address you with frankness; I have served the Country I live in, and the general government of the United States both in my personal and political exertions: As yet I have not received a discharge from the Service, nor have My accounts been duly adjusted: to this fact the residents of Louisiana and the constituted Authorities can\ntestify. In three months I could in the range of the whole extent of the United States raise ten thousand men without violating the Military Code of your government whenever you may see fit to honor me with your confidence; that I may transmit orders in the name of the Government. I have the honor &c\n (signed) Humbert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0357", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Smith, 3 September 1816\nFrom: Smith, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n Baltimore 3 september 1816\n Permit me to address you in behalf of my friend Mr. Beasly. He is Solicitous to receive the appointment of Consul for the port of Bordeaux. I know no Man who I should think more capable or more worthy of that office, and I beg leave to assure you that his appointment would gratify the Merchants of this City to whom he is known. I have had an Opportunity to enquire particularly into Mr. Beasly\u2019s Charactor and I have found it such as would induce me to place my property in his hands and to rely with the utmost confidence in his integrity. I have the honor to be your most Obedient servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0358", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, 4 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n Montpellier Sepr. 4. 1816\n Previous to the rect. of yours of the 30th. aug. I had in acknowleging that written from Georgia, said what occurred on the subject of Dr. Bibb. I can add nothing now but a suggestion for consideration how far the Creek Agency could with propriety be offered to him. I am aware at the same time of the great probability that it would not be accepted, and of the possibility that the offer even might not be agreeable. These impressions are strengthened by your omission of any hint as to the Docr. in speaking of Govr. M.\nwho considers the appt. as sufficiently respectable to merit his attention. On the supposition that Dr. B. is out of the question, the appt. of the Govr. would be unexceptionable but for the condition attached to it. The services he has rendered, and the respect I have for his character, dispose me to favor every accomodating arrangement, but is it not to be apprehended that so great a proportion of absence from his station, would subject his appt. to the charge of partaking too much of a sinecure? You can appreciate better than I can the public opinion in that quarter, and how far the weight of personal character would balance that objection. Should the result of your reflections on these points be favorable to the experiment, and you think Dr. Bibb ought not to be thought of, be so good as to forward a Commission to Govr. Mitchell.\n I just receive yours of the 31. Aug. stating the application of Mr. Bagot, in the case of the two British Soldiers enlisted into our service. The only objection to their discharge, is the danger they may incur on their return to G. B. Their willingness to incur this danger will not release our humanity from the obligation to attend to it. If they wish a discharge after being apprized of their danger, and Mr. Bagot will engage to make a representation in their favor, and particularly that in discharging them, we calculated that their motives for entering our service, & their voluntary return home, would save them from the penalties of the law, it will be proper to let them go. The arrangement will be the better the less the formality of it. Accept my cordial regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0359", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Adams, 4 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Quincy, September 4th. 1816.\n I have so often taken the liberty to introduce Gentlemen to the President of the United States, that tho\u2019 it might be an usurpation at first, it seems now to be a kind of Right by Prescription.\n Upon no occasion that I recollect, have I assumed this priviledge with more pleasure than in now introducing Dr James Freeman whom I esteem one of our first litterary characters and one of the best of our honourable virtuous and liberal Men.\n As I think myself, sure of my conveyance I will now venture on a delicate subject and more especially as I have but a few days to live. Present my most respectful compliments to Mrs Madison. Ask her whether she remembers a letter she wrote to Mr Steel. Tell her that I was excessively\nill used, by Mr Steel. That I never had the least intimation of that letter, till all my Power was annihilated. Had the letter been communicated to me in confidence and to none other as it oug\u27e8ht\u27e9 to have been, she may be assured that my heart and judgement would have concured with hers, and that her secret would never have been betrayed by me. Whether her wishes and mine could have prevailed at that time, you, Sir can judge better than I can. I am, Sir with a respect for your character and administration which it would be flattery for me to express, your humble Servant\n John Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0361", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Miles King, 5 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: King, Miles\n I recd. tho\u2019 not at an early day your frien[d]ly letter of the 29th, June last.\n The letters & communications addressed to me on religious subjects, have been so numerous and of characters so various, that it has been an established rule to decline all correspondence on them. Your reflection will I doubt not do justice to this rule. You may be assured that I do it fully to the pious motives which dictated your letter, and that I am very thankful for the kind solicitude you express for my future happiness.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0362", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mendal Churchill, [ca. 5 September 1816]\nFrom: Churchill, Mendal\nTo: Madison, James\n Humbly Shows Mendal Churchill a mariner, now under confinement in the jail in Boston, in the District of Massachusetts that in the last year he was a mate on board the American Brig Nancy, commanded by Captain John Hazzleton, bound on a voyage from the Havannah to Boston, that said vessel stopped at a place called Holmes\u2019 Hole in the Collection District of Barnstable at which place a quantity of merchandize was illegally landed, and that your petitioner, being called on to assist in unlading the same, did so, without considering that he was breaking the Laws of the United States, that in thus rendering himself liable to prosecution, he did not gain, or expect to gain, any benefit or advantage whatever to himself, that he was afterwards prosecuted in the District Court in Massachusetts, and judgment recovered against him at the Term of said Court holden on the second Tuesday of March in the present year, for the sum of five hundred and seventy dollars, debt, and for the sum of fifty eight dollars and thirty eight cents, costs\u2014that a writ of execution having issued on said judgment he has been committed to the common jail thereon. He\nfurthermore humbly represents that he is very poor and wholly unable to discharge himself from imprisonment by paying said debt or any part thereof, that he has never acquired any property, nor even been able at all times to support himself. That at the close of the late war he was liberated from a long and distressing confinement in the Prison of Dartmoor in England by which his health was much injured, and that the voyage in which he so unfortunately and ignorantly offended against the laws of the United States was the first in which he had engaged after his return to his own country. That his prospects are now very afflictive, in as much as poverty and ill health preclude any hope of relief from his present confinement but in the clemency and goodness of your Excellency. He therefore humbly prays that your gracious pardon may be extended to him, and that he may be once more restored to liberty and allowed an opportunity of proving by his future good conduct, that neither a criminal or inadvertent disregard of the Laws of his country shall ever again make him the subject of prosecution, or unworthy of that protection which the Government extends to all who deserve it.\n Mendal Churchill", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0364", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nathaniel Pope, 5 September 1816\nFrom: Pope, Nathaniel\nTo: Madison, James\n Kaskaskia Septr 5th. 1816\n Having offered to serve the people of Illinois in Congress I beg leave to resign the Office of Secretary of the Illinois Territory, which I now hold. I tender you assurances of High consideration and have the honor to be Sir Yr. obt. Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0365", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 6 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Montpellier Sepr. 6. 1816\n I return the answers of the Banks to the Treasury proposition. Some of them, I observe, are sore at the idea of their yielding to the temptation of gain, in prolonging the refusal to resume specie payments. The best mode of repelling the suspicion would be to dispose of their public stock, and thus reduce their dividends. Whilst they refuse to co-operate with the Treasury, that circumstance will justify it in not persisting in efforts to anticipate the epoch fixed by Congress for a general reform; and an adherence to that epoch can not be declined, unless Congs. should themselves give way. That great exertions will be used to overcome their firmness and to substitute the epoch (July next) fixed by the Banks, can not be doubted; and the success of these exertions is not a little to be apprehended, unless the National Bank can acquire an activity that will enfeeble the pleas of the State Banks, and fortify the good dispositions in that Body. This may be hoped for; and\nthe hope is strengthened by the general views you present of the fiscal condition of the U.S., which can not fail to be grateful and encouraging to the nation.\n The proposition of Mr. Carroll is a handsome one. It may lie over however for the meeting of Congress, or at least till our re-assembling at Washington. The sufficiency of the offer to say nothing of the authority to accept it can not be judged of, without knowing how far it embraces the ground considered by Mr. Hassler as essential, or what effect it may have on the owners of the residue.\n I have not departed from the course intimated to you, for filling the vacancy which your determination to retire will produce at a day not very distant. Mr. Crawford signified lately his acquiescence in the proposition made to him, and I have written to Mr. Clay in consequence of it. As soon as I receive his answer, you shall be made acquainted with it. Accept My great esteem & cordial regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0366", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 6 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n On perusing your letters to Mr. DeNeuville, and Mr. Gallatin, some ideas occurred which induced me to put them on paper for your consideration. Those relating to the first letter are interlined with a pencil. Those relating to the 2d. are partly so, & partly penned on a separate sheet. In the communication to Mr. G. I thought it might be not amiss to suggest the several topics which he may find it expedient to develope orally or in writing. Reject or use any or the whole as you judge best.\n As De Neuvilles communication to his Govt. may first arrive and forestall impressions at Paris, the interlineation in pa. 2d. of the letter to him, is intended to suggest an important and very pertinent fact which may not be known there, & which he will not disclose; and to controul the effect of his magnifying comments on the subject. Whether this last part of the interlineation merits adoption is the more questionable of the two.\n The little delay occasioned by this retrograde of the papers is not material as De Neuville himself will think on receiving your answer. But to avoid a protraction of it, it will be best to sign blank sheets, (if there be none signed at the office) for copies of the letters whatever the final shapes you \u27e8m\u27e9ay give them, and to send them with your drafts directly to Mr Graham, with instructions to forward triplicates immediately to Mr. Gallatin.\nPerhaps one ought to be forwarded thro. G.B. I have no objection if you think it proper to your intimating to Mr. Gallatin that the recall of De Neuville is not our object, nor wish if his continuance be agreeable to his Govt. Yrs.\n J. Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0368", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nathan Sanford, 6 September 1816\nFrom: Sanford, Nathan\nTo: Madison, James\n New York 6th. September 1816.\n John Targee Esquire of this City, is willing to accept the office of Marshal for the Southern District of NewYork. He is honest, capable, and faithful to the constitution. He is, and always has been a Republican, in the most orthodox sense of the term. His character is in all respects, fair and excellent; and he enjoys a very honorable place in the favor and esteem of his fellow citizens. With perfect respect I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient servant\n Nathan Sanford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0369", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 7 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n War Department 7th. Sept. 1816.\n The inclosed Sketch of instructions have been hastily drawn up this morning, & are forwarded to see if they are in the main conformable to your views. Upon examining the names of applicants for office in the department, I discovered none which were sufficiently Known to me in the States proposed in my communication, to justify their selection. In the meantime a letter from Governor Posey was recd. asking employment, &\nparticularly in the Indian department. As the land proposed to be obtained is Known to be of great importance, & its limits in some degree defined, I have thought that no inconvenience would result from the employment of these Western men on this occasion, especially as the instructions can be so framed as to prevent the possibility of abuse. If no objections therefore are believed to exist Genl Posey, I would suggest the propriety of employing him in the transaction of this business.\n Dr Bibb will not accept of the Creek agency, & the case of the Governor requires further consideration.\n I shall See Mr Bagot to day, & ascertain whether that affair can be satisfactorily arranged. I have the honor to be yours most sincerely.\n Wm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0370", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 7 September 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\n A visit to Dartmouth university to meet the Trustees, has prevented me from answering your favour of Augt. the 20th.\n The Frigate Congress is undergoing repairs, her state was worse than it was apprehended, but having commenced it was necessary to proceed with her repairs: she will be ready, in all probability, in 3 weeks.\n The instructions, with Mr Monroe, dispatches to Comr chauncey have gone in the Spark, from N York.\n The information relative the NW coast of Ama., in the inclosed letter, was obtained by Capn Morris at my request; I send it to you, it may be well to let Mr. Monroe See it, & he can deposit in Navy Dept. at Washington. Anything from you will duly attended to, by Your, respectful hu St\n BW Crowninshield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0371", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 9 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n My dear Sir.\n Washington 9th Sepr. 1816\n I yesterday recd. a letter from Gnrl Samuel Smith of Baltimore, to which is added a postcript in the following words; viz. \u201cThe equipment of vessels to cruize against the Spanish trade is to be regretted. Is there no way to prevent it? Will it not interfere with our chance of purchasing East Florida?[\u201d]\n The letter itself contains nothing upon this subject.\n I was informed by Mr Beasley that a British vessel had lately arrived at Baltimore, having on Board Genl Mina, & who contemplated hostilities against Spain, in conjunction with the Patriots. It was understood that the British vessel had cleared for the U. S. & that bonds had been given, that the Cargo consisting of Arms & munitions of war, Should be landed in one of our ports. He stated that he had understood a sale, either in fact, or in appearance, was to be made of vessel & Cargo, as the means of complying with the bond. It was understood, that the arms & munitions formed a complete armament of the vessel, which is represented to be large. Mr Beasley further stated, many adventurers from this country were engaging in the expedition, & that in one case the father of a young man had come on to Baltimore and had had him arrested for debt; and thrown into jail, as the only means of preventing it. He stated that this vessel was mo[o]red directly in the route of the Steam boat, & that the enquiries which were made by the passengers on passing it, could not fail to diffuse a Knowledge of what was going on, through every part of the U.S.\n Such is the information which I have recd, and altho the Vessel principally implicated Sails under the British flag, & is commanded by a British officer, yet it appears to me to be of Sufficient importance to be Communicated, at least to you Sir. Probably it will be thought expedient, to make further enquiries, & ascertain more precisely the nature of the equipments going on, & the character which they may ultimately assume, before any decision is made in relation to them.\n I have Seen Mr Bagot who has assured me that if the British deserters, on persevering in their request, Shall be delivered over to him, that he will make Such a representation as will effect every thing in their favor, which can be supposed to depend upon him, but that he cannot undertake to guarranty their safety against the punishment to which their offences subject them, if the law should be rigorously executed. I told him that it was not expected, that he should take this responsibility upon himself, but that in making his representation he should distinctly, state, that the American government, in discharging the men, with a view to their being Sent back, calculated, that the motives which induced them to return, as well as those which produced their discharge, would exempt them from the penalties due to the offences they had committed. He acquiesced entirely in this view of the Question, & assured me that the wishes of this government should be Strictly complied with.\n I have directed Colo Bomford to enquire into the facts & to warn them of the danger to which they will be exposed, & to assure them at the Same time, that they must be Sent out of the Country, & that they will not be discharged until the Minister provides the Means of sending them back to their own Country. If they persevere in their wishes, as soon as Mr Bagot is prepared to receive them, they will be placed at his disposition, with an express engagement to Send them home.\n My children are better with the whooping cough. Mrs. Crawford unites with me in affectionate regards to yourself & Mrs Madison & Mr Todd.\n Wm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0372", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 9 September 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Dept of State 9th Sepr 1816.\n Mr Monroe has written to me for certain Papers respecting Mr Kosloffs affair and among others for a Copy of his Letter to Mr Harris. With the exception of this last Paper all the others are sent to him by this Mail. That too will be prepared and sent as soon as practicable but as he is anxious to have it immediately may I take the Liberty to ask the favor of you to send him the Copy which was forwarded to you some time since at his request.\n As Mr Monroe\u2019s Answer to a late Letter of Mr de Neuville respecting his demand about Mr Skinner did not come on with the Note which was intended to accompany it, I have supposed that you had retained it as also Mr Monroe\u2019s Letter to Mr Gallatin on that subject. Should it be otherwise, will you be so good as to intimate it to him, as it is possible that he may have omitted to put them in the Cover which he had intended for them.\n We have had most seasonable weather here for some days past, which I hope has extended to Orange and has produced the best effects on the growing Crops. With Affectionate Respect I am Dear Sir your Mo. Obt Sert\n John Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0373", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Pierre S. Compere, 10 September 1816\nFrom: Compere, Pierre S.\nTo: Madison, James\n Natchitoches Sepr. 10th. 1816\n I am instructed by the Church Wardens of the Roman Catholic Congregation of St Fran\u00e7ois of Natchitoches as President of that Corporation, to trouble your Excellency again on the subject of the ground occupied by the Indian Factory in this place, belonging to the Church.\n On the thirteenth of December 1813 I was authorised by an order of the Church Wardens, a copy of which is enclosed to offer to the government of the United States to accept an abandonment of the buildings erected on the ground, as a compensation for rent and timber cut upon the premises. In pursuance of that authority I had the honor to address to your Excellency a petition to that effect. No definitive step has yet been taken by Mr Linnard the United States Factor, and since orderes have been receieved to remove that establishment together with the Agency and Garrison from this place, Mr Linnard has addresed a letter to the Church Wardens, of which the enclosed is a copy, offering to sell the buildings in question and to pay a reasonable compensation for rent &c In answer it was proposed to submit the amount of rent to Arbitrators to be mutually appointed; but on examining more particularly our charter it was thought that we had not the power to proceed by compromise or arbitration.\n In consequence of that the Church Wardens authorised Mr Bullard their Attorney to propose to Mr Linnard the same terms, which were first offered to the Government in 1813, as will appear by an order dated the 9th: Instant, of which a copy is herewith enclosed. Mr Linnard declines to accept this arrangement.\n The public use to which the buildings and land in question are destined, that of a Court house for the County induce the Church Wardens to be more urgent on this subject than they otherwise would be. The edifices are of little value and the timber of which they were constructed Cut upon the land itself. The Proposition made to Mr Linnard appears to the Corporation to be just and fair, that when the establishment shall be finally abandoned the buildings should be permitted to remain as a compensation for the rent and the timber cut upon the ground.\n If your Excellency should view the subject in the same light, we trust that instructions will be given to the Factor to enter definitively into the arrangement proposed. I have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient Servant.\n Pre. S. ComperePresidant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0374", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 10 September 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I now enclose you a project of a letter to ct. Nesselrode, on the subject of Mr Kosloff, with a short one to Mr Daschkoff, putting it under his last. You seemd to think that it wod. be best, to answer Daschkoffs letter, by one to his superior, in which, I entirely concur. In that case, the more concise the letter to Daschkoff the better. It will of course go sealed, I mean that to Ct. Nesselrode. It was impossible to answer Daschkoff without entering into a discussion with him, as I infer from his not answering my last letter\nto him, and making the application, unconnected with any thing that had passed, and in opposition to much, at least, by suppressing it. Much time has elapsed, owing to many interruptions, and the nec[e]ssity of being free from any, which I have not been till this rain. I wish you to correct both papers, and if the corrections make, the recopying them necessary, that you will be so good as to let Mr Todd do it, & forward them on to Mr Graham, without returning them to me.\n Your amendments with a few exceptions only, I adopted in the letter to Mr Gallatin. Those in the letter to the French minister, as they did not alter the Character of the paper, and you did not seem anxious about them, (the same sentiments being expressd in the letter to Mr Gallatin) I omitted.\n I enclose you a letter to Mr Graham, which you will forward, in case you find it applicable, or destroy, instructing himself, if it is not respectfully yours\n Jas Monroe\n I enclose also Mr Daschkoffs letter to me.\n In the two paraghs. preceding the last, I have endeavourd to show that the delay in applying to the govt., was one cause, why the arrest, might have taken place, if and after it had, why the govt. would not interpose more effectually. Blame belongs therefore to the Russians. In the next the last, I have also suggested the question of priviledge, & while no sanction is given to it, shewn that if it existed, it was in part lost, at least, by their neglect. In this, it was necessary to suppose, some power in the Executive, as otherwise, its interference would be an abuse; but in that allowed it, I have sought, to avoid encroaching on the rights of the judiciary.\n In the last paragh. in the 3d. page I have noted, by the pencil, some words which had perhaps better be omitted. Compromise may imply a disposition to screen a felon. Suffering his escape, or sending him home for trial, are the only other modes, which would have prevented his arrest. These, or either, of them, may be understood, by leaving out the words underlined.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0375", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Curtis, 11 September 1816\nFrom: Curtis, John\nTo: Madison, James\n The Petition of John Curtis of St. Albans in the District of Vermont, Respectfully sheweth,\n That by the consideration and Judgment of the Circuit Court holden at Windsor, in said District on the 21 day of May AD 1816, your petitioner was sentenced to pay a fine to the United States the sum of \u27e8tw\u27e9o thousand, three hundred and seventy eight dollars, and to pay cost of prosecution taxed at one hundred and forty four dollars, and ninety five cents, and stand committed untill said sentence be complied with. That pursuant to said sentence, the Marshal of said District on the 7th day of June AD 1816, committed your petitioner to the gaol in St Albans aforesaid, where he still remains. That your petitioner is brought into his present unfortunate situation, by attempting to smuggle contraband goods, amounting to between\nseven and eight hundred dollars which were seized and adjudged forfeit to the United States. Your petitioner would further shew that within a few years past, by the unexpected failure of those indebted to him, and of others for whom he was responsible as bail, and otherwise, he has been striped of his property, such as could be converted into money, and his lands too much embarrassed ever to attempt to redeem them, that he is now quite advanced in life, infirm in body and feeble in health, and what is peculiarly mortifying, is, his total inability to pay said fine or even the cost of prosecution. In this destitute and unhappy condition, he with confidence appeals to the clemency of the President for relief, and prays that said fine and cost be remitted and your petitioner as in duty bound will ever pray,\n John Curtis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0376", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 11 September 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n When the report first reached me, that Mr. Sheldon was going to Europe, I felt some solicitude, that he should not go, before the Treasurer\u2019s accounts were stated and settled; and I released him from all the other duties of the office, that he might attend exclusively to that object. I certainly felt no objection, generally, to his departure, as his health really required some relaxation from business; nor was I at all disposed to deprive him of the benefit of Mr. Gallatin\u2019s patronage: but, if I had been apprised of your decision to nominate him as Secretary of Legation, it would have been my duty to reccommend a stipulation, that he should not leave the office, until he had executed the special trust, which belonged peculiarly to him. I mention these circumstances merely to introduce the inclosed note from the Treasurer, on the subject of his Accounts, and my answer. The Clerks are not familiar, with this part of our business; and one of them, who has been charged with it, in consequence of Mr. Sheldon\u2019s resignation, has not, I fear, a conciliatory temper, or habits of mind, suited to the task. Every thing that can be done, shall be done, to recover our lee-way. It is proper to add, that the aid derived by the Treasurer from the Secretary\u2019s office, is an affair of usage and comity; not of legal obligation, under the Acts of Congress. The law requires the Treasurer to render and settle his own accounts.\n This opportunity is taken to transmit a letter from Mr. Robertson, reccommending the removal of Mr. DuPlessis, and the appointment of Mr.\nBeverly Chew. There is something in the terms of reccommending Mr. Chew, which merits reflection. He is an honest man; but he is insolvent; or so I infer from Mr. Robertson\u2019s language.\n Commodore Porter has written a letter offering a site on Meridian Hill (his late purchase) for an Observatory. The terms of the offer are reasonable; but I have answered, that the establishment of an Observatory is postponed until the meeting of Congress; that another site had been selected by Mr. Hassler; and that Mr. Carroll had offered to sell, or give, it to the Government: but I added that his letter would be submitted to you, and duly considered.\n The pressure of business has continued throughout the summer; and I approach the termination of my official life, with a solicitude, of which my affectionate attachment to you is the source. I hope, however, to leave the Department in a situation of less difficulty to my Successor, than could well have been expected; and the Report (which is copying) will give him all the general views, that are necessary to guide him, in the commencement of his labours. Of myself, I can only speak with care and doubt, when I reflect upon the effect of two years absence from the Bar, to obstruct and embarrass my return; but when you mentioned my determination to retire from the Treasury, I am sure you would account for that determination, from the necessity of changing my situation, for the sake of my family; or from any other cause; rather than from an indisposition to remain with you. I am, Dear Sir most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0380", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 15 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Montpellier Sepr. 15. 1816\n I have duly recd. yours of the 11th. The difficulty which gave rise to the letter from the Treasurer is much to be regretted, and the regret is\nincreased by the cause of it. The condition at which you glance would have been justly imposed on Mr. Sheldon. His nomination to the Senate was postponed to what was considered as the latest date, with reference in part at least to a protraction of his duties in the Treasury; and was made known under the impression that the intention was not unknown. Your answer to Dr. Tucker, and instruction to Mr. Taylor are certainly the best remedy that the case admits of. I sincerely wish it may terminate the adventitious trouble thrown on you.\n The favorable report of the Comptroller on the accounts of Mr. Duplessis, with the pecuniary situation of Mr. Chew hinted in the recommendation of him by Mr. Robertson, will justify a pause on our part\u2014perhaps till the meeting of Congress.\n The offer of Commodore Porter may lie over for a comparison with other sites for an Observatory. Your answer to him was the proper one.\n I have not yet heard from Mr Clay. Should he decline the proposal made to him, the delicate considerations attending a completion of the Cabinet will not be at an end. Whatever may be the final arrangement, I hope you will be persuaded, that I have never contemplated your purpose of retiring from the Treasury Dept. without doing justice to your motives, or without recollecting the great private sacrifices involved your acceptance of and continuance in that important public Trust; that I feel with full force the expressions in your letter which are personal to myself, and that I take a sincere interest in what may relate to your future welfare & happiness.\n If there be no objection within the knowlege of the Treasy. Dept. to a pardon of Augustus Johnson whose petition is inclosed, be so good as to have one made out.\n I took the liberty of requesting thro\u2019 Mr. Rush the attention of yourself and the other members of the Cabinet at Washington, to the difficulties arising in the business superintended by Col: Lane, who thought with me that a decision on them could be better formed on the spot, than by myself at this distance. I have just recd. the inclosed letter from the Librarian, which presents a new one. Between the alternatives of a temporary building, and a continuance of the Library where it is, the option seems to be prescribed by a want of Legislative provision for the former. Will you be so good as to obtain from Col: Lane a full view of the case and to decide on it as may be found best by yourself and the other gentlemen. Mr. Watterston is informed of this reference of the subject.\n We have had a profusion of rain after an unexampled drought. It will be of great benefit to farmers & planters in several respects, but it is too late to have any material effect on the Crops of Indian Corn the great esculent staple in this Country, and its excess gives it a bad as well as a good effect, on Tobacco the other \u27e8im\u27e9portant crop at stake. This is the 10th. day since I have been able to communicate with Mr. Monroe who is separated from\nme by a branch of James River. The interruption however has been prolonged by the want of exertion in the mail Carrier. Accept my esteem & affe. respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0381", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Watterston, 15 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Watterston, George\n Montpellier Sepr. 15. 1816\n I have recd. your letter of the 12th. Having heretofore desired the Members of the Executive at Washington to attend to the difficulties connected with the rebuilding of the Capitol, I have referred the case which you state to their decision. Accept my friendly respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0383", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Baron de Montlezun-Labarthette, [ca. 16 September 1816]\nFrom: Montlezun\u2010Labarthette (Montlezun de Labarthette), Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Sernin du Moulin, baron de\nTo: Madison, James\n Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident,\n Un ancien Officier de l\u2019arm\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise, ayant eu l\u2019avantage de servir sous l\u2019immortel Washington, et le G\u00e9n\u00e9ral La fayette, au Si\u00e8ge d\u2019Yorck-town, il y a pr\u00e9sentement 35 ann\u00e9es, a le bonheur d\u2019\u00eatre rendu pr\u00e8s de Votre demeure, charg\u00e9 d\u2019une lettre du Marquis pour Votre Excellence.\n D\u00e9barqu\u00e9 depuis peu de jours \u00e0 Norfolk, je me suis empress\u00e9 de venir Vous trouver, dans l\u2019espoir que Votre Excellence ayant \u00e9gard aux instances de l\u2019Amiti\u00e9 et aux bonnes recommandations d\u2019un homme qui jouit, \u00e0 juste t\u00eetre, d\u2019une aussi grande v\u00e9n\u00e9ration que Votre ancien ami, le G\u00e9n\u00e9ral la fayette, et aussi \u00e0 mes faibles Services en faveur de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance Am\u00e9ricaine, voudra bien prendre inter\u00eat \u00e0 la situation difficile o\u00f9 je me trouve apr\u00e8s de longues infortunes et, recemment encore, par un accident \u00e9prouv\u00e9 \u00e0 la mer.\n Je suis porteur d\u2019un Certificat du Marquis, lequel constate mes anciens services Militaires en Virginie, et ceux de mon p\u00e8re qui, en sa qualit\u00e9 de Lt.-Colonel du R\u00e9giment de touraine, commanda la tranch\u00e9e de Gauche pendant tout le si\u00e8ge d\u2019Yorck-town, et, entr\u2019autres, lorsque le Vaisseau de guerre Anglais, le Caron fut br\u00fbl\u00e9 par nos Batteries.\n J\u2019eus le malheur de perdre mon p\u00e8re par suite des blessures qu\u2019il re\u00e7ut durant la guerre de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance.\n Priv\u00e9 de mon patrimoine dans la tourmente r\u00e9volutionnaire, et desirant me fixer en Am\u00e9rique, je viens Solliciter Votre puissant appui, Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, pour me faire obtenir une Concession de terres, s\u2019il est vrai que j\u2019y aye quelque droit et pour moi et pour mon p\u00e8re; soit qu\u2019on m\u2019alloue un Lot territorial, soit que l\u2019indemnit\u00e9 ou Gratification me f\u00fbt accord\u00e9e en argent.\n Je me flatte que je pourrai me rendre utile dans ce pays: Mon intention serait de faire ex\u00e9cuter un Projet que j\u2019ai con\u00e7u, il y a plusieurs ann\u00e9es. Il est certain qu\u2019il procurerait d\u2019\u00e9tonnans avantages au Gouvernement et \u00e0 la population enti\u00e8re des Etats-Un\u00ees, en particulier, et, G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, \u00e0 tous les peuples Civilis\u00e9s, mais j\u2019aurais besoin d\u2019\u00eatre aid\u00e9.\n Il s\u2019agirait d\u2019\u00e9tablir une Poste-Volante, au moyen de la quelle les lettres\u2014par \u00e9crit, parviendraient, en moins de 24 heures, de la Capitale aux principales fronti\u00e8res et aux ports-de-mer les plus importans; et vice Vers\u00e2, la Communication ayant lieu de jour et de nuit et en toute saison, sans obstacle quelconque!\n Malheureusement mon Manuscrit est rest\u00e9 en Europe; mais le projet et les moyens me sont tellement pr\u00e9sens que ce Manuscrit ne m\u2019est nullement indispensable. Je ne l\u2019ai confi\u00e9 qu\u2019\u00e0 un Ministre et \u00e0 un tr\u00e8s petit nombre d\u2019individus tr\u00e8s \u00e9clair\u00e9s: tous furent frapp\u00e9s de la hardiesse de l\u2019id\u00e9e et de la grandeur du projet, et m\u2019engag\u00e8rent \u00e0 le Soumettre au Gouvernement.\n Convaincu que la chose est facile \u00e1 \u00e9tablir, je compte, \u00e0 mon retour \u00e0 Washington, prendre les mesures n\u00e9cessaires pour m\u2019assurer le fruit de ma d\u00e9couverte, en cas de Succ\u00e8s.\n L\u2019accident que j\u2019ai \u00e9prouv\u00e9 derni\u00e8rement, la perte d\u2019une malle tomb\u00e9e \u00e0 la mer, me r\u00e9duit \u00e0 la d\u00e9tresse.\n C\u2019est avec une peine infinie que j\u2019ai pu me rendre \u00e0 Orange-County.\n Oserais-je me flatter, Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, que Votre Excellence daignant avoir \u00e9gard aux bonnes recommandations de l\u2019homme du monde qui Lui est le plus sinc\u00e8rement attach\u00e9, et en Consid\u00e9ration de mes Services et de mes infortunes, voudra bien venir obligeamment \u00e0 mon aide et m\u2019admettre \u00e0 l\u2019honneur de Lui pr\u00e9senter mes tr\u00e8s humbles hommages en m\u00eame tems que la lettre de Son ancien et fid\u00e8le Ami. Je suis avec un tr\u00e8s profond respect, Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, de Votre Excellence, le tr\u00e8s humble, tr\u00e8s Ob\u00e9issant et d\u00e9vou\u00e9 Serviteur\n le Bon. de Montlezun-LabarthetteChr. de l\u2019ordre Royal et Mre. de Saint-Louis.\n CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n A former French army officer who served under the immortal Washington and General Lafayette at the siege of Yorktown thirty-five years ago is pleased to arrive near JM with a letter for him from the marquis. Having landed a few days ago at Norfolk, he hastens to find JM, relying on the customs of friendship, the good recommendations of General Lafayette, and his own poor services in favor of American independence, in the hope that JM will be pleased to take an interest in the difficult situation he finds himself after long misfortunes and, still more recently, an accident at sea. He brings a certificate from the marquis confirming his former military\nservices in Virginia, and those of his father who, as a lieutenant colonel of the Touraine regiment, commanded the left flank during the siege of Yorktown and among other incidents when the English warship Charon was burned by American batteries. He has had the misfortune to lose his father as a result of wounds received during the War of Independence. Deprived of his inheritance by the French revolutionary tempest, and wishing to establish himself in America, he has come to solicit JM\u2019s support in obtaining a grant of lands, if it is true that he has any right to it, either in his own right or his father\u2019s, or whether an indemnity or gratuity might be granted to him in money. He flatters himself that he will be able to make himself useful in this country. His intention is to carry out a project which he conceived several years ago in the certainty that it will procure amazing advantages to the government and the whole population of the United States and generally to all civilized peoples. It would involve establishing a Flying Post, by which letters in written form would travel in less than twenty-four hours from the capital to the main borders and most important seaports, and vice versa, with communication taking place day and night and in any season, without any obstacle whatever! Unfortunately, he left his manuscript in Europe, but the project and means are so ever present in his mind that the manuscript is not indispensable. He has never shared it with anyone except a minister and a very small number of enlightened people. All were struck with the boldness of the idea and the grand scope of the project and have urged him to submit it to the government. Convinced that the matter is easy to establish, he counts on taking the necessary measures to secure his discovery in the event of its success after his return to Washington. The accident which he lately suffered, the loss of a trunk which fell into the sea, reduces him to distress. After taking infinite pains, he has been able to reach Orange County. Should he flatter himself that JM will be pleased to consider the recommendations of the man who is most sincerely attached to JM, that JM would come to his aid in consideration of his past services and misfortunes and allow him the privilege of presenting his humble respects at the same time with the letter from JM\u2019s old and faithful friend.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0384", "content": "Title: Samuel Harrison Smith to Alexander J. Dallas, 16 September 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Smith, Samuel Harrison\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n \u00a7 Samuel Harrison Smith to Alexander J. Dallas. 16 September 1816, Treasury Department, Revenue Office. \u201cThe Keeper of the Nantucket Light House appearing to have abused the confidence reposed in him, it is recommended that Captain George Bunker be appointed to succeed him.\n \u201cGiles Holt, Keeper of the Light House on Little Gull Island, having resigned, it appears from the enclosed letters marked A. & B. that John Rogers 2d. is properly qualified for his successor.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0385", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hendrick W. Gordon, 17 September 1816\nFrom: Gordon, Hendrick W.\nTo: Madison, James\n Merrimack, NH, September, 17th. 1816.\n The office of Consul at the port of Palermo in the Island of Sicily, having become vacant in consequence of the death of Mr Gibbs, our Consul there, I respectfully ask of the President that office.\n I do not consider it necessary to furnish additional testimonials of my character & fitness for public employment, beleiving that what has been said in my favour, by The Honourable Messrs. Adams, Gray, and Seaver, of Massachusetts, and our worthy Governor Plumer, is sufficient. I am personally known to the Honbl. Secretary of the Navy, the Honbl. Richard Cutts, and, Adjudant and Inspector General of the Army. Should the President be pleased to give me this or any other appointment suited to my talents, industry, and commercial knowledge, I shall be very grateful. I have the honor to be, with great Respect, Your very humble Servant\n Hendrick W Gordon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0386", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 17 September 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington September 17. 1816\n Mr Dallas, Mr Crawford and myself met yesterday upon the business relative to the capitol.\n It struck us, that, under the act of congress of the 29th of April last, the executive possesses authority to sanction the encroachment upon the centre building, to give room for the stair-way contemplated by Mr. Latrobe. Touching the expediency of such a measure, we found a resolution of the senate of the 5th of April last, not before brought into view, but which has immediate relation to the subject. If I had the journal now at hand, I would set it out. The amount of it however is, that the very alteration proposed was submitted to the senate and approved. We all considered that this foreclosed the necessity of further deliberation. The measure will therefore, I presume, go into effect.\n As respects the material for the roof, though full of distrust of ourselves, we determined upon copper.\n The impression of my very agreeable visit to Orange is still upon me. I have thought much of you during the late rains, which I hope will have raised up the drooping corn fields all around you. Here they have been abundant, and almost incessant, since the 3d of the month.\n I left my little family well at Annapolis a few days ago, and with respectful compliments to Mrs Madison, beg to offer to you the assurances of my great attachment and respect.\n Richard Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0387", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Homans, 18 September 1816\nFrom: Homans, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\n Navy Department, September 18th. 1816.\n I have the honour to transmit the enclosed papers; which are of sufficient importance to induce me to trouble you upon the subjects they embrace, and to ask for instructions.\n I have presumed to present these documents to your consideration, previously to taking any other step in the absence of the Secretary of the Navy. Most respectfully, I am, Sir, Your Obedt. Servt.\n Benjamin Homans", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0388", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Homans, 18 September 1816\nFrom: Homans, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\n Navy Department, Septr. 18. 1816.\n The enclosed proceedings are transmitted for the consideration of the President of the United States. By order of the Secretary of the Navy.\n Benjamin Homans", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0389", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John G. Jackson, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jackson, John G.\n Mrs. M. has just put the inclosed into my hands. I hope it will find you well, with all those around you.\n At this distance from Washington the foreign intelligence would not reach you as soon, as it does directly thro\u2019 that channel. The printed accts. turn chiefly on the general distress in Europe from the stagnation of business, succeeding the preternatural activity & consumptions of war, and on the excess of cold & rainy weather, which threatens a general deficiency in the harvests. The accts. from Spanish America are so contradictory that no opinion can be formed of the real prospects on that interesting Theatre.\n Our Official information from abroad is not very recent, nor decisive on any of the points in discussion with the several of the European Govts. We\nhave not heard of the arrival even of Mr. Pinkney at Naples; but it must have been early in July, or rather not late in that month, as he left Gibralter in the beginning of it. Our Affairs with Algiers are in a critical State. The issue will be influenced by that of the Expedition under Lord Exmouth, whose object is perfectly in cypher to the world. Our force there is sufficient to prevent the mischiefs of a sudden rupture, but may not be so to awe the passions of the Dey, if he makes peace with G. B. and particularly if the nature of it should furnish fuel to them.\n The Season in this quarter has till very lately been cold & dry without example. The crops of corn will not reach more than half of the usual amount, and in many place not a third, in some scarcely as much as to be worth saving. From the scanty samples of Tobo. in this neighborhood, that crop also will be very deficient. I hope such pictures are not applicable to your region.\n Present me respectfully to Mrs. Jackson, & Mrs. Meigs if she be still with you; and Mr. Meigs also if not returned to the City, or on a visit to the Westward; and accept for yourself my cordial regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0390", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n There is much force in the reasons given herein for an appt. of a Successor to Genl. Smith, which I had proposed to delay till our return to Washington, if not till the Meeting of Congs. Unless you think some other preferable on the whole to the Depy: Marshall, direct a Commission for him, or if you please a blank one, to be made out & forwarded for our signature. Yrs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0391", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Anderson, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Anderson, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington City 19th Sepr 1816\n Being desirous that the application which I now make, Shoud reach you, with as little delay as possible, I have taken leave to transmit the enclosed letters directly to you, instead of the more usual course, through the Secretary of State, an aditional consideration is; that at this time, I know not where a letter wou\u2019d find Colonel Monroe, whether at Loudon or Albemarle.\n I am well acquanted With the Gentlemen, who have recommended Captain Phillips; Mr. Haywood, was formerly one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of North Carolina, has been removed to West Tennessee about Six or Seven years\u2014is a man of The first order of Tallents, and in other respects Occupys a high Standing in the State. Mr Whiteside was a Senator in Congress, and is also a man of high Standing at the Barr. The other two Gentlemen, Mr. Tatham and Mr Balcch, are both men of real respectability. I am not personally acquainted with Captain Joseph Phillips, though I have been with his Father many years Since\u2014he is of a verry respectable and Strong family in West Tennessee\u2014and I have Often heard him Spoken of, by Some respectable men of my acquaintance, as a young man of good talents, exemplary in his whole deportment, and Universally esteemd\u2014his appointment to the Office of Secretary of the Territory, wou\u2019d I have good reason to beleieve from his Charecter as a man, and his Services as an Officer\u2014be highly gratifying to a great number of the people of Tennessee\u2014and particularly to that Section of it, (which has lately evinced Some discontents) called West Tennessee. Accept assurance of my high and most respectful consideration.\n Jos: Anderson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0392", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington 19th Sept. 1816.\n The enclosed letter from Mr Hall, will explain the nature of the favor which he seeks in behalf of some of his neighbors. From my Knowledge of his Character, I have no difficulty in becoming responsible for the correctness of his intentions in making the request.\n The laws forbid intrusion upon the public lands; it may therefore be questionable whether the Executive can under any circumstances countenance such intrusion. If it can be justified under any possible circumstances, the request of Mr Hall may be granted. The act of Congress passed during the last Session, altho limited to settlers who had intruded before the first day of Febry. may be considered as settling the policy of the government at least so far, as relates to the public lands South of the State of Ohio.\n The reservation of three hundred & twenty acres in favor of those intruders has had, as I expected, the effect of exciting in the minds of those intruders the idea of pre-emption rights to that quantity; & has stimulated new settlements under the fallacious hope of being placed on the same footing with their precursors, in relation to the supposed pre-emption right. In consequence of this delusion, the number of intrusions Since the promulgation of that act, has greatly exceeded those in whose favor the act was ostensibly passed.\n This is more particularly the case on the lands embraced by the lines run by genl. Coffee.\n I am not informed of the measures which have been adopted by the Treasury department, to carry the act in question, into execution, nor the result of those measures. I take it however for granted, that no measures will be resorted to for the removal of those intruders, who are not protected by that act. It is highly probable, that any attempt on the part of the Executive to remove them, would only produce another interference on the part of Congress. If no measures are to be resorted to, against those who are liable to be removed, it would seem to be nothing more than an act of justice to the applicants in the present case, to say so. They are Certainly entitled to\nmore indulgence than those who have not thought it their duty to make any enquiry previous to their intrusion.\n No official information has been recd. at the department of the destruction of the Negroe fort, at the junction of the Flint & Chatahouchee rivers. This is probably owing to the attendance of Genl. Jackson in the Chickasaw nation.\n From information recently recd. it appears that provisions cannot be transported up the Chatahouchee higher than the fort lately destroyed in sea vessels; & that between that point, & Fort Gaines the water is so shoally as render the passage of small boats, very difficult at common tide.\n This fact will put an end to all attempts to supply the troops Stationed high up that river, from New Orleans, & will probably prevent the necessity of any collision between this government & the local authority of West Florida which would probably be produced by continued efforts of that Kind. It is highly probable that the destruction of the fort may produce remonstrance on the part of the Chevalier D\u2019Onis, but, not of a serious nature.\n The report of Pensacola being in possession of the Patriots which is again reviveed, I presume to be untrue. The seizure of a port on the Coast of the Vice Royalty of Mexico, would be of so much more importance to them, that I can hardly suppose, they have directed their efforts against the former place.\n Mrs Crawford unites with me in respectful regards to you & Mrs Madison, & Mr Todd. I am dear sir respectfully yours &C\n Wm H Crawford\n P. S. I have this moment recd. a letter from Govr. Clark, to which he has added, a postcript stating that the Commrs. had just effected an accommodation with the Illinois tribes for the claim set up by them to the lands purchased from the Sacs, &c & had obtained a slip connecting those lands with Lake Michigan; nearly as the government wished the arrangement made.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0393", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nicholas Fish, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Fish, Nicholas\nTo: Madison, James\n Williamsport, Septr. 19. 1816\n In consequence of indisposition it is impossible for me any longer to discharge the duties of Collector for the 21st. district of Pennsylvania. I therefore beg leave to resign the appointment which I now hold tendering you my thanks for the confidence you have been pleased to repose in me. I am with great respect your Excellencys humble servant,\n Nichs. Fish", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0394", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I send many letters recd. by this mail in favor of Mr Beaseley, which I have not had time to peruse. On the subject of the marshall to be appointed at New York, I shall direct, by next mail, a blank comn. to be forwarded to you, and it is probable I may be with you, by the time it arrives, as I shall leave this, according to present prospects, then, for your house on my way to Washington, to meet my family.\n I send several other papers, and avail myself of this opportunity, presuming it had before escaped me, to mention the claim of Mr Sharp\u2019s brother to the office of Secry. in one of the territories.\n Anxious to adjust my private affairs here, I have suffer\u2019d some of a public nature to accumulate on me But I will run thro\u2019 all the papers I have here\nto morrow, to take the necessary measures in regard to any that have been neglected. With affectionate resp\u27e8ect,\u27e9\n Jas Monro\u27e8e\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0395", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Thurber, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Thurber, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n Most Honrd. Sir,\n Providence R I 19th Septr. 1816\n The site which hath been ever, and by all, considred as fixed by nature for the defence of this town and its harbour; and by those who have taken a particular view and survey of the Waters, as the best and safe\u2019est place in this State, (some say in the United States) for a dock, can now be purchaced and (if rightly managed) at a fare price. The place is Fields Point, on which considerable works for defence were errected during the revolutionary war, and more during the late war. The circumstance is that the owner lately died, leaveing Ten heirs all of age. The whole estate consists of about Three Hundred Acres, very compact. Defensive works have been errected over nearly the length of it.\n I a few days since was calld, to assist in divideing it, some of the heirs appear desirous to remoove into the Western Country. All express an anxiety to sell, they are not able to purchace of each other, neither is a single share sufficient to cultivate for a liveing. I found them to be nearly agreed in a price, which is Twenty Thousand Dollars. I with my colleagues ware in oppinion with them. Others say that unless Government should appear to purchace, it will not bring so much, and if such application should be known, the price will be much more. I have heretofore been informed that it had been in contemplation to establish a Dock at this place, if such is the idea of Government an individual can now obtain it on honest princeples at a much less price than a known agent for the Publick possebly can.\n In this communication I have no other view than, as I consider it the duty of every citizen to inform Government of such circumstances as may attend to promote the Genl. Good, so is this made by Sir your Very Humbl. Sarvt,\n Saml. Thurber\n NB, I have no doubt but the Man may be found who some delight to honour, that can purchace this Estate at Forty Thousand Dollars and thereby place himself in something like a conspicuous situation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0396", "content": "Title: Remission for Mendal Churchill, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas at a late Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Massachusetts, begun and held at Boston in said District, Mendal Churchill, Mariner, was sentenced to pay a fine to the United States, with the costs of suit, for assisting to land a quantity of foreign merchandize in the said District contrary to law; and whereas it has been made to appear to me that the said Mendal Churchill, from his entire inability to pay the said fine and costs, is now, as he has been for some time past, confined in the common Jail at Boston, by virtue of an execution issued under the Judgment aforesaid against him; and whereas it has been made further to appear to me that the said Mendal Churchill always heretofore had sustained a good & reputable Character, and that there is little or no probability of his being ever able to pay the fine and costs of suit aforesaid: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the premises and for other good causes me thereunto moving, have remitted, and I do hereby remit the fine aforesaid, and every part thereof, willing & requiring that the said Mendal Churchill be forthwith discharged from his Imprisonment, and released from the Judgment of the Court aforesaid.\n In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my Hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.\n Done at the City of Washington this 19th day of September AD 1816, & of the Independence of the United States the forty first.\n James MadisonBy the President,Jas Monroe Secy of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0397", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Citizens of New Orleans, 20 September 1816\nFrom: Citizens of New Orleans\nTo: Madison, James\n New-Orleans September 20th 1816.\n Named by a numerous meeting of the Citizens of New-Orleans in order to lay before you the expression of their Sentiments on the Subject of the insult lately offered to our flag in the Gulf of Mexico by a Spanish Squadron; we hasten to transmit to you the resolutions adopted in that meeting.\n You will perceive in them those Strong feelings, which, on Such an occasion, must animate the Hearts of men proud of the fame which their Country has acquired, and resolved to preserve inviolate the National honor, even by the Sacrifice of all the blessings of peace, if war become necessary to vindicate it\u2014placed, Sir, near the Dominion of the King of Spain, we have witnessed the efforts made by that power to aid the cause of our enemy during our last Contest with great Britain. The banners of England were displayed over the fort of Pansacola; the Creek Indians learned in the public Square of that City, lessons of that ferocity which their Allies intended they Should exhibit on our frontiers; It was by Spanish officers that a British army was Conducted within Six miles of the City of New O\u27e8rleans;\u27e9 and when peace had put an end to hostilities wit\u27e8h\u27e9 great Britain, Apalachicola, a place Subject to Sp\u27e8ain,\u27e9 became the Asylum of the Banditti which Nichols \u27e8had\u27e9 embodied, and a Depot of Arms for the Hostile In\u27e8dians\u27e9. Disappointed in her expectation of recovering Louisian\u27e8a\u27e9 by the efforts of England, Spain demanded that a porti\u27e8on\u27e9 of this State Should be given back to her dominion. Taught by the dignified reply of our Cabinet, that Negotiations were unavailing to obtain degrading Submission, that Government has now put aside the disguise of friendship\u2014they avow the design of Humbling our National character, and of excluding ou\u27e8r\u27e9 flag from the Gulf of Mexico\u2014a Vessel of war, bearing the Colors of the United States has been attacked, th\u27e8e\u27e9 Sanctity of Treaties has been violated, the Blood of our Brave Sailors has flowed in the midst of a profound peace; and blows have been inflicted by the Slaves of a Despot on the bodies of freeborn Americans.\n The Vessel has returned\u2014our Countrymen have told The Tale of Horror\u2014every American Heart has felt the deep wound given to our national Honour. They all expect from that administration, which, when Europe bent under the Terrors of the British name, nobly upheld the Rights of a free and generous people, Those measures of vigor which will avenge the wrongs we have Sustained; and Strike with fear their perpetrators\u2014at a moment, Sir, when an oppressed people call for assistance, the Same measures which will restore the American name to it\u2019s high rank among nations, may also break the fetters of the New world; and oppose a great Confederacy of Republics in America, to that Coalition of Monarchs which\nnow rules the destinies of Europe\u2014while expecting in Anxious Suspence the resolves of government, permit us, Sir, to express the hope that the officers who direct the American forces in this quarter of the Union, will So employ them that every Hostile Step pursued by Spain, will be met by coresponding measures. We pray you, Sir, to Accept the assurance of our Respect\u2014Your Humb. & Obdt. Servants\n A L. DuncanAuguste Daversac de CasteraJno R Grymes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0398", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 20 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n War Department 20th Sept. 1816\n An account has been presented for payment at this department, which involves a principle, which so far as I have been informed, has not been distinctly decided.\n It appears that one Whitmore Knaggs, acted in the Year 1812 at Detroit in the double Capacity of Deputy Indian agent, & Indian interpreter before the Capture of that place. He was carried into Captivity by the enemy, & detained for a considerable time as a prisoner.\n It does not appear that he was in the Military service of the United States. He now claims the pay & emoluments, to which he would have been entitled had he Continued in the discharge of the duties of his civil appointments. I presume, that an office, which according to military usage, subjects the incumbent, to captivity when within the power of the enemy, will secure him in the enjoyment of its emoluments during that period. If the office does not expose him to Captivity, I think it questionable whether upon general principles he can claim his salary from the government, which is given in consideration of services rendered.\n In the course of the last war, I believe it was no uncommon practice on the part of the enemy, to Seize upon persons not in the land or naval service, or in the merchant Service at Sea. In these cases I presume no remuneration has been required or granted. Yet the inconvenience which has been suffered, is as great, as in the Case of Civil officers, whose Captivity has not been produced by their official character. The true principle of indemnity, appears to me, to be the exposure to Captivity, to which the office subjects the incumbent. Where there is no Such exposure, the Claim to the emoluments of office, during Captivity, appears to me not to be well founded. Had the officer been a private, his exposure would have been the same, & his sufferings as great, & perhaps much greater;\n The Question appears to me sufficiently doubtful at least, to solicit your decision upon it. I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humbe Servt\n Wm H Crawford\n PS. Perhaps there may be a distinction drawn between office[r]s holding their appointments during good behavior, & those holding, at the will of the government. The maxim of the common law, that the act of God, & of the Kings enemies, shall injure no man, may also be thought to apply to this case. In countries where offices are considered estates, this may be true, but in this Country where the salary is considered an equivalent for services performed, especially offices at the will of the government, the application of this maxim of the common law may be considered, doubtful.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0399", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 20 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n War Department 20th Sept. 1816.\n The inclosed letter to Richard Bland Lee Esquire explains the Nature of the additional regulations which appear to me to be necessary for the government of his conduct in the discharge of the duties Required by the act under which he has been appointed. I am apprehensive that the manner in which he is proceeding will give great dissatisfaction to the two houses of Congress at their next meeting. He has sanctioned the Claim of Mr Carroll, for the destruction of his buildings near the Capitol; & Mr Ringgold for his rope works. I have heard nothing of the nature of the evidence in the latter Case. In the former, it is said, that evidence proves, that the destruction was occasioned by the finding of an officer\u2019s uniform, & feathers, in them from which the British officers inferred that it had been a military depot, or had been occupied by a military force. It was not pretended by the Claimant, that it had been occupied in either way; but the inferences of the British officers were admitted as evidence of those facts, & an award was made accordingly. In the case of attending sick soldiers\u2014impressment of a fence\u2014destruction of property by the Soldiery without authority Mr Lee has sent the papers to the accountant, endorsed \u201cevidence deemed sufficient, if payment has not been made.\u201d The accountant felt it to be his duty to submit the papers to my examination, under the impression that the ideas of the Commissioner, in these Cases were not authorized by the laws. The act so far as it applies to losses sustained by the military, is confined to Militia and volunteers. The regular troops are not contemplated in those provisions. Mr Lee has, however, acted upon Cases of this Kind, as I have been informed, & has sanctioned the Claim of a regular officer, for the loss of a horse not Killed in battle, & which does not come within the provision for Compensating losses of Property, employed in the military Service, by contract or impressment.\n I am fearful that Mr Lee does not feel himself authorized to seek for evidence, to secure the government, against imposition, but that he conceives himself bound by the evidence produced by the Claimant, altho: that\nevidence, upon its very face, is not entitled to credence. I know [illegible], upon what other principle he can have determined in favor of the impressment of a fence, when the evidence shews that it must have been the effect of depredations by the Soldiery, & that the property was not taken by impressment by orders of a military officer.\n It is probable that sums will be awarded in favor of persons indebted to the government, some of whom may be insolvent. To pay money to a person indebted to the government, to an equal, or greater amount, would be improvident, under any circumstances, but where the debter should be notoriously insolvent, it would be worse than folly, unless the injunctions of the law were considered empirious. The law, in question, directs that the money Shall be paid at the treasury, upon the presentment of a certified Copy of the decision of the Commissioner. The obligation to watch over the interest of the republic, I should think, confers the power of executing the laws So that no injury not contemplated by the legislature, Should be Sustained by the nation. In the present case, it could not have been the intention of Congress to pay money, under the decisions of their commissioner, to persons who were indebted to the government, before the adjustment of their accounts. Complete justice was the object of the legislature, & that cannot be Secured, but by a fair Settlement of the accounts of those who may be declared by the Commissioner to be public Creditors. The amount that is due upon a final settlement, is all that ought to be paid.\n My duty has induced me to present this subject for your Consideration. The remedy is easy, provided the power of the executive is sufficient to enforce it. A reference of every certificate, to the Accountants of the War & Navy departments, will enable the Treasury department to do complete justice. I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humbe Servt.\n Wm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0400", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 20 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n Department of War, September 20th. 1816.\n The Secretary of War has the honor to report to the President of the United States,\n That the appropriation for the Quarter Master\u2019s Department of the Army of the United States, for the year 1816, is inadequate to the accomplishment of its object; and that it has become necessary for the public service, that a portion of the monies appropriated for other branches of expenditure in the Department of War, be applied to the said Appropriation, Viz:\n Of the sum appropriated for Camp-equipage, there be transferred to the appropriation for the Quarter Master\u2019s department, the sum of\n Of the sum appropriated for Clothing, there be transferred to the appropriation for the Quarter Master\u2019s department, the sum of\n All which is respectfully submitted.\n (Signed) Wm. H. Crawford.\n The transfers above proposed are approved.\n Signed James Madison.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0403", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 20 September 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I send you a very interesting & indeed important Letter from Col: Jessup. Having this moment receivd it, I have not time to make any comment on it, especially as I have Cols: Barbour & Lindsay with me, as also Mr Monterey who lately left you\u2014very respectfully yrs.\n [Enclosure]Thomas S. Jesup to James MonroeConfidential\n I have positive information that an attack is contemplated by the Spaniards on this City during the present Season. The Spanish Minister de Onis, has a number of agents in this country, who are, I understand endeavouring to ascertain what individuals are favorable to Spain, and are using other means for the purpose of organizing a revolution.\n The last mail brought a letter from the Minister on the Subject. I am not at liberty to say how I obtained my information, but you may rely on the correctness of the fact. Should any hostile movement be attempted by the Spanish forces, I will defend this Country by carrying the war into the Territories of Spain; and as Cuba is the Key, not only of all the Western States and territories but also of the Spanish main and the West Indies I shall strike directly at the Havanna, it may be taken and held by three thousand men, and I beleive I shall be able to raise that number. In such an event a naval force will be necessary.\n I have written to Genl Jackson on the subject. Enclosed is an extract of my letter to him. This communication is not to be considered official but it may serve to put the Government on its guard.\n If I can ascertain that papers of a treasonable nature are in the hands of the Consul, or of any other Spaniard here, I shall not hesitate to seize them for the use of the Government. With much respect I have the honor to be Sir, yr. Obt. St.\n (Signed) Th: S. Jesup.Col Comt 8th Dept.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0405", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 21 September 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n The inclosed sketch will give you a general view of the finances. The item of floating debt is left open, until Mr. Nourse, the Register, returns, that the amount of Treasury Notes, absorbed by the payments for duties and taxes, may be precisely ascertained. It is very great; and may be estimated by the statement, which reduces the outstanding Treasury Notes to something like 6,000,000 Dollars.\n The actual receipts for revenue cannot, I think, fall short of 60,000,000 Dollars from January to December 1816; including the receipts from the old, as well as the new, notes of duty and taxes.\n Be so good as to return the Report, that the blanks may be filled. If there are any points, on which you Wish further information, I will thank you to note them.\n There is not any business to detain me here, except the business of signing the Warrants for the October quarter; but that can be done at Philadelphia, where I will continue to transact the routine, until you tell me, that you are perfectly prepared to dispense with my services. I propose leaving Washington on this day week, the 28. September. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0406", "content": "Title: Samuel Harrison Smith to Alexander J. Dallas, 21 September 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Smith, Samuel Harrison\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n \u00a7 Samuel Harrison Smith to Alexander J. Dallas. 21 September 1816, Treasury Department, Revenue Office. \u201cJohn Ingersoll having declined accepting the appointment of Keeper of Baker\u2019s Island Light House, Joseph Perkins has been recommended for the office, who appears, from the enclosed, properly qualified.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0407", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, 22 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n Montpellier, Sepr 22, 1816.\n I return, with my approbation, the additional regulations for Mr. Lee, enclosed in yours of the 20th inst. If you have been correctly informed of the evidence on the claim of Mr. Carroll, it is truly extraordinary. Whether a House was a military deposit or not must depend on its being or not being occupied as such under the defined authority, and on the exhibition or the want of adequate proof of the occupancy and the authority. The proof stated to you was certainly the very worst, not the best proof, the case admitted of. Would it be amiss to add some regulation as a guard in such cases? They will be of a class of largest individual amount. If sufferers at Washington should happen to receive indemnities not experienced in other scenes of military events, the loudness of the complaints may readily be anticipated. Perhaps, on consulting with Mr. Dallas, you will be able to digest some proper mode of obviating the payment of awards in favor of debtors to the public.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0408", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 22 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n As you appear to have read hastily the letter from Jessup, I send it back. That Onis is intriguing at N.O. is probable; and that the Spanish Govt. may meditate at [sic] attack there is possible; I should say impossible if there were less of folly in its Councils: or it might not possibly be backed by another Govt: altho\u2019 it is not easy to conceive that this can be the case. The mercantile advertizer of N.Y. inclosed has a paragraph relating to the views at Madrid which but for Jessup\u2019s letter would scarcely have attracted notice. If the offensive defence alluded to by this officer should be carried\ninto execution it would be perhaps the boldest project ever assumed by no higher authority. I am glad he has made known to Gen: Jackson the aspect of things in that quarter: tho\u2019 the extract of his letter does not contain the most essential particulars stated to you. Should Spain really make war on us, the employment of our naval force in the Mediterranean, will be very mal apropos. The scantiness of our land force in that quarter will also be much felt. We must pay attention without delay to such precautionary measures as prudence and the means we have may warrant. Surely if there be such mischief brewing at Madrid, Erving must discern & communicate it. From Cadiz also we may expect notice of the hostile preparations which would shew themselves at that point.\n In [sic] return you Hugh\u2019s letter, which I suppose you can answer without any further sanction than I have already expressed. The other letters relating to Beasley & Strobell I shall forward to Mr. Graham. You will see by letters now sent you that Sharpe has a formidable competitor for the Secretariship of Illinois Territory.\n The urgency of the King of the Netherlands on the subject of navigation, is more striking than the logic by which he contends for the authority & obligation of the Ex. to apply the act of Congs. to his case. We can not object to his reciprocating our discriminations, if we do not make the application; and that will suffice for the present, whilst it leaves the way open to future conventional arrangements, if such can be agreed on. Yrs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0410", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, 23 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n Montpellier Sepr. 23. 1816\n I have just recd. from Mr. Monroe a very extraordinary communication confidentially made to him by Col: Jessup. A copy of it is inclosed. An invasion by a Spanish force at the present period might be pronoun[c]ed a mere chim\u00e6ra, if a less degree of folly reigned at Madrid; unless indeed the Councils of Spain shd be supported by a power whose councils may reasonably be more confided in. It is probable however that Onis is intriguing at N. Orleans, and the extent to which he may mislead, an ignorant proud & vindictive Govt. cannot be calculated. It is incumbent on us therefore to have an eye to our S. W. Frontier, proportioning our precautions to our means, and to a fair estimate of the danger. As Gen: Jackson is apprized of the apprehensions of Col: Jessup tho\u2019 without some of the grounds of them mentioned to Mr. Monroe, we may expect soon to hear from him on the subject. Are there any reinforcements or defences, which can be added to those now within his employment? Should Jessup execute his purpose, it will be the boldest project, ever assumed by no higher authority. I communicate the intelligence he gives, to the Secy. of the Navy. Be so good as to do the same to your Colleagues at Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0412", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Rush, 24 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rush, Richard\n You will observe in one of the inclosed letters several legal points stated by Commodore Patterson relating a distribution of property taken in the Fort on Apalachecola. Will you be so good as to examine them, and communicate the result? The report of the Land Commander has not yet come to hand but will probably not be delayed. It may throw light on some of the facts.\n In consequence of your opinion expressed in the papers communicated by Mr. Dagget, they are sent to the files of the Dept. of State.\n I have recd. your cordial letter alluding to your trip to Virginia, and the portion of it which Montpell[i]er had. We can not better express the satisfaction it afforded us than by hoping that it may be repeated, under circumstances which will double and prolong it. Accept for Mr[s]. Rush & yourself the best regards, in which Mrs. M sincerly joins.\n James Madison\n I send a parcel of the latest foreign Gazettes. After perusing them at your leisure & using any part of them, please to have them handed to Mr. G. Dept. State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0413", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Clark, 24 September 1816\nFrom: Clark, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Winchester Kny. 24 Septr. 1816\n The death of Judge Innes has occasioned a vacancy in the Federal Circuit Court for the district of Kentucky. As a fit person to fill that vacancy, I beg leave to mention the name of Mr. Robert Trimble of Paris, Kny.\n As a lawyer Mr. Trimble has for many years ranked at the head of his profession in this state. For three years ending in the year 1810 he was one of the Judges of our supreme court of appeals for this State. His resignation of that office was regreted by all classes of our Citizens. As a gentleman of science and personal worth, he has not in my opinion his superior in this state.\n That there is no objection to him on account of his politics, you will be satisfied when I inform you that he has been one of the electors from this state to vote for President and Vice-President for the three last elections. I say with great confidence that his app[o]intment will be the most pleasing one that can be made in Kentucky. I have the Honor to be with great respect your obt Sert\n Jas. Clark", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0416", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Walker, 24 September 1816\nFrom: Walker, George\nTo: Madison, James\n Nicholasville 24th Sept 1816\n The death of the honorable Judge Innes makes it necessary to appoint a successor, permit me to mention Mr Robert Trimble of Bourbon County as a Gentleman well qualified to fill the vacancy of the late Judge. Mr. Trimble is a gentleman that Stands high as a lawyer and a man of integrity. He for some years preceded in the court of appeals of this State and very much to the satisfaction of all those who are the least acquainted with Judicial proceedings, and now is Justly esteemed at the head of the bar of Kentucky I am Sir respectfully\n Geo Walker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0417", "content": "Title: Remission for Augustus Johnson, 24 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas it has been represented to me that at a District Court of the United States for the District of Vermont, holden at Windsor in said District in the month of May last, Judgment was rendered against Augustus Johnson, of the said District, for a violation of the Revenue laws of the United States, in selling spirituous liquors without a license for so doing, whereupon a fine was imposed upon him, the said Augustus Johnson; by reason whereof, and of his inability to pay the said fine, he now is, and for some time has been imprisoned in the Common Jail at St. Alban\u2019s in the said District, in pursuance of an execution issued under the Judgment aforesaid, in the name and on the behalf of the said United States: and whereas the longer Imprisonment of the said Augustus Johnson, under these Circumstances, would be an act of rigor, inasmuch as it has been made to appear to me that there is no reason to calculate upon his ever being able to pay & satisfy the said fine, and that he has a numerous family almost entirely dependent upon his personal exertions for their support, whilst, too, his continued Imprisonment would necessarily involve\nthe United States in additional expense: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the premises, & for other good causes, have remitted, and I do hereby remit the fine imposed upon the said Augustus Johnson, as aforesaid, or the penalty incurred by him, and every part thereof, willing and requiring moreover that he be forthwith discharged from his Imprisonment.\n In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my Hand & caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington this 24th day of Sepr. A.D one thousand eight hundred & sixteen & of the Independence of the U.S the forty first.\n James MadisonBy the PresidentJas MonroeSecy of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0419", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Seth Chapman and Others, [ca. 26 September 1816]\nFrom: Chapman, Seth\nTo: Madison, James\n Michael Ross Esqr. Collector of the Revenue for the 21st. District of the State of Pennsylvania, having transmitted his resignation in consequence of indisposition, We take the liberty of recommending Dr. Joseph Wood of the Borough of Williamsport, Lycoming county as his Successor.\n Dr. Wood, in our opinion certainly possesses the requisite qualifications to discharge the duties of Collector with justice and fidelity to all, with satisfaction to the people and honor to himself.\n Dr. Wood\u2019s political sentiments & conduct are those of a sincere and active Democratic republican. Sir, We are with great respect your Excellency\u2019s Obt. Servts.\n Seth ChapmanWm: WilsonJno. McmuryIsaac SmithSaml MckeanJos. J. WallisMichl Ross", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0421", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mathew McConnell and Others, 26 September 1816\nFrom: McConnell, Mathew\nTo: Madison, James\n Philadelphia September 26. 1816.\n Confident in the justice and benevolence of your disposition towards the surviving Officers of the Revolutionary Army, We beg leave, as a Committee on behalf of those of the Pennsylvania Line, most respectfully to address you; and to entreat your attention to the accompanying Memorials; and to the Resolutions of a Committee reported thereon.\n We do not presume even to suggest the mode in which the Executive Department of Government may give furtherance and effect in completing this great & interesting object of National Justice; but we are consoled by the reflection that it is submitted to the consideration of a Chief Magistrate, whose intimate knowledge of the services and sacrifices of the Revolutionary Officers, and of the several provisions of Congress in that behalf, qualifies him, in a peculiar degree, to decide on the merit and justice of their Claims; and to promote the Legislative equity of a great & liberal People towards those faithfull military servants, whose blood & toil contributed to establish the Independence & Sovereignty of The United States.\n We will not wound your Sensibility by reciting the sufferings of our Constituents, whose declining days have been clouded by the most unmerited misfortunes, enhanced by cold and cruel neglect.\n Relying on your just & prompt interference to their relief, at the approaching Session of Congress, We have the honour to be Most respectfully, Your Obedient Servants\n Math. Mc.Connell\n Abr G Claypoole\n J Glentworth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0422", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Ray and Others, 26 September 1816\nFrom: Ray, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Greeting.Sir.\n In my travels in my circuit\u2014I hear such lamentation, from wives\u2014and parents\u2014that I and a few more have thot it convenient and necessary to call or pray your attention for a few moments\u2014on the following subject\u2014And trust in God that you may hear our petition.\n Whereas a number of the U.S. Soldiers have left the service of their country, since you published, or anounced your proclamation of July 8th. 1814\u2014And are lurking a bout\u2014a drug to themselves & a grief to their friends\u2014and as there has a happy Peace taken place\u2014and as they having violated the laws of their country\u2014and affraid to settle themselves\u2014as citizens, and turn into farming\u2014for fear of being taken, and carried back to the army and punished feign would they return, but afraid\u2014And loth to leave their friends, and country\u2014And their parents and wives still desirous they should continue among them, and with them. Their cries and sorrows causes Us to address your Excellency to please to take their cases under consideration\u2014and as a Glorious Peace is now within our Land and Universal and Love and Union should be promoted\u2014And your anunocation of July 8th. 1814 seems and is so full of philanthropy\u2014we trust that your mercy will still be extended to ward your poor unworthy people; and soldiers, who bore the toil and struggle, during the War. And pardon them in like manner as your Excellency has done heretofore. Methinks it would give universal satisfaction to the people of the United States.\n The scripture say \u201cbe ye merciful\u2014for I am merciful.\u201d We trust your Excellency will please to Pardon all deserters\u2014and admit that they may return home in safety\u2014and experience your clemency as others have done\u2014in like occasion.\n Remember us\u2014as there is a dreadful dearth now on our Land\u2014and they could be of service to their wives and parents\u2014and be a means of procuring Bread in this time\u2014when this heavy Scourge is passing over our Land.\n Pity their helpless situation\u2014none but your Honor can relieve them\u2014and set them again at Liberty\u2014in this time of Trouble. Here in South and N.Carolina, the probability is even that we shall perish, unless the Lord will interfere, and provide some way for our further maintenance.\n Consider us, and what we have said and if consistent with your honor, Pleas to answer our Petition. May the Lord be with you, further consider their (the poor deserters) helpless case\u2014and the deplorable situation, their wives, and parents are in. Lay to thy helping hand, and relieve those that are cast down\u2014bind up the broken hearted. We pray that you may lend an ear to our Prayer\u2014and grant an immediate Relief to these Deserters\u2014Is our prayer to God and Thee. With utmost hope, we subscribe ourselves Your obt. and faithful citizens\u2014In all cases, praying for your Ever welfare\u2014\n James Ray Minister.Jesse Denison Sr.Aron Glasgow. Senr.Jno. HarrissonJoel Ramsay.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0423", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Taylor Sr., 26 September 1816\nFrom: Taylor, Richard Sr.\nTo: Madison, James\n Frankfort Septbr. 26 1816\n I have for Several years past been in a State of Suspence, respecting Some Claims I have on the General Government. Colo. Rd M. Johnsons friendly attention to me when I was at the Citty, relieved me from much fatigue, I told him my wish to petition Congress for an allowanc to defray the freequent, & expensive Surgical, & medical bills I had to pay, almost every year, on acct. of the old wound I recd. 37 years ago in defence of our Just Cause, Colo. Johnson took me with him to the War office, there in Conversation with Majr. Rogers, I believe principal Clerk, respecting my wish, the Majr. observed, I had been but a few months before, placed on the pention list, & on examining the Book found it to be in Septr. 1808 at 240$, on seeing it was So, I told Colo. Johnson I was Satisfied with the allowance, & Should not petion on that acct., but I wished to petition for leave to withdraw my Military entrys, of 3,000 Acres of land near what is Called the Iron banks, & get leave to enter them elsewhere, as that Country was Ceded to the Indians, on Speaking to you on that Subject, you Said you thaught\nthose lands would become very Valuable, & I think Sir you advised me not to withdraw those entrys, if I Could, My Dear Sir you Cannot form any oppinion what I have Sufferad, & endured Since I Saw you, by this old tormenting wound, & to be Still alive. Mr. Henry Clay, was in Frankfort Seven or Eight weeks after it was laid open, I was mending, he Came to See me, on Seeing my wound dressing, he observed that if Congress only Could See my Situation, there was no doubt but they would grant me a liberal allowance, the State of Virginia paid all my Surgents bills till I moved out here, which was in the fall 1794, few years Since I have been in this State, but I have been obliged to Call in Surgical aid, frequ[e]ntly the wound has kept open from three, to Six months at a time the rising, or gathering, is always from the bone, & is very painfull untill it is opened, the General government has not paid one Cent for me. I have made frequent applications to our representates from this State, that knew my Situation best, but how my Case has been repres\u27e8e\u27e9nted, or attended to, I Cannot Say. I had taken a great deal of pains to Collect all the Certificates that I Could, & thaught would Strengthen my Claim, & gave them, & Sent them on to Mr. Johnson, & Mr. Clay, amongst which was Doctrs Ridgleys, & Warfields, Joint examination before my last attack, as well & Doctor, J. Collings who has performed more operations on me than any man in this State, Doctor Scott the Next most, they are both Dead, others have moved away, I also Sent on Certificates of a number of private Gentlemen that frequently Visited me while under the Surgeants hands, the last Violent attack that like to take me off, was in Febry. 1811, it commenced as usual, but more Violent. About the 8 or 9th Day I threatned if the Doctors would not lay it open, I would plunge my knife to the bone, let the Consequence be what it wou\u2019d. I had not Slept for Several nights, I knew I Could not live many hours in the Situation I was in, I prevaild on them to lay it open, & in five munitis after it was open, I fell a Sleep, & Slept a long time. the Doctors thaught upwards of a Quart Came away at that time, & in the Course of Eight weeks they thaught it equal to four Gals. parden me Sir for mentioning my Sufferings to you, I thaught it might be nesesary if any one Should asked you about me, Mr. Rd. M. Johnson tels me he has found my Vouchers he thaught was lost, I wrote to my old acquaintance, & I believe my friend, Colo. Monroe Secetary of State nearly two months ago, to apply at the War office, & if he Could draw what I was placed at, & inform me as Soon as possable of it, & if it was nesesary I would Send on a power of attorny, I have not heard from him I am afraid my letter never got to hand.\n When I was at the federal Citty, & Seeing that I was placed on the pention list at 240$, that with my Virginia pention, I was in hopes would enable me to live Comfortable, and pay all my Doctors Bills, I lost my Wife Soon after I returned home, & I divided what property I had amongst my Children, Some of them had large families, I have now 37 Grand Childran\nalive, in the Course of two years, my two living Daughters lost their Husbands, Viz. Isac Robertson by being Dirked by a Mr. Dearborn, a limner from Massachusetts, & Peter Fontaine who killed himself by hard drinking, they left their families, after paying only I may say half their Debts, without a Shilling, I made out to purchace ten acres of land about 1 \u00bd miles from Frankfort, for a home for my Daughter Robertson, She has a helpless Set of Children, four Girls, & one Son, I live with them, my Daughter Fontaine with one Daughter lives part of her time with us, I Seldom go from home, for my knee, & leg Swells more or less every day, Since it was laid open last, my knee is extremely weak, I Cant walk any without a Stick, and that when I get up, I am afraid to Step, till I try whether my knee will Support me, I am Satisfied from the piece of Bone, that was extracted Six months after laying my wound open, that my thigh bone Cannot be Sound, the piece is not a Scale, for it is porous, on every Side, my knee is very weak, & the Sweling never intirely gorne, & the musels and leaders So relaxed, I am afraid it will not be long before I Shall again require Surgical aid, if it Should prove to be the Case, unless the rising, & discharge is more moderate than the last, it must Carry me off\u2014my friend I am in debt I wish to pay what I owe in this painful world, before I leave it, I thank my God I am not much afraid to die, I wish very much, if I Could provide by Some means, to leave my Daughters & their poor Orphin Children a Small Compensation to keep them from want, in our present Si\u27e8tua\u27e9tion I am not able to educate them, which distresses me much. I am in debt owing in the Confidence I have had from year to year of receiving the pention as I am placed at on General Government Book, I am extremely anxious to hear from Colo. Monroe, pray Sir See him, & examine the Book at the War office, if I am deceived there I am ruined. I inclosed a Coppy of Majr. Croghans atted. Certificates, as State Commr. of the entrys of my Military Warrants, for three Thousand acres of land, do you think Sir, if I Should live that I Could obtain leave of Congres, to withdraw these entrys, & enter them in the State of Indiana, or Masura teritory, or do you think Congress would give me what they get for Warrants granted by them, I have offered my entry for one Dollar, half a Dollar is offered me, I was offered that 20 years ago, these entrys was made in augst 1784, 32 years ago. I hope Congress will not plead the act of limitation, My Dear Sir let me hear from you by the 20th. of Oct\u27e8ober\u27e9 if it is only to acknoledge the rect. of this confused troublesome Scrawl, if I Should be disapointed in pention at the War office, I Still owe for Surgical assistance, besides near four hundred Dollars, for money Borrowed, I Shall I am afraid be obliged to Sacrafise the above land it is all I have, I Shall hope for the best till the 20th. Next month, my best Wishes for your & Mrs. Madisons Happiness. Your affectn. Friend\n Richd. Taylor Senr\n NB pray if you Can Spare only a few minutes, write me, let my Case be what it may. I Shall be better Satisfyed than I am, to hear from you by 20th. Octbr. (Viz) Next month", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0424", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 27 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n I have recd. with your two letters of the 20 & 21. the General Sketch of the Finances to which they refer. That of the 25th. has also just come to hand. I return the Sketch under an Address to Washington, passing it thro\u2019 the hands of Mr. Crawford with a request that he would hasten it to the department.\n The document embraces all the points occurring to me as requisite to be touched, and contains so many gratifying features, that it cannot fail to engage the favorable attention of the public to the ability & success with which the fiscal business has been conducted thro the labyrinth into which it had been forced. The facts stated in your letter of the 25th. present an additional prospect extremely grateful in several views, and particularly as bearing testimony to the auspicious course which the Treasury has pursued.\n Mr. Clay declines the War Dept. The task now to be fulfilled is not without its delicacies, as you know. I shall avail myself of a conversation with Mr. Monroe, which his journey back to Washington will afford me in a day or two. I could wish for a similar opportunity with others whose sentiments would be valuable on the occasion. I thank you for your kindness in continuing the routine of business, and regret that I can not more promptly exonerate you from the trouble it imposes. You will hear from me again on the subject, the moment I have any thing to impart. Accept my esteem & cordial regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0426", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 27 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n War Department 27th. September 1816.\n The enclosed letters to Mr. Crowninshield, and General Jackson, explains the views of the members of the Cabinet now in this City, upon the extraordinary information communicated in your letter of the 23d instant.\n The communication to the Executives of the States of Georgia, Kentuckey, Tennessee and Louisianna and of the Mississippi and Missouri Territories, seems to me to be proper. It is not desirable that they Should take any measures in anticipation of the threatened invasion, or to do any act which may produce public excitement. The disposition already existing in the nation to embark in the Civil war now raging between Spain and her colonies is Sufficiently Strong to produce much embarrassment to the government. With the additional excitement which a threatened invasion by Spain would necessarily produce the power of the Executive would be exerted in vain to restrain that disposition. The Communication Should be therefore made under the Strictest injunction of secrecy. I have the honor to be Your most Obedt. and Very humble Servant.\n Wm H Crawford\n [First Enclosure]William Harris Crawford to Andrew Jackson\n (Confidential)\n War Department27th. September 1816.\n In addition to the information given you by Col. Jessup, in his letter of the 18th. Ulto. he has communicated to the secretary of State, his Opinion derived from a source believed by him to be entitled to credit, that an invasion of the Military department under his immediate Command by a Spanish force will certainly take place in the course of the year. Considering the debilitated State of Old Spain and her incapacity to send out a force Sufficient to re-establish her authority in the principal Colonies which she has planted in North and south America, it is highly probable that the information which Col. Jessup has received is incorrect. Nothing short of extreme folly in her Councils could lead to the adoption of the only measure within the range of probability, which must certainly effect the emancipation of her Colonies. The Opinion however which is entertained here of the character of the Spanish Cabinet does not preclude the possibility of such an event. If Col. Jessup had communicated confidentially the source from which he derived his information or the principal facts upon which he has formed his conclusion, that an invasion is inevitable, the Executive would have been placed in a Situation to judge for itself, and on its own responsibility to have taken the necessary measures to meet the impending Crisis. As this information has been withheld, the measures of the Government must be confined to the means which are at its absolute disposition. It is indeed extremely doubtful whether any Officer of the government can without indiscretion pledge himself to withhold from the Cabinet Officers any information which it is important they should have. This is believed to be more particularly the case when the information is of a nature to impose upon the Executive the adoption of extraordinary measures. If the information which that Officer has received is entitled to full credence extraordinary measures ought to be resorted to, at the present moment. If the evidence satisfactorily proves the intention of the Spanish government to invade the United States, all the means of Offence as well as defence, in the power of the Executive in an emergency of that kind ought to be called into a State of the utmost activity. Under such Circumstances, we Should not wait to be invaded in order to justify the Commencement of Offensive operations. As it is, all that can be done, is to dispose of the regular force of the Southern division so as to meet the supposed views of the enemy in the best possible manner. The pacification of the various Indian tribes on the Upper Mississippi, will probably render it safe to withdraw the whole or\na part of the 8th. Regiment of Infantry from that quarter. The distruction of the Negro fort at the junction of the Appalachicola and flint rivers may have removed the necessity of keeping up so large a force in that quarter. It must however be admitted, that every means of exerting those Indians to hostility will be resorted in the event of a Spanish War. But even in that event, it is questionable whether we should keep so large a portion of our active force, pent up in a fort, acting on the defensive, where in fact there is nothing worth defending. The militia of the State of Georgia would be competent to the chastisement of the hostile Indians in that quarter. If the danger becomes more threatening all the posts in the interior of the Indian Country may be occupied by the Militia of that State and Tennessee, so as to admit of the assemblage of the whole regular force at the point immediately menaced. Your knowledge of the situation of the posts within your Command will enable you to adopt the measures necessary to secure the objects presented in this Communication. In withdrawing forces from posts now occupied, you will keep in view the preservation of the Military Stores which may have been deposited in them, which can only be done by transporting them with the troops, or by leaving a Sufficient number of them for their protection, until the posts can be manned by the Militia, or by troops brought from the Northern division. It is hoped that information will be received in a Short time that will enable the Executive to adopt definitive measures. In the mean time, it is desirable that the measures which shall be adopted by you pursuant to these instructions, should be conducted so as to produce no sensation or public inquietude. I have the honor to be Your most Obedt & Very humble Servant\n Wm H Crawford\n [Second Enclosure]William Harris Crawford to Benjamin W. Crowninshield\n (Copy) Private.\n War Department,27th. September, 1816.\n By the direction of the President, I have submitted to the consideration of Mr. Dallas and Mr. Rush, the two papers, which he informed me he had transmitted to you.\n Altho\u2019 the information contained in them, is not entitled to full credence, yet is of such a nature, as to require all the precautions to be taken which are in the power of the Executive, without producing any considerable excitement. In conformity with this Opinion, I have directed Such changes in the disposition of the land force, in the Southern Division, as are necessary, to guard against the apprehended danger. Unless the Source from whence\nthe information was received, as well as its details; Should be disclosed, it does not appear to the members of the Cabinet now here, that a resort Should be had to the militia force, in aid of the regular troops, Stationed in that Section of the Union. A measure of this importance cannot be taken upon the naked responsibility of any Officer, not a member of the Cabinet in a case where the emergency did not preclude the communication of the facts, Upon which his opinion was founded, So as to enable the government to draw its conclusions.\n The extract from the letter to General Jackson, So far as it relates to the conduct of the armed vessels of Spain, Seems to address itself particularly to your Department. The depredations upon our commerce, in that quarter, proceeding from the Settled hostility of the Spanish Government, or from the licentiousness of its Naval Officers, would probably be repressed, by the presence of a Naval force, in the Gulph of Mexico.\n It is therefore the Opinion of the members of the Cabinet, now at Washington, that it would be expedient to dispatch Such Armed Vessels as are now at your disposition, to the Gulph of Mexico, with orders to cruise in those latitudes, for the protection of our commerce; and that instructions Should be given to the Naval Commander in that Station, to cooperate with the land forces, in case of invasion.\n It is believed that the measures which are demanded by this information, Should be taken So as to produce the least excitement in the nation, and to attract the least attention from abroad.\n It has also been judged proper to inform the Ex[e]cutives of those States, and Territories, nearest the theatre menaced with War, of the possibility of Such an event, in order that Such dispositions may be made by them, as can be made without producing public excitement. This communication however will not be made until the decision of the President can be obtained. A copy of this letter will be transmitted to him by this days mail.\n I will thank you for the communication of your ideas, upon this extraordinary information. I have the honor, to be, Your most Obedient, &. Very humble Servt.\n (Signed.) Wm. H: Crawford.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0427", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 27 September 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n Col. Lane seems to think, that the Librarian has been too officious in making his communication to you; and agrees that there ought not to be a change in the situation of the Library, until Congress shall decide upon it. This is, also, the opinion of Mr. Crawford and Mr. Rush.\n We have met on Col. Jessup\u2019s letter; and Mr Crawford will communicate our general views upon the subject. The Colonel does not appear in character. His letter is wanting in judgment and discretion. It is impossible to admit, that any officer, civil, or military, can become the depositary of a secret, which involves either treason, or invasion, under a promise not to reveal it to his government. The Havanna enterprize is extravagant; and the scheme of seizing suspected traitors, without the interposition of the judicial power, should, I think, be condemned. As to the rest, notice should so far be taken of the intelligence, as to set the Departments of War and Navy, and the Judicial Officers, in motion, for prompt defensive operations.\n We have, also, met on the question raised by Mr. Crawford, in the case of the captive Indian Agent. Upon every view of it, we could not bring it with any law, or principle, to authorise the payment of any compensation, during the period of captivity.\n I was in hopes to have heard from you by this day\u2019s mail, as the Newspapers mention, that you will return to Washington on the 1. of October. My departure from it, will be deferred on account of the absence of Mr. Jones, the Chief Clerk, whose health required the benefit of a journey. I am, Dear Sir, Most respectfully and faithfully, Yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0429", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 28 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n War Department 28th Sept. 1816\n The enclosed papers recd. from Genl Jackson are transmitted, tho\u2019 they contain nothing more than what I had anticipated. A private letter from Mr Irvine to the Secretary of State States facts calculated to remove the impression which Colo. Jessup\u2019s communication has produced of an invasion of New Orleans by a Spanish force. He believes the exertions now making to raise an army in Spain is to wrest the Kingdom of Eutruria from the Emperor of Austria.\n The proposition made by Major Jamison for permission for certain Indian Chiefs to visit the Seat of Government, is worthy of consideration. It is questionable whether it ought to extend to any tribe within the acknowledged limits of Spain, as long as our affairs with that nation are unsettled, which I think will probably be as long as we remain at peace with them. Our complaints have reciprocally been extended & rendered so complex during the last twenty years, that it is extremely improbable that they will ever be adjusted without an appeal to force. It is problematical whether we ought by our acts, to hasten that appeal.\n The letter to Genl Jackson, a Copy of which I transmitted to you is I believe a sufficient answer at present to his letter. I have the honor to be Your most obt & very humbl Servt\n Wm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0430", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 28 September 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Dept of State 28th Sepr 1816.\n Owing to some accident I did not until this Moment discover the Memo which you put upon the Cover of one of Mr Monroes Letters to me, desiring that his Letter to you, which you sent on with it, might be returned to you. I hasten to comply with that request and have now the Honor to return the Letter accordingly.\n The \u27e8wea\u27e9ther \u27e8co\u27e9ntinues to be cool and pleasant and the City healthy. With the greatest Respect I am Dear Sir Your Mo Obt Servt\n John Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0432", "content": "Title: An Unidentified Correspondent to William Harris Crawford, 29 September 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: \nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n \u00a7 An Unidentified Correspondent to William Harris Crawford. 29 September 1816, Athens, Georgia. \u201cA few days ago, along with a considerable concourse of citizens, I witnessed the Trial, and condemnation, of an Indian Chief, at Fort Claiborne, on the alabama River, for the murder of two valuable citizens, Foster, and Milsted\u2014about 12 months past. In justification of the part he acted, the Savage plead the universal law of nature, and however his people a Conduct was deprecated by prejudice against the one, and the correct feelings of civilization arrayed against the other, the public mind displayd, tho indirectly, its assent, to the justice and righteousness of his plea, by looking around with indignation, on the real authors of the Calamity, produced by, and to the savage.\n \u201cIt is truly unfortunate for the citizens and the Government, that the law could not be put in immediate, and correct possession of facts, important to the wellbeing, honor, and dignity of both. This case is one Sir, however it may have died away, or however it may have been gotton [sic] over, that most justly and most pressingly demands the investigation of any government claiming the character of wise, and just. The consequences, are not going to die with the Chief, who is to be executed, and I am persuaded, from a Knowledge of the Savage Character, from a Knowledge of the impulse uniformly given in every breast, by a belief, or consciousness of undeserved wrong, from a knowledge of human nature, in the breast of both Civilized, and Savage man, it is yet to be followed by retribution, and Calamity, to some citizen, or citizens, if not arrested by the arm of Govt. in some way, calculated to convince the savage, that if we can, and will inflict, punishment, we can, and will support impartial Justice. \u2018Do as you would be done unto\u2019 was impress\u2019d on the human mind, as a self evident injunction of Justice, long before render\u27e8e\u27e9d a proverb; and the force of the truth, is felt by none more than the Savage.\n \u201cThe history of the commencement, and cause, of the transaction, that eventuat\u27e8ed\u27e9 in the death of this Chief, by a public, and infamous execution, peculiarly painfull\u27e8,\u27e9 and disgracefull, in the eyes of his people, is now well Known to every White man on the frontier, and indeed in this State, and to every Savage in his nation, and I will venture to assert, that none ever occur\u2019d, that has left more decided, or more unfavourable impressions. Indeed even to those who know the difficulties which the administrators of every Govt. have to meet, \u27e8to\u27e9 arrest and punish, to Suppress, violations of the Laws, it is, has been, and must remain a matter of Astonishment how it was gotten over without investigation, as it has always been\nviewd by those who knew the Circumstances, as one of the most cool, deliberate and impudent insults offerd. to the laws ever witnessd. I was humbled Sir at the queries those Savages proposed to me on the Subject, while passing thro them, and equally pain\u2019d at their exposure, of the part as yet taken by the Govt. of the U.S. as feelingly and Correctly pointed out by them.\n \u201cThe Story notoriously told in the Settlements of the Alabama, and equally Known in the Western parts of this State, is as follows; and I can assure you Sir, there is no difference of feeling on the Subject, amongst either Savage, or Whites, except, as to the impropriety of retaliation which the unfortunate party always Condemn.\n \u201cA Couple of hostile Indians had stragled from the Seminoles, up the Country, and attempted to plunder a house, and in the Contest that ensued, a white man, was stabbed by one of them, and badly wounded. After getting some plunder, and Whisky, which the white man Kept for Sale, and which it is now well Known was the principal inducement, they went off. News having reachd the Settlement, a Col. George Fisher, Collected a party, and to cover the attrocity of his Conduct, which he knew at the moment, illegal, and improper, persuaded a militia Officer, who he had under his influence, commanding at Fort Claiborne, named Gray, to accompany him, with some of his men, and assist at \u2018taking satisfaction\u2019\u2014on a party of men, women, and children, peacably encamped, some miles above the Fort, in a Cane brake. After intoxicating the whole party with spirits, bought by him for the occasion; they started off like infuriated savages, and soon came up with the Indians peacable, and unsuspecting, sitting in their Camp, and immediately he (Fisher) ordered his men to fire and rush upon them. After the fire the Indians fled, except a Woman! a Child! and a man, who were shot dead on the ground! The party after plundering the Camp returnd, equally drunk, riotous, and disgusting, and reach\u2019d the settlement, previously having pledged themselves to each other, to profound secresy! The Savages who escaped, immediately returnd to their Town, and they related the Catastrophe. The first impulse of Savage indignation, (and what would white men have felt) was astonishment, and revenge.\n \u201cThey recollected the treaty of Jackson, and they were confidently reposing in the faith of white men, and in the midst of this confidence, a Woman & infant, indiscriminately butcher\u2019d, for the crimes of a party, to whom they never belonged. The people of the village, immediately surrounded the Chief of the Town, and called aloud for vengeance, and the price of innocent blood! \u2018their women and Children were butcherd by white men, professing to be at a firm peace; and a peace they had purchased by the loss of half their Country\u2019\u2014[\u2018]he wants the balance of our country\u2019 said one distinguishd old man, and \u2018the treacherous white man has again commenced to drag us into a war.\u2019 [\u2018]This is the peace promised us by Jackson\u2019\u2014\u2018you must go and take vengeance, said the friends of the deceasd woman, & Child, or your blood mus\u27e8t\u27e9 pay the price\u2014you are our Chief, lead us, and we will follow.\u2019\n \u201cTo a Savage there was neither ground left for hesitation, nor reason, he Knew the truth of the facts, and the Sentiments he heard, were those he had drank in with his mothers milk. Under the impulse of honest Savagism, he Collected a party of his warriors, and three valuable Citizens, peacably employd, were destined to fill up the law of nature; and of these, two, Foster and Milsted, fell! This detail, Sir, is sheer truth\u2014of the Authors of this last catastrophe only one, the Chief, has been\nbrought to the bar of the laws, but the first violators of the laws of nature, god, and civilized man, of a national Compact, walks undisturbed amongst us. He is sufferd to go about uncalled to account, by that Govt. that professes to be bottomed on political, and moral justice, that has political virtue for its basis, and that professes to be equally the guardians of Savage, & civilised rights; the defending of Justice. The Savage Sees this\u2014and Sees it with most mingled feelings! This notarous and to them most interresting fact has rivetted an old impression, that in all our intercourse with them, we are totally unjust; that our own wrongs is only noticed, their rights equally disregarded\u2014that we feel power, and forget right: That if we were disposed to do them justice, and if our professions meant any thing but mockery, we would equally notice, and equally punish, every violation of the compact between us. And with pain I say it, the feelings of the honest, and reflecting part of the community, are loud and decided on this transaction, especially where it was best known. I was forcibley struck with the bursts of indignation, from every Class of people, when the poor untutored Savage was condemnd to be executed: and equally to see the face of natural justice, loudly, and promptly pointing at the real agressor on the Spot. The Indian was condemned as an accessary, in the murder of Foster, and Milsted. Fisher who led the party who murderd his freinds, without cause, and who was actually a principal, as he is notoriously Known to have Shot the Indian after he was Killed (brave man!) in the Cane brake, acted on the occasion as Sherriff of the county!\n \u201cThe Savages pointedly declare, blood shall flow for blood, convinced now from wofull experience, they have nothing to hope for eithr faith, or promise of White men: and they cooly say they Will take satisfaction in their own way. This you will readily understand sir\u2014the unwary traveller!\n \u201cThe Character who acted in the above affair as principal viz Fisher, is it is believed without a rival, in iniquity, and capable of anything.\n \u201c\u27e8Alabama\u27e9, two dockets blackened by Charges against him for \u27e8hogstealing\u27e9, viz Clark & Washington counties\u2014the first he bough\u27e8t\u27e9 and the last he was cleard of absolute stealing\u2014and at this momen\u27e8t\u27e9 four \u2018true Bills\u2019 are on record against him for \u2018Assaults with intent to Kill.\u2019 In conversation with the Attorney for the U S. I found he was a most abandoned Violator of the laws in cutting down, and carrying off the public Timber from the Alabama &c.\n \u201cThere is nothing sir, that would give more gratification to a number of good citizens, in this State, & on the Alabama, than a proper notice of this infamous transaction (staind with iniquity)\u2014and who are paind to see it triumphant, open, and barefaced. The general expression amongst many, I was pleased to hear, twas \u2018if you Could but Know it it would be investigated with\u27e8ou\u27e9t fear partiality or favour\u2019 and the often hearing this Sentiment expressd has induced me to put you in possession of the facts. The marshall of the Territory Another Atty. for the US\u27e8,\u27e9 Mr. Crawford and many other citizens spoke yet with indignation.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0433", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, [ca. 30 September 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n I have recd. yours of the 27th. Finding that you have been detained at Washington, I regret the more my detention here. I dropped you a few lines on the supposition that you had proceeded to Philada. addressing at the same your Reported view of our finances to Washington, and passing it thro\u2019 the hands of Mr. Crawford as preparing him for his new and arduous trust. Mr. Monroe has not yet arrived on his way to the seat of Govt. and I can not well fix the day for setting out thither till I see him. I am hastening my preparations as much as possible but fear I shall not be able to wind up some necessary business, before the last of the week, possibly not before monday. I do not count on finding you there, or it would be an additional stimulus to my exertions. Much indeed as I should be gratified in seeing you, it would be unreasonable to desire such a protraction of your detention. I recollect that you spoke of the 11th. of Ocr. or thereabouts, as an epoch in your private business, to which a transfer of your attention, is now so fully due, and I hope will without scruple be decided on.\n I mentioned to you that Mr. Clay had declined the Executive Station offered to him. Altho Mr. Lowndes has had no opportunity of disclosing particular qualifications for that dept. his general talents and standing with the nation, turn my thoughts strongly towards him. I shall speak more fully on the subject with Mr. Monroe who will carry to Washington the final determination, positive, or subject to consultations on his arrival there. It appears as eligible in itself, as consonant with the opinion entertained of Mr. L. by the public, that he should have a place in the Cabinet.\n A letter from Mr. Erving of the last of July describes the situation of Spain as utterly incompatible with offensive hostilities agst. us. Precautionary measures, as far at least as they will avoid expence & pub: excitement are notwithstanding, suggested by the possible freaks of the Cabinet of Madrid, and the sort of responsibility which Col: Jessup has thrown upon us. Be assured of my great esteem and my cordial regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0434", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Wilson Cary Nicholas, 30 September 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Madison, James\n I feel great reluctance in giving you the trouble of what I consider a personal application. The second daughter of my sister Norton (who you may remember at Mr. Randolph\u2019s) married a Mr. Armistead, a gentn. who was bred a Merchant, but was unfortunate in business and obliged to retire to the country, where he has for several years supported his family by his labour. The event of a law suit by which his land has been lost, has thrown him and his family upon the world without a home. Mr. A. I am informed is well qualified to perform the duties of a clerk in one of the departments. You wou\u2019d confer a personal obligation upon me if you wou\u2019d have him placed in one of the offices. It is very far from my wish to see a man provided for by the public, who does not earn his wages. This I am confident Mr. A. wou\u2019d do. His connexions are respectable, he is the brother of Col Armistead who defended the fort at Baltimore. You will see by the paper of to day, that the legislature of Va is called to meet the 11th. of Novr. This has been done with the expectation that the law requiring the Banks to pay specie on the 15th. of Novr. will be suspended until the day fixed by congress or until the banks generally do so. I think it very unfortunate that the northern Banks did not accede to the time offered (say the 20th. of Feby.). I am sure if it had been done every where at once there wou\u2019d have been no risque or danger, it was both their interest & duty to have acquiesced in the day fixed by congress. Let the other Banks do as they may, in this State, we shall adhere to the government of the U.S. But if there is a certainty that by the first of July, the thing cou\u2019d be accomplished with the universal consent, is it for four months gained or lost, worth the struggle and collision that it wou\u2019d involve? It certainly is not and if possible it shou\u2019d be avoided. The only objection that I see to congress extending the time to the\nfirst of July, is the appearance of having been coerced by the Banks, this to be sure is very unpleasant, but I hope some day a little earlier or later may be fixed upon that will be agreeable to all parties. I have a perfect conviction that it is in your power to produce this harmony between the government & the Banks, and I am sure that nothing cou\u2019d be more gratifying to you, than to render this signal service to your country, at the close of a political life so long and so usefully devoted to the public service. I cou\u2019d write a volume upon this subject, but to you it is unnecessary. I regret that my excellent & respected friend Mr. Dallas acted so promptly. His having done so I acknowledge in some measure increases the difficulties but it is not an insuperable bar. I am Dear Sir with the greatest respect your hum. Serv.\n W. C. Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0435", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Pope, 30 September 1816\nFrom: Pope, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Lexington september 30th 1816\n I beg leave to recommend for the vacancy in the judiciary occasioned by the death of Judge Innis Mr Silus M. Noel residing near Frankfort. I am not intimately acqua[i]nted with him but have understood that he has been a practising lawyer & for a time a judge. He is a gentleman of excellent education, good mind & very respectable legal attainments. His private character is unexceptionable & his general deportment dignified & agreable. Of his political veiws I am not well informed but believe him to be a decided republican & a friend to the present administration. I owe it to candour to state that there are a few very few able experienced lawyers in the state, whom I would prefer to Mr Noel, but considering his indepence & integrity of character & qualifications I believe in making a selection\nfrom those who will be recommended, you cannot make a better or more popular choice than Mr Noel. I[n] making these suggestions I beg leave to assure You that I am by no personal or political considerations. Mr Noel is neither a relative nor particular friend of mine. I shall be gratified if the vacancy is filled by a man neither too weak nor too wicked to be independent & impartial. Please to accept assurances of my respect & esteem for you\u2014yours &c\n John Pope", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0437", "content": "Title: Sketch for an Autobiography, [ca. 30 September 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Memorandum sent Sepr. 1816, to Mr. Delaplaine at his request\n James Madison was born on the 16th. of March 1751. His parents James Madison, and Nelly Madison (before her Marriage Nelly Conway) resided in the County of Orange in Virginia. At the time of his birth they were on a visit to her mother who resided on the Rappahannock in the County of King George.\n At the age of about 12. years, he was placed by his father under the tuition of Donald Robertson, from Scotland; a man of great learning, and an eminent teacher in the County of King & Queen. With him he studied the latin and Greek languages; was taught to read but not to speak the French; and besides Arithmetic and Geography, made some progress in Algebra and Geometry. Miscellaneous literature also was embraced by the plan of the School.\n Having remained 3 or 4 years with Mr. Robertson, he prosecuted his studies for a year or two under the Revd. Thomas Martin, the Parish Minister of the established Church, the Church of England as it was then called, and who lived with his father as a private tutor.\n In the year 1769, by the advice of Mr. Martin (and of his brother Alexander Martin,) both of whom had been educated at Nassau Hall in N. Jersey, he was sent to that Seminary. Dr. Witherspoon was the President. He there went thro\u2019 the ordinary course of Studies and in the year 1771 received a diploma of Bat: of Arts. His health being at the time too infirm for a journey home, he passed the ensuing Winter in Princeton, employing his time in miscellaneous studies, but not without a reference to the profession of the Law. (He availed himself of this opportunity of acquiring a slight knowlege of the Hebrew which was not among the College Studies.) On his return to Virginia, he continued for some time in very infirm health; but in a course of reading more, intended particularly to qualify him for the Bar, for a practice of which however, he never formed any absolute determination.\n On the commencement of the dispute with G. Britain he entered with the general zeal in the American Cause; being under very early and strong impressions in favor of liberty both civil and religious in 1775 He was elected a member of the Committee for the County of Orange living at the time with his father; and participated in the County proceedings belonging to that period.\n Early in 1776 he was elected by the County, a member of the Convention in Virginia which decided unanimously on the expediency of dissolving the political connection of the Colonies with G. Britain, and instructed the Delegates in Congs. from Virginia to promote a Declaration of their Independence.\n Having been dropped in the election of County Delegates to the Legislature of the State in the following year, he was appointed during the Session of that Body, a member of the Council of State, Patrick Henry being then Governour. He continued a member of it till late in 1779, Thomas Jefferson being then Governour, when he was appointed a Delegate to the Revolutionary Congress.\n He took his place in that Body in March 1780. and was continued by annual reelections till the expiration of the Allowed term of three years computed from the definitive ratification of the Articles of Confederation.\n In 1784 he was elected a Delegate from his County to the State Legislature and continued by Several re-election. Having witnessed the defect of Authority in the Revolutionary Congress He inculcated the necessary of new powers to Congs & promoted the Convention which was held at 1786 at Annapolis, for the purpose of investing the Congress with powers over the trade of the U.S: and was appointed one of the Delegates to it, from Virga.\n The Convention having recommended another Convention, to assemble in Philada. the following year, with enlarged powers, he brought forward &\ndrew the Bill of Compliance by the General Assembly of Virginia, which had the opportunity of first deciding on the measure recommended from Annapolis, & was included in the Delegation from Virginia to that Convention.\n At the same period he was appointed a Delegate to the General Congs. then sitting at New York, after the close of the Convention till the Spring of 1788;\n In the month of april in that year he was elected by the County of Orange one of the Delegates to the State Convention which was to decide on the Constitution proposed by the Convention at Philada.\n In the Winter of 1788\u20139. he was elected a Representative from the District in which he lived in the first Congs. under the new Constitution which met in N. York in March 1789; and was continued by re-elections a member of the House of Representatives till March 1797. when he declined being longer a Candidate.\n In the year 1799. he was elected by his County a delegate to the State Legislature; which protested agst. the Alien & Sedition Acts of Congress; and in 1800. one of the Virginia Electors who voted for Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr to be President & Vice President of the U.S.\n In 1801 he was appointed Secretary of State, and remained such till the year 1809. when he was elected President of the U.S. In 1812 he was Re-elected.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0438", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Eleazer W. Ripley, October 1816\nFrom: Ripley, Eleazer Wheelock\nTo: Madison, James\n Stanton Va. Oct \u201916.\n May it please your Excellency\n Capn. Dinsmore late of the Army distinguished himself at Plattsburg. He is a worthy upright man and has lost a large proportion of his property in consequence of the political Law decisions of Massts. during the War.\n I consider himself some way entitled to the notice and patronage of the Govt. With respect & constn I have the honor to be Yr mo. ob. & hble ser\n El. W Ripley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0439", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 1 October 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n A severe indisposition has confined me to my bed for three days. I am sufficiently recovered, however, to decide upon beginning my journey this afternoon, or tomorrow morning. I have left every thing here in order; and I shall continue, with great pleasure, to transact the business of the Department, until you are ready to release me. You will, of course, give me notice of a day, on which I am to cease to act. I will take care, that there shall be no legal, or practical, collision with my professional engagements. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0441", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 2 October 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\n Your communication of Sept. 23, covering one from Col Jesup, relating to spanish affairs, was rec\u2019d by this days mail; I Know not what to think of such folly.\n To protect us, our ships of war could cruise off N orleans, in the Bay of Mexico & round Cape Florida.\n To attack spain, thro her colonies, ship of war would be of infinite service to aid in landing men, & to protect an expedition against their ships of war, but our ship of war cannot enter the Havana until the Batteries are silenced, from land, by land forces, but then they could effectually blockade the Ports of Cuba. But should we not be compelled, by prudence, to call home our squadron from the meditre. in case of a rupture with Spain? fearing some other power.\n The Ships at our command, are the Independence 74 with all things in perfect readiness, save 300 men, she could sail in 6 weeks, I think; the Congress with a full crew, now repairing, & destined for the Pacific Ocean, could sail in 3 or 4 weeks; the Gurreire & Constitution Frigates are in good order, save their Crew, could soon be prepared, besides two or three sloops of war in Boston & New York.\n Some difficulty would arise in procuring so many men, but I have no doubt but that enough might be soon obtained, to put the Independence & one or two frigates to sea, in 5 or 6 weeks, commencing directly.\n But I cannot persuade myself that Spanish authorities are so mad. There is no information in this part of the Union to lead to such a belief. I am with great respect Yours\n B W Crowninshield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0446", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 5 October 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n If I had received your favor of the \u2003 instant, at Washington, I should have been tempted to remain there, for the gratification of personal farewell. Indeed, I ran some risque, by undertaking the journey hither, the first day of my being able to leave my bed, for nearly a week.\n I always doubted Mr. Clay\u2019s disposition to accept the War Department, although I have no doubt of his wish to be placed in the Cabinet. Your selection of Mr. Lowndes for the Treasury will give general satisfaction. He is intelligent; and his acquirements in politics and literature have been occasionally displayed. He certainly appears to possess the respect and confidence of the House of Representatives; and the tone of his mind is so placid, his dispositions so amiable, his manners so unassuming, that I question, whether any other public man is better qualified to please, and to be pleased, in a station calculated to try the temper, as well as the talents, of the Occupant. This view of Mr Lowndes\u2019s character, however, has suggested some apprehension, that he may shrink from the task; doubtful whether his Constitution can bear incessant labors, and his nerves maintain the warfare for official independence, with Banks and Brokers &c.\n I am making arrangements to resume the business of the Courts; but you may still rely upon my attention to the Treasury routine, until you fix the day for my ceasing to act. I feel some uneasiness, at the course pursued by Mr. Lee; and beg you to consider, when you arrive at Washington, whether the latitude which he gives to the powers of his office, will not lead to an expenditure, far exceeding the legislative intention. It is said, that he thinks himself authorised to pay for all the Houses and property destroyed upon the Niagara frontier! Without impugning the principle, the real principle, of the Act of Congress, I cannot concieve a more improvident measure, than that of laying the Treasury open to the awards of an individual, without checks, and without appeal. If some restraint be not imposed, our treasure will be absorbed almost imperceptibly.\n I shall be very anxious to hear the result of Col. Jessup\u2019s intelligence. Indeed, notwithstanding my separation from you, I shall continue to feel a deep interest in all your measures; and if at any time or in anyway, you think I can be of service, I flatter myself that you will not hesitate to command me. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0447", "content": "Title: Benjamin Homans to Daniel T. Patterson, 5 October 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Homans, Benjamin\nTo: Patterson, Daniel T.\n \u00a7 Benjamin Homans to Daniel T. Patterson. 5 October 1816, Navy Department. \u201cYour two letters of August 15th. enclosing copies of the Report of operations of two Gun Vessels under Sailing Master Loomis, Schedule of Stores taken after the destruction of the Fort upon the Apalachicola, with Copies of your correspondence with the Military Commanding Officer, have been received.\n \u201cThe importance of the transactions alluded to, and the question of the legal disposition of the property, induced me to transmit the papers, entire, to the President of the United States, as well for his information as for the necessary instructions, in reply, to govern you in the course most proper to be pursued. The subject involves various and interesting points of jurisdiction, jurisprudence, and National policy, which will be brought before Congress at their next Session, as requiring Legislative decision, over which the Executive power has no direct or exclusive control.\n \u201cUnder these circumstances you are directed to have the property securely deposited under your immediate superintendence and protection. A complete Inventory must be taken of every article and an appraisement, by competent and judicious persons, made out and transmitted to this Department; perishable articles, upon Survey, and being found so, may be sold at public sale, and the proceeds deposited to meet such Order as Congress shall make respecting the whole. Such articles as the public service shall necessarily require may be taken for its use, after appraisement and receipts given therefor; the papers and documents relative to which you will transmit with the Inventory.\n \u201cIn the present state of the case, I do not feel authorised to express an Opinion of the proceedings, in anticipation of the course which Congress may, in their wisdom, deem proper to adopt; although the conduct of the Naval Officers, engaged in this expedition, appears to justify a belief of their having performed their duty with their usual spirit and gallantry; their claims to the property, and to the approbation of the President, will, in due time, come under consideration.\n \u201cThe case is in some respects a new one, and the actual hostility on either part cannot be considered as a lawful belligerent Act, out of which would arise the right of Prize of War. It will undoubtedly be competent to the Government to reward the merit of its Naval and Military Officers, according to the importance attached to the Service. It may distribute among them the whole, or a part of the property brought off, in such proportions as may be thought proper; and every aid will be afforded you by this Department consistently with its duty.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0448", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Philanthropos, 6 October 1816\nFrom: Philanthropos\nTo: Madison, James\n Presuming, that an evil, which threatens these States with disgrace and perhaps eventual ruin, is to you unknown, I hasten to inform you thereof, in full confidence, that it will meet your serious consideration. The Slave trade (to which I allude) has been discountenanced and put down by all civilized Nations (for the Spaniards and Portuguese deserve not that honourable appellation) and the Government of this country has given its most decided approbation to this measure, much to its credit, even in anticipation of the others; but the passing a Law, without taking due means to carry it into effect, will not answer the purpose. In short, this infamous traffic is carried on by unprincipled interested Americans from the Ports of Cuba, in Vessels cloathed with Spanish Papers, to an alarming extent. The Crews are, with the exception of a Nominal Spanish Captain, Americans, the property, altho\u2019 cloaked, America\u27e8n\u27e9 and the emoluments accruing are American. If I am rightly informed, any concern in this iniquitous Commerce, Subjects a citizen of the United States to a fine of $2000 for aiding and abetting, and $200 for each Negro so transported or sold Vide Slave Act. Sections 2nd. & 4th. Now Sir, If the Government would send out some Sloops of War, to be stationed off the Havanna or to windward of Cuba, they would find the Vessels from Africa manned almost entirely with Americans, who surely are aiding and abetting as they are the sole Agents and Navigators in said enterprises, and can Offer no apology for So doing. Nay, small tenders bring the Negros from Cuba to Amelia Island from whence they are smuggled into the United States. This is a fact. James D Wolf of Bristol (Rhode Island) has introduced, probably 5,000 Negros at least into Cuba since the peace. His famous Privateer Yanke has made three Voyages to Africa, and brought each time over 300 slaves; in addition he has the McDonough and many others employed the same way. There are also Many Vessels in the Slave trade from Baltimore and New York. Permit me to mention one instance from Baltimore, the Schooner Fox, Rogers Master arrived at St. Pierre (Martinique) in 1815, with a Monsr. Folae on board, to whom said Vessel was Nominally or otherwise transferred, fitted out at said Port, and from thence proceeded to Africa for slaves, with the original Captain and crew on board.\n These things, Sir, are well known to many, but either from motives of false delicacy, or from an unfortunate depravity of mind and morals, which has crept into this country, People are led to worship wealth, however acquired, and to screen and caress its scoundrel Possessors. Hence, information on this subject is suppressed, or the impossibility of investigation and proof, suggested, when in reality, nothing is more easy. If the real American\nMasters (I don\u2019t mean the Spaniards who are Nominally Masters) of Slave Vessels which may be intercepted, were examined on oath, the real Owners would be discovered. Fully Assured, that the President of the United States is ever ready to receive information which may be beneficial to the Country, I offer no apology for this intrusion, and shall only add, that any hint through the News Papers to Philanthropos shall be duly attended to. With tender of my most respectful good wishes\u2014I have the honor to be Sir. Yr. most Obedt. Servt.\n Philanthropos", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0449", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Montgomery, 8 October 1816\nFrom: Montgomery, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n Kentucky, Lincoln County, 8th. October, 1816\n Sometime past I recommended Mr. Robert Trimble as a proper person to be appointed United states District judge for Kentucky, in the room of Harry Innes deceased. At the time of recommending Mr. Trimble I was not apprized that Martin D. Hardin, Esq. of Frankfort, had been recommended & was desirous of receiving the appointment, and although I would not be understood as withdrawing or in any way quallifying any sentiment expressed in regard to Mr. Trimble, I deem it but an act of sheer justice to Mr. Hardin to say that he is one of the first lawyers in this state, that he is a man of fair reputation & regular habits. I will only add that the office will be ably filled by the appointment of either of those gentlemen. I have the honor to be respectfully Your Mo Ob. Servant\n Thomas Montgomery", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0451", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jesse Bledsoe, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Bledsoe, Jesse\nTo: Madison, James\n Paris Keny Octobr. 10th. 1816\n I took the liberty some time since of recommending Robert Trimble Esqr. as one whom I conceived to be the most fit person to fill the Vacancy occasioned by the death of Judge Innis. I still think him so. Should he however not get the Appointment, I think no one has greater claims than John T. Mason Esqr. whose correct & dignified deportment, whose intelligence and conciliating manners are admired by all who know him. I have no doubt his legal qualifications are unexceptionable & that he would give Satisfaction in the discharge of that trust. With great regard Yr. Mo Obt Servt\n J: Bledsoe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0452", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George W. Erving, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Erving, George W.\nTo: Madison, James\n Duplicate\n There is reason to apprehend that the Expedition under Count Abispal mentioned in my last letter to you in Cypher, will be suspended, if not altogether stopped.\n The two millions which were appropriated for the expences of it, & which were lodged at Cadiz, have just now been drawn into the Treasury here, & from thence will go probably, as all other monies do to the palace; from whence nobody knows where they are sent, or how disposed of, for all payments even of the household are very much in arrear. With the most sincere & respectful attachment Dear Sir Your very obliged & obt St\n George W Erving", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0453", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph H. Hawkins, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Hawkins, Joseph H.\nTo: Madison, James\n My dear Sir,\n This will be accompanied by a recommendation in favour of John T Mason Esqr of this place as Judge of the U,S, Court for the District of Kentucky to supply the vacancy occasioned by the death of the Honble Harry Innes.\n With the father and connexions of Mr Mason you were well acquainted, and perhaps more could not be said for him than that he has inherited their virtues and talents.\n Since his residence in Kentucky he has acquired the confidence and respect of all who Know him. Nor would the appointment of any other person in the State give more general satisfaction in my Opinion than Mr Mason.\n In addition to other reasons there is one entitled to much weight with the Executive.\n In the firm and decided part taken by Mr. Mason in support of the republican party & their measures\u2014incidents have occured which not only exclude him from any Office under our state Government, but from extending his practice as a lawyer in the Courts of the Country.\n This exclusion growing out of the provisions of a duelling law passed by Kentucky. The incidents however which rendered him subject to the penalties of this law, did not in the smallest degree lessen that public esteem & confidence to which he is so justly entitled.\n The genltemen [sic] recommending Mr. Mason who are not personally known to you, are either members of the bar or Citizens of high standing in Society. With the highest sentiments of Esteem Respect I have the honor to be very Sinecerly Yr Ob Sert.\n Jos: H: Hawkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0454", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard M. Johnson, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Johnson, Richard M.\nTo: Madison, James\n Great Crossing 10th Oct. [1816]\n The judicial vancancy occasioned by the death of Judge Innis will no doubt place before you a number of persons to fill it. Among the persons Spoken of here I have understood that James B. January, Silas M. Noel, Robert Trimble & John T. Mason will be Candi-dates. I shall confine myself to the two prominent characters Trimble & Mason altho all are men of Standing. I am intimately acquainted with both of these Gentlemen.\nI Know their respective merits. To look at the office merely I Could not make a selection without difficulty so equally ballaced in qualifications\u2014and what Mr Trimble has gained by practical Knowledge is balanced by other considerations in favour of Mr Mason & in less than two years; no man in the western Country would be better qualified that [sic] Mr Mason on account of his extensive law reading, S[illegible] education & his character as a man of business & industry.\n The honors which Mr Trimble has rcd. from this State at once Shows that no man Stands higher as a judge & also that it is very uncertain how long he would remain judge if appointed Indeed I am sure the event will prove it if he is appointed, that it is only a temporary arrangement a policy that has almost ruined this State & will injure any Country. I am as certain, that Mr Mason contemplates this Station as a most permanent appointment. To Mr Trimble it will be a real disadvantage as his practice must be double the Salary, & Mr Mason would be benefited & the Country equally Served for Mr Mason is excluded from the Barr & State promotion on acct of his conflicts with some leading federalists in this State & by which contests the republican cause has been strengthed & to his disadvantage & disqualification. I am very certain that with the Republican party Mr Mason\u2019s appointment would be as well rcd as any other in this State & on the subject of active exertions During the war & since the war, Mr Mason\u2019s Claims are far Superior to any that will be before you for this Situation. It may be said the long residence of Mr Tremble gives him a preference It can not give him any claim over Mr Mason who is now a permanent resident & Citizen of this Country, & Mr Mason is as well Known to us as Mr Tremble; as to politics one has been active the other indifferent; one is the lawyer, the other the Lawer & Politician. To give you an idea of the Standing of Mr Mason I will observe that when it was Supposed Mr Clay would be offered some Situation in the Executive Govt Mason & Breckenridge were the only men Who it was Supposed Could be Elected in Mr Clays district against Mr Pope, and Mr Mason would have been fixed upon as the Candidate. With great respect\n Rh. M Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0455", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Lewis, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Lewis, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Franklin County State ofTennessee Octr 10th. 1816\n Have been Informed that Judge Cocke the Present agent of the Chickasaw Nation is about to be Removed from Office. Should it be correct,\nI would gladly accept the Same. Should you think proper to confer on me the appointment the favour will be thankfully acknowledged by your Hbl. Servt.\n Jas. Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0456", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Armistead T. Mason, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Mason, Armistead T.\nTo: Madison, James\n Rasberry Plain 10th. Oct: 1816.\n I have recently heard from Kentucky that my brother John T. Mason of that state will be recommended to you to supply the vacancy occasioned by the death of the late Judge Innis. I feel most sensibly the delicacy of my situation in uniting my solicitations to those of his other friends in his favor on this occasion: but a consciousness of the rectitude of my motives enables me to overcome those squeamish feelings which would prevent me from endeavouring to serve my brother, merely because he is my brother.\n That he is well qualified for the office in question I give the best evidence of my conviction, by recommending him to it; for nothing less than such a conviction could induce me to expose myself to the imputation of indelicacy by making the recommendation. And that he will discharge the duties of the office should he obtain it, with integrity & zeal I would pledge my life. May I hope therefore, Sir, to be excused for uniting with others in soliciting that office for him. I am Sir, most respectfully your friend & obt Servt.\n Armistead T. Mason", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0457", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Ricaud, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Ricaud, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Baltimore October 10th. 1816\n I now take the liberty of addressing you a few lines, which I hope you will excuse and if there is any thing improper in them, you will please\nattribute it to a man that has been in Goal for near 12 months and his anxiety to get reliesed; I am in hopes you will be able to have me reliesed, for Sir I do not owe the United States more than 3000.$ which they hold me in Goal for locked up in a close Room like a criminal that has robed on the high way; The United States claim at first was about $6200\u2014and I have paid over or caused to be paid over to Mr Glenn money long since which has reduced it to the first sum and if Mr Glenn would do his duty he might have recovered of a Gentelman in this place more money than would pay what I owe the United States. He commenced suit against the Gentelman, allured to two months since and let it stand so, when he ought to make him pay and let me be reliesed, but Sir I believe both the District Attorney and the mast\u27e8er\u27e9 all delights in keeping me here, (for what god only knows), unless it is owing to my speaking my mind too freely to them, but thank god who gave me spea\u27e8ch\u27e9 it is a liberty I take, and will as long as he grants unto me the power,\n I do not owe the amont that now stands against me, but owing to my not having proper vouchers I am compeled to be charged with it, and not the liberty allowed me to obtain those proper vouchers. I also understand that it has been represented by Major Stua\u27e8rt\u27e9 who was one of my securities that I had a Plenty of money, but Sir permit me to say it is false. If I had can any reasonable man think I would lay here for a year for the paltry sum of $3000\u2014no, but Major Stuart had motives in this which he accomplished. It was to injure me, and get himself reliesed, when he at this time owes me $500\u2014of the very money I am now laying in Goal for, which I lent him while in the army and which I can prove. Col. Carbry owes me near $2000. advance and lent him for to advance the soldiers which he was to give me vouchers for, but my being sick at the time and very ill, I could not take the vouchers, and here I must lay a poor distressed man with a young family and no friends to aid me to any thing.\n I am sure the United States will not be paid by keeping me here locked up, but are only \u27e8at?\u27e9 a grate expence. I have been sick for three months and am sure if I am not des[\u2026]ed before long I shall not be able to suppor\u27e8t\u27e9 my poor Wife when I am reliesed; now sir be pleased to permit me to beg your interfearence in my behalf and if I am not set at liberty be pleased to order me the Goal bounds so that I can walk about and breath fresh air, but if any thing within your honors reach can done order my discharge from Prison, and the blisings of God for ever rest on you and your family shall be the prairs of your obt. Sert.\n John Ricaudlate paymaster 36th Regts\n Mr. Falls will hand you this.\n P.S. [canceled] I am sure that there is persons that \u2026", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0458", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Charles Hicks, David Melton, and Betsy Melton, Ca. 10 October 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Hicks, Charles,Melton, David,Melton, Betsy\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Charles Hicks, David Melton, and Betsy Melton. Ca. 10 October 1816. \u201cThe petition of David Melton & Bestsy Melton, heirs & representatives of the late Moses Melton deceased, (the latter of whom was wife of the said Moses,) and Charles Hicks, humbly sheweth, that by a Convention or treaty made at the City of Washington on the 7th. day of January in the year 1806, between Henry Dearborn, then Secretary of War, on the part of the United States, & the Chiefs and Head Men of the Cherokee Nation, in behalf of said Nation, it was among other things agreed & stipulated between the powers contracting that a certain tract of Land two miles in width on the North side of the Tennessee River, & to extend northerly from that River three miles, & bounded as follows, viz, beginning at the mouth of Spring Creek & running up said Creek three miles on a straight line, thence westerly, two miles, at right angles with the general course of said Creek, thence Southerly on a line parallel with the general course of said Creek, to the Tennessee River, thence up said River, by its waters to the place of beginning, should be considered the property of the said Moses Melton & Charles Hicks in equal shares, as by reference to the first article of the said Convention will more fully appear; And your petitioners further state to your Excellency that the estate of the said Moses as well the said Charles Hicks being considerably involved in debt, & your petitioners being desirous of extricating themselves from their difficulties & of removing to another part of the Country they have been induced to dispose of the said tract of land. Accordingly for former services rendered & for a real bona fide & valuable consideration, they have sold the same to Mr. Lewis Winston, of Madison County, Mississippi Territory, & have executed to him a conveyance to the same. It is therefore the will & prayer of your petitioners that your Excellency would recognize the title of Mr. Winston & confirm our deed of conveyance by all the forms & sanctions consistent with your high office & powers & the laws of the United States\u2014either re-granting the same or permitting Mr. Winston to take peaceable & quiet\npossession & to occupy & enjoy the same without let or molestation from the said United States or its agents.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0459", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Buck and Others, 11 October 1816\nFrom: Buck, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\n We the undersigned practising Attorneys at Law, have been acquainted with Robert Trimble a number of years\u2014we state that he is amongst the first Lawyers of Kentucky, that his practise has for many years been extensive\u2014that his professional character is fair and unspotted\u2014that he filled the Office of Judge of the Court of Appeals with high reputation to himself and undivided approbation of the people of this State\u2014we recommend him, with confidence as being eminently qualified for the Station of Judge of the Court of the United States for the District of Kentucky. The appointment would be received with general approbation and much Satisfaction by all orders of people.\n Daniel BuckJohn Speed SmithArchibald WoodsSquire Turner", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0460", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Adams, 12 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Adams, John\n Your favor of the 4th. of Sepr. was handed to me, by Docr. Freeman, at my abode in Virga. just before I left it for this place. His transient stay afforded but a slight opportunity for the civilities I wished to shew to one who enjoys so much of your esteem, and who appeared so well to deserve them. He was so good as to call at the door since my arrival here; but being at the moment engaged, he was so informed without my being apprized of the name, till he had retired; and his ensuing departure from the City closed our intercourse, unless he should repeat his Southern excursion when I shall pay with pleasure the arrears due on the first.\n Mrs. Madison wishing to seize the occasion for a letter to Mrs Adams, has herself answered the enquiry in yours to me, having reference to her. You will perceive that she has not the slightest recollection of any letter to Mr. Steel, such as could have led to the intimations in yours. We conclude therefore that some error has taken place in the statement made to you. It will rest with your goodness & conveniency to throw any light on it, which you may have the means of doing, and which you may think the subject worthy of. I beg you to be assured that I join fully in her acknowlegements for the delicate manner in which you have alluded to it, and for the kind dispositions which it has led you to express.\n The favorable judgment you are so good as to express on the course of my administration, cannot but be very grateful to me, not merely for the immediate value I set on it, but as an encouraging presage of the light in which my endeavors in the service of my Country will be hereafter viewed by those most capable of deciding on them. Be pleased to accept, Dear Sir, assurances of my high esteem & my best wishes\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0461", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Bayle and Others, 13 October 1816\nFrom: Bayle, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Frankfort Ky Oct. 13\u20141816\n We understand that Mr Robert Trimble is willing to accept of the office of District Judge for the district of Kentucky which has become vacant by the death of Judge Innes.\n There is no man in the state who is more competent than Mr Trimble to discharge the duties of the office & from the high estimation in which he is held by the public both as a lawyer and a citizen we have no hesitation in assuring you that there is no one whose appointment would give as universal satisfaction. Knowing the solicitude that is felt in this country to have the office filled with propriety we have deemed it not improper thus briefly to state to you our opinion of Mr Trimbles, qualifications With the most profound respect we have the honour to be your most Obt Sts\n John BayleWilliam LoganWilliam Owsley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0462", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Eastin and Others, 13 October 1816\nFrom: Eastin, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n We the undersign members of the Bar beg leave to respectfuly represent to your Excellency that from our acquaintance with Robert Trimble Esqr. we deem him a gentteman well quallified to fill the office of District Judge of the Untid States court, for the District of Kentucky which has become vacant by the death of the late Honle. Harry Innis. We tharefore beg leave\nto sollicet his appointment to that office. In making this request we have no hesitation in stating that we have not only represented our own wishes but that they are in unison with the wishes of the majority of the people\n Thomas EastinM. Rowley ThorntoinB. MillsGeo, W, BaylorJohn G. Martin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0463", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph H. Hawkins, 13 October 1816\nFrom: Hawkins, Joseph H.\nTo: Madison, James\n My dear Sir,\n By the last mail I enclosed you some letters &c: in testimony of the merits of our friend Mason for the Judgship to supply the vacancy occasioned by the death of Mr. Innes.\n Since which the enclosed have been forwarded from another part of the State.\n Amongst the names from Mt Stirling you will find Mr Owings late Colo. in the U S army, &c. at present a member of our Legislature.\n Colo. Thomas Fletcher, the present Member of Congress elected in place of Mr. Clarke, amongst the Most popular & influential men in that section of Country.\n Mr. Nicholas is a member of the bar, & Mr. Stockton & Mr. Jouett Citizens of the highest respectability.\n You will also find two letters from Mr Bledsoe, saying all he could say, after having recommended Mr Trimble which was done previous to his Knowledge of Mr. Masons friends having urged his claims upon the Executive.\n One great object with the Executive in all public appointments no doubt is & should be to select those in whom there is a public & general Confidence & approbation.\n There is no man in Kentucky enjoying a greater share of this Confidence, & for whom warmer testimonies of approbation could be had than for Mr Mason.\n Peculiar circumstances give great weight to his claims, and has excited great solicitude amongst your friends here for his success,\n And the voluntary tender of approbation now enclosed is confined to\nno particular section of the Country but could be found & obtained in all. I have the honor to be Sincearly & respectfully Yr Ob Sert.\n Jos: H: Hawkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0464", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Mills, 13 October 1816\nFrom: Mills, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\n Paris Keny. October 13th. 1816\n On the death of the Honble. Harry Innis it becomes necessary again to fill the office of District Judge of the United States, which has become vacated by his decease.\n Permit me, Sir, earnestly to reccomend Robert Trimble esqr. of this State as a proper person to fill that vacancy. Having from the time that he, and myself pursued our academical studies together been his intimate acquaintance, and for many years viewed his course while I practised beside him at the bar, I am enabled to say that his willingness to accept affords a singular choice to fill that office; for I have no hesitation in believing that he would prove an ornament to the bench of the supreme Court of the United States, if he could be placed even there.\n His character however does not rest on my testimony only. The State, of which he is a citizen has borne the most honorable evidence of his integrity, his capacity and his legal acquirements. He served about two years on the bench of the Supreme Court of this State, where he acquitted himself with credit, and to the regret of almost every legal character, resigned the office, because the emoluments were entirely inadequate to the labors of the Station. Since that period without even his knowledge he has been twice commissioned a judge of that Court and on one of these occasions was appointed cheif \u27e8execut\u27e9tiv\u27e8e\u27e9 of the State. These offers he declined to accept for the same reasons which had occasioned him first to resign. And the loss of him on that bench has been deeply felt & sincerely regretted.\n I lament that my lack of acquaintance with almost every department, will entitle my reccom\u27e8en\u27e9dation to little weight, even if it might be of any value to those; with whom I am intimately acquain\u27e8t\u27e9ed. I can however refer to Mr. Graham of the Department of State, and Thomas Dougherty esq Clerk of the House of Representatives, for the credit to which my statement is entitled and these gentlemen are no doubt acquainted with the\ncharacter of the person, whom I have attempted to reccommend. I am, Sir, with respect Your Obt. Servt.\n Benjamin Mills", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0468", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 15 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n It being finally arranged that Mr. Crawford will enter the Treasury Department on Monday next, I lose no time in apprizing you of the day, on which the requisition on your kind and protracted attention to its duties, will be at an end. The letter offering the War Department to Mr. Lowndes, having been sent to N. York missed of him altogether; and it unluckily happened, that he set out, after his return to Washington, before I had an opportunity of communicating with him. A letter will follow him with a chance of overtaking him, before he reaches Charleston: but will probably not arrest his journey, should the object of it be acceptable to him.\n I thank you very much, my dear Sir, for the friendly offers in your favor of the 5th. inst: and I renew all my acknowlegements & assurances with respect to the past services, for which I am personally indebted; as well as our Country which is enjoying and awaiting the beneficial fruits of them. Accept my high esteem and my cordial salutations\n James Madison\n Nothing has occurred diminishing the improbability of Col: Jessup\u2019s intelligence. You will have noticed the occurrence in the Gulf of Mexico, which is producing considerable sensation. We are not able to appreciate all its circumstances; but it is difficult to believe that the Conduct of the Spanish Squadron, is to be ascribed to hostile orders from Madrid.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0469", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Martin D. Hardin, 15 October 1816\nFrom: Hardin, Martin D.\nTo: Madison, James\n Frankfort October 15th. 1816\n I had the honor of addressing a letter about ten days since to the Secretary of State, withdrawing my name from the list of those recommended for the appointment of District Judge in place of the late Judge Innes. I presume that letter has been laid before you. In it I have explicitedly & Candidly Stated the reasons for my withdrawing my name.\n Since I wrote that letter I have understood that some persons desirous of promoting the interest of some other gentleman have Stated that Mr. Trimble if appointed; does not intend to hold the office but a short time, & will surrender it to some other\u2014perhaps to the late Member of Congress Mr. Clark. I do not know whether this statement has been forwarded to you. If it has, it is the assertion of a person who is realy unacquainted with Mr. Trimble\u2014or wilfully Misrepresents him. Mr. Trimble is incapable of duplicity. He is incapable of becoming the tool of any man or Set of Men. His standing is such that he needs no combination, to draw forth the recommendation of those who are best qualified to judge of proper persons to fill this office. He Merits it. No Man in the State possesses the Confidence of the Country at large for a Judicial Station in as high a degree as Mr. Trimble.\n Your Excellency must have heard that within a few years past there have been some Clashing decisions on land suits given by the Supreme Court of the United States and by Our Court of Appeals. It is Certainly desirable if practicable that this breach should be closed & not widened. Mr. Trimble possesses the Confidence of the Judges of the Court of Appeals & of the Judge of Our Federal Circuit Court Judge Todd, in a very high degree\u2014and Can do more if placed on the bench to bring about a reconciliation than any other Man.\n It is understood here that Mr. John T. Mason of Lexington has been recommended for this office by his acquaintances at that place. Mr. Mason As a man & as a Citizen is amiable and deserving\u2014as a lawyer he is unknown\u2014and cannot therefore have the confidence of the Country. The great weight of business in Our Courts here is the land business. It is impossible that any man who has come so recently to the State as Mr Mason\nhas to be acquainted with it. It is a system which has gradually unfolded itself in our Courts\u2014And is only to be there learned\u2014by experience.\n Mr Trimble has grown up with our land law, And combines more admirable all the qualifications for a judge than any Man I ever Saw on the bench.\n I have troubled you farther than my slight acquaintance would have warranted\u2014But having been named for that office by some gentlemen whose confidence & good opinion I Shall always be proud of, and upon a whole view of this Subject, judging for my Self, judging impartially for the cause of virtue & Liberty, for the triumph of good principles I have come to this result that to Say the very least of this matter the govt is left without hazard or danger to nominate Mason or Trimble\u2014with this advantage on the Side of Mason that he certainly has more the Confidence of the republican party & it is Supposed that his appointment at this time is important while the friends of Mr Trimble or his Supporters rather, on this occasion are composed of personal fr[i]ends & political foes &ce. I would advise no thing that I thought would injure the cause or make the administration unpopular. I do not believe that there is any danger in this case. The Executive is therefore left to Select without hazard.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0470", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John G. Jackson, 15 October 1816\nFrom: Jackson, John G.\nTo: Madison, James\n Clarksburg October 15th. 1816\n By letters recently received from My friend Colo. Johnson I find that much solicitude exists in Kentuckey, & particularly among his friends that Johnson & Co. the present contractors for supplying rations to our military force in the South West should be continued in that engagement, as they apprehend a competition from a person recently become their enemy, who will delight to gratify his feelings of hostility even at the cost of some sacrifice.\n Without any knowledge of the fidelity with which they have executed their contract I hope it will not be deemed presumptuous in me to ask, that if they have done their duty they may be preferred to any others who do not offer to supply the troops on better terms.\n I am now fully convinced that the Compensation bill was an improvident measure, and had I anticipated the decisive hostility manifested against it I would most assuredly have voted in the negative. So far as the elections afford proofs, it seems that all the weight of personal & political popularity have proved merely adequate to counterpoise the opposition, the support of that bill has given rise to, and I hold it as a sacred principle in my political creed that upon questions of policy the Representative to be faithful should express the wishes of his Constituents. One reason perhaps for the omission to denounce me, is, that I have repeatedly declared my unwillingness to be reelected. I shall be perfectly willing that the day which closes your political life, shall terminate mine also. The short experience I have had convinces me that it is a condition not to be coveted by any one, & that few indeed are so fortunate as to maintain the approbation of their friends & escape the censure of their enemies.\n Since my return from Congress I have commenced & completed ready to go into blast a furnace for making Iron metal with all the necessary buildings, & collected a large quantity of Ore, coal &c. This with my former establishments give full scope to my industry & to my ambition also. I am ambitious to do good, & I believe my exertions benefit this Country.\n The crops here as with you are very short, but if the next year be favorable, we shall derive some benefit from it. A new stimulus has been given to our farmers, & many others like myself will more than double the quantity of wheat & rye sown in any former year.\n Offer my best regards to Mrs. M & tell her that little mary has almost recovered & Mrs. J in making up her account current on Sunday evening gave me credit for a bouncing girl, & both are doing well Yours affectionately\n JG Jackson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0471", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Lane, 15 October 1816\nFrom: Lane, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington Octor 15. 1816.\n I have the honor to report, that during your absence, the Public Buildings in this City have advanced with as much rapidity, as perhaps under all circumstances, we ought to expect. The walls of the Presidents house are carried up nearly to the parapet, notwithstanding they were to take down much lower than had been apprehended. Great efforts are making to cover in that building this season, and with every prospect of success. In the North wing of the capitol, the masonry of the basement story, including the Court room and its offices, is completed, except the main arch of the Court room, which is now in progression; the partition walls of the principal story are likewise carried up. Our operations on the South wing are still suspended for want of the columns. For procuring these from our native quarries of Marble on the Potomak, a contract was entered into some time past. The prospect of a speedy supply from that Source is not now so promising as at a former period. The Difficulties of an undertaking so new, in this part of our country, are very considerable; but efforts are still making to surmount them. To carry into effect the act for enclosing & improving the Capitol square, a contract was entered into at an early period, with one of our enterprising citizens; in pursuance of which the basement wall has been carried round three sides, and part of the fourth\u2014the Iron railing is in great forwardness if not completed, but the free stone coping has not equally progressed. It is however believed that the whole appropriation for that object will be expended within the season. With great Respect I have the honor to be Sir Yr. obt. Srt.\n Saml Lane ComrPublic Buildings", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0472", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Lowndes, 16 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lowndes, William\n The resignation of the Treasury, by Mr. Dallas, drawing after it a vacancy in the War Department, now to be filled, I am desirous of availing our Country of your talents & services in the latter. With a hope of obtaining your assent, I addressed a letter to you, which, from the course of your journey can not have reached you; and as soon as I ascertained that you had arrived in Washington, I sent a request to be favored with a call on me. Unluckily, you had set out for S. Carolina, and had proceeded too far to\nbe overtaken. Will you be so good as to say, whether I may count on your acceptance of the Trust in question? As early an answer as you can make convenient is desireable; and it will afford me great pleasure, both on public & personal considerations, if it should be in the affirmative. Be assured, Sir, of my high esteem and of my cordial respects\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0473", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Prettyman Merry, 17 October 1816\nFrom: Merry, Prettyman\nTo: Madison, James\n Buckingham county Virga. Oct. 17th. 1816\n I have a Son Doc Samuel Merry that hath been in A loe state of health for some time past, And he wishes to spend this winter in some of the Mediterranean islands for his health. And he wishes to get the appointment of Surgon or Surgons mate in Our fleet whis is stationed in that quarter. I can only informe you that the Doc. hath had for several years (before his ilness) an extencive practice as a Phision in the County of Charlotte wheare he lived and the Counteys ajoining with greait sucsess. Letters of recommendation can be had if Nessary. The Doc will be at my house in a few days and hath requested me to write to you on the subject, I am Dear Sir with respect yours\n Prettyman Merry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0475", "content": "Title: Samuel Harrison Smith to Alexander J. Dallas, 17 October 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Smith, Samuel Harrison\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n \u00a7 Samuel Harrison Smith to Alexander J. Dallas. 17 October 1816, Treasury Department, Revenue Office. \u201cA keeper being requisite for a new Light House erected on Race Point, the name of Joshua Dyer, with the accompanying recommendations, are respectfully submitted for the consideration of the President. It is also requisite that the salary of the keeper be fixed, which, it is proposed, shall be three hundred dollars.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0476", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 18 October 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n I have just received your favor of the 15t. instant, and, conforming to it, I shall cease to act in the Treasury, after the dispatch of tomorrow\u2019s mail.\n The kind expressions of your letter, make a deep and lasting impression. I shall resort to the testimonials of your approbation and confidence, for consolation, whenever the past reminds me of any sacrafice to be lamented; or the future shall produce any care to be endured. Accept the renewal of my cordial wishes for your honor, health, and happiness. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Your\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0477", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Wilson Cary Nicholas, 18 October 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Madison, James\n Council Chamber, Richmond, October 18th. 1816.\n I have the honor to inform you that you are appointed one, of the Visitors of the Central College in Albemarle, and to forward you the enclosed Commission. It is hoped that it will not be inconvenient for you to undertake the Execution of this office. I am, Sir, With great respect, Your Humble Servant\n W. C. Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0478", "content": "Title: Instructions for the Navy Department, [ca. 19 October 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Instructions prepared for the Navy Dept.\n Capt. Morris with the Frigate Congress to proceed without delay to the Gulf of Mexico, where he will of course take the naval command on the N. O. Station.\n He is 1. To protect our commerce in the Gulf of Mexico agst the violence & depredations of pirates, not confounding however with pirates, armed vessels under whatever flag, committing hostilities agst. a particular nation or nations only.\n 2. To protect our commerce agst. an exercise of force by the armed vessels, of whatever nation or Country, not authorized by the belligerent right of search, or the laws of blockade as asserted by the U.S. The entrance into & departure of Commercial vessels from our ports, is not to be interrupted or aided, by the hovering of such armed Vessels on our Coast for the purpose.\n 3. To maintain the territorial rights of the U.S. within the marginal league; but no interruption is to be given to friendly vessels under whatever flag proceeding to ports of the U.S.\n 4. To aid, according to law, in detecting and suppressing the frauds of smugglers.\n 5. To prevent the entrance of the vessels under his command into ports of the Spanish Maine or Islands adjacent, whether in possession of the one or the other Contending parties, except in cases of real emergency; the vessels so entering to observe during their necessary stay the neutral obligations of the U; \u27e8and\u27e9 to prevent any unnecessary cruises or approaches towards the Spanish Coasts, which might favor suspicions of hostile or unwarrantable purposes; and to prevent unjustifiable violence of any sort, by vessels under his Command, on vessels armed or unarmed under whatever flag.\n 6. Not to allow any such public vessel to transport or receive on board any private mercantile property in which is to be classed specie & bullion; nor passengers of any description, without a sanction properly obtained.\n 7. Not to convoy or protect agst. a rightful seizure by Belligerent vessels under whatever flag, American or other vessels bound with Contraband of war to ports of a Country at war.\n 8. To communicate and co-operate, as occasions may justify & require, with the officer Commanding the land forces of the U.S. in repelling & defeating any invasion which may be made or attempted by any foreign armament.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0479", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Francis Corbin, 20 October 1816\nFrom: Corbin, Francis\nTo: Madison, James\n The Reeds. VirginiaOcr. 20th. 1816 Wh: Ch: Po: Off:\n Some years ago a Pipe of my Port Wine strayed up to Alexandria instead of being landed at Norfolk. As it was troublesome to get it round, and I knew it to be superiour to any that could be imported in the ordinary way, I offered it to General Washington and Mr. Fitzhugh at prime Cost, charges &c. The latter took it and divided it. It proved to be as I expected, & they wished for more. A similar accident has again occurred. A Pipe has arrived at Alexa. for me, the Duty on which I have directed Mr M\u2019Kenna the Cashier of the Bank of Alexa. to pay. If a Pipe of such wine be agreeable to you I beg leave to offer it on the same terms and with the same friendly motives of Respect, and no other, with which I offered it to Genl. W. and Mr. F.\n The Pipe is inclosed, as usual with my wine, in an outward Case to guard against tricks, and contains generally 135 to 140 Gallons. The Cost of it at Porto was \u00a352. 10. Stg. With all other charges of Insurance &c&., exclusive of Duties, it will mount up to near or about \u00a360 Sterling. Should you choose to take it Mr M\u2019Kenna will send it to the City. If you do not choose it\u2014I beg again that you will ascribe my offer of it to that great Respect and Sincere friendly Regard, with which I am, and have ever been, Dear Sir, Your Much Obliged and Mo: faithful Servt.\n Francis Corbin\n P.S. Be pleased, Sir, to present my respectful Compts. to Mrs. Madison and my regards to Mr. Todd if he be with you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0480", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Lowndes, 20 October 1816\nFrom: Lowndes, William\nTo: Madison, James\n I feel very sensibly the honor which you do me in offering me the charge of the War-department & am still more flattered by the expressions of personal regard contained in your letter. A preference however for the situation which I now fill (among other reasons because it allows me to apply a portion of the year to the care of my private affairs) will make me decline that which you have proposed that I should occupy.\n The short stay which I made in Washington prevented my paying my respects to you there & Mrs. Lowndes & myself were disappointed in our hopes of making a visit to Montpelier. You left it on the day on which we had intended to have availed ourselves of the kind invitation which you had given to Mrs. Lowndes. With the highest respect & esteem Your obedient Servant,\n Wm Lowndes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0486", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Adams, 22 October 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Quincy October 22d. 1816\n Thank you for your favour of the 12th. The Anecdote mentioned in my Letter of the 4th of September is of no Consequence to the Public, though, it may interest the private Feelings of your Family and mine.\n Mr Stodert was my Auther. After all possibility of thinking Seriously on the Subject was passed, Mr Stodert informed me of the Letter from Mrs Madison to Mr Steel mentioned in mine to you of the 4th of September last.\n I said, this is very extraordinary! If Mr Steel received any Such Letter, he ought to have communicated it to me alone and not to you. (Mr Stodert) or any body else. I surely should have keep the Secret.\n I should have called Mr Steel to account for this Conduct on this Occation but it was two late and I had many Morcells of more difficult digestion. Besides, Mr Steel had become my Enemy. I had appointed another Gentleman to be Secretary of the Treasury an Office on which he had Set his Heart. His Resentment was beyond all Prudence and decency. His Anger has left lasting Memorials. I am Sir, with my best Compliments to your Amiable Lady, Your Respectful hunble Servant\n John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0487", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Prettyman Merry, 24 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Merry, Prettyman\n I have recd. your letter of the 17th. instant. The public Vessels which are or may be employed in the Mediterranean being all furnished with official\nSurgions, and there being also others in public pay waiting for employment, you will perceive the impossibility of providing for your son in the way you wish. He can not be otherwise accomodated than as a passenger, at his own expence. Should he chuse to seek the recovery of his health in those terms, the Navy Department will receive his application with favorable dispositions: and it will afford me pleasure to promote that object. Accept my friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0488", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joshua Dawson and Others, 24 October 1816\nFrom: Dawson, Joshua\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington October 24th. 1816\n The subscribers, take the liberty, respectfully to represent to the president of the United States, the following grievance, to which they are likely to be subjected, in consequence of permission granted by the president, to Mr. Richard Forrest, to occupy as a Stable, the building on the South-east-corner of G, and 14th. Street, formerly in possession of the president.\n The building, ranging exactly in a line with the pavement, & the adjoining dwelling houses, must render the egress, and ingress of the horses, extremely inconvenient, as well as hazardous to passengers, and all those living more immediately in the neighborhood\u2014the danger also, from fire, will excite considerable alarm to the inhabitants, as there is no doubt, that the stable will be resorted to during the night time, and the many fatal accidents which have happened from such practices, will very naturally increase the anxiety. The subscribers, therefore encourage the hope, that the president will, upon consideration of the circumstances stated, be pleased to withdraw his grant to Mr. Forrest, more especially, as the subscribers understand, that the building in question, is wanted to be fitted up, for the use of the Lancastrian school, at present deprived of a suitable house. Respectfully Submitted,\n Josa. DawsonP. FerrallWm. ParkerJames Mc,ClayJno. N. LovejoyJohn M. MooreJoshua MooerJos. DoughertyWm. James", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0489", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joshua Wingate, Jr., 24 October 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Wingate, Joshua Jr.\n \u00a7 To Joshua Wingate Jr. 24 October 1816. \u201cJ. Madison requests the favor of Mr. Wingate to dine with him, on Thursday next, at Four o\u2019clock. An answer is requested.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0491", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Moses Porter, 26 October 1816\nFrom: Porter, Moses\nTo: Madison, James\n NewYork October 26th. 1816\n I beg leave to reccommed to your notice for the appointment of Surgeon in the army, Doctor John Carpenter of this City; As Surgeon of Sea\nFencibles during the late War, and as Acting Surgeon of a Post since the peace, he has by his zeal and assiduity in the discharge of his duty, by the Skill and Success of his practice together with his Uniformly correct and exemplary Deportment merited and obtained the respect and esteem of all the Officers with whom he has been associated; and I embrace with pleasure the present opportunity of bearing testimony to his merits both as an Officer and Citizen, and of Soliciting his Appointment in the United States Service.\n M PorterBrigdr Genl", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0493", "content": "Title: Samuel Harrison Smith to William Harris Crawford, 26 October 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Smith, Samuel Harrison\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n \u00a7 Samuel Harrison Smith to William Harris Crawford. 26 October 1816, Treasury Department, Revenue Office. \u201cA Keeper being requisite for a new Light House erected on Point Gammon, the name of Samuel A. Peak, with the accompanying recommendations, are respectfully submitted for the consideration of the President.\n \u201cIt is also requisite that the salary of the Keeper be fixed, which it is proposed shall be three hundred dollars.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0494", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Delaplaine, 27 October 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n Philadelphia Octobr. 27. 1816.\n I have the honour of acknowledging the receipt of your obliging favour of the 22d instt.\n As you have enjoined it on me not to make use of the observations contained in your letter relative to my work, because you have not yet perused it, so I shall most strictly comply. As soon, however, as you are prepared to honour me with your opinion of its merits & general execution, which you may permit me to print, I shall feel greatly obliged.\n Have the goodness to cause the enclosed letter to be delivered to Mr. Todd. With the highest respect & esteem, I remain Dr. sir, your obedt. huml. st\n Joseph Delaplaine\n P. S. Most respectful compliments to Mrs. Madison.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0495", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John S. B. Lang, 27 October 1816\nFrom: Lang, John S. B.\nTo: Madison, James\n Baltimore 27th. octr. 1816.\n It is with Regret I must address you But with the hope that you will Be So Kind as to Take into Consideration my Humble Request. I am and old Soldier who Has Served my Country more then Sixteen years and During our Last Glorious Contest have Served During the war. In the Latter\nTerm the Procklimation under Date of the 17th June 1814 was Published Directing all officers Non Comd. officers and Privates Should Be active and Vigilant [illegible] in the apprehention of Deserters at the Same time Specifying that a Reward Not Exceeding fifty Dollars Should Be Paid by the Commanding officer of Every Garrison Post and District for Every Deserter Delivered to them. During this time I apprehended William Rogan who Deserted from fort McHenry in the year 1811 and Enlisted again in the year 1814 and I Delivered him to Capt Charles Stansbury of the 38th Regt: who Sent him to Fort McHenry and He was Tryed by a Genl Cort Martial and Convicted and is now Serving his former Period of Enlistment out under Capt Jos. Read at annapolis. I have Capt Stansburys Cirtificate of honor and the Coppy of Genl Court Martial and have made application at the asst. accountants office and Canot obtain No Compensation. But am Told that my Claim is Not Legal. I Beg you will Be Pleased to take my Case into Consideration as I hope my Long Services will Entitle me to the Lenity of my Cheif Magestrate and my Country at Large and hope that you will Be Pleased as to order me Some Compensation. Your answer will Be Thankfully Recd. by your Humble Servant\n John S.B. LangLate Sergt US 38th Infy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0496", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Moses Ray, 30 October 1816\nFrom: Ray, Moses\nTo: Madison, James\n Philada. October 30th 1816\n You may deem it the height of presumption in me as a private and I may say an obscure individual to address the first Officer in Our Country. The object I have in view will I trust be a sufficient excuse for the intrusion. I have determined upon endeavouring to settle with 2 or 300 Families on the fertile banks of the Ohio, Mississippi or on any good lands Contiguous to navigable waters. Our Country is rich in lands and if you will honor me with your assistance in the undertaking it may ultimately be a national benefit. My plan is this Sir, If I had the grant of 30 or 40.000 Acres free of all expence for Ten years with an assurance that at the end of that term the\nthen occupants should have the priviledge of purchasing at the fair Value the improvements in that time would So inhanse it in Value that it would be an object of immense importance. It is unnecessary for me to say any thing relative to my standing in society as that of course will be sattisfactorily explained in case you decide favourably. My motives are purely Philanthropic and with your Countenance I may be the instrument not only of individual but of actual national benefit. Numerous Emigrants groaning under oppressions in their Own countrys flee to this hospitable clime. Many of them (particularly from Ireland) have nothing but the warm glowings of patriotism and love of liberty to recommend them. This Eden of the World receives them to its hospitable bosom on their arrival. How are they circumstanced without friends and without funds. They look to the West but no friendly purse enables them to reach there. Consequently our cities are overrun with men who would Shine Conspicuously in the Western forests. I therefore Sir request that you would enable me to prosecute so laudable an undertaking.\n I have been endeavouring to form an association for this purpose but without effect. Every One appears to be engrossed with their own business and unwilling to embark in One that appears So distant ere their funds return. Presuming fairly on the importance and utility of the undertaking I have taken this liberty and feel confident you will bestow upon it the Consideration it merits.\n Joseph North Esquire, Purser in our Navy is at present in Washington to whom I beg leave respectfully to request you would communicate your opinion on this important Subject. I have the honor to be Sir With Sentiments of high Consideration And respect your Most Obt H St.\n Moses Ray", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0497", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thlucco and Hopoie, 30 October 1816\nFrom: Thlucco (Big Warrior) (Creek chief),Hopoie (Creek Chief)\nTo: Madison, James\n Fort Hawkins 30th. October 1816\n We have put some of our men on the road to See you, Colo, Hawkins now being dead, we have no person to do our business.\n When you See these men, who are a deputation from us to you, they will represent our whole people. Ever Since the War we have not had any thing Set[t]led Straight with us, we hope you will Settle every thing Straight with them.\n Friend & Brother, We have often Sent you our talks Since the war; but have not received any from you in return.\n When You See our deputation, and talk with them, it will be as if you were talking with us.\n Friend & Brother, These our deputation we Send to you, and when you See One another, we want you to Settle every thing that has happened in our nation. My friend, to you we look up to as Steady and firm; we have had many Crazy men in our nation and they have led us astray. We hope you will make Some permanent arrangement for us. Ever Since our nation got Crazy, we have not had any thing Straight; we Send this deputation to Settle every thing relative to our nation. These our deputation, when they talk with you, will tell you every thing that has hapened to us, and they will tell you the truth. These men are a deputation from us, and by this letter you will know it. We have not a long talk to Send. On the death of Colo. Hawkins you appointed his Nephew Cap. Hawkins to attend to our business. When we applied to him to settle our business he was sick and not able to get up. We have with Cap Hawkins Requested Major Hughes U. states Factor to attend our deputation to you.\n When you See our deputation One will Shake hands with you first, that is Tus.ke.he-ne-hau of Cussituh, who will deliver a Short talk to you himself.\n Our two Chiefs & warriors, Major McIntosh and Eu.fa,law, Yo,ho,lo mic,co\u2014will be the principal persons who will Settle the whole of our business with you, those who will Coincide with their arrangements with you for our nation, are, Took,aw,bat,chee Tus.ke,he,nehau\u2014Cussetuk Fie,man,thlau\u2014Tus,keeke Emauth,lau & Our two Interpreters Cap George Lovet & Mr. Samuel Hawkins.\n We Owe One another in our nation, and Stand in Need of what is Comeing from the United States to us. Our deputation will arrange with you for it.\n Friend & Brother, we Send you our deputation to talk with you. We are your friends and the friends of the United States.\n Tustun,nuggee BW his mark Thlu,ccoSpeaker of the upper CreeksTus,tun-nug-gee X his mark HopoieSpeaker of the lower Creeks WitnessGeorge GL [his mark] LovetPublic InterpreterWritten as InterpretedWm Bowenas U.S. FactorFt. Hawkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0498", "content": "Title: David Curtis DeForest to James Monroe, 30 October 1816\nFrom: DeForest, David Curtis\nTo: Monroe, James\n Buenos Ayres Octr: 30th. 1816.\n Although I am very sensible that any request of mine will have but little weight with the President I think it my duty to request you to inform him that I am in posession of property to a large amount belonging to Citizens of the U. States &, that, as it is impossible to realize its value at the present moment, I fear it will be difficult to remit it in safety without some naval force to protect it out of the River, the state of which, as well as of this Country in general your accredited Agent Mr. Halsey will no doubt have informed you.\n In a political point of view, as well as for the security of our commerce, I think the expence of Two Sloops of War on this station would be amply repaid by the advantages to be derived from it. Our Frigates draw too much Water for this River, as no Vessel coming past Banco Chico ought to draw over 18 or at most 19 feet. I have every day less confidence in the Patriotism of this People; & consequently less confidence in the security of my Person & property while here. I remain Sir very respectfully Your most obt. hbl Ser.\n David C. DeForest.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0499", "content": "Title: To James Madison from J. W. Simonton and Others, [November 1816]\nFrom: Simonton, J. W.\nTo: Madison, James\n The undersigned memorialists, citizens of the United States, in behalf of themselves and others, respectfully represent;\n That in the prosecution of their lawful concerns, they have sustained a pecuniary loss to a considerable amount, by the arrest, seizure, and actual confiscation of their property, by Henry Christophe, lately styled President, but now King of Hayti, as fully and particularly appears, and is exemplified, by the inclosed papers Marked A. B. & C.\n The printed paper marked A. shews that American property was arrested, on the alleged ground, that the Haytian chiefs agents in Baltimore had defrauded him, and that ours was seized, because the Owners were Americans, and their property was in his power.\n The paper marked B. shews the actual confiscation of our funds, by the King of Hayti, by his requiring the resident Merchants to pay therefrom 124.955 dollars and 19 Cents, into his Treasury.\n The inclosed affidavit of Mr Abel Marple, marked C. proves that the papers A & B. above referred to, are authentic, and that so far as the Mercantile house of which he was a partner were concerned in the transaction, the order B. was actually complied with, and their proportion paid into the Treasury, as required.\n We also know, and the fact is susceptible of proof, that all the parties called upon, did, in like manner, pay their respective proportions of the sum required, and that the full sum of 124.955 dollars and 19 Cents, was paid into the Treasury of Christophe pursuant to, and in conformity with, the Order B.\n On the fact, above detailed, but few remarks can be necessary; it is a clear, indisputable, and by the Haytian Government an admitted fact, that our property was confiscated, because it was American.\n The confiscation has been made by Sovereign Authority, which we were not only unable, but unauthorised to resist. The only legitimate resource left to us, through which redress can be expected, or indeed possibly obtained, is through the intervention of our own Government, to obtain which, is the object of your memorialists in Submitting their grievances to the President of the United States. We are aware, that it is not for your Memorialists to prescribe what measures ought to be pursued, yet we beg leave respectfully to state, that in our opinion, if a remonstrance shall be made, and redress demanded, by authority of our Government, they will not be disregarded; which measures we flatter ourselves the President will deem it expedient to adopt, or in such other Manner endeavour to obtain redress, as on consideration may be deemd. most suitable to the occasion.\n J W Simonton, Surviving partner \n of Simonton & Crood\u2014\n John Banistre\n Owners of the Schr. Maria Cap\n John W. Quincy\n Hardie & Cargo at Gonaives\n for self & other Owners of Brig}Venus. Joshua Nash Master\n C. D. Howell S P Montgomery Owners of Schooner Hope\n J W Simonton owner of the Schr. Maria Cap. Hardie & Cargo at Cape Henry.\n Jn. Randall owner of the part Cargo of Ship John Willm. Greetham Atty. & acting for the late firm of Greetham & Devereux[oc]\n Jabez Boothroyd. part owner & sole agent, the Schooner Mariner & Cargo.\n Geo. Burroughs Jr for self & agent for other owners cargo Sch. Betsey\u2014Hull Master\n Wm Patterson & Sons, Owners of Schooner Nymph Capt. Caleb Cranston & her Cargo.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0502", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Jacob Astor, 3 November 1816\nFrom: Astor, John Jacob\nTo: Madison, James\n Philadelphia Novr 3. 1816\n I had the Honnor to Rive your letter of the 29 ulto in which you are pleased To express a wish that I would Remit to Mr. Gallatin on your account A Bill on Paris for 338 Francs\u2014which I will Do on my Return to new york and of which I will have the pleasure to Transmit to you an account. I have the Honnor to be Most Respectfully Sir your obtd Humbl Servt\n John Jacob Astor\n PS. Would you have the goodness to present My best Respcts To Mrs. Madison.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0504", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the General Assembly of Indiana, post\u20134 November 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Assembly of Indiana\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From the General Assembly of Indiana. Post-4 November 1816. \u201cThe undersigned, Govenor, Lieutenant Govenor and members of the General Assembly, of the State of Indiana, beg leave to recommend, The Honble. Benjamin Parke, late a judge of the General Court of the late Territory of Indiana, as a fit and proper person to fill the office of Federal District judge for sd. state, when such office shall have been created.\n \u201cThe undersigned have adopted this course, with a full impression that such appointment will meet the approbation of the citizens of the state generally.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0505", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Citizens of Philadelphia, 5 November 1816\nFrom: Citizens of Philadelphia\nTo: Madison, James\n Philadelphia November 5th 1816\n We whose signatures are hereunto affixed, Citizens of the City and County of Philadelphia, beg leave respectfully to recommend John Conard Esqr, for the Office of Accountant of the War Department, become vacant by the death of Colo Lear.\n Mr Conard possesses in a high degree the Confidence and respect of the Democratic Party in this District; and in our Opinion is a man of the first respectability for the integrity of his character, and the soundness of his political Opinions. We believe him well qualified for the Office of Accountant of the War Department, and have no doubt but that he would discharge its duties satisfactorily to the Administration, and usefully to the Country.\n Possessing the highest gratitude for your Public services, and the warmest wishes for your future happiness, we respectfully subscribe ourselves Your friends and fellow Citizens.\n Joseph Worrell[and twenty-four others]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0508", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Ann Cary Randolph Morris, [post\u20136 November 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Morris, Ann Cary Randolph\n Being constrained by circumstances which I can not properly disregard, to decline the request in your letter without date, I can not do otherwise with the one enclosed in it than return it in the same state it came to hand, that you may substitute some other course for its delivery. I beg you to be assured Madam that this Step does not proceed in any degree from a want of the sympathy which you have addressed, & that you have my best wishes for your happiness & the welfare of your infant son on which it so essentially depends", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0509", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Devereux, 7 November 1816\nFrom: Devereux, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Valued Sir\n Washington 7th. novbr. 1816\n I beg leave to present you with two Peruvian Tiger Skins\u2014which you\u2019ll please to accept as a small token to record that gratitude which in common with our country, I shall never cease to owe you, and that high respect for virtues and merits, which I feel too Strongly to express by words. With profound respect and esteem, I am Sir, your most obdt. Servt.\n J: Devereux", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0510", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Grayson Orr, 7 November 1816\nFrom: Orr, Benjamin Grayson\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington 7th. Novr. 1816.\n A distrust, which existed during my Contract for the eighth military district, and by which I suffered very much, I flattered myself had been entirely extinguished, by the thorough investigations that Subject had undergone & by the regular & peaceable execution of two Subsequent contracts which had been granted to me. I flatter myself it exists now no where, but in the breasts of those, who have not had an opportunity to understand the true grounds of the difficulties which gave rise to it & I pray you Sir, in taking into veiw, the Collateral considerations which present themselves in deciding & distributing the contract for the ensuing year to be referred to the late & present Secretaries of the Department of War, who are intimately, acquainted with my conduct in the contract first noticed, for information of my merits or demerits, in that respect. With great esteem Sir I have the honor to be Yr. mo Obt Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0511", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Lee, 8 November 1816\nFrom: Lee, William\nTo: Madison, James\n By a confidential letter received yesterday from an obliging friend at Washington I learnt you had done me the honor to appoint me accountant to the War department and that the Commission had been directed to me at Philadelphia where I presume it still lies in the post office as it has never come to hand which I am a little surprised at as several letters directed to me in that City have been sent to me since my return to this place.\n This new mark of your favor has caused Sir at the same moment both pleasure and pain\u2014pleasure from the proof it affords of the continuance of your confidence in me which I know not how to thank you for in a manner agreeable to you and at the same time do justice to the sentiments of gratitude your kindness inspires me with\u2014pain from my finding it impossible to accept the appointment owing to the nature and extent of my concerns in this City. I had rather settle at Washington than any other town in the union but such was my situation on arriving here that it became necessary in order to save expence I should immediately determine on the spot for my residence as the sixty manufacturers I brought out with me fifteen of whom were at my charge would if unemployed soon destroy my resources. After visiting Philadelphia I concluded to form my establishment here. I have expended considerable sums in building up an oil cloth manufactury a specimen of which I take the liberty to inclose and I have erected another fabric at Manhatanville near this City composed of thirty stocking knit looms. Both branches are new in the United States and if they meet with proper encouragement will give employment to several hundreds of poor people and create for me an influence in society here which will be agreeable. Such is the present state of these fabricks that were I to leave them under the direction of others I should not only suffer myself but my failure in the enterprise would really be a public loss. In addition to these objects I am engaged in establishing a deaf & dumb school and I have formed a company composed of french emigrants for the purpose of making a settlement in the Western Country and as this project is in some forwardness my residence in a sea port is necessary in order to assist the persons we expect from France on their way to Proscripolis. Large subscriptions and a hundred subscribers have already been procured and Mr Perrieres the celebrated exlegislator experimental agriculturalist & naturalist has been dispatched to the Ohio & Mississipi in search of a tract of land in a climate which will produce among other things the Vine & olive. I am confident this interesting settlement will soon surpass that of V\u00e8vay & Harmony. We shall draw over from France in the course of a year or two six or eight hundred protestants. I am doing all this Sir by the dint of hard work. I never expect to be rich, I must therefore content myself with being useful. Were I to fix myself at Washington in the office in question I should do but little for myself and family and less for my country. From my long habits of business I have acquired a facility and turn for almost all occupations except that of exclusively pouring over accounts\u2014there I find no variety nothing that can occupy the mind agreeably. It is of all others the most irksome task. It was once my fort and my experience therein carried me through great embarrassments but at the Same time gave me such a surfeit, that I dread to encounter the like. I never can forget Sir the great obligations I am under to you and that you should have thought me worthy this new mark\nof your esteem is to me one of the most flattering and agreeable circumstances that has ever occurred to me. That you should have named me Sir to the first vacancy because you thought I stood in need of it is so extremely kind that I know not how to give vent to my feelings on the subject. It is more than I had a right to expect if not more than I deserve for my feeble services. With the highest veneration I have the honor to be your obliged & devoted humble Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0514", "content": "Title: Remission for John Curtis, 8 November 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas at a late Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Vermont John Curtis, of the said District, was convicted of a misdemeanor, for an attempt to smuggle foreign goods into the United States, whereupon he was sentenced to pay a fine to the United States, and to satisfy the costs of the prosecution against him, or to stand committed \u2019till the sentence of the Court should be complied with: And whereas it has been made to appear to me that the said Curtis is unable to pay the said fine, and a longer Imprisonment of him would therefore be unavailing, Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States, in consideration of the Premises, and for other good Causes me thereunto moving, have remitted, and I do hereby remit the fine aforsaid, & every part thereof, willing and requiring that the said John Curtis be discharged, & fully released from the sentence aforesaid, upon, his paying and satisfying all the costs incurred in, and by reason of the Prosecution aforesaid.\n In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my Hand and caused the seal of the United State\u27e8s\u27e9 to be affixed.\n Done at the City of Washington this 8th day of November, A.D 1816, and of the Independence of the United States the forty first.\n James MadisonBy the President[\u2026]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0515", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, 9 November 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n In pursuance of the authority vested in the President of the United States, by the Act of Congress passed the 3d. of March 1809, entitled \u201cAn Act further to amend the several Acts for the establishment and regulation of the Treasury, War, and Navy Departments,\u201d I do hereby direct, that the following transfers be made, viz.\n From the Appropriation for Navy Yards to Contingent Expenses the sum of\n To Building 74\u2019s & Frigates\n the Appropriation for bounty, subsistence, & clothing Marine Corps to Contingent Expenses of Marine Corps, the sum of\n To Military Stores Do\n From the Appropriation for the building or purchasing of Vessels to carry not less than 8 nor more than 16 guns each to Building Barges, the sum of\n Given under my hand this 9th. day of Novr. in the Year of our Lord 1816.\n (signed) James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0516", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Anderson, 9 November 1816\nFrom: Anderson, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington 9th. Novr 1816\n The first time I had the honor of Seeing you, after your late return from Virginia, you had the goodness to Observe, that you had recd. a letter from me, respecting Mr Worthington my Principal Clerk and at the same time, you Observed, that you entertaind a high Opinion of him but that as few Vacances happend and he had not designated any particular kind of Office which he might wish to fill you found difficulty, in complying with\nhis Wish. I have within a few days past had Some conversation With Mr Worthington, and he has Suggested to me, that he wou\u2019d be willing to accept, a respectable Consulate Such as you might deem him competent to fill. He wou\u2019d be Willing to fill the one lately Vacated by Mr Lee at Burdeaux. Or If, as has been understood Mr Shaler Wishes to leave Algiers And that place Shou\u2019d become Vacant, he wou\u2019d accept it. Or if the Government Shou\u2019d Think of Sending a Consul to Some of the South American Ports he woud be willing to go there. He wou\u2019d accept of the place of District Judge of the State of Indiana, and he woud I think, make quite as able a one, as any that may be Offerd as Candidates. And on the score of indepence, integrity and Patriotism of the right Sort (for he is a Most faithful Supporter of the true republican cause) I am of Opinion he wou\u2019d not be excelld. Shou\u2019d the Collector-Ship of Orleans, from any cause, ee\u2019r long become Vacant he wou\u2019d fill that place much to the real interest of the United States. The Only places which I believe are now Vacant, of those I have designated are, the Consulate at Burdeax and that of District Judge, of the State of Indiana. Should these two places be now vacant, as I have Supposed I take leave to recommend Mr Worthington as a Candidate, for One of them. Your choice wou\u2019d be his for Such is his Modesty, that he cannot prevail with himself to Say Which he wou\u2019d prefer but my Own Opinion is, he wou\u2019d prefer the appointment of Judge. But in this I may be Mistaken for he has not absolutely said so. He wou\u2019d however be content with either or any other of those which have been mentiond.\n Press\u2019d as I know you must be, With business at this time so Shortly before the Meeting of Congress I must request that you will permit Mr Worthingtons Solicitude and my friendship for him to plead my appology for thus Obtruding and accept assurance of my high and most respectfull consideration\n Jos: Anderson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0517", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Reasin Beall and John Sloane, 9 November 1816\nFrom: Beall, Reasin,Sloane, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Wooster 9th. November 1816.\n Observing that the Office of Accountant for the Department of War, has become vacant, by the death of Colo. Lear, permit us the liberty of reccommending to your Excellency\u2019s consideration the Honourable David Clendenin Esquire representative in Congress from the 6th. district of\nOhio, as a gentleman well qualified to discharge the duties of that Office. We have the honour to be Your Excellency\u2019s most Obt. & Most Humble Servants\n Reasin BeallJohn Sloane", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0518", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Duncan, 9 November 1816\nFrom: Duncan, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Understanding that the honorable John Conard has applied with highly satisfactory and honorable testimonials, for the Office rendered vacant by the lamented death of Colonel Lear, it may savour too much of presumption for me to add any thing. But my personal knowledge of Mr. Conards highly respectable standing in Society and among the friends of the Administration in particular, induce\u27e8s\u27e9 me to come in as an auxiliary. Such is the judgment which I have formed of Mr. Conards character, that I deem it honorable to the Government and fortunate for our Country when qualifications and dispositions, such as he possesses, are employed in important public Offices. With sentiments of the highest consideration & esteem I have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s Obedt. Servt.\n Wm. Duncan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0519", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Williams, 9 November 1816\nFrom: Williams, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\n Baltimore Novemb 9th: 1816\n The object of this is to complain to the Chief magistrate of my Country, of the many outrageous sceenes of robery which are committing upon the high seas by American Citizens and in some measure under the cognizance of the American Government. Seven vessels have already been fitted\nout in the port of Baltimore, manned & commanded almost entirely by American Citizens and owned by American citizens alone. These vessels have American registers which they take with them and which serves after returning from their robberies as a pasport to enable them to refit in our ports. They receive a commission from an agent of the Government of Buesnosayere and under the authority of this commission sail direct from our ports, cruize upon the high seas and rob & plunder the vessels of nations in amity with the United States and this too, without going in the port of any foreign government in order to change their character. American citizens are capturing, burning & plundering Spanish vessels without any authority for so doing but the informal commission of a government not acknowledged as an independent power by any other nation whatever. Besides those vessels which have already sailed in prosecution of this scene of piracy (for it can be called by no softer name) there are now fitting out in the port of Baltimore five others of the same character & avowedly with the same intentions.\n How long, my good Sir, is our government to suffer the United States to remain the nest of buccaneers who respect no rights and no flags. This kind of business has hitherto gone on without any of those evident marks of disaprobation in our citizens, which will evidently burst forth before long. And how mortifying must it be to the pride of every American to see a town meeting calling upon our government, to exercise that power which has so long remained dormant in their hands\u2014to see them called upon I say for an exercise of that power to prevent our country from being polluted, dishonoured & disgraced. If you will reflect well upon this subject, Sir, you cannot but think of it of it as you ought, and you will not think the less of the information which is given you because of the \u27e8c\u27e9hannell through which it comes.\n I am an individual of no consid\u27e8erable\u27e9 note, but am a sincere well-wishe\u27e8r\u27e9 for the honor of the Country; if my name \u27e8c\u27e9an add any additional respect to this \u27e8r\u27e9emonstance it is at your service.\n Jonathan Williamsa democratic citizen of Balto", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0520", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Return Jonathan Meigs Jr., and Sophia Wright Meigs, 10 November 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Meigs, Return Jonathan Jr.,Meigs, Sophia Wright\n \u00a7 To Return Jonathan Meigs Jr. and Sophia Wright Meigs. 10 November 1816. \u201cMr. & Mrs. Madison request the favor of Govr. & Mrs. Meigs to dine with them on Thursday next, at 4 o\u2019clock.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0521", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Reddick, 10 November 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Reddick, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Joseph Reddick. 10 November 1816, Gates County. \u201cSir as You Was please to Give me a Commission as principal assessor for the first districk of the State of North Carolina, Please receive this My resignation as principal assessor for the district aforesaid I am With due respect Yr Hmbl Servt.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0522", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 11 November 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n Washington Novr. 11. 1816\n The approaching meeting of Congress requires that I should be making preparation for the event. The paragraph relating to the Finances will be a very important, and happily a very pleasing one. Persuaded that your peculiar familiarity with the subject is as yet little impaired, I am tempted by your experienced kindness, to intrude so far on moments belonging to other objects, as to request from your pen a prospectus of the receipts & expenditures of the fiscal year, with the balance in the Treasury, and a notice of the public debt at its latest liquidation\n The Statement may be the more brief as I wish to refer to your \u201cSketches\u201d as an accompanying Document; which can not fail to be acceptable to Congress, useful to the public, and honorable under every aspect. It occurs however, that if thus used, one or two of the topics at its close may be criticised as not exactly within the scope of a Report from the particular\nDept. of the Treasury; if not construable in a latitude not covered by the Constitution. The remarks of either kind can be easily guarded against.\n Altho\u2019 I presume you possess a copy of the Sketches, I inclose the original draft, that there may be no danger of needless delay, or trouble to you, in the task I am imposing. Be pleased to accept, with my particular respects to Mrs. Dallas, my esteem & best regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0523", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Perrin Willis, 13 November 1816\nFrom: Willis, Perrin\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington Nov: 13th. 1816\n Having heard that Mr Lee has declined accepting the appointment of accountant to the War Department; I beg leave to renew my application for that situation. And to assure you, Sir, that my zeal for the publick good will in case of your pleasure to appoint me, prompt me to discharge with punctuality and fidelity the duties of the station.\n I have recently discovered that the vacancy supposed to exist in the Staff, of Asst. Adj: Genr. was a mistake, the result of letters received by the War Department. I have the honor to be with high consideration Your Most Obt. Servt.\n Perrin Willis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0524", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Charles Ridgely, 13 November 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Ridgely, Charles\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Charles Ridgely. 13 November 1816, \u201cIn Council\u201d Annapolis. \u201cI have the honor to transmit to you the enclosed Certificate of the Election of Members of Congress for this State.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0525", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 14 November 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n I have just received your favor of the 11t. inst. It has given me great pleasure; and in the course of two or three days, you will receive the note you request.\n If you should decide upon sending the Report of September last to Congress, I think it would be best to send it, in the shape of an explanatory Extract, relative to business, which was transacted before Mr. Crawford\u2019s responsibility occurred. The Report was made in its present form, without a view to any other object, than your information, and the accommodation of my Successor.\n I find that your copy of the Report is in my Desk, and I send it by this Mail, that you may direct such extracts to be made, as you deem proper. With sincere affection and respect, I am, Dear Sir, Yr. faithful Hble Sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0526", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Graham, 14 November 1816\nFrom: Graham, George\nTo: Madison, James\n Department of War, 14th: Novemr. 1816.\n The disposition evinced by Congress at the last session in relation to the defences of the United States, by an appropriation which was founded on an estimate, that contemplates an expenditure on fortifications of about four millions of dollars within the next four years; and the great importance of the judicious expenditure of that sum on adequate works, erected on properly selected sites; make it peculiarly necessary, at this time, to form some permanent arrangement, by which the Executive may avail itself of the Opinions of the most eminent officers of the Corps of Engineers, as well as of the assistant Engineer, lately employed, in relation to every point where it may be proper to erect permanent and extensive fortifications. With this view, I take the liberty to submit for your Consideration, the proposed arrangement in relation to the Corps of Engineers, and for the formation & adoption, in future, of all plans for fortifications. That you may distinctly understand the extent of the proposed change, I will state the existing practice in relation to the selection of sites, and the formation and adoption of the plans of the works, for the defence of such sites.\n The Chief of the Corps of Engineers assigns the officers of the Corps to particular districts; the Officer in each district, selects the sites where new\nworks are to be constructed, and reports the plan of the fortification to the chief engineer, by whom it is approved or altered, and then submitted to the secretary of War for final Adoption. The Officers of the Corps of Engineers being few in number, and the points to be defended being numerous, it frequently happens that an officer of low grade, and consequently of not much experience, is necessarily assigned to select the site and form the plan for the defence of the most important points. This system may be productive of expedition, and may enable the government more immediately to proceed in the simultaneous construction of a greater number of works than the one proposed; but it is believed to be subject to such radical objections, as to make a Change indispensably necessary. I have the honor to be, most respectfully, Sir, your Obedt. Servant,\n Geo: Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0527", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jean Fran\u00e7ois \u00c9tienne de Laroque, 15 November 1816\nFrom: Laroque, Jean Fran\u00e7ois \u00c9tienne de\nTo: Madison, James\n Newyork ce 15 9b. 1816.88 [illegible] Street No. 51\u27e8chez\u27e9 M. Minton\n Monsieur le pr\u00e9sident\n Jean fran\u00e7ois Etienne de Laroque a l\u2019honner d\u2019Apeler \u00e1 v\u00f4tre Excellence, que N\u2019Etant aux Etats unis qu\u2019En passant pour S\u2019En Retourner En france Sa patrie, N\u2019ayant ni Etat ni profession, Sans fortune N\u2019ayant Et\u00e9 toute Sa vie que Militair d\u2019ailleur[s] Sans domicile dans cette Ville\u2014S\u2019Est vu malgr\u00e9 toute ce Exemption port\u00e9 Sur le livre de taxes des imposition.\n Le Soussign\u00e9 Nayant jamais leur Connaissance quil fut tax\u00e9e aussi arbitrairem[ent] Et ne peuvant jamais pr\u00e9voir qu\u2019un Etranger Sans domicile fut tax\u00e9e a la Somme de Vingt deux dolars, par la Seule Raison que le Soussign\u00e9 avoit lou\u00e9 une chambre et un cabinet \u00e0 tant par mois.\n Ne Connaissant ni la langue Angloise ni les lois du pays le Soussign\u00e9 ne pouvoit faire Aucune Declamation, par la Raison qu\u2019il ne Supposa\u00edt pas qu\u2019un Etranger Sans domicile fut Sujet a payer aucune imposition.\n M. le Maire de la Ville \u00e0 qui le Soussign\u00e9 fit faire Sa Declamation Ausi qu\u2019e M M. les Membres de la Corporat. ont tous Senti l\u2019injustice de cette\ntaxes il n\u2019y \u00e0 que M. Le collecteur qui S\u2019obstine [illegible]ttor\u00e9 me faire payer cette taxes aussi arbitraire qu\u2019end i ase\n N\u2019ayant absolument aucun Moyen de payer autres que celui de Vendre Mes effets, le Soussign\u00e9 Supplie votre Excellence d\u2019ordonner, qu\u2019il Soit Ray\u00e9 des Mes le Role des impositions il attend cette justice de Son Excellence, je Suis avec Respet Monsie[u]r le pr\u00e9sident Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob. Serviter\n De Laroque\n CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n Jean Fran\u00e7ois \u00c9tienne de Laroque calls on JM [stating] that being in the United States only in passing while returning to his home in France, and having neither rank, trade, nor profession, and without fortune, having been a military man all his life, or domicile in this city, he has been carried on the tax books.\n He never knew that he could be taxed so arbitrarily and could never have predicted that a foreigner without domicile would be taxed at the sum of twenty-two dollars for the sole reason that he had rented a room and an office at so much per month.\n Knowing neither the English language nor the laws of the country, he could not make a declaration because he did not suppose that a foreigner without domicile would have to pay tax.\n The mayor of the city to whom he made a declaration, as well as the members of the corporation, all felt the injustice of this tax. It is only the collector who insisted on making him pay.\n Having absolutely no means of paying the tax, other than by selling his belongings, he begs JM to order that it be stricken from the tax rolls and expects justice from JM.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0528", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Ward, 15 November 1816\nFrom: Ward, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n Paterson 15th Novr. 1816.\n The Sentiments you have uniformly expressed in your Messages to the house of Congress favorable to Manufactures, encourages us again to\naddress you on that Subject. It has been found by experience the aid given by Government to be altogether insufficient, and viewing the interest of the Manufacturer coincident with the great interest of Agriculture and the Nation\u2014We beg leave to state\n That notwithstanding all theoretic calculation respecting the sufficiency of the aid given, the best proof we give in answer is the exhibition of all our establishments now standing, and the owners who have not yet benefited by the act of insolvency, hovering around the remains of their enterprizing industry and fortunes in anxious anticipation that they may yet be protected from the reiterrated attempts of the British Government Whose wakefull jealousy will continue to view our attempts to supply our own wants with ceasless malignity and apprehension.\n It is for the next Congress to determine whether the unparrelled exertions made by our Citizens to render the nation independent of Europe in one of the necessary articles of existence (clothing) shall be again resusitated, or doomed to perish and decay irretriveably.\n We as the Citizens of a free goverment have address\u2019d you as the chief organ of the same stating our situation, and trusting to your wisdom and the solicitude you have heretofore manifested in our favor will be continued towards us in your next communication to Congress, and your memorialists as in duty bound will ever &c.\n Rich: Ward Prest.of the Manufacturingassociation of New Jersey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0529", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Lee, 17 November 1816\nFrom: Lee, William\nTo: Madison, James\n New York November 17th 1816\n Some circumstances having occurred, since I had the honor to write you on the subject of the appointment, you had the goodness to offer me; I have thought it best after mature reflection, to accept the same, if you have not Sir before this gets to hand, selected another person. It will take me from ten, to fifteen days, to close all my concerns here and at the\nfarthest, I can be in Washington in the first week in December. If it is not incompatible with the public Service that the place should remain vacant for that time and no choice should have been made, will you do me the honor to confirm me therein.\n I will not occupy your important time, in stating my reasons for this sudden change of mind. I will reserve my explanations thereon, until I reach the Seat of Government. Mrs Lee, a confidential friend and the great difficulties I daily encounter here, in maturing my establishments, have brought about this determination and induced me to abandon my plans here, to those who have more ample means of executing them. I have the honor to be with the highest veneration your obliged & humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0530", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander J. Dallas, 20 November 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\n An oppressive attention to the business of the court has prevented my making the inclosed draft earlier; and I send it now in a very rough state, rather than lose a mail for the purpose of copying it.\n I could not venture to fill the blank in the second page; but the figures will be supplied in a moment by the Register, upon a question, what will be the aggregate of the public funded debt after the dividend of the 1st of January has been paid, including the debt both before and since the late war?\n My object has been to be concise and general. I feel the full responsibility of using language which is to be ascribed to you. I am, dear sir, most affectionately and respectfully yours,\n [Enclosure]\n In directing the legislative attention to the state of the finances it is a subject of great gratification to find that even within the short period which has elapsed since the return of peace the revenue has far exceeded the amount of all the current demands upon the treasury; and that under any probable diminution of its future annual product which the vicissitudes of commerce may occasion, it will afford an ample fund for the effectual and early extinguishment of the whole of the public debt. It has been estimated that during the year 1816 the actual receipts of revenue at the treasury,\nincluding the balance on deposit at the commencement of the year and excluding the proceeds of loans and treasury notes, will amount to about the sum of $47,000,000; that during the same year the actual payments at the treasury, including the payment of the arrearages of the War Department as well as the payment of a considerable excess beyond the annual appropriation, will amount to about the sum of $38,000,000; and that, consequently, at the close of the year there will be a surplus in the treasury of about the sum of $9,000,000.\n The operations of the treasury continue to be obstructed by difficulties arising from the condition of the national currency; but they have nevertheless been effectual to a beneficial extent in the reduction of the public debt and the establishment of the public credit. The floating debt of treasury notes and temporary loans will soon be entirely discharged. The aggregate of the funded debt, composed of the debts incurred for the wars of 1776 and 1812, has been estimated, with reference to the 1st of January next, at $109,283,485,35. The ordinary annual expenses of the government for the maintenance of all its institutions, civil, military, and naval, have been estimated at a sum less than $20,000,000. And the permanent revenue to be derived from all the existing sources have been estimated at a sum of about $25,000,000.\n Upon this general view of the subject it is obvious that there is only wanting to the fiscal prosperity of the government the restoration of an uniform medium of exchange. The resources and the faith of the nation, displayed in the system which Congress has established, insure respect and confidence both at home and abroad. The local accumulations of the revenue have already enabled the treasury to meet the public engagements in the local currency of most of the States, and it is expected that the same cause will soon produce the same effect throughout the Union. But, for the interests of the community at large as well as for the purposes of the treasury, it is essential that the nation should possess a currency of equal value, credit, and use wherever it may circulate. The constitution has intrusted Congress exclusively with the power of creating and regulating a currency of that description; and the measures which were taken during the last session in execution of the power, give every promise of success. The Bank of the United States has been organized under auspices the most favorable, and cannot fail to be a valuable auxiliary to those measures; and upon a reasonable estimate of the national stock of the precious metals, there will be little difficulty in complying with the legislative demand for the payment of the public duties and taxes in coin at the period which has been prescribed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0534", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Charles Jared Ingersoll, 23 November 1816\nFrom: Ingersoll, Charles Jared\nTo: Madison, James\n My dear Sir\n Philadelphia 23 November 1816\n Mr. Conard, of this neighbourhood, having, as I understand, been recommended to you for the place of Accountant to the War Department,\nI take the liberty to add my inconsiderable Suffrage in his behalf. Of his peculiar fitness for that particular Situation, I am not competent to give an opinion. But I certainly can say, with truth, that, during the three Sessions I sat with him in the thirteenth Congress, he always proved himself to be a Zealous and intelligent Representative, and that I beleive he is quite unexceptionable on the Score of private character. I remain with Sincere and respectful consideration Your obedient humble servant\n C. J. Ingersoll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0536", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Prentiss, 23 November 1816\nFrom: Prentiss, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington 23d. Novr. 1816\n My Son will wait on you for your Patronage to a usefull and necessary Establishment in this City.\n My attempt to support a Reading Room falls heavy on me, which I can very Ill bear. I shall be sorry to be under the necessity of giving up so usefull an Institution for want of a part of support to pay the Expenses.\n In 1803 and 1806 I carried dispatches to Mr Monroe then in London.\n I refer you to Mr Meigs of the Land office and others for the usefulness of such a room. His Brother (the Indian Agent) told me he would not have been without the use of my Room the short time he was in the City for twenty dolls. I am respectfully Sir yours with much Esteem\n Wm. Prentiss", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0537", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Cotton Smith, 23 November 1816\nFrom: Smith, John Cotton\nTo: Madison, James\n State of Connecticut November 23. 1816.\n I take the liberty of recommending to your notice the Reverend Mr. Gallaudet, principal, and Mr. Clerc his Assistant, in the \u201cAsylum for the instruction of deaf and dumb persons\u201d lately established in this state. I am persuaded they will receive from the First Magistrate of our country, that favourable regard, to which their distinguished exertions in the cause of humanity so eminently entitle them. With the highest respect and consideration I have the honour to be Sir your obedient and Most humble servant\n John Cotton Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0538", "content": "Title: Memoranda from Richard Rush, 24 November 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: \n [The following are remarks from Rush to JM touching on modification of the judiciary, the U.S. criminal code, and the revenue system.]\n If the propriety of some modification of the Judiciary be adverted to in the message an allusion to the following points, might perhaps, advantageously close the same head.\n If the federal government, in its corporate capacity, draw not to itself the common law, as applicable to criminal matters, a chasm would seem to\nexist in this part of our system. All offences, not specially provided for by statute, must be left without punishment in places, of which the number is not inconsiderable,\n *All arsenals, dock yards, navy yards, forts, light houses &c &c. Hundreds of families, or individuals, may perhaps be found living within the limits of these places, thus become sanctuaries for offenders.\n where the U. States possess an exclusive jurisdiction. If, moreover, there be any offences already known to the statute, without a penalty being annexed, a necessity arises, under the same hypothesis, of defining the punishment as well as the crime. It is right that an attention should be awakened to these topicks commensurate with their urgency; and how far a more general revision of our penal jurisprudence would be expedient, with a view to the remedying of other deficien[c]ies, as well as an increase of its scope, and also with a view to examine whether it might, in some particulars, be rendered, with due wisdom, less sanguinary, are considerations worthy to engage the deliberations of those who will know how to estimate such important duties of legislation.\n Crimes punishable by existing laws of the U.States with death.\n 4. Piratically running away with, or yielding up (to a pirate) a ship or vessel; or goods to the value of fifty dollars.\n 5. Seaman laying violent hands upon his commander to hinder his fighting in defence of the ship or goods\u2019 committed to his charge;\n 6. Seaman making a revolt in the ship.\n 8. Accessary before the fact to murder.\n 9. The same of Robbery.\n 10. The same of piracy.\n 11. Forgery of any indent, certificate, or other publick security of the U. States.\n 12. Setting at liberty or rescuing any person convicted of treason.\n 13. The same of murder, or any other capital crime.\n 14. The wilful destruction of a vessel at sea, with intention to prejudice the owner, or underwriter.\n In running through the statute book this morning, I find the foregoing list of offences punishable capitally. It is possible I may have passed some over; but most probably the list presents the whole.\n It is a long one. Considering the very few offences known to the laws of the U. States, those punished with death exist, in a greater proportion, than\nin England. Neither rapes, nor arsons, nor burglaries, nor many others of a high grade, are, as yet, at all provided for. In short, as far as we have gone, we have copied, closely enough, the bloody code of England; and as the admitted absence of the common law will enlarge, tenfold, the field of our labors, if we go on in the same spirit, Draco will be the best model of all for our legislators: The offences I have underscored seem not to call for so heavy a doom, which also looses sight of just discriminations in guilt.\n If so much severity be right in itself, it certainly does not conform to the analogy of the mitigated codes of, I believe, nearly all the states of the union; a mitigation agreed, I also believe, to have been productive of good effects. Why should the two systems, operating in the same community, so differ, merely because a citizen may happen to be upon one side, or the other, of an ideal jurisdictional line?\n Perhaps some explanation of the greater harshness of that of the U. States may be found in this: that most of its capital crimes, (from the search I have made since last evening I should say all but one) were made so by the old act of April 30. 1790. Now, it is since this epoch, that, both in Europe and in our own country, but especially in the latter, the progress of humane and enlightened reform has been so considerable.\n In consonance with the above remarks, I have ventured to throw out an idea for consideration at the close of the other paper. The expression \u201cother deficiencies\u201d in the same place, may cover those known to be applicable to the revenue system, so fully brought into view last winter by Mr Dallas in his report upon the means of enforcing the new tariff.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0539", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Plumer, 25 November 1816\nFrom: Plumer, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Concord (NH) November 25. 1816\n Permit me to congratulate you on the success of the republicans in this State in the choice of Electors & representatives to Congress; and of the prospect of great unanimity in the approaching presidential election.\n I avail myself of this opportunity of presenting you with a copy of my speech to the legislature at the opening of their present session. I have the honor to be with much respect and esteem, Sir, your most obedient humble servant\n William Plumer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0540", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jared Mansfield, 26 November 1816\nFrom: Mansfield, Jared\nTo: Madison, James\n West. Point Novemr. 26th. 1816\n Understanding, that Daniel Symmes Esq. Register of the Land Office in Cincinnati is about to resign that place, & that his brother Mr Peyton S. Symmes is a Candidate for succeeding him, I beg leave to offer my testimony in favour of the appointment of this Gentleman.\n While acting as Surveyor General, I had the means of knowing his youthful character; It was promissing in the highest degree; distinguished by extraordinary natural endowments, a fine education, & correct moral conduct. By my Friends, I have since learned, that his subsequent, & more mature character has exhibitted the finest assemblage of talents, & virtues. That he is well qualified to perform the duties of the Office, there can be no doubt, since he has acted in it, & I believe done all its business, for more than 3 years. I beg leave to recommend to Your Excellency, for that place, Mr Symmes, as one who is not only competent to fill, but to adorn it, or even a much higher situation. I am with the most profound respect Your Obt. Humle. Sert\n Jared MansfieldProfr. of M. Phil. M.A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0541", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Rush, 27 November 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rush, Richard\n J. Madison requests a consultation with the Heads of Departments today at 12 OC and that they remain to dinner with him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0542", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Sylvanus Bourne, 28 November 1816\nFrom: Bourne, Sylvanus\nTo: Madison, James\n American Consulate Amsterdam Novr. 28h 1816.\n As you are Shortly to leave the busy scenes of public life, to enjoy the calm repose of a philosophic retirement, sweetened by the consciousness of having faithfully discharged for a long term of years the duties incumbent on the various elevated stations to which the public voice has called you, I beg leave to tender you the tribute of my thanks for the confidence you have been pleased to place in me during that period accompanied by every wish for your future health & happiness.\n I trust to your candour, that you will not take it amiss\u2014if once more before your public relations with the U States shall cease I solicit your paternal attentions to the Situation of our Consuls.\n The Consul General of the U States at Amsterdam has been constrained by the penury of the official revenue to occupy for a long time past the back room of a Carpenters house which is the only accommodations he has for every purpose. A fact So degrading to his Country & so humiliating to himself may be of a nature to arrest your attention & induce your influence in Obtaining the remedy which the nature of the case so loudly calls for. There is certain fitness of things which obviously meets the eye of reason & the common sense of men; & though it is a praise worthy principle which actuates the members of Congress in not consenting to be too lavish of public monies, it may be & is often carried to an undue extreme. Public credit & reputation abroad is also necessary to be attended to as involving the dignity & interests of a young & rising nation. Are not these injured in the view of foreigners by having a responsible public functionary of our Country situated as I am in an important commercial port abroad? While every comparative View of my situation with my Colleagues is to my disadvantage what is there in such a position that can attract the respect of those with whom I live or Command that due to me by my Fellow Citizens\u2014with whom I have concerns of a public nature the due execution of which calls for the previous establishment in their minds of Confidence respect & esteem?\n Mr Eustis Seems to think that if Congress will not Consent to do What ought to be done for the support of our Consular Depart. generally that the Govt. may Consistent with public duty & policy make me an auxiliary allowance as is done to our Consuls at London Paris & Coppenhagen as the aggregate labour of my Services is not less to me than theirs or less important to the public Interests. I have the honor to be in Sentiments of the highest respect yr Ob Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0543", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Joy, 28 November 1816\nFrom: Joy, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\n In accordance with the wish you expressed to me when at Washington, for information respecting Capt Kendricks purchase of Lands from the Indians on the North West coast of this continent, I have been making search among the late Mr Barrells papers for proof of that purchase; and altho\u2019 the Deeds are not found, there is ample proof of their having been duly made & recorded in Massa. Some circumstances relative thereto I have this day transmitted to the Honble Secretary of State; presuming that the line in wch you would wish them to go. With the highest sentiments of respect, I would subscribe myself your Obdt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0544", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, [ca. 29 November 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n It will be proper to take the steps suggested by Mr. Joy for obtaining further information. My enquiry as to Nootka Sound had reference to the grounds of the Brit. claim there, and its analogy to that of the U.S.\nat the mouth of Columbia. See Vancouvre\u2019s acct. of the B. proceedings at Nootka: also Capt: Morris\u2019s communication to Mr Graham Ocr. 24. 1816.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0545", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Smith, 29 November 1816\nFrom: Smith, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n I am requested by Mr. W. G. D. Worthington to join his other friends in Soliciting an appointment Suitable to his State of health, which has been injured by too great application to his duty as Clerk in the Comptroller\u2019s Office. He wishes a Consulate. I have written him that there are none in Europe that will be useful to any except a Mercht. now Vacant, but that if Tunis or Tripoli be Vacant, either would suit, and I would recommend him as every way Capable and worthy of that Office. But if neither should be in his power, he would be pleased to be appointed to the Office of a Judge in One of the Territories in Case a Vacancy Should Occur. He has been a regular Student of law and I have no doubt of his Competency. It will give me pleasure if Mr. W. Should be Employed. I have the honor to be your most Obedt. Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0546", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David B. Douglass, 30 November 1816\nFrom: Douglass, David B.\nTo: Madison, James\n Military Academy West Point Novr. 30th. 1816\n I am requested to transmit to your excellency a copy of a correspondence which was had at this place on the arrival of Gen. Swift to assume this Comd. viz. The address of the Academic staff on the occasion, and the Gen\u2019s answer I have the honor to be with Great respect sir Your Obt Hbl. Servt\n D B DouglassBvt Capt & Ast. Profr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0548", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William McIntosh, [post\u20131 December 1816]\nFrom: McIntosh, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Friend & Father,\n The Speakers of our Nation have appointed me the leader of this deputation, and directed me to council with you, this day I meet & talk with you,\nour head men, (Speakers of the Nation) have instructed me to let you know every thing & to speak to you in truth.\n General Washington our first Father, appointed an agent to assist and relieve us in our necessities, we have seen him & know his value, but he is now gone from us, and ceases to live and we are left alone.\n Our Speakers have told us to come and learn from you when you would send us another agent or Speaker, for we have no one now to assist us. Since General Washington held a talk with us at New York, we always Sent him our talks, and he always answered our talks, so long as we continued letting each other understand we always lived in Peace.\n After Mr. Jefferson my father was appointed President, I was appointed by my head Speakers to come and see him, when I came he talked to me as a father and told me to take care of ourselves and nobody should hurt us; with this talk I returned to my people and told them all his good advice; with which they were well pleased, they listened strong to his talk, nor, was there any trouble among us at all from that time until the year 1813, when some of our people got crazy\u2014they listened to bad talks, and by the advice of another people, For our speakers held good talks with them and told them never to raise their arm against their father, and if they had listened to what our people told them they would never have struck a blow.\n My Friend & Father, I will let you know who it was set our people crazy, many Northern Indians were sent by the British into our Nation, they were your enemies. Tecumpsee came into our meeting house at Tuckobatchee, he presented a talk for our head speakers, but they refused to hear it delivered nor would they suffer him to speak it in the Nation, but on Tecumpseh returning home he met with some of our people on the road and talked with them at Tuskegee, and said all he had to say, part of our people went on with him, into his Nation and those that took his talk got crazy, and spilled your blood on Duck river and then killed two of your people on the public road, and when this happened I knew the law that was made by General Washington and I had them killed. Soon after the men that went home with Tecumpseh to the British returned home they on their way spilled blood on the Ohio river, and came into the Nation. I had never heard that they had done mischief untill our friend Col. Hawkins told me, when I immediately ordered them to be killed too. These our people whom we killed held a letter from the British to go to Pensacola and draw provisions, ammunition and arms to fight against the President our Father, and that the British would Soon come round & give them all they wanted. Some of our people heard these talks & took the British Side, the rest of us took the advice of our Father Washington and this is what divided our Nation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0549", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William McIntosh and Yoholo, [post\u20131 December 1816]\nFrom: McIntosh, William,Yoholo micco (Opothle Yoholo) (Creek Indian)\nTo: Madison, James\n Friend and Father\n This is what happened to us and I told you all. I called on you to help us and you Sent your Armies amongst us with Generl. Jackson who drove our enemies away. General Jackson having beaten our enemy you appointed us to meet and hold a treaty I was appointed and did collect my people, when General Jackson told us, that he was Going to take away all The Land from The Hostiles, it is the Land of your enemy that I take away only\u2014but you my friends who fight with us Through The War shall be paid for your Services.\n Father\u2014Genrl. Pinckney told us all in Council That, such Amongst us as had been friendly to The UStates would be fully compensated for all our Lost property That our losses would be paid us, and This talk we shewed to General Jackson who told us as General Pinckney has said so you will all be paid for your losses and then Generl Jackson Col Hawkins & Col Meigs Signed the Paper which was the condition of Pinckneys talk. And we have ever since been in hopes of receiving This Money but as yet we have received nothing and we have come to see you about it Our Nation has been Made poor and much distressed by the Enemy for They Destroyed, our Houses, corn, Horses, Cows Hoggs &ca\u2014we saved our lives only. This is the Manner we have been served and it is the Truth, after This The Hostiles joined the British at Pensacola; who took all my Negroes that I had to work for me and left me very poor\u2014if All of us had got crazy with the Hostiles and had Suffered as we have done, we must have been satisfyed, for it would have been our own doing, but when doing the best for The Peace of The Country and our Father, to be left destitute of Every thing\u2014is very hard: Now our Lands are gone to you it is to be hoped you will Give us some Satisfaction, to take back to my Head Men\u2014let me return with\nThis pleasure, and if you will advise me to any Thing that will Serve my Country I will be very glad.\n William Mc.IntoshYoholo Mico X [his mark]Deputed by the nation \n jeorge Lovet[illegible] Saml, HawkinsInterpeters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0550", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the General Assembly of Georgia, 2 December 1816\nFrom: Assembly of Georgia\nTo: Madison, James\n Milledgeville, Georgia, 2d December, 1816.\n The memorial and remonstrance of the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Georgia, in General Assembly met.\n Your memorialists, beg leave to address His Excellency the President of the United States, and to lay before him their views on a subject highly interesting to the people of this State, and entitled to the serious attention of the national government. This subject, to which your memorialists respectfully solicit the attention of your Excellency, is the stipulation in the articles of agreement and cession entered into on the 24th of April, 1802, between the Commissioners of Georgia, and Commissioners of the United States, in which the United States have pledged themselves, to extinguish the Indian title, to all lands within the limits of Georgia.\n The Citizens of Georgia, satisfied with this stipulation of the compact, and reposing great confidence in the disposition of the General Government to fulfil every engagement of the United States, and particularly this, flattereed [sic] themselves with the hope, that the treaty of General Jackson, would have obtained a further cession of territory, and established a line\nwith a much greater respect for the interest of Georgia, than that treaty has evinced.\n No crisis ever presented such prospects of an advantageous extinguishment of Indian title as the period of the Treaty referred to. A severe chastisement had been inflicted on the Creeks\u2014their power was broken\u2014their arrogance subdued; and it only became necessary under these circumstances, to have demanded and obtained an accession to such terms, as the United States, looking to their compact with Georgia, might have thought proper to have dictated. These circumstances were not permitted however to have their appropriate weight of influence, and therefore the citizens of Georgia have found themselves mortified and disappointed in all the expectations they had formed of the results of the treaty. In adverting to the boundaries of the treaty, it will be readily perceived, that the two great objects which should always have been in view\u2014an extension of settlement and security of frontier, have been greatly, if not totally neglected.\n Your Memorialists, referring to the most approved maps of the Creek nation, think these facts clearly established\u2014That the course from the Chatahoochie, running due East, \u201cto a point which shall intersect the line now dividing the lands claimed by the Creek nation from those claimed by the state of Georgia,\u201d will throw the rivers Ocmulgee and Altamaha on the left, and will strike the Georgia line a short distance, or not far below the Fort formerly called \u201cFort-James,\u201d and consequently leave the Indian title unextinguised [sic] to the narrow but important slip of land for the whole distance along and between the line and the river Ocmulgee.\n Now it appears to your Memorialists, and after proper consideration your Excellency must be convinced, that Georgia has derived little or no advantage from the establishment of this line; for leaving out of view the sterile and unprofitable territory acquired, it can scarcely be expected, that our citizens, or emigrants from any section of the United States would occupy a territory, having on one side the Spanish line, and the Indians between them and the settlements in Georgia. Such would be their situation according to the line established in the treaty of General Jackson.\n Your Memorialists beg leave further to represent as a just ground of complaint, that according to the treaty concluded by General Jackson, all the Territory left for the use of the Creek nation of Indians, lies either within the limits of Georgia, or stretches along its western boundary. The consequence of this state of things must be obvious.\n The government of the United States will now find it extremely difficult to obtain a further extinguishment of Indian title, in the very quarter where by positive compact they were most bound to obtain it, and have by their own act rendered a compliance with their solemn engagement to Georgia, distant and precarious.\n Your Memorialits [sic] believing that in this Treaty the interests of\nGeorgia have been abandoned, or at least overlooked, and that she can now or at any other period rightfully claim of the United States a more satisfactory compliance with the stipulation of their compact, DO, for and in behalf of the citizens of Georgia, protest and remonstrate against said treaty, so far as it relates to extinguishment of Indian title within the limits of said state; and DO further, for and in behalf of the citizens of said state request, that measuures [sic] may be taken as speedily as circumstances will permit, to procure an additional cession of territory, and extingushment [sic] of Indian title, conformably to the stipulation contained in the said articles of agreement and cession; entered into between the commissioners of Georgia and of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0551", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David George, 2 December 1816\nFrom: George, David\nTo: Madison, James\n Concord N H, December 2d. 1816\n I beg leave to offer for your consideration Charles Henry George late Lieut, of the 40th Infantry for a reappointment in the United States Army, necesity has induced me to make the application and when you hear my condition perhaps you will not wonder at the freedom which I have taken in writing to you upon the subject. At the commencement of Mr Jefferson\u2019s Presidency by the recommendation of our Venerable Langdon and the Honble Timothy Walker and many others I was appointed Post-master of this Town and so continued untill september 1810, and during that time I paid my whole attention to the duties of that Office and to further the Acts of the General Government. Although the temper of the times were such in this Quarter that it was almost considered sacriledge not to be even active against all their measures and it is a fact that during the greater part of the time had I have been in battles equal to that of Bridgewater fighting the common enemy the station would have been preferable than the one I was in, that was a sore battle to me for I had a near relation killed there equal to that of a Brother by the name of Joseph Priestly George. This place being a Military Post during the late War, and the Officers being inexperienced in the details of a camp life, and under those circumstances\nit was supposed that a mortal sickness prevailed amongst the Troops so that many of them suffered even for the want of a Shelter, the spirit of the times were such at the time with us that the citizens generally considered it immoral to afford any Relief to the dying soldiary but I turned my house into a hospital as it were for their accomodation and had my Wife have had been their own Mother, she could not have nursed them with more care and attention, and without any compensation, she only was rewarded by cheerfully doing her duty to her God and her Country. her Father Capt Benjamin Emery was a revolutionary character and strongly attached to the old Whig party and his family early imbibed his principles. The time I took the Office which was out of the hands of an abusive Federal-Tory printer there was scarcely a republican in this place except myself and the family I was attached to so that for fourteen years I had to encounter an host of local and Political enemies worse than Bears and Lions and Just as all thier roarings and growlings were ceasing by the glorious termination of the War and republicanism becoming more fashionable I received a letter from the Post-Master Generl. through the hands of a young man who was not an inhabitant of The Town that I was dismissed from my Office and that he was appointed in my place and my enimies the Tories compleated their sacrifice, I however cheerfully obeyed the summons and helped him remove the property to his place and helped him arrange the Office as he wished. From the foregoing I would not wish to have it understood that I have any claims\u2014but I am truly unfortunate. I have a numerous family to support with extreme bad health and could my son be reappointed it would be a desireable thing to himself and his connections. I am Sir, respectfully your Obedient Servant\n David George.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0552", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 2 December 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I saw Mr de Neuville to day and explaind the cause, why, the article was not sent to the press. He was satisfied. I had mistaken his motive, in suggesting to me, his intention in writing another note. It was not, to press\nformer demands or, relinquish them, but, leaving things where they were, to conciliate. If he writes any thing he will shew it to me, before making it official, as I have promisd to shew to him my answer.\n I have sent the note to the press, & expect it will appear to morrow.\n He was much gratified to find the portrait off Louis 18th in the dining room with that of Genl Washington, & says that he has already mentiond it in a letter to his government.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0553", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John G. Munn, 2 December 1816\nFrom: Munn, John G.\nTo: Madison, James\n Fort Hale in the Harbor ofNew Haven Cont. 2nd. of Decmr. 1816\n Yor partishioner begs leave to state that in the month of Augt. last he was driven by force to hand in the Resignation of 1st. Liet: in the 2nd: Regt: of Inft: in the Army of the United States by Majr: Worth of the same Regt: contary to his wishes and inclination. As it is in Majr: Worths own hand righting the undersigned humbly requests a nonexceptance of sd: Resignation as it was contary to hi[\u2026] extorted from him in an arbita[\u2026].\n Your petitioner further begs leave to state that he was ReAppointed in the Army in Decmr. 1815 and that the Officers previously retained ware all hostile against those ReAppointed. The undersigned therefore humbly requests an Nonexceptance of sd: Resignation and if he is guilty of any crime worthy of notice to direct a trial, or grant a transfer into any other part of the Army. Your partishioner further begs leave to state that he is too much disabled to procure a sustinanc for himself and family by Manuel Labor. The Resignation is accepted by Genl. Brown [\u2026]e affecct the 1st. of Jany. 1817 previous [\u2026] which time it is humbly prayed that [\u2026]lief will\nbe granted. I have the Honor Sir to be verry Respy. your most Obt. friend and verry humble Servt.\n John G Munn1st: Liut: 2nd: Infy:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0554", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Parker and James True Jr., [ca. 2] December 1816\nFrom: Parker, John,True, James Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\n Frankfort. [post\u20132] Decr. 1816.\n We whose names are hereunto annexed, being representatives in the State Legislature from the Congressional District composed of the Counties of Fayette Woodford and Jessamine, recommend to your Consideration John T Mason Esqr for the Office of District Judge for the State of Kentucky.\n We do not hesitate to give our testimony in favour of Mr. Masons claims to this Office, and to say that his talents and integrity entitle him to the Confidence & patronage of the Government.\n And it is our decided Opinion that the Appointment of Mr. Mason will meet the warm and general approbation of the people of the Counties we respectively represent.\n Jno. ParkerJames True Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0555", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Faulkner and Others, [ca. post\u20132 December 1816]\nFrom: Faulkner, John\nTo: Madison, James\n We the undersigned members of the Legislature of Kentucky do cordially recommend Robert Trimble Esqr. to the president of the United States, as a proper person to fill the office of district judge of the United States, for the District of Kentucky. He once filled a Seat on the bench of the Supreme court of this state for Some time; and resigned the office on account of the inadequate compensation attached to that office. Since that period he has been twice commissioned as judge of the same court, and on one of those occasions cheif justice of the State, which he declined to accept for the same reasons that occasioned his resignation in the first instance. From these proofs of the confidence of the State in him; and from his known character for integrity and talents, particularly those of a judicial nature, we have no hesitation in declaring it as our opinion that his appointment to the office for which we recommend him would be more congenial to the feelings and sentiments of the people of this State, than any other candidate for that office.\n John Faulkner[and ninety-five others]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0557", "content": "Title: Annual Message to Congress, 3 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Congress\n Fellow Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives.\n In reviewing the present state of our country, our attention cannot be withheld from the effect produced by peculiar seasons; which have very generally impaired the annual gifts of the Earth, and threaten scarcity in particular districts. Such, however, is the variety of soils, of climates and of products, within our extensive limits, that the aggregate resources for subsistance, are more than sufficient for the aggregate wants. And as far as an economy of consumption, more than usual, may be necessary, our thankfulness is due to Providence for what is far more than a compensation, in the remarkable health which has distinguished the present year.\n Amidst the advantages which have succeeded the peace of Europe and that of the United States with Great Britain, in a general invigoration of industry among us, and in the extension of our commerce, the value of which is more and more disclosing itself to commercial nations; it is to be regretted, that a depression is experienced by particular branches of our\nmanufactures, and by a portion of our navigation. As the first proceeds, in an essential degree, from an excess of imported merchandize, which carries a check in its own tendency, the cause, in its present extent, cannot be of very long duration. The evil will not, however, be viewed by Congress, without a recollection, that manufacturing establishments, if suffered to sink too low or languish too long, may not revive, after the causes shall have ceased; and that, in the vicissitudes of human affairs, situations may recur, in which a dependance on foreign sources, for indespensable supplies, may be among the most serious embarrassments.\n The depressed state of our navigation is to be ascribed, in a material degree, to its exclusion from the colonial ports of the Nation, most extensively connected with us in commerce, and from the indirect operation of that exclusion.\n Previous to the late convention at London between the United States and Great Britain, the relative state of the navigation laws of the two Countries, growing out of the Treaty of one thousand seven hundred and ninety four, had given to the British navigation a material advantage over the American, in the intercourse between the American ports and British ports in Europe. The Convention of London equalized the laws of the two Countries, relating to those ports; leaving the intercourse between our ports, and the ports of the British colonies, subject, as before, to the respective regulations of the parties. The British Government, enforcing, now, regulations which prohibit a trade between its Colonies and the United States, in American vessels, whilst they permit a trade in British vessels, the American navigation loses accordingly; and the loss is augmented by the advantage which is given to the British competition over the American, in the navigation between our ports and British ports in Europe, by the circuitous voyages enjoyed by the one, and not enjoyed by the other.\n The reasonableness of the rule of reciprocity, applied to one branch of the commercial intercourse, has been pressed on our part, as equally applicable to both branches, but it is ascertained that the British Cabinet declines all negociation on the Subject; with a disavowal, however, of any disposition to view in an unfriendly light; whatever countervailing regulations the United States may oppose, to the regulations of which they complain. The wisdom of the Legislature will decide on the course, which, under these Circumstances, is prescribed by a joint regard to the amicable relations between the two Nations, and to the just interests of the United States.\n I have the satisfaction to state, generally, that we remain in amity with foreign powers.\n An occurrence has, indeed, taken place in the Gulf of Mexico, which, if Sanctioned by the Spanish Government, may make an exception as to that power. According to the report of our naval commander on that Station,\none of our public armed vessels was attacked by an overpowering force, under a spanish commander; and the American flag with the Officers and crew, insulted in a manner calling for prompt reparation. This has been demanded. In the mean time, a Frigate and Smaller vessel of war have been ordered into that Gulf, for the protection of our commerce. It would be improper to omit, that the representative of his Catholic Majesty in the United States, lost no time in giving the strongest assurances, that no hostile order could have emanated from his Government; and that it will be as ready to do as to expect, whatever the nature of the case, and the friendly relations of the two Countries, shall be found to require.\n The posture of our affairs with Algiers, at the present moment, is not known. The Dey, drawing pretexts from circumstances for which the United States were not answerable, addressed a letter to this Government, declaring the Treaty last concluded with him, to have been annulled by our violation of it; and presenting as the alternative, War, or a renewal of the former Treaty, which stipulated, among other things, an annual Tribute. The answer, with an explicit declaration that the United States preferred War to Tribute, required his recognition, and observance of the Treaty last made, which abolishes Tribute, and the Slavery of our Captured Citizens. The result of the answer has not been received. Should he renew his warfare on our Commerce, we rely on the protection it will find, in our naval force actually in the mediterranean.\n With the other Barbary States, our affairs have undergone no change.\n The Indian Tribes within our limits, appear also disposed to remain at peace. From Several of them, purchases of lands have been made, particularly favorable to the wishes and security of our Frontier Settlements; as well as to the general interests of the nation. In some instances, the Titles, tho\u2019 not supported by due proof, and clashing, those of one Tribe with the claims of another, have been extinguished by double purchases; the benevolent policy of the United States prefering the augmented expence, to the hazard of doing injustice; or to the enforcement of justice, against a feeble and untutored people, by means involving or threatening an effusion of blood. I am happy to add, that the tranquillity which has been restored among the Tribes themselves, as well as between them and our own population, will favor the resumption of the work of civilization, which had made an encouraging progress among some Tribes; and that the facility is en creasing, for extending that divided and individual ownership, which exists now in moveable property only, to the Soil itself, and of thus establishing in the culture and improvement of it; the true foundation for a transit from the habits of the Savage, to the arts and comforts of social life.\n As a subject of the highest importance to the National welfare, I must, again, earnestly recommend to the consideration of Congress, a reorganization of the Militia, on a plan which will form it into classes, according to\nthe periods of life more and less adapted to military services. An efficient Militia is authorised and contemplated by the Constitution, and required by the Spirit and Safety of free government. The present organization of our Militia is universally regarded, as less efficient than it ought to be made, and no organization can be better calculated to give to it, its due force, than a classification which will assign the foremost place, in the defence of the Country, to that portion of its citizens, whose activity and animation best enable them to rally to its Standard. Besides the consideration, that a time of peace is the time when the change can be made with most convenience and equity; it will now be aided by the experience of a recent war, in which the militia bore so interesting a part.\n Congress will call to mind, that no adequate provision has yet been made, for the uniformity of Weights and measures, also contemplated by the Constitution. The great utility of a Standard, fixed in its nature, and founded on the easy rule of decimal proportions, is sufficiently obvious. It led the Government, at an early stage, to preparatory steps for introducing it; and a completion of the work will be a just title to the public gratitude.\n The importance which I have attached to the establishment of a university within this District, on a scale, and for objects, worthy of the American nation, induces me to renew my recommendation of it to the favorable consideration of Congress; And I particularly invite, again, their attention to the expediency of exercising their existing powers, and where necessary, of resorting to the prescribed mode of enlarging them, in order to effectuate a comprehensive system of roads and Canals; such as will have the effect of drawing more closely together every part of our Country, by promoting intercourse and improvements; and by increasing the Share of every part, in the common Stock of National prosperity.\n Occurrencies having taken place which shew that the Statutory provisions for the dispensation of criminal justice, are deficient in relation both to places, and to persons, under the exclusive connuzance of the national authority; an amendment of the law embracing such cases, will merit the earliest attention of the legislature. It will be a Seasonable occasion, also, for enquiring how far, legislative interposition may be further requisite, in providing penalties for offences designated in the constitution or in the statutes, and to which either no penalties are annexed, or none with sufficient certainty. And I submit to the wisdom of Congress, whether a more enlarged revisal of the criminal code be not expedient, for the purpose of mitigating, in certain cases, penalties which were adopted into it; antecedent to experiments and examples which justify and recommend a more lenient policy.\n The United States having been the first to abolish, within the extent of their authority, the transportation of the natives of Africa into slavery, by prohibiting the introduction of slaves, and by punishing their Citizens\nparticipating in the traffic, cannot but be gratified at the progress made by concurrent efforts of other nations, towards a general suppression of so great an evil. They must feel, at the same time, the greater Solicitude, to give the fullest efficacy to their own regulations. With that view, the interposition of Congress appears to be required by the violations and evasions which, it is suggested, are chargeable on unworthy citizens, who mingle in the slave trade under foreign flags, and with foreign ports; and by collusive importations of slaves into the United States thro adjoining ports and territories. I present the subject to Congress, with a full assurance of their disposition to apply all the remedy which can be afforded by an amendment of the law. The regulations which were intended to guard against abuses of a kindred character, in the trade between the Several States, ought also to be rendered more effectual for their humane object.\n To these recommendations, I add for the consideration of Congress, the expediency of a remodification of the judiciary establishment; and of an additional Department in the executive branch of the Government.\n The first is called for by the accruing business, which necessarily swells the duties of the Federal Courts; and by the great and widening space, within which justice is to be dispensed by them. The time Seems to have arrived, which claims for members of the Supreme court, a releif from itenerary fatigues, incompatible as well with the age which a portion of them will always have attained, as with the researches and preparations which are due to their Stations, and to the juridical reputation of their country. And considerations equally cogent, require a more convenient organization of the Subordinate Tribunals, which may be accomplished without an objectionable increase of the number or expence of the Judges.\n The extent and variety of Executive business, also accumulating with the progress of our country and its growing population, call for an additional Department, to be charged with duties now overburdening other Departments, and with such as have not been annexed to any Department.\n The course of experience recommends, as another improvement in the Executive establishment, that the provision for the station of Attorney General, whose residence at the Seat of Government, official connections with it, and management of the public business before the judiciary, preclude an extensive participation in professional emoluments, be made more adequate to his services and his relinquishments; and that with a view to his reasonable accomodation, and to a proper depositary of his official opinions and proceedings, there be included in the provision, the usual appurtenances to a public office.\n In directing the legislative attention to the state of the finances, it is a subject of great gratification to find, that even within the short period which has elapsed since the return of peace, the revenue has far exceeded all the current demands upon the Treasury; and that under any probable\ndiminution of its future annual products, which the vicissitudes of commerce may occasion, it will afford an ample fund, for the effectual and early extinguishment of the public debt. It has been estimated that during the year One thousand eight hundred and sixteen, the actual receipts of revenue at the Treasury, including the balance at the commencement of the year, and excluding the proceeds of loans and Treasury notes, will amount to about the sum of Forty seven millions of Dollars; that during the same year, the actual payments at the Treasury including the payment of the arrearages of the War Department, as well as the payment of a considerable excess, beyond the annual appropriations, will amount to about the sum of Thirty eight millions of Dollars; and that consequently, at the close of the year, there will be a surplus in the Treasury of about the sum of nine millions of Dollars.\n The operations of the Treasury continue to be obstructed by difficulties, arising from the condition of the National currency; but they have nevertheless been effectual, to a beneficial extent, in the reduction of the public debt, and the establishment of the public credit. The floating debt of treasury notes, and temporary loans, will soon be entirely discharged. The aggregate of the funded debt, composed of debts incurred during the wars one thousand seven hundred and Seventy Six, and one thousand eight hundred and twelve, has been estimated, with reference to the first of January next, at a Sum not exceeding One hundred and ten millions of Dollars. The ordinary annual expences of the Government, for the maintainance of all its institutions, civil, military, and naval, have been estimated at a Sum less than twenty millions of Dollars. And the permanent revenue, to be derived from all the existing sources, has been estimated at a sum of about twenty five millions of Dollars.\n Upon this general view of the subject, it is obvious, that there is only wanting to the fiscal prosperity of the Government, the restoration of an uniform medium of Exchange. The resources and the faith of the nation, displayed in the system which Congress has established, ensure respect and confidence, both at home and abroad. The local accumulations of the revenue have already enabled the Treasury, to meet the public engagements in the local currency of most of the States; and it is expected, that the same cause will produce the same effect, throughout the union. But, for the interests of the community at large, as well as for the purposes of the Treasury, it is essential that the nation should possess a currency of equal value, credit, and use, wherever it may circulate. The Constitution has entrusted Congress, exclusively, with the power of creating and regulating a currency of that description: and the measures which were taken during the last Session, in execution of the power, give every promise of Success. The Bank of the United States has been organised under auspices the most favorable, and cannot fail to be an important auxiliary to those measures.\n For a more enlarged view of the public finances, with a view of the measures pursued by the Treasury Department, previous to the resignation of the late Secretary, I transmit an extract from the last report of that officer. Congress will perceive in it, ample proofs of the solid foundation on which the financial prosperity of the nation rests; and will do justice to the distinguished ability and successful exertions, with which the duties of the Department were executed, during a period remarkable for its difficulties and its peculiar perplexities.\n The period of my retiring from the public service being at little distance, I shall find no occasion more proper than the present, for expressing to my fellow Citizens, my deep sense of the continued confidence, and kind support which I have received from them. My grateful recollection of these distinguished marks of their favorable regard, can never cease; and with the consciousness, that if I have not served my Country with greater ability, I have served it with Sincere devotion, will accompany me as a source of unfailing gratification.\n Happily, I shall carry with me from the public Theatre, other sources, which those who love their Country most, will best appreciate. I shall behold it blessed with tranquility and prosperity at home; and with peace and respect abroad. I can indulge the proud reflection, that the American people have reached in safety and success their fortieth year, as an independent nation; that for nearly an entire generation, they have had experience of their present constitution, the offspring of their undisturbed deliberations and of their free choice; that they have found it to bear the trials of adverse as well as prosperous circumstances; to contain in its combination of the federate and elective principles, a reconcilement of public strength with individual liberty, of national power for the defence of national rights, with a security against wars of injustice, of ambition or of vain glory, in the fundamental provision which subjects all questions of war to the will of the nation itself, which is to pay its costs, and feel its calamities. Nor is it less a peculiar felicity of this constitution, So dear to us all, that it is found to be capable, without losing its vital energies, of expanding itself over a spacious territory, with the increase and expansion of the community for whose benefit it was established.\n And may I not be allowed to add to this gratifying Spectacle, that I shall read in the character of the American people, in their devotion to true liberty, and to the constitution which is its palladium, sure presages, that the destined career of my country will exhibit a Government, pursuing the public good as its sole object, and regulating its means by the great principles consecrated in its charter, & by those moral principles, to which they are so well allied: A Government, which watches over the purity of elections, the freedom of speech and of the press, the trial by Jury, and\nthe equal interdict against enchroachments and compacts, between religion and the State; which maintains inviolably the maxims of public faith, the Security of persons and property, and encourages, in every authorised mode, that general diffusion of knowledge which guarantees to public liberty its permanency, and to those who possess the blessing, the true enjoyment of it: A Government, which avoids intrusions on the internal repose of other Nations, and repels them from its own; which does justice to all nations with a readiness, equal to the firmness with which it requires justice from them; and which, whilst it refines its domestic code from every ingredient not congenial with the precepts of an enlightened age, and the sentiments of a virtuous people, seeks, by appeals to reason, and by its liberal examples, to infuse into the law which governs the civilised world, a Spirit which may diminish the frequency or circumscribe the calamities of war, and meliorate the social and beneficent relations of peace: A Government, in a word, whose conduct within and without, may bespeak the most noble of all ambitions, that of promoting peace on Earth, and good will to man.\n These contemplations, sweetening the remnant of my days, will animate my prayers for the happiness of my beloved Country, and a perpetuity of the Institutions, under which it is enjoyed.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0559", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 5 December 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\n Thursday. 5th. Decer. 1816.\n The Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President & will thank him to delay his nomination to the Senate for the present if there is no impropriety in this course.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0561", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Waller Taylor, 5 December 1816\nFrom: Taylor, Waller\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington December 5th. 1816\n The Convention which framed the Constitution for the new State of Indiana directed their President to send three Copies to this place; one to yourself, another to the President of the Senate, and the third to the Speaker of the House of Representatives. It has happened, either from the remissness of the President of the Convention in not sending them, or from their having miscaried if sent by the Mail, that neither the President of the Senate, nor the Speaker of the House of Representatives, have received the Copies which were intended for them. If, Sir, the Copy intended for you has been received, you will greatly Oblige me if you would let me have it for a few days, to obviate the difficulty which exists in the Senate of formally recognizing the State of Indiana as an integral part of the American Union. It is probable that a few days will put the question at rest, inasmuch as there are two unofficial Copies of the Constitution before Congress, but if one could be obtained in an official shape, it would at once quiet the Scruples which seems to be felt by some Gentlemen, in acting on a Subject of notoriety, who are not satisfied with any other Kind of Evidence than that which would be admitted in a Court of law. You will be pleased to excuse the trouble I give you, the disagreeable situation in which my Colleague and myself are placed will I trust be a satisfactory apology. I have the Honor to be with great Respect, Sir, your obt. Sert.\n Waller Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0562", "content": "Title: Remission for Henrietta Gray, [5 December 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n Whereas it has been represented to me that a Certain Henrietta Gray, was at a Circuit Court, lately held for the County of Alexandria, in the District of Columbia, duly convicted of Larceny, and having been recommended to me as a fit object of Mercy. Now therefore, I James Madison, President of the United States of America, for divers good causes and considerations, me thereunto moving, do by these Presents pardon and remit all penalties, and costs incur\u2019d in the said prosecution, and to stay any further proceeding, or sentence of the said Court.\n In testimony whereof, I have caused these letters to be made Patent, and the seal of the United States, to be hereunto affixed. Given under my hand at the City of Washington, this fifth day of December 1816, and of the Independence of the United States the forty first.\n signed James MadisonBy these presentJas Monroe Secretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0563", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Congress, 6 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Congress\n The 9th Section of the act passed at the last session of Congress \u201cto authorise the payment for property, lost captured or destroyed by the Enemy, while in the military service of the United States, and for other purposes\u201d having received a construction giving to it a scope of great and uncertain extent, I thought it proper that proceedings relative to claims under that part of the Act should be Suspended, until Congress should have an opportunity of defining more precisely the cases contemplated by them.\nWith that view I now recommend the subject to their consideration. They will have an opportunity, at the same time of considering how far other provisions of the Act may be rendered more clear and precise in their import.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0565", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, [ca. 6 December 1816]\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n I saw Mr Bishop this morning, on the subject of his late letter to me, communicated to Mr Crawford.\n I told him that no opinion had been formd against him, & that the representation to his prejudice, which had been made to the dept. of the Treasury, & sent to him by Mr Crawford, had been sent to him, in a spirit of candour, to enable him to give such explanation, as he might think proper: that kindness was shewn to him, by the communication.\n It will be proper for Mr. Crawford to return me the papers, except the originals, relating to Mr Bishops conduct, that is, those making the charges against him, which he ma\u27e8y\u27e9 keep, sending me copies of them, to be [\u2026] deliverd to Mr Bishop. A note to me, stating the fact, that he has retaind the original in the office, it being proper so to do, [\u2026], copies of them for Mr Bishop, will [\u2026] reason to him, as I presume, for not [\u2026] originals, as I infer from [\u2026] wished to do.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0567", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David R. Williams, 6 December 1816\nFrom: Williams, David R.\nTo: Madison, James\n Columbia 6th Decr 1816\n The bearer the Hon.ble Wm Smith has been elected a Senator in Congress from this State vice Jno Taylor Esq resigned. Mr Smith has been an\nuniform politician & carries with him the best dispositions towardes the administration of the General Government. Most respectfully your\u2019s\n David R Williams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0568", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Cutbush, 7 December 1816\nFrom: Cutbush, James\nTo: Madison, James\n Honored & respected Sir\n I find in your message to congress, which as usual is considered a master piece, you have recommended the establishment of a National University; a subject highly important, and which reflects, my good sir, an additional honor on your wisdom and talents. A National school is one, which, of all others, the United States should possess, not only as a grand depot of knowlege, but as an instrument, if I may be allowed the expression, to favour our republican institutions, and promote the Arts, manufactures, agriculture, and other useful knowlege; a subject as important to the community at large, as to individuals who may receive knowlege from this quarter. This, with the Columbian Institute in your city, will cause the capital of the Union to become the grand emporium of philosophy & the arts. The American Philosophical society view, I am proud to say, this endeavour in the most favourable light, and anticipate from it the most happy Consequences. I do not know any man better qualified to enlarge our plans, or views, of a national School than Mr. Corea, at present in your city; and, therefore, would suggest a conference with him. As to the Application of Chem[i]stry to the arts, I believe I was the first who brought the subject before the public, in a series of essays which I published in the Aurora many years Since. This, of course, will constitute an important branch of knowlege; the veterinary Art should also form a branch, which no institution in our Country at present embraces.\n You will excuse the liberty I have thus taken: my object is to promote & Second your views, as they always have been from the commencement of your presidential election to the present time. With my best wishes for your health & prosperity, Accept, my good sir, the sentiments of respect & esteem from your friend & Obedt. Sert.\n Jas. Cutbush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0569", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 10 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\n private\n Washington Decr: 10. 1816\n I had made up a decision on the case of your Nephew, previous to the rect of your favor of the 23d. Ult: and with every disposition to respect the considerations which it suggests. The course which occurred as best calculated to reconcile all proper considerations was that of disapproving the sentence of the Court, so as to restore Col: N. to his stand in the army, and of declining the usual publication of the charges, and specifications, some of which were of a nature, to make it agreeable to an innocent party as Col: N. was adjudged to be, that they should not be exhibited to public view. You will learn with pleasure that He was very honorably acquitted on the point to which a Soldier\u2019s feelings are most alive, and that candor will find a veil for indiscretions to which the Court did not extend their indulgence.\n Be so good as to ascribe the delay of this communication, to the hurried scene in which you found me, & to accept my esteem & good wishes\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0570", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 10 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n I lay before the Senate for their consideration & advice, as to a ratification Treaties concluded with the Several Indian Tribes according to the following Statement.\n List of Indian Tribes with whom treaties have been made since the last Session of Congress viz.\n Weas, and Kickapoos tribes of Indians\n Treaty concluded at Fort Harrison between Benja. Parke and the Chiefs & Head men of those tribes the 4 June 1816.\n Ott\u27e8awas,\u27e9 Chipawas, and Pottowotomies\n T\u27e8reaty concluded a\u27e9t St. Louis betwe\u27e8en\u27e9 Govrs Clarke, Edwards & Col. Choteau and the Chiefs and Head men of those tribes on 24th. August 1816.\n Winnebago, Tribes\n made by the same persons on part U.S. and the Head men of this tribe at St. Louis 3d. June 1816.\n Sacs of Rock River.\n made by same at St. Louis 13th may 1816.\n Siouxs composing three tribes the siouxs of the leaf the siouxs of the bro\u27e8ad\u27e9 leaf, and the Siouxs who shoot on the pine tops\n made and concluded by \u27e8the same\u27e9 at St. Louis 1 Ju\u27e8ne 1816.\u27e9\n Chickasaw tribe\n Treaty made by Genl Jackson, David Merrewether Esqr and Jesse Franklin Esq and the Head men of that Nation at Chickasaw Council House 20 Sept \u27e81816.\u27e9\n Cherokee tribe\n Treaty made by Genl Jackson, David Merrewether Esqr and Jesse Franklin Esqr. and the Head men of that nation at Turkey Town on the 4th October 1816.\n Choctaw tribe\n Treaty made by Genl John Coffee, John Rhea and John McKee Esqrs and the Head men \u27e8an\u27e9d Warriors of that nation at the Choctaw \u27e8Trading House\u27e9 the 24th of Oct\u27e8ober 18\u27e916.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0571", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 10 December 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n \u00a7 To the Senate. 10 December 1816. \u201cCommissions having issued during the recess of the Senate to the persons, whose names are stated in the lists annexed to the enclosed letter from the Department of War, I nominate the same for the appointments and promotions respectively attached to their names.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0572", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nathaniel Macon, 10 December 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Macon, Nathaniel\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Nathaniel Macon. 10 December 1816. \u201cNathl Macon accepts the invitation of Mr. & Mrs. Madison for Saturday next.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0573", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Jones, [11 December 1816]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jones, William\n private\n The remarks in the inclosed, relating to the organization &ce of the B. Bank at Richmond, if not intended for your eye, belong to it more than to mine. Mr. Corbin, you know was one the Commrs. at Richd. and may not be disinclined to be included among the Directors there. I have no other ground however for a conjecture, than what his letter presents. He is a gentleman, who was among my early polit[i]cal acquaintences, and altho\u2019\nnot of my political creed, shares my esteem, as a man of talents; of a cultivated mind, and of polished manners. I could not do less than give you this information: but it is meant for yourself alone, as is intimated by the mark at the top of the page, having declined in other instances, every thing like a recommendation to appts. under the Nat: Bank. Be so good as to return the letter of Mr. C. which relates to another matter in which you can have no possible concern, unless I shd. on some occasion or other have the pleasure of offering you a glass of good port at Montpellier. Accept \u27e8Dr.\u27e9 Sir my esteem & cordial regards\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0575", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Graham, 12 December 1816\nFrom: Graham, George\nTo: Madison, James\n I have the honor respectfully to propose for your approbation the appointment of John Edgar as a Brigadier Gel. of the Militia in the Illinois Territory, made during the recess of the Senate.\n Signd, Geo: Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0576", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Jennings, 12 December 1816\nFrom: Jennings, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\n Corydon Indiana Dec: 12th. 1816\n The result of the late negociation with the Indians of the Wabash, for the extinquishment of Indian title has produced no little regret among the citizens of this State.\n It is stated to me from scources entitled to respect, that the Deleware Indians would exchange their lands on the White rivers, for lands west of the Mississippi river, near where a part of the same tribe at present claim title, provided they could obtain some consideration in annuities for the exchange. It is believed that if some person or persons were authorised by the Government, to proceed with those Indians west of the Mississippi, to explore the country they would be induced to make the exchange without exciting in their minds any distrust whatever, though it is hardly to be expected that they would sell on any terms.\n Such is the geographical situation of that portion of this State, over which the Indian title has been extinguished, that the intercourse between the North Eastern and North Western portions of the country is rendered very circuitous, inasmuch as the Indian title reaches within fifty miles from the Grand Rapids of the Ohio river. The seat of government, intended to be permant [sic] for the state, cannot be located until an extinguishment of Indian title can be obtained.\n Such however is the situation and the local interest of many of those individuals who are licensed to trade with the indians, that the utmost secrecy is indispensible to a successful attempt to extinguish Indian title.\n Should the Executive government, be disposed to make an attempt to negociate an exchange for the White-river lands, it would very much gratify the citizens of the State, and would in my opinion be attended with success.\n For the execution of such a purpose, I know of no persons better qualified to conduct the Indians to the exploring of the Country west of the Mississippi river, than John and William Conner, the former of whom is at present an Interpreter and resident among the Delaware Indians.\n Unacquainted with the person who may be Acting Secretary for the Department of War, I beg to be excused for troubling you with this epistle, in the subject matter of which, with the citizens of the State generally, I feel much solicitude. With sentiments of unfeigned respect, I am yours very obediently\n Jonathan Jennings", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0581", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n I Nominate, Joseph Philips, late of the Army of the United States, to be Secretary of the Illinois Territory.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0582", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n Commissions having issued during the recess to the following persons I nominate them to the offices respectively annexed to their names.\n William Davy, of Pennsylvania, to be Consul of the United States at Kingston upon Hull, in Great Britain.\n Joseph Ray, of the same State, to be Consul at Pernambucco in Brasil.\n Robert Jaques, of New York, to be consul at St Croix. John Howard March, of New Hampshire, to be Consul at Madeira\n Jose dos Santos Monteiro, of Brasil, to be consul for the Island of Maranhao, in Brasil.\n I nominate also,\n Daniel Strobel, of South Carolina, to be consul at Bordeaux in the place William Lee resigned.\n Reuben G. Beasley, of Virginia, to be consul at Havre de Grace in the place of Isaac C. Barnet now Consul at Paris.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0583", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Cranch, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Cranch, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Alexandria December 16th. 1816\n Having understood that Mr. Thos. H. Blake, now a resident of Indiana, is an applicant for the office of District Attorney, I beg leave to state that he was for some time a practitioner at the bar of the Circuit Court for the district of Columbia, and as far as his general deportment and character came under my notice, they were correct, and his talents respectable. I have no doubt that he would discharge the duties of the office with firmness and fidelity. I have the honour to be, Sir, with the highest consideration and respect, your obedt. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0584", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard M. Johnson, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Johnson, Richard M.\nTo: Madison, James\n I am informed that Messrs Blake and Lane Are candidates for the office of attorney for the State of Indiana. As I am personally acquainted with both characters I take the liberty of recommending Mr Blake for that appointment. Mr Blake has become resident of Indiana and from every information I have obtained he has the confidence of those with whom he is acquainted, & his capacity, zeal, & integrity will ensure a faithful discharge of the duties of the Situation. With Sentiments of the greatest respect & consideration Your ob Sert\n Rh: M: Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0585", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel McDowell, 16 December 1816\nFrom: McDowell, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n Mercer County Kentucky December 16th 1816\n From an acquaintenc with your Excellency in the year 1775 and 76 &c. in the Convention and assembly of Virginia I take liberty to recommend to your Exellency a gentleman who I understand wishes to be apointed Marshal of the State of Indianna. His name is William McBride. If your Exellency Should think Proper to appoint him I Pledge my Self he will do honor to himself and also do honor to the Government that he Serves. I have Been well acquainted with the gentleman for more than twenty years and I know him to be houst [honest] and Industerous and well qualefied to do the duties of the office. If you Excellency Should Please to appoint him Marshall you will oblige Dear Sir your Sincere friend And most obedient and very Humbe Servt\n Saml: Mcdowell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0586", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel McKee, 16 December 1816\nFrom: McKee, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington City Dec: 16th 1816\n I ask leave to lay before you the enclosed recommendation; I presume that Some of the persons by whom It is Sighned are knowen to you\u2014they are generally men of the first respectibility; and influance in Kentucky, and I would Supperadd that Mr McBrides\u2019 merit and worth entitles him to the respect and esteem of all those Who know him. I am only Sorry that a man of So much worth and capacity for the office which he Solicits has not a more powerfull advocate. I hope however this will not weigh against Mr McBrids worth or expectations I have the honour to be Sir Verry respectfully your obt\n Saml McKee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0588", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Adams, 17 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Quincy December 17th. 1816\n I beg leave to introduce to you Col, William Sumner, and to Mrs Madison his Sister Miss Elizabeth Sumner; children of our late Governor Sumner; They have requested an introduction from me; And as I think it right that the President should know, & that his family should know something of the characters who appear at Washington I beg leave to say that Mr. Sumner has the advantages of Education, Fortune, Station in the Legislature of the State, and above all of a character of unstained honour & unassuming modesty, which ought to recommend him wherever he goes. Though he is first Aid de Camp of our ancient Patriot & Hero, once General, now Governor Brooks, & not perfectly accordant with you & me in Electioneering Politics; yet I know you are too tolerant to make this a mark of exclusion from social communion. With sincere esteem, I have the honour to be Sir your most obedient and humble Servant.\n John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0589", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James B. Johnson, 17 December 1816\nFrom: Johnson, James B.\nTo: Madison, James\n Friend Madison\n Near Chillicothe Ohio 12th Mo 17 1816\n I take the liberty as a free citizen of a free country of addressing thee on one of the most important subjects that ever attracted the attention of a citizen of the United States. And hope that liberty will be excused & that thee may read and consider the contents with that serious consideration for which so weighty a matter loudly calls. The subject is the manumition of the Africans held in bondage in the united states.\n It has long been the decided opinion of many that the holding them in bondage is repugnant to every humane feeling to every christain principle.\n And every candid and thinking person by divesting himself of partiality & prejudice must allow the correctness of that opinion.\n Yea and what heart but that that never melted at the tale of human wo will not confess it in melting accents of pity and shame, shame! to think a land boasting preemincence in religion should be the seat of fraud and oppression.\n We have received a command from the Saviour of man & Sovereign of the universe to do unto all men as we would they should do unto us.\n An injunction which if rightly considered does witho[u]t any other argument condemn slavery in every shape whatever; as it is impossible to comply with that command while holding them in miserable bondage, and bringing them up in complete ignorance, and treating them more like brutes than human beings possesing (if cultivated in the same manner) the same dispositions (or nearly so) as we do.\n For there certainly is but little difference in the various nations of the earth except that of education\n And may I not say that they are treated like brutes when they are sold and like cattle driven to different parts of the continent to a second market, regardless of those tender endearing ties by which an almighty creator has united his rational creation as well black as white.\n Where is that man who will say that the great creator of all things did in their first formation intend them for slaves. Such an one I beleive cannot be found.\n For if he had intended them for slav[e]s why did he give them reason why elevate their minds to heaven and fill them with desires to reach that happy abode Alas: such beings as these are held in bondage in perpetual bondage from generation to generation,\n And there is no father whose faithful servitude through the course of a long life can in the least mitigate the sufferings of a son or deliver him from bondage,\n So that in the severest trials, the most afflicting moments of life there is not one ray of hope to cheer the aged father while labouring under the heat and burden of the day.\n Oh: humanity and religion how do you weep to see such scenes as these to behold one part of the creation (instead of doing all they can to render mankind universally happy) doing it seems all they can to render a large portion completely wretched, by depriving them of liberty, and many of the necessaries of life, yea in many instances they have a bare sufficiency of food to support nature and that of the coarsest kind, and frequently so short in raiment as not to have a sufficiency to cover their nakedness.\n And moreover relations that are bound together by the strongest ties are torn asunder with more than savage barbarity,\n And here I may exclaim in the most ernest language of my soul Oh! ye oppressors of human beings how long will you remain callous to the cries and plaints of injuried, oppressd, & wretched human beings, whose cries\nthough they have not penetrated your souls, have most certainly flown to the realms of everlasting peace & justice, and have they not been heard, and will they not be answered.\n Here let me appeal to the breast of the most barbarous slave holder, by, supposing his son & daughter confined in Algeirs, their freedom then becomes a subject of the utmost importance, to effect which he does not scruple to sacrafice his all.\n Here let him reflect, let him remember that his slaves are human beings rational beings, capable of seeing, feeling, hearing, & understanding; then adhere to that of doing as he would be done by, and the shackles of his slaves will fall off forever.\n O, Glorious rule how happy the day\n When thou shalt have universal sway\n When all nations shall bow to thee\n Oppression and fraud cease to be.\n Here let me implore thee, my friend (like Sampson of old) to perform deeds at the close of thy executive authority more glorious than all other transactions of thy life, by making some noble struggle to secure happiness to this the only republic on earth and save it from the impending judgeme[n]ts of heaven which I shurely beleive does hang oer this nation. Fourteen years of the twenty of my life I lived in Virginia and have seen a small portion of the immense mountain of wo under which they are doomed to labour And often have I wept oer them, to see their innumerable sufferings, and human nature so shamefully degraded. Ah, how freely would I contribute a portion of my time, with my small hard earnings, to advance a work for which justice so loudly calls,\n Let it not be understood that I am so simple as to suppose that a president of the united states can alone perform a work of this kind, but certainly I do suppose him to be a person that could contribute more than any other. I am &c &c &c\n James B Johnson\n PS Pardon the forwardness of a youth whose intensions are of the purest kind and one that wishes to promote universal liberty and happiness through all nations of the earth.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0590", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard M. Johnson, 19 December 1816\nFrom: Johnson, Richard M.\nTo: Madison, James\n City of washington House of Rep. 19th. Dec 1816\n Such is my opinion of your wisdom, justice & humanity, that I must call your particular attention, to the decision of Mr Lee which makes a deduction of 40 Cents from those under Gov. Shelby after the 20th of Oct. till their final discharge which tirminated after allowing every 20 miles as one day. I am happy to find that this decision is contrary to the opinion, of the late Sec of War, instead of arising from any instruction from him. I find it also against the opinion of the Commissioner himself, & also it seemed to be against th[e] opinion of th[e] acting Sec; of War when I conversed with him. I say Gov. Shelbys\u2019 Corps, because it will principally operate upon, that altho some other cases will be embraced by it.\n It is a matter, too little for the enquiry of the Govern[m]ent. Indeed the enquiry which must be involved if Such construction Should prevail will \u201ccost more than it will come to\u201d I mean the enquiry whether the party remounted after the Death of the horse or not. This reduction which will not involve ten thousand dollars will produce more than ordinary excitement & what is a hundred thousand dollars to the govt when distributed among those who have maintained th[e] honor & Glory of the Country & who look up to you, as th[e] Father & Protector of those who Suffered in the cause. I saw the letter upon which th[e] deduction was made. It came from Mr Hagner who no doubt thought it his duty to make the Suggestions for I know him to be a valuable officer With the highest re[s]pect & with the greatest confidence your Ob Sert\n Rh: M: Johnson\n NB. the interest on the value of each horse from the death, to the time of payment, would be more than, or equal to, the deduction, besides the great trouble of taking evidence to Substantiate the claim &c.\n The deduction of 40 cents is predicated, upon the assumed fact, that the owner did not remount himself\u2014an implication which could be repelled by positive evidence in more than \u00be of the cases, that the owner did remount & this resort will be made by the Mounted volunteers if compelled by an unexpected inference against them. For no testimony has ever been required to that effect. Those who have been eye witnesses to the trial & suffering & losses of these men cannot believe for a moment that any deduction from the value of the horse is correct, or just, or politic\u2014& it is not desireable to Legislate again on the Subject.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0592", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 20 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n I nominate,\n Joseph H. Hawkins, to be surveyor of the Port of New-Orleans, & also inspector of the Revenue for the same port, in the place of Thomas, L. Butler, resigned.\n Jesse Nettles Junior, of South Carolina, to be collector of the direct tax and Internal duties for the 8th Collection district of the Same State, in the place of Thomas H. Lane resigned.\n Ebenezer S. Rees, of Georgia, now principal assessor, to be collector of the direct tax and Internal duties for the 1st. collection district of the Same State, in the place of John Stevens, resigned.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0594", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nicolas Gouin Dufief, 20 December 1816\nFrom: Dufief, Nicolas Gouin\nTo: Madison, James\n Respected sir,\n Philadelphia December 20. 1816\n The exalted station in which you are placed Justifies me in considering you as a patron of literature, and the whole tenor of your life confirms that belief, therefore, I have forwarded you a proposal for the publication of the fourth edition of my \u201cNature Displayed\u201d much improved. The sale of three editions and the urgent call for a fourth induces a belief that it has become a standard elementary work, particularly so as the study of the French language is universally prevailing in the United states as well as in Europe. In order to economize and, at the same time do away the possibility of typographical errors, I have determined to have it stereotyped in this country, the art of which although new here is carried to as great perfection as in any part of Europe. In order to meet the extraordinary expences incident to the first edition of a stereotype work, I am constrained to have recourse to a subscription, and as a list of subscribers will accompany the work, I\nShould be proud to have it headed with the name of the first magistrate of the only free people on earth. With sentiments of the highest respect I have the honor to be, Sir your most obedient & Humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0595", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Graham, 20 December 1816\nFrom: Graham, George\nTo: Madison, James\n The Acting Secretary of War has the honor to submit to the President, the report made by the Commissioner of Claims, relative to his proceedings under the act, \u201cauthorizing the payment for property lost, captured, or destroyed by the Enemy, while in the military service of the United States, and for other purposes.\u201d\n Geo: Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0596", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the House of Representatives, 21 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: House of Representatives\n To the House of Representatives of the United States.\n In compliance with the Resolution of the House of Representatives of the 6th. instant, I transmit to them, the proceedings of the Commissioner appointed under the \u201cAct to authorise the payment for property lost, captured, or destroyed by the Enemy while in the military service of the United States and for other purposes\u201d as reported by the Commissioner to the Department of War.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0597", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John J. Crittenden, 21 December 1816\nFrom: Crittenden, John J.\nTo: Madison, James\n Frankfort Dec: 21st 1816\n The only apology I can have for troubling you with this letter, is that the subject of it is a matter of public concern.\n The death of the late Judge Innes has occasioned a vacancy in the Federal Court for the District of Kentucky. Mr: John T Mason has been recommended to your Excellency, as I am told, as a proper person to supply that vacancy. Mr: Mason, I am informed, is personally known to you, & his claims & pretensions have no doubt been properly represented by his friends. I only desire to add my concurrence to every recommendation of his worth & merit which you may have received. He is a gentleman of high dignified character, & I have no doubt that he is well qualified for, & every way worthy of the office which his friends solicit for him. With sentiments of high respect & consideration I am Yr: Obdt: Servt:\n John J Crittenden", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0600", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Leonard Peirce, 24 December 1816\nFrom: Peirce, Leonard\nTo: Madison, James\n Millbury Massachusetts Decm. 24th 1816\n Having obtained the consent of my parents to enter as a cadet in the Military Academy of the United States I would solicit from you an appointment to the Academy at West Point should there not be a full complement of cadets there; and if there should, to any other Academy which Congress has or may or established at their present session\n I am eighteen years of age, and have received a thorough knowledge of reading, writing and arithmetic. If you should please to honor me with an appointment I wish you would forward it to me as soon as is convenient and I will produce articles of agreement as the law directs. Yours With respect,\n Leonard Peirce", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0602", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Congress, 26 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Congress\n To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States.\n It is found that the existing laws have not the efficacy necessary to prevent violations of the obligations of the United States, as a nation at peace towards belligerent parties, and other unlawful acts on the high Seas, by armed vessels equipped within the waters of the United States.\n With a view to maintain more effectually the respect due to the laws, to the character, and to the neutral and pacific relations of the United States, I recommend to the consideration of Congress, the expediency of such further legislative provisions as may be requisite for detaining vessels actually equipped, or in a course of equipment with a warlike force, within the jurisdiction of the United States; or, as the case may be, for obtaining from the owners or commanders of such vessels, adequate securities, against the abuse of their armaments, with the exceptions in Such provisions, proper for the cases of merchant vessels furnished with the defensive armaments usual on distant & dangerous expeditions; and of a private commerce in Military stores permitted by our laws, and which the laws of Nations does not require the United States to prohibit.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0603", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Bentley, 28 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Bentley, William\n Washington Decr. 28. 1816\n Mr. Crowninshield having made me acquainted with the passage in your letter to him, which speaks with so much personal kindness towards me,\nand so favorably of my discharge of the public trust which is about to close, I can not forego an expression of the value I put on such sentiments from such a source. The approbation of the wise and the worthy is the recompence which ought to be next to the first, in the desires and the hopes of those who serve their country with a faithful zeal. My only apprehension is, that a benevolent partiality may have too much diverted your attention from errors, against which good intentions were not a sufficient safeguard.\n It is a great satisfaction, on returning to the private station from which I have been so long separated, that I shall make way for a successor who enjoys, as he merits, so highly and so diffusively, the confidence and affection of his fellow Citizens. He will have the consolation of anticipating from such examples as yours, that if he should encounter malice and misrepresentations from some quarters, he will find in others a firm support of his measures when they are right, a candid interpretation when they are doubtful, and the admonitions of friendship & patriotism only when they are deemed erroneous. Be assured Sir, of my great esteem and of my cordial respects & good wishes\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0604", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nehemiah H. Mason, 29 December 1816\nFrom: Mason, Nehemiah H.\nTo: Madison, James\n Hampstead, King Geo. Co., Va. 29th December 1816.\n The purport of this, will I hope excuse the liberty I have taken; It is in behalf of a poor orphan who is now confined in the penitentiary at Philadelphia for the crime of letter robbery.\n William Yeatman, the name of him alluded to; was born in this county, of reputable parents, but had the misfortune to be deprived of them when he was an infant. He was then taken by his paternal uncle James Yeatman, and carried to chambersburgh Penna. This Mr Yeatman it appears was void of all nepotism, and only was namely his guardian. The circumstances of the robbery I am ignorant of, but the youth, & family, of the said Yeatman induces me to write this in his behalf. There has been a letter written to the governor of Pennsylvania on the subject of a repreive, and he returned for answer, that he was not authorised, as he was not condemned by any of the courts of Penna., but by that of the United States.\n He is confined for the term of two years, but I hope you will consider his youth, (for he is not more than fifteen years of age,) and the circumstances of his having no person to admonish him against the propensities of dissipation; and grant him a repreive, or shorten the term of his confinement. I have understood he is truly a penitent, by a gentleman who has seen him, and pleads his youth and pecuniary necessity that caused him to do it. This is natural that he should repent, and make excuses for his malconduct, but his juvenility I think myself pleads vehemently for an abrogation of his sentence, and I trust if you can find it compatible with justice, you will grant my request: By so doing you will dry the eyes of many of his relatives, and confer a favour that will be gratefully acknowledged by one, that signs himself with sentiments of the highest consideration your Most Obd Humbe Sert\n Nehemiah H. Mason", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0605", "content": "Title: Gabriel Moore to William Harris Crawford, 29 December 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Moore, Gabriel\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n \u00a7 Gabriel Moore to William Harris Crawford. 29 December 1816, Huntsville, Mississippi Territory. \u201cAccompanying this you will recieve the memorial of the Territorial Legislature praying that the Indian title to certain Lands m[a]y be extinguished.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0606", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Citizens of Detroit, 30 December 1816\nFrom: Citizens of Detroit\nTo: Madison, James\n District of Detroit River Rouge Decr 30. 1816\n The Petition of the subscribers, Citizens of the United States, inhabitants of the District of Detroit, in the Territory of Michigan, respectfully sheweth. That your Petitioners are Generally farmers and heads of families. That on the commencement of the late war, with Great Britain, they were settled, upon the Waters of river Rouge. That they remained at their homes, except the time they were under arms as militia, until the 16th\nof August 1812, the day on which this unfortunate Country was surrendered by General Hull, to the British army, under articles of Capitulation, recognizing the protection of the persons and property of your Petitioners, in common with the Citizens of the Territory. Your Petitioners soon discovered that the Guarantee, held out, was but a name, and no effectual protection to the persons or property of the Citizens. The savages, the acknowledged, allies of the British, immediately commenced, an open and indiscriminate scene of plunder & abuse upon the defenseless inhabitants. Our houses were forcibly entered, our families menaced and abused, our furniture, carried away or destroyed, Our Cattle sheep and hogs, shot down, and our Horses robbed and taken from us. In the span of a few days after the surrender, more than six hundred Horses were forciably taken from the Citizens of the Territory. Nor did the sacred Altar escape their fury. The church was entered and despoiled of its ornaments, & its organ demolished.\n Your Petitioners sensible of the imminent dangers that threatened them, retired with their families, into the settlements near Detroit for safety, abandoning their houses and property, a sacrifice, to an infuriated enemy. These precautionary measures, rendered n[e]cessary from the danger of the times, resulted in the loss of our remaining stock, furniture, implements of Husbandry and the delapidation and waste of our houses, buildings, orchards and improvemts.\n Your Petitioners met their losses, and endured the hardships and deprivations, incident to such a state of things, flattering themselves with a belief, that they would have been of short duration, and that the British Government, under the stipulations contained in the articles of Capitulation, were bound, and that our Government would compel, the payment, of all losses and damages, we had, or might sustain, in violation of the guarantee given us by the Capitulation. In these reasonable expectations, your Petitioners have been greatly disappointed. We have witnessed a Treaty of Peace, and also of Commerce entered into by the Two Governments, and no mention made of the Territory of Michigan, or the sacred claims of your Petitioners. What reasons of National policy, could have induced our Government, to neglect and abandon our rights, fairly and fully acquired, against the British Government, under the articles of Capitulation of the 16th of August 1812, are unknown to us who were and still are interested in their being faithfully executed. This omission, we are sensible, looses our hold, on the British Government for indemnity, and that we must now turn our attention to the justice and liberality of our own Country, for remuneration and payment.\n Your Petitioners, concious of the justice & equity of their claim, to full, ample and complete, remuneration for their loss of property sustained, between the 16th of August 1812 and the 28h of September 1813 make\nthis their solemn appeal to the Representitivs of our Common Country for indemnity & satisfaction. We do not make this appeal to the liberality of Congress, we claim it as our just right, acquired under a solemn compact, which the nation was bound to inforce in our favor. We owe allegiance to the Government and Country\u2014we bear our proportion of the Burthens and taxes, required of us by the great Body Politic, to meet the necessities and support the honor and Dignity of the Nation. In return we claim protection for our persons and property, and when from moral or Physical causes, such protection is not afforded us, we claim full indemnity, not as a favor, but as our inherent right as American Citizens. Our claim in the present instance is still stronger. A solemn engagement on the part of the British Government, which has been tacitly assumed by our Country. The evidence of such claim your petitioners annex to this petition. Therefore your Petitioners hubly solicit Congress, to take under consideration, their peculiarly hard case; and pass a law, fully embracing the objects of the Petition, and that relief adequate to their losses, may be extended to them. And as in duty bound will ever pray.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0607", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 30 December 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\n Navy Department, Decr. 30th. 1816.\n I have the honour to transmit, herewith, Nominations to the Senate of the United States, on behalf of Shubael Butterfield, Thomas G. Chase, Robert Lyman, William Brown, Edwin B. Newton, John H. Duncan, Elijah I. Weed, and Augustus de Rumford, to be second Lieutenants in the Marin\u27e8e\u27e9 Corps. Very respectfully, I have the honour to be, &c\n B. W. Crowninshield.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0608", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 30 December 1816\nFrom: Latrobe, Benjamin Henry\nTo: Madison, James\n Washington Decr. 30th. 1816.\n The enclosed Letter was written at the instance of several Members of Congress, who, on enquiry, finding that I could not give them any information respecting the expense, the probably [sic] time of completing, or the measures taken to complete the Capitol, wished me to state to You, and to the Committees of the District, the opinion I expressed to them, on the System, which appeared to me the most expedient. If in the multitude and importance of your engagements, you could find leisure to give attention to this letter, I should be highly obliged. It is true, that my personal feelings are interested; but on public, & (as it appears to me,) on grounds established by the plainnest reason, and the practice of all governments, and also of our own in all other cases, the system which I recommend would be expedient. The inconveniences of the present system are self evident. Experience has proved that they are inseperable from it; and also that the change recommended, would remove them, as it did under Mr. Jefferson\u2019s administration.\n Under the old Commissioner, Mr Hallet was the first Architect. His papers & drawings in my possession prove that he was a man of talents, of experience, and of good sense. The Commissioners however stood between him, and all communication with the President. A perpetual war, and constant appeals to the president, existed on professional subjects. He was defeated, &, dismissed: and all his plans so changed, that the enormous expence of the Capitol is in a great measure owing to that circumstance. I myself quarried more the 400 perches of stone out of his foundations, which tho\u2019 judiciously arranged were rendered useless by new alterations. Hadfield, a man of great merit and taste was sent for from England & succeeded Hallet. A new warfare commenced, in which the Commissioners by law defeated the hired architect. The Capitol was then in a very unfinished state, and was rendered capable of receiving Congress by the Mechanics. The changes cannot have cost the public less than 250.000 Dollars. In 1797, I had the honor to spend a short time with General Washington, who spoke to me with regret and vexation on the disputes between the Architects and the Commissioners which had retarded the city.\n Mr. Jefferson, by appointing the Architect himself: & doing me the honor to consult immediately on the plan to be executed himself, enabled me to exert my whole force of mind, in completing the building on a regularly arranged system, and by this means I completed the south wing in three Years, comprising more value & extent of Labor and materials than the North wing & presidents house, & costing only 275.000$. This difference and advantage was in the system. I have not the vanity to think that\nit was in the Men. A uniform conduct of the work by professional exertions, always provident and prompt, and uninterrupted by circuitous communications, effected it. And yet so perfect was the controul of my designs by the President, that part of the plan in detail was executed contrary to my taste, but in submission to that of Mr. Jefferson. As to the expenditures, the controul of Mr. Munroe, the superintendant was equally efficient, and a watchful prudence was enforced by the fear of incurring expenses which would fall upon myself. By a similar system I compleated the Bank of Pennsylvania in 18 Months, and supplied Philadelphia with Water in 20 Months introducing at the same time the use of the Steam-engine into our country.\n Permit me therefore very respectfully to solicit that you will be pleased to take the subject once more into Your consideration, in the light in which I have placed it. I most sincerely hope, that during Your Presidency the situation of the public Architects will be rendered respectable, and worthy the acceptance of Men of Talent and Science, whose necessities may now force them, though their self respect would never otherwise permit them to hold the situation on such precarious terms as the present.\n In a few days I will have the honor to wait upon You. I am with the highest respect\n B Henry Latrobe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0609", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 31 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n I nominate, the following persons to be Collectors of direct taxes and internal duties for the States & districts respectively annexed to their names\nValentine Richardson for the 4th. collection district of North Carolina, in room of John S West resigned.\n William A. K. Falkener for the 5th. collection district of North Carolina, in room of Solomon Green resigned.\n Jeremiah P. Fogg, for the 6th. collection district of Ohio in room of John C. Wright resigned.\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0610", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Senate, 31 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Senate\n I nominate,\n William Jones, \n Citizens of the United States residing at Philadelphia in the State of Pennsylvania.\n Stephen Girard, \n Pierce Butler\n George Williams\n a Citizen of the United States residing in Baltimore, in the State of Maryland.\n Walter Bowne,\n A Citizen of the United States, residing at New York, in the State of New York\n to be five of the Directors of the Bank of the United States in pursuance of the 8th Section of the act, entitled \u201cthe act to incorporate the Subscribers to the Bank of the United States.[\u201d]\n James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0611", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Brown, 31 December 1816\nFrom: Brown, William\nTo: Madison, James\n Cynthiana Dec. 31st. 1816\n The death of the late Honble. H Innis, having produced a vacancy in the District Court of the United States for the State of Kentucky, and no appointment having yet been made, has induced a belief that further information, of the relative pretentions of the candidates, is desired. I reside at Cynthiana; And practice law in the adjacent counties, and Since the vacancy\nhas happened, have heard much, and thought Some upon the Subject. The public Sentiment is overwhelming in favor of Mr. Trimble; and it is based upon his great worth as a man, and his celebrity as a Lawyer and Judge. I am with high consideration and respect Your\u2019s &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0613", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexandre Monnier, [31 December 1816]\nFrom: Monnier, Alexandre\nTo: Madison, James\n Davis Tavern Washington [December 31, 1816]\n Alexandre Monnier Marchand \u00e0 buffalo (\u00e9tat de New york) venant de Richemond pour y vendre quelques terres, n\u2019ayant pu y r\u00e9ussir forc\u00e9 de S\u00e9journer en cette ville depuis 12 Jours avec Sa famille, faute de moyens ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9sapoint\u00e9 d\u2019une Somme de 300 $ par georges Nelson n\u00e9gt. \u00e0 Petersburg en Virginie.\n Apr\u00e8s avoir inutilement fait toutes les d\u00e9marches possibles pour Se procurer l\u2019Argent n\u00e9cessaire pour rendre Sa Famille \u00e0 la Maison, apr\u00e8s avoir enfin \u00e9crit chez lui \u00e0 Sa mere, ne recevant point de r\u00e9ponse et ne Sachant a quoi attribuer ce Silence, il ose prend\u27e8rait\u27e9 libert\u00e9 de S\u2019Adresser \u00e0 Mr. Le pr\u00e9sident des \u00e9tats un\u00eds, pour le prier de le retirer de l\u2019Embaras p\u00e9nible o\u00f9\nil Se trouve avec Son \u00e9pouse et Son fils dont la position exige le retour le plus prompt. Il laisse Mr. Le pr\u00e9sident juger du d\u00e9sespoir o\u00f9 il est de voir Sa famille Souffrir journallemen\u27e8t\u27e9 des caprices d\u2019un Mtre. d\u2019Auberge qui ne sait que trop la position o\u00f9 Se trouve cette infortun\u00e9e famille.\n Si Mr. le pr\u00e9sident daigne lui rendre ce Service quoiqu\u2019il lui Soit totalement \u00e9tranger, il lui promet Sur l\u2019honneur que la traite qu\u2019il lui donnera sur Mr Leack cahr. de la bank de Niagara \u00e0 Buffalo, ou tout autre, lui Sera pay\u00e9 aussi\u27e8t\u00f4t\u27e9 pr\u00e9sentation.\n I\u2019l attend avec inqui\u00e9tude une reponse de Mr. le pr\u00e9sident qui Mettra il ose l\u2019Esp\u00e9rer fin aux peines qu\u2019endurent Sa famille. I\u2019l a l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec le plus profond respect, Monsieur le Pr\u00e9siden\u27e8t\u27e9, Votre Tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant Serviteu\u27e8r\u27e9\n Aldre. Monnie\u27e8R\u27e9\n CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n Alexandre Monnier, merchant at Buffalo (state of New York), coming from Richmond in order to sell some lands there and not succeeding, was forced to remain in this city for twelve days with his family, lacking means having been disappointed of a Sum of 300\u27e8$?\u27e9 by George Nelson doing business at Petersburg in Virginia. After having fruitlessly done all the acts possible to procure the money necessary to return his family to their home, after having finally written home to his mother, receiving no answer and not knowing to what to attribute this silence, he dares take the liberty to address His Excellency the President of the United States, in order to beg him to help him out of the painful embarrassment in which he finds himself, with his wife and his son whose position demands the promptest return possible. He leaves His Excellency the President to judge of the despair he feels, seeing his family suffering daily from the whims of an innkeeper who knows all too well the position where this unfortunate family find themselves. If His Excellency the President would deign to render him this service, even though he is a total stranger to him, he promises him, on his honor, that the draft he will give him on Mr. Leack cahr. of the Bank of Niagara at Buffalo, or any other, will be paid to him as soon as presented. He awaits with anxiety an answer from His Excellency the President which will put an end, he dares to hope, to the pains which his family is enduring.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0615", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Rhea, 31 December 1816\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Madison, James\n Blountville Sullivan Ct H. 31st. Decr [1816]\n I had the pleasure of addressing to You a Letter dated at the United States Factory in the Chactaw Nation\u2014informing that a treaty was concluded by the Commissioners of the US\u2014with the Chiefs of that Indian tribe. I hope that letter was received. The treaty was forwarded to the War office from Nashville by mail\u2014and I am very much Gratifyed to know, by a letter from that office, that the treaty was received and that it meets Your approbation. As in a former letter dated at Nashville, so in this I request You to accept my Gratefull acknowledgments for having appointed me a Commissioner to the Chactaw nation for the purpose of making a treaty with them, of their friendship to the United S\u2014& progress to civilization more might be written than merely alluding thereto. I would have written to You previous to this date, but had some inclination to be in the City Early next month. Some unavoidable things and inclement weather have hindered. I flatter my self however that, unless hindered, I will have the pleasure of seeing You again this Winter. I had frequently been asked, whether any danger of serious difficulties with any European power\u2014and always answered, none\nin my opinion. Your Message to Congress at commencment of the present session I have with great satisfaction read, and observed that You mention, that the U States are at peace with the Civilized World. The United States are indeed a favored Nation. With every wish for Your happiness I have the honor to be Your Obt servt\n John Rhea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/03-11-02-0618", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Timothy Pitkin, 31 December 1816 (Abstract)\nFrom: Pitkin, Timothy\nTo: Madison, James\n \u00a7 From Timothy Pitkin. \u201cTuesday,\u201d 31 December 1816. \u201cMr Pitkin will do himself the honor to dine with the President of the UStates, on Thursday next, agreeable to invitation.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5118", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David Parish, 4 May 1816\nFrom: Parish, David\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia the 4 May 1816.\nI have the honor of enclosing herewith a dispatch from the Senate of the City of Hamburg & beg leave to say that I shall have pleasure in forwarding any Communications you may have to make in reply. I am with great Regard Sir Your most obedt. Serv.\nDavid Parish", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5119", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Jean Baptiste Say, 4 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Say, Jean Baptiste\nSir \nWashington May 4. 1816\nI must trust to your goodness to pardon the long delay in offering my thanks for the Treatise on Political economy, & for the kind sentiments expressed in the letter which accompanied it. I regret that notwithstanding the delay, I have not been able to steal from my occupations the time necessary to do justice to such a work by an entire and continued perusal; and that I must postpone that gratification to the approaching epoch at which I shall exchange the labors of a public for the relaxations of a private station. I can speak however of the value of your present, with the perfect confidence inspired by the uncontradicted suffrage which its great merit has procured for it. Luminous developments of the true principles of political economy are every where needed; and if more so in our young Country than in some old ones, the prejudices are young also which are to be encountered. We have an open field for free discussions, and I hope our docility will be proportioned to the advantage.\nI sincerely wish that nothing may occur to drive you from the Country of your birth and your choice, to seek an Asylum in a distant hemisphere. Honorable as such acquisitions may be to this Country, they ought not to be coveted on such conditions; the less so as we are aware that the partiality of its distant friends may anticipate advantages greater than it may be capable of realizing.\nApart from Such reflections, I pray you Sir to be assured of the great value I place on your esteem, and of my best wishes for your welfare, whatever may be the theatre of your fortunes.\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5120", "content": "Title: Presidential Proclamation, 4 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nA PROCLAMATION.By the President of the U. States.Whereas, by the act of Congress entitled \"An act providing for the sale of certain lands in the state of Ohio, formerly set apart for Refugees from Canada and Nova Scotia,\" passed the 29th of April 1816, it is enacted, that such part of the said lands as have not been located, shall be attached to, and make a part of the land district of Chillicothe, and be offered for sale, to the highest bidder, at Chillicothe, on such day as shall, by the proclamation of the President of the U. States, be designated for that purpose:Wherefore, I James Madison, President of the United States, in conformity with the act of Congress before recited, do hereby declare and make known, that sales shall be held on the first Monday in August next, and the five next succeeding days, at Chillicothe, in the state of Ohio, for the disposal of the said Lands agreeably to the said act of Congress.Given under my hand the fourth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and sixteen\nJames MadisonBy the President,Josiah Meigs,Commissioner of the General Land Office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5121", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Jonathan Russell, 5 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Russell, Jonathan\nDear Sir\nI have recd. within a few days yours of Jany. 6. It reminds me of your preceding one of February 15. 1815, which, tho\u2019 recd. at a late day, would have been sooner acknowledged, but for a conflict between my wish to alleviate the feelings it disclosed, and the duty imposed by my view of the case out of which they arose. I have gained however nothing by the delay; and can therefore only say now, that with every disposition to allow weight to your observations, I am not aware of the necessity of so critical a comparison as you enter into, of your pecuniary claims with those of Mr. Adams. I am persuaded it will never be made by others, to the disparagement of your reputation; the less so, as the difference between the expence incident to diplomatic missions at St. Petersburg and Stockholm, is so well understood. All the Governments of Europe attend to it, I beleive, in their allowances to their public Ministers; and it is more than probable that a Similar rule will be adopted by this Country in future missions. In a bill for augmenting the salaries of foreign Ministers brought into congress at the late Session, a distinction was made between the great and Minor powers, and altho\u2019 the bill did not pass, its failure certainly was not on that account.\nWith respect to the assurance given at the time of your nomination to the Senate, I beg you to be satisfied that it was not a bribe to the parsimony or a compromise with the enmity of your opponents. It was information only of the fact, that such was the purpose of the Executive, given with a view to prevent the effect of a misapprehension of that purpose. This is a precaution not unusual, & certainly not exceptionable. But I perceive you have been led into the view you have taken of the incident, by supposing that the assurance in question, was made in order to reconcile the Senate to the nomination of J. R. and not to a mission to Sweden. As the Senate is known to decide upon the expediency of foreign missions, as well as on the fitness of the men nominated, they may of course make the expediency, of a particular mission, to depend on the cost of it to the Nation; and it might be the duty of the executive to yeild to that opinion, even if contrary to its own, rather than to lose an object important in the opinion of the Executive to the interest of the nation.\nThe Secretary of State writes to you on the Subject of your letter requesting a sanction to your leaving Stockholm. I hope the ground on which he places the termination of your diplomatic service there will be consistent with the interesting object communicated in your letter to me, and in consummating which, I sincerely wish you all the happiness promised by it. Accept my friendly respects.\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5122", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Francis Corbin, 5 May 1816\nFrom: Corbin, Francis\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nThe Reeds. Wh: Ch: Po: Off: C.C. VirginiaMay 5th. 1816\nSome days ago I requested my friends Genl. Mason, Mr. R.B. Lee, and Col: Taylor to wait upon you with my respects, and to acquaint you that I would act as a Commissioner of the Subscriptions to the Bk. of the U.S. in Richmond, on the first of July next, if you thought proper to appoint me. To those gentlemen I suggested some Reasons for thinking that you could not make an appointment that would be more satisfactory to the Country People.The compensation which the Law proposes is no object. But it is an object with me, and will be beneficial to the Bank, so far as $25000 or $20000 extend, to convert my Stock in the British Funds into the Stock of this Bank.It is possible too that thro\u2019 the door of this Institution I may be enabled to make my Escape from Slavery, a great point, at which I have been laboring all my life.But--whether I succeed or not in either of these views--,for delicacy may, perhaps, defeat both, I still think that by consulting the Interests of our honest Country people, in preference to those of Town Speculators, Town Stock Jobbers, and Town Monopolizers, I shall render some service to the public and not discredit your Selection.Be pleased to present my very respectful compliments to Mrs. Madison and permit me to subscribe myself, as usual, Dear Sir, with very Sincere Regard, Your much Obliged & mo: faithful Hle. St.\nFrancis Corbin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5123", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Domenico Azuni, 8 May 1816\nFrom: Azuni, Domenico\nTo: Madison, James\nMonseigneur,\nG\u00eanes le 8. Mai 1816.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019adresser \u00e0 Votre Excellence trois \u00e9xemplaires de l\u2019ouvrage, que je viens de publier sur la Piraterie, et sur les moyens propres \u00e0 l\u2019extirpation des Pirates Barbaresques.\nJe prie V.E. d\u2019agr\u00e9er l\u2019un de ces \u00e9xemplaires pour elle, et de pr\u00e9senter les deux autres aux deux Chambres des Etats-Unis qu\u2019elle pr\u00e9side si dignement.\nJe serai bien flatt\u00e9 si mon travail peut m\u00e9riter votre approbation, et celle du Gouvernement; Ce serait la plus noble recompense que je puisse en \u00e9sperer. Monseigneur De Votre Excellence Le tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s Obeissant Serviteur\nD.A. Azuni", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5124", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Coxe, 8 May 1816\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 8th. 1816\nI am informed by my friend & neighbour Mr. Du Ponceau, that he has received a letter from our Consul Mr. Lee, at Bordeaux, from which he understands, that Mr. Lee is about to leave his residence & station there. The causes and circumstances are apparently political connected with the opinions, feelings and prejudices, which have grown out of the period between the arrival of the late Emperor from Elba, and his retiring from France. I do not know, that I have heard of any specific ground of censure. Much less do I remember to have heard, that any such possible censure had been or could be substantiated; but I learn that Mr. Lee has sent away some of his domestics & means to withdraw from his place of residence & public station.The purpose for which I have the honor to address you on this subject is the vacancy that may arise in the office of the Consul at Bordeaux. My second Son Mr. Alexr. Sidney Coxe is desirous that I should respectfully submit his name to your consideration. He has been educated with great care and success in his academical & collegate studies, went through a full & regular course of the study of the Law with William Lewis Esqr who is a warm friend & supporter, and has been in the practice about five years, being nearly twenty six years of age. He has always partaken in the instruction & reading, which the city affords in our commercial & general political economy, and is strong upon those subjects, for a man not actually practical. He is well acquainted with the French Language, and quite at ease in writing and speaking it. His principles are intelligently and decidedly constitutional. He served in the Campaign of 1814 as a Lieutenant and Adjutant of one of our volunteer batallions and has now a Majority in one of the Regiments of our city militia. He was run by our friends in the Councils of the city in the year 1814. His moral character is liberal and sound, and if it should be deemed proper to commit the office to him, he will be able to file in the department of state clear and strong testimonials to that effect.I respectfully congratulate you, Sir, upon the dissipation of the prejudices and clouds, which a singular combination of circumstances had created & suspended over our country, in the eventful year 1814. The generous dispositions towards the United states which distinguish Russia, the good humor towards us apparent in the King of France, the absence of all symptoms of ill will in the rest of the principal cabinets of Europe, the right understandings of the principles of action & conduct of our government, the lessons which the European powers have given to each other since the fall of Napn. and the aversion of the nations of Europe to the continued expenses of useless armaments and unnecessary wars, have assured our tranquility from without. It delights me always to remember the great and unceasing part you have successfully taken in the reform of our ancient & the settlement of our present empire from your first entry on the national theatre in the Autumn of 1779. to this hour of public virtue, liberty & independence.My elder Son James Sidney Coxe, on whom you conferred the office of a midshipman is now in the best course of his profession, after an escape, almost miraculous from the explosion of the gun in the Guerriere, by which 45 or 50 men were wounded or killed. Commodore Decatur gave him up as lost, such were the number & severity of his wounds, and the shock even to his mind & senses. I have been much gratified at the testimonies of his fortitude under his wounds and necessary surgical treatment which Commr. Decatur has borne. The young animal has risen above the injuries of the explosion and his youthful mind is devoted to the honor and energy of the Service. My younger son being seriously affected in his health, and having his hopes damped by peace, was induced by me to withdraw from the Navy, in which he could not have survived a year. The goodness you were pleased to shew to my family on the occasion leads me to report the issue thus briefly to you. I have the honor to remain unalterably Sir, your most respectful and most obedient Servant,\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5127", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Simmons, 10 May 1816\nFrom: Simmons, William\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nWashington May 10th. 1816\nI take the liberty to inclose to you a Report of the Committee to enquire with the Settlement of the accounts of James Thomas Qr. Mr. General on the Niagara frontier; and as the Committee have given it as their opinion that the settlement made with him, after I was out of office, is objectionable, erronious, fraudilent and the principle destructive of all accountablility; and have recommended a postponment of the Case to the next session of Congress, when I shall again be called upon for a more mature examination into this extraordinary settlement made by the present accounting officers of the government;This not being the only case of abuse against the public, which I complained of, previous to my removal from office; and as James Thomas\u2019s conduct implicating him was made known at the time it was discovoured to all the Heads of Departments, and Mr. Monroe, who acted at the time as Secy. of War, repeatedly promised that he (Thomas) should be dismissed the service, and observed to me more than once, that you were so well assured of the facts, that you would have him stricken from the list of Officers, this was not done, but Thomas was allowed to enjoy all the pay & emoluments of a Quarter Mr. General from the time he was implicated in the fraud until the army was disbanded, without doing any duty; and finally was allowed to retire as a disbanded Officer, and that altho he still ows a considerable balance after the extraordinary settlement of his Cash account, and no part of his Store account ever settled with Mr. Cutts, he has lately been furnished with an important Contract for the Northern part of the State of New York, where it is alledged that his predecessor has accumulated property during the short period he was Contractor, to the amount of from four to five hundred thousand dollars; these accounts of Mr. Elbert Anderson I also reported to Congress, stating the objections to a correct settlement of them. They however after my removal from office, have been settled by Mr. Lear in March 1815; and they being connected with Colo. Thomas\u2019s accounts, I have had them called for, and have had recourse to them, and find, that the settlement, and allowances to him, are also of an extraordinary nature, as will appear from the face of the general statement to be such as never allowed to any other Contractor, and could in my opinon not be justified by the Contract, or upon any usage or correct principle of allowance, but has been credited for several hundred thousand dollars more than he could be justly entitled to, thereby enabling the Contractor to accumulate the great amount he has to the injury of the public, and to the estonishment of many persons in New York, who will after they see the statement I will prepare, will then be able to judge, in what manner, many large fortunes have lately been made by persons connected with the war Department, and the public will judge if its proper that Colo. Thomas should under all circumstances enjoy the Contract he now does, and his receiving the large advances at this time made to him.I hope I shall be excused for exposing the facts, which my long Services as a public officer enables me to do. I am very respectfully Sir your most obt. Servt.\nWm. Simmons", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5128", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Pinkney, 10 May 1816\nFrom: Pinkney, William\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nBaltimore. 10h. May 1816\nIt has been mentioned to me as possible that the Gentleman who now holds the office of Marshall for the District of Columbia will on account of the State of his Health resign it, and that my Friend Mr. Tench Ringgold would in that Event wish to fill it. If this should be so I beg your Permission to second Mr. Ringgold\u2019s wishes by an earnest reccommendation of him. He has indeed the honor of being so well known to you that it seems to be quite unnecessary that I should trouble you on the occasion; but you will I am sure excuse me if, induced by my friendship for Mr. Ringgold, founded on much personal knowledge of his worth, I venture to assure you that he is in every Respect, in my sincere opinion, qualified for the office above mentioned, and that his appointment to it would give general Satisfaction. I have the honor to be with the highest Respect and attachment Sir your most obedient Humble Servant\nWm. Pinkney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5129", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Wilson Cary Nicholas, 10 May 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nRichmond, May 10th. 1816.\nNothing could induce me to give you so much trouble, but a belief that your desire to serve our Country will cause you to pardon it. An act of the last Assembly directs an accurate Map of the State to be made from actual surveys. I am anxious to have it well done and as economically as possible. With these views, I should be very glad to avail myself of any surveys made or to be made by the United States under the authority given some time before the war to survey the Sea Coast, the Bays and harbors of the United States. I am informed compleat instruments were imported (such as cannot be obtained in America) and that a Mr. Hassler was engaged to come to America, to make these surveys. Will you do me the favor to inform me whether such a survey of our Coast, Bay and harbors has been made, and if it has not yet been executed, when it probably will be? If it is not done or to be done under the authority of the United States, whether it would be possible to procure the services of Mr. Hassler, with the use of the instruments belonging to the United States, until they may be wanted by the General Government. I have supposed it probable if such a survey is made for the United States it will include the Potomac as high as the Navy yard at Washington, James River to Norfolk and York River to York Town. I have the honor to be, With the greatest respect, Sir, Your humble servant\nW.C. Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5130", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Quincy Adams, 10 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nDear Sir \nWashington May 10. 1816.\nI have been favored with two letters from you, which, having come to hand during a most busy season, have remained to this date unacknowledged.\nThe first, of Sepr. 27. 1815, was brought by the person to whom it referred as the medium of a communication to this Government relating to the Ships of war at Venice. Altho the description and price of such an addition to our naval force, and the effects which might result from it, invited a favorable attention to the communication, there were objections to the purchase in the view of our naval councils, which gave a preference to the employment of our internal means of multiplying our public ships. It may be proper to add, that if a different decision had taken place, there would have been strong objections to the individual whose instrumentality presented itself.\nThe Second letter, of December 24. accompanied the little pamphlet by Mr. de Liagno. I have read it with pleasure, as a favorable specimen of the talents of the Author; and if you should have any further communication with him, you will oblige me by making my acknowledgements for his polite attention. But notwithstanding his intellectual acquirements and the faculties of his pen, seconded as they appear to be by principles and dispositions friendly to the United States, I think you have done him a very kind service in dissuading him from transferring his fortunes to this side of the Atlantic. The literary arms and tactics of a champion against Chateaubriand, are better adapted to the Theatre of Europe than to that of the United States; so far at least as they are the resource for a lively hood.\nYou will receive from the Secretary of State the Communications relating to the topics in discussion with the British Government. Being sincerely desirous of maintaining peace and friendship between the two countries, we wish every fair experiment to be made for guarding against causes which may interrupt them. On questions, such as Impressments and Blockades on which we consider ourselves as standing on the ground of right and of public law, & consequently connect a defence of them with our honor and independance, collisions must be unavoidable in the event of wars in Europe, unless amicable adjustments precede them, or Great Britain should be more yeilding than we are authorized to expect. It is much to be desired also that on questions not of right, but of prudence and reciprocity, as a discontinuance of armaments on the lakes, and the commerce with the West Indies, an understanding or stipulations satisfactory to both parties, should not be delayed. You will learn that with respect to the lakes Congress declined to make appropriations for keeping pace with British armaments on them. But it is not to be inferred that if these should be actually carried on, they will not lead, at another Session, to a different policy. The effect of a display of British Superiority on the upper lakes, on the spirit of the Savages will be decisive. In this view only the question of naval superiority in that quarter is important to the U. S. whilst it is not so to Canada which has no apprehensions from Savage inroads. In any other view the extension of British armaments on the Lakes would have nothing in them to be dreaded. In time of peace they are harmless and in the event of a future war, the object of the U. S. would be to take the Lakes themselves, to which the inducement would be strengthened by so rich a prize on them. This was the first object in the late war, and wd. have succeeded in any hands but those of Genl. Hull. On future occasions, should they unfortunately not be precluded, the U. S. will have greater comparative means, with an application of them enlightened by experience. As to the commerce with the West Indies, there can be but one Sentiment. What passed on that Subject in Congress is a proof that if intermediate negociation be not successful, it will be taken up at the next session, with a determination to put an end to the existing inequality. If Great Britain will not admit American vessels into the West India ports, American ports will be shut against British vessels coming from those ports. The consequence must be either that the intercourse will cease, which tho\u2019 disadvantageous to the United States will be not less so to Great Britain: or that neutral ports will be interposed, which will furnish a greater proportion of the navigation employed, to the American than to the British tonnage. The present monopoly will be the less submitted to, as it is found to destroy the equality which was the object of the commercial convention in the branches of trade embraced by it. Be pleased to accept Sir assurances of my great esteem and my best wishes.\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5132", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 10 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nDear Sir\nWashington May 10. 1816\nYour last favor bears date Jany. 25. 1816. I wish I could add to the information you possess on the subject of the location near New Orleans, particulars more precise and satisfactory than I am able to do. The best view I can give you of the prospect is in the inclosed copy of an instruction issued by the Commissioner of the General Land Office here, to the Register of the Land Office at N. Orleans. It must be observed however that the question whether a less quantity than 500 Acres can be accepted in lieu of 500 Acrs. is a legal one, on which the opinion of Mr. Meigs will have no final influence. The advantage of a certificate from the Register is that it will be the foundation of a patent which will put your claim into a right posture for a judicial decision, in the event of its being contested. It has been suggested that this is to be from the Town of New Orleans; But I have no certain knowlege of the matter. I regret that Mr. Duplantier is so remiss in his communications. I hope he still attends to your interest, and will avail himself of the certificate now to be issued. I learn that he is certainly living.I shall forward this letter to Mr. Gallatin who will sail in a few days for France, as our Representative at Paris. He will be able to tell you every thing which is known here relative to your landed interests in the U.S., and more than I can put on paper as to all other circumstances in which you may feel an interest. Whilst he gratifies you with explanations of the affairs of this Country I wish he may find that of yours in a more auspicious state than your letter paints them.You do well to keep down expectations among Emigrants to this Country, of finding employments on their arrival. We are fully aware of the professional merits, numbers will bring with them; but our establishments are limited, and the few vacancies that occur are naturally claimed by Citizens whom the peace has deprived of stations for which their experience during the war had qualified them. This consideration is a bar to the views of Mr. du Perron, notwithstanding the full confidence we have in his more than ordinary merits. We have naval officers of every grade, now signing for employment, who have given every proof of their capacity to serve their Country. The ships at Venice have been brought to our attention, but there is no probability that they will be an object even of negociation. With respect to Genl. Bernard, the distinguished rank he holds as an Engineer, and the peculiar importance of his great skill in aid of ours which is less than in other military branches, make his services desireable. The Secretary of War will make known the terms on which the Executive is authorized to procure an Auxiliary to the head of our Engineer Corps. Whether they will be acceptable to General Bernard, he will of course have an opportunity of deciding. With assurances of my great esteem accept my dear Sir those of my constant & affectionate regard\nJames Madison\nHaving been particularly occupied during the few days I have possessed the speech of the Duke de Broglie, I have been able to read a few passages only. They justify the thanks which I offer you for this promising exhibition of Legislative talents, guided by patriotic views.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5133", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 12 May 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nAs my letters to Mr Pinkny & Mr Gallatin are partially concluded, and little is to add to that to Mr Russell I have thought that a trip to Loudoun to return on tuesday, will be no embarrassment to public concerns, and some advantage to myself.You will, I understood, from Mr Todd, yesterday, not leave town till the last of the week. Mr Dallas leaves it on wednesday.I saw him last night. He is perfectly well disposed, and has not, I presume, any mistaken view respecting his late clerk. I am to see him again before he goes to Phila.\nJ.M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5136", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Cartwell, 13 May 1816\nFrom: Cartwell, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia 13th. May 1816\nMr. Joseph Ray a Citizen of this City is desirous of obtaining the appointment of Consul at Pernambuco. I have on enquiry found him a Man of good character & I trust will discharge that duty with honor & integrity to the United States, should you think proper to give him the preference. With sentiments of high esteem I am Your obt. Hble Servt.\nSaml. Cartwell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5137", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Theodore Anderson, 14 May 1816\nFrom: Anderson, Theodore\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nNavy Yard New York May 14. 1816\nHaving been in the navy Yard at new York as Clerk to the naval Store Keeper there from the 1st. of January 1815 and being on the Purser\u2019s Books at the Small Sum of $400 per Annum I have taken the liberty (though perhaps incorrectly) of writing to you, to Request that you would have the Goodness to allow a Small addition to that which I now get; if it were but $200 more it would be sufficient. It is but a Small sum Sir to the U. States but to me would be very considerable. You can certainly form some opinion from my taking the liberty of writing to you how very cramped my means of Support must be. Thrown upon the wide world without freinds to advance me I have been thus induced to address you. Perhaps I have acted incorrectly Sir. If so--Please make me allowance for my ignorance as it regards the Etequette to be observed. I now close by Simply informing you that I am the Son of Coln. Alexr. Anderson who had the Honour of being accquainted with you Sir before you arose to that Exalted Station which you now occupy. With Sincere Respect Sir I am your very Obt. & Hum. Servant\nTheodore Anderson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5138", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Martin Baker, 15 May 1816\nFrom: Baker, John Martin\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nBordeaux, May 15th. 1816.\nI have the Honor with due Respect to address your Excellency: and take the liberty to remit you, per the American Brig, General Ward, to the care of D: Gelston, Esquire, New york, a Case of Barsac white wine, growth of the Estate, called Darancour, it is genuine, and ten years old: I have seen it drawn and bottled in my presence, while there. I hope it may meet your approbation. I beg leave to State to your Excellency, that I leave this tomorrow for Montpellier, where my family reside at present, owing to Mrs. Baker\u2019s, late ill health: from thence, I proceed to my consular station, where, praying for your commands, I have the Honor to Be, With the highest Respect and Gratitude, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient, faithful, Humble Servant,\nJohn Martin Baker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5139", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Fitzgerald, 15 May 1816\nFrom: Fitzgerald, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nBaltimore 15th. May 1816\nIn February 1815, I had the Honor of addressing you, respecting a Schooner, and Cargo, which the British, Captured belonging to me, and informing you of my having Twelve Children. Since then it has been the will of providence, to give me another, and in the month of August next, my wife, will be again Confined, which will leave me with a wife and Fourteen Children, without much means for their Support, having lost every thing I had, partly by fealures, partly taken by the British, and Supporting my family during the War, when there was so little business doing.\nAs my situation is very distressing (not having means to raise my Children, in a proper manner) and that you are I am Sure ready to relieve any person, in that situation, I make bold, Sir, to beg the favor of you, to grant me, Some Public, or Private, Situation, either in Baltimore, or else where, which may enable me to Support, my family. Or as Nine of my Children are boys, grant me a Tract of Land, for them and Myself, or such other relief, as you may think proper. Should you think it necessary, for me to transmit you, recommendations from any of the Gentlemen, here, I can do it, and you will find me, in every respect qualified, for any office, you may think fit, to appoint me to, and as for Security Mr. Tiernan (my Bondsman in the Custom House) with many Others will satisfy you, in that respect--and as for activity, Industry, and attention to business, you will find no man more so. Nothing but my having so large a family Keeps me poor, and also the delicate State of Mrs. Fitzgeralds health, who has been some time in Philadelphia, under the care of Doctor Physick, who I am sorry to say, was not able to be of any Service to her. She has been these Seven years very much afflicted with sore eyes, occasioned by a Cold, and nothing can be done to relieve her.\nSeveral Gentlemen have repeatedly recommended to me, to make known my Situation to you, but knowing you had a vast deal of Public, & Private, business to attend to, I have been unwilling to trouble you, but finding myself unable to Educate my poor, dear Children, I have at last trespassed on your kindness. May the almighty god reward you, shall ever be the prayer, of myself & my family With sentiments of the highest respect and esteem I Have the Honor to be Sir your ever Obedient, and very Humble Srvt.\nEdwd. Fitzgerald", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5141", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 16 May 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNavy Department, May 16. 1816.\nI have the honour to enclose to you, herewith, the Kingston Gazette of the 4th. instant; also an Extract from a letter received by to-day\u2019s mail, from Captain Woolsey, the Commanding Naval Officer at Sackett\u2019s Harbour. \nI have the honour to be, with the highest respect, Sir, Your most obedt. Servt.\nB W. Crowninshield.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5142", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Francis Corbin, 17 May 1816\nFrom: Corbin, Francis\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nThe Reeds. Wh: Ch: Po: Off: Virginia May 17, 1816\nI see, by the National Intelligencer, for I have received, as yet, no official information of it, that you have been pleased to gratify my whim. This act of kindness is not lost upon me. In whatever light I place it, either as the result of personal Esteem, or of a politic regard to the Country Interest, or of both combined, I view it with Eyes of equal sensibility & pleasure. The circumstances under which the favor was conferred, as represented to me by my friends in Washington, renders it highly flattering and doubly grateful. I can only return you my simple, but very sincere thanks. For when the Heart feels, it often happens that the Tongue is tied.Whether I shall be able to succeed in either of my views is uncertain. Specie it seems is not to be had, and is already in Richmond at twenty %pr.%ct. above par. Bills of exchange on London, I should suppose would be equal to specie in the Hands of the Bank. These too have advanced to 10 and 12 %pr.&ct. above par, but can only be paid for in Bank Notes--which, on the present occasion, are useless.Be pleased, Sir, to present my profound respects to Mrs. Madison, and to permit me to subscribe myself with continued and increasing Respect and Sincere Esteem, Your much obliged and mo: faithful Hle. Servt.\nFrancis Corbin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5143", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William J. Walsh, 17 May 1816\nFrom: Walsh, William J.\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nDublin No. 20 Kildare street May 17, 1816\nI had the honor, of forwarding you a package per the ship, Sally of New Castle, Cox Master, which sailed from this port, in September Last and arrived in new york, the 27 of November following. I intrusted the package to the Care of the mate of the Sally, who is Brother to the Capt. He told me his name was Cox, and an american born and pledged himself to me that he would put it in the post office in New york. It was directed, Honbe. James Madison, President, United States, Washington, America.The Contents of that package with great respect I should have supposed, would have induced the President, to direct an answer as requested, as nothing Could have induced me to take the Liberty of addressing, the President of the united states, but a firm Conviction of his high honor, and attachment, to that, happy soil God, ordained he should preside over. The particulars were fully detailed in this package, With proofs, and samples, enclosed which must if put in execution, be of Great service to the states. I have the honor to be With great respect Sir your hum. ob servant &c &c \nWm. J. Walsh, Archt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5144", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Barker Church, 18 May 1816\nFrom: Church, John Barker\nTo: Madison, James\nSir, \nAmerican Consulate Cork 18 May 1816\nHaving remained to this Time without the Honor of receiving any Communication from your Excellency\u2019s Government, I feel it encumbent on me to state to your Excellency the Degree of Libertinism, Desertion & remarkable ness I observe (of late) at this port amongst the Seamen of the United States, the result of which Propensity has caused within a short Time a multitude of quite unusual (& many of them ungrounded) Applications to me for Relief from such Sailors--and I have found it necessary (from having detected many attempts to deceive me) to adopt more than ordinary vigilance to discourage impostors & to discriminate between the worthy & unworthy. But altho\u2019 the latter I regret to say have hitherto proved nearly as numerous as the former, my advances to relieve cases appearing to merit my attention have been very heavy.During the last twenty years, a Fear of being impressed into the English naval service, I must observe, was a great Check on American Seamen to prevent them leaving their native shipping, & from indulging in viccious practices on Shore, but now that the System of Impressment has entirely ceased, with the general Peace of Europe, that apprehension on the part of foreign sailors (impressment) no longer exists, & I attribute to the Security with which in this Respect the American Seamen can wander about, & idle, the present unfavourable Conduct it becomes my Duty to report in regard to them.I wish very much to have the Honour of hearing from your Excellency on this & other Important Matters relative to which I heretofore took the Liberty of addressing you, & with the highest respect I have the Honour to remain Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedt. Servant\nJames B. Church", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5145", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Nicholas, 20 May 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nI was honored with your letter of the 6th. instant by the last mail and feel myself called on by my personal regard to you and my attachment to the government to call your attention to a possible applicant for the office of post master at Albany, in which I think the character of the government deeply involved.It has been reported by several of the representatives from this state since their return that Solomon Southwick would be appointed and one has said I understand that he heard from Mr. Meigs that the appointmt. was no longer with him but was in the hands of higher authority, meaning yours, and that you were for S.S. I confess I gave no credit to this information, \u2019till I recd. your letter which has made me suppose that it is possible you have been deceived by people in this State who dare not be known as his supporters but recommend him to you with an intention of puting all the odium on you.I am assured that this man\u2019s pretentions have been so little countenanced in the last winter at Albany, that there was no idea that he was even a candidate, but I know the character of the people of the state so well that I can readily comprehend the whole procedure & it is to give you some idea of it that I now write.The active politicians of this been made by Clinton & was their great favorite He is bold in his character and sticks at nothing to serve his friends who are of a character to depend wholly on him--it was said many years ago by one of his newspapers that he was never known to desert a friend. The public councils are still filled with his friends but they have been obliged to withdraw from him by public opinion. Southwick stands in the same relation to them that his master does and altho\u2019 sunk much lower in character has their attachment still and is considered of great importance to the revival of the party. This will open to you a full view of the means of recommendations which would responsibility on the signers, Secret friends in pretended opponents having access to the whole republican party and operating on their recollection of past union & their compassion for present poverty and asking only what will cost them nothing.From the cessation of all hostilities and other symptoms I should not be surprized that the great men here who have been so much his enemies have been appeased and have consented to bring this disgrace on the govt. I suppose you are apprized that they really have no objection to this effect being produced and that there are few great men in this state who who wd. be unwilling that it should be believed that puffing S. out of attachment continuance of Virga. power.I have no great opinion of the political integrity of the state, but I do not doubt such an appointment will be received with astonishment throughout. This man was taken up by the trading part of the federalists for services rendered in opposition to the govt. in time of the war and would have been brought into the state govt. but for the pride of some leaders who recollected his former offences--his price was fixed and that paid he was gone forever, but on it\u2019s failure he made the best of his way back and is now making the most of his old friends.I know that I am running the risque of incuring your suspicion of being excited by my wishes in behalf of another. I believe you will find reason to believe me when I assure you that I am disposed to feel contempt for office hunters and men that are willing to throw themselves on the caprices of any government for a living and that the great anxiety I feel in this case is for the comfort of a very venerable old patriot which will be procured by confirming the office in the hands of a virtuous son--but my concern for them is entirely swallowed up by the apprehension of bringing so great reproach on your administration and I beg, if it is determined that the present incumbent shall not hold it that some third man may be taken I am sincerely & mo. respectfuly Yr. friend & servt.\nJohn Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5146", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Russell, 21 May 1816\nFrom: Russell, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nStockholm 21st. May 1816\nMr. Reuben G. Beasley, having reason to believe that the consulate at Bordeaux will soon become vacant, has determined to repair to the United States, in order to apply, in person, for the appointment to that trust.\nI am not ignorant of the many charges which have, openly and secretly, been circulated to his disadvantage, but I need not say, that could I for a believe these charges to be well founded my own honor would forbid me to raise my voice in his favour. I have not, however, taking counsel only of my friendship, inconsiderately prejudged them--or acquitted him without investigation. The result of this investigation, as far as I have been able to extend it, has been the unequivocal conviction that the charges which have been preferred against him are entirely unjust. Those which affect him as a public officer have originated in an ignorance of the limits of his official duties, and of the extent of the rights of those who have impatiently and unjustly complained. He has even been preposterously made responsible for events which it was impossible for him to foresee, and over which he could have no controul. The charges against him as a man and as a citizen are unfortunately to be traced to a less excusable source. Disappointed interest or wounded overweening vanity have excited against him ungenerous enemies who have sought a mean revenge by dark and covert calumnies.\nI will not detain you with details, which might tresspass too far on your time and which, besides, would involve the unpleasant necessity of becoming myself an accuser. I will confine myself therefore to assuring you of my thorough persuasion of the moral integrity of Mr. Beasley and of the purity of his intentions in the discharge of his official functions.\nThe conviction that the charges brought against him are unfounded may, perhaps, have inspired me with lively interest due to an injured man. Of this feeling, however, I cannot be ashamed, and I shall dare even to believe that, when you shall have been well acquainted with all the facts, you will at least approve if not participate in it.\nTo your justice I confidently trust him, and should you find him innocent, of which I do not doubt, a consideration of his wrongs and of his misfortunes will, I am confident, coopertate, with his qualifications and his services, to procure for him a favorable decision on his application for the consulate at Bordeaux.\nIt is with you, Sir, that functionaries abroad delight to believe they shall always find a sanctuary from the loud abuse or the secret malignity with which they may be unjustly pursued--and obtain, through the renewed evidence of your confidence, a vindication from their wrongs, if not an indemnity for their sufferings. I have the honour to be with the most profound respect Sir Your very faithful & Obedient Servant\nJona. Russell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5147", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Ringgold, 23 May 1816\nFrom: Ringgold, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nCoton near Leesburg Virginia May 23rd. 1816\nThe enclosed letter from my friend Mr. Pinkney, was written at a period when it had been intimated, that Mr. Boyd had it in contemplation to resign his office, in consequence of ill health and incapacity to discharge his duties. Soon after the receipt of this letter, I was informed, Mr. Boyd had no intention of resigning, and as far as it related to that office, no present advantage would result to me by transmitting the letter to you; but as the possession of some appointment has become an object of vital importance to me, in consequence of losses sustained, principally by the conflagrations of our late enemy, I beg leave to lay it before you; by its perusal, you will be able to judge of the rank which I hold in Mr. Pinkneys esteem; and it will also furnish you with his opinion that should you honor me with an appointment, it will meet with approbation of the people of my native state, who knowing, that my embarrassments have been occasion\u2019d by the enemy, would be peculiarly gratified by my securing a small portion of executive favor. \nI have the honor to be with the highest respect & attachment Sir your most obt. Sert.\nTench Ringgold", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5148", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Delaplaine, 23 May 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nPhilaa. May 23d. 1816\nI Several weeks ago sent Mr. Wood a portrait painter of our City, to Washington, & after writing to you on the Subject, requested Mr. Wood to wait on you to paint your portrait. I have not been able, altho I repeatedly wrote to Mr. Wood, to learn whether he painted your portrait or not, & I beg you will do me the honour of informing me by a single line whether you sat or not.\nI am about to send another painter, Mr. Otis of this City an excellent Artist, to Mr. Jefferson, who has kindly consented to sit for his portrait, & Mr. Otis will stop at Washington, purposely to paint your portrait as well as Mr. Munroe\u2019s; & I beg you will previously have the goodness to do me the favour to mention whether you will be in Washington about the first of June, & whether I may be honored with your portrait at that time. With the highest respect I am your obedt. & very huml. St\nJoseph Delaplaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5150", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Warrell, 27 May 1816\nFrom: Warrell, James\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nRichmond 27th. May 1816\nThe laudable zeal you have invariably manifested for the honour, dignity and improvement of your native country, induces me to hope that the Museum of Virginia, about to be established in this Metropolis, will find in you a patron. I therefore take the liberty to forward to you the sub-joined proposals conceiving should I neglect to do so, that I would be deficient in respect to yourself and attention to the establishment. I have the honour to subscribe myself Sir your Obedient Servant\nJames Warrell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5153", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 29 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nSir\nWashington May 29th. 1816.\nI duly received your letter of March 4. inclosing a Resolution of Feby. 22. by the General Assembly of Virginia; and urging the importance of providing for the protection of the Chesapeake Bay, which is the object of that Resolution.\nConcurring fully in the views you have presented of the extended interests which are connected with the Waters of the Bay, and of the use that can be made of them by an Enemy powerful in its marine, as evinced during the late as well as during the Revolutionary War, it will be necessary only to State the arrangements existing and contemplated with a view to the Security of that exposed & important portion of our Country:\nIn addition to the present works at Baltimore Annapolis Warburton and Norfolk, it is proposed to fortify strongly Old point Comfort, So as to afford protection to vessels coming in and going out of the Bay. The enlargements or improvements to be made in these works and the further additions which may be made to their number will depend on professional examinations, and on the means which may be appropriated.\nIn the waters of the Bay there are at this time, two armed Schooners, two gun boats, and eight or ten Barges only. The proportion of the public naval force to be allotted for its defence, must of course be governed by occasions and circumstances, and by the extent of the peace establishment. But it is contemplated that one or two Steam frigates, on the plan of that at New York, Shall be Stationed in the Chesapeake, as Soon as they can be built with the confidence and improvements which may be devised from further experiments of that already built.\nAnd it is decided that a general Survey of the Bay & its Waters, with a view to more effectual defence and security shall be made under the immediate direction of the Navy Board, & with the aid of a Capable Engineer. They will particularly examine into the practicability of works which may command the entrance into the Bay; the expediency of works at the Tangier Islands which will deprive an Enemy of the use heretofore made of that position; and will examine and compare the Several places which may claim attention in selecting the Station best adapted for naval equipment, & at the same time most capable of Self defence, and of repelling or controuling a hostile maritime force.\nThe Commissioners of the Board, accompanied by Captn. Sinclaire, and by Col Bomford will commence immediately this important Service. And as no immediate danger is threatened to our peace by a maritime power, it is thought better to devote whatever time may be necessary for an effectual and Satisfactory result, than to incur the risk of errors which might involve unnecessary expence or a failure of the essential object. Accept Sir assurances of my esteem & best respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5154", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Solomon Southwick, 30 May 1816\nFrom: Southwick, Solomon\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir,\nAlbany, May 30, 1816.\nWhen at Washington, last winter Mrs. Madison did me the honour to accept a set of the Christian Visitant. The enclosed Paper will inform her, that the work has \"gone to the tomb of the Capulets,\" or rather the Saints.\nI believe Mrs. Madison has not received all the No\u2019s. I have, however, a number of perfect sets, and shall take the liberty of forwarding one, bound appropriately, which I hope she may do me the honour to accept.\nPermit me to offer, Sir, for your Lady & yourself the assurance of the best wishes, & highest consideration & respect, of Your very obed\u2019t Serv\u2019t\nS. Southwick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5155", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Rhea, 30 May 1816\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nSullivan Court House 30th. May 1816\nBy the National Intelligencer of the Elevinth instant I have observed that You have been pleased to appoint Jenkins Whitsides, John Rhea and James Trimble commissioners to Superintend at Nashville, Subscriptions towards constituting the capital of the Bank of the United States.\nBeing about to proceed to Nashville in pursuance of the appointment You have honored me with, I request You to receive my grateful acknowledgments for the same, and asurance that the trust You have been pleased to repose in me will be performed as far as my knowledge and abilities will enable. With fervent wishes for Your health and happiness, I have the honor to be with Sincere esteem & regard your obedt. Servt.\nJohn Rhea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5156", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Wilson Cary Nicholas, 30 May 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nRichmond, May 30th, 1816.\nBy a resolution of the General Assembly of Virginia, the President and Directors of the Literary Fund are requested to digest and report a system of public education, calculated to give effect to the appropriations made to that object by the Legislature, and to comprehend in such system the establishment of one University, and such additional Colleges, Academies and Schools, as shall diffuse the benefits of education throughout the Commonwealth, and such rules for the government of such University, Colleges, Academies and Schools, as shall produce economy in the expenditures for the establishment and maintenance, and good order and discipline in the management thereof. As President of the Board, the duty devolves on me to collect from every source the information necessary for this important object. The great cause of Literature and science is not local in its nature, but is an object of interest to the whole human species. The Commonwealth of letters embraces every region however remote. It cannot fail to excite pleasing emotions in every enlightened American, to perceive that Virginia has taken this subject under its patronage, and devoted a fund to its accomplishment, which is annually increasing. To you, Sir, I think it proper to address myself, knowing your attachment to literature, and feeling great confidence that you will not consider your valuable time mis-spent in communicating any ideas which may promote so useful an object. I can assure you they will be received with the high scense of obligation which their importance must inspire. I have the honor to be, With great respect, Sir, Your humble servant,\nWilson Cary Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5159", "content": "Title: From James Madison to A. Kingsley, 31 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Kingsley, A.\nWashington, May 31 1816\nOffice of Pay and Deposite of the Bank of Columbia,\nPay to A--Kingsley\u2014\u2014or bearer\nforty seven\u2014\u2014dollars 100\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5160", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 31 May 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nI am of opinion the seventh additional article of the constitution, which provides that \"no person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or publick danger,\u201d does not exclude the jurisdiction of courts martial over military offences of a capital nature, committed by a soldier belonging to the regular army, in time of peace.\nR.R.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5161", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 31 May 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nDr. Sir\nI omitted to forward the inclosed. I know nothing of the writer but from the letter itself; and send it merely that you may have an oppy. of judging whether it be worth your further inquiry thro\u2019 Mr. Adams. Accept my best respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5162", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Perrin Willis, 31 May 1816\nFrom: Willis, Perrin\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington May 31st. 1816\nIt is with the utmost diffidence that I again appeal to your generosity for an office under the government and could only be urged to the act by the most pressing necessity.\nI have discovered by experience the unpleasant fact that my present avocation is not to be conducted but with an adequate capital. And not possessing that requisite I shall very soon be compeld to discontinue it; When I will be left without the means of a support. It is Sir under these circumstances that I continue to solicit of you the appointment of navy agent at New York, provided that Doct. Bullus accepts the consulate at Hamburg which I also applyed for. But should he not think proper to resign his present office I beg leave to renew my application for the Consulate at Hamburg. Whatever station my government may think proper to place me in I do assure you every exertion shall be used faithfully to discharge the duties assigned me. I have the honor to be Sir with high cond. Your Most Obt: Servt.\nPerrin Willis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5163", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nJune 1816\nIt is presumed that Dr. Judson is sufficiently respectable to be commended for his benevolent & patriotic views; and to be informed that they will be facilitated by suitable instructions to the post officers. These will be given by the Treasury & navy Depts. on a communication of this memorandum, by the Secy. of State. If the Secy. of State does not view Dr. J. & his plan in the light here presumed, he will intimate as much, and not proceed as pointed out\nJ. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5166", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Lakanal, 1 June 1816\nFrom: Lakanal, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nExcellence\nGallatin-Contry par Vevay, indian-Contry, le 1er Juin 1816\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de Vous adresser une Lettre que J\u2019esp\u00e9rois, avoir, l\u2019inappr\u00e9ciable avantage de Vous pr\u00e9senter; des \u00e9venemens que Je n\u2019ai pu ma\u00eetriser ont Chang\u00e9 ma direction Me Voici sur les bords de l\u2019ohio dans des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s que Je viens d\u2019acquerir, Gallatin-Contry, dans le Voisinage de la Colonie fran\u00e7aise de Vevay: Je vais, dans Cette douce retraite partager mon tems entre la Culture de mes terres et Celle des Lettres. Je me propose d\u2019\u00e9crire l\u2019histoire des Etats-unis, pour laquelle Je ramasse des mat\u00e9riaux depuis dix ans: le Spectacle d\u2019un peuple libre supportant, avec docilit\u00e9, le Joug salutaire des lois, temperera l\u2019amertume que J\u2019eprouve en m\u2019\u00e9loignant de ma patrie; elle seroit heureuse si v\u00f4tre g\u00e9nie pacifique avoit dirig\u00e9 ses destin\u00e9es. L\u2019ambition d\u2019un seul homme a pr\u00e9cipit\u00e9, sur nous, les nations Courroc\u00e9es; ma patrie abattue, mais frapp\u00e9e de la sagesse de v\u00f4tre administration, et se rappelant son antique gloire, Vous envie au nouveau monde pour se relever de ses ruines. J\u2019\u00e9sp\u00e8re qu\u2019en \u00e9crivant votre histoire, et celle de vos D\u00e9vanciers plus ou moins C\u00e9l\u00e8bres, le tableau se ressentira du charme qu\u2019\u00e9prouvera le peintre, et que soutenu par la beaut\u00e9 de mon sujet, bien plus que par mes propres forces, Je pourrai, avec un po\u00eate de l\u2019antiquit\u00e9, m\u2019\u00e9crier, \u00e0 la fin de mon ouvrage: exegi monumentum aere perennius Daignez, excellence, accueillir le tendre et respectueux hommage de V\u00f4tre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant serviteur\nLakanalde l\u2019institut de france, et de la Legion d\u2019honneur", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5167", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Albert Gallatin, 2 June 1816\nFrom: Gallatin, Albert\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNew York 2d. June 1816\nI duly received your letter & will of course see La Fayette and procure the busts. The Peacock will, it is said, be ready on Wednesday, and we expect to sail on that day. I do not contemplate a long residence in France and hope that I may soon be permitted to return to America which I leave with a heavy heart. In the expectation of having again the pleasure in a short time of seeing you, and with every wish for your health and happiness, I remain with gratitude and respect Dear Sir, Your affectionate & obedt. Servt.\nAlbert Gallatin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5168", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Albert Gallatin, 3 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Gallatin, Albert\nDear Sir\nI have written you several letters all of which, except one committed to your attention, letters for others. The one excepted requested an answer, and as it has not yet come to hand, and I learn that a late mail was wrecked on its passage, I am apprehensive my letter may have been in it. On the eve of my Departure therefore I repeat its contents. It remarked that I had not yet made the remittance to Mr. Baring, and requested your opinion whether the delay was likely to be dissatisfactory to him in which case I would immediately purchase Bills to pay him without regard to the rate of exchange or the hope of better times. Be so good as to say without reserve what I ought to do, and it shall be done most cheerfully, being anxious that Mr. B. of whose kindness I am sensible, should be subjected to no inconveniency, to himself, or rather should have no reason to suspect a culpable delay in others. The letter, if I forget not, requested the favor of you also to procure & forward to Norfolk or Baltimore Busts in plaster, of Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, Fayette, & Baron Humboldt, if to be had in Paris. I will now add that of Mr. Adams. Point out the mode in which I can most conveniently replace to you any advances that may be necessary.\nWe set out tomorrow morning for Montpelier where I hope to be able to pass the entire summer. A line addressed to me there, or thro\u2019 the Dept. of State, will be sure to find me. Affece. respects & best wishes\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5169", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Eaton, 3 June 1816\nFrom: Eaton, William\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nAlbany 3d. June 1816\nIn a few days the office of post master for this place will be filled. Can I in any manner interest you in my favour. I really think Eighteen years devotedness merritts Something. My recommendation to the Hon the P.M.G. are good. Most Respectfully your obedt. Sevt.\nWilliam Eaton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5170", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Secretary of the Treasury, 3 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Secretary of the Treasury\nIn pursuance of the authority vested in the President of the United States by the Act of Congress, passed the 3d. day of March 1809, entitled \u201cAn Act further to amend the several acts for the establishment and regulation of the Treasury, War, and Navy Departments\u201d, I do hereby direct, that out of the balance of the appropriation for building floating batteries there be applied the sum of sixty thousand dollars to \u201cbuilding seventy fours and frigates\u201d.\nGiven under my hand this 3d. day of June, in the Year of our Lord, 1816.\n(signed) James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5171", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Walker, 4 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Walker, George\nNo.Washington, June 4 1816\nOffice of Pay and Deposite of the Bank of Columbia,\nPay to George Walker or bearer\ntwenty two dollars 43/100\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5174", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Le Comte de Francheu, 6 June 1816\nFrom: Francheu, Le Comte de\nTo: Madison, James\nMonsieur le pr\u00e9sident\nSenlis Oise 6 juin 1816.\nLes evenemens malheureux qui ont agit\u00e9 la France ont n\u00e9cessairement excit\u00e9 tout votre interet.\nEn Ces Circonstances Critiques l\u2019id\u00e9e de pouvoir offrir le mon pays quelques Verit\u00e9s, que je jugeais utiles, ma dict\u00e9 quelques ecrits Fond\u00e9s Sur les principes dune heureuse legislation que Vous avez Su adopter.\nPermettez moi d avoir l\u2019honneur de Vous en faire hommage et de Vous offrir le tribut de la Respectueuse Consideration qui Vous est due.\nLe Cte De FrancheuAncien Capitaine de dragons Francais.\nCes feuilles plates devoient Vous avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 remises.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5175", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Albert Gallatin, 7 June 1816\nFrom: Gallatin, Albert\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNew York 7th. June 1816\nI have this moment received your\u2019s of 3d. instt., an answer to which has been anticipated by my two last letters.\nI am urging the Captain of the Peacock, and still hope that he will be ready to sail the day after to morrow.\nI almost envy you the happy time which you will spend this summer in Orange, and which will not, I hope, be disturbed by any untoward change in our affairs. I think that, upon the whole, we have nothing to apprehend at this time from any foreign quarter. You already know how strongly impressed I am with the necessity of restoring specie payments. This subject will not disturb you in the country; but the present state of the currency is the only evil of any magnitude entailed by the war, and which it seems incumbent on us (pardon the expression) to cure radically. Public credit, private convenience, the sanctity of contracts, the moral character of the country, appear all to be involved in that question: and I feel the most perfect conviction that nothing but the will of Government is wanted to reinstate us in that respect. The choice of the Secy. of the Treasury is under those circumstances important, and I am sorry that Mr. Crawford, as I am informed, has declined the appointment. I wish it may fall on Mr. Lowndes or on Mr. Calhoun. Our Maryland & Pennsylvania politicians, without excepting some of the most virtuous & whom I count amongst my best friends are paper-tainted. The disease extends, though more partially, to this State. I beg you to forgive this digression on a subject which I had no intention to touch when I began this letter.\nMrs. Gallatin begs to be affectionately remembered to Mrs. Madison. I send my best compliments to my friend Todd, and I beg you to accept the assurance of my respectful attachment & best wishes. Your obedt. Servt.\nAlbert Gallatin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5176", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Anonymous, 8 June 1816\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Madison, James\nSir, \nNew York 8th. June 1816\nThe enormous importation and the great amt. of British Dry goods brought in here on British Acct. totally preclude all Competion on Our part, and our Cotton Mills are fast approaching their dissolution. Lately in the want of exports to meet these enormous importations some 7 or 8 Tons of Cotton yarn was bought up at Very reduced Prices and exported; but I cannot beleive that at present our Twist can come in competion in the Continental Market where English yarn is also permitted. With all due defference permit me to Sujest to you the great Interest this Country has in Spinning her Cotton and sending it to market in that improved State. If by the opperation Some 20 or 25 cents per lb. cou\u2019d be added to the Value, how wonderfully wou\u2019d it increase our Amount of exports and our Wealth, compared to The Labour of the Children & women employed in Spinning it. I believe such a desirable thing cou\u2019d be brought about with many of the Continental Powers with whom English Cotton yarn is prohibited. For instance, if we say to France if we continue to take from you your surplus Luxuries, articles of Silk, Fans Spangles Milenary &c. &c. wholly manufacturd. you must consent to take from us an article partially manufactured and allmost of first necessity, that is Our Cotton Twist It wou\u2019d be a reciprocity of Exchange that England coud not offer, Her Policy forbiding Her to import Manufactured Goods of any Kind. At all events it woud be werth the trial with the different Powers of the Continent. England has been and is now Spinning and sending it in that state principally to Russia 4 or 5,000 Bales per Week. Russia as well as her Southern Neibours is begining to take the allarm. She has lately prohibited all Printed or Stained Cotton Goods. Those enormous importations, over and above our Exports, must opperate a wonderfull Scene of distress among us. Evry article of Value will be swept out of our Country, and nothing left us but our Soil and Our Buildings and they mortgaged for 3/4 their Value, with a Paper circulating Medium without intrinsic Value, having not a Specie dollar to redeem it. To increase the Value of our exports and diminish our imports must have a wholesome tendincy to restore the Equilibrium of the Country. Your goodness will excuse any impropriety in these Sugestions when I assure you they arrise from the best of motives, the Prosperity of the Country and now that we have several ministers about to proceed to different Parts of the Continent the opportunity is auspicious.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5177", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander James Dallas, 8 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\nDear Sir\nMontpelier Saturday morning June 8. 1816\nI have recd. & thank you for the letters for Hamburg & Bremen, which will be transmitted from the Dept. of State. We ended our journey last evening. With the exception of a short pelting shower on the day we set out, the weather & the roads were peculiarly favorable. I found the prospects of the farmers generally far better than I had expected; The wheat fields much better, untill I reached my own neighbourhood, where the Hessian fly has done considerable injury, tho\u2019 much less than was reported; and the injury has been in some degree also mitigated by late rains. Affectionate respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5178", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George William Erving, 9 June 1816\nFrom: Erving, George William\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis June 9t. 1816\nOn my arrival in this city I found Mr. Morris. The account which he gives of the state of King Ferdinands domestick affairs, is most unfavorable; it conforms however Entirely with all the respectable opinions which I have heard: were one to receive them in full faith, without any of the allowances which are ordinarily to be made, one woud say that it is impossible that the system shoud stand for six months: a total disaffection amongst all classes--even to the priesthood; universal misery; in the government total ineptitude & penury; certainly a dismal perspective. Whether such an extreme state of things is favorable or otherwise to our business, appears to me as yet a problem; for tho\u2019 advantageous in many obvious views of the subject, yet a government which must needs be wholly engrossed with the care of its own preservation(to which we cannot contribute) can scarcely be expected to occupy itself seriously in political arrangements of remote advantage; without a cent will it hear of indemnities?--outraging the plainest principles of justice, & humanity, & policy, & common sense, at home, how shall it respect the obligations of inter-national honor & good faith? In fine as it has not improved since the time of Charles the 4th. either in its morality or its good sense, in its disposition or its capacity to do what is just & reasonable, we can look only to its necessities or its apprehensions, & is not its situation such as to defy both these considerations. I am acquainted with the people with whom I have to do. I know Sir what you expect of me, & no effort shall be wanting on my part to produce good; but really I dare not flatter myself with the hopes of success. On one essential point I am made easier than I was; added to the solemn assurances of Mr. Onis, to the convictions of Mr. Morris, Mr. Adams in a letter of May 21st. says, \"I have the most positive assurances that there has been no cession, nor talk of cession of Florida to Great Britain;\"--yet withal, in the Same letter Mr. A. says that the english have sent out \"six frigates with troops to the Bahama Islands to keep down the negroes\": it is evident which he means by marking the last words in Italicks. Indeed his letter is full of alarming intimations--e.g. \"You know that Coll. Nichols brought over here certain pretended creek indians, one of whom has received a major\u2019s commission in the british service; you know that Lord Exmouth has made peace for Sardinia & Naples with Algiers, & ransomed their prisoners at 500 & 1000 Do. per man; you know that the Dey has returned Decateurs treaty as a dead letter, & that we have another peace to make there; you know that this country continues armed cap a pie by sea & by land; that the Bank has carte blanche to coin paper for two years longer, & yet that the guinea scarcely fetches a pound note & a base shilling. Dont believe the stories they tell you about distress in this country or in Ireland. There never was so little distress, & never so little discontent, a riot here & there since bread has grown dear notwithstanding.\"\nIf the English manifest any designs upon our southern territory, must we not suspect that they have some understanding with the Spaniards on the Subject. What Mr. Adams says of the interior of England ought to be & doubtless is correct, but on other subjects there may well be different opinions: it really woud seem as tho the density of the atmosphere in that country, or the flatness of the ground were such as to prevent even the most penetrating eye from seeing far. The horizon is always contracted, scarcely ever extending far over the channel. I will make no account of one of their ministers declaring in the house of commons, that their standing army was not more than sufficient to keep down the people; it was the best apology he could make without discovering state secrets; but it is quite evident to us here, that England having obtained a certain influence on the continent, is determined to preserve it; that she well knows that the continental powers are jealous of that influence, & are disposed to deprive her of it, & as is highly probable are even now caballing for that purpose; hence the absolute necessity of her continuing armed cap a pie, as indeed all her neighbours are; that she thinks of us, there can be no doubt, & of projects of ambition & monopoly every where, but those cannot be executed for the moment; her display at Algiers is a little inter-act which neither costs or produces much; & insofar as it was intended to have, or has had the effect of letting loose the pirates upon us, not only will add another stain to her character on this continent, but foolishly plays into our hands by producing perfect unanimity as to our navy; she will have put all our vessels afloat, all our fine officers into Service, gradually augment the numbers of both; in short; for the little pleasure of making us spend a couple of millions Extra ordinary, enable us within a few years to beat her out of the water. That her mind is perfectly hostile there can be no doubt, but I see here what I coud not so well see in America, that the actual dispositions of the European cabinets, requires all her vigilance, all her care, & the preservation of all her means: Sir Charles Stewart (British Ambassador here) speaking to me on the state of France said rather heedlessly \"it is a trial of force\"; certainly there is no trial of force at this moment, whatever discontents may exist, there is no opposition in array. Hence without intending it, tho\u2019 he spoke in the present, his ideas were directed by the view which he takes of the future; as tho he had said \"there will be a trial of force\". Indeed it may well happen that France may become a field of battle, not between the king & the people, but between the several parties which it contains & their several allies. But to return to the affairs of Spain; I accepted of letters from Mr. Onis to Count Peralada the Spanish Ambassador at Paris, & to Mr. Salmon Secretary of Embassy & Onis\u2019s brother in law. The ambassador who is a man of mere \"representation\" received me with warmth of manner. I was at his great diplomatic dinner (it was there I met with Sir Chs. Stewart) on the 30th. May, Ferdinand\u2019s birth day: Salmon who is the man of business marked me out for his particular attention, & he spoke in terms encouraging as to our affairs at Madrid: all this however is not worth repeating. There is not the least Sincerity in Spaniards of this cast. They offerred all their means of making my journey to Madrid Easy & safe but Mr. Salmon advised me to write for the royal passport. This I did on the following day, & expect to find the passport on my arrival at Bayonne. After all Sir the only fact which I find upon which to build much hope as to our affairs in Spain, is that the influence of England always diminishing, will not be in our way.\nI think Sir that you have not seen the second work of St. Pierre, & have therefore taken the liberty of sending it to you together with \"Les Etudes\" packed in a small deal Box by the Ship Mary Augusta Captn. Hall, in which I came to France, & I have addressed the Box to the care of Mr. Gelston. In that Box I have also put an highly interesting pamphlet by Azanza (Duke of Santa F\u00e9 & prime minister to Joseph) & o Farrill, the two most prominent characters of the revolution; it contains developments still more curious than those in the book of Amorro which I sent to you last year, & is written in a more cool argumentative & dignified style: it shows distinctly that Napoleon had effected his purpose in Spain, & that he lost the country only by errors in his government of it: as an apology for themselves, the authors leave nothing to desire; & the parallel between the cases of Norway & Spain is most happy. With Sentiments of my Sincere & Respectful attachment Dear Sir Your most obliged & obt. St.\nGeorge W. Erving\nPS You are aware Sir that nothing is published here but by order from or permission of the government, & you may have observed that the french gazettes have not lately paid any particular homage to the U. States. Hence I was rather surprized to find in the gazette of France of May 13 two days after my arrival in Paris the inclosed paragraphs so complimentary & so conciliating. The word \"honorable\" at first led me to suspect that they might have been written by an American, but then the mistake as to \"consul general\" & the entitling Mr. Gallatin \"Minister Secretary\" are quite french; indeed my arrival coud scarcely be know except at the department of foreign affairs where my passport was sent on the 12th.; from that quarter therefore I suppose the publication to have come & therefore only to merit any attention.\nL\u2019honorable G.W. Erving, ministre plenipotentiaire des Etats Unis d\u2019Amerique pres las cour d\u2019Espagne, vient d\u2019arriver \u00e0 Paris. Il se rend \u00e0 Madrid, ou il a d\u00e9j\u00e0 rempli les fonctions de consul-g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de sa nation, et ou ses talens et son caract\u00e8re conciliant lui ont attire l\u2019estime des Espagnols et la reconnaissance de ses concitoyens, dont il a toujours protege le commerce.\nM. Albert Gallatin, ci-devant ministre secr\u00e9taire des finances, nomm\u00e9 avant l\u2019usurpatian ministre plenipotentaire des Etats-Unis pres S.M. le Roi de France, l\u2019un des commissaires qui ont conclu le traite de Gand, ne tardera pas d\u2019arriver pour continuer ses fonctions, qu\u2019il avait ete oblig\u00e9 de suspendre pendant l\u2019interr\u00e8gne.\nIl ne reste plus le moindre doute que M. Monroe soit \u00e9lu president des Etats-Unis.\nD\u2019apr\u00e8s les explications qui ont eu lieu entre le cabinet de Madrid et celui de Washington, la meilleure intelligence r\u00e8gne \u00e0 present entre l\u2019Espagne et les Etats-Unis. Il n\u2019est plus question du retour du ministre espagnol en Europe, comme quelques difficult\u00e9s passag\u00e8res l\u2019avaient fait pr\u00e9sumer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5179", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 9 June 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nThe proceedings of the court martial has been transmitted without comment, or recommendation on the part of the court, or of the commanding general.\nUnder these circumstances it is respectfully submitted whether the discipline of the army does not require that the sentence should be confirmed.\nWm. H Crawford\n at Detroit June 9. 1816. sentencing Lt. Wetman to be dismissed service.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5180", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jacob Radcliff, 10 June 1816\nFrom: Radcliff, Jacob\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNew York June 18th. 1816\nI hope you will pardon the liberty I take in addressing you on the subject of the application of Mr. Denton of this City who wishes the appointment of Consul at Bourdeaux if that place should become vacant. He is a Gentleman of respectable character and long standing in this City, independent in his circumstances, and amply qualified to execute the duties belonging to that office. He does not seek it for the sake of emolument, but intending to reside in France it would be highly acceptable to him and gratifying to many of the friends of Government in this City.\nShould it be found consistent to confer on him this appointment, it will also be esteemed a favor by, Your Excellency\u2019s most obedt. Servt.\nJacob Radcliff", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5181", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 11 June 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nWar Department 11th. June 1816\nAt the request of the Chickasaw deputation, I enclose a letter from Genl Jackson to Major George Colbert.\nThey complain strongly of the menacing stile in which it is written.\nA treaty has been made with the Sacs & Foxes, & other tribes are on their way for the same object.\nAs soon as the treaty is received it shall be transmitted. I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humbl. Servt.\nWm. H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5184", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 12 June 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nThe Cumberland road.progresses than I expected...The report is that Mr. Shriver will be tempted to resign his charge for employment under a Company in Maryland. It will be difficult to supply his place, though his slow march has been censured. Col. Williams estimates his services at too high a price; and there are other reasons for confining his share in the work to a temporary engagement. I trouble you with a general statement, intended to announce, as far as seems practicable, the existing difficulties on this subject. Be so good as to return the statement and papers, with your decision.\nThe state of the currency does not improve, and the conduct of the Banks is in opposition to every measure, for reestablishing coin. The Banks of New-England, the Southern Banks, and the Banks in the Western country, would, I believe, follow the lead of the Banks of the middle States; but I have lost all confidence in the institutions of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New-York. The inclosed letter from a friend, the Vice-President of the Bank of America in New-York, opens a very unpleasant prospect. Under the assurances which had been given in Philadelphia, as well as New-York, of active preparations for resuming specie payments, with reference to the 1. of July, I had determined to suspend any Treasury interference, until the lapse of time had put the sincerity of the Banks to the test. An inspection of the Accounts of the principal institutions, which are connected with the Treasury, shews that in New-York some efforts have been made; in Philadelphia that, amid\u2019t a profusion of professions, little has been done; and in Baltimore, the movement has been principally retrograde. It is, therefore, indispensable, that the Government should express its views; and its designs, as soon as the fate of the subscriptions to the National Bank is ascertained. I have always avoided, as much possible, giving you, or the Heads of Departments trouble upon Treasury embarrassments; but as I shall not be here to take the responsibility and the defence, of any measure when Congress assembles, I think you will approve of my calling your attention to the Resolutions of the 29. ofApril last, and of submitting to a Cabinet decision, the question, whether at this time any, and, if any, what measure ought to be adopted by the Department, for collecting the revenue in the lawful money of the United States? The Resolution contemplates, perhaps, some process prior to the 20. of February, when it imperatively forbids the acceptance of any other kind of payment. It would not be expedient, however, to act before the subscription to the National Bank is closed, as we might produce an excitement unfavorable to the subscription, which, at present, has a general appearance of support. Iam, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Serv.\nA.J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5186", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 13 June 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington 13 June 1818 1816\nI hope that you & Mrs Madison derive all the satisfaction & comfort which the country can afford, after the fatigue of the last winter here. My daughter continues to be very weak, but as Mr Hay has arrived, they with Mrs M. will probably set out on their intended journey sometime next week. After their departure, I shall leave this for Albemarle by Loudoun, calling on you as I pass, of which you shall be apprized before I set out.\nThe papers inform\u2019d you of the time when Mr Pinkney saild. Mr Gallatin had not gone on the 10th., tho I presume, he was detaind by hard winds only.\nMr Fromentin interposd with great zeal in favor of a special messenger to Christope in favor of Duplessis. As you had decided to send Com: Lewis to So. America, I have taken the liberty to instruct him to pass by St. Domingo, to endeavor to obtain the discharge of Mr D., which Mr Fromentin writes me to day, that he highly approves.\nCol: Austin suggests the idea of his, visiting the bay of Fundy, with Mr Holmes, to acquire knowledge which may be useful in establishing the boundary in that quarter, & requests that one of the gun boats at Boston, may be employed in the service. Mr Crowninshield says that one may be spard without any inconvenience to the service. I am persuaded that much advantage might be derivd from it, as I also am, that it would be equally useful to give an instruction to that effect to Col. Hawkins. The movment, espicially in the former instance, will draw attention in the eastern states, which will even in that respect produce a good effect. It will shew very distinctly that the delay in running the line, is imputable altogether to the British govt.\nI have answered all the notes of Mr Onis, and brought up the affairs of the dept., in every branch of the business, more fully, than at any period before, since I was charged with it. With great respect & esteem your friend & servant\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5188", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 14 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir \nMontpelier June 14. 1816\nAltho the inclosed letter is anonymous, the idea it suggests, of requiring an admission of our Cotton in a half manufactured State at least by nations whose luxuries fully manufactured, are admitted into the U. S. is not unworthy of attention. The general idea I believe has not escaped, in the instructions to Mr. Gallatin & Mr. Pinkney. But it may be well to enforce it and particularly in relation to Cotton Twist, which Russia receives from G. B. whilst her manufactures are excluded by the latter, and which France has lately prohibited even from the U. S. on the principle of reciprocity, the U.S. may reasonably demand such a regulation in their favor; and the nations granting it may with equal reason refuse it to G.B, without a charge of partiality. As the Netherlands have adopted a like policy agst. the U.S. a change may very properly be urged, on the same grounds, by Mr. Eustis, whether a treaty be or be not contemplated. An admission of Cotton twist from this Country into Europe, is of vast importance to its Manufacting estabts. & indeed to its general interests. Yrs.\nJ. Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5189", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Michael Claich, 15 June 1816\nFrom: Claich, John Michael\nTo: Madison, James\n(Translation) by Mr. Thruston\nTo the President of the United States of America\nThe sentiments of esteem which are engraven on my heart for the United States of America, compel me with sincere sorrow, but with the frankness of truth, to represent to you the culpable conduct of Mr. William Barney who is invested with the consular dignity in this commercial and August city of Trieste; His deportment destitute of every mark of honorable character which distinguishes a respectable man, he has incurred the censure of every body and amongst them of his own countrymen here, whilst (as far as depends upon him) he not only degrades himself, but his country, and instead of gaining respect from his official station he dishonors himself, to the great injury of the nation which he represents. Without further remarks, I will confine my self to laying before your Excellency, a statement of his vile and disgraceful conduct towards myself, which will suffice to prove him unworthy of the consular rank with which he is invested.\nOn the holiday which was the 2d. of the current month of June, having left my house, after dinner for the purpose of a promenade with two young ladies of my family, and returning home in the evening, the nephew of Mr. William Barney the Consul, was passing along the same steet, who had the audacity to offer to the two girls the most indecent insults. I was compelled to make such observations on his licencious behaviour, as it deserved, and after acknowledging his error, he withdrew: I then accompanied by the girls pursued my way to my house, which was but a little distance off; and near my own door, I was assaulted from behind, and my cane suddenly snatched from my hand. I quickly turned about and saw with great surprize, the Uncle, the Consul in the act of beating me with a cane, and at the same time, abusing me with the most insulting language, like an assassin who from his lurking place besets the life of the traveller; being thus assailed unawares, I defended myself as well as I could, but my adversary retreated from my defensive efforts, taking my cane with him.\nI should not be without means of taking a just satisfaction for this injury, were I not restrained by the obedience due to the laws of the imperial, royal and apostolic majesty of Austria my august Sovereign, as well as, by the respect I feel, for the consular dignity of the United States of America. I have applied for redress against Mr. Consul Barney for the injury thus treacherously done to me, to my Imperial and royal Government; trusting, that a suitable remedy will be provided for my case, who am a peaceful merchant, and Subject, and unconscious of any motives, which could urge the said Consul to such outrageous treatment of me, as I never had any dealings or transactions, directly or indirectly with him.\nThis conduct without further animadversion on its enormity, proves and substantiates his disreputable deportment and character, which disgraces his honorable employment, and shews him to be entirely destitute of those qualities which belong to his station, of which he is entirely unworthy; so that in this place, he can never hope to enjoy either honor, or respect, but on the contrary, has drawn upon himself universal reprobation.\nPardon the tediousness of this communication, and be assured, that, I am induced to make it only from the regard which I feel for the honor and Glory of the illustrious United States of America: with perfect respect I am Your most devoted and obedient Servant\nJohn Michael Claich", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5191", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Governor Clark, 16 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Governor Clark\nTo all who shall see these presents, Greeting:\nKnow Ye, That reposing special Trust and Confidence in the Patriotism, Integrity and Abilities of William Clark, of the Missouri Territory, I do appoint him Governor in and over the said Territory; and do authorize and empower him to execute and fulfil the duties of that Office according to law; and to Have and to Hold the said Office with all the powers, privileges and emoluments to the same of right appertaining until the end of the next Session of the Senate of the United States, and no longer, unless the President of the United States for the time being should be pleased sooner to revoke and determine this Commission.\nIn Testimony whereof, I have caused these Letters to be made patent, and the Seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed. Given under my hand at the City of Washington the Sixteenth day of June A.D. 1816; and of the Independence of the United States the Fortieth.\nJames Madison,\nBy the President,\nJas. Monroe\nSecy. of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5193", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 18 June 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nYour instructions relative to Fort Harrison, and the reservation of the land in its neighborhood, have been carried into effect. I hope now to be able to put the business of the Cumberland road, as well as the business of the Survey of the coasts, into a course of execution, without troubling you again. The consultation on the Resolution of Congress, respecting the currency, will be attended to, as you desire.\nThe inclosed papers exhibit a general complaint against Mr. Duplessis, the Collector of New-Orleans, without specifying any fact of official delinquency. The Subject, however, seems to demand attention; and I propose referring it, confidentially, to Mr. Benj. Morgan and the District Attorney, for investigation and report. I will, also, write to Mr. Robertson, requesting his attention to the enquiry. The probability is, that the present calamitous state of New-Orleans, will disperse its inhabitants; but it is best to take the chance of a letter\u2019s finding Mr. Robertson & Mr. Morgan at that place.\nWe have no news, foreign or domestic. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs.\nA.J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5195", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Meer, 18 June 1816\nFrom: Meer, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 18th. 1816\nI have taken the liberty by favour of Mr. Mellish of enclosing you a specimen of my Bank Notes Which is I believe superiour in many respects to any other hitherto used. It is engraved on a steel plate (mostly with a hair pencil) It will print ten times more coppies than any copper plate and will come at about the same price as copper plats in general. This mode of work produces great strength and richness of colouring, and a boldness of expression not to be obtained by any other means, yet the most delicate tints may be produced; and it is susceptible of an infinite variety of pattern and design. This invention is most likely to secure Bank Notes and all kinds of Official and confidential papers from forgery. I shall be happy to supply any of the Governmental departments, and the Bank with plates. If you will be pleased to give me your patronage you will confer a great obligation On Sir Your\u2019s most Respectfully,\nJohn Meer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5196", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Manuel de Mier y Teran, 18 June 1816\nFrom: Mier y Teran, Manuel de\nTo: Madison, James\nExmo Sor\nIchuacan Junio 18. de 1816\nLa exposicion que me ha hecho Dn. Guillermo Robinson de los generosos sentimientos de Nuestros continentales los Republicanos del Norte y en particular los de V. E. \u00e1 cerca de la lucha que sostenemos en este desgraciado pais con los Espanoles nuestros opresores me d\u00e1 occasion de dirgirme \u00e1 V. E. para manifestarle mi gratitud.\nHe advertido que el Ciudo. Robinson ha benido con miras de imponerse del actual estado de Mexico y como concibo \u00f9til para mi patria que logre su intento, he procurado ministrarle datos para que forme ideas ex\u00e2ctas de nuestra situacion que puede descrivir \u00e1 V. E.\nConviene, come todo hombre liberal y despreocupado que en Mexico se hace la guerra no pa. rapacer\u00eda ni personalidades; como pregonan los tiranos sino por vindicar todos los derechos del hombre en sociedad horriblemte. violados en estas Comarcas por un Govierno que no quiere conocer entre s\u00ed et nosotros mas relacion social que la de esclavos respecto de unos absolutos Sres.\nYa ellos habrian perdido su injusta dominacion en Mexico, y este pais ser\u00eda como las dichosas regiones de Washington, si los Espa\u00f1oles al esclavizarnos no huvieran savido privarnos enteramente de los medios con que se recobra la livertad; si del caos de una revolucion p\u00fadiera aparecer un Exercito ordenado, y sobre todo si con algunas relaciones exteriores huveriamos sido favorecidos por aquellas naciones \u00e1 quienes \u00f3 la politica \u00f3 el sentimto. que siempre inspiran cinco millones de vivientes condenados \u00e1 las cadenas debieran haver unido pa. cooperar con sus esfuerzos \u00e1 esta grande y necesaria empresa.\nYa que el Cielo ha querido que nuestras esperanzas de relaciones con los Estados Unidos se vayan entonando, segun los impresos de ese Govierno que tengo \u00e1 la Vista, y que la causa de los patriotas Mexicanos sea considerada en su Verdadero aspecto como la de todo el Nuevo continente aprovecho la oportunidad que me franquea el regreso del referido Ciudo. Robinson, para acompa\u00f1arle al Ciudadano Jos\u00e9 Maria Nino de Rivera apoderado de esta Prova. que zele \u00e1 favor de las Leyes civiles de ese Pais el pronto cumplimiento de dos Contratas qe. el Ciudadano Robinson presentar\u00e1 \u00e1 V. E. convencido de que con su execucion y con la dispensa de otros aux\u00eelios de igual clase que puede concedernos facilmente la generosidad de Nuestros Continentales obtendremos indefectiblemte. la independa. y emancipacion por que peleamos.\nRuego por tanto \u00e1 V. E. que admita benignamente los informes del Ciudo. Robinson y las solicitudes de su Compa\u00f1ero con los mas altos testimonios de la consideracion y Respeto que por esta primera vez tengo la honra de dirigirle pidiendo \u00e1 Dios conserve la persona de V. E. en su Santa y digna guardia. De V. E. su mas afecto Servor. que con todo respeto b. s. m. Exmo S\u00f5r.\nManuel de Mier y Fer\u00e1n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5198", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Higgins, 19 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Higgins, Richard\nTo Richard Higgins Greeting:\nKnow Ye, That by virtue of the Act of Congress, entitled \"An Act to incorporate the Subscribers to the Bank of the United States,\" I, the said James Madison, President of the United States of America, Do by these presents appoint you, the said Richard Higgins to be Commissioner for superintending the Subscriptions towards constituting the Capital of the said Bank of the United States, to be opened on the first day of July next, at Lexington in the State of Kentucky. And I do hereby authorize and require you vigilantly to do and perform all matters and things which to the said trust in anywise by law appertains.\nIn Testimony Whereof, I have caused the Seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed. Given under my hand at the City of Washington, the Nineteenth day of June in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America, the Fortieth.\nJames Madison\nBy The President,\nJas. Monroe Secretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5199", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 19 June 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nWar Department 19th. June 1816.\nThe inclosed letters announce the death of Colo. Hawkins. I presume his nephew who has acted as deputy agent for some time will be among the applicants.\nMy relation is a man of the first respectability, and of talents much above mediocrity. I have but little doubt of his election to Congress if his name is held up. I am surprized at his wish to receive this appointment, and shall in giving the advice which he solicits endeavor to convince him that he is wrong in seeking it.\nMr Boyd who is known to you is also an applicant for the office. I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humbl servt.\nWm. H Crawford.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5200", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, 21 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\nDear Sir \nMontpelier June 21. 1816\nI return the letter of Genl: Gaines with the papers connected with it.\nIt is to be hoped & much to be wished that a resort to the extreme measures contemplated may not be necessary; and it may be better that they shd. result from military discretion guided by imperious emergencies, than be prescribed by the Executive, without the sanction of the authority more competent to such decisions. In the present case, a foreign territory would be invaded, and a refusal of passage thro\u2019 a river terminating within it, be the ground of hostility. Without admitting the right of refusal the question is a delicate one at least, as it relates to the Executive Department. It is the more desireable that the crisis should not lead to extremities, as we are to have amicable negociations which may possibly put an end to all difficulties in that quarter. This view of the subject however must not preclude any interposition of the Ex. which may become essential to the public safety, and be exacted from its responsibility.\nThe case presented by Govr. Cass, whose communications are also returned, forms a distressing appeal to our sympathies; but I can see no legal ground on which we can extend relief to it. The local authority is bound to do what it can, and it is a reasonable expectation that the absence of any integral part of it will not continue long. Local benevolence also will doubtless make its contributions. If the price of provisions be such as is stated, it is presumed that the troops will feed not on the local resources, but be supplied by water from Eastward settlements near the Lake; and that in proportion to their number, will be the expenditures of which every description of people will be able to partake. The aid expected from the sale of public lands is another item in the account. It is painful to meet such an appeal, with such calculations; but can any thing better be done?\nThe vacancy in the Creek Agency, will of course await further information on the subject of filling it. Respects & best wishes \nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5201", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 21 June 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington June 21 1816\nMr Hay set out yesterday with my family for New York, & I had intended going to Loudoun to morrow & thence home, had not Mr Roth calld to inform me, that Mr de Neuville will probably be here, as soon as he hears that an opportunity will be afforded him to present a copy of his letters of credence. I told him that you would not return for some months, & that would forward to you the copy, as soon as receiv\u2019d, & take your direction, whether, in the interact, before his recognition, he may communicate with the dept., on public business in the same manner as if he had been recognized. This will create a delay of six or eight days more, part of which I may employ on a trip to Loudoun.\nI have a letter from Com: Lewis which states that he had seen one from Mdme. D\u2019angelet to her husband, which tells him that an explosion is maturing fast & that austria will unite with France in favor of young Napn. My own opinion is that the Bourbons cannot sustain themselves, & that if Mr. Adams\u2019s idea of dismemberment, is not adopted, which I do not accede to, the period is at hand, when they will be forsaken by the allies, who will (each) want their men & money for other purposes.\nIn my last letter to Mr Onis, I sent him a copy of Mr Dicks to me, omitting objectionable passages, & pressing him pretty hard about the unfounded imputations, against us, as to the provinces, & expressing the expectation that he would correct them with his govt. I reviewd concisely the question of boundaries, East & West, in the principles heretofore maintaind by us. Should Spain not accede to the proposals now to be made, no accomodation will ever take place with her. The movment going forward in the colonies, which will be aided by that which may be expectd in Europe, seriously affecting Spain, as I presume it will, will soon put her out of our way in these concerns. Regarding the subject in this view it may be doubtful, how far, it is an object, to make any arrangment with it at this time.\nI send you Com: Lewis\u2019s letter. Very respectfully & sincerely yours\nJas Monroe\n22d. June.\nThe mail had left town before this could be put in it.\nI shall go to day to Loudoun to return on tuesday. Mr. de Neuville, will be here the last of next month.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5202", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Myndert M. Dox, 21 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dox, Myndert M.\nSir\nMontp: Jun. 21. 1816\nI have recd. your two letters of the 16th. & 19. & return the respectable ones inclosed for my perusal in the latter.\nIf the Post: M. Genl. shd. not have left instructions or authy. to those acting in the Dept: it will be necessary to communicate to him in his absence the arrangt. on which you wish a decision\nJ. M", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5203", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Wirt, 21 June 1816\nFrom: Wirt, William\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nRichmond June 21st. 1816\nI presume it is not improper to address you, as filling the department which superintends the execution of the laws of the U.S. as to a difficulty which has presented itself, in the execution of a duty devolved on me, as the District atto\u2019 of Virginia, under the act of the 3d. of March 1815, entitled \"an act to vest more effectually in the State courts and in the district courts of the U.S. jurisdiction in the cases therein mentioned\". The first section of the law gives jurisdiction to the state courts \"of all complaints, suits, and prosecutions for taxes, duties, fines, penalties and forfeitures arising and payable under any of the acts passed or to be passed\" for the collection of any direct tax, or internal duties of the U.S. The second section, provides that in all suits and prosecutions, instituted on behalf of the U.S. in the court of any state, the process, proceedings, Judgment, and execution shall not be delayed, suspended, or in any way barred and defeated, by reason of any law of any State &c. and the same section gives an appeal to the circuit court of the U.S. from the decisions of the state courts. It was, I presume, on the supposition that the state Courts would exercise the jurisdiction thus conferred on them that the district attos. were authorized and directed by the 1st. section of this law to appoint deputies in the county courts of the State. But, so far as respects the state of Virginia, the whole object of these appointments has been frustrated by a series of adjudications in our courts; for, in the first place, the general court (the court of the highest jurisdiction over offences against public laws) has refused to exercise jurisdiction under any penal law of the U.S.\n2. The same court has declared that although the state courts may take jurisdiction of bonds given to the U.S. it could only be as matter of contract, and according to the form of proceeding practised under the laws of the state, but not according to the summary forms prescribed by the laws of the U.S. which defeats the purpose of the act in question, and is incompatible with that dispatch which is requisite for the raising of revenue\n3. The court of appeals has decided that no appeal will lie from a state to a federal court, whereas by the act in question the jurisdiction is given to the state courts only on the condition that the decisions of the state courts shall be subject to the revision of the federal courts\nNow, if I appoint deputies their oath of office will compel them to carry to the state courts the only subjects of which they will take cognizance; claims of debt by bond; and those subjects once carried into the state courts remain subject to all the dilatory forms of proceeding allowed by the state laws and without any remedy by appeal to courts of the U.S.\nIt seems to me, therefore, that the appointment of deputies, under those unexpected decisions of our state courts would be in a great measure vain from the refusal of the State courts to act, and even where they would take cognizance that such appointment would be so far from effectuating that it would defeat the purposes of congress in directing their appointment\nI beg your instruction, or if I am wrong in directing this inquiry to you, that you will throw my letter into the proper channel to recieve an answer I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, Your Obt Sert.\nWm. Wirt\nP.S. It will be observed that the act of congress directing the appointment of attornies devolved this duty on my predecessor. I believe he did not exercise it in any instance; and although I have had the opportunity of conferring with him on the subject, I think it highly probable that his omission proceeded from the considerations which I have stated. I have concluded not to make the appointments without farther order.\nJames Madison eqr.President of the U.S.\n See R. Rush to J.M. June 29 1816", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5205", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 23 June 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nDept of State 23d. June 1816\nAs the Secretary of State set off yesterday for Loudoun just before the arrival of Mr. Murray with important dispatches from Mr. Shaler, I have had these Dispatches copied and have now the Honor to send you the Copies. The Secty will return on Tuesday so that he will be here in time to receive your Instructions relative to the unpleasant occurrences at algiers.\nYou will also receive by this Mail the Letter from the Dey of algiers alluded to by Mr. Shaler. With Sentiments of very sincere Regard & Attachment I am Dear Sir Your Mo Obt Sert\nJohn Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5206", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 23 June 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nWashington 23d. July 1816\nThe within dispatches were recd from the Medn. yesterday by the John Adams, and as Mr. Monroe is to be absent until Tuesday , I have taken the liberty to enclose his also.\nThe Dey seems disposed to quarrel, but with the force there & to be there, I think he would be prevented from doing us any mischief.\nThe part the Spaniards have pursued as relates to the Brig, is very reprehensible.\nA fast sailing Brig is going to sail with provisions from N York for the squadron, so that any disposition that is to grow out of these dispatches can quickly be put in a train for execution.\nThe letter from the Dey to yourself I have not seen. Please to send the Secy. of States letters back, as I feel a delicacy in sending them. With great respect I am truly yours\nB W Crowninshield\nThe dispatches to the Secretary of State have been sent for by Mr. Graham, and I have taken them out of this parcel since Mr. Crowninshield left me. Most respectfully,\nBenjamin Homans", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5207", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 24 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMontpelier June 24, 1816\nYours of 21-22d. is just recd. You may authorize Mr. H. de Neuville, to communicate with you previous to his formal recognition. Roth intimated that he wd. probably visit me here with his credentials. If he desires it, or you think it eligible, let him know that I will receive him with pleasure. The bias of his own mind, if ascertained, may decide the question. Mine has none.\nThe Letters of Jackson & Lewis are comments on each other. Out of both the real State of France may be collected.\nI send Col: Johnson\u2019s letter for perusal. Please to return it. If the Chaplain\u2019s place be not already filled, you may take occasion to touch on the subject with Mr. C.\nYoung Rutherford, lately married into the family of Coles\u2019, is about to visit Europe with his lady. They are all desirous of something from you in the nature of an introduction to Mr. Adams, Gallatin &c. It may be best to annex to the usual Passport which they want: a general note of their respectability, & title to the Civilities of our diplomatic & other functionaries abroad. I did this in one if not more instances whilst in the Dept. of State, & I believe you have done the same. Yrs.\nJames Madison\nEd: Coles has just left me. You know his delicacy & the worth it covers. It wd. be very agreeable to me to give some proof my sense of both; and of my recollection of the personal relation he bore to me. Can any such be now realized? Altho\u2019 I have not spoken with him, I presume decent employment at home would not be unacceptable to an idle man, even if a trip to Europe shd. be preferred. Be so good as to enquire of Mr. Dallas & Mr. Meigs (Land office) whether ther be any vacancy in the Western offices of Register of land or Receiver of Pub: money, partcularly in or near Missouri Territory. The enquiry may be made without naming Mr. C. unless there be an opening at once for his appt. with the concurrence of all", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5208", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Thompson, 25 June 1816\nFrom: Thompson, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nNew York June 25h. 1816\nA recommendation having been handed to me for my signature, in favour of appointing Mr. Samuel Denton a Consul or Commercial agent to some post in France, & in case of a vacancy, particularly at Bordeaux, I have signed the recommendation with great pleasure having been personally acquainted with Mr. Denton for upwards of Twenty years, & know him to be a friend to the liberties of his country, a Merchant of good reputation, and I believe both a moral & an honest man. \nMr. Denton retired from Mercantile pursuits with a very respectable property acquired by his industrys. He is acquainted with the French Language and I trust, fully competent to discharge the duties of the office solicited, with credit to himself, & honor to his Country. I am very respectfully your Obt. Servant\nJonathan Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5209", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Forrest, 25 June 1816\nFrom: Forrest, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nCity of Washington June 25 1816\nI have this moment been favored with yours of the 23d. inst. enclosing a letter for Mrs. Cutts, which I have just sent to her. The fifteen dollars for John Freeman, I will hand him to day with the proper directions to ensure a co-operation between the Steam Boat and the Stage to Montpelier.\nI received a letter a few days since from my Son Julius, dated at Frankford, on the 14th. inst. in which he mentions, having been very kindly treated by Judge and Mrs. Todd. He had attended a large meeting of Mr. Clay\u2019s constituents at Versailles at which Mr. C addressed them, which had made a favorable impression. He thinks with proper exertion, Mr. Clay and Coll Johnson may be re-elected, but in every other instance the representation from that State will be changed. The people carry their vengance so far, as to oppose Genl. Desha (who voted against the compensation Bill (as they term it), from a belief that he did not do it sincerely.\nMy son is delighted with the Western Country, and with its Inhabitants. I remain dear Sir, with sincere respect &c Your Obt. servt.\nRichd. Forrest", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5210", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Francis Preston, 25 June 1816\nFrom: Preston, Francis\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nAbingdon June 25th. 1816\nI once took the Liberty to empower you to receive some money in the City of Washington on U States Certificates in the name of Adam Hope, which perhaps you may reccollect from the circumstance of my happening to be there myself before the money was drawn and getting you to go to the Bank to execute receipts. Those certificates are somehow or other mislaid. My impression is I either left them with you or with the Gentleman who paid me the money, and who I believe was Cashier to the Bank. My object now is to enquire of you if you have any reccollection of them and if you have to be so good as to inform me. I also wish to know, the name of the Gentleman with whom we done the business in the Bank; I think it was Williamson.\nPlease to present my Respects to Mrs. Madison and accept my best wishes for yourself.\nFrans. Preston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5211", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Josiah Meigs, 25 June 1816\nFrom: Meigs, Josiah\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nGeneral Land Office June 25, 1816\nI have the honour to inclose in this a Letter from Mr. Speaker Clay.\nI returned home yesterday after an excursion of 18 days to the Northward during which time I visited all that was interesting. I spent several days at New haven. I found Doctr Dwight & the Professors of Yale College, exceedingly polite and obliging.\nAt Stratford I visited my venerable friend Doctor S.W. Johnson, who at the age of 88 Years retains his great faculties.\nHe enquired very kindly for the health of Mr. Madison; & begged me to do him the favour to present his sincere and profound respects. \nI am, most respectfully, Yours,\nJosiah Meigs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5212", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 25 June 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nDept of State 25th. June 1816\nWe have letters from Govr. Cass of the 8th. of this Month from which it appears that the British naval officers at Malden have in several instances boarded American vessels passing that place in search of Deserters. These letters are accompanied by Depositions detailing the facts. I should have forwarded these letters to you by this mail but as the Secretary of State will be here today I thought it better to detain them until he arrived. It does not appear that any Persons have been taken from our vessels, and it is possible that the measure has been adopted more with a view of preventing their men from going on board our vessels than with any serious intention of violating our Rights.\nThere are also Letters from Mr Eustis & Mr Erving but as they are marked \"private\" I have not opened them.\nWe are now beginning to feel the Summer heat in extreme. Yesterday was one of the warmest days I almost ever felt here and today it is not much cooler. If Mr Monroe is on the Road he will suffer much. You have more pleasant weather, I hope in the mountains, and have also the satisfaction of seeing your crops better than you expected. Ours have improved much since you went away.\nWith Sentiments of the most Respectful attachment I am Dear Sir Your Mo Obt Sert\nJohn Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5213", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 25 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir \nMont Pelier June 25. 1816\nI have received from Mr. Graham the Communications to you from Algiers, which being copies I do not return.\nThe course before us is obvious. The ground taken in the last instructions, must be adhered to. The Dey must distinctly understand, that altho\u2019 we prefer peace we are prepared for War; and will make no change in the late treaty, nor concession of any sort to avoid it.\nIt appears from Shaws letter to the Secretary of the Navy, that the Brig and crew detained by Spain had been given up to Algiers directly; and that the existing claim on us rests of course on that circumstance, and relates now to an equivolent. The delivery is not even necessarily implied by Shaler who must have communicated the fact in some other dispatch. This change of the question with Algiers, Strengthens or rather renders impregnable the ground on which we stand. The Dey may be told that whilst no Stipulation required the delivery it was produced by our demand on Spain; and Spain may be reminded of the reprehensible manner, in which she first delayed & finally perverted the fulfilment of her promise.\nI send herewith the letter of the Dey. Being in the Turkish language & with an Arabic translation only, I am of course unable to judge how far its contents may affect the policy to be observed by us, or what ought to be the answer. I wish there may not be some difficulty and delay, in finding an Interpreter. Be so good as soon as the meaning of Dey is understood, to sketch a proper answer & have it forwarded for my signature, in case the letter be not of a character to make an answer improper.\nFrom a comparison of Shalers and Shaws dispatches, the question for consideration with the two Departments will be, whether any change or increase ought to take place in our Mediterranean armament. It may be well to bring it, with the light derived from the Deys letter, into a consultation between all the Departments.\nThe mode of Shalers retirement, was awkward to say the least. From the approbation of the naval commanders, it must have been viewed differently on the Spot, where all the circumstances could be best understood. If it be proper to yeild to his renewed wish to return, it will be necessary to look out for a successor. Poinsett would not I presume accept such an appointment. As no other is in prospect perhaps he might reconcile himself to it. I understand he will \u2019ere long be on a northern ramble. In that case there may be an opportunity of sounding him. Should our affairs however be peaceably adjusted with Algiers, it will be proper that Shaler should see that issue, before he with draws. Friendly respects\u2019", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5214", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Crawford, 26 June 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nDepartment of War 26th: June 1816.\nI have the honor to submit for your consideration, a draft of the instructions prepared to be sent to the Commissioners appointed to treat with the Chickasaw Indians. I have the honor to be, most respectfully, Sir, your Obt. Servant.\nWm. H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5216", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 26 June 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nThe communications from the Departments of State and the Navy, will give you a great deal of interesting intelligence. The Algerine business requires decision; and yet, in the affair of the Brig you have a delicate case to act upon. The Dey has always considered the restitution of the prizes, as a part of the negotiation; and though we considered the promise as merely gratuitous, it was a promise, and ought to be performed, with as much good faith, as if it had been inserted in the Treaty. The question is, whether we perform our promise, upon a restitution of the Brig by Spain, as a present from Spain. Among civilized powers, the answer would, probably, be in the affirmative, but in settling with the Barbarian, there are peculiar considerations, which create more in forming an answer. It does not appear to me, however, that yielding this point would secure peace; and, consequently, a of general policy must be adopted and pursued, to maintain the ground of the Treaty.\nThe conduct of Spain in this, and in every other, instance of contact with the United States, is offensive and injurious in the extreme. Mr. Monroe will inform you, that the Spanish authorities have seized 26 of our whaling vessels in the Pacific, under the pretence, that they sail without a Sea-letter. You will recollect, that the propriety of issuing Sea-Letters, became a subject of inquiry, upon issuing the first Circular to the Collectors, after the ratification of the Treaty of Ghent; and that it was deemed unusual and irregular to issue them, during a period of general peace. An exception was made as to vessels destined to countries beyond the Cape of Good Hope. I wish, indeed, that the exception had also embraced voyages round Cape Horn; as we have officially recognized, in some degree, the existence of a civil war in South-America, and the Spanish Treaty calls for a Sea-Letter. Any course will be taken, that may be deemed proper, as to vessels sailing hereafter; but the eastern merchants and Underwriters urge for an immediate interposition of the Government as to the vessels under seizure. They also believe that a Frigate should be sent to Lima to demand restitution. It would seem, however, that a crisis has arrived, or is fast approaching, in our affairs with Spain, which cannot be effectually encountered by a correspondence with the Chev. D\u2019Onis; and that something may be required, to invigorate the reclamations at Madrid. The state of Europe seems favorable, to the presentment of your ultimatum, for the settlement of the multiplying causes of dispute with Spain.\nLord Castlereagh\u2019s overtures, to arrange the question of armament on the Lakes, are probably suggested by the apprehension of new commotions in Europe. Mr. Adams\u2019s metaphysical letter, to establish the prosperity of England, against every public fact, and morbid symptom, surprizes, but does not satisfy me.\nThe case of the currency has been submitted to the Heads of Departments; and as Mr. Monroe has requested a meeting to day, I presume that their opinion will be given, in time to communicate it to you tomorrow. It is intimated, that the other topics of this letter, will, also, be brought under consideration.\nIt is my intention to leave Washington on Tuesday next, to join my family at Philadelphia. The public business can be transacted there, without injury, until the 1: of October. If anything extraordinary occurs, I shall not remit in my attention, wherever my presence may be required, for the public service.\nI inclose the resignation of Mr. Gardner, the Loan Officer of New- Hampshire. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully Yr. obed Serv\nA.J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5217", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 27 June 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir.\nAt a meeting at the Department of State, Mr. Monroe brought under consideration the Algerine case, and the case of the Whaling vessels in the Pacific. He will communicate the result in both cases; but I find, upon an explanation, that only one of the Whaling vessels is known to have been seized by the Spaniards, though there are 24 at risque.\nThe dispatch from Mr. Harris is an unpleasant one; and places Mr. Daschkoff\u2019s dispositions and conduct towards us in the light of positive hostility. A fellow feeling (if the tales of Philadelphia be true) has made him wonderfully kind towards the failings of Mr. Kosloff. I do not know what has become of the complaints against him, and Mr. Eustaphieve; but I think the abrupt interdict of Mr. Harris\u2019s visits at Court, is a strong contrast with the delicacy of your conduct towards the Emperor. I am persuaded, that you will think a high and decided tone as proper in the Baltic, as in the Mediterranean. If my information be correct, the course of proceeding in Mr. Kosloff\u2019s case has been perfectly regular. We have done no wrong; and ought not to suffer insult, or outrage.\nThe question of the currency has not yet been answered; but I hope to be able to send the answer to you, before my departure from Washington.\nI trouble you with the Comptroller\u2019s statement in the case of the Schooner Mary. Having been Counsel in the case, I could not decide upon the petition for a remission of the forfeture, and, therefore, requested the Comptroller to examine the facts, and to state an opinion for your consideration. If you deemed it a case proper for remission, a pardon would produce the effect; but if you thought otherwise, a non-remittitur might be entered. If, however, you should think it advisable to leave the question open, it may be decided, in the usual course, by my successor. I am, very respectfully & faithfully Dr. Sir, Yr. mo. obed Sert.\nA.J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5218", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 27 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nDear Sir\nMontpelier June 27. 1816\nI have recd. yours of the 25th. and return the letter from Mr. Kerr, who I presume is the former Senator from the State of Ohio.\nNot being acquainted with all the circumstances, which would throw light on the subject, among which is \"the unfortunate circumstance mentioned in the Envelope\", not accompanying your letter, I cannot appreciate properly, the representation made to you. It is due to Capt: Porter to disbelieve every thing impeaching his character without adequate proof, and to furnish him with an opportunity for every explanation necessary to protect it. The question immediately presenting itself, is how far a preliminary call on Mr. Kerr for further explanations, with notice that a communication of the subject must be made to Capt: Porter, ought to take place. Should your better knowlege of facts not decide this question to your satisfaction, you will of course advise confidentially, with the judicious friends near you. It is a fair presumption that the real import of Capt: Porter\u2019s letter to Mr. Brown which is described, not copied, varies from the sense attached to it by Mr. K. who writes with feelings which are not disguised, and which might warp his apprehension of what he read or heard. Accept my cordial respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5219", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 27 June 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir \nWashington June 27. 1816\nI return\u2019d here yesterday morning, having been prevented arriving the preceding evening by the rain.\nThe case with Algiers is interesting. The sentiments expressed in your letter of the 25th. which I have just received, accord in every circumstance, with those of the gentlemen in the admin. here. Anxious to communicate theirs, to you, we had an informal meeting on the subject yesterday, in which the questions, stated in yours, were adverted to, & the opinion the same, that is, that the treaty of the last year ought to be maintained, & its ratification by the Dey demanded, prior to which, no discussion was to be admitted, or claim heard, for reparation for any injury, sustaind by the Dey, by reason of the detention of the brig by Spain. If any gratuity was given afterwards, on that acct., it should be a mere gratuity; not a condition of the ratification. The force already in the mediteranean, augmentd as it will be, by Come. Chauncey\u2019s 74., will probably be sufficient to secure a complyance with our demands.\nThe conduct of Spain is, in this instance, in accord with it, in every other; disrespectful disingenuous and unfriendly. I shall write the letter which you suggest to Mr. Onis. In his former letter he intimated that his govt. had decided to give up the brig to Algiers, to prevent any misunderstanding between the U States & Spain, from motives of friendship to the U States. Will it not be better to rest the intended one, to him, on that ground, expressing surprise, that the dey should make a demand on us, on that acct., especially as we had fulfilled our gratuitous promise, by putting his officers in possession of her at Carthagena? An inquiry may fairly be made of him, consistently with that ground, whether the vessel was given up, or the crew, for any consideration made directly to Spain, not by way of implication against his govt., but to obtain such evidence, as to enable this govt., to rebut any insinuation of the dey to that effect. If we quarrel with Spain, the more guarded we are, in every step we take, & the more we put her in the wrong the better the effect here and in Europe.\nHow will it do, to appoint Mr. Poinsett, one of three Commrs. to manage this business with Algiers? It requires skill in all its bearings, especially in relation to Spain. The other two to be Mr Shaler & commodore Chauncey. There is a small corvette, Mr Crowninshield informs me, which wd. be ready to sail in a fortnight, if you find it necessary to communicate in haste with Mr Shaler.\nAnother case has occurrd with Spain not less delicate than the preceding. The enclosed papers shew that not less than 25. vessels have turned cape horn, to take fish in the Pacific, one of which has been seized at Lima by the govt. of the place on the pretext that she wanted a sea-letter. Mr. Gardner of Nantucket, has been deputd here, by the parties interested, who fear that all the vessels, estimated at 1/2 a million of dolrs., will suffer the same fate. The object of his visit is to lay the affair before the govt., & he states, confidentially, that it would be highly gratifying to the parties interested, and have a happy effect on the public feeling in that quarter, if such application, as the govt. may decide to make, could be forwarded into that sea by a frigate, & suitable agent. Mr Onis, on application, would probably facilitate the measure, especially as the circumstances attending the case might be explaind to him which would shew, that if a sea letter be necessary in any view, the parties were not to blame, as the govt. thought otherwise. Mr Crowninshield says that the Macedonian may be expected back in two or three weeks, & that she might be spard for such service. Should you decide to send a frigate, who would be the agent, to take charge of the business with the provinces where any of these vessels may be seized. Respectfully & sincerely yrs\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5220", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan E. Robinson, 27 June 1816\nFrom: Robinson, Jonathan E.\nTo: Madison, James\nD Sir,\nNew York June 27. 1816\nHaving been made personally acquainted with your Excellency through the medium of my Hond. Father, Jonathan Robinson of Vermont, I take the liberty of mentioning to you the death of the Honr. John Smith Marshal for this State, whose loss must be sensibly felt by his family & friends.\nAs this event has vacated the office of Marshal, I beg you Sir, to consider me as a Candidate for that office, and that you would suspend any appointment, till I can forward recommendations, which, I flatter myself, will be, in your opinion, perfectly satisfactory. Accept Sir, the high respect & esteem of Your humble Servant\nJona. E. Robinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5221", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jacob Radcliff, 28 June 1816\nFrom: Radcliff, Jacob\nTo: Madison, James\nN. York 28th. June 1816.\nThe Subscribers respectfully recommend, Roger Strong, Esqr. late one of the Aldermen of this City, as a suitable person to be appointed Marshall of the Southern District of the State of New York. Mr. Strong, was a revolutionary Soldier--has been a practitioner of Law (being admitted to the grade of Counsel in all our Courts) for many years, altho\u2019 now out of practice--is a man of an irreproachable Character, & is held in much estimation by his fellow Citizens. His Talents--his legal acquirements--his habits of Business are such as qualify him to discharge the Duties of the Office much to the public advantage.\nJacob Radcliff\nPeter Conrey\nWilliam Stone\nTh R Smith\nRobert McQueen\nGeo B Thorp\nWm. Al Burtis\nThomas Cooper", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5222", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Steuben Smith, 28 June 1816\nFrom: Smith, William Steuben\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNewyork 28. June 1816.\nA vacancy having occurred in the office of Marshal of this District, by the decease of the late Marshal, if a disposition of that office has not been made by Your Excellency, I would sollicit the exercise of your prerogative in my favour. The Zeal which would be exercised might be all that could counterbalance any deficiency of talent, but with that every occasion should be seized to manifest the devoted love of his Country and support of its Government, administered upon the principles which have guided its helm for the last sixteen years. With the highest respect I am Your Excellency\u2019s most devoted humble Servant\nW.S. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5223", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Tucker, 28 June 1816\nFrom: Tucker, George\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nWilliamsburg Virga. June 28th. 1816.\nAn occurrence of considerable importance having happened within my observation within a few days past, I deem it an indispensible duty to communicate it to you, as fully as the pressure under which I have been engaged will permit, at the present moment.\nOn wednesday the 19th. of this month application was made to me on behalf of two persons committed to york Jail by two of the magistrates of that County for a writ of Habeas Corpus, to bring them before me, they being charg\u2019d with mutiny and revolt at Sea on board the Schooner Romp of Baltimore, lately commanded by one Squire Fisk; and at the same time application was made for a similar writ, on behalf of two others, likewise in Jail there, who were charged by the two former of divers acts of piracy committed on the high Seas against the vessels of Spain and Portugal, at peace with the United States. The accusers in the one Case, being the accused, in the other. I issued the writs accordingly returnable immediately; but the prisoners were not brought up until Thursday Evening, too late to begin the Examination. I entered upon it on friday morning; and though at first I expected from the Conduct of the witness under examination a full disclosure of the whole Case; and though he made a very full disclosure to a certain point, yet from that point of time he declined answering most of the questions put to him, & the others, (though his accusers) followed his Example. It happened however that a great deal was disclosed; some very important papers brought forward, though in the Spanish Language, which, not understanding, I procured a very partial and imperfect translation into very bad french sufficiently intelligible, however, to throw some further light upon the subject; to which were added the Deposition of one of the magistrates of York before whom the examination was originally made, as to what the parties then alledged, on their oaths, and the depositions of two Gentlemen who happened to be present at the same time; a young man, one of the Crew who surrendered himself, and made a full confession, in the Course of which he made mention of a very important paper, which he had delivered to the Collector of york, and which I afterwards obtained from him, contained a very full developement of the nature of the transaction, although not in itself an authentic Document, (being only a Copy,) so that I could no longer be at a loss to understand the Case. His testimony has been still further confirm\u2019d by a young man & a Boy, who surrendered themselves yesterday, & made a full Confession. Another person committed by the magistrates of york, was also brought up by another writ of Habeas Corpus issued subsequently to the former, on a similar charge of Revolt, as the two first: to that I have had no less than eight of the Crew under Examination; exclusive of another person, a Spaniard, a native of Barcelona, who translated a part of the papers in the Spanish Language, who slipp\u2019d off unpercieved after giving some Information, and made his Escape. The Register of the Schooner; her clearance at Baltimore; and Seamens Articles importing to be signed at Baltimore, together with the manifest of the Schooner at the time of sailing from Baltimore were delivered to the Collector at york, and by him produced before me. Other papers, sealed up, were also found on board the vessel; I have not yet examined them. I shall now attempt to make a concise state of the Case, as it appears from the Evidence.\nIt appears that the Schooner Romp was built at Baltimore in the year 1814. probably for a privateer, from her dimensions, being eighty seven feet in length, twenty one feet five Inches in breadth, nine feet two Inches in depth, and of the burthen of 143. Tons. A certificate of Registry granted at Baltimore the 6th. of october 1815. was surrendered at the Custom house at Baltimore the 10th. day of April 1816, the property being chang\u2019d; on the day last mention\u2019d a new Register for the same Schooner was granted at Baltimore to Thomas Taylor of Wilmington, in the State of Delaware, mariner; who appears to have been, or to have sworne that he was, a Citizen of the United States; and that Squire Fisk the then master was also a Citizen of the United States. On the same day the Schooner was cleared at the Custom-house, for a voyage to Buennos Ayres, having on board Ballast and stores only; armed with six Guns; and navigated with seventeen men, only, according to her Clearance; the Seamens Articles however contain the names of one & thirty, including the master, mate, Cook, and a Boy; but this number was further encreased to fifty eight persons when she sail\u2019d from north point, near Baltimore, on her voyage; instead of proceeding towards Buennos Ayres, she steard immediately for the western Islands, where she took in some water, without coming to an anchor, and proceeded from thence to the Coast of Cadiz, Gibraltar, and the neighbourhood, where she continued cruising, taking five Spanish and one native portuguese vessels, until the 25th: of May; after which she seems to have returnd to the United States, without ever entering any port whatsoever, or casting Anchor during the whole time she was absent from the United States; it appears they plundered one or both the portuguese vessels of some few Articles; two of the Spanish vessels were made prizes of and having prize Masters & Crews put on board of them, were sent to Buennos Ayres; the other Spanish vessels were strippd of their rigging, sails, provisions, & other Articles, & robb\u2019d of Money to the Amount of about $20,000. dollars, according to the Evidence of one who acknowledged that his station on board, was that of a prize-master. On the 25th. or 26th. of may the Crew rose upon the Captain & took the command from him, and the next day sent him off on board of an English Cutter, called the Shark, for Martinique, and then forc\u2019d the command upon the former mate, William Hitchings, with directions to proceed to the first port of the United States, and deliver her to the Marshall of the United for the District, where she should first arrive. This proceeding is stated by some of the witnesses to be in consequence of general dissatisfaction among the Crew, at finding themselves sailing under Colours not acknowledged by any nation. It appears however that however they might be dissatisfied with their Colours, they did not chuse to part with their plunder; The money was accordingly shared amongst them. Two of those who surrendered themselves voluntarily said they had received about $235. dollars each for their parts; the third, a Cabin boy received about $120. dollars for his share; the Witnesses seem to suppose the money was pretty nearly equally divided; at that rate it would amount to about $13,500. dollars: but the Witness who on his first Examination stated it at about $20,000. being a prize master on board, while the others were only common Sailors before the mast, and a Cabin boy, it is possible his estimate may be the most correct. The Copy of the Letter of Instructions said to have been given by the owner Thomas Taylor, to Capt: Squire Fisk, if correct, shews the object of the voyage, too clearly to admit of Doubt; Although from the moment this paper was put into my hands I kept its contents a secret except from one or two confidential friends, I am this moment shewn in the public Ledger printed in Norfolk on Tuesday last, a copy of the same paper, as far as I can judge; with other particulars, so nearly corresponding with what I have before stated, that there can be little doubt that the Information of the printer was recieved from a person well informed. I have obtain\u2019d the paper from the owner of it, & enclose it for your perusal. I also do myself the honor to enclose you copies of some of the Depositions, & confessions, taken and made before me, together with a Copy of the paper purporting to be a Letter of Instructions; and Minutes, (but not Copies) of the Examinations of most of the other Witnesses; these were taken by a couple of Gentlemen who acted for me as Clerks, for the purpose of communicating them to you as soon as possible. Fatigued as I am with this Laborious Business, I must have omitted many things. I shall do myself the honor of recommending the two young men, & the Boy, who surrendered themselves & made voluntary and full Confessions to mercy; & probably I shall intercede for some of the rest if Convicted of the Offences of piracy, & Felony, for which I have remanded them into the Custody of the marshall, to take their trials at the next Circuit Court of the U.S. to be held in Richmond. There are some other important Circumstances which I have not yet mentioned; one of the Spanish papers produced, & which appears to be a privateers Commission bearing date the 6th. of october last, at Buennos Ayres, contains the name both of Squire Fisk, as Commander of the armed Goelette, la Santa fecina, commissioned under the Authority of the independent State of Rio de la plata, and of the present owner of the Schooner Romp of Baltimore, in some high official naval character that I do not understand; another of the Spanish papers, which I should suppose containd articles for the Government of the naval (military) bivouac, is attested by a person of the same name, in the same character. The former mate of the Schooner whose name in English is William Hitchings, or Hutchings, but who now stiles himself Don Guillarmo Hutchings, produced also a Commission under the same Government bearing date the same day, constituting him a sub-lieutenant of the same Goelette: la Santa fecina; in that Commission he is called a native of the United States; but when ask\u2019d by me, where he was born, he refused to answer the Question. If Copies of these papers should be wish\u2019d for by you, Sir, I will endeavour to have them made out in Richmond, where I shall go in a day or two, and deliver all the papers (many of which are unopened by me, being sealed up) to the Clerk of the Circuit Court. Should any further information relative to this subject be wish\u2019d for by you, Sir, a Letter directed to me in Richmond would probably find me there next week; but if sent to William Wirt esquire attorney of the United States for this district, I am certain he would take Care to forward it to me, wherever I may be. I have the honour to be very respectfully, Sir, your most obedt. Servt.\nS: Go: Tucker\nP:S: I should have mentioned that I have issued a warrant for the apprehension of all those of the Crew whose names I could collect from the persons examined; a copy of this warrant will be found among the papers herewith enclosed.\nS Go. Tucker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5224", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Latham Mitchill, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Mitchill, Samuel Latham\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nNew York, June 29th: 1816.\nI have just returned from a visit to General John Smith, marshall of Newyork, at his residence on Long island. He sank under a disease of the chest, after an illness of thirteen days. The day but one before his death his daughter Miss Sarah Augusta Smith was, at his particular desire, married pursuant to a contract of some standing, to John L. Lawrence Esq, the late Secretary of legation to Sweden, and now a member of the legislative assembly of Newyork.\nIt is understood that the Son-in law of the deceased, will be an applicant for the office. In the anxiety of the family when I came away, there was no conversation between him and me on the subject: but in mentioning to you this Solemn event, it seemed not improper to suggest a mode of filling the vacancy which his removal has made. I have the honour to renew the assurances of my high respect\nSaml Mitchill", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5226", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington June 29. 1816.\nI well remember the law to which Mr Wirt alludes. Indeed, I drew it. It was deemed necessary from antecedent evils of a most embarrassing kind, which, I believe, it has, to a great degree, cured every where but in Virginia. I have thrown a few remarks upon the enclosed sheet, to be read as an addendum to Mr. Wirts letter, and designed to meet its main object. This I have done in compliance with the request contained in your favor of the 26th instant. But I regret that you should be drawn into the trouble of any correspondence upon the subject. It has been looked at frequently in all its bearings at the office of the commissioner of the revenue. This would be the regular medium of correspondence upon the occasion; and from this officer, or ultimately from the secretary of the treasury as head of the department, the district attornies have received, or would receive, all explanations and instructions that are pertinent or practicable.\nI have ventured to say thus much that if, in the present instance, you should think fit to transmit Mr Wirts letter to me again, I shall be happy to put it in train to be acted upon by Mr Smith. It is probable, I think, that the answer would embrace the substance of the notes that I have briefly sketched.\nIn the Intelligencer of the 18th of this month there is a curious anecdote connected with the recently asserted doctrines of British allegiance. I find it in Walter Scotts letter describing the fortress of Bergen-op-Zoom. It appears that in the late assault made upon it by the British, a Dutch officer in their service was taken prisoner. He was about to be executed as a traitor for serving against his native town, when he was rescued by the interposition of the British commanding general, who transmitted documents to prove the length of time that he had been in the British service!\nI observe also that Lord Exmouth\u2019s treaty protects from slavery the prisoners made in all future wars with any European power. To have said with any Christian power would have been more in the Catholick spirit of the gospel, and less open to the suspicion of any intentional exclusion. I tender the assurances of my great and cordial respect.\nRichard Rush", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5227", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Marinus Willett, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Willett, Marinus\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNew York June 29th. 1816\nThe Marshal of this District becoming vacant by the Death of General Smith, I beg leave to recommend Roger Strong Esquire for that office. Mr. Strong has held several unprofitable offices in this State which he exacuted with reputation. His circumstances having been considerably injured by the late situation of our Country requiers him to use every exertion in his power for the support of his family. He has been a uniform supporter of our republican administration; of his ability to perform the duties of the office there can be no doubt. He is therefore most cordially recommended to the Mention of his Country by Sir Your very obedient Servant\nMarinus Willett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5228", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington June 29. 1816\nThe enclosed from Mr. Harris, shews, that the affair of Kosloff the Russian consul at Phila., has been taken up in a high tone, under the representation\u2019s of Daschkoff, at St. Petersburg, and you will find by Mr. Adams\u2019s letter, that he had become acquainted with it. I wrote to Mr. Harris, according to my recollection, three letters, in which this affair was notic\u2019d; the most important of the three cannot be found. The two which we find mention the part which this govt. had taken in it, instructing the attorney for the District of Pena. to act for Mr Kosloff, & to see that he was securd in all the priviledges to which he was entitld by the law of nations; & treated with the utmost indulgence in every respect. Mr Pinkney was furnished with all the papers by me, & fully instructed verbally on the subject; but as he will be some time on his route, will it not be adviseable, to send a special messenger, immediately to Mr Harris with a detailed view of the whole affair; and with a special instruction, to make a corresponding representation, to the Russian government? You will recollect that it was decided by the state court, that it had not cognizance of the case, as it involvd a question of the law of nations, and that it was the opinion of Mr Rush & our papers that the federal judge would not take cognizance of it, because the offense, was a common law offense, to which the power of the federal courts, was supposed, not to extend. In consequence, there has been no trial of this man, who, as well as his friend the minister, availing themselves of the circumstance, have vaunted much of his innocence, & urged a trial. If a messenger is sent, will it not be proper to make some representation of the probable guilt, or innocence of the consul, & if there is reason to suppose him guilty, to have depositions taken to that effect, giving him notice to attend the taking them, if he chuses. It seems reasonable that the more criminal his conduct, the more conspicuous will be the respect shewn by this govt. to the Emperor, & the less likely, he, to push the affair to an absurd extent, if the representations already made have not been satisfactory. In case a special messenger is sent who shall he be? Would Mr Todd like to go, provided his connection with you made no cause of objection to it? or Edward Coles; or Captn. Biddle, now at Phila.? The latter would be well acquainted with all the circumstances of the case, & his naval rank would operate in his favor. Respectfully & sincerely yours\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5230", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMontpelier June 29. 1816.\nI have just received yours of the 27th. As there is a concurrence on the opinion expressed in my last, as to the course to be taken with Algiers, little need be added on that subject. It ought evidently to be marked with decision and frankness, and with as much conciliation as will consist with these essentials. As the promise of Decatur was gratuitous; as it was followed by a delivery, to the Algerine agent; and as the vessel has been actually recd. by the Dey, no further demand can be made by him, which is not founded in arrogance and cupidity, or in a collusion with Spain. If Spain has given up the vessel without equivalent, it is the same thing to the dey, as if he had recd. it directly from the U.S. If for an equivalent; it is an acknowlegment by Spain who sold, and by Algiers who bought the vessel, that Algiers had lost the right by the capture & consequently that the capture was lawful. In this point of view it is particularly desireable that the nature of the transaction between Spain & Algiers be ascertained. If there was a quid pro quo in the case, Spain will be doubtless not be very ready to disclose or confess it. Algiers on the other hand will find her policy in bringing it into view. If Mr. Poinsett will consent to take the place of Shaler, after an adjustment with the dey, there will be great propriety in associating him in the negociation. Shd. he not acquiese in the consular appt. there will be two objections to employing him in the negociation; 1. the surplusage of agency & expence; 2. the situation in which a termination of the transitory business will leave him. Whether it be advisable to send the Corvette to the Mediterranean will be a subject for consultation. As it is possible that the instructions carried by Chauncey will not supersede the appeal last made to the decision of the Govt. here, it is of importance that our final decision should be speedily transmitted.\nThe ground you propose to take with Onis is a very proper one. If he says the Brig was given up for value recd. he is pressed with the inference above noted, as well as with the breach of promise to promote our accomodation with Algiers: If he says the surrender was gratis Spain is bound in justice & in fulfilment of that promise, to take side with us in quashing the pretensions of Algiers agst. us. He will probably avail himself of the diplomatic resort; that he is uninformed of what has passed between his Govt. & the Dey: but that he will forward your communications, to the former. You will of course transmit to Madrid, the instructions relating to Algiers, with instructions adapted to them & to your correspondence with Onis.\nThe Case of the Whaling vessel seized at Valparaiso & sent to Lima, with the danger threatened by the pretext for it, to so many others, has a just claim on our attention. If the want of a Sea letter be the sole pretext it may be hoped that the Govt. of Peru will not proceed to condemnation. The sea letter is meant as a single document, to prove the ownership of the vessel, and to prevent her interruption on the high seas: It is not meant, as a sine qua non, to invalidate other proof especially on a trial in port, unless there be a positive stipulation to that effect. The Ship Charles therefore may be acquitted at Lima, and other seizures thereby prevented. Not having the Spanish Treaty with me I can not say what its precise tenor may be, on the subject of sea letters; but it is not presumable that it can be fairly applied to any other than the ordinary cases of war between powers enjoying undisputed Sovereignty: nor could Spain in any view appeal to the Treaty, without admitting what she will not admit that her colonies are de facto Independent Nations. It may be further remarked that the Amn. vessel was bound to Lima, a Royal Province, and therefore no more liable to be seized for the want of sea letter, than if bound to Cadiz or the Havannah. Nor can any pretext be drawn from the light in which the U.S. have latterly placed the Contest between old Spain & Spanish America: for if that could have the effect of requiring sea letters, the evidence of the ground taken by us, could not have been known at, or rather was long subsequent to the date, of the seizure in question. If your correspondence with Onis on this subject shd. pledge him to second our demands on the Spanish authorities in Chile or Peru, it will be worth while to send a frigate with them, and the experiment may perhaps be due to the case, even if he should not favor it. I leave the decision with yourselves; unless you doubt & there be time for further communication with me. Will it not be proper, if a Frigate be sent to that Quarter, to let her visit the mouth of Columbia, as belonging to the U.S., but with instructions to avoid using force in any way unless in that of defence? Bagot might be sounded, and at any rate apprized of the measure if adopted. I take for granted that whatever may pass with Onis on this occasion, or be done without him, will be added to your communications for Madrid. Who would be the fittest agent to go in a Frigate? Wd. Poinsett go? or wd. he be objectionable on the score of prejudices agst. his former appearance in that quarter?\nI wish, before a separation at Washington takes place, that the critical state of our affairs with Spain may undergo a liberal consultation. Little more is wanting, if there be not enough already, to call for some final explanation from her. Cordial regards\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5231", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nathan Sanford, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Sanford, Nathan\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nNew York 29th. June 1816.\nJames W. Lent Esquire, is about to visit Washington; and he desires to be introduced to the President of the United States. I accordingly beg leave to present him, in this manner. Mr. Lent, is an old inhabitant of this City; he has always, sustained a pure and excellent character; he is in politics, a Republican; and he enjoys the esteem and respect of his fellow citizens. I have the honor to be With the highest respect Sir Your most obedient servant\nNathan Sanford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5232", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nThe inclosed report gives you the result of our consultation on the Resolution of the 29. of April 1816. I entertained a doubt, for a moment, upon the power of the Treasury to make a discrimination in the terms of paying different descriptions of public debt and duties. I am satisfied, however, upon reflection, that the arrangment is indispensable for the accommodation of the country; and as the rule is a general one, applying to the kind of debt, and not to the person of the debtor, I perceive no breach of law, or of impartiality. As soon as the papers are returned to me with your opinion, I will act upon them. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Serv\nA.J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5233", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander James Dallas, 30 June 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\nDear Sir\nMontpelier June 30. 1816\nI return the papers inclosed in yours of the 27th. Concurring in the opinion of the Comptroller founded on his statement of the Case of the Schooner Mary. Still, I do not think a pardon proper. I am not sure that it would be correct to decide the question of a remission under the Act of Congs. which I believe submits it exclusively to the Treasury Dept. The case may therefore lie over for future decision, or a non remittitur may be entered as you think proper. The nature of the case, the opinion of the Comptroller, and the refusal to pardon, would doubtless protect the latter alternative agst. suggestions of indelicacy; if that be the only consideration to be weighed.\nI have written to Mr. Monroe on the subject of both Algerine & Spanish misconduct. There is more to be said in excuse of the Dey, than of Ferdinand; altho it may be fairly suspected that there has been a Collusion between them. If the Brig was surrendered gratis, it was a gross breach not only of friendship, but of a special promise to mitigate, instead of augmenting the difficulty between the U.S. & Algiers. If a price was paid by Algiers, it was an acknowlegement on both sides, that the capture by us was lawful. I have written to the Secy. of State also on the subject of the Whaling vessel, as you will have learned from himself. Our affairs with Spain generally are as you observe taking a very critical shape.\nI have not yet recd. the Dispatch from Mr. Harris. A dispute with Russia of any sort, would be a very disagreeable incident, especially at this moment. But having right on our side, we may hope for a favorable result to amicable explanations, or these failing, must sustain the national character for which the Govt. is responsible. If the Emperor has taken any hasty & harsh step towards Mr. Harris who personally stood so well with him, it must have been the effect of shameful misrepresentations to him, such as may reasonably be expected to recoil on the authors\nGardner\u2019s resignation has produced as you will see an application from Govr. Plumer in behalf of his son. Other Candidates may be looked for, having possibly superior pretensions, but I have on other occasions heard a very favorable acct. of the talents and amicable qualities of this young man.\nI shall direct this to be forwardd. to Philada. in the probable event of your having left Washington. Accept my esteem & cordial regards\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5234", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Sterry, 30 June 1816\nFrom: Sterry, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nAmerican Consulate La Rochelle June 30. 1816\nThe return of Mr. Lee to the United States, presenting a Consular vacancy in France, will you permit me to present myself as a candidate for it. But thirteen Sail of american vessels have arrived at Rochelle, during the last twelve months and my Consular fees can in no case amount to more than two hundred & twenty five dollars per annum.\nPrevious to his departure for the U.S. Mr. Lee informed me that the Secretary of State had approved of Mr. Strobel as his agent at Bourdeaux: Should Mr. Strobel eventually be appointed to that Place, I should be gratified with Nantz, provided I cannot have Marseilles. Situated on the Mediteranean Sea, visited by all nations nearer to Italy & in a fruitful Climate, Marseilles offers greater opportunities both for pleasure and improvement than perhaps any other port of France.\nThe desire of wealth was not with me a first object in endeavouring to obtain a residence abroad, But a desire to improve, to acquire a knowledge of the modern languages and become acquainted with men, Customs & manners. The leisure time which my present consulate affords, we shall devote to travelling. My duties here however small, will be punctually performed by a faithful agent. The rank of Consul is of great advantage to me in so much as it places me under the protection of Government. And Sir whatever may be my fate I shall always be grateful for favors recieved & ever remain, most devotedly & thankfully your obedt. & humbl. Servt.\nRobert Sterrylate Major U.S.A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5235", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Reuben G. Beasley, July 1816\nFrom: Beasley, Reuben G.\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nJuly-September 1816\nI am now before you, and as I understand among a number of others, an applicant for the Consulate at Bordeaux. The circumstances of there being so many applicants I regret on your account as well as my own. It is fair to presume in such cases, that there may be some whose claims & qualifications are similar, and consequently it must some times be embarrassing and often unpleasant to decide. For myself, I regret being in company where there is even a chance of so placing you, and had I conceived such a case likely to occur before I crossed the Atlantic important as the object had become to me I should not perhaps have placed myself in this situation. As these sentiments may appear inconsistent with the earnestness which may have been manifested since my arrival they involve the necessity of an allusion to some painful circumstances in laying my case before you. In the summer of 1810 while in Hamburg attending to the concerns of W. & J. Bell & Co. of London & Petersburg Va: of which house I was a partner, Genl. Armstrong learning that the interest of our Merchants required an Agent in Sweden applied to me to go there; my business prevented the acceptance of this trust . In the Autumn of the Same year I was called to England by the death of my partner which had thrown our affairs into confusion. The partnership the ensuing Spring was dissolved; but although our losses had been many and very great it appeared there would be a considerable surplus after paying all our debts. The liquidation of our concerns in London was under my direction, those of Petersburg under that of Mr. John Bell.\nIn this situation I was applied to on the death of Genl. Lyman by Mr. Smith our new Charg\u00e9 d\u2019affaires at London to know if I would accept the appointment of Consul, and as my private affairs occupied very little of my time, they being managed by Clerks who had been long in the house, I accepted the appointment.\nYou may remember that a great portion of the trade of Great Britain had for some time previous to that period, been carried on by forgery, & perjury. In defeating abuses as far as they affected the rights of American Citizens or infringed the laws of the U. States I soon became an object of hatred to Many of the Merchants & Masters of Vessels. You were pleased to keep me in the performance of my trust until war came. You were then pleased to signify to Mr. Russell, letter you sent him to stay, to appoint me or some other fit person Agent for Prisoners. This circumstance was extremely gratifying to me & I considered it a mark of your approbation of my past conduct. I entered upon the duties of Agent for Prisoners with the same zeal yt. I had done on those of Consul, but I soon found the labours & the responsibility of the situation infinitely beyond any thing I had expected. I exerted my self the more, but had not the good fortune to give satisfaction to all. Indeed, it was not to be expected situated as those I was appointed to serve & myself were. I have reason, however, to believe that the most respectable and best informed of my Countrymen, who have had an opportunity of judging, approve of my conduct. It is known to you sir that the situation of things imposed on me the performance of other duties besides those which related to the Prisoners, among them that of corresponding with all our Agents in Europe. At the termination of the war you were pleased to appoint me Consul at Gibraltar, which as a mark of your approbation could not but be pleasing. The situation of Consul at London would have been more acceptable to me having business there & having looked to it at the end of the war. My private affairs which I had previously had reason to believe were in a prosperous state were afterwards proved to be otherwise. As had been agreed upon between Mr. John Bell & myself I had discharged the claims in England, but large demands unexpectedly coming from this side against me on account the house I was compelled to surrender all my own property.\nThus, Sir, was I plunged from affluence to the most dependent situation. I have been more than four years in the public service. In the discharge of my duty it has been my misfortune to incur the ill will of many who will now have it in their power, from the nature of their pursuits & of mine, to injure me materially. I mean masters of Vessels, whose dispositions in general are not the most forgiving. These I say may now indulge any angry feeling with effect. They are constantly moving about, and as the success of a Commission Merchant depends entirely on his good name, they are the worst enemies he can have.\nMrs. Beasley is a native of Bordeaux. Her health was so much injured by the Climate of England that I could not permit her to remain there another winter.\nI hope, Sir, you will excuse me for troubling you with a recital of these facts which I could not well avoid in laying my case before you. I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, your most obedient humble Servant\nR G B\nP. S. I have adopted this direct mode of addressing you having been told by Mr. Monroe that my case was now before you with many others.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5236", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, July 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nca. July 1816\nUpon reflection, I think it best to proceed with the Circular to the State Banks, and to issue the Notes, for the payment of the Treasury Notes, which are due in New-York. I ought not to anticipate a failure in the revenue, by the delinquency of the merchants; nor can I perceive any power in the Treasury Department to interfere for their relief. The case is not at all, like the case of a dispersion of the Citizens by pestilence; when the exercise of a reasonable discretion, to suspend the collection of duties, might be excused. The question, at present, arises on the power to suspend the collection of the duties, in a particular city, to Save the Merchants, who have over-traded, from a sacrafice of property. Congress might deem it expedient to grant such a power, but certainly it does not exist; and, indeed, the only instances of legislative interposition, are those, where a particular district has suffered from Storms, or conflagrations. Whatever should be done for New-York, would Soon be claimed for every other place, to the total Sequestration of the revenues of the Treasury.\nThe Act of the 27. of April 1816 provides for laying out a road from Shawnee town to the U S. Saline and to Kaskaskia, in the Illinois territory; and I inclose a recommendation of Commissioners to be appointed for the Service. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, yr. obed Servt.\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5238", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\nJuly 1816\nThe high standing of Genl. Gaines strengthens his title to all the testimony he calls for, as far as it be attainable. Measures may be taken by the War Dept. for the attendance of the Witnesses named, subject to the conditions of practicability in point of time & distance, and to the demands of the public service in the judgment of military commanders. The probable duration of the Court Marshall at Nashville, compared with that at N. York, & the distance of N. O. compared with the latter, will of course enter into consideration.\nJ. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5240", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 1 July 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nNavy Department, July 1st. 1816.\nI have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 25th ultimo.\nA consultation has been held with Colonel Monroe and the other Secretaries, who concur with me in opinion, that the U.S. Naval Force now within the Straits of Gibraltar, is amply sufficient to protect us against the Dey of Algiers, or, if requisite, to chastise his injustice.\nInstructions will, therefore, be sent to Commodore Chauncey, authorising him to retain so much of the Force under his command as he shall think the circumstances of the case will justify, and to send to the United States such vessels as he may judge unnecessary; his discretion may, it is believed, be safely trusted, but any change can be made to meet your wishes.\nThe Brig Spark, Captain Nicholson, is now at New York, ready for Sea, and the Secretary of State has been informed that she will wait for any Despatches, that you, or he, may be pleased to send by her.\nThe Frigate Macedonian will, I trust, soon arrive from Carthagena, and can perform any service that you may require. A further extension of the Naval Service will, however, necessarily absorb the Appropriations made by Congress, and render an application for an additional sum indispensable.\nI have it in contemplation to proceed, this week, towards the North, for the purpose of visiting my family; but the business of the Department is so well arranged, that no inconvenience will, I hope, arise.\nMr. Homans will immediately transmit to me any important Communications, which can be as well acted upon there as here. I have the honour to be, With the highest respect, Dear Sir, Your most Obedt. Servant,\nB.W. Crowninshield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5241", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Rhea, 1 July 1816\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nNashville 1 July 1816\nI have here had the honor receiving Your letter of the first of last month, it having been sent on pursuant to Your direction. Previous to setting out from Blountville for Nashville, I addressed a letter to You stating that having seen a publication in the nati Intel. in which my name as a commissioner to superintend subscriptions for the Bank of the United States was mentioned, I was about to set out for this place--that letter I hope You have received. It was then my opinion that a letter of information would be directed by the treasury Dept to the commissioners here--I have had no other information on that subject except what appeared in the Nat Intel--and that which You have been pleased to write to me. This day a book was here opened by the commissioners to take Subscrips.\nBelieving You would, as usual, be involved in a multiplici of business, I little expected You would have wrote in answer to my letter of the 24th. of November last--but You have written and I read Your letter with most Gratefull sensations.\nFrom the war Dept I have here received a communication informing that You have selected General Coffee, Mr. McKee and me, to be commissioners to inquire into and to decide definitively upon claims set up by the Choctaw Nation \u201cto a part of the land supposed to have been ceded to the United States by the treaty concluded with the Creek Indians at Fort Jackson in the Year 1814\u201d and containing instructions relative to that subject. To the business with the Choctaw tribe of Indians, I hope to be able to attend--but the letter from the War Dept. not being received at Blountville, and not expecting to proceed further than Nashville, I left Blountville prepared only to come here--and a stage in which the mail is carried having commenced runing from Knoxville to Nashville, I came here in the stage. I may however, after the business of the Bank is done here have time to return to east Tennessee and get my horse and some other things before my attendance at the Choctaws be necessary. The letter from the War Dept bears dates on the twentieth day of may last, and had time to have been received at Blountville, if it had not been some how delayed.\nYour instructions respecting the national policy that ought to govern transactions with our Savage Neighbors, and the instructions contained in the letter from the War Department, relative to the proposed negotiations with the Choctaw tribe, will be carefully and diligently attended to by me, provided it be in my power to be at the place and I trust it will--I am the more excited to do the duty assign\u2019d to me, with the Choctaw tribe, being assured that my being selected to that duty proceeded from Your friendship. Every thing in my power will be done to carry Your views of the subject into effect. I have here seen and conversed with Genl. Jackson and Genl. Coffee.\nIt is not pleasant to me but it might be improper to refrain to write to You, that the late treaty, made at the City of Washington with Chiefs of the Cherokee tribe of Indians, whereby a large tract of Country included within the lines of the lands ceded to the United States by the treaty made with the Creeks at Fort Jackson, is surrendered or given to the Cherokee, is not well received by any person I have heard speaking of it. That treaty appears to be generally disliked in Tennessee--but I have the pleasure to observe that I have heard not one speaking disrespectfully of You on that subject. Many people are said to have settled on the land. A settlement of Citizens of the United States on the lands ceded by the Creeks pursuant to the treaty made with them at Fort Jackson, would have united the settlements of Tennessee with those at and near Mobile--would have placed the Chickasaws and Choctaws on one side and the Cherokees and Creeks on the other; and in case of future war on the southern or florida frontier would have afforded a convenient passage for troops from Tennessee to the place of War. It would have deprived the Northern Indians, if hostile, of communicating with the Cherokees and Creeks, and the friendly Chickasaws would have prevented the approach of hostile Northern Indians to the Choctaws. The lands are said to be of great value. There is a report here that the Cherokees and Creeks have agreed to have their lands in common, but whether certainly so I know not. If so You will hear it. The blood of Tennessee was poured out in subduing the hostile Creeks, and Citizens of Tennessee are not content that lands ceded to the Creeks in consequence of that war are given to the Cherokees. Taking these considerations into view, and well knowing Your desire to promote the happiness and peace of Tennessee, I hope that You will direct, if You think proper so to do, such measures as will cause or bring about a revision of that treaty with the Cherokees. Excited by a pure and friendly motive, I have taken the liberty to write of these things to You, and I trust You will consider and believe that what I have written hath proceeded from the sincere esteem and respect I have for You. I am the more influenced to write to You of these things because under Your administration, the United States have obtained a Grand National Character, having victoriously had a second war with Great Britain, and are now crowned with Glory and honor and blessed with peace. The states generally are at rest and quiet. Tennessee desires to be at rest, and to be secure from troublesome neighbors, who have for many years past afflicted and murdered the citizens. The people of Tennessee have firmly and decidedly supported and maintained Your administration, and now when the period of that administration is approaching to an end, I am not willing that they shall have any reason to suppose that their interests have been passed over or that any diminution of their esteem and admiration? for that administration shall be. At Your farm, which You were about to visit You probably will receive this letter; there and at every other place I sincerely wish to You the realization of every happiness. I have the honor to be with true esteem and respect Your obt. servt.\nJohn Rhea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5242", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Paulding, Jr., 1 July 1816\nFrom: Paulding, William, Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\nNew York 1st. July 1816\nThe death of Genl. Smith having caused a vacancy in the Office of Marshall of the Southern District of New York We do respectfully recommend Roger Strong Esqr. for that Office\nWm. Paulding, junr.\nCharles Baldwin\nWm. Irving\nGrove Wright\nOgden Coward", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5243", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 2 July 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nDepartment of War, July 2d. 1816.\nI have the honor to inclose the report of lieut. Gadsden, upon the fortifications necessary to be constructed for the defence of Mobile and New-Orleans, which has been approved by general Swift. The maps accompanying Latour\u2019s history of the campaign in Louisiana, will be useful in forming a general opinion upon this report, which appears to be sensible and judicious. The alterations and repair of fort St. Phillippe, and of St. John, recommended by this report, I presume, may be commenced as soon as the necessary materials can be obtained; as it will not interfere with the determination to commence no new work of importance, until the foreign Engineer can be obtained. I have the honor to be Your most obedt. & very humble servant,\nWm. H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5244", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 2 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir \nMontpelier July 2. 1816\nI have recd. yours of the 29th. Ult: and return the letters from Mr. Adams & the communications from Mr. Harris.\nThe step taken by the Emperor is an extraordinary one; Being produced by no pretended misconduct in the Amn. functionary, it is levelled at the relations between the two Countries, and would justify more than it is the disposition of this, to do on the occasion. Without knowing more than appears to have been known of the merits of the case, and deriving what was known altogether from a one sided statement, the interdict to our Charge d\u2019affairs, equivalent to a suspension of his functions, was to say the least a very harsh and premature resort. And there may be the more difficulty in correcting it, as there is mingled with the proceeding an erroneous view of the privileges of Consuls, which the remarks of Mr. Harris, tho containing good sense & good stuff in general, were not calculated to impair. Like all our Consuls, he mounts that class of functionaries above the rank & the rights legally belonging to them.\nThe course you suggest on our part, is the proper one. We must verify the facts as they really bear on Kuzloff; and satisfy the Emperor of his misdemeanor, of the misrepresentations of Daschkoff, and of the justice and delicacy observed by the Govt. here. The occasion will bring into view, the scandalous conduct of Estaphieve, & our forbearance in relation to that officer. The mode of collecting evidence agst. Kuzloff, may be concerted with Mr. Rush, and committed to Mr. Ingersol. It may perhaps be best so to frame the notification for the Consul, as not necessarily to invite or presume his becoming a party to the examinations, at the same time that it afforded him an opportunity for his doing so.\nWhether a special Messenger ought to be immediately sent, or it be best to await communications from Mr. Harris subsequent to his receipt of your explanations already sent him, may be a question. You will decide it, according to your estimate of the time likely to elapse before we shall hear from him, the effect that may be expected from those explanations, and the importance of the additional facts or proofs, attainable by the researches to be set on foot. If the question be doubtful, we ought to lean to the safer side of sending a messenger, considering the manifest expediency of conciliating Russia, by all the means, compatible with the respect due to our own Country & its Government.\nThe first person you name for this service would not I am confident, chuse it; nor would his relation to me well permit it. If Mr. E. Coles would like such a trip, no similar objection would lie, and I should be glad of the opportunity of gratifying him. Let me know the moment the measure is decided on, and I ascertain his inclinations, which I expect an early opportunity of doing. To Capt: Biddle, there can be no objection; unless it be thought more consonant with the occasion, to employ a civil than a military messenger. It is not very probable that the distinction would be adverted to at St. Petersburg. Cordial respects \nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5245", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Graham, 2 July 1816\nFrom: Graham, George\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nDepartment of War, July 2d. 1816.\nI have the honor to inclose the report of Lieut. Gadsden upon the Fortifications necessary to be constructed for the defence of Mobile and New Orleans, which has been approved by General Swift. The Maps accompanying Latour\u2019s history of the Campaign in Louisiana, will be useful in forming a general opinion upon this report, which appears to be sensible and judicious. The alterations and repair of Fort St. Phillippe and of St. John, recommended by this report, I presume, may be commenced as soon as the necessary materials can be obtained; as it will not interfere with the determination to commence no new work of importance until the foreign Engineer can be obtained.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5246", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 3 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nWashington July 3. 1816\nThe minister of France intending himself the honor of paying his respects to you at your residence in Virginia, I have taken the liberty to assure him of the pleasure it would afford you to receive him. He expects to set out this evening, & I avail myself of the opportunity of assuring you of the high consideration with which I have the honor to be your very obt. servant\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5248", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Forrest, 4 July 1816\nFrom: Forrest, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\n1 oclock July 4. 1816\nHaving let my two Houses to Mr. De Neuville, and stipulated to furnish him with a Carriage House and Stable, which I am afraid I shall not be able to get ready by the time promised, and as he has agreed to receive one at a reasonable distance during the approaching winter, I have thought it might be possible to obtain the one formerly used by Mr. Jefferson for that purpose. It is now entirely unoccupied. I will give any rent that may be asked for it until mine can be got ready.\nPray do me the favor to let me know your pleasure on this subject. In great has I remain yours most sincerely\nRd. Forrest\nI have just returned from the House of Represents. and heard a most admerable oration delivered by young Mr. Lear.\nThe French Minister left this Place in the Steam Boat yesterday for Montpelier\nThe Capitol was crowded to overflowing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5249", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Burtchell, 4 July 1816\nFrom: Burtchell, William\nTo: Madison, James\nSir.\nPhiladelphia july 4th. 1816.\n A young man--a stranger--an Emigrant, ventures to intrude himself upon the notice of the President of the United States; and full of apprehension that my conduct may appear like youthful presumption, I deem it safer to throw myself upon your clemency than to offer any appology for my temerity.\nPeculiar infelicity, obliged me to exile myself from my native country, and being now in a strange land without recommendation or friends, to no one but the first personage in America can I humble myself So low, as to reveal either my indigence or my feelings: yet, if I could subsist on the dust of the Earth removed from the view of my fellow creatures, or if my blood would defray the expenses of aliment, I would waste it drop by drop, sooner than make an application to any human being; but I have no resource, and \u2019tis the peculiarity of my fate, to feel misfortune with all the poignancy that an unhappy, too sensitive disposition can impart to it.\nCould I obtain one of the lowest commisions in the army or navy of the American union, or indeed any employment I would be satisfied; and every exertion that my frame would permit would be made to evince a sense of gratefulness. On any enterprise to any climate I would go most willingly; for I only dread one evil, the poverty that is at present environing me.\nI am only in my twenty seccond year and I may truly say, that my past life has been an age of unhappiness. No prospects open to me in futurity but such as are dark & cheerless. Oh would it not be both christian charity & deistical philanthropy to raise a youth of unimpeachable character from the lethargy of despondency from the verry depth of mental misery: to plant hope in his bosom and to make existence desirable, to disipate the gloom of his mind and to make the creation appear to him, as it did in his boyish days, beautiful grand and wonderful.\nThat the feelings of the unfortunate are is universally acknowledged; therefore I wish this letter to be destroyed after a perusal. I have expressed myself with the sincerity of a mind that in the energy of despair, despises the sneer of unfeeling ridicule. Long has the name of Madison been familiar to my memory but \u2019tis now in the power of its possessor to engrave on the heart of\nWm. Burtchell\nP.S. An answer to to this (even if unfavorable) will be thankfully received, for it will end the lingering of suspence. You will have the goodness to direct--64 North fifth Phl.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5250", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander James Dallas, 4 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\nDear Sir. \nMont Pelier July 4. 1816.\nI have received yours of the 29th. of June, with the several papers sent with it.\nUnder the difficult circumstances of the currency, and the obligation to attempt a remedy or at least an alleviation of them, the place you have in view is entitled to a fair experiment. You do right however in reserving a discretion to judge of the sufficientcy of accessions by the State Banks. Should there be a single State, in which a failure of its Banks to accede, should reduce the people to the necessity of paying their taxes in coin or, treasury notes, or a bank paper out of their reach, the pressure and complaint would be intense, and the more so from the inequality with which the measure would operate.\nCan the Suspension of payments in coin by the principal Banks be regarded as the precise cause of the undue depreciation of treasury notes, as intimated in the 3d. parragraph of your circular? A slight modification, if you think it requisite, would obviate the remark.\nAs your statement to the President will remain an Official document, I suggest for your consideration, the expression that the Treasury \"cannot discriminate in the mode of payment between the revenue of customs, and the internal revenue\" as liable to be turned against the distinction proposed in the payment of them.\nWith respect to the validity of this distinction, I should yeild my doubts if they were stronger than they are, to the unanimous opinion which has sanctioned it.\nI anxiously wish that the State Banks may enter promptly and heartily into the means of reestablishing the proper currency. Nothing but their general co-operation, is wanting for the purpose; and they owe it to their own character, and ultimately to their own interest, as much as they do to the immediate and vital interests of the nation. Should they sacrifice all these powerful obligations to the unfair gain of the moment, it must remain with the State legislatures to apply the remedy in their hands; and it is to be hoped that they will not be diverted from it either by their share in the gains of the Banks, or the influence of the Banks on their deliberations. If they will not enforce the obligations of the Banks to redeem their notes in Specie, they cannot Surely forbear to enforce the alternatives of redeeming them with public Stock, or with National Bank notes, or finally of paying interest on all their notes presented for payment. The expedient also of restricting their circulating paper in a reasonable proportion to their metallic fund, may merit attention, as at once aiding the credit of their paper, and accelerating a resumption of Specie payments.\nI enclose the papers A. B. & C to guard against the possibility, that you may not have copies of them with you. Accept my esteem & cordial respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5251", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Lane, 5 July 1816\nFrom: Lane, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nWashington July 5, 1816\nMr. Hassler, the gentleman employed in collecting Mathematical Instruments, has called on me with his plans and drawings of an Observatory proposed to be erected at this place. He has likewise pointed out the scite which he has, after much consideration, selected as the most eligible for that purpose, and explained the reasons which determined his choice. These appear satisfactory to me and indeed conclusive. He has fixed upon square No. 634, lying about 200 yards North of the Capitol, the one on which General Washingston\u2019s house stood. The whole of this square he says will be necessary for his operations, and to prevent the erection of private buildings which might intercept the horizon, and suggests the expediency of having it secured immediately.\nMr. Hassler is anxious that a decision on this point may be had as soon as is convenient. It is at his particular request I now write. If my agency can be of any service in forwarding the contemplated object it will afford me pleasure, only requesting specific instructions for the regulation of my conduct. With great respect and consideration I am Sir your obedient Servant\nSaml. Lane\nCommissr. P. Buildings", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5252", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 5 July 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nTreasury Department. 5. July 1816.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President, a copy of his letter to the Auditor of the Treasury, respecting the settlement of Mr. Hassler\u2019s accounts, which will require the President\u2019s approbation.\nA.J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5253", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 6 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington July 6. 1816\nYour letter with Mr Harris\u2019s respecting Mr Kosloff has been receivd, and will be duly attended to. I have written to Mr Ingersol to obtain a correct copy of every measure which was taken in the affair then, & Mr Rush has given him hints in a private letter, which will aid him in the details. I find that the evidence, in the proceeding, will operate more against the consul than I had supposed, and less in favor of the candour & fair dealing of the minister, than he is perhaps aware of. No further proof will be necessary. I shall make out a complete copy & forward it, to Mr Harris, by a special messenger, Mr Coles, if he consents on your offering it to him.\nMr Bagot has recd. a power to arrange the fishing, on the coast of the British provinces. He informs me, that in consequence of some great irregularity & violent conduct of the fishermen there, towards the inhabitants the govr. at Halifax had given orders to remove them, from within a marine league of the shore, but that he (Mr B.) will request him to revoke his order, on the hope of making an arrangement here. I shall see him to day, & apprize to morrow of what passes. Very respectfully & sincerely yours\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5254", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Lawrence, 6 July 1816\nFrom: Lawrence, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nNew York July 6th. 1816\nIn the interval that has elapsed since the death of my late father in law Genl. John Smith decd., during the whole of which I have been absent from this City, my friends have proposed me as a Candidate for the office of marshal of this District, vacated by his decease. In doing so, they appear to have contented themselves with simply mentioning my name to the Secretary of State, without supporting their wishes by the recommendatory testimonials usually resorted to, and so easily obtained in a City like ours, whatever may be the merits of the applicant. And this course, they have been pleased to say, seemed the more proper, because they supposed that my late character of Secretary of the Legation to Sweden had given the Government a sufficient knowledge of me, and because my nomination and election as Representative in the Legislature of this State, a few days after arriving from Europe, was, in their opinion, an ample pledge of the estimation of my republican fellow Citizens.\nIf, in thus acting, erroneous opinions were pursued, it is now perhaps too late to apply a corrective; as public report has stated that an appointment to the vacant office will immediately ensue. I must therefore address myself, in this way, to the favour you have manifested to me on a former occasion; and observe, that if it should comport with your feelings and views to appoint me to the vacant place, the gift will be highly agreeable to the family of the deceased, and gratefully acknowledged as of substantial advantage to myself.\nI must entreat your indulgence for this liberty, which is urged upon me by the circumstances of the case, & by a proper regard to the dispatch which my absence from the City has now made necessary. I have the honour to be Sir, Your Obedient and Obliged Servant,\nJno. L. Lawrence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5255", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Jennings, 6 July 1816\nFrom: Jennings, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\nSir.\nCharleston I.T. July 6th. 1816\nI am directed to forward to you, the enclosed ordinance, lately ordained by the Convention of Indiana, which is conformable to the provisions of an act of Congress entitled \"An act to enable the people of the Indiana Territory, to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union, on an equal footing with the original States\".\nWith sentiments of very great respect I have the honour to be, Yours obediently\nJonathan Jennings", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5256", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 6 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nDear Sir \nMontpelier July 6 1816\nI have recd. yours of -- I regret that you could not gratify my hopes of the pleasure of a visit before your departure for Salem. Should your return to Washington afford an oppy. before the date of mine, perhaps the loss may be repaired.\nOn our landing from the Boat of the Washington, I ask\u2019d the favor of you to offer on my account some pecuniary present to the Rowers. I did not fail to give instructions for ascertaining and re-placing the advance. I have learnt within a few days only, that this was not done. Be so obliging as to intimate without delay the precise sum which was recd. from you, keeping in mind, that I make a point, of considering the gratuity to the seamen, as entirely & exclusively my own. Accept Dr. Sir, assurances of my esteem and of my best wishes.\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5257", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, 6 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\nDear Sir\nMontpelier July 6. 1816\nThe limited prosecution of the plan of Lt. Gadsden, which you suggest may be proper. A general system of works on which the permanent security of N.O. is to depend, and which will probably call for a million of dollars, ought not to be hastily adopted at a moment as little threatening as the present. The observations of the young Engineer indicate good sense; but it may well be supposed that the errors he points out in his predecessors, do not exceed some which would be noted in his views, by an Engineer as much beyond him in experience, as he is in science beyond those whom he criticizes. We ought at least to have the sanction of the highest skill the Country possesses, for so great and so expensive an undertaking, and that if practicable aided by personal examination on the spot. I return the report of Lt. G. Accept my friendly respects and best wishes.\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5258", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 7 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington July 7. 1816\nI had an interview with Mr Bagot yesterday on the subject of the fisheries. He proposes, to allot for our use, a certain tract on the Labrador shore, lying between Mt. Joli & the strait of Belle Isle, the Esquimaux bay, a distance of more than 150 miles, being between 2. and 3. degrees. Ships which descend the St. Lawrence pass, generally, I believe, thro this strait by Mt. Joli. His idea is, to stipulate this right to us, and to preclude us, from curing & drying fish, in any other part, of the British provinces, or fishing, within the marine league of the shore. I am inclind to think that he will agree to such a form of stipulation, as will not presume a concession of the right, under the treaty of 1783., in consequence of the late war; tho\u2019 we did not enter into any precise explanation on that point, it being unnecessary to do it, untill I had ascertaind the value of the coast offerd. We parted, to afford me an opportunity, to acquire that knowledge, to obtain which I communicated with Mr Homans, and have likewise written to Mr. Crowninshield. Mr Homans knew little himself, but will apply to those who are better acquainted, for the desird information. I do not know that Mr Bagot will extend the accomodation farther, or that he possesses the power. His manner is candid; he wishes to put nothing on paper, to irritate; to agree, if we can, and in that case, in the simplest & most concise form; and if we cannot, to let the affair rest, as if nothing had been done.\nTwo modes occur by which the arrangment may be made, without injury to our right. 1st. the obvious one of stating by preamble, that a difference of opinion existing on that point, to obviate which, it is agreed that each party shall retain its right, but inasmuch as G Britain is desirous of extending to the citizens of the U States, the advantage which they have heretofore enjoyd of fishing &ca., in a manner not to injure &ca., and the U States are equally desirous to enter into such an arrangment as will prevent such injury, it is therefore agreed &ca. 2d. To state, that it appearing, that the use of those shores for curing & drying fish by the citizens of the U States, had done injury to &ca., by interfering with the inhabitants, and by favoring contraband &ca., to prevent, which it was agreed &ca. I shall be glad to know in what mode, you think, this arrangment, if any is made, had better be enterd into, and that you would be so kind, if you have leisure, to sketch on paper the form of an article. I fear that 10. days will elapse before I can hope for an answer from Mr Crowninshield.\nMr Bagot informd me that he had a power to arrange the naval force on the Lakes, which we would enter on, after the other should be concluded. On this subject I shall wish your sentiments and direction. I have written fully to Mr Adams, heretofore, letters which you approvd; but it is probable that some ideas may have occurrd to you since on it.\nThe affair of the consul, with Russia; instruction to Mr Shaler, founded on the communication with Mr. Onis, respecting the algerine brig; and the instruction to Mr Erving on the same subject, with this business with Mr Bagot, will I fear keep me here, a considerable time. I do not see how I can get off, till the whole is concluded, and have no hope of that, in less than a fortnight, if so soon. Very respectfully and sincerely yours\nJas Monroe\nThe enclosed letter from Mr. Adams, goes to many points to which the attention was naturally, drawn by the expedn. & arrangments of Ld. Exmouth, in the Mediteranean. Altho\u2019 I do not think that the Bh. Minister has, removd, all cause for suspicion, that the practice of the dey, is countenancd & sustaind, by his govt., it is gratifying to see that it will not interfere with our operations there.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5259", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 7 July 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir.\nOn the day of my departure from Washington, the Heads of Departments assembled at Mr. Monroe\u2019s office, and considered all the subjects, which you had referred to them. Mr. Monroe will communicate the result to you; together with a statement of the measures suggested, in relation to Mr. Kusloff\u2019s case.\nThere is no business to trouble you with, from the Treasury; and there is neither foreign, nor domestic, intelligence beyond the articles to be found in the Newspapers. The subscription to the National Bank proceeds slowly, but steadily. There is perfect confidence, that it will exceed the amount of the capital, before the twenty days have expired. The New-England Federalists will subscribe freely; and they have already dispatched an Agent to Philadelphia, to negotiate for the election of Mr. James Lloyd, as the President of the Bank. Mr. Willing declines; and Mr. Jones\u2019s pecuniary situation, seems to present a serious difficulty, in the way of his advancement. If, however, the southern and western interests support him, I think his success probable. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Serv.\nA.J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5260", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Edward Coles, 7 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Coles, Edward\nConfidential\nDear Sir \nMontpelier July 7. 1816\nCircumstances have arisen which make it expedient to forward communications to St. Petersburg by a special hand. Would the trip be agreeable to you? You probably know the allowance usual on such occasions. It is I believe $6 a day; the outward & return passage provided by the public; the expences on shore borne by the party himself. Unless a direct opportunity can be promptly found; it is probable that the course will be via England. Should you think favorably of the proposition, it may be well to ascertain by letter to Mr. Monroe who is still at Washington, all the particulars which may be interesting to you; among others the precise amount of the allowance, and the probable time when your departure will be required. Whether your decision be in the affirmative or negative, be so good as to let me know it as soon as you can. Accept my cordial regards\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5261", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 8 July 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir.\nThe Act of the 30. of April 1816 appropriates 250,000 Dollars for Custom-House establishments. It will, probably, be a sum sufficient for the five principal commercial Cities; but I have not received satisfactory information from any Collector, but the Collector of Boston, upon whose report I now transmit to you an official statement, which you will be so good as to return with your directions subjoined.\nThis opportunity is taken to place before you the reccommendations for Mr. Plumer and Mr. Wentworth, as Candidates for the vacant Loan Office. I do not hear of any other name; and, on the whole, I think the weight of reccommendation is in favor of Mr. Plumer. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Serv.\nA.J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5262", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 8 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington July 8. 1816\nThe business with Mr Bagot being suspended, & that with Algiers an acct of the Deys letter which I have sent first to New York, & in case of seizure there, to Mr Crowninshield for translation, & that with Russia in the same state, till I get an answer from Mr Ingersol, I shall take a trip for a few days to Loudoun, to look to my harvest, & to my health.\nMr Hughes has returnd. His communication will be forwarded to day. With great respect & esteem\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5265", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 9 July 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir.\nWar Department 9th. July 1816\nNothing has been heard from Genl Meriwether or Mr Franklin, upon the subject of their appointments to treat with the Chickasaws. Should either of them decline it will be necessary to make another selection immediately. I would respectfully recommend Mr. Sharpe to fill the vacancy should that happen. It seems that he did not receive his appointment to treat with the Indians on the Wabash until after the day upon which the treaty was to commence, & of course did not attend. It will probably be acceptable to the feelings of the state that one of their Citizens should be employed in the negociation which may be important to the interest of that state.\nDr. Watkins Hospital Surgeon at Baltimore is now here, & has remonstrated against the appointment, or employment of Dr. Pinckney at Annopolis. He states that Colo. Mitchell believes it would be highly impolitic to employ him & would not fail to produce much irritation in the Republican ranks in that place. It seems he was appointed in the medical staff of a militia regiment during the war, & refused to march when the regiment was ordered to Baltimore. Under these circumstances I have determined not to interfere in the case, until further information is obtained.\nThe situation of Mrs. Crawford and the infant is such as to admit of my leaving them; I shall consequently set out this evening or tomorrow for the State of Georgia, & shall endeavor to be back again in the month of August. As soon as I arrive at my residence in that State I will inform you of my intentions in relation to the vacancy contemplated in the Cabinet. The serious opposition made to the election of Mr. Clay, may render an early communication of your intentions in relation to him, an object of some importance. It will at least give him an opportunity of withdrawing from the contest, if a defeat is anticipated. I understand from Mr. Lowndes who is now here, that Mr Clay\u2019s friends believe that his election depends upon his being supported by the political friends of Mr. Pope. If this should be correct, his case is almost desperate. It is hardly to be expected that Mr Pope and his friends should upon such an occasion support him.\nMrs. Crawford unites with me my respects to yourself & Mrs. Madison. I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humble Servt.\nWm. H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5266", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Roger Strong, 9 July 1816\nFrom: Strong, Roger\nTo: Madison, James\nSir.\nN. York 9th. July 1816.\nIt is understood that there are many applications for the Office of Marshall, for the Southern District of New York,become vacant by the death of Genl. Smith. Nevertheless I beg leave to say that if a Commission be given me for the purpose, I will assume the Duties of that Office, and use my best Endeavours to perform them faithfully and satisfactorily. At the same time Sir, I do not wish to be considered, a Competitor of any Gentleman, whose appointment will better serve or promote the public Interest, having in early life, when for several years a member of the revolutionary Army & to this day, entertained the sentiment, that the good of the Republic\u2014the Interests of our Country\u2014& of our fellow Citizens collectively, ought to be prefered, primarily to individual Interest. Very respectfully, I am Sir your Mot. Obt. Servant\nRoger Strong", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5267", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Rush, 10 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rush, Richard\nDear Sir \nMontpelier July 10. 1816.\nYour favor of the 29. Ult: with the remarks on Mr. Wirt\u2019s letter came duly to hand. The latter were communicated to Mr. W. with an intimation, that if he had any further observations to make on the subject, they might go in the first instance to the Treasury Dept. It is more than probable that your view of the subject will be satisfactory.\nI inclose for your perusal a letter from Judge Tucker. The papers accompanying it were, as requested, sent on to the District Attorney. They corresponded with the narrative of the Judge. I merely intimated to each, that the case would probably bring into view, the political character of the people of Buennos Ayres, and the Statute prohibiting enterprizes agst. friendly nations.\nMr. Crowninshield I find has given us the slip. We hope we shall be more successful in our other expectations. A trip into the Country, and especially to the Mountains, becomes every day more & more recommended by the progress of the season. And I need not repeat the gratification we shall feel in welcoming our friends where we shall be most at leisure to enjoy their valuable society. Mrs. Madison charges me with her affectionate regards for Mrs. Rush; Be pleased to add mine, and to accept assurances of my great esteem & best wishes.\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5268", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Taylor, 10 July 1816\nFrom: Taylor, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir,\nBelle Vue near New Port Ky July 10th. 1816\nA letter was shewn me a day or two ago from the adjutant Genl of the Southern Department to the following purport dircted to Cap R D Richardson Comdr. of this place \"The opinion of the Hon the Secy of War has been asked as to the propriety of continuing New Port as a Military Post & Depot\" as soon as his wishes are known you shall be advised. Now Sir all those who have heard the thing mentioned have declared or allowed that the Object of the Comdr. of the Southern Dept. is to put down the Competition between this place & Knoxville or some other favorite place in Tennessee and depend upon it, if a thing of the Kind was to be done it would be one of the most unpopular acts under your administration.\nI confess I have no fears if you are consulted upon the subject, for I have no doubt but the establishment in the first instance met your hearty approbation.\nThe propriety of this establishment was conspicuously manifest during the late war. If the detachments of Militia & the Regulars could not have been equiped within the Western Country our frontier would have been completely over run before we could have sent to Pittsbg. for the equipment.\nThis place is situated immediately at the Confluence of Licking with the Ohio at the direct crossing from Tennessee & the interior of this state to Fort Wayne Detroit & our other posts in Ohio & Michigan Territory. It is on the great highway thro\u2019 the Western Country and on the boundary between two of the most populous & patriotic states in the Union. Col Johnson was here about 10 days ago He examined the Garrison was much pleased with the Buildings & their situation particularly those which were intended to be permanent to wit an Arsenal 80 feet by near 40 two stories high beside the Cellar. A Powder Magazine & Barrack. A House for the Military storekeeper All these are of Brick except the latter which is of stone, all in good repair. The Barracks are of frame both of officers & Soldiers quarters, the former in good repair the latter in want of some repairs as to doors & windows, but they are good paines well shingled & weatherbored & painted.\nCol Johnson asked of me to aid him in making the request that the Post might be augmented agreeable to the views of Capt Robert D. Richardson the Comdt. of the ordenance Dept. In repairing arms &c. & being made a more general depot of ordenance stores &c.\nMajor Abert of the dept of Topogra: Eng: visited this post & examined spot for water Works five miles up Licking from its mouth. I refer you to the Majors report which I presume he made on his return but at any rate I am sure Genl. Parker must know his opinion on this subject.\nI think it more than probable that Col Johnson will address you on the subject.\nIt is thought here that the object is if this plan is put down that there would be less competition between it & Knoxville as to the Military academy.\nI have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Dr. Sir Your Obed St.\nJames Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5270", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Grafton Dulany Worthington, 10 July 1816\nFrom: Worthington, William Grafton Dulany\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir.\nI had the honor to receive your very interesting & flattering favor of the 1st. Inst.\nAs, I am not aware, of what it might suit the Government to appoint me to, and it is an unpleasant dilemma, for a man to name himself to a particular place--with all deference, I would suppose that as the President is acquainted with the pursuits and vocations in life which have heretofore engaged my time; he would feel no difficulty in assigning to me a proper situation, should my friends, simply present my case to his knowledge. If it be not too obtrusive, I could wish this done with as little delay as may suit your convenience. \nWith Great respect\nW.G.D. Worthington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5271", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Taylor, 10 July 1816\nFrom: Taylor, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nBelle Vue near New Port Ky July 10th. 1816\nThis will be handed by Luet Jos: P. Taylor son of our worthy connection Col. Richard.\nI take great pleasure in assureing you that he is a fine young man & one who did great credit to the service in the late war.\nShould both himself & Major Zachary be induced to accept the appointments recently offered to him, I assure you I think they will be an acquisition to the service.\nI have the pleasure to inform you that our friends within my reach are generally well. I refer you to our friend for the situation of those near Louis ville.\nMy brother Hubbard is a candidate for the office of Elector at the ensuing elections, and I think will be elected.\nBe so good my Dear Sir to tender my best Compliments to your good old mother my worthy friend Mrs Madison my friend Mr Todd & my other friends of your Connection, as I presume this will find you at Mont Pelier. I have the honor to be with great respect Dr. Sir Your friend & Servt.\nJames Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5272", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 11 July 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir.\nI have received your favor of the 4. instant; and shall alter the Circular on the currency, in the way which you suggest.\nThe receipt of several additional reccommendations for the Loan Office in New-Hampshire, induces me to suspend an application for the Commission in favor of Mr. Plumer, until you have seen the doccuments now sent. I do not anticipate, however, a change in your instructions. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Serv.\nA.J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5273", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edward Coles, 11 July 1816\nFrom: Coles, Edward\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nRichmond July 11. 1816.\nI have just had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 7th., and hasten, agreeably to your request, to inform you of my decision in relation to the proposed trip to St. Petersburg.\nHaving nothing at this time to engage my attention at home, and being desirous of seeing Europe, I have no objection to availing myself of this occasion to do so; and am ready to set out as soon as I may receive the directions of the Government. I have this moment written to Mr. Monroe informing him of the contents of your letter, and of my readiness to depart whenever I may be required. I have requested him to direct to me in Albemarle where I shall be in a few days.\nPayne arrived here yesterday in excellent health, after having had a pleasant journey. We spent the last evening at Col. Mayo\u2019s and were invited to dine with him today. We lodge in the same room.\nAs I write in haste, and in the midst of the bustle of a noisy tavern, I cannot add more than to assure you and Mrs. M. of the high respect and most affectionate regard of your sincere friend\nEdward Coles\n10/ is said to be the price of wheat tho\u2019 10/6 is talked of--no sale has however been I believe made at that price", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5274", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 11 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMontpelier July 11. 1816\nI have recd. yours of the 7th. and return the communications from Mr. Adams.\nThe arrangement of the fisheries is a delicate subject, as it relates to the public sensibility; to its intrinsic merits; and to the peculiar importance attached to it by respectable names. It will be better to do nothing, than to surrender the point of right, or to accept what may be of small value, with an actual privation of the residue formerly enjoyed.\nI had hoped from the conversation of Ld. Castlereah with Mr. Adams, that nothing more would be required of us, than a concurrence in regulations which would prevent smuggling, and the annoyance of private interests; and which would avoid any necessary implication that the treaty of 1783. was still in force on this subject. The proposition of Mr. Bagot is of a very different tenor. It either necessarily implies that the treaty is not in force; or it sacrifices our rights under it, with respect to the marine league, and the shores elsewhere, without equivalent, or the shadow of reciprocity. However controvertible the doctrine may be which saves from the effect of war, the stipulations of 1783 in our favor, it is not without countenance from the peculiar character of that treaty, and can plead the sanction of high authorities on the Law of Nations to the principle that a war does not repeal engagements between the parties, with which the causes of the war are unconnected. The Edenburg Reviewers, if my memory be right, distinctly maintain this principle. We are to keep in view also, that our Envoys at Ghent carefully excluded from the treaty of peace, any admission or implication favorable to the British doctrine, or pretensions, that their country might be left at full liberty to avail itself of its own.\nAll these considerations impose on us much circumspection in the present case. You have done very right therefore in taking measures for obtaining information from quarters the best informed and most interested; and we shall be justified in allowing much weight to the opinions which may be communicated, if they should place great value on what Mr. Bagot may be authorized to yield, and little on what we should lose. But reversing the supposition, it will be adviseable to leave the subject where it is, for the present. Our declining the offers made, will rather strengthen our cause; and perhaps the subject may be more easily managed, in connection with the further negociations with G.B. on the general subject of commerce, which can not be very remote, or with the negociations relating to the trade with her colonies, which are already in view, than when taken up for insulated discussion.\nShould the difficulties of such a discussion, however, be overcome, a safe & proper form for the arrangement, will be very requisite. Perhaps it may be found necessary to omit a preamble altogether; simply stating the stipulations entered into, and wording them so as to shun implications for or against rights or claims on either side. If a preamble be adopted, it might run, \"The parties being mutually disposed to guard agst. incidents unfavorable to their harmony, or injurious to particular interests, without authorizing inferences impairing the rights or claims asserted by either, it is agreed &c.\" But it is scarcely possible to frame a recital precisely suitable, untill the terms & scope of the agreement be settled & reduced to paper.\nIn what light is the Gulf of St. Laurence viewed by G.B.-- as a water within her jurisdiction, or as a high sea? If as the former the use of the shores proposed, lose their value: if as the latter, and the contiguous marine league be not made free also, the value of the shores will be much impaired. I presume that jurisdiction is not claimed, beyond the marine league, and that this would create no difficulty. Indeed the use of the uninhabited shores, and of the marine league adjoining them, ought no where to create difficulty; nor the use even of the marine league, where the shores are inhabited, considering the means which the Sovereign of the Shores has of preventing violations of the revenue laws.\nWith respect to the naval forces on the Lake, I do not see why Mr. Bagot should suspend an arrangement, on that subject, untill the subject of the fisheries be disposed of. There is no connection between the two; and an immediate attention to the former is the more necessary as it is said that an enlargement of the British force, particularly on Lake Erie, is actually going on. It would be far more proper to suspend this enlargement, till the negociations concerning it be concluded. What seems expedient to be stipulated is 1. that no increase of existing armaments should take place. 2. that existing armaments be laid up. 3 that revenue Cutters if allowed at all be reduced to the minimum of size and force. There might be advantage in communicating on this subject with persons best acquainted with it; perhaps with Governor Tompkins, and particularly with Govr. Cass.\nWhat is the practice with respect to jurisdiction on the Lakes? is it common to both parties over the whole, or exclusive to each on its side of the dividing line. The regulation of revenue Cutters may be influenced by this question. There is an able argument of Judge Woodward at Detroit, in a case touching fugitives, which may perhaps throw light on this point. It was put on the files of the Dept. of State some years ago.\nLd. Castlereah\u2019s interview with Mr. Adams betrays a consciousness that his Govt. was exposed to suspicion in the business at Algiers. He makes a limping retreat from the British obligation to force the Barbarians out of the practice of enslaving Xns. Why more scrupulous in the case of Algiers, than of Tunis? Why more careful of the rights of the African blacks, than of the European Whites? Why more delicate towards the Dey of Algiers, than the Kings of Spain & Portugal? True, G. B. does not make war in form agst. them, but she disregards their sovereignty, in seizing & adjudging their slave ships. Let her do the same with the slave ships of the Barbarians. It wd. be equally effectual: nor is it less required by the opinion of Europe & the dictates of humanity, by which she justifies her interposition on behalf of the Negroes. Friendly respects,\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5275", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Perrin Willis, 12 July 1816\nFrom: Willis, Perrin\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington July 12th. 1816\nI have been informed that the Government intend building an observatory in this place.\nThough the commission on the sum to erect such a building would be necessarily small, I am desirous to be appointed agent to purchase the ground and erect the building. The performance of the duty with that fidelity which I purpose will develop to the Government my talent for business and thereby render me an essential Service.\nI am authorised to say that Col: Lane is particularly anxious for me to be appointed: becaus his present avocation claims his undivided attention. I have the honor to be With the highest Respt Your Most Obt. Servt.\nPerrin Willis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5276", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Denton, 12 July 1816\nFrom: Denton, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNew York July 12th. 1816\nBeing informed that the office of Consul at Bordeaux will soon become vacant in consequence of the determination of Mr. Lee to leave France, & whose arrival here is daily expected. Many of my Republican Friends have recommended it to me to apply to the Government for the office in case there should be a Vacancy.\nI therefore beg leave to offer myself as a Candidate for this office in such an Event. I have been concerned for these last twenty years in this City in pretty intensive Commercial Business during which time I have passed upwards of two years in France & have acquired a tolerable knowledge of the French Language. I need not say, perhaps, that should I be appointed, that my best Endeavors will be used to be serviceable to my Country, & useful to My Countrymen. I have the Honor to be with Great Respect Your obedient Servant\nS. Denton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5277", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Rush, 12 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rush, Richard\nDear Sir \nMontpelier July 12 1816\nCol: Lane informs me that Mr. Hassler has selected for the scite of an Observatory which will have relation to the survey of the Coasts, the square North of the Capitol, which includes the spot on which the House formerly Gen. Washington\u2019s stood; and that Mr. H. considers it necessary that the entire square should be exclusively appropriated to the object. I can have no doubt of the intrinsic fitness of the selection. But considering the probable value of that square, and the possible inconveniency of alienating so much ground in that situation from other uses, I have written the two letters inclosed, which I leave unsealed, for your perusal, to be sent after it, according to their directions. You will see that I have taken the liberty of asking your aid in obtaining the means of a safe and proper decision, among the best of which I include the remarks and opinion you may yourself form on the subject. Should the request interfere in the least with the time of your meditated excursion from Washington Be so good as to put this into the hands of the Secy. of State who I hope will be able to answer the purposes of it without much avocation from his more important objects. Accept Dr. Sir my cordial esteem & best wishes \nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5279", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Munroe, 12 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Munroe, Thomas\nSir\nMr. H. who is to survey the Coast, has selected for the scite of an Observy. a square north of the Captl. including the House formerly Gen: Washington; an entire square being necessary for the purpose. In comparing this scite with others, it will be necessary to know the cost to the pub: of the ground, as well as to take into view the inconveniency of alienating from all other uses, the square selected. Be so good as make an estimate of the value of the square the whole of which must be made pub: property, & to communicate it with any observations you think may be useful, to the Secy. of the Trey. or in his absence from the City, to the Attorney Genl. Mr. H. has been desired to point out the next best scite. A like estimate of that will also be requisite.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5280", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Sidell, 13 July 1816\nFrom: Sidell, John\nTo: Madison, James\nNew York 13th. July 1816.\nThe Office of Marshal of the Southern district of New York having become vacant, by the much lamented death of Genl. John Smith, and having been appointed and discharged the duty of Deputy Marhsal under that Gentleman, and which duties being many, and arduous during the late War, there being no regulars deposit for prisoners nearly, until the close, recurrence were necessary and frequent to the Military Commanders for such temporary deposits in and about this Harbour, for which I never received any pecuniary compensation and having discharged the several duties of the same I flatter my self to the satisfaction of the Marshal and the public at large, I am induced to solicit your Excellency to appoint me to that office. I have the honor to be known by his Excellency Daniel D. Tompkins, the Honorable Nathan Sanford and John Fugard Esq Naval Officer (late Mayor) to whom no intimation to them of my application has been made known. With Sentiments of respect I am your Excllys. Obt. Servt.\nJohn SidellDep.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5281", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 13 July 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nDept of State 13th. July 1816.\nAs Mr. Monroe has not yet returned from Loudoun, and may not be here today as it is raining, I have thought that I should do right in sending you the enclosed Copy of a Letter received from Mr. Bagot, since Mr. Monroe left this, as he will doubtless wish to know your opinion upon the subject to which it relates before he answers it.\nI also send some Papers in Spanish which have been given to us by Mr. Murray who was the Secretary of Mr. Morris in Madrid. Altho they are of old date I have thought that they might interest you, as they throw some light on the policy of Great Britain in relation to the dispute between Spain and her Colonies, particularly when taken into connection with Lord Castlereagh\u2019s declarations to Mr. Adams.\nMr. Hughes has been here, but as Mr. Monroe was absent he returned immediately to Baltimore. He seems to be decidedly of opinion that the Patriots must submit, and that in fact they are entirely unfit to govern themselves. Of them and of that part of their Country which he saw, he has formed a very unfavorable opinion. Most Respectfully Your Obt Sert\nJohn Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5283", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 13 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir \nMontpellier July 13 1816\nHerewith are the papers recd. from Mr. Hughs. He seems to have been no wise sparing of diplomatic politeness to the Spanish Govr. You will of course express the satisfaction afforded by the successful executing of his mission in reference to our Captive Citizens with an approbation of the interest taken in behalf of the English & French Captives; and forward the documents to Mr. Erving, with instructions to press at Madrid the restitution of the Amn. property refused to Mr. Hughs. If the Spanish Authorities had taken the ground that the property was forfeited by the aid and comfort it afforded to rebels, it would have involved the discussion commenced with Mr. Onis, and have avoided the inconsistency now added to their injustice. In resting the seizure on the alleged Blockade, which was a spurious one, and substituting a decoy, for the warning, required by the L. of N. to Neutrals, they have disarmed themselves of every plea, or rather have armed us with every plea agst. them.\nYou will find herewith also the 2 letters from Mr. Onis. His complaints of expeditions from our ports agst. Spanish Commerce, are entitled to the ordinary answer. His conciliatory remarks introducing them, are too guarded to mean much that is favorable, if they do not cover a disposition to thwart some of our demands on Spain. It appears from his final paragraph that his participation in the transactions relating to Louisiana, is to be produced as testimony agst. us. Will it not be well, in forwarding the correspondence to Mr. Erving to furnish him with the facts of an opposite tendency which fell within your personal knowledge. Great stress will doubtless be laid by the Spanish Govt. on the principle asserted by Onis, that France & Spain alone who were parties to the Treaties, can interpret the respective intentions recorded in them. To this must be opposed the meaning, deducible by the legal rules of interpretation, and the fact that the U.S. were bona fide purchasers without notice of any other interpretation, altho\u2019 Spain was not ignorant of our views, of purchasing, and even referred us to France as alone having the right to sell. The second letter of Onis shews adroitness; but it does not clear his Govt. from the charge of not proceeding at Algiers in the spirit we were authorized to expect. If However Algiers obtained the Brig, without redeeming it from Spain, no pretext remains for a demand on the U.S. Cordial regards \nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5284", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 14 July 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir.\nWashington July 14. 1816.\nI had before observed, in the newspapers, some account of the affair of which Judge Tucker\u2019s letter speaks more particularly. I doubt, from the state of the facts which he exhibits, if the case can be reached with any effect unless under the act of June 5. 1794. There may be difficulties even under this act. The pamphlet which I beg leave to enclose, will serve to show the footing upon which our law stands as to piracy. The doctrine which it holds out is believed to be sound. Happening to have one more of these pamphlets on hand which I can spare, I will transmit it by this mail to Mr Wirt. Should it never have reached him before, it may prove acceptable.\nI am looking forward with nothing but pleasure to the visit I design to make to Montpellier; the only regret I have is, that I am forced, by some other arrangements, to delay it until September. I must make the most of this necessity by protracting the longer my enjoyments by anticipation.\nMrs Rush cordially reciprocates the kind expressions conveyed in your favor, and for myself I have to offer the usual assurances of my great respect and friendship.\nRichard Rush", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5285", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Rhea, 14 July 1816\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNashville 14th. July 1816\nThis morning I received a letter from Mr. McKee Esqr. agent &c, informing me that he had Received a letter from the United States Factor of that agency, informing him that he, (the Factor) will not be able to furnish goods necessary for the treaty untill he sends to New Orleans to purchase them and that Bread stuffs cannot be procured until the new crops are fit for use.\nFrom information received in a former letter from Mr. McKee the agent, I expected that the time for holding said treaty with the Choctaws would not be far distant, and therefore I sent for my horse and some other things, to East Tennessee--and I expect him here in a few days--and I would soon afterwards have been ready to have gone on to the Choctaw Agency.\nAbout the first instant I addressed a letter to You from this place, which I hope will have come to You. I am induced to write this--as well that you may know what the agent Mr. McKee has written to me--as that I may have the pleasure to assure You of my readiness to attend to the business of the intended treaty or negotiation with the Choctaw tribe of Indians--that You have been pleased to confide to me, as soon as the business of subscriptions for the National Bank is here finished. I have this day written to the agent Mr. McKee.\nThere are not yet subscribed here, one hundred shares for the National Bank. I have the honor to be with most Sincere respect & Esteem your obedt. Servt. \nJohn Rhea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5289", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Jos\u00e9 Francisco Correa Da Serra, 15 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Correa Da Serra, Jos\u00e9 Francisco\nDear Sir \nMontpellier July 15. 1816\nI have just received your favor of the 10th. inst: Altho\u2019 I hope the return of your health will have enabled you to leave Philada. I will not suppress an assurance of the pleasure with which I shall receive your promised visit\nThe sentiments both national and personal which you express on occasion of the appointment which makes you a link between our two Countries, coincide too much with my preexisting impressions, to admit a doubt of their sincerity. These sentiments will not I flatter myself be deminished by your further experience of the dispositions of the U. States towards a nation, American, like themselves, and cherishing a like policy in many important maxims, and by the new tests which will be afforded of the personal esteem you have so deservedly enjoyed among us. Of mine, be pleased to accept this renewed assurance\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5290", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Thompson, 15 July 1816\nFrom: Thompson, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\n(confidential)\nHond. Sir\nNew York July 15th. 1816\nIn consequence of the death of our respected friend and fellow citizen Genl. John Smith, late Marshall of this district, many applications are said to be making for the Office, some of whom may be considered as improper candidates.\nIn this State the Republican party has been torn to pieces by factions, principally arising from having improper persons appointed to Office, men whose views have been personal, whose motives have been sinister; hence the difficulties, nay the disgraces, the party has had to contend with. We are not without new troubles in anticipation. It would therefore be desirable that the selected candidate\u2019s views & conduct should correspond with the administration, & without it a unity of action cannot subsist among the subordinate Officers of the Government. With these impressions I have had conversations with a few of our most respectable citizens, particularly Coll. Henry Rutgers and his Excellency Govr. D.D. Tompkins. The former having given a Letter to Mr. James W Lent, could not with propriety recommend another person, although he would not hesitate, was he asked his opinion, relative to a person I beg leave to name to you. That person is Mr. John Targee. Mr. Targee is a very respectable citizen, a uniform republican, a man of middle age, active, competent & possessed of a Landowners property, in a word a good man. It has been thought proper not to pursue the usual course of memorial, in this case, but merely to give correct information, & submit it. In conversation with Governor Tompkins he permits me to state, that he has not recommended any person, & should any information from him relative to the person which I have named, be deemed by the administration necessary, he will promptly give it, in such manner as will give entire satisfaction. I am Sir with great respect your Obt. Servant\nJonathan Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5291", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Brockholst Livingston, 15 July 1816\nFrom: Livingston, Brockholst\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNew York July 15th. 1816.\nI understand that Mr. Dill is an applicant for the office of Marshal of this district, which is now vacant by the death of the late incumbent. The pretensions of this gentleman will not, I am persuaded, suffer by a comparison with those of any of the other candidates. He has for a long time acted as deputy-marshal not only to the entire satisfaction of his principals, but to that of the Court & bar. His connections are respectable, his character in every respect very fair, & his appointment will be thought a good one throughout the district. With very great respect I have the honor to be Sir, your most obed Sert\nB. Livingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5292", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 15 July 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nDept of State 15th. July 1816.\nAs the enclosed Letters from Mr Wirt and Mr Mitchell relate to a subject of some delicasy and importance I have deemed it proper to transmit them to you, more particularly as it is doubtful, from the present appearance of the weather, when Mr Monroe will get back from Virginia. The Papers alluded to by Mr Wirt as having been forwarded by Judge Tucker, have I presume been sent directly to you. With sincere & Respectful Attachment I am Dear Sir your Mo Obt Sert\nJohn Graham\nI know not whether Mr Gelston has found a translator for the Letter from the Dey of Algiers. I believe he has written to Mr Monroe on the subject, but as his Letter is marked private I have not opened it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5293", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Newton E. Westfall, 15 July 1816\nFrom: Westfall, Newton E.\nTo: Madison, James\nVenerable Sir\nSouthampton N.Y. July 15th. 1816\nIn my Communication of the 22d. Ultimo requesting the restoration of sundry Letters transmitted for your perusal it was not my intention to include the one addressed to your Excellency by the Civil and Military Officers of this (Suffolk) County. Since the return of said Letters I have consulted several of my friends who advice and urge its retransmission as a document to which the President may hereafter wish to refer. I therefore at their Solicitation re-enclose it. I have the honor to be with great consideration Your obt Sevt\nN.E. Westfall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5294", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Graham, 15 July 1816\nFrom: Graham, George\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nJuly 15th. 1816\nAs it is the request of Capt. Hamilton, I forward to you the enclosed Letters. Capt. Hamilton is the officer who was discharged from the British service, in consequence of his refusal to do duty when the British forces landed in Louisiana, on the ground of his being a native American. With sentiments of the greatest respect Yr. obt. Sert.\nGeo. Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5296", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 16 July 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nTreasury Department. 16. July 1816.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President of the United States, the inclosed report and estimate of the Collector of the port of Philadelphia, relative to the purchase of a site, and the erection of buildings, for a Custom-House in that City.\nA.J. DallasSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5297", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 16 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington 16 July 1816\nI returnd last night and receivd your letters of the 7th. & 8th. The letter of the Dey of Algiers, is sent to Mr Crowninshield at Salem, for an experiment, to obtain a translation of it, there, & at Boston, to be made under his auspices. It could not be translated at New York, or Phila., and I fear, that we shall have no better success, to the East. I have recd. no answer to the enquiry respecting the Labrador coast; so that I fear that I shall be detaind here some time, on account of Mr Bagot. Mr de Kantzow is here. I am to see him to day. I suspect the object is, to communicate his power to form a commercial treaty, given, to take advantage of our law.\nI have a letter from Edwd. Coles, who is willing to go to Russia, & requests to be informd of the allowance, time, & place of his departure, by a letter to charlottesville. If he goes in a public vessel, I can give no answer to his latter enquiries, till I hear from Mr Crowninshield to whom I have written on the subject. If in a private one, his dispatches might soon be prepard, as I presume Mr Ingerson has or soon will furnish the means. To morrow I will write you further on those subjects. With affectionate respect\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5298", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 16 July 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nSalem, July 16. 1816.\nyour esteemed favor found me at Salem & with much regret & chagrin, that I had not paid you the visit that I promised you, & from which I expected so much pleasure, and I assure you that I have not abandoned the expectation; but at some other period mean to have the honor.\nThe gratuity which was paid by me to the Boatmen of Come. Chauncys barge, was on your account, as you wished it; the amount was, I believe, twenty five Dolls., but am sure it was not more, and which was thought sufficient by the Come. I regret that the subject should have given you the least anxiety. With great esteem & respect yours\nBW Crowninshield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5299", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Parker, 16 July 1816\nFrom: Parker, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nAdj & Inspr. Genls. Office July 16. 1816\nLieut Colonel Croghan arrived here yesterday on furlough from New Orleans by General Jackson, when I gave him a copy of the Division order, making him a member of the Court for the trial of General Bissell & Colonel Nicholas.\nIf the Lieut Colonel, is obliged to go to Nashville under this order, he states, he shall not have time to settle his accounts or visit his friends. He also states, that he has had no furlough during the war, and further states, that he feels some delicacy in being a member of the Court for the trial of Genl. Bissell who is Senior Officer of his Regt. He fears too that some of Colonel Nicholas\u2019s friends think he has not a favourable opinion of the Colonel\u2019s military character.\nAs there will not be time to communicate with the Secry. of War, I have the honor to enclose copies of the orders for the Courts Martial, to assemble at New York and at Nashville, together with Colonel Croghan\u2019s letter, and to submit for your direction, whether, Lieut Colonel Lindsay shall be ordered as a member of the Court at Nashville, & Lieut Colo. Croghan ordered to New York thus exchanging two Officers of the same rank.\nTo this arrangement there does not appear to be any serious objections. Perhaps Lieut Colonel Lindsay might prefer going to New York, but he has been several weeks on furlough, & Lieut Colo. Croghan\u2019s interest would be promoted by the measure. In such case the cause of the exchange would be explained to Lieut Colo. Lindsay, as well as to Genl. Jackson, & the president of the Court Martial at New York.\nLieut Colonel Croghan will remain here for your decision on his application. With perfect respect, I have the honor to be Sir, Yr. Obt Sert\nD. Parker\nP.S. I have submitted this subject to the consideration of the Secretary of State, who authorizes me to say that he can see no objection to the exchange.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5303", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 17 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington July 17th. 1816\nI had an interview with Mr de Kantzow yesterday, whose object in it was, to present a copy of his power to form a commercial treaty, which is sent to you. I inform\u2019d him that Mr Russell was instructed on the subject; he seemed to be aware that there would be some impropriety in acting on it, till we heard from Stockholm. He said he should return to day to Phila., where he would receive my answer, with which he shod. be satisfied, whether to proceed in the business, or postpone it. I promised an answer as soon as I heard from you.\nI have nothing yet from Mr Crowninshield or Mr Ingersol. With affecte. respects\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5304", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Baron Hyde de Neuville, 17 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Neuville, Baron Hyde de\nSir\nMontpellier July 17. 1816\nYour favor of the 12 inst. overrates the hospitality for which your visit afforded me, the agreeable opportunity: if otherwise, it would have been overpaid by the sentiments which it has led you to express.\nIt is very gratifying to be assured from such a source, that not only your monarch, inheriting the virtues of a brother, whose generous policy was allied to the early fortunes of our Country, but the French nation cherishes friendly dispositions and liberal views towards it. The U. States are faithful to a system of justice, of good will, and of intercourse mutually beneficial with all nations; and they are sensible of all the considerations which strengthen these motives in relation to France. They take a sincere interest in her independence, her prosperity, and her happiness; and they cannot better express it, than in their wishes, that the French people may enjoy all the just advantages external and internal, of a regular & free Constitution, adapted to their genius & satisfactory to their desires.\nI hope Sir that the partialities you indulge towards Our Country will find all the returns which are due to amiable qualities adorning distinguished Stations. Accept Sir, the expression of my respects, and of good wishes\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5306", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Stephenson, 18 July 1816\nFrom: Stephenson, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\nKaskaskia July 18th. 1816\nA vacancy in the appointment of commissary general of purchases & supplies having taken place by the death of Colo. Jonas Simons at St. Louis. The undersigned take the liberty respectfully to recommend to the President of the United States for that appointment Mr. Thomas Hempstead of St. Louis as a suitable person to discharge the duties of that office, and to fill the vacancy\nB. Stephenson\nN.J. Morrison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5307", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander James Dallas, 18 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\nDear Sir \nMontpellier July 18. 1816\nI have just recd. yours of the inclosing Mr. Hasslers letter on the subject of the Observatory. I had previously recd. one from Col: Lane, informing me of the selection made by Mr. H. for its site. Altho\u2019 I had no doubt of the fitness of any spot preferred by Mr. H. taken in the abstract, it occurred that as the whole square would be acquired, the expence to the public might be very considerable; and that there might be inconveniences in alianating so much ground in that particular section from uses to which it might otherwise be applied. On these considerations I thought it proper to desire Mr. Munroe the Superintendent of the City, to make out an estimate of the value of the grounds in question with such observations as to the other point as he might think useful; to be furnished to you, or in your absence to Mr. Rush whose attention I asked to the subject. I am glad to find the concurrence in what has been separately done. After all, the question you raise as to the legality of a purchase of ground by the public is a material one, and can not be decided without an accurate view of the case. I suggested to Col: Lane that it might be well for Mr. H to point out the best substitute for a site, which wd. be free from the difficulties incident to the square best in itself. From Mr. H\u2019s letter I conclude he will have left Washington before one arrived of mine there. Perhaps He can from memory, refer you to the one he wd. have named to Col: Lane.\nI return the letter from Mr. H. & the note from Mr. Jones. I have already expressed my wish, in case his prospect for the Presidency of the Bank should unfortunately for him prove hopeless, his place might be taken by one whose standing would ensure success. It is of great importance to the nation as well as to the Bank itself, that the head of it should enjoy the full confidence, in every respect, of the Treasury & of Congs. I observe that notwithstanding the general calculation of success to the subscriptions their progress is slow and deliberate. Perhaps it results from the very certainty of the successful issue; and a policy in those who wish as much as they can get, to damp subscriptions, that they may rush in at the last moment. Accept my esteem & affece. respects \nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5309", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Josiah Meigs, 19 July 1816\nFrom: Meigs, Josiah\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nWashington City, July 19. 1816.\nI do not know whether it is proper for me to request you to read the letter which accompanies this.\nMr. Wolcott was my Classmate in College, and the Friend of my youth. We have, through life, been like minded on the most interesting subjects. In his native state he has sustained a long and painful ordeal on account of his political opinions; and I have the pleasure of beleiving that he will not now be deserted by his friends. I have the honour to be, very respectfully, Yours,\nJosiah Meigs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5311", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 19 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir \nMontp: July 19. 1816\nI have recd. yours of the 16. & 17. I return the letter of M. De Kantzow. Our expectation of letters from Mr. Russel, or of his speedy return, will justify our delay in taking up the subject, and will be a proper answer to it. It will be well not to encourage too much the idea of a treaty; first because, it is not very probable that Sweeden will admit her Colonies to be included, as a part of her Commercial self, in the reciprocity indispensable. Secondly, because the productions of Sweeden are not such as she will withold from us without a treaty, or such as give freight like ours. Iron, the article we import, is rather a ballast than burden. Thirdly, because it is desireable that the Ex. shd. not impose restraints on the policy which the Legisl: may adopt with respect to a general navigation Act, which must at an early date engage their deliberations.\nI have a letter from Mr. Coles, in which he says he has informed you of his acceptance of the trip to Russia. I had suggested an answer direct to you, and referred him to your statement of the precise terms of the service. There shd. be no room for doubts or disappts. on this head. The precedents I presume, are such as will prevent them. I find from Mr. Crowninshield that a pub: vessel could not be employed without a very inconvenient expence; and were this not the case, a private conveyance would be sufficient for the occasion. If a direct one to St. Petersburg does not at once offer, it will be best for Mr. C. to take a passage for England, whence he will doubtless find a ready one to his destination.\nThe Memorial from Moose Island is justified by the tardiness of the B. Govt. It will be a fit occasion for spurring it through Mr. B. as well as Mr. A. and they may be properly reminded of the suspended and equivocal character of the Island, as requiring a moderate & provisional treatment of its inhabitants; instead of the one complained of.\nThe letter to me from Mr. de Neuville, presents him in a view which it is not amiss, you should be acquainted with. I have written as civil & conciliatory an answer, as I thought could be justifiable, because I presumed that such an one might be useful. I send this also for your perusal to be forwarded from Washington; unless you see any thing in it sufficiently objectionable to require the delay of returning it. His letter to me be so good as to return in any event. I ought to say, that his manner & language while here corresponded with the wish he manifests to promote a liberal policy between the 2 Countries; and that he presented a character, very amiable, and a mind highly intelligent. Yrs.\nJ. Madison\n vary the address if necessary", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5313", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Andrew Jackson, 20 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jackson, Andrew\nTo all who shall see these presents, Greeing:\nKnow ye, That reposing special trust and Confidence in the abilities, prudence and fidelity of Major General Andrew Jackson, General David Meriwether and Jesse Franklin Esquire I do appoint them jointly and severally Commissioners of the United States with full power and authority to hold conferences and conclude and sign a Treaty or Treaties with the Chickasaw and Cherokee Tribes or Nations of Indians of and concerning all matters interesting to the United States and the said Nations of Indians; transmitting the same to the President of the United States of America for his final ratification by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States. This Commission to continue in force until the end of the next Session of the Senate of the United States and no longer.\nIn Testimony whereof, I have caused these Letters to be made patent and the Seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed. Given under my hand at the City of Washington the twentieth day of July A.D. 1816; and of the Independence of the United States, the Forty first.\nJames Madison,\nBy the President,\nJas. Monroe\nSecy. of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5314", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Rush, 20 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rush, Richard\nDear Sir\nMontpellier July 20. 1816\nAs I have taken the liberty of throwing on your attention the business of fixing on a site for an Observatory at Washington, I pass the inclosed to Mr. Dallas thro\u2019 your hands. You will see that the turn which the subject is likely to take, will relieve you from further trouble with respect to it.\nI have recd. your favor of . We regret that we shall not have the pleasure of seeing you, and we trust Mrs. Rush before September. The proper indemnification for the delay, will be in our then having you the longer with us. Affece. respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5315", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander James Dallas, 21 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\nDear Sir\nMontpellier July 21. 1816\nI have recd. yours of the 16th. inclosing the propositions of Mr. Hassler, the Report of the Collector of Philada. and the letter from Mr Irving.\nThe importance of the object, and the peculiar fitness of Mr. Hassler for it, prescribe an acquiescence in his terms. Will it not be better to throw his paper into the form of instructions and explanations accompanying his appointment, than to let it stand in that of a Contract? Some attention will be necessary to the mode of subjecting military officers to his orders. The War & Navy Depts. will understand it. Mr. H. proposes that the Chief officer shall be the Treasurer &c. Can this service be forced on him, or will his consent & compensation be requisite? If there be a difficulty, it may be provided for by an after arrangement.\nConsidering the expence of erecting permanent Observatories, and the competition of sites for them, to which may be added the question of appropriating an occasional fund to permanent Objects, it may deserve your consideration whether it may not be adviseable to borrow the use of existing establishments if such can be found, or to erect temporary Observatories if it can be done with a material diminution of expence.\nI presume you can not do better than to secure the site referred to by Gen: Steele, for the Custom House in Philada. It must be of peculiar importance that it be located conveniently for the public & for the merchants. Of the reasonableness of the price for the lots, I cannot judge. The judgment of Gen: Steele is entitled to much confidence. As it is uncertain what may be the expence called for in N. Y. & Baltimore, it will be fortunate if offers from both should arrive before that at Philada. be made unalterable. It is possible that the excess at other places may be greater beyond their proportions than that at Philada. In that case, if economy be impractiable in purchasing the sites, it must be applied to the buildings; unless an increase of the appropriations by Congs. can be safely anticipated.\nMr. Irving\u2019s letter gives a deplorable picture of the mercantile & monied situation of N. Y. If the evil however arises from the excess of imports beyond the wants of the Country, a partial & temporary relief only can be administered. The Country merchants cannot sell, because the people do not need more of their merchandize; not selling, they can not pay the importers; and these not receiving cannot pay their duties to the Treasury. Were they enabled to pay the duties, or indulged with time for the purpose, how are they to make their remittances to Europe amounting to so much more than their duties? Of the several alleviations stated by Mr. I. my first impression is in favor of a renewal of the bonds, with an augmented security; as countenanced by the danger, in case of an extensive explosion, of an actual loss to the public. I suspend my opinion however till I can aid it with the result of your reflections on the subject. A memorial from the Merchts. is desireable, as an authentic Ground work for Ex. interposition if it finally takes place. Accept my best wishes\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5317", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Simon Schyder, 21 July 1816\nFrom: Schyder, Simon\nTo: Madison, James\nZur,\nFilrdelfe Jooli 21. 1816\nYour eggzelenzi will be plezed to reggolegt that the bond you give me when you was in the Vederal citae in 1804, is begome due the 29th. of this month, (umhount 20551 tullurs) Your eggzelenzy Most obt. Survt.\nSimon Schyder\nTresserer of Pennshylfania\nP. S. I shall sturt vur Shelins Krofe Selinsgrove in eine wike. You weel pleze deruct to Shelin\u2019s Grofe, Penashyl Fania.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5318", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonas Humbert, 22 July 1816\nFrom: Humbert, Jonas\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nNew York July 22d. 1816.\nAs there is a vacancy in this District in the office of Marshal, I beg the liberty of being considered as an applicant for such situation.\nThe Honorable Secretary of State will lay before the President testimonials in my behalf.\nShould my recommendations be satisfactory, and the strong interest I have taken to support and defend the administration previous to, and during the late war, I shall deem the attention of the President a distinguished favour, and endeavour to Justify the declarations of my friends, and answer the highest expectations of the Government. With great respect I am the Presidents most obedient and faith ful servant\nJonas Humbert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5319", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel S.S. Hoyt, 22 July 1816\nFrom: Hoyt, Samuel S.S.\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nQr. Master Genls. Office New York 22d. July 1816.\nWith becoming deference, would we address your Excellency, on a Subject of very little moment to the Government, but of great importance to us individually. In a time of need, we abandoned our usual avocations to devote our time and talents in the Service of our Country; we were appointed, and discharged the duties of Warrant Officers in the Qr. Master Genls. Dept. in the 3d. Military District.\nOn the restoration of Peace to our beloved & native Country, we were discharged, pursuant to an act of Congress passed 3d. March 1815. Conformably to this act every Commissioned Officer was entitled to receive in addition to his pay, three Months Wages as a gratuity from Government. We received from the Pay Master of the District the gratuity, but at this remote period we are Called upon to refund to Government the Amount of that gratuity. This Call is made upon us through the Pay Master General Robt. Brent Esquire, who has decided that we were not entitled to receive it; this decision has been Corroborated by the Attorney General Richard Rush Esquire. It is predicated on the letter of the Law above Cited which limits the gratuity to Commissioned Officers.\nIt is well known to your Excellency that we do not hold Commissions, properly So Called, but we hold Warrants from Brig. Genl. Robert Swartwout Principal Qr. Master Genl. of the U. States Army, who was fully authorised from the Dept. of War to make the Appointments; which Appointments render us as fully amenable to Martial Law as Commissioned Officers, and we are of Opinion that we are as fully Comprehended in the Spirit of the Law, as are any other Officers. The Army is composed of Officers Commissioned and Non-Commissioned, and privates. No mention is made of Warrant Officers: therefore we must necessarily belong to one or other of these Classes. If we be Commissioned Officers we are entitled to the gratuity, and if we are Non-Commissioned we are entitled to it, for they as well as private Soldiers have received three months pay when discharged. It was unquestionably the intention of Congress, when the above act was passed, to remunerate every Officer of every grade, that Should be deranged by virtue of Said Act.\nWe are all heads of families, and the allowance granted us by Law, will afford but a bare Subsistence, and it will necessarily press very hard upon us to be compelled at this time, to refund to Government the amount of three months pay received and expended One year ago.\nWe have therefore Sir, presumed to appeal to you, and exercise a Strong hope that your Excellency will cause a decision in our favor. We have the honor to be With perfect respect Your Excellency\u2019s Obedient Servants\nSaml. S S Hoyt Bt. M.\nW. CunninghamForage Mr.John BrownB. M.Robert Dunnprincipll Wagon MasterChles. BleeckerPrincipal Bart. Mr.John BedientPrincipal Forage Mr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5320", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Munroe, 22 July 1816\nFrom: Munroe, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nWashington 22d. July 1816\nI have the honor to enclose a Letter recd. to day. I mentioned to the Committee that I thought it might be more proper, and also more satisfactory to the Executive that the Supreme Court, or at least the Circuit Court Judges & Officers should designate the scite, or make some communication of their wishes on the subject. They replied that neither of these Courts being in Session, it would take some time to consult the Judges, & obtain a representation from them, That the Presidents informal permission was all that would be necessary at present, and that an Act of Appropriation for a suitable portion of the public reservation could be hereafter obtained.\nTo insure, however, a judicious location of the building and prevent any avoidable injury being done to the Square which contains 19a.1c.27 it might perhaps be well for the President to require that the Approbation of some of the principal Officers of the Government or of those of the District on the spot, should be obtained before the building is Commenced. I have the Honor to be most respectfully Sir, Yr Ob Hum Servt.\nThomas Munroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5321", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Taylor, 23 July 1816\nFrom: Taylor, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir \nLouisville 23d. July 1816\nMy son Joseph having business at the War office at the Citty of Washington as he is young & Inexperienced he may be at some loss how to proceed to get it finished I have therefore Ventured to trouble you with a request to advise him in what wou\u2019d be his best course to take in the matter.\nI wish also to mention to you the he has been Transfered from the Infantry to the Artillery but his standing is a Lower grade than he formerly held in the Infantry now I confess I have a wish that if he reejons the Army it shoud be in the same rank he formerly held, I hope you will be so good as to Excuse this Intrusion on your time. My wife Joins in Love to your good Mother, & our best wishes to your Lady & beleive me to be with Friendship & Esteem your most Obt. Servt.\nRichd. Taylor\nN. B My fingers are crippled with the Rheumatism so that I doubt if you can read this scrawl.\nR T.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5322", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 23 July 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nHaving considered the question, as to purchasing a Site for the Observatory, more attentively, I conclude that it would be deemed, probably, an extreme latitude of construction, to make an expensive purchase of lots, as an incident to the authority for a survey of the coast, which is a temporary work. The objection does not arise to occupying lots already belonging to the public; and which would, at all times, be subject to the directions of Congress. Under that impression, I will address Mr. Hassler upon the subject.\nI have received a letter from Mr. Baker, complaining of a discrimination between British and American vessels, in the Port of New-York, as to pilotage, and fees, exacted under the State laws. The draft of an answer is Submitted for your consideration, with the letter itself. It Seems, however, to me that Subjects of this kind Should be discussed in the Department of State.\nThe Bank Subscriptions close tomorrow, and I will hasten to communicate the result, as soon as the materials are collected to ascertain it. There is a general confidence, that the whole capital will be Subscribed. Mr. Girard\u2019s interest is at the maximum, 3000 Shares, or 300,000 Dollars. He says, that he will take a much greater interest if it be necessary. His name is Sometimes mentioned, as President of the Bank; but it is probable that he will support Mr. Jones, whose prospects become more favorable. Except these gentlemen, I do not know a Republican; within your definition of fitness, who would be likely to succeed, or be willing to become a Candidate.\nI trouble you with a case from Bermuda, because it Seems to be, in Some sort, anomalous. The island is not within the exception of the Convention, as to the West-Indies; nor within the general provision, as to the British European dominions; but it is stated, that, by an Act of Parliament, vessels of the United States are permitted to go to, and trade at, Bermuda. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yr. obed Servt.\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5323", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 23 July 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington July 23. 1816\nI have sent on to Philadelphia the papers which accompanied your favor of the 20th instant.\nI had not been unmindful of the request intimated in your previous favor of the 12th, upon the same subject, and was upon the point of drawing up a few remarks in relation to it when that of the 20th arrived. In any other event I should have had great pleasure in rendering any little assistance in my power towards the making up of a right judgment upon the occasion.\nI do not dispair of securing to myself the pleasure of my intended excursion before the next month is out. If Mrs. Rush does not accompany me, it will be a great abridgement of my pleasure, and quite mortifying to her. She greatly fears, that the summer arrangements for our little children may create bars.\nI offer my most respectful and cordial salutations.\nRichard Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5324", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 24 July 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir.\nI inclose the Memorial of the Merchants of New-York, to which Mr. Irving\u2019s letter (already communicated to you) referred. It appears to me, that the only proper mode of interfering for the relief of the Memorialists, would be to authorise the District Attorney to stay executions, after judgments had been entered, taking, if necessary, additional Security. To suspend writs, or to renew the Bonds, is an alternative that I am not prepared to recommend.\nI send for your perusal a letter, which I have received from Mr. McCabe, covering two Spanish documents. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs.\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5326", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 24 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nI must ask the favor of you & Mr. Rush to attend to the subject of the letter from Mr. Munroe & the one inclosed in it. As the building proposed is to be on public ground, for pub: use, & eventually to be purchased, with rent in the mean time, paid, by the public, the Ex: sanction merits enquiry & consideration. There is always some risk of error, in yielding to sudden impulses, especially when derived from private & irresponsible resources. To justify it in any case, the necessity ought to press; and the inconveniency from delay, such as not to have been foreseen by the more competent & Customary Authority. You & Mr. R. with the information of the Superintendent will appreciate all these considerations, better on the spot, than I can here. Say something to me, if requisite, on the subject of the letter from Jos: Salsbury. That from Mr. Ware will require attention, on the actual resignation of Mr. Poindexter.\nJ. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5327", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Anderson, 24 July 1816\nFrom: Anderson, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington City, 24th: July, 1816\nI take leave to Obtrude upon your time for a few Moments, in behalf of William G D Worthington Esqr., who in consequences of his delicate health, Occasioned as he believes, by the nature of the duties he has to perform, Which require much confinement has apply\u2019d to me, to present his name to you, for Such an appointment, either foreign or domestic, as will afford him more exercise, and for which you may consider him competent. I can truely say, that were Mr. Worthington to leave me, I Shoud find much difficulty in Obtaining a Suitable person to fill his place, and, Were Selfish considerations to prevail, I woud most certainly Wish him to remain in The Office. I have uniformly found him, strictly attentive to his duties, possessing a mind, Capable of investigating, and deciding correctly the most intricate cases, and With Much promptitude, as a man of Strict honor, in the Strongest Sense of the term. I entertain the highest opinion of him, having ever found him a perfect gentleman, in the whole of his deportment, and I have the gratification of knowing that you hold him in high estimation. In the choice of an Office, he is too modest to offer himself, for any particular one, and if he were not, I do not know of any, which might be proper for him to accept, being now Vacant. Mr. Worthington has the most entire confidence in you, and feels assured, that you will duly estimate his pretentions, and Shou\u2019d you deem him entitled, Will make a better and more proper choice for him, in the Selection of an Office, than he cou\u2019d make for himself. Having had a very good opportunity of Testing his Talents, and his Whole Character, I can with perfect Security, and real gratification recommend him to you, as qualified to fill any respectable appointment, either at home or abroad, Which may require the exercise of respectable, and luminous talents, Sound discretion, inflexible integrity, genuine patriotism, and the most amiable and conciliating manners.\nI take leave to enclose you, Mr. Worthington\u2019s letter to me, No. 1, and also his letter no. 2, the latter, in answer to my reply to his first. I deem it proper to mention, that I communicated with Mr. Dallas, agreeably to the Suggestion of Mr. Worthington, and had the Satisfaction of learning that Mr. Dallas, from the Opportunity, he has had of becoming acquainted with the Character and talents of Mr. Worthington, highly estimates both, and assured me, that he woud most freely Unite, in recommending him to you, for Such appointment as he might request. This I communicated to Mr. Worthington, and Suggested to him at the Same time, my Own Opinion of the propriety, of his Stating the Kind of Office, or the Office, that he might wish to fill, but his great modesty, has induced him to decline making any special designation, as you will Observe by his letter No. 2, in Which he assigns his reasons for so doing. As the facts, respecting offices being, or becoming Vacant, must almost always be known to you, before they can be known by persons, who might wish to become candidates, and as I do not know of any, at this time being Vacant, Which might Suit the Talents, and Character of Mr. Worthington, I must request that you will be pleased, to dispose of him, in Such way, as you may consider due to his Merits. In estimating these, you will I am Sure, take into full consideration, his highly respectable Standing as a member of the house of Representatives and Senate of Maryland, his firm, and uniform Republican principles, and his faithful and able Support of the present and preceeding administrations. Accept Dear Sir, my Sincere Esteem, and most respectfull consideration\nJos. Anderson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5329", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 26 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington July 26th. 1816\nI have not yet heard from Mr Crowninshield, and I begin to fear that Mr Bagot\u2019s power relative to the arming on the lakes is of a very limited nature.\nFinding many admonitions that my constitution does not accord with this climate, I must move to a higher surface. I shall therefore go to Loudoun, transacting by letter thence, all that can be managed in that way, as indeed most of the business may be, & prepard to make another short visit hear after the 5th. of Augt., when I propose to return, to conclude, what then remains unfinish\u2019d. Mr Rush & I will then set out together for your house, whence I shall go home to Albemarle, accompanied by him, with a view to avail himself of the opportunity to see Mr Jefferson. With affecte. respects\nJas Monroe\nI am inclind to think that Mr. Morris\u2019s pretentions place him on fair ground for the vacancy at N Yk.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5331", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 26 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMontpr. July 26. 1816\nI have just recd. yours of the 24th. Mr. Coles leaves me this moment on his way to Washington. There will certainly be an advantage in sending him in a pub: vessel; and I am glad it can be done with so little expence. If the Congs: will suffice for the pacific, it will be better than to send the Guerriere, which may possibly be wanted for other service.\nYou have not yet alluded to my correspondence with De Neuville, whose letter to me & my answer were sent for your perusal, and the latter for your judgment on its expediency. If they did not get to your hands, be so good as to mention it, that the accident may be repaired. If my answer was not deemed objectionable & was forwarded, be so good as to return the letter of De Neuville. I think you have on hand some other letters to be returned.\nHerewith are the communications from Mr. Adams. He pinches Castlereah not a little. I always suspected that the enlistments & apprenticeships of captured Negroes, in the W. Inds. would be the refuge agst. the allegations on our part. But, if the former be for life, & the latter for 14 years even for those of mature age, & both be forced, as the law & order in Council shew, how can either be a situation in which the unfortunate blacks are protected in the privileges of freemen? Nor is it conceivable that the Act of Parlt. which contemplates evidently the african trade, and seizures on the high seas, can be fairly applied to negroes in the U. States in a slavery originating with G. B. herself; seduced or forced therefrom with her sanction, and recd. on board vessels within the waters of the U. S. As the B. Govt. presses a full scrutiny into the charges agst. its officers, whether wth. a view to discredit this Govt. or for whatever other purpose, it will be proper to promote the establishment of the truth. It will be particularly proper to keep in the front of the transaction, the inviting proclamation of the B. Commander, and the bondage de facto into which, it is admitted, that the negroes are placed, under the name of freedom & protection. I hope Mr Adams will not fail in the most suitable stage of the business to do justice to this view of the subject. It will put our charges on defensible ground, even if we fail to establish what is fairly to be believed, that the captives or fugitives in question, were sold into the ordinary slavery of the W. Indies. The object of Ld. Castlereah evidently is to draw the question to a point most difficult of proof, and in the failure of it to avail himself, of an ostentatious zeal for an impracticable investigation. Yours\nJ. Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5333", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander James Dallas, 27 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\nDear Sir\nMontpellier July 27. 1816\nI have recd. yours of the 23d. inclosing a letter from Mr. Baker, with the draft of an answer; and a letter from Wm. Js. Sears of Bermuda.\nThe subject of Mr. Bakers letter, regularly belongs to the Dept. of State: But whether addressed to the Treasury Dept: or to that, ought to have proceeded from the Minister, & not from the Consul otherwise than thro\u2019 the Minister. From courtesy, which as well as conveniency sometimes takes the place of strict rule, it may not be amiss to make to Mr. Baker the observations contained in your intended answer; with a reference to the usual channel, for such discussions. I send both the papers to Mr. Monroe, who in speaking with Mr. Bagot will lead his attention to the diplomatic usage.\nI send to Mr. M. also the letter from Mr. Sears. If our vessels enjoy in that Island the same privileges as in the European ports of G. B. the claim stated, tho\u2019 not supported by the Convention, seems to be covered by the general terms of the act of Congs. referred to. I have however but slightly looked into the subject; and the fact & the extent of the trade allowed to our Vessels at Bermuda, ought to be scrutinized. In describing the B. Dominions, the Convention wd. seem to include Bermuda in the W. Inds. since it is not probable that it was overlooked altogether by both the Amn. & B. Commissioners. Whether an Amn. Consul will be admitted there, is another point to be ascertained. This can probably be done at Washington. Cordial respects & esteem\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5335", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Francis Corbin, 29 July 1816\nFrom: Corbin, Francis\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nThe Reeds (Wh: Ch: Po: Off) July 29th. 1816\nSupposing that you may wish to have an accurate account of our Subscriptions at Richmond to the Bank of the U. States, I have thought it proper to send you the inclosed Statement.\nThe Subscriptions were made in nearly the following proportions.\nBy the Country People about7000By the Borough of Norfolk5000By the Bank of Virginia2000By Richmond298716.987\nBut for the embarrassed situation of our two Banks, which are curtailing heavily and not discounting a single Dollar, the Subscription would have been much larger, I believe, notwithstanding the high price of Specie, and the artificial, tho\u2019, I hope, only temporary depression of Bills of Exe.\nBefore I left Richmond on Saturday the 27th. we had completed one transcript or Copy of the original Book of Subscriptions. The original will, therefore, have been forwarded, before this time, to the Commissioners at Philadelphia by the Mail. This mode of conveyance we judged to be the most expeditious, & the least expensive, and, perhaps, equally safe with any other. By Saturday next the second transcript or Copy of the Original Book of Subscriptions will be finished, when the first will be sent on to the Sec: of the Treasury, and the last deposited in the Bank of Virginia for safe keeping.\nBe pleased to present my devoirs to Mrs. Madison, and accept for yourself the great Respect and Sincere Esteem, of Dear Sir, Your Much Obliged and Mo: Obt. St.\nFrancis Corbin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5337", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Jones, 29 July 1816\nFrom: Jones, William\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhilada. 29th. July 1816\nPresuming that it may be acceptable to you to know the progress and prospects of the subscriptions to the Bank of the United States which in the existing State of things so materially involves the financial operations of the government, and the currency and credit of the Country; I have the pleasure to communicate to you such information as I possess on the subject either officially or privately. The following statement will exhibit the ascertaintained result of the subscriptions marked thus X, and also the probable result at those places where the amount has not yet been ascertained, but approximates to certainty marked thus *. The amount at the remaining places is conjectural but founded upon the best data at this time attainable.\nviz.atPortland Maine350000\"Portsmouth N H350000\"BostonX2,402300\"Providence R I (upwards of)X700000\"Middletown Con (do)X1,000000\"Burlington Vert.150000\"New YorkX2300000\"New Brunswick N JX130000\"PhiladelphiaX5,833600\"Wilmington DelX465000\"BaltimoreX4,014100\"RichmondX1,702200\"Lexington Keny.1,200000\"Cincinnati350000\"Raleigh N C350000\"Nashville Ten300000\"Charleston S C*2,000000\"Augusta Geo*1,000000\"New Orleans300000\"Washington CityX 1,293000$26,190200\nI think it may be assumed as certain that the Capital will not be three millions of dollars deficient and that upon opening the subscription again it will be filled in less than forty eight hours. With Sincere respect and regard I am Dear Sir your Obedt. Servt.\nW Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5338", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 29 July 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDr. Sir\nMontpr. July 29. 1816\nThe 2 letters of Mr. De Neuville present topics which are not agreeable. The one demanding the recall of Mr. Lee will be sufficiently answered by his actual return to the U. S. and an intimation that without any particular examination of the charge agst. Him. This Govt. could not fail to respect the wishes of M. C. M. in such a case.\nThe other letter complaining of the toast of the Post Master at Baltimore on the 4th. of July, is of a different character. It is to be regretted that so much harsh language is indulged in our prints, and on public occasions agst. nations with which we are at peace, and have an interest in being well. And it is unfortunate when those in office, inattentive to their relation to the Govt. give eclat to unnecessary expressions insulting to foreign powers. It was, notwithstanding, an illjudged step, in the French Minister, more especially in the present situation of his sovereign, & the temper of the times, to extract from such a source, a text for diplomatic correspondence. The freedom of speech & of the press, so difficult to be regulated with exactness, without danger to its vital principle, the latitude it takes with respect to other foreign Govts. which decline taking offense at it, and even towards the domestic Govt., and the spirit naturally predominant on the solemnity celebrating the birth of our popular system ought to have entered more into the consideration of Mr. de Neuville. The circumstance of Mr. Skinner being a functionary of the Govt. which is the pivot of the Remonstrance, is lost in the remoteness & lowness of the office; this being filled by & held under an officer of a grade, not participating in the Ex: Councils, and the number itself, (amounting to ) of such officers, lessening the importance of their unofficial conduct, and the attention due to their individual opinion and expressions. It is probable also that you will be able to make your answer decisive by referring to proofs that this Govt. is grossly abused in some of the pub: prints of France, & that inferior functionaries there take liberties equal to that of Mr. Skinner, if not in print, in language held in public, & perhaps in their official transactions. These facts if they can not be referred to as within proof, are either so notorious or so credible that a glance only at them ought to put an end to the discussion.\nI have retained the recommendations of a successor to the deceased Marshal of N. Y. till we be together. Morris, Lawrence, Dill & Coffin will be in comparison. The last ostensibly has strong pretensions but I observe is not patronized on this occasion. L & D are strongly pressed & have plausible relations to the vacancy. Morris is less recommended; but his appt. if proper, wd. have the advantage of healing the wound recd. from the Senate. I think it questionable however whether a preference of him wd. not produce more murmers among the disappointed than that of either L or D. You have probably more information on this point. Yrs & \nJ. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5339", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Jarvis, 30 July 1816\nFrom: Jarvis, James\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nLondon July 30th: 1816.\nMay I intrude on you so much as to write you this Letter and I hope you will not take as an insult from me, but my veins swells within me to hear you runn down sir. Although I am in British Government, yet that does not make me forget my native country. If I should hear a boy of my size say any thing against my country I would die, beneath his feet before I would surrender I was formerly of Stonnington and have been here six months I ask your pardon for insulting you so much but I cannot help it\nJames Jarvis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5340", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 31 July 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nLoudoun July 31. 1816\nI wrote you a few lines the day I left Washington, to advise of it, and of the state in which the affairs then were, which had so long detaind me there.\nYou have already, as I presume, recd,. Mr Bagots letter to me respecting the armament on the lakes, the vague character of which, seems to leave little hope of a satisfactory result, at this time. I enclose you a project of an answer, the object of which is, to take advantage of any power he may possess, to make temporary regulations by instruction to the governors or otherwise, and to compell a reference of the subject for a more permanent arrangment to the British govt. with Mr. Adams. That is perhaps the best course, as the commercial subject is in his hands it is the course, the nature of Mr. B\u2019s powers seems to make indispensible. I suspect the affair of the fisheries will take the same direction. I send you the only document, which I have yet receiv\u2019d on that subject.\nYou will be so kind as to make such correction, as you may think proper, in the letter to Mr Bagot, & return it to Mr Graham.\nYour letter to the French minister was forwarded to him, it appearing to be a very proper one.\nWhat shall I say to Mr. late respecting his project about a treaty, with which you were acquainted before you left Washington? With affectionate respect,\nJas Monroe\nMr. Coles is with me. He returns tomorrow & will proceed without delay to Boston, to embark for Russia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5341", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, August 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nca. August 1816\nIt appears that Dr. Flord returned to New Orleans on the 3d of July, and that the bank subscriptions were opened. The amount is not expected to exceed $300,000 at that place. The general deficit will probably be $3,000,000, but it will be immediately supplied by companies already formed. Mr. Girard alone will take $1,000,000, if he can obtain that sum.\nI am anxious to receive your sentiments upon the expediency of persevering in the treasury proposition for commencing coin payments of small bank-notes on the 1st of October. I think the banks here would be obliged to acquiesce. There is a danger, however, of a failure of current means of paying taxes in the interior; and the merchants would be glad at this crisis, to seize any pretence for refusing to pay their bonds. I am, dear sir, most respectfully and faithfully yours,\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5342", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Ogilvie, August 1816\nFrom: Ogilvie, James\nTo: Madison, James\nPhiladelphia August 1816.\nI take the liberty, my dear Sir, to transmit for your perusal, a sort of synopsis of a book which will shortly make its appearance.\nHe must have stouter nerves than mine, who in an age, like this, can provoke the attention & await the decision of the august & penetrating awarders of literary justice, without apprehension & awe.\nBut I have arrived somewhat abruptly & unpreparedly, at a stage, in the prosecution of my enterprise, When farther success becomes hopeless, or naught without the acquisition of some share of reputation as a philosophical enquirer & author. Recede I will not, stand still I cannot; I therefore must go on: And on I will go: Cheer\u2019d by the retrospect of past success & \"attended by the strong-siding champion Conscience\", & gladly welcome the smile of \"white handed hope, That hovering angel girt with golden wings\". With a cordial wish that the bright & serene sunset of your political career, may be followed by a long twilight of philosophical leisure, & domestic felicity & a night of the sweetest sleep I am with profound respect, & The most heart-felt esteem one of the millions of your friends\nJames Ogilvie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5344", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jenkin Whitesides, August 1816\nFrom: Whitesides, Jenkin\nTo: Madison, James\nAugust 1816\nMemorialTo the President of the United States of America.This memorial and remonstrance respectfully declareth:\nThat one of the most inestimable privileges which freemen enjoy is the right of investigating the proceedings of those whose duty it is to advance the public weal, and remove the causes which have a tendency to produce public and individual injury. Availing ourselves of this sacred right, we your memorialists, would respectfully submit a number of the grievances, under which we labour in common with the people of this State, A candid and full examination of which we trust, will produce a removal so far as the power of doing this, or recommending it to be done, is vested in yourself. The people of this State know that their political and, individual prosperity is much retarded, and they also believe that their rights are obstructed by two causes, connected with the relations of the United States with the Indian tribes: The first of which is a failure to extinguish the Indian claim to land within the chartered limits of this State: And the second is a cession to the cherokee Indians of that tract of country South of Tennessee ceded to the United States by the creek Indians by the treaty held by Genl. Jackson: We are more concerned on the latter subject, that the Government should have yielded to the cherokees this tract, at the very time when that nation refused to sell for a full price to the United States a portion of land on the north side of Tennesee within this State which is of much importance to us, and is in a measure useless to that Nation. To show how far the existence of the Indian claim to the land within the chartered limits of this State is a political injury and connected with the violation of individual rights we will beg leave to call your attention to the following facts. Previous to the formation of the constitution of the United States & when the State of North Carolina, possessed the absolute sovereignity of soil in what is now the State of Tennessee, each of the States having declared Independance: and after the States had conquered their enemies foreign & internal, the Legislature of that State, with much magnanimity and justice, offered for sale her Western lands to her own Citizens to extinguish the debt which she owed to the war-worn soldier of the revolution: that debt was paid and a fee simple title was vested in the Purchasers, to a large portion of the lands within what is now the State of Tennessee. This took place in the years 1783 and 1784 At that time the title of the Indians to the lands sold by the State, was not acknowledged by any treaty or law, and it was purchased and grants obtained, under a confidence that possession could be had so soon as the Indian Nations were conquered or would cease to be hostile. Few, if any of the tribes of Indians ever actually inhabited the lands which were sold by the State of North Carolina. That portion of territory in which the cherokee tribes were settled south and East of Tennessee was reseved when the boundary was prescribed of lands offered for sale. After the State of North Carolina had sold out the Lands to redeem her public debt, the territory now composing the State of Tennessee was ceded by North Carolina to the Congress of the United States, reserving however the rights of individuals holding under grants, and the right of perfect titles of such as had purchased lands, from that State, which were not granted. Since that period, the United States have by treaties or compacts with the Cherokees & Chickesaw Indians acknowledged a possessory right in those tribes to a large portion of the lands within this State, and that acknowledgement of title continues to exist, to the exclusion of Citizens who have paid a fair price to North Carolina for those lands more than thirty years since. Nay, the treaties purport to vest an absolute right to those lands in the Indians. A large portion of territory is unoccupied by the Indians on the north side of Tennessee, (except perhaps occasionally by a few straggling parties) to which their title is unextinguished: this land is of vast importance in a political point of view to the State. It has also been granted by North Carolina, and the Grantees deprived of the enjoyment of their property; and yet the cherokees refuse to sell it with the same stubborn independance as if their title was absolute! An extensive and fertile track, is situate to the West of the Inhabited part of this State and extending to the Mississippi, which land was sold by North Carolina, and a great portion therof granted nearly thirty years since. It is unsettled by the Indians; yet it is claimed by the Chickesaw tribe, and the Grantees of the land, who have a freehold in the soil, by purchase from the State, have a more gloomy prospect of enjoying their property now, than existed twenty years ago!\nMany individuals are deprived of their Patrimony, purchased by the blood of their fathers. The State is deprived of the political advantage arising from the settlement of a part of its soil, fertile beyond description, and rendered doubly important from its situation on the great navigable rivers which have become the highway to Market of the produce raised by several millions of people. At the close of the American war the absolute right to the vacant soil existed in the States respectively, and the usufructuary right was in the Indian tribes, most of whom were conquered by the States. If this right existed in the States, we would enquire whether it would be consistent with the principles of a free Goverment, to exclude the individual owners of the soil from the enjoyment of their property? And, we would humbly suggest the injustice of doing this by laws or treaties made subsequently to the vested rights of the owners. This is a grievance, under which the Citizens of the State of Tennessee have laboured for many years past. In an humble and respectful manner has it been presented to the constituted authorities of the United States by the legislature of our State and by our representatives and Senators in Congress. With painful emotions it has been seen that all exertions for its removal have failed. Yet as Citizens we were respectfully silent, hoping each succeding year would produce a change; we fondly looked forward to the time when the rights of our Citizens would be considered as paramount to the rights of the Indians: and of two conflicting claims, that that claim would be protected which would convert a pathless wilderness into peaceful habitations of freemen, yielding individual wealth and national prosperity. And if an Indemnity was necessary, it would be confered on those whose claim was later in point of Law and acknowledgement: and least in point of use and necessity. From the arrogant and aspiring pretensions of the adjacent tribes, we have no hope that they will voluntarily yield, or even sell their claim. Recent events shew that they desire to embrace every foot of territory which will lessen the facility of communication with the settlements on the Mississippi and Mobile and retard the prosperity of this State. We would enquire where is this matter to end? Is it to be left to the will of the Cherokee and Chickisaw Indians?\nWe would also call your attention to the peculiarity of our injury. In no other State do we know of a sale of lands, at an early period after the revolution, where the purchasers are, as yet deprived of the possession. In a few years the extinguishment of the Indian claim will be useless to the individual claimants. The destroyer time, will have demolished every trace or mark of the surveys and boundaries, and already almost every individual to whom they were known is consigned to the Tomb. Our other subject of complaint is the late Cession to the cherokee Indians of so large a portion of the territory, added to the United States, by the treaty held with the Creeks by Genrl. Jackson. This is considered as an evil of much magnitude, and we submit the following facts to prove that the creeks were fully empowered to make the conveyance to the United States by the treaty of 1814. It is clearly established and it is here almost universally known that at the first settlement of the Western Country, the territory in question was not held under the least color of claim by the Cherokees, but was in the possession of the creeks, who continued to occupy it until the war in 1813 when the creeks fled from villages within this territory which were afterwards demolished by Genr. Jackson. The chiefs and head men of the cherokees even at that period, so far from claiming this land, declared to Genr. Jackson that his army was in an enemys Country, after crossing a small stream called Wells creeks 20 miles south of Fort deposit on the Tennessee River. From thence southwardly, they said the army was in the territory of the creeks, and all the property was the property of the enemy. Of the truth of these facts, abundant proof can be produced, sufficient to establish the same at any time when it may be desired. Did not the cession of this land to the United States of prima facie evidence of title. If so, could the people be divested of this title by the act of the President and Senate. This humbly state that they do not think the constituion has vested this power in those branches of the Goverment. The cession of this territory to the United States was hailed with joy as an Aera in the prosperity of Tennessee. By this a communication would be had through a country inhabited by White men and governed by laws, to the counties on the Mississippi and Mobile. We even were informed the boundaries of the lands held by the creeks were directed to be by authority, separating those lands from the Cherokees. We understand the line was run, and information therof communicated to the proper officer. But our satisfaction at this event was succeeded by surprise and regret, when we learnd so much of this tract was ceded to the Cherokees, as would effectually prevent that connection in settlement with our fellow citizens on the Waters of the Mobile.\nWe would ask where is the policy of ceding this tract to the Cherokees, who are so tenacious of the territory which they already possess that they will not surrender one acre, without receiving what would be the value of the Land. We would enquire upon what principle of justice was this land ceded to the Cherokees? It was not useful to them for cultivation. Nor due to them as a Nation, to the exclusion of the people of the West, to whom the advantages from the occupation & settlement of this Country were in some measure due as a boon for its conquest. We applaud the course of Policy adopted by the UStates towards the Indians, replete with cannot agree it is proper to sacrifice the convenience and welfare of so large a portion of the members of the community, to gratify the cupidity of any tribe. The Country bordering on the Tennessee and occupied by the Creeks before the War of 1813 is that through which would pass the great highway from this State to N. Orleans and Mobile. The country is fertile and would soon be covered by a population of yeomanry and become a perpetual barrier to the communication of the Northern and southern tribes of Indians who from their intimate correspondence produced such distressing effects subsequent to the situation of in 1812.\nOur Citizens would then travel in security, without the risque of being murdered at every wigwam by some drunken savage, or of being ambushed and plundered, until a safe passage is purchased by giving to the Indians money for permission to travel the public road. One of our neighbours a short time since was insulted and afterwards murdered on the road leading through that nation. And another of our most respectable Citizens, when travelling with his family on the same road, was compelled to purchase his safe passage by his purse of money. The tribe will claim in palliation such excesses are committed by profligate and drunken Indians, and perhaps will claim credit, for surrendering such to be punished by our laws. These things to us are no satisfaction or security. The course of business, requires frequent travelling along the roads leading to that country and while the Indians possess the soil from the Mississippi to Georgia, our citizens are not secure from attacks. We desire rather security against this mischief, than revenge for a murder when committed. If you will refer to the Map of the Country South of the State of Tennessee and bring to mind that the produce of all the Western country is sold at New Orleans, and that the Indians possess an extensive territory between this state and Market, that thousand of the Citizens of Kentucky and Tennessee, annually return by land, after selling their produce, and that this happens most frequently in the unhealthy season, that want of accommodation, sickness and insult and injury often await them through this Indian Territory, that every year increases the quantity of produce for the market, and consequently the number of persons exposed to the evils enumerated: And you will have but a faint Idea of the magnitude of the object to the people of this section of the Union, and of the regret with which they beheld, that a free communication was no sooner obtained from the Creeks, than it was surrendered to the Cherokees. We cannot but believe that the policy of retaining this part of the country is so evident that it would not have surrendered to the cherokees, except for a mistaken belief that it of right belonged to that nation, and we believe if the fact had been Known to you that the cherokee claim was founded altogether on pretence and had no substantial existence, that this cession would not have been sanctioned. We have heard it suggested that the treaty of 1806, contained a pledge that the United States would acknowledge the claim of the cherokees, to this territory. We will remark, that the article in that treaty which speaks of the boundary of the Cherokees and Chickesaw Indians was evidently concluded by the Secretary at War, relying upon the representation of the Cherokees, and without a Knowledge of the title of the respective tribes. It your dispute in question did not the Cherokees or Chickesaws: but was vested in the . The agreement on the part of the U States that they would endeavor to prevent collisions between the Cherokees and Chickesaws by procuring the establishment of a certain boundary, did not it seems to us, bind the U States to relinquish any title they might acquire from a third party, provided that this party had the better title: particularly when it is recollected, that the projected boundary of the treaty of 1806 never was established. We might still go further in depicting the evils carrying this stipulation into effect with the creeks by Gen. Jackson and after the boundaries were run and ascertained. This tract has been settled by a numerous population, by men whose lives and property have often been pledged to their Goverment. We will leave to you to imagine the difficulty and distress and dissatisfaction which will result from dispossing this population of a country which was considered as a land of promise, and which they had prepard themselves to purchase by a sale of their interior possessions, and that this disposition should be made, that the country may remain a wilderness for the refuge of plunderers and murderers. We are also mortified that the treaty with the cherokees, should contain an imputation against the Militia of this State in making an appropriation of $25,500 for depredations pretended to be committed in their territory by the army of the U. States This claim set up by the Cherokees, we believe from good authority to be unfounded. The language as well as matter of this article is a subject of regret to the Militia of Tennessee, Since it implicates the character of their Officers, who are virtually accused of leading bands of maurauders and allowing the most flagrant acts to pass unpunished. We would beg leave to bring to your notice the tedious & injurious system adopted by the War department, in the payment of accounts which have been created during the war, in the Quarter Masters Office. The payments of these accounts have been postponed from time to time to the great injury of those who hold unsettled claims, and as if to increase the difficulty, it has been lately ordered that these claims shall be sent to Washington for inspection, previous to their adjustment. The delay and risque of loss in transmission of the evidences of these claims, are very great, and the difficulty of presenting demands, although entirely just, authenticated according to exact form, has been experienced by all interested in them Because the officers ordering the same paid, are now at an immense distance from the place of their liquidation. All these embarrassments had, in many instances, created an expense equal to the amount of the demands producing it. The payment of the officers and soldiers for their services, has been so long protracted and so many difficulties presented from the want of funds or otherwise that many of the soldiers who braved the dangers of the field, and conquered the Heroes of Britain, have not yet received the first cent for their services.\nThis Committee are assured that penury has not tied the purse strings of the nation; that appropriations were made to satisfy all demands against the pay and quarter masters departments in this district: Therefore we most respectfully enquire what disposition has been made of the funds appropriated to satisfy the just claims on Goverment\nThe Citizens of Tennessee deem the grievances which this committee have referred to materially affecting the rights and happiness of the community at large, and are happy to believe that they have by their recent unparalleled display of Patriotism and Valor, secured to themselves the plaudits of the American People and are justly entitled to a prompt removal of all the causes hereby noticed, which so materially affect the present and future destiny of this Country.For and in behalf of the citizens of Davidson County\nJenkin Whitesides}CommitteeJames TrimbleWashn. L. HannumAlfred BalchWilliam Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5345", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonas Humbert, 1 August 1816\nFrom: Humbert, Jonas\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNew York Augt. 1, 1816.\nI beg your friendly indulgence in submitting this Communication for perusal.\nPerhaps I owe the President an appology for troubling him on a former occasion, particularly for the clumsy manner in which the letter was written. That letter however stated truths, and from the satisfactory way in which the President expressed himself, to Mr. Geo. White Editor of the \"Public Advertiser\" Concerning a series of Essays, defending the Administration and Mr. Madisons Nomination, I was induced to hope some little attention would have been given me, particularly as I was basely persecuted, and deprived from some advantages arising from a public place which occasioned me the loss of Nearly five thousand dollars.\nThe honor of my native Country, and a firm Conviction of the rectitude of Mr. Jeffersons as well as that of the Presidents administration gave an impulse to My feelings at an early period when foreign aggressions assailed us, and when administration was traduced in this City in a most shameful manner by Republicans, some of whom remain to this hour the Presidents deadly enemies: I know this fact from their own lips.\nRespectable testimony is by this time in the possession of the Hon. Secretary of State from different persons of first respectibility. I have solicited the situation of the Marshal\u2019s office now vacant, and requested the Hon. Secretary to lay my papers before the President.\nRespected Sir, permit me to solicit your friendship, and to appeal to those high and honorable sentiments which must influence your Conduct towards those who have supported and advocated the administration from the purest Motives; and surely, when the President Considers the treatment I met with, in Consequence of the inflexible determination I shewed in favour of the Government, which injured me very much in a pecuniary point of view, he Cannot resist emotions which naturelly attend an elevated mind.\nIt would give me much pleasure if I could make it convenient to pay my personal respects to the President as well as to those respectable gentlemen who are heads of \"Department\". With sentiments of high respect and great esteem, I have the honor to be your most obedient Servant\nJonas Humbert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5346", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert H. Jones, 1 August 1816\nFrom: Jones, Robert H.\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nWarrenton 1. August 1816\nCircumstances that apply exclusively to my private affairs and interest induce me to resign my Commission as Attorney of the U States for the District of North Carolina, and to request you to accept this as my resignation.\nIt would afford me Sincere Satisfaction to tender herewith the name of Some Gentleman, as my Successor, of adequate talents to the duties imposed by the office. This however is denied me, and probably for the same reasons that have produced my resignation. Mr. Thomas P. Devereux of the City of Raleigh a young gentleman very recently admitted to the Bar, wou\u2019d indeed accept the Appointment; but his youth and consequent inexperience prevents a recommendation from me.\nTo guard individuals and the public from embarrassments and difficulties, I shall continue, as heretofore, to discharge the duties of the office untill my Successor is known.\nI beg leave Sir, to avail myself of this opportunity, to express my sincere wishes for your personal happiness and reposed, and to add my fervent prayer, that you may very long live, to enjoy the approbation of your Countrymen the best Reward of your Useful Services. I have the Honor to be with the most perfect regard Sir Yr. mo Ob. St.\nRobert H. Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5347", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 2 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello Aug. 2. 16.\nMrs. Randolph, Ellen & myself intended before this to have had the pleasure of seeing Mrs. Madison and yourself at Montpelier as we mentioned to Mr. Coles; but three days ago Mrs. Randolph was taken with a fever, which has confined her to her bed ever since. it is so moderate that we are in the hourly hope of it\u2019s leaving her and, after a little time to recruit her strength, of carrying our purpose into execution, which we shall lose no time in doing. in the mean time I salute Mrs. Madison & yourself with unceasing affection & respect\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5348", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 3 August 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nDept. of State 3d. Augt. 1816.\nI received the enclosed Letter, from Mr. Monroe this Morning. He directed that it should be shewn to Mr. G. Graham in the War Dept. and then transmitted to you.\nMr. Coles left this for Boston this Morning. I have reason to think the Vessel which is to take him to Europe, will not be ready sail when he gets to Boston.\nI received yesterday from Mr. Gelston the Letter from the Dey of Algiers, without a translation tho: the Baron L\u2019Escalier has been and yet is at work upon it He says in a note which I have transmitted to Mr. Monroe that the Persian Language which is written in the Arabic Character is quite familiar to him. The Arabic he does not understand tho: he thinks with the Books he has now got, that he shall be able to make out the substance of the Letter & for that purpose he has retained a Copy. I hope it will not be necessary for him to pursue his labour, as I have sent the Letter of the Dey to Baltimore by Mr. Forrest and given him the address of the Gentleman who was so good as to come here for the purpose of making the translation. I thought it most prudent to send the Letter by a special Messenger as it is done with little expence, and will prevent all unnecessary delay. The translation will be forwarded to you as soon as it is received, as I understand the vessel is now waiting at New york to take out your answer. Will you be so good as to let me know whether I must send with it, the Letters from Commodore Decatur & Mr. Shaler or any part of them.\nWe have no Letters from any of our Ministers in Europe. A file of the Moniteur to the 1st. June was received from Mr. Jackson yesterday and is forwarded to you today. No Letter from him to the Dept. came with it. With the most Respectful Regard I am Dear Sir your Obt Hble Sert\nJohn Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5349", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 3 August 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nMr. Jones promised to communicate to you a Statement of the Subscriptions to the Bank of the United States. The deficit will not be great, and will be immediately subscribed, at Philadelphia. Mr. Jones\u2019s prospect brightens. He is opposed, however, by Major Butler, whose appointment produces all the inconveniences, that I apprehended.\nThe Treasury Circular seems to be approved by all, but the Bankers. A Convention of Delegates from the Banks of the middle States will meet here on the 6: instant; and I am promised a candid and explicit answer.\nThe Custom-House establishment at Boston has been purchased for 29,000 Dollars. The B altimore proposition is suspended, as you desired, for further information from other points. The site for the Philadelphia establishment is ordered to be purchased. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully and faithfully, Yrs.\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5350", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 3 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir \nMontpellier Aug. 3. 1816\nI have recd yours of July 31. and return the answer to Mr. B. with one or two alterations, the cheif of which is an extension of the arrangement to Lake Champlain. An entire prohibition of armed vessels there where there is much smuggling from Canada, might not be convenient to us; nor would it be reciprocal, considering the manner in which the waters of that Lake are divided between the parties. I see little probability, on the whole of any final agreement, particularly thro\u2019 Mr B. who probably has not & will not receive definitive authority. The best course therefore seems to be, to send some such plan as mentioned in my former letter, to Mr. Adams, with definitive powers to agree to it, or to as much of it as can be attained, and to work a formal arrangement.\nThe information from Mr. Prentiss, may furnish topics for conversation with Mr. Bagot, & communication to Mr Adams. It forbids the hope of any arrangement with the former, if the proposition held out by him be any thing like a measure of his powers.\nThe name to the other letter now returned, which puzzled you is Sam: L. Mitchill. You may express to him the esteem known to be entertained by me, for his learning & talents, and the confidence also entertained in his zeal for patriotic objects, that we are sensible of the merits of those suggested by him, but it does not appear that any distinct provision is authorized for pursuing them in the mode suggested for availing the public, and the cause of science, of the Services he tenders. Friendly respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5351", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Graham, 4 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Graham, George\nDear Sir\nI return the letters from Govr. C. &c &c and from Mr. McKee. If the line between the Cherokees, or rather the U.S. & the Osages, can be ascertained by a resurvey at a moderate & authorized expence, it will be a proper measure in every view. It will be advantageous also that the boundary of the Cherokees on the South side of the Arkansaw be defined. Shd. the Cherokees be displaced from the lands allotted to them, some other provision will be requisite for them; but it will be better to allot them lands already purchased, than to make further purchases, without some special considerations in favor of the latter alternative. As it will not be long before the Secy. of war will probably return, the whole subject may await it; the rather as I do not possess here all the information which will be commanded at Washington. The letter from Garrard may go to the files of your office, if worth preserving Friendly respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5353", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Graham, 5 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Graham, George\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Aug. 5. 1816\nI return the letter from Mr. Bagot. It manifests a good disposition on his part, and on that of the Commander in cheif in Canada. But it appears by communications to the War Dept. from one of our own sources, that the hostile purposes of the Indians in question, are the effect, of instigations from British Traders. I have desired Mr. G. Graham to lay these communications before the Dept. of State. In connection with those from Mr. B., they will bring the whole subject into the conversation desired by Mr. B. The British authorities ought to repress a resort to their posts, of Indians from our side of the boundary, at least for political purposes; and to prohibit effectually the misconduct of their traders. If this be not done we must strengthen our military establishments, in that quarter, and hasten the exclusion of British traders from intercourse with Indians within our limits. It will certainly be better for the British to co-operate with us in keeping the Indians within rule, than to force us into the alternatives; I am glad you are likely to obtain at length a translation of the Algerine letter. I wrote to Mr. Monroe on the receipt of it, to send with the translation, an answer ready to be signed. This can best be drawn at Washington, where all the circumstances are most distinctly in view, including those connected with the Navy Dept.; and the lapse of time increases also the reason for diminishing delay. Friendly respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5354", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Parker, 5 August 1816\nFrom: Parker, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nAdjt. & Insp. Genl. office 5th. Augst. 1816.\nI have this morning received the enclosed from General Gaines. I had before requested of Mjr. Winder Judge Advocate that Genl. Ripley may be examined as early as possible that he may take the command which Genl. Smith will leave to repair to New York as a witness. Genl. Smith & Captn. Shipp have been ordered and Genl. Jackson is advised of the measure by a copy of the letter to Genl. Smith. Colonel Jesup is commanding the 8th. Dept. at New Orleans. Colo. McDonald is to take Genl. Gaines command as Colonel King is President of the Court Martial at Nashville. Lt. Colo. Lawrence will be in command at St. Louis after Genl. Smith leaves that station & is also the only field officer of the 8th. Infantry who can for some time be with the Regiment. Major Armstrong and Judge Advocate Winston are on the Court which is to assemble at Nashville on the 19th. inst. and Captain Gray must be near New Orleans, so that it hardly appears practicable to order either of the witnesses mentioned in the within list. I am advised too by Lieut. Colo. Lindsay that his health will not permit him to repair to Nashville which will make a further detail necessary for that Court. I have informed Lt. Colo. Lindsay that his ill health supersedes the expectation of his obeying the order & that I have forwarded his letter to Genl. Jackson.\nI therefore submit all these facts and ask for instructions. With perfect respect &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5355", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Parker, 5 August 1816\nFrom: Parker, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nAdjt. & Insp. Genl. office 5th. Augst. 1816.\nI am of the opinion that the within protest should be made to the court martial and that the subject is properly within its jurisdiction. I have therefore sent a copy to Major Genl. Scott the President of the Court & as Major Genl. Gaines will probably be at New York before a letter could reach him elsewhere. I have not answered his letter. All the papers relative to the charges & trial were sent to the Judge Advocate by order of the Secretary of War.\nGenl. Scott has advised me that he shall order the Judge Advocate to New York immediately. I have the honour to be Yrs & c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5356", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 6 August 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nDept. of State 6th. Augt. 1816.\nI send you a Letter from Mr Adams of old date which was received yesterday. Those which it covers are of some interest and I believe you have not seen them before. I have also the pleasure to send a Letter from Mr Russell, and a Memorial from certain Merchants in Phia. relative to their claims on Denmark.\nMr Forrest has returned from Baltimore and tells me that we may expect the translation of the Deys Letter today or tomorrow. I had wished him to wait for it, but as he left Mrs Forrest very unwell, he was anxious to return immediately and did so. Most Respectfully I am Dear Sir your Obt Hble Sert.\nJ Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5361", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 7 August 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nLoudoun Augt. 7. 1816\nI recd. yours of the 2d. yesterday, & of course have no time, to say any thing to Mr Pinkney or Mr Harris, respecting the charge Mr Coles will take of the dispatches communicating the state of our affrs. with Russia, after the receit of those sent by Mr Coles. My arrangment with Mr Coles, was founded partly on the idea, that the public would derive an advantage, from having the command of the corvette, unconnected with him, after his arrival in Russia. I think it important that this shod. appear in the correspondence, and I will trouble you to state it in a letter to Mr Harris or Mr P. on one of the seals left with you with my signature, with the addition that Mr Coles, will remain to take charge of the dispatches, as mentiond in yours to me.\nLet Mr Harrison take copies of the two short notes enclosed. Seal & forward the letter to Mr Coles, leaving that to Ld. E. open, & put it as you receive it, under cover to Genl. Dearborn Collector. My affairs here, which are still unsettled, have allowd very little time for other business. But I will be with you in a few days. An offer or two have been made me for parts of the tract, relative to which I will confer with you when we meet. Your friend\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5362", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 8 August 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nA convention of representatives from the Banks of New-York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, decided yesterday, that they would recommend to their Constituents, the resumption of specie payments on the 1st. of July next. A Committee called upon me to communicate the decision. I remonstrated against so distant a day, and stated that there were two periods, designated by the measures of the Government, which should have been preferred; the commencement of the operations of the National Bank, and the commencement of the collection of the Revenue in coin, under the Resolution of April last. The Committee declared, that it was impossible to make the requisite arrangements before the 1: of July; and considered it a great advantage to have obtained an unanimous vote for that time. The subject is very perplexing; for, in the present Protean state of the currency, with an overflowing Treasury, the public engagements cannot be satisfied in the East, and, partially, in the South, without adding to the public debt; while the relief expected from the National Bank must be suspended. I am preparing a farewell report on the Finances, in which my views upon the occasion, will be more particularly submitted to you. I am, Dear Sir, Most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs.\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5364", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Baker, 8 August 1816\nFrom: Baker, James\nTo: Madison, James\nFather of my Country! \nNorfolk Augst. Thursday 8th. 1816\nPermit me honor\u2019d Sir, to call your attention,& request that you will peruse this, when the hours of business have ceas\u2019d their temporary influence. I was bred up in the Counting House of Mr. Jacob Barker of New York. I Serv\u2019d him nine years, two of which I was at France & Spain; for the purpose of extending largely; his great Commercial views; as well as my own interests. After having been there very near two years, in consequence of the Cheasapeak affair; I was order\u2019d home, & owing to the great Commercial Channel being shut up, I was not view\u2019d by him with that interest & affection that he was wont to do. His promises had always led me to believe that my conduct alone would be the arbiter of my future prosperity & happiness; always credulous; I very readily repos\u2019d the confidence of a Son in the justice of a father; & trusted my Bark to the Sea of Capricious human passions. (I am an Orphan). In consequence of his Commercial prospect being comparatively annhilated; my Services were consequently not repaid with the anticipated justice they merited & that my warm enthusiasm had led me naturally to expect, being the child of his fostering care. I was spurn\u2019d from my paternal abode with the cold indifference of an unworthy wretch. I was ever after determin\u2019d never to be aided by the influence of Such an unprincipled man; Nor have I. I then was determin\u2019d to meet an honorable death in defending the liberties of my belov\u2019d & injur\u2019d Country; & enter\u2019d the Army, 1st. May 1812, 2nd. Lieut: in the Regiment of Artillerists, through the recommendation of my patron Washington Irvine Esqre. of New York. I remain\u2019d in the Service (I hope without reproach) untill derang\u2019d at this place, 31st. October 1815, since which I have been in the Service of one of the principal Merchants here; as Book Keeper at $1000 pr. an. but in consequence of their failure; I have left them. The state of the Commercial world is such that no employment in that capacity can be obtain\u2019d. I have a family & they must Suffer; unless I am speedily reliev\u2019d. Permit me honor\u2019d Sir to entreat & Solicit for them your aid; in any capacity that would be congenial to the feelings of a man, of true sensibility! Suffer me to appeal to the feelings of husband & parent; & that my exertions for their future happiness & comfort may not be blasted in the hopes I cherish from this application. Possessing the Wisdom, consideration, & feelings; I must believe (honor\u2019d Sir) you do possess, (being the choice of an enlighten\u2019d people) & the unlimited rescoursces in your power, I am flatter\u2019d that the effusions of an unfortunate will not fail to touch the feelings of the President of the united States; that they will not be thrown aside with contempt; but meet with all the Success, that a reasonable & just imagination could anticipate: The interest that gratitude imposes can never be defray\u2019d but with every hour of my existence. En attendant, I am Your devoted Servt.\nJames Baker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5365", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 8 August 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir\nGeorgia Wilkes County 8th. August, 1816\nAltho my views and wishes in relation to the vacancy about to take place in the cabinet, remain as they were when we last conversed upon the Subject, a desire to enable you to form a cabinet according to your views of general policy imposes upon me the duty of conforming to your wishes in this case.\nShould Mr Clay decline the offer, and any other person should be selected, which will not make the change necessary, I should Prefer remaining in the war department for the reasons which I had the honor to state when the subject was first Presented to me.\nThe state of Public feeling in this Section of the Union presents a political phenomenon difficult to be accounted for. The advocates, and opponents of the Compensation bill are loaded With the Same Anathemas, and to present appearances will meet with the same fate.\nFortunately however it is thought there are some symptoms of a change in the public feeling, & if the election was a little more distant, a state of Political Sanity might be expected before the die will be cast, which is to fix the character of the State for some years to come.\nMy Solicitude for the fate of my friend Bibb is extreme. I greatly fear that his election is impracticable, & that his Successor will be as unlike him as light is to darkness. If any honorable appointment could be conferred upon him between this and the first Monday in November, it would enable him to withdraw from the unequal Contest in a manner Consistent with his feelings. I need not speak to you of his services, or of his public or private worth. With them you are well acquainted, & I have the fullest Confidence that you will be disposed to do any thing in relation to him which the public good will Permit. I Know him too well to believe that he would Consent to receive an appointment on any other Conditions: \nPresent my respects to Mrs. Madison & Mr Todd, & accept the assurances of the high regard with which I have the honor to be your most obt & very humbl Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5367", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Forrest, 9 August 1816\nFrom: Forrest, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nCity of Washington August 9. 1816\nThe nine Marble Slabs which you requested me to purchase for you, were shipped on the 3d. inst., on board the schooner Gift, Capt. Palmer bound to Fredericksburg. The size is 19 Inches square, Freight 9d. Virginia Money each.\nThe Hail-Storm on Saturday week, did considerable damage to the corn, in many parts of Maryland; there will however, from present appearances, be a large crop made.\nI hope to have my new house finished by the time stipulated with Mr. de Neuville (Sepr. 10.).\nThis Place is improving most rapidly, notwithstanding the high price of every building material, and mechanic\u2019s wages, Common Bricklayers from $2. 50/ 100 to $3. Pr. day. I remain dear Sir, with sincere respect and esteem, Your most Obt. servt.\nRichd. Forrest\nColl: Taylor lost his youngest son this morning. He died of the whooping Cough. Coll. T. is in the neighbourhood of Fincastle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5369", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander James Dallas, 10 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Aug. 10. 1816\nI have recd. yours of the 6th. inst: I have approved the contemplated purchase of a Custom House in N.Y. as I do your proposed instructions to the Bank Commissioners, on the subject of preparatory arrangements. It is to be hoped that Judge Hall will have taken the course you allude to. Should he have failed even to ascertain the offers to subscribe within the prescribed period, the delay may be embarrassing: as N. O. can not be fairly deprived of an opportunity of sharing in the subscriptions. The best expedient that occurs, is to give them a priority in the supplemental shares; explaining to Judge Hall the intentions of the Treasury. Should a better course occur to you, pursue it without the delay of further communication with me on the subject. Wd. it be amiss to send a couple of blank Commissions to N. O. to be filled by Judge H. or some other functionary on the spot? friendly respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5370", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 10 August 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nDept. of State 10th. Augt. 1816.\nMr. Monroe who returned last Night has seen the enclosed, and directed me to send it to you. I am sorry to say that an unexpected delay has taken place in getting the translation which we had looked for, from Baltimore It seems that the Gentleman who undertook to make it, finds an Arabic Dictionary necessary to the completion of it, and that such a thing is not to be had in Baltimore. We have looked for one here without success. Under these circumstances I have caused it to be intimated to this Gentleman that we would be satisfied with a general summary of the Contents of the Dey\u2019s Letter, which I hope we will soon get from him. That with the enclosed from the Baron L\u2019Escalier will perhaps enable you to give more particular directions as to the answer than were contained in one of your late Letters to me. With Sentiments of the greatest Respect & Regard I am Dear Sir your Mo Obt Sert\nJohn Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5371", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George William Erving, 10 August 1816\nFrom: Erving, George William\nTo: Madison, James\nPrivate & confidential\nDear Sir\nMadrid August 10th. 1816.\nThe matter which follows in Cypher I received yesterday in the strictest confidence; but have finally obtained permission to communicate it to you in Cypher; what is personal in it is known only to the principal party, to my informant & to myself; it may become, if no accident or caprice, or change of policy or of personal credit intervenes of very great importance to the United States.\nMy informant is an old friend very much attached to me & on whom I can rely & he is interested in ascertaining & in stating to me the truth\nI have used the cypher last Sent to me (by Mr. Smith) it has several errors which may give some trouble in the decyphering if the original has the Same faults as my copy: but I have been very careful in Examing on both sides of the cypher the numbers contained in this letter & trust that there is not any mistake in it.\nIn a private letter of the 31st. August to Mr. Monroe I said that\nThe next expedition from the Country would probably be to Mexico. that is now boat which is pretended for buenos ayres is to go to Mexico. It is to be commanded by General Odonnel Count of abispal. He has planned the expedition himself. Two Millions of Dollars are appropriated and are prepared for. The expedition will sail the month of November. He is to take with him but one division but he takes officers of his own selection for an army of fifty thousand men. Among those officers are all his male relations. He takes also a great quantity of military stores. This Odonnel (there is another General or two of the name) is one of the first officers in Europe, but he is of a violent impetuous proud vindictive temper. He is the marshal Ney of Spain and he is acting very much the part that Ney acted in the year 1815. The King on account of his great merits and his prudent services in the restoration made him Captain General of Andalusia and then always fearing him took away his employ. In this way he considers himself aggrieved and vows vengeance and being a man of strong natural talents and shrewdness has finally succeeded in getting into a position where he may be able to execute his purpose. He says that he regrets ever having drawn his sword for Ferdinand who is the greatest rascal for so great a fool that he ever knew & that he will.\nBefore even this he sayd to my friend yesterday and he told him that the United States shoud have no difficulty with him about boundaries. He is very much attached to America, hates most cordially the English The King proposed to him to accept the Vice Royalty but he answered that he was nothing but a soldier and did not know how to govern civil affairs so he goes as General in chief with unlimited powers & I am persuaded goes to make himself King of Mexico.\nDear Sir With the most Sincere respect & attachment your very obliged & obt. St\nGeorge W Erving\nP S. Tho the above is in the hand writing of my Secretary, he is not informed of its contents.\nGWE", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5372", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 11 August 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia, 11 Aug. 16.\nThe inclosed application from Mr. Hughes, appears to be within the rules, exempting the effects of Public Ministers, upon their return to the United States, from the payment of duties. If you approve, the proper instructions will be given to the Collector.\nMy solicitude, respecting the conduct of the State Banks, the organization of the National Bank, and the disorder of the currency, increases every day. The Treasury proposition will be rejected. To persist in that measure, or to originate any new one, at this late period of my official Service, will require an expression of your judgment, to which I will chearfully and promptly conform. It is evident, that the State Banks calculate upon persuading, or coercing, Congress into their procrastinating Scheme. But I hope they will be disappointed. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully Yrs.\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5373", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 11 August 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nWashington Augt. 11. 1816\nI returned here last night from Loudoun, in rather better health. I shall apply closely to the unfinished business, with which you are acquainted, and after making the best arrangment that circumstances will admit of, in each instance, set out with Mr Rush for your house, which I hope we shall be able to do, the latter end of next week; perhaps on Thursday.\nI have just recd. a letter from Mr. Hughes; which gives me much concern. When I saw him, just before I went to Loudoun, I asked him how he meant to dispose of himself? He intimated that he should decline the bar, and had thought of entering the assembly of Maryland, but wishd to know, what arrangment had or would be made with Sweden. I stated that Mr. Russell, intended to retire, or rather had intimated such an intention, but that he had been requested to remain at Stockholm, at least untill he had form\u2019d a treaty of commerce, & made a new experiment, to obtain indemnity: that he had permission to retire sooner, if his engagments required it: that it was contemplated to appoint a Secretary of legation to Stockholm, who would act as charg\u00e9 des affrs., in the absence of Mr. Russell, & that if he was desirous of the appointment, I would bring the subject before you, & give him your decision. By his letter, which I have read hastily, he seems to consider the affair as having been already consider\u2019d, and depending on his decision only. I shall write him to day to correct his error, which is the more surprising, because in truth there was no foundation for it, having been pretty guarded, in what I said to him.\nMr Rush and Mr Graham, think, that he has better claims on the govt., than his connection, & that his appointment will better recd. in Maryland: and I am inclined to think that, altho\u2019 there is more of levity in him than is desirable, he is sincere at bottom. Something, I presume, must be done, with Sweden, and if you sh\u2019d think it adviseable to appoint a Secry. of legation, I shall be glad to be inform\u2019d to whom you are disposed to give the appointment. It may be added in favor of this gentleman, that his former appointments, will reconcile the public to this one, in preference, to its being conferr\u2019d on a new character. With affectionate respects\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5374", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Graham, 11 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Graham, John\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Aug. 11. 1816\nI return the letter of Mr. Poinsett with the Spanish documents inclosed in it. They coincide with other disclosures of the policy of G. B. at a certain period at least, in favor of Spain, and agst. the U. S. I add to these inclosures two letters from Buenos Ayres of which the Mr. Thomson named by you was the bearer. Your communication of these to Mr. Monroe, will enable him to hold the usual language in relation to the mission of Mr. Thomson. The letter and dissertation relating to the Iron of Tucuman are in a character so difficult to read, that I am not sure of having understood the precise meaning of some passages; and I doubt the accuracy of the account in some of its particulars. It is nevertheless an interesting view of a valuable resource. The present of Pistols may be deposited in the Dept. of State, with a simple expression of the proper sensibility to it. Friendly respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5375", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 12 August 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington Augt. 12. 1816\nMr Bagot has offerd, an alternative, on the coast of the Island of New Foundland, from Cape ay to the Ma Islands, if preferr\u2019d to that on the Labrador, from Mt. Joli to the bay of Esquimaux. I have conferr\u2019d with Mr Homans respecting it, who fears that it is too much Subjected to fog. I believe it will be best to refer it to Mr Adams with all the light we can obtain, together with the arrangment to be made, respecting naval armament on the lakes.\nThe brig for Algiers is ready to sail. Mr Dallas intimates that it might be well to send Mr Poinsett there, who would readily go, if he could be forwarded to Constantinople; & may be willing, if employed in the first service only.\nThe Congress frigate will be ready to sail for the Pacific, in 15--or 20. days. You did not decide who should be the agent for that service. Poinsett, & Com: Lewis, might each be willing to undertake it, but I fear that the objection to both, is too serious to be surmounted. What think you of James Garst? He has an important claim on the provincial Govt., & might be willing to accept the trust. He understands Spanish &ca. I have said nothing to him on the subject, and mention him only from knowing the above fact, & the difficulty of finding a proper person. With affecte. respect\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5376", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 12 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Aug. 12 1816\nI have just recd. yours of the written on your return to the City. It may be best to taper off with Sweden by appointing a Secy. of L. to be Charg\u00e8 on the departure of Russell and the reasons you give favor that of Hughes; whose wishes, rather than understanding seem to have listened to your remarks on the subject. It must be kept in mind however, that in Case Mr. R. shd. chuse to prolong his stay at Stockholm, and ask for a particular Sey. of L. it will be contrary to usage, to force another on him. It is not probable that Mr. R\u2019s views will call for an application of this rule, and we may expect daily to have his final explanation of them. In the mean time, delicacy prescribes a suspension of the final arrangement in favor of Mr. H; unless indeed on recurrence to Mr. R\u2019s correspondence it be found to render the consideration of delicacy inapplicable; & the suspension wholly unnecessary.\nThe information given by J. Lewis will require an instruction to the Collector & Dist: Atty. at Baltimore to be on the watch agst. the apprehended violations of the Laws there by naval equipments agst. Spain.\nIf Lescallier has seized the purport of the Algerine letter the answer will be a mere reciprocation of friendly sentiments. Shd. the letter as is probable complain of the failure to restore the Brig, the nature of the promise, and the actual receipt of the vessel will furnish the answer. Shd. it moreover renew pretensions to Tribute they must of course be met by most decisive and permanent protests. It may not be amiss to state it as a principle incorporated in the policy of the U. S. as belonging to another continent, and unconnected with the policy of the old in this respect, to pay tribute to any nation. This explanation may spare the pride & the inconsistency of Dey; and the discrimination in reference to America, is supported also by its distance, and its invulnerability to Algerine incursions. Affece respects\nJ Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5377", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Albert Gallatin, 12 August 1816\nFrom: Gallatin, Albert\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nParis 12th. August 1816\nThe month I have already spent in Paris has been necessarily devoted in a great degree to my private arrangements; and I am only within two days settled in my house.\nVarious considerations induce me to think that it will be proper to open soon the discussion of the subject of indemnities with this Government; & I believe that they expect it. In making my compliment to the King, I took care, alluding to our former intimate alliance with France, to say, that it could not have been disturbed but during those times when moral & political obligations were overthrown & the law of Nations (le droit des gens) trampled upon; that therefore the President saw, in the event which had brought back the Bourbons to the throne of France, a pledge of the renewal of those friendly connections &c.\nI wrote to the Barings, stating that it was owing to me alone that you had not remitted their advance to Mr. Todd; they answer that it is wholly immaterial & that they will wait your convenience.\nThe busts you wish are not amongst the most popular, and must be sought for; but I hope to obtain them so as to send them before this autumn.\nMrs. Gallatin has sent some articles to Mrs. Madison amounting to 338 francs. For this or any thing also which Mrs. G. may send, the best way to remit is to request Mr. Astor, or any other friend in New York to purchase there a bill on Paris. When I left America the exchange was about 5 francs pr. dollar N. York bank paper. Mr. Vail or Mr. Gelston will secure the duties.\nThe crop which, on account of incessant rains was in danger, looks now fine & will, it is hoped, be saved. It was a subject of great alarm. They said that the people were not healthy enough to bear starving.\nI met La Fayette at Mr. Parker\u2019s seat 15 miles from Paris. Though not forbidden, he does not think proper to come here. He is in good health, and anxious to hear the result of his New Orleans location. I have seen Humboldt & Say but once & a single moment, and had not time to pay them the compliment in your behalf.\nThe English I have seen here do not seem to put much confidence in Lord Exmouth\u2019s expedition against the Algerines. I have not heard a single word about or from our squadron, the arrival of the Washington at Gibraltar only excepted. Nor have I any account from Shaler, or from Erving. Not a single hint has been dropped respecting our differences with Spain. It seems to me as if none of the powers had made up their mind on the question of the independence of the Spanish colo. colonies. With sincere attachment & great respect Your Obedt. Servt. & friend\n(Signed) Albert Gallatin\nI have a fine hotel, for which furnished, (but without plate, linen, china, kitchen furniture, &eca.) I give 13,000 francs a year.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5379", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 13 August 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nSalem August 13. 1816.\nMr. Coles your former Secy., arrived here yesterday, to proceed on his message to Russia. The Brig Prometheus, in which he is to go, was ready at Boston & he probably has sailed this day, as the wind is fair.\nThe enclosed letter from Mr. Gardner of Nantucket, a former member of Congress, shows that the ship Detained by the Spaniards at Valparaiso, has been set at liberty. Does that supersede the necessity of the Frigate Congress going upon the Cruise round Cape Horn? The equipment of that ship is going on, & the crew of the Macedonian, which ship is now on her way from the Chesapeake for Boston, are to be transfered to the Congress. Capt. Morris will command her. The affair of Columbia River may be of importance, & as the thing has progressed so far, it may be well to persevere in it; will you instruct me? I did hope to have procured a translation of the Deys letter to you, but failed, owing to the great diffe: between Scripture & modern Arabic. The letter was sent to N Y & Mr. Monroe advised of it; the Brig Spark waits the Answer & Mr. Monroes dispatches. Does Come. Chauncey require any more instruction?\nI will execute, with pleasure, any of your commands.\nThe Bank has filled better than I expected, & exchanges between the great commercial towns is getting daily upon more equality. With esteem & respect, your he. Servt.\nB W Crowninshield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5380", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 13 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Aug. 13. 1816.\nI have yours of the 12th. intended for the 11th. inst. I have no map by which I can judge of the comparative values of the 2 offers of Mr Bagot as to the fisheries. There will be some delicacy in referring the arrangement to Mr. A. who prefers a decision here, and will say that we having better means of procuring the necessary information we ought not to put the task & responsibility on him. If Mr. Bagot will not favor an arrangement which we can acquiesce in, I still think it will be best to decide nothing, but to instruct Mr. A. to press the subject in such an extent as we think admissible, and to engage as far as we can the co-operation of Mr. B. As to armaments on the Lakes, Mr. A may be furnished with our propositions and if they be concurred in, the effect will be accelerated, in case the B. Govt. be liberal eno\u2019 to send over the necessary orders, without waiting for the consummating forms.\nIf it be understood that Shaler intends or wishes to leave Algiers, Poinsett may take his place; and in the event of an ulterior mission, he will be so far on his way. I think however he ought not to be permitted to form any ulterior expectations as well because the ulterior mission in question is of too important & too delicate a nature to be hastily contemplated, as because unforeseen selections may become preferable.\nAs you will so soon be here I leave for consultation the choice of an Agent for the Pacific. The gentleman you name comes fairly into a comparative view of characters. Affecte respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5381", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Mentor Johnson, 13 August 1816\nFrom: Johnson, Richard Mentor\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nGreat Crossing. Scott County 13th. Augt. 1816\nI have not had time before this, to express our deep concern at a report that attempts will be made to have the military deposite at Newport within my congressional district removed to some other quarters. I have already written to the Sec of War on this Subject but it is of too much importance to us & also to the nation in case of war to fail in our duty to call your attention also to this matter. In case of war there is not a position west of the mountains more important than Newport as a military depot independent of the valuable works at that place. Other considerations might be urged on this occasion but the Works & the commanding & safe position are Sufficient at this time. We feel a confidence that no such Step would be taken in haste. Our Election is over & I have Succeeded by a majority of about 1000 votes upon a vindication of the Compensation Bill With the higest veneration & respect your ob. Sert.\nRh: M. Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5382", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Senor Warden, 14 August 1816\nFrom: Warden, Senor\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nBoston Aug. 14 1816\nThe Protestant Episcopal Church of St. Matthews, lately incorporated at So. Boston, have been able as yet among themselves & others, to collect little rising $250. towards building a place of Public Worship. Their numbers are considerable for the few months in which they have been gatherd and collected but they are too poor to build, and the School House which they have liberty at present to use is neither Decent nor comfortable.\nThe Wardens are now endeavouring to form a Company to consist of 40 members each to loan $50. to be repaid when the Pews are sold & paid for or, sufficient Donations procured. They confidently expect a piece of Land will be given by some one and entertain a hope that by the blessing of God, upon their dilligent endeavours they shall procure from the charitable such assistance as shall put them in possession of a decent Chappel. They have to be thankfull for the benefit of the most excellent Liturgy of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and some of the choisest sermons in the English language. These two priviledges peculiar to our Church can be enjoyed at a small weekly expence.\nBearing in mind the many great & precious promises contained in the sure Word of God, of blessings to the Church in these latter days, they come with humble confidence and ask your Excellency to grant them such a Donation as in your wisdom you shall see fit. Such services done for the cause of Christ will with the blessing of God, be a means of gradually reforming the morals of mankind, and prove the most effectual remedy to those calamities & evils generally complained of, for when \"all the people praise God, doubtless he will cause the earth to bring forth her increase, and God even our own God shall give us his blessing\", which may he in his infinite mercy grant to all, who for the sake of his dear son give even a cup of cold water to any of his followers.\nYour favour will be always gratefully remembered by, your Obt. Humble Servants\nSenior Warden\nRob T WilliamsJunior WardenAbraham GouldWarden\nWe the Subscribers are satisfied with the truth of this statement, and cordially wishing the Wardens success, we recommend them to all who have the means & disposition to assist them\nAsa EatonRector of Christ Church\nS BellSenior WardenTho ClarkJunior Warden", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5383", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 14 August 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington Augt. 14. 1816\nI have yours of the 12. Mr Rush and I shall set out for your house on friday eveng, with intention to get as far as Fairfx ct. H. that night. We shall move slowly, so that we may not arrive, before monday or tuesday.\nThe letter to the dey of Algiers, will, as you will find, by the translation of his, sent to you, yesterday, require much attention. The state of things there, and in Engld., and indeed Europe generally, is favorable, to the policy wh: has been already adopted, and which will be announcd by Com: Chauncey on his arrival at Algiers. Your letter confirming it, will place the conduct of the British ministry, in a light before the nation, which will be felt by it.\nI have only time to conclude, to avail myself of the mail for what I have said. With affectionate respect\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5384", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 14 August 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington Augt. 14. 1816\nThe Spanish officer to whom the enclosed papers relate, having obtaind an interview, presented them, and pressed most earnestly for such aid, or countenance, as would enable him to obtain it of individuals, as their present exigencies requird. He wanted particularly four or five vessels to take supplies from St. Domingo, to some port of the coast, where he might co operate with Bolivar, and open a communication between their congress & the ocean. He said that Nation was their friend & gave them great aid; that individual British subject had embarked in their cause, and furnished supplies to great amount, with the connivance of their govt.: that this present, was the pinching time; that with aid, inconsiderable in itself, they might accomplish every thing; without it, every thing might be lost. I explaind to him fully the situation of the UStates, and the impossibility of affording the aid which he requird, or taking any port inconsistent with neutrality, in the contest, between Spn. & the Colonies, at this time; that we had a negotiation depending with Spain, the result of which would probably mark an epoch in our relations with her: that we wish\u2019d them well as neighbours, and had sounded other powers respecting the contest, some of whom were well disposed to them. He left me, lamenting, the result of his mission, but expressing a hope that the letter to the govt. might be answerd, which I did not encourage.\nThe dispatches from Mr Harris, which you will likewise receive by this mail, are interesting. He seems to favor the idea of a letter from you to the Emperor, or from me, to the Secry of State. To give time for consideration, it was intimated to the navy dept., that it was wishd, that the vess\u2019l in which Mr Coles sails, might be detaind till further orders, to which effect, Mr Homans wrote to the Captn. by the last mail. I hope that the affair will terminate in the recall, if not in the disgrace, of the whole Russian Corps in this country, & that its effect may not be unfelt by the member, now absent, who annoyd us so much in the late war. I wishd very much that you might see my letter to Mr Harris; by Mr Coles, but the delay prevented it. It is written with caution, conceding nothing, but very conciliatory. I hope that the affair will be terminated before the arrival of Mr Coles. It is probable the vessel will have sail\u2019d, before Mr Homans\u2019s letter reaches Boston. I shall address a short one to Mr Harris acknowledging, these, just recd., & suggest, again, the propriety of mingling in his communications, a spirit of great conciliation.\nMr Poinsett informs me, that the Russian Govt., while he was at Petersbg, was willing to adopt the latitude of 55.\u00ba North, as the boundary between us on the Pacific. I will hint this also to Mr Harris for the advantage of Mr Pinkney.\nThe new offer of Mr Bagot, will produce the delay, necessary, to obtain the information, to enable us to decide, which of the two, is the best. All that he can agree to, respecting the naval force, on the lakes, is to prevent the further augmentation of it, referring the Specific proposition as to fixing a maximum, to his govt., in which I have concurr\u2019d, reserving a right to keep our forces on a levell with theirs, in the interim. I have apprized Mr Adams, of the substance, of what has pass\u2019d here, on those subjects, and suggested, the probability, of the definitive arrangment, being left to him, in connection with other important interests.\nThe letter of the Dey of Algiers, is I presume, correctly translated at last. I send you the example. War seems to have been decided on by him. With affecte. respect\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5385", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 15 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello Aug. 15. 16.\nI do not know whether you were acquainted with the late Major Duncanson of Washington, uncle of the writer of the inclosed letter. He was one of the earliest adventurers to the city of Washington. He had made a princely fortune in the E. Indies, the whole of which he employed in the establishments of that city and finally sunk. His political merits were a most persevering republicanism in the worst of times, having been one of the four only republicans in Washington & George town in the time of Mr. Adams. When I first went there, a stranger, I found him often useful for information as to characters, and I always believed him an honest & honorable man, altho\u2019 the warmth of his temper made him many enemies. These are the merits of the uncle. Of the nephew I know nothing, and have therefore informed him I could render him no other service than that of stating to you that I knew of his uncle, considering it as a duty to bear testimony to truth. I salute you with affectionate attachment and respect\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5386", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 15 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Aug. 15. 1816\nYours of the 14. sd. be 13th. has just come to hand. Wishing to read more attentively than circumstances of the moment permit, the communications from Mr. Harris, I do not return them by the present mail. Shd. the affair of the Russian Consul not be terminated before the arrival of Mr. Coles, the full explanations he carries, can not fail I think, to dissipate the impressions of the Emperor, and to turn his resentment agst. the Author of it. As he was wrong in prejudging the case, and in taking the unjustifiable step of instituting a premature self redress, and as Mr. H. even acquiesced in the idea of witholding this from publicity, any additional expedients on our part, for the purpose of conciliation, might expose us to the appearance of stooping too much. On the supposition that the peculiarity of the case & the importance of preserving the amicable footing on which we have stood with Russia, wd. justify the further complaisance of a letter from me or you, as suggested by Mr. H. the note we are taught to expect from Dashkoff, will probably furnish the most apt occasion for it.\nAfter perusing the letter from Genl. McComb, send it to the War Dept. Bagot must be given to understand that a search of our vessels for deserters, on the high way of the Lakes, can not be permitted without mutual stipulations on the Subject. Nor ought any act of authority to be exerted, implying an exclusive jurisdiction on waters, the equal right to which is sub judice, as is the straight between Bois blanc & Malden. He ought to interpose at once with the Authorities in Canada.\nI hope your explanations to the Spaniard, will be the more satisfactory, the more he reflects on them. If a deviation from neutrality were the present policy of the U. S. Congress alone could authorize it; and if the Ex. had the authority, it would be nominal only, without legal appropriations of money.\nI pass the letter for Mr. Dallas thro\u2019 your hands, as the subject of it has relation to the Dept. of State. Mr Hughes is incorrect in saying that all the young men nominally attached to the Mission, enjoyed the immunity he asks. The error however does not affect his claim as he was officially attached. This distinction was taken at the date of the general question. Affect. respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5388", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Charles Pinckney, 18 August 1816\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nIn Charleston August 1816\nIt Being discovered great pains had Been taken to circulate & reprint the Pamphlet against our worthy & excellent friend Colonel Monroe in all the federal Papers in North Carolina & in this & the neighbouring States it has Been Thought adviseable By his friends here that I should answer it. A copy of what is said on this occasion is enclosed which I am hopeful will meet your Approbation & that this will find You in health & enjoying every comfort You wish & that You may Continue to do So as long as You desire or is agreeable to You is the Sincere prayer & hope of dear Sir with affectionate regard Yours Truly\nCharles Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5391", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander Scott, 20 August 1816\nFrom: Scott, Alexander\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPort Tobacco Md. Aug 20th. 1816\nTo vindicate myself to those, whose favorable sentiments I so highly appreciate, is a motive which will, I hope, authorize the liberty I take, in enclosing you a copy of a circular letter, which I have addressed to the Senators.\nThe statement therein contained, will, I flatter myself, completely refute the charges which governed the Senate, in their decision with regard to myself, and shew the unworthy motives which actuated the accuser. That such an accuser, cou\u2019d influence the Senate of the U States, not only occasions surprize, but affords a melancholy proof of the fallibility of human reason, and the imperfection of earthly institutions.\nTo excite that indignation, which malevolence, of so unusual a character, merits, is not my intention. On this subject, but one sentiment appears to exist, and the public voice on such occasions, rarely fails to pronounce a just and correct sentence.\nI take the liberty also to transmit a copy of a letter, from the late Ro. Brent Esqr. to the then Vice-President of the U States; conscious at the same time, that the partiality of my friend, expressed much more than I deserved, tho his known integrity forbids the idea of his stating any thing which he did not implicitly believe.\nTo have obtained and preserved the good opinion, of such a man as Mr. Brent, is to me a pleasing reflection; a man as pure in his heart, as exalted in his mind; combining an assemblage of virtues and talents which rendered him an ornament to human nature.\nI likewise enclose a copy of a letter from the worthy and respectable chancellor of Maryland, to Genl. Smith, written on the same occasion. With such testimonials as these, the obloquy of an enemy (obscured by the comparison) will not, I trust, be put in competition. I have the honor to be Sir, with sentiments of the highest Respect, and Esteem, Yr Mo: obedt. Servt.\nAlexander Scott\nP S\nSince writing the foregoing, I instituted a suit against Mr. Law for defamation, after which he proposed, thro\u2019 Mr. Fras. King that he wou\u2019d (provided I dismissed the suit) state in writing that \u201che had, on further enquiry found the above-mentioned negroes, had no right or title to their freedom, and that the whole of his information was unfounded\u201d. To this proposal I did not think proper to accede.\nA S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5392", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Omar Bashaw, 21 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Bashaw, Omar\nAugust 21, 1816\nTo His Highness the Dey of Algiers.\nI have received your letter bearing date the 24th of April last. You represent that the two vessels of War captured by the American Squadron were not restored according to the promise of its Commander Decatur; and inferring that his failure violated the Treaty of Peace, you propose as an alternative a Renewal of the former Treaty made many years ago, or a withdrawal of our Consul from Algiers.\nThe United States being desirous of living in peace and amity with all nations, I regret that an erroneous view of what has passed should have suggested the contents of your letter.\nYour predecessor made War without cause on the United States, driving away their Consul, and putting into Slavery, the captain and Crew of one of their vessels sailing under the faith of an existing treaty. The moment we had brought to an honorable conclusion, our War with a nation, the most powerful in Europe on the Seas: we detached a squadron from our naval force into the Mediterranean, to take satisfaction for the wrongs, which Algiers had done to us. Our squadron met yours, defeated it, and made prize of your largest ship and of a smaller one. Our Commander proceeded immediately to Algiers, offered you Peace, which you accepted, and thereby saved the rest of your ships, which it was known had not returned into port, and would have otherwise fallen into his hands. Our Commander, generous as brave, altho\u2019 he would not make the promise a part of the Treaty, informed you that he would restore the two captured ships to your officers. They were accordingly so restored. The frigate at an early day arrived at Algiers. But the Spanish Government alleging that the Capture of the Brig was so near the Spanish shore, as to be unlawful, detained it at Carthagena, after your officer had received it into his possession. Notwithstanding this fulfilment of all that could be required from the United States, no time was lost in urging on that Government a release of the Brig, to which Spain could have no right, whether the capture were or were not agreeable to the law of nations. The Spanish Government promised that the Brig should be given up, and altho\u2019 the delay was greater than was expected, it appears that the Brig as well as the frigate has been actually replaced in your possession.\nIt is not without great surprize therefore, that we find you, under such circumstances, magnifying an incident so little important as it affects the interest of Algiers, and so blameless on the part of the United States, into an occasion for the proposition and threat contained in your letter. I cannot but persuade myself that a reconsideration of the subject will restore you to the amicable sentiments towards the United States, which succeeded the War so unjustly commenced by the Dey who reigned before you. I hope the more that this may be the case, because the United States, whilst they wish for War with no Nation, will buy peace of none. It is a principle incorporated into the settled policy of America, that as peace is better than War, War is better than tribute.\nOur Consul and our Naval Commander Chauncy, are authorized to communicate with you for the purpose of terminating the subsisting difference by a mutual recognition and execution of the Treaty lately concluded. And I pray God that e will inspire you with the same love of peace and justice which we feel, and that He will take you into his holy keeping. Written at the City of Washington this 21st. first day of August 1816.\n(Signed) James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5393", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Lane, 22 August 1816\nFrom: Lane, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nWashington August 22, 1816\nI regret the necessity of troubling you for directions respecting a late proposition of Mr. Latrobe. That gentleman has surprised me by proposing to carry up part of the wall of what has been denominated the Central building of the Capitol, in other words to protrude the wall of the north wing upon the centre in order to enlarge the area of that wing. This he says is absolutely necessary to ennable him to introduce the new arrangement of the interior of the N. wing which was sanctioned by a resolution of the Senate at their last session. The enclosed draft will I hope give a clear view of the subject\nNotwithstanding Mr. Latrobe persists in representing this measure as one long ago decided upon to me it is entirely new, and having consulted the late Comrs. it appeared to be as new to them. I have some reason to suspect that it is an after thought to prop up the Vestibule of the N. wing, the perilous state of which I once pointed out to you. Ignorant how far the authority under which the repairs of the P.B. are making would justify an addition to them; ignorant too whether this particular measure had ever received your approbation or had even been submitted to your consideration I would respectfully request your attention to it and to be favored with early instructions. If the wall is to go up preparations should in my opinion have been made sooner in the season and I know of nothing which ought to have delayed them.\nMr. Geo. Boyd of the war Dep.t goes out to London on public business, and has politely offered to execute some commissions for me on most of the P. Buildings, which will not only give us the benefit of of Mr. B\u2019s judgement and taste in the selection of the articles but they will come to us on better terms than we can procure them thro\u2019 any other channel. With a view to these advantages I am anxious to ascertain of what material the covering of the P. H. & Cap. ought to be composed If it is one which should be imported I can avail myself of Mr. B\u2019s services. Upon this subject there appears to be a diversity of opinion among artists. Mr. Latrobe suggests the following list giving preference in the order in which they stand Marble Freestone Zink Iron Copper. Capt Hoban is decided in favor of Copper which Mr. L. puts at the bottom of his list. It is of no consequence to add that my individual opinion coincides with the Captains. May I be favored with your directions on this point I have the honor to be &c.\nS. Lane", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5394", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 22 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nDear Sir\nYou will be furnished from the Dept. of State with copies of the Translation of the letter from the Dey of Algiers, and of the answer to it; with the letter of the Secretary of State to Mr. Shaler, and the instructions to Mr. Shaler & Commodore Chauncey, as Commissioners to accomodate matters with the Dey. As their negociations may issue in a commencement of hostilities on the part of Algiers, it will be necessary to provide for that event by instructions from you to the naval Commander, to make the best use of his force in protecting our Commerce, & most effectually annoying the Enemy. Accept my friendly respects\nJ. M", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5395", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Taylor, 22 August 1816\nFrom: Taylor, James\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nNewPort Kentucky Augt. 22d. 1816\nI see that Col Simons late of the U S Army & who was appointed a Commissary of Purchases for the district of St. Louis is dead. Majr. Taylor Berry of St. Louis late of the Army and who was a D. Q. M. Genl. and at the head of that dept for all that Country, would gladly accept that appointment. He was continued in Office till he closed all the business in his dept which he has done honorably to himself, and I am sure to the best interest of the Goverment as I have been assured both by Gov. Howard & Col. Russell.\nMajr. Berry served in the Army during the whole War. He was my principal asst. Q M at Detroit and soon after was appointed & went on to St. Louis, and has been there ever since, and of Course must have a better Knowledge of that Country & how to make advantageous purchases for the Goverment than any one can, who should go on from any of the Atlantic States.\nMajr. Berry in his application to me to solicit this appointment for him, observes, that he finds the Goverment disposed to reward disbanded officers, that as he has closed his business in so honorable a manner, he thinks it ought to have weight in his favor. It can be easily ascertained by the Accountant\u2019s Office that he has closed his business highly honorably to him self. I Know the fact as I have seen a Copy of a letter from the Acct. to that effect stating a Small balance due Majr. Berry.\nI assure you Sir I think the Goverment could not get a better public Servant, as he is an inteligent active, zealous young man and in every way qualified for such an appointment. At the time he got the appointment of 1 Lieutenant & then his Staff appointment he had letters highly honorable to himself from Gens. McArthur & Cass as well as my self. Should this place be disposed of or a Preference is given to another, and there should be any appointment in that quarter he would gladly accept of it, as he has fixed his residence at St. Louis. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Sir your Most obed. St.\nJames Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5396", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 23 August 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\n I find Mr. Jones so infirm in body and mind that I feel uneasy to be longer absent from Washington. I shall, therefore, return next week to finish my treasury report there.\nIt will give you pleasure to learn that I am able to give notice for payment of the treasury notes due in New York as far down as the month of June, 1816. Indeed, everything but the currency will be in good order. The bank may be organized and active before January next. I am, dear sir, most respectfully and faithfully yours,\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5397", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Cutts, 23 August 1816\nFrom: Cutts, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nWashington Augt. 23d. 1816\nNot hearing from me since my return from Maine on the subject of pecuniary affairs, I fear your patience is quite exhausted. My only apology is that I have considered exchange on England & between the different States as gradually lowering & that you were not in want of the funds placed in my hands at present. Exchange between the City & Philadelphia is about 5 1/2 PCt: discount New York, 10 PCt: & Boston 15 PCt: Exchange on London par at Boston. 5 PCt: advance at New York, & 10 PCt: at Philadelphia.\nThe funds you were so obliging as to lend me, have been very useful, first in taking advantage of the difference of exchange & secondly in enabling me to become a Subscriber to the National Bank for one hundred Shares, which if retained will undoubtedly be good property in a few years.\nI can, if you desire it before you return to the City, place to your credit in the Columbia Bank four or five thousand dollars, & I expect in the course of Ninety days the whole amt., as a friend of mine in Boston assured me that he should in the course of four months from that date be able to pay me about eight thousand Dollars. If you should not be wanting your funds before you return to the City or the National Bank commences its operations, I would be on the look out for Specie & Stock to pay my second instalment. It is generally thought the exchange between the large commercial towns & England will be nearly equallised as soon as the N Bank Commences its operation The Columbia which put into Balto. in distress, has been partially repaird, & may soon be expected will arrive at New York with a load of Passengers. The number that are daily arriving, & expected are immense. British Ship holders are employing their ships in this trade. The passage money is from ten to thirteen Pounds. The Passengers funding their own provisions, which makes a given freight for the ship.\nMrs. Cutts & Family are well & all unite with me in best regards & affectionate remembrance & with our to Mrs M & Payne. I am with great respect & esteem Yrs.\nR. C", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5399", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Spread, 24 August 1816\nFrom: Spread, William\nTo: Madison, James\nHonored Sir,\nNew York Augt. 24th. 1816\nHaving received a Letter a few Days ago from a man of the Name of Wm. Walsh who resides in Dublin, wherein he mentions that he wrote to the President Concerning a new Machine which he Has lately Invented for the purpose of Cleaning, & dressing Flax in a few hours Green from the Field, & in three Different Qualities which one of them would be fine enough to make fine Lace, or Stockings equal to Silk, in afar Superior Degree, & in one sixth Part of the time that it take\u2019s by the Usual, or Common mode of Dressing Flax;- He earnestly requests me to write to the President to Know if he had received his Letters wherein were Enclosed Samples of the Flax dressed by this New Machine, & Humbly solicits the President to let me know if he had received his Letters, & also if His Excellency would be pleased to Inform me If he could expect any encouragemt. from Government, were he to Come over with his Family to this Country; being absolutly Confident in his opinion, that such an Acquision would be of great Benefit, & Utility to the United States of America.- Should his Excellency approve of his Intentions, & that he may expect any encouragemt. from Governmt. he will be pleased to Signify it by a few lines directed to Wm. Spread No. 72 Broome Street New York, who will Immediately Communicate the Same to him, and which Will be esteemed as a lasting favor Conferrd on him and Gratefully Acknowledged by His Excellencies Most Humble. Servt.\nWm. Spread\nP. S. I have enclosed to his Excellency by request of the Said Wm. Walsh, three Different Samples which he has sent enclosed to me", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5400", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Shaler, 24 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Shaler, William,Chauncey, Com. Isaac\nJames Madison President of the United States of America.\nTo all whom these presents shall concern Greeting\nCity of Washington August 24, 1816\nReposing especial Trust and Confidence in the Integrity, Prudence and Ability of William Shaler, of the State of New York, and Isaac Chauncey a Captain in the Navy of the United States, I do appoint them jointly and severally Commissioners of the United States of America, with authority to meet a Commissioner or Commissioners having like authority from the Dey and Regency of Algiers, and with him or them to negotiate and conclude a settlement of the subsisting differences, and an annulment of the Eighteenth Article of the Treaty concluded on the thirtieth day of June one thousand eight hundred and fifteen, between the United States and the Regency of Algiers, transmitting the article or articles which may be entered into for this purpose, for the ratification of the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States. \nIn Testimony whereof, I have caused the Seal of the United States to be affixed to these presents and signed the same with my hand. Done at the City of Washington the twenty fourth day of August A.D. 1816; and of the Independence of the United States, the Forty first.\nBy the President,James Madison\nJas Monroe\nSecretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5401", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Jones, 25 August 1816\nFrom: Jones, William\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia 25 Augt. 1816\nIf my attachment to an old and worthy friend shall need any auxiliary aid to justify the trouble I am about to give you, It will be found in your love of justice and confidence in the purity of my motives.\nThe paper which I enclose contains under the prostituted name of \"Americanus\" a most vile and groundless calumny against my friend Mr. Clarke whom you were pleased to appoint Naval Officer of this Port, while I had the honor under your authority to conduct the affairs of the Treasury Department.\nIndependently of my own testimony I venture to affirm that Mr. Clarkes pretensions were Supported by as respectable recommendations as any candidate could desire, and I believe I am correct in saying that he was unanimously confirmed by the Senate; and I know he has discharged the duties of his Office with fidelity, vigilance, and ability.\nHe is the descendent of a most respectable family of the people called Quakers in the neighbourhood of Stony Brook near Princetown New Jersey; he is and always has been a most worthy & irreproachable Citizen, has trained in the paths of virtue and intelligence a numerous and highly interesting family, with acquirements and morals to render them useful and exemplary members of Society, several of whom have just attained that age when foul calumny against a beloved Parent, inflicts the deepest wound. Mr. Clarke was brought up on his fathers farm in the peaceful pursuit of agriculture until Shortly after he had attained maturity when he came to Philadelphis early in 1781, and took an interest in a letter of mark of which he was Supercargo and myself an Officer. In the month of June of that year, we were captured after a severe and unequal contest with a privateer of the enemy, and carried to New Providence, whence after a detention of two months as prisoners of war, we came to Philadelphia in a Cartel & were exchanged. He continued Similar pursuits until the close of the War, during which he was again captured, lost his property, and carried a prisoner of War to New York.\nI have from the period first mentioned to the present time known him intimately well; fourteen years as a partner in trade, and several years as members of the same domestic family, and am therefore enabled to narrate his history with confidence; to vouch for his fidelity to the principles of our revolution, constitution, and laws; and for his steady adherence to our Republican administrations.\nSuch Sir, is the man whom the disappointed calumniator has described as a leader of a marauding corps of the enemy against the liberties of his native Country. Is it not most foul? Can any thing but the recollection of the good which the press has done for civil liberty, repress the belief that licentiousness, has rendered it a curse, instead of a blessing?\nHaving personally called upon Colonel Thomas Forrest (the person alleged by the printer to be the author) in a manner to preclude equivocation, he flatly denied the calumny attributed to him, declared to me that he believed it to be entirely false and groundless, and expressed great respect for Mr. Clarke: nevertheless I believe him to be the author, but that the printer may have exaggerated his statement.\nThe printer perceiving the delicacy of his situation appeared anxious to acquit himself of any hostility towards Mr. Clarke, and by a clumsy attempt at extenuation, developed the detestable principles which govern the federal presses. \"He knew nothing of the truth or falsehood of the charge against him; he did not wish to injure Mr. Clarke; his object was to get at Jefferson and Madison\"!\nMr. Clarke having determined to prosecute both the alleged author and the printer to the utmost rigor of the law, is advised by his Counsel that it is essential to ascertain whether the letter referred to in the piece Signed \"Americanus\" was or was not received by you. Will you therefore my dear Sir, have the goodness to State that fact in such way as you may deem proper, and oblige your respectful and Obedt. Friend\nW Jones", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5402", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander J. Dallas, 25 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander J.\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Aug. 25. 1816\nSince the rect. of your several letters relating to the Treasury proposition, and the decision of Bank Deputies at Philadelphia, my thoughts have been duly turned to the important and perplexing subject.\nAltho\u2019 there may be no propriety in recalling the proposition, it seems now certain that it will fail of its effect. Should the Banks not represented at Philada. come into the measure, the refusal of those represented would be fatal. The want of a medium for taxes in a single State would be a serious difficulty. So extensive a want would forbid at once an enforcement of the proposition.\nThe Banks feel their present importance and seem more disposed to turn it to their own profit, than to the public good, and the views of the Govt. Without their co-operation, it does not appear that any immediate relief can be applied to the embarrassments of the Treasury or of the Currency. This co-operation they refuse. Can they be co-erced?\nShould the State Legislatures unite in the means within their power, the object may be attained. But this is scarcely to be expected; and in point of time is too remote.\nThe national Bank must for a time at least, be on the defensive.\nThe interposition of Congress remains. And we may hope the best as to a vigorous use of it. But there is danger that the influence of the local Banks, may reach even that resource. Should this not be the case, the remedy is future not immediate.\nThe question then before us is whether any and what further expedients lie with the Executive.\nAltho\u2019 we have satisfied by what has been already attempted our legal responsibility, it would be still incumbent on us to make further experiments, if any promising ones can be devised. If there be such, I have full confidence, that they will enter into your views of the subject.\nOne only occurs to me, and I mention it because no other does; not because I regard it as free from objections which may be deemed conclusive.\nThe notes in the Treasury might be presented to the Banks respectively with a demand of the specie due on the face of them. On refusal suits might be immediately instituted not with a view to proceed to execution, but to establish a claim to interest from the date of the demand. The notes thus bearing interest being kept in hand, treasury notes bearing interest, might be issued in payments from the Treasury; and so far injustice to the several classes of Creditors might be lessened, whilst a check would be given to the unjust career of the Banks.\nSuch a proceeding ought to be supported by the Stockholders, the army, the navy, and all the disinterested and well informed part of the Community. The clamor agst. it would be from the Banks and those having interested connections with them, supported by the honest part of the Community misled by their fallacies. And the probability is but too great that the clamor would be overwhelming.\nI do not take into view the expedient of requiring a payment of the Impost, in specie in part at least, because it could not be extended to the other taxes, and wd. in that respect as well as otherwise, be a measure too delicate for the Ex. Authy: Nor cd. its effect be in time for any very early purpose.\nI have been led by the tenor of your letters to put on paper these observations. The report you are preparing will doubtless enlighten my view of the whole subject. Friendly respects \nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5405", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Spratt, 27 August 1816\nFrom: Spratt, James\nTo: Madison, James\nRespected Sir,\nWashington City Augt: 27th. 1816\nPlease to allow me the privilage to beseech your clemency in my present unfortunate situation. On the first day of June 1812, I arrived in New york, from Ireland. On the 8th: of Augt: following I enlisted under capt. Crane on that Station, as a Sargeant & took the oath prscribed by law to Serve five Years Accordingly I Recd. no bounty. When three or four days in the Service I took sick & obtained permission to go to my boarding House untill I felt fit for Duty. When Recovered from my Illniss I did not return to Capt. Cranes Quarters but Shipped in the flotilla service on the N. York Station, as pursers Steward, where I served to the Return of peace Much to the satisfaction of the Purser, & the officers on board. On the fifth of last Month I was in D. Parker Esqr:\u2019s office where the Lieut: who enlisted me happened to be. He Recognised my Countenance & Reported me to the General as a Deserter from him. After expostulating with him on the subject he Imposed on me as a Punishment to Enlist four Men in my place. Since that period I have been as active as possible & cannot get a Man to Enlist, for such as are inclined that way, they to the Garrisons & take on before I can see them. Since this Unluckey circumstance took place I have been Maried to a Lady of unspeakable Merit, & Liberal circumstances. She has Discovered the difficulties which I have met with, which causes to grieve & Lament Incessantly, particularly as the General Threatens to order me to Fort Washington & serve as a Marine. Most Humane Sir, Among the innumerable Acts of Gratitude & Indulgence\u2019s which has been witnessed in the course of Your Administration, I most Humbly beseech that mine may be registered as a further token of your unparalelled Equity. Should my services be Required in the ivent of Another War, with Great Britan, or any other Despotic Nation, I would consider Three Months Duty, more Essential & of more real value than five Years Services whilst the Country Remains in her present blessed & Desirable Situation, but I would Expect as a citizen & from my Standing in life to be Honoured with a Station whereby I could more Conspicuously Signalise my Zeal & love for Freedom in the field of Battle than by Standing in the ranks as a private, as I am an Irishman Whose very heart Strings Vibrates with an ardent & Undisembled Wish for Liberty & such other (admirable) Political Institutions as are Exercised under your Immediate Circumspection & Controul. My Supplication Extends to afull Emancipation of the Crimes with which I have the Honour to Acquaint You in this Letter. Your Ever Devoted & Obt. Humble: Servt.\nJames Spratt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5406", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 28 August 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nDept. of State 28th. Augt. 1816\nMr Monroe wrote me from your House on the 20th. that copies of certain Letters in the Dept. were to be sent to you. By some accident however his Letter was delayed so that I did not get it until late the day before yesterday. I now enclose Copies of all these Letters except the official Letter to Mr. Harris, that I hope to be able to send on to you tomorrow.\nTo these Papers I add an Extract from a Letter I have just received from Mr. Shaler. Should you think it of any importance, you will perhaps forward it on to Mr Monroe. Most Respectfully I am Dear Sir Your obt. Hble. Sert.\nJohn Graham\n see files of Mr. Monroes letters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5407", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 28 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Aug. 28. 1816\nAmong the inclosures is a very extry. letter from Mr De Neuville. It was brought by his private Secretary from whom I thought it better for several reasons to receive it, than to let him proceed with it to your House. As its contents were neither known nor guessed, it was possible that they might call for an attention which my knowlege of them might hasten, and it was desirable for you that you should not be incumbered with the Bearer if not necessary. It was a further calculation that an immediate answer if not convenient might thus be avoided. The young Secretary left me with a mere intimation to him, that his dispatch would be answered by the Secy. of State. Mr. De Neuville could not have given a greater proof of want of judgment than in putting the amity of the two Countries on such an issue, or of a personal wish to flatter the ultra royal Bourbons who may ere long accede to the throne. The proper answer to him will be facilitated by his undertaking to dictate the precise reparation in the case. Common delicacy would have demanded an adequate one in general terms, leaving the particular mode to the Govt. and the arrogance of the manner in which he has disregarded it, forfeits the respect that might be otherwise due to his complaint. It will be well if possible, by a conciliatory language towards his sovereign to counteract the efforts of his minister to work up a trivial incident into a provoking enormity, and to awaken his attention to our just sensibility to the indecorous & unauthorized step of the latter. It would seem as if De N. hoped to hide the degradation of the Bourbons in Europe, under a blustering deportment in a distant Country. Whatever may be the answer to his letter, it will be proper to hasten communications & instructions to Mr. Gallatin on the whole subject.\nDaschkoffs letter also among the inclosures, revives the question how far any thing beyond the dispatches by Mr. Coles is called for by the posture of Kozloffs affair. Perhaps it may not be amiss for you to write a letter to the Russian Secy. of For. Affrs. referring to that of Daschf. and relying, with expressions of respect & friendship here for the Emperor, on the communications by Mr. Coles, as of a satisfactory import. It is however to be recollected that the instructions to Daschf. were given prior to the last discussions transmitted by Mr. Harris.\nI have not yet recd. any summons from Mr. Jefferson, and begin to hope that a visit to him which however agreeable in itself would be very inconvenient at this time, may not be necessary. As soon as you may ascertain that the occasion for it will not exist, drop me notice by the mail. Friendly respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5408", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Lane, 29 August 1816\nFrom: Lane, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nWashington August 29, 1816\nI consider it my duty to inform you of every material circumstance which may occur in relation to the public buildings, and where doubt or difficulty arise to wait for your explicit instructions. But I am some times apprehensive that this idea of duty may lead me to become importunate and to ask for instruction on points relative to which I may not have it in my power to transmit such views as may be requisite for forming a decision. Perhaps this difficulty might be in part obviated and the public work on some occasions expedited if I was directed to consult, in your absence, such of the heads of Departments as might be in washington. From the very friendly disposition evinced towards me by those officers I have no doubt of their cheerfully affording their assistance.\nUpon a subject which has for some time engaged my attention and which I view as an important one it has now become necessary to decide. I allude to the Dome of the Senate chamber. Mr. Latrobe insists upon a brick arch as formerly. To this I am opposed for several reasons among which the most important is the following Mr Blayden assures me that the former arch had forced out the exterior wall 3 1/ 2 Inches and that since the removal of the arch the wall has returned nearly to its original position. This gentleman (in whose Judgement and candor I have great confidence) is decidedly of opinion the arch contemplated by Mr. Latrobe will throw down the wall. I have omitted to bring forward this subject at an earlier period that the retrograde movement of the wall might be first clearly ascertained. Much longer delay might now be injurious, as severally arrangements which will be materially affected by the decision of this question ought now to be made. I have therefore to beg that I may be instructed herein and have the honor & ct\nS. Lane", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5411", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Henry Clay, 30 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Clay, Henry\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Aug. 30. 1816\nMr. Dallas seems to have made up his mind to retire early in October from the Department in his hands; and the event may draw after it a vacancy in the War Department. Will you permit me to avail our Country of your services in the latter? It will be convenient to know your determination, as soon as you have formed it, and it will be particularly gratifying, if it assent to my request. Accept assurances of my great esteem and of my cordial regards\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5412", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 30 August 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nPrivate\nDear Sir,\nWar Department 30th. August 1816\nOn my arrival in this city, on Tuesday last, I found all my children except the eldest, indisposed with the hooping cough, and my third son extremely ill. His fever has abated some, but has not intermitted since Saturday, the day he was seized with it. My attention has been directed almost exclusively to my children since my arrival, so that I have hardly had time to look at the letters which have accumulated since my departure from this place last month.\nDuring my stay in Georgia I had the pleasure of seeing the governor, & from the general tenor of his conversation, I am induced to believe that he is willing to accept the Creek agency provided, the duties of the office will not require a permanent residence in the nation. His Principal residence is in the neighborhood of Milledgeville from whence he can visit the agency in two or three days ride. If the appointment should be conferred upon him he would spend several months in the Year at the Agency, & always be Present at the distribution of their annuities, and at their general Councils.\nIf this kind of attention should be deemed sufficient, I know of no man better qualified for the office, and am certain that his appointment would be highly acceptable to the majority of the State. The only doubt he seems to entertain upon the subject is whether his acceptance of the office will not be considered as a stoop from the office which has heretofore holden, & now holds under the State.\nIn the event of his appointment, a discreet young man whom he has educated, & continues to Patronize, would reside Permanently at the Agency, and advertise him of every occurrence which might be thought to require his attention.\nBefore I left the State of Georgia, I had the honor of writing to you on the approaching vacancy in the Cabinet. Should that letter have miscarried, it may be necessary to add here that my objections to the exchange proposed in relation to that vacancy, have been yielded to your wishes.\nI left Dr. Bibb in a low state of health but some what improved from what it was at the rising of Congress. The violence exhibited in the State against the Compensation bill, leaves but little hope that the Dr. can be Re-elected. The state of his health, as well as his Private affairs, admonish him of the necessity of retiring to Private life, but his feelings have been so deeply wounded by the assaults which have been made upon his Political Character, that he will not listen to the admonition. The mortification of defeat, I greatly fear, will be augmented by the success of an enemy both Personal & political. It is impossible for me not to participate deeply in every thing which concerns him as a public and private Character. We entered public life at the same time, and have travelled thus far on our journey not only without collision, but with the most Perfect harmony. I am distressed at the idea of the return which I fear is about to be made him for the faithful and important services which, in the course of his public life, he has Rendered the State and the nation.\nFrom the fate that is impending over him, there appears to be no means of escape, unless some honorable appointment can be given him before the first Monday in November. I know of none which can be given. The circumstance is mentioned merely because it is Possible that some thing may occur, which may be the means of withdrawing him from the dilemma into which he has fallen. I know his disinterestedness too well to believe that he would accept any office, in which he would be unable to render service; and I believe that I may add, that you Sir are too well acquainted with his worth, not to be disposed to give him any office in your gift for which he is qualified. I am dear Sir respectfully Your most obt. & Very humbl Servt.\nWm. H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5413", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Samuel Lane, 31 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lane, Samuel\nSir\nI have recd. your two letters of the 22 & 29. inst: Mr. Rush being now with me and about to return to Washington I have communicated to him the ideas occurring to me on the subjects of them, and by him they will be made known to the Secretaries of the Departments who may be in the City. To these gentlemen I wish you to make whatever statements and explanations you may find expedient relative to the business committed to your superintendence, and to be governed by their opinions. Being on the spot they can be consulted more conveniently than myself; & for the same reason will be better able to decide on the questions most likely to arise in the progress of the Work. Accept my friendly respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5414", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 31 August 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nYour favor of the 25. inst. has been received. All the answers to the Treasury proposition, for a partial renewal of payments in coin, are in the negative, except from the New-England Banks. I select a few of these, for your information; and I add the communications made officially to me, of the result of the proceedings of the Convention of Bankers at Philadelphia. Be so good as to return the letters to the Treasury, as I must frame and publish a reply, to meet the public expectation, as well as the future enquiries, of Congress.\nThe hope of any co-operation of the State Banks is at an end. They act upon their own interests and policy; and the Government must, also, take an independent course. But I do not think, that any thing further can be attempted by the Executive, at this time. Coercive measures towards the Banks, must, unavoidably, prove oppressive measures towards the people; and the only relief which the People can procure for themselves (a suspension of the payment of taxes) must prove destructive to the revenue. The plan of co-ercion, which you are so good as to intimate for consideration, would, probably produce an explosion; and certainly would depreciate the Bank Notes, so as to affect, materially, their value in the Treasury, as well as in circulation. It would, also, increase the quantity of floating debt, which it is the great aim of the Treasury to reduce and exinguish. But the conclusive reason against its adoption, is the want of power to issue Treasury Notes, while the medium, in which the revenue is collected, is abundant for the payment of every local demand, in the States, in which the Treasury Notes would be issued.\nUnder every view of the situation, I submit to you that the non-cooperation of the Banks may be assigned as a reason for not persisting in the proposition to introduce partial payments in coin; but that the notification of the general resumption of coin payments on the 25. of February be formally made.\nThe revenue accumulates, far beyond our wants, in New-York, in Philadelphia, and in Baltimore. Its accumulation in the Southern and western States, may be considered, as equal to our wants. In the eastern States, the revenue is almost entirely paid in Treasury notes; but the absorption of the revenue has greatly reduced the outstanding amount of Treasury notes, and the local currency (coin) of those States must soon be employed in the payment of duties and taxes. This effect will increase the clamour, upon the differences of the medium of payment in the different States; but it will enable the Government to meet its engagements, without an insidious augmentation of the 7. per cent. funded debt, in the only portion of the Union, whose local currency has hitherto been out of our reach.\nSince the adjournment of Congress, and, more particularly, since the accumulation of the revenue, in the manner which has been mentioned, my object has been to render our funds as active as possible, in paying whatever could be paid. The issue of Treasury Notes has been confined to the payment of demands, where the Treasury did not possess the local currency; and the issue has not been great. The subscription to the Loan of 1815, the collection of the impost, and the direct payments at the Loan Offices, have brought a large amount of Treasury Notes into the Treasury to be ed; and the two last instruments are working Still, with accelerated force. The dividends on the funded debt, both at home and abroad, have been amply provided for; and all the temporary Loans have been, or will be shortly, paid, except the balance of the loans in Massachusetts. The temporary Loans were effected, principally, by the War Department, and formed a very considerable aggregate. The concluding operation will be settled at Washington, by applying the surplus of the appropriation for the Sinking fund, beyond the permanent charges, to the purchase of Stock, wherever it is below par, and the Treasury can command the local currency. By all these means, I hope we shall be able to compensate, in a great degree, for the losses sustained upon our payments in the Eastern States; and to reduce the amount of our Bank credits, So as to suffer the least possible inconvenience, when the Bank of the United States shall become active.\nThe National Bank grows in the public confidence. I believe its immediate uses will be as great, as was anticipated by its most Strenuous advocates. Under a prudent and Skilful Director, acting in concert with the Government, it will restore the national currency, and destroy the artificial differences of exchange. But I look with peculiar pleasure to the establishment, as furnishing a machine to frustrate the usurpations of the State Banks, and to retrieve the Constitutional powers of the Government, over the coin and currency of the nation.\nI shall proceed to Washington by tomorrow\u2019s Stage. It will give me some satisfaction to be informed there, whether you have made any definitive arrangements, on the succession to the Treasury. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs.\nA. J. Dallas\nI inclose Mr. Carroll\u2019s offer to sell, or to give, a plt. for the Observatory. It will be safest to postpone a purchase until Congress meet. The acceptance of a gift Should, perhaps, receive the Legislative Sanction. You will be so good as to decide upon the answer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5415", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 31 August 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nAlbemarle Augt. 31. 1816\nOwing to some accident I did not receive your letter of the 28. untill after Mr. Rush left me, which I much regret, as it deprivd me of the opportunity, of conferring with him, on the answers to be given to those of the French & Russian ministers, which accompanied it. I am astonished at the contents of both, as they put us to trials, which, if either of them had good sense or moderation would be avoided. The demand of Mr Hyde, if complied with, would put an end to the independence of this govt., & that of Mr Daschkoff, would have nearly the same effect. I shall prepare answers without delay and send them to you. My health is still delicate. My long detention at Washington, fixed in me the seeds of a bilious complaint, which are not yet eradicated, tho I am gradually getting rid of them. If I could be free from this kind of persecution, from these little men, who make great affairs out of trifles, and be at liberty to busy myself in my private affairs only, & take the exercise incident thereto, I think I shod. soon be well. I hope that Europe will soon be in a state, if she is not now, to engage every power in so close a grapple, each with some other, as to occupy their whole force, resources, & attention. This would give to us, at once, our just importance, with each. We appear to have it at this time, with England; and Mr Harris\u2019s last letters give cause to hope that we shall soon have it with Russia. With the Bourbons, there is no reasoning by any just standard. Their stupidity & folly are extreme Their pride & not thier reason dictates their course which necessity alone can check. Mr Hyde, as you justly observe, seems to indulge a hope, that he will mask the degradation of those whom he represents, by the renown he seeks at our expence. With affectionate regard\nJames Monroe\nI presume there will be no call, in relation to the literary institution, contemplated by Mr. Jefferson. I shall dine with him to morrow & write you respecting it, again in the evening; the cause is imputable to the failure of the proposed arrangment in the Executive.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5416", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 31 August 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWar Department 31st. August 1816\nMr Bagot called upon me to day, & Stated that two soldiers in the American service had waited on him & informed him that they were British Subjects, & requested his interference to obtain their release, with the view of returning home. They admitted that they had deserted the British service & entered the American Army voluntarily. Upon further enquiry I learned that they had both entered our service during the war. He said he Called to Know the views of the government, & that he did not wish to take any step in the affair, if there existed no disposition to release them. I informed him that if the enlistment had taken place Subsequent to the Peace, there would no difficulty in releasing them; but that the usages of all nations admitted of the enlistment, & employment of deserters from an enemy in time of war. This he readily admitted, & said that he should not have mentioned the Subject, but that one of them was one of the wounded left at Bladensburg who after his recovery from his wounds, from a grateful sense of the Kindness he had experienced during his illness, had enlisted in the American Army. He as well as the other was informed by Mr Bagot that a prosecution for treason would be inevitable upon their return home.\nI informed him that it was a new case, and that before I could give him any answer, it would be necessary to receive instructions from you. That if the men were discharged it would be necessary for him to send them back to England; to which he assented.\nIt is more than probable that when they understand that they are to be sent back in the Charge of their Minister they will not be so anxious to be released. There is no possible inducement to discharge them, & suffer them to remain in the Country, as persons of that description will be more likely to obtain their livelihood when set at liberty, by Pilfering, than by honest industry. As the application may be considered as an appeal to the Courtesy of the government, it is possible that a compliance with it may be Productive of more good than harm. He expects to leave the city the latter end of the next Week, and expressed a wish to Know the determination of the govt. before he Sets out. If the men are to be discharged, will it be necessary that an application be made to the Stated Department by him in writing, or will it be correct to discharge the men upon ascertaining the truth of their Statements, without any formal demand on his Part? I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humbl. servt.\nWm. H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5417", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Jones, 31 August 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jones, William\nDear Sir \nMontpellier Aug. 31. 1816\nI have recd. your letter of the 25th. inst: inclosing a newspaper of the 20th. in which is stated the purport of a letter grossly calumniating the present naval officer of Philada. and alleged to have been addressed to me by Lt. Col: xxxx at the time of filling the vacancy occasioned by the death of his predecessor.\nMy recollection is so imperfect on this subject that it does not authorize me to say more than that I retain a faint impression that a letter was recd. on that occasion from Col: Forrest, in which he manifested dissatisfaction at the course taken by the Executive, and a wish that his name might not appear among the Candidates.\nOf the particular terms or precise tenor of the letter I have no distinct remembrance. I do not think it probable that Mr. Clarke could have been described in it as he is in the newspaper It is not altogether impossible however that such might have been the case; and that like numberless similar things which it is the lot of the Ex: station to receive, the slanders might have been dismissed from my thoughts, as no wise affecting a character which had been sufficiently vouched to me. Whether the letter, whatever may been its purport, has been destroyed, or bundled with others sent from time to time to the Treasy. Dept. which can scarcely have happened, or remain among papers not put on my assorted files, I can not say.\nI feel too much respect for the wish you have expressed, to have said less in consequence of it. But your candor & correct judgement will permit me to remark, that on the supposition that the receipt of a letter, such as is described in print, could be ascertained, I should depart, in more respects than one from established usage, in being the instrument of it. Nor do I readily perceive that the fact in question, can be of essential importance. If the printed statement be a libel, it carries the necessary proof with it: if not a libel, the insertion of the statement in a letter recd. could not make it one, and in point of aggravation the difference between the sending such a letter, and a false assertion in print that such a letter was sent, would not seem to be of any material weight in estimating the offence. Should the assertion be admitted to be true, no other ascertainment of it can be requisite.\nI learn from Mr. Dallas that the progress of the Bank subscriptions you were so good as to communicate, has terminated in the legal amount; and with the additional pleasure of finding him confident that the Institution will commence its career in friendly hands Accept Dear Sir, assurances of my great esteem & cordial regards,\nJames Madison\nExcuse so coarse a paper, being unexpectedly without a better sheet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5418", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joseph Delaplaine, September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\nSeptember 1816\nMemorandum sent Sepr. 1816, to Mr. Delaplaine, at his request\nJames Madison was born on the 16. of March 1751. His parents James Madison, and Nelly Madison (before her Marriage Nelly Conway) resided in the County of Orange in Virginia. At the time of his birth they were on a visit to her mother who resided on the Rappahannock in the County of King George.\nAt the age of about 12. years, he was placed by his father under the tuition of Donald Robertson, from Scotland; a man of great learning, and an eminent teacher in the County of King & Queen. With him he studied the latin and Greek languages was taught to read but not to speak the French; and besides Arithmetic and Geography, made some progress in Algebra and Geometry. Miscellaneous literature also was embraced by the plan of the School.\nHaving remained 3 or 4 years with Mr. Robertson, he prosecuted his studies for a year or two under the Revd. Thomas Martin, the Parish Minister of the established Church, the Church of England as it was then called, and who lived with his father as a private tutor.\nIn the year 1769, by the advice of Mr. Martin (and of his brother Alexander Martin) both of whom) had been educated at Nassau Hall in N. Jersey, he was sent to that Seminary,(The climate of William & Mary being regarded as unfavorable to the health of persons from the mountainous region) Dr. Witherspoon was the President. He there went thro\u2019 the ordinary course of Studies and in the year 1771 received a diploma of Bat: of Arts. His health being at the time too infirm for a journey home, occasioned to a great degree by the severity of application, he passed the ensuing Winter in Princeton, employing his time in miscellaneous studies, but not without a reference to the profession of the Law. (He availed himself of this opportunity of acquiring a slight knowledge of the Hebrew which was not among the College Studies.) His infirm health occasioned by labor in qualifying himself with Jos. Ross, in one year, for the term of 2 years, & an experiment for some Weeks of the minimum of sleep & maximum of study. (incident shewing ignorance of the French language, previous to Revol)\nOn his return to Virginia, he continued for some time in very deficient health; but in a course of reading more particularly intended to qualify him for the Bar, for a practice of which however, he never formed any absolute determination: See letters to E. R. Mar. 10. -92. July 26. 1785\nOn the commencement of the dispute with G. Britain he entered with the general Zeal in the American Cause; being under very early and strong impressions in favor of liberty both civil and religious. His Exertions to stay the persecution of the unlicensed preachers, particularly the Sect of Baptists, just shewing upon the movement called forth by the persecutions &c. In 1775 he was elected a member of the Committee for the County of Orange living at the time with his father; and participated in the County proceedings belonging to that period. See address of Come. to P. Henry. Causes preventing him from entering the Army, viz his feeble health, and a Constitutional liability, to sudden attacks, somewhat resembling Epilepsy, and suspending the intellectual functions. These continued thro\u2019 his life, with prolonged intervals.]\nEarly in 1776 he was elected by the County, a member of the Convention in Virginia which formed the Declaration of Rights & Constitution for the State, & which on of May decided unanimously on the expediency of dissolving the political connection of the Colonies with G. Britain, and instructed the Delegates in Congs. from Virginia to promote a Declaration of their Independence. (See note (G) Being young, & in the midst of disting. & experienced members, he did not enter into debate, but suggested the exchange of toleration &c as to Decln. of Rights & toleration \nHaving in consequence of declining the practice of treating voters &c been dropped in the election of County Delegates to the Legislature of the State in the following year, he was appointed during the Session of that Body, a member of the Council of State, Patrick Henry being then Governor. He continued a member of it till late in 1779, Thomas Jefferson being then Governor, when he was appointed a Delegate to the Revolutionary Congress. To make himself acquaint with the subject of a circulating medium, & with a view to the character & sum of that existing, and ready to expend, he availed himself of an unavoidable delay in repairing to Congs. to draw up the observations first printed in a Phila. paper afterwards printed. See Freneau\u2019s Natl Gazette. \nHe took his place in that Body in March 1780, and was continued by annual reelections till the expiration of the Allowed term of three years computed from the definitive ratification of the Articles of Confederation. See Note (J) A few days previous to his arrival, Congs. had adopted the new System of the currency of 1 for 40-. \nIn 1784 he was elected a Delegate from his County to the State Legislature and continued by Several re-elections. Having witnessed the defect of Authority in the Revolutionary Congress He inculcated the measures of new powers to Congs. He promoted the Convention which was held at Anecdotes of that as See his acct. of the Legisl proceedings in his letters to Mr. J-n his views as to Legislative payment of Brit debts, and opposition to paper currencies. His acquiescence in the of Prot: Episc. Church, his opposition & Memorial agst. Estabt. proposed by Mr. H. 1786 at Annapolis, for the purpose of investing the Congress with powers over the trade of the U. S: and was appointed one of the Delegates to it, from Virga. (See his correspondence with Genl. W. E. R. Mr. Jeff-n and a letter, between him & N. Webster. See also proceedings at Annapolis the address from him of . See also the correspondence with Mr. J-n. relating & Geo. Mason of Green Spring, on the subject of Genl. Assesst. & remonstrance agst. it, signed by the people of different Sects, & to an wch. defeat the project & led to the passage of the Bill on Religious freedom.\nThe Convention having recommended another Convention, to assemble in Philada. the following year, with enlarged powers, he brought forward & drew the Bill of Compliance by the General Assembly of Virginia, which had the opportunity of first deciding (N. Jersey had first taken it into consideration) on the measure recommended from Annapolis, & was included in the Delegation from Virginia to that Convention of which he took the Debates &c. See his correspondence with Genl. W. thereon, with E. R., particularly his project in Feby. 1787, with Mr. Jefferson &c.\nAt the same period he was appointed a Delegate to the General Congs. then sitting at New York,in which he took his seat forthwith & resumed it after the close of the Convention till the Spring of 1788; See his debates in Congress during that period, and correspondence with E.R. E.P. Jos Joness & Mr. J-n, his object in going there mainly to collect the project of Mr. J as to the Mississippi, likely to Kentucky then a part of Virga. from an increase of the power of the Confedy. During the winter of 87-88, was spent in the Federalists.\nIn the month of April, in that year 1788 he was elected by the County of Orange one of the Delegates to the State Convention which was to decide on the Constitution proposed by the Convention at Philada. See the debates most of which are not where See his letter to Jonathan Elliott on the subject; also the letters to Mr. J-n & to Alexr. Hamilton, R. King at the Close of the Convention, returned to N. Y. See his debates at Congs. of that date.\nIn the Winter of 1788-9, he was elected a Representative from the District in which he lived in the first Congs. under the new Constitution which met in N. York in March 1789; and was continued by re-elections a member of the House of Representatives till March 1797, when he declined being longer a Candidate having then become a married man, & thinking the oppy. afforded by the State of pub affrs. & the example of Gen W. favorable to such a Step. For the plans of excluding him from the Senate, at first, and then from H. of R, see letters to him from E. R. & Corbin, Judge , Carrington. For inaugural message, & answer, the case of & see the debates and letters to E. R. Mr. Jeff-n, Mr. Pendleton &c Same as to Tariff to British trade, origl. holders, & assignees of debt. (Change of ideas to be explained.) Introduction of amendmts. Anecdote of to Gen. W. - Case of Bank - Virga. Resolns. A Carriage Tax. Giles Resolns. agst. V. H. See letter of E. R. to JM, explaining the mystery. Jay\u2019s treaty. See the Pol. Observations. Debates in Congs. Made a Citizen of Fr. Conversations with Genl. Wn. draft of his provl. farewell See correspondence with Genl. W.\nIn the year 1799, he was elected by his County a delegate to the State Legislature; which protested agst. the Alien & Sedition Acts of Congress; and in 1800 one of the Virginia Electors who voted for Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr to be President & Vice President of the U. S: For the Resolns. & Rept. on those acts, see the Journals of H of D and the explann. of them, his letter in N. A. Review for the year --30. For the equality of Votes between J-n & Burr, see misleading letters of Gelston to J. M. which alone induced Mr. Wythe to Vote for Burr in the Electoral College.\nIn 1801 he was appointed Secretary of State, and remained such till the year 1809, when he was Elected President of the U. S. In 1812 he was Re-elected. In 1829. He was elected by his County, a member of the State Convention which formed the Constitution, which was submitted to the people of the State, & ratified by them, and is now in force.\nFor his agency as Secy. of State See State papers. For the true origin of Embargo, see Jeffn\u2019s works as to what passed in the Cabinet & the Correspondence of J. M. with George Joy.\nIn 1809. & 1812. Elected P. See State papers, correspondence with Hds. of Depts, letters to Mr. J-n, private correspon with Foreign Mns., Barlow, Erving, Pinkney, Gallatin, J. Q. Adams, Eustis. For Case of Robt. S. See state of Conversation with him, do. of Armstrong, instructions agst. his assumed discretion, and statemt. of Conversations with him previous to his retreat from Office. Review of his misstatement in the periodical as to the appt. of Genl. Jackson.\nSince return to private life, devoted to his farm & his Library, and with much avocation from both, by the laborious Correspondence, which seems to be entailed on Ex. Ps., particularly by letters on Pol: & Constl. subjects e. g. Wheaton, J. G. Jackson, Evans, &c. &c. &c. which See. Within this period he was also engaged a Member of the Albemarle Agricl. Socy, and as Presidt. was obliged to deliver an address, which See; and, since death of Mr. J-n has been Rector of the University of Virga., of which he was from its origin a Visitor. See notice of his death in the record of the Board, and his vindication of Mr. J-n agst. the attack of the sons of Mr. Bayard, in Walshs Natl. Gazette in 1831\nIn 1829, he was prevailed on notwithstanding his age & very feeble health to be a member of the Convention which revised the Constn. of the State. See the letter of a Come. & his answer. See in the printed debates the small part he had in them. His main effort was to promote a compromise of ideas between parties nicely balanced, & threating an abortion to an Experiment nearly connected with the trade & prosperity of the State and the capacity for self Govt. His private opinions on the rule of suffrage the basis of representation and the fabric of the Govt. were either controuled by the known will & meditated instrn. of his Constn, or to the necessity of preventing a distressing abortion of the expert. by such a middle course as was taken.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5420", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 2 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nDepartment of War September 2. 1816.\nThe Commissioner appointed under the act authorizing the payment for property lost, captured, or destroyed by the enemy &ca., has suggested a doubt under the 9. section of that act, whether the term Military deposite, embraces the case of occupancy by a military force, so as to entitle the owner to compensation for the destruction of the houses or buildings thus occupied.\nThe occupancy of buildings as a deposite for military stores, ordinarily must have been the result of convention, and on frontier stations, the destruction of them by the Enemy, must frequently have been in the contemplation of the parties.\nThe occupancy of buildings by a military force, especially in presence of an enemy, or upon a frontier line, the scene of military operations, would frequently be the result of necessity, and not of compact, where nothing has been stipulated, and where of course the possibility of destruction by the enemy, cannot have been provided for, in favor of the owner. I should, therefore, be in favor of a liberal construction in this case, inasmuch as an adherence to the letter, will embrace cases less entitled to the provision granted by that section than those which would be excluded.\nMr. Lee expects precise instructions upon this point, and will not proceed in any case involved in this doubt, until they are received.\nEnclosed are several papers submitted to this Department by the Commissioner of the General Land office.\nIt appears to me, that there is no necessity for taking any notice of the claims of the Indian Warriors, in surveying the lands. The claimant may be authorized to select four quarter sections adjoining each other, and if judged necessary, forming a square, embracing his improvements. This would prevent the necessity of fractions, and supersede the necessity of running any other lines than those of the sections. To meet the case stated, of the habitation being on one side, and the plantation on the other of the river, the party should have the option of selecting on either side; and perhaps the right to select an oblong form, so as to include both, would not be unreasonable. If this proposition is not thought unreasonable in this case, it might be extended to all cases where two plantations are owned by a warrior, but in no case to exceed four quarter sections in a right line.\nSome measure must be adopted before the sale of the land to ascertain the persons entitled to the provisions of the treaty, as the evidence now possessed is believed to be insufficient. Perhaps an Agent will be appointed in time to perform this service.\nP. S. Upon examining the treaty, it declares that the mile square shall include the Plantation as near the Centre as practicable. If it is to be executed literally, special Surveys must be made. The Treaty makes no provision for the families of deceased Warriors, unless a liberal construction is given to it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5421", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jean Joseph Amable Humbert, 3 September 1816\nFrom: Humbert, Jean Joseph Amable\nTo: Madison, James\nMonsieur Le Pr\u00e9sidentNlle. Orl\u00e9ans 3, 7bre. 1816\nPermettez \u00e0 un soldat de la libert\u00e9 de vous addresser avec franchise; J\u2019ai bien Servi la patrie que j\u2019habite & le gouvernement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des Etats Unis en realit\u00e9 et en politique; je n\u2019ai jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent ni decharg\u00e9 de services ni r\u00e9gularis\u00e9 de comptes; les Habitants de la Louisiane ainsi les autorit\u00e9s peuvent vous le confirmer; le d\u00e9faut de france n\u2019 point mon ardeur; je peux dans trois mois lever dix mille hommes dans toute l\u2019\u00e9tendue des Etats Unis en me conformant aux Lois militaires du gouvernement de votre excellence, lorsqu\u2019il vous plaira de m\u2019honorer de votre confiance, que je pourrai au nom du gouvernement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la libert\u00e9 transmettre des ordres. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous saluer respecteusement.\nHumbertSir.New Orleans 3 Sept. 1816Permit a republican soldier to address you with frankness; I have served the Country I live in, and the general government of the United States both in my personal and political exertions: As yet I have not received a discharge from the service, nor have My accounts been duly adjusted: to this fact the residents of Louisiana and the constituted Authorities can testify. In three months I could in the range of the whole extent of the United States raise ten thousand men without violating the Military Code of your government whenever you may see fit to honor me with your confidence, that I may transmit orders in the name of the Government. I have the honor &c(signed) Humbert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5423", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Adams, 4 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nQuincy, September 4th. 1810.\nI have so often taken the liberty to introduce Gentlemen to the President of the United States, that tho\u2019 it might be an usurpation at first, it seems now to be a kind of Right by Prescription.\nUpon no occasion that I recollect, have I assumed this privelege with more pleasure than in now introducing Dr. James Freeman whom I esteem one of our first litterary characters and one of the best of our honourable virtuous and liberal Men\nAs I think myself, sure of my conveyance I will now venture on a delicate subject and more especially as I have but a few days to live. Present my most respectful compliments to Mrs. Madison. Ask her whether she remembers a letter she wrote to Mr. Steel. Tell her that I was excessively ill used, by Mr. Steel. That I never had the least intimation of that letter, till all my Power was annihilated Had the letter been communicated to me in confidence and to none other as it ought to have been, she may be assured that my heart and judgement would have concured with hers, and that her secret would never have been betrayed by me. Whether her wishes and mine could have prevailed at that time, you, Sir can judge better than I can. I am, Sir with a respect for your character and administration which it would be flattery for me to express, your humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5424", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 4 September 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nI sent you a Sketch of a reply to the French minister, subject to your correction, to be forwarded afterwards to Mr Graham. If the offer is discussd with him, there will be no end to it, & we shall lose ground in every step. He must I think be a little alarm\u2019d by adverting to the fate of Jackson, and Genet. Unless some tone is taken, all hope of indemnity is lost. I infer from yours, that this is also your opinion.\nI will forward soon, a sketch of an answer to Mr Daschkoff. To minor objects I will afterwards attend.\nMr Jefferson, mentiond to me, on Monday that he expected you up, notwithstanding the particular object had failed. With affecte. reqard\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5426", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nathaniel Pope, 5 September 1816\nFrom: Pope, Nathaniel\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nKaskaskia Septr. 5th. 1816\nHaving offered to serve the people of Illinois in Congress I beg leave to resign the Office of Secretary of the Illinois Territory, which I now hold. I tender you assurances of High consideration and have the honor to be Sir Yr. obt. Servt.\nNathl. Pope", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5427", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Charles Coles Claiborne, 5 September 1816\nFrom: Claiborne, William Charles Coles\nTo: Madison, James\nMy Dear Sir\nLouisiana Parish of Iberville Septr. 5th. 1816\nA Paragraph in a Newspaper, which was hand\u2019d me on yesterday by a friend, has given me much Inquietude. It is there stated, that in the List of Balances reported to Congress, as having been due for the last three years, a considerable amount is attached to my Name. It cannot be that the accounts & vouchers, I have from time to time transmitted to the Government are examined, or no Balance or if any, none but a very inconsiderable one Could possibly have been reported against me. In all my Monied transactions with the Government, I have endeavoured to observe the most scrupulous exactitude. In 1811, I enclosed to the Secretary of State, the accounts of my Expenditures in taking possession, (under your Proclamation of the October 1810) of the Territory East of the Mississippi & West of the Perdido, with a request that he would submit the Vouchers for your examination. Not being informed that this particular account had been Closed at the Treasury Department, I take it for granted that the expenditures and Vouchers, have not yet received your Sanction. May I then ask of you, the Goodness, to take a moment from your more important Cares & to examine the expenditures incured by me in the above Service: I hope & trust, you will find, that they have been brought within a prudent \u0152conomy. I had important & delicate duties; and in bringing them to a fortunate Close, I necessarily incur\u2019ed expences; But every thing like Extravagance was carefully avoided. Of the $20,000 plac\u2019d at my disposition, less I believe than $4,000 (the Accounts being in my office at New Orleans, I cannot speak with certainty) Were expended.\nShould any of the Items in the account, not at first view, meet your Sanction, I pray, that previous to their final rejection, an opportunity may be given me, to offer the necessary explanations. When I left Washington in 1810, I had Suppos\u2019d that my Accounts were in a fair Way for Satisfactory adjustment. My expenditures as Governor of the Mississippi Territory, & also those as Governor General of Louisiana, were examined, & a balance found due to me. My Accounts as Governor of the Territory of Orleans for Contingent expences up to the year 1809, were also looked into, and the greater part admitted; But by Suspending Items to the amount of 7 or 8 hundred Dollars, a balance nearly to the amount Suspended appeared against me. These Items, (knowing them to be just) I hope ultimately to sustain, and with this expectation, (immediately on my return to Nw. Orleans) I shall transmit further Vouchers in their Support. The heavy Balance appearing against me on the Books of the Treasury Department, must be for Monies drawn about the last of the year 1810, and in 1811 & 12. For all these Monies, I regularly forwarded to the officer on whom my Bills were drawn, the necessary Accounts & Vouchers, and I am persuaded, that on Investigation, it will appear, that the amount received by me, has been fairly & honestly expended in the public Service.\nI make no apology for addressing you this Letter, since next to the Consciousness of having acted with rectitude in all my official transactions, it will give me greatest pleasure to know, that Such also is the opinion of an Administration, whose Confidences it has been my Constant Care to deserve.\nThe term to which the Constitution of Louisiana, limited my Services as Governor will expire in December next; and I have the Satisfaction to believe, that in my Retirement, I shall carry with me, the Confidence and Good Wishes of a Majority of the People of this State. In a Contest between General Villere & Judge Lewis for the Office of Governor for the four ensuing years, the Voice of the People, is in favour of the former, & it is believed, that this Choice will be Sanctioned by the two Houses of the General Assembly.\nGeneral Villere is a Native of Louisiana, and in my opinion a very honest, faithful, & patriotic\u2019 Citizen. I have the honor to Subscribe Myself With Sentiments of great Respect Your faithful friend\nWilliam C. C. Claiborne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5428", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Rhea, 6 September 1816\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nAt the House of Coll George Colbert in the Chickasaw NationSeptember 6th 1816\nUnderstanding that a number of the principal Chiefs of the Choctaw Nation were to be present at the negotiation about to be held at this place between commissioners of the United States, and chiefs of the Chickasaw nation of Indians, and induced to beleive that my presence here might be usefull towards the objects You have in view in the intended negotiation with the choctaw nation, I left Nashville and came here on last Tuesday, and I hope my attending the Negotiation here will have Your approbation.\nMajor General Jackson and General Merriwether had arrived here Some days before me. About forty (on my coming here I understood about fifty) chiefs of the choctaws with Mess. Picklynn and Brashears, had previously come here, and this day between thirty and forty Principal men and chiefs (as I understand) of the Cherokies, have arrived. The negotiation here is expected to begin tomorrow. A spirit of amity and friendship prevails and Exists. I trust the negotiation here, and that about to be with the choctaws, will eventuate pursuant to Your views for promoting the happiness and prosperity of the United States, and the peace and quiet of the respective tribes of Indians.\nOn the Subject of the late treaty with the cherokees I will refrain from Writing, having in my last letter to You written at length in relation thereto. I trust the negotiation here will terminate so, that a complete continuity of settlements of Citizens of the United States will be from Tennessee to Mobille; for that only, in my opinion, can give General Satisfaction. Mr. McKee appointed the fifteenth of next month to begin the Negotiation with the choctaws at the Factory in that nation; to which place I will proceed from this. After the business of the National Bank was finished at Nashville, I continued there untill my departure for this place. With Every Sentiment of Sincere esteem & regard I have the honor to be Your Obt. Servt.\nJohn Rhea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5429", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander James Dallas, 6 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Sepr. 6. 1816\nI return the answers of the Banks to the Treasury proposition. Some of them, I observe, are sore at the idea of their yielding to the temptation of gain, in prolonging the refusal to resume specie payments. The best mode of repelling the suspicion would be to dispose of their public Stock, and thus reduce their dividends. Whilst they refuse to co-operate with the Treasury, that circumstance will justify it in not persisting in efforts to anticipate the epoch fixed by Congress for a general reform; and an adherence to that epoch can not be declined, unless Congs. should themselves give way. That great exertions will be used to overcome their firmness and to substitute the epoch (July next) fixed by the Banks, cannot be doubted; and the success of these exertions is not a little to be apprehended, unless the National Bank can acquire an activity that will enfeeble the pleas of the State Banks, and fortify the good dispositions in that Body. This may be hoped for; and the hope is strengthened by the general views you present of the fiscal condition of the U. S., which can not fail to be grateful and encouraging to the nation.\nThe proposition of Mr. Carroll is a handsome one. It may lie over however for the meeting of Congress, or at least till our re-assembling at Washington. The sufficiency of the offer to say nothing of the authority to accept it cannot be judged of, without knowing how far it embraces the ground considered by Mr. Hassler as essential, or what effect it may have on the owners of the residue.\nI have not departed from the course intimated to you, for filling the vacancy which your determination to retire will produce at a day not very distant. Mr. Crawford signified lately his acquiescence in the proposition made to him, and I have written to Mr. Clay in consequence of it. As soon as I receive his answer, you shall be made acquainted with it. Accept My great esteem & cordial regards\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5431", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 6 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nOn perusing your letters to Mr. De Neuville, and Mr. Gallatin, some ideas occurred which induced me to put them on paper for your consideration. Those relating to the first letter are interlined with a pencil. Those relating to the 2d. are partly so, & partly penned on a separate sheet. In the communication to Mr. G. I thought it might be not amiss to suggest the several topics which he may find it expedient to develope orally or in writing. Reject or use any or the whole as you judge best.\nAs De Neuvilles communication to his Govt. may first arrive and forestall impressions at Paris, the interlineation in pa. 2d. of the letter to him, is intended to suggest an important and very pertinent fact which may not be known there, & which he will not disclose; and to controul the effect of his magnifying comments on the subject. Whether this last part of the interlineation merits adoption is the more questionable of the two.\nThe little delay occasioned by this retrograde of the papers is not material as De Neuville himself will think on recevg. your answer. But to avoid a protraction of it, it will be best to sign blank sheets (if there be none signed at the office) for copies of the letters whatever the final shape you may give them, and to send them with your draft directly to Mr. Graham, with instructions to forward triplicates immediately to Mr. Gallatin. Perhaps one ought to be forwarded thro G. B. I have no objection if you think it proper to your intimating to Mr. Gallatin that the recall of De Neuville is not our object, nor wish if his continuance be agreeable to his Govt. \nYrs.\nJ. Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5433", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 7 September 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir, \nSalem Sepr. 7th. 1816.\nA visit to Dartmouth university to meet the Trustees, has prevented me from answering your favour of Augt. the 20th.\nThe Frigate Congress is undergoing repairs. Her state was worse than it was apprehended, but having commenced it was necessary to proceed with her repairs: she will be ready, in all probability, in 5 weeks.\nThe instructions, with Mr. Monroe, dispatches to Come. Chauncey have gone in the Spark, from N York.\nThe information relative the NW coast of Ama., in the inclosed letter, was obtained by Capn. Morris at my request. I Send it to you. It may be well to let Mr. Monroe See it. He can deposit in Navy Dept. at Washington. Anything from you will duly attended to, by Your, respectful Sert.\nB W Crowninshield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5434", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 9 September 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nDept. of State 9th. Sepr. 1816.\nMr Monroe has written to me for certain Papers respecting Mr Kosloffs affair and among others for a Copy of his Letter to Mr Harris. With the exception of this last Paper all the others are sent to him by this Mail. That too will be prepared and sent as soon as practicable but as he is anxious to have it immediately may I take the Liberty to ask the favor of you to send him the Copy which was forwarded to you some time since at his request.\nAs Mr Monroe\u2019s Answer to a late Letter of Mr de Neuville respecting his demand about Mr Skinner did not come on with the Note which was intended to accompany it, I have supposed that you had retained it as also Mr Monroe\u2019s Letter to Mr Gallatin on that subject. Should it be otherwise, will you be so good as to intimate it to him, as it is possible that he may have omitted to put them in the Cover which he had intended for them.\nWe have had most seasonable weather here for some days past which I hope has extended to Orange and has produced the best effects on the growing Crops. With Affectionate Respect I am Dear Sir your Mo. Obt. Sert.\nJohn Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5435", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 9 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nWashington 9th. Sepr. 1816\nI yesterday Recd. a letter from Genl. Samuel Smith of Baltimore, to which is added a post script in the following words; viz. \"The equipment of vessels to cruize against the Spanish trade is to be Regretted. Is there no way to Prevent it? Will it not interfere with our chance of Purchasing East Florida?\nThe letter itself contains nothing upon this subject.\nI was informed by Mr. Beasley that a British vessel had lately arrived at Baltimore bearing on Board Genl. Mira, & who contemplated hostilities against Spain, in conjunction with the Patriots. It was understood that the British vessel had cleared for the U. S. & that bonds had been given, that the Cargo consisting of Arms & munitions of War, Should be landed in one of our ports. He stated that he had understood a sale; either in fact, or appearance, was to be made of vessel & Cargo, as the means of complying with the bond. It was understood, that the arms & munitions formed a complete armament of the vessel, which is represented to be large. Mr. Beasley further stated, many adventurers from this country were engaging in the expedition, & that in one case the father of a young man had come on to Baltimore and had had him arrested for debt, and thrown into jail, as the only means of Preventing it. He stated that this vessel was moored directly in the route of the Steam boat, & that the enquiries which were made by the Passengers on Passing it, could not fail to diffuse a knowledge of what was going on, through every part of the U. S.\nSuch is the information which I have Recd., and altho the Vessel Principally implicated sails under the British flag, & is commanded by a British officer, yet it appears to me to be of Sufficient importance to be Communicated, at least to you Sir. Probably it will be thought expedient, to make further enquiries, & ascertain more Precisely the nature of the equipments of origin, & the character which they may allowably assume, before any decision is made in Relation to them.\nI have Seen Mr. Bagot who has assured me that if the British deserters, in Persevering in their request, Shall be delivered over to him, that he will make Such a representation as will effect every thing in their favour, which can be supposed to depend upon him, but that he cannot undertake to guarranty their safety against the Punishment to which their offences subject them, if the law should be rigorously executed. I told him that it was not expected, that he should take this Responsibility upon himself, but that in making his representation he should distinctly state, that the American government, in discharging the men, with a view to their being Sent back, calculated, that the motives which induced them to return, as well as those which produced their discharge, would exempt them from the Penalties due to the offences they had committed. He acquiesced entirely in this view of the Question, & assured me that the wishes of this government should be Strictly complied with.\nI have directed Colo. Bomford to enquire into the facts to warn them of the danger to which they will be exposed, & to assure them at the same time, that they must be Sent out of the Country, & that they will not be discharged until the Minister Provides the Means of Sending them back to their own Country. If they persevere in their wishes, as soon as Mr. Bagot is prepared to receive them, they will be placed at his disposition, with an express engagement to send them home.\nMy children are better with the whooping cough. Mrs. Crawford unites with me in affectionate regards to yourself & Mrs. Madison & Mr. Todd.\nWm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5438", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 11 September 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nWhen the report first reached me, that Mr. Sheldon was going to Europe, I felt some Solicitude, that he should not go, before the Treasurer\u2019s accounts were stated? and Settled; and I released him from all the other duties of the office, that he might attend exclusively, to that object. I certainly felt no objection, generally, to his departure, as his health really required Some relaxation from business; nor was I at all disposed to deprive him of the benefit of Mr. Gallatin\u2019s patronage: but, if I had been apprised of your decision to nominate him as Secretary of Legation, it would have been my duty to recommend a Stipulation, that he Should not leave the office, until he had executed the special trust, which belonged peculiarly to him. I mention these circumstances merely to introduce the inclosed Note from the Treasurer, on the Subject of his Accounts, and my answer. The Clerks are not familiar, with this part of our business; and one of them, who has been charged with it, in consequence of Mr. Sheldon\u2019s resignation, has not, I fear, a conciliatory temper, or habits of mind, Suited to the task. Every thing that can be done, shall be done, to recover our lee-way. It is proper to add, that the aid derived by the Treasurer from the Secretary\u2019s office, is an affair of usage and comity; not of legal obligation, under the Acts of Congress. The law requires the Treasurer to render and Settle his own accounts.\nThis opportunity is taken to transmit a letter from Mr. Robertson, recommending the removal of Mr. DuPlessis, and the appointment of Mr. Beverly Chew. There is something in the terms of recommending Mr. Chew, which merits reflection. He is an honest man; but he is insolvent; or so I infer from Mr. Robertson\u2019s language.\nCommodore Porter has written a letter offering a Site on Meridian Hill (his late purchase) for an Observatory. The terms of the offer are reasonable; but I have answered, that the establishment of an Observatory is postponed until the meeting of Congress; that another Site had been Selected by Mr. Hassler; and that Mr. Carroll had offered to Sell, or give, it to the Government: but I added that his letter would be submitted to you, and duly considered.\nThe pressure of business has continued throughout the summer; and I approach the termination of my official life, with a Solicitude, of which my affectionate attachment to you is the Source. I hope, however, to leave the Department in a situation of less difficulty to my Successor, than could well have been expected; and the Report (which is copying) will give him all the general views, that are necessary to guide him, in the commencement of his labours. Of myself, I can only speak with care and doubt, when I reflect upon the effect of two years absence from the Bar, to obstruct and embarrass my return; but when you mentioned my determination to retire from the Treasury, I am Sure you would account for that determination, from the necessity of changing my situation, for the Sake of my family; or from any other cause; rather than from an indisposition to remain with you. I am, Dear Sir most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs.\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5439", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Henry Clay, 14 September 1816\nFrom: Clay, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nD Sir\nAshland 14t. Sepr. 1816\nThe last mail brought me the letter which you did me the honor to write on the 30t. Ulto. stating your expectation of a vacancy in the Department of War, and communicating your wish that I would take upon myself the discharge of the duties of that office. Several considerations appear to me to require that I should decline accepting the honor which your favorable opinion has tendered. I regret the necessity of this decision the less as I hope that you will fill the place equally agreeably to yourself, and I am sure more advantageously to the public interest. I pray you however to believe that I shall always entertain the highest sense of this new proof of your confidence, and that with the greatest respect & esteem I am Yr. obt. Servt.\nH Clay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5440", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 14 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWar Department 14th. Sept. 1816\nThe enclosed letter from Colo. McKee the Choctaw Agent, is respectfully submitted to your consideration. The request that a gin may be erected, & that a supply of Cotton cards may be given to that nation, appears worthy of attention. The request manifests a disposition to rely upon the cultivation of the soil, & upon domestic manufactures, for supplying their wants, in preference to the precarious supply heretofore derived from hunting & fishing. I have instructed the Superintendent of Indian trade to send on a supply of cards, & have informed the agent the inclusn ? of a gin & a gratuity in cards would depend upon your decision.\nAn annual appropriation has been made of fifteen thousand dollars, for the purpose of furnishing the Indian tribes with mechanical instruments, & for instructing them in the arts of civilization. I am not informed of the amount which has been expended in pursuance of the authority given by that act, but Presume that it must have exceeded the appropriation.\nFrom the expenditures which have been incurred in the Indian department, during the present year, I am apprehensive that the appropriation will be very deficient. A Considerable surplus of former appropriations, which remained at the close of the last year, may possibly enable the department to meet those which are yet to be incurred. The demands from Detroit seem to be made on the Presumption, that the sum at the disposition of the department, is unlimited, & that its discretion on the disbursement of it is without bounds. The inclosed letters shew the nature & extent of Some new demands from that quarter. If it is judged expedient to grant what is required, it will be necessary to diminish the amount of Presents usually distributed, or to ask from Congress a larger appropriation for that object.\nIt appears to me to be proper, to call upon all the agents for a statement of the number & description of mechanics, which may be usefully employed in their respective agencies, & the annual expence which will be incurred in consequence of their employment. The information will place the Executive in a situation to judge of the Propriety of adopting the system generally, or of curtailing, or entirely discontinuing the practice, which has already grown into use. It will be proper to inform them that expectations are not to be excited in the minds of the Indians that this system will be adopted, until the question shall be finally decided by the government. As things have been hitherto conducted, favors of this nature seem to have been in a great degree the results of importunity on the part of the agent. If the request of Governor Cass is granted, the other agents will be constrained in self defence, to become importunate for the same advantages in favor of their respective Charges. I should Presume however that there can be no difficulty in refusing the tailor.\nI would respectfully suggest the propriety of Postponing our decision upon this application, until the general information proposed to be obtained upon this subject shall be present. I am Sir with the highest respect Your humle. Servt.\nWm. H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5441", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Albert Gallatin, 14 September 1816\nFrom: Gallatin, Albert\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nParis 14th. Septer. 1816\nAmongst the offers of persons wishing to go to the United States & to enter their service, one only has appeared to me worthy of attention & to deserve to be submitted to the decision of Government. Mr. LeSueur, whose letter explaining his views is enclosed, is a civil Engineer of reputation, who has executed with much correctness various extensive trigonometrical operations, & whose Services in addition to those of Mr. Hassler, with whom in point of Science & practice he may be assimilated, might assist and hasten our trigonometrical survey of the coast of the United States. That this should be executed in a manner equal to the best modern European operations is important both with respect to the object itself, and as connected with the scientific character of the country. That Mr. Le Sueur is equal to a task of that kind is sufficiently proven by the testimonies of the dep\u00f4t de la guerre, and of three of the best judges all three members of the national institute (Biot, Ramond, & Delambre) whose original certificates I have seen, & on the truth of which you may rely. The appropriation for carrying on the Survey of the coast is general, and you may employ what agents you please. Be good enough to favor me with your determination, as I must answer Mr. Lesueur. He has also a collection of instruments which he will Sell to Govt. in whole or in part, (if it is convenient to purchase it) but only in case he is employed. Perhaps we might have two Sets of Engineers & Surveyors, beginning at a given point, say the entrance of the Delaware, and one set extending the Survey north, whilst the other went South; by which means the whole might be executed within five instead of ten years.\nI have seen La Fayette but once, as he still remains at La Grange where he presses me to pay him a visit, which my having opened the subject of indemnity prevents at this time. The crops cannot be very good on account of the perpetual rains, but will still turn out better than had been expected. Beyond what you See, you can hardly ascertain the truth even on that point, as the reports vary according to the political feelings of the travellers.\nWe are fixed very comfortably, tho\u2019 expensively. Servants are I think worse & dearer than at Washington, and the cheating & plundering by them & almost every one else make in my opinion this place still dearer than London.\nWe are all in good health, Mrs. G. already excessively tired of Paris. We beg to be affectionately remembered to Mrs. Madison and I remain with sincere respect & attachment Ever Your\u2019s\nAlbert Gallatin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5442", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander James Dallas, 15 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Sepr. 15. 1816\nI have duly recd. yours of the 11th. The difficulty which gave rise to the letter from the Treasurer is much to be regretted, and the regret is increased by the cause of it. The condition at which you glance would have been justly imposed on Mr. Sheldon. His nomination to the Senate was postponed to what was considered as the latest date, with reference in part at least to a protraction of his duties in the Treasury; and was made under the impression that the intention was not unknown. Your answer to Dr. Tucker, and instruction to Mr. Taylor are certainly the best remedy that the case admits of. I sincerely wish it may terminate the adventitious trouble thrown on you.\nThe favorable report of the Comptroller on the accounts of Mr. Duplessis, with the pecuniary situation of Mr. Chew hinted in the recommendation of him by Mr. Robertson, will justify a pause on our part, perhaps till the meeting of Congress.\nThe offer of Commodore Porter may lie over for a comparison with other sites for an Observatory. Your answer to him was the proper one.\nI have not yet heard from Mr Clay. Should he decline the proposal made to him, the delicate considerations attending a completion of the Cabinet will not be at an end. Whatever may be the final arrangement, I hope you will be persuaded, that I have never contemplated your purpose of retiring from the Treasury Dept. without doing justice to your motives, or without recollecting the great private sacrifices involved your acceptance of and continuance in that important public Trust; that I feel with full force the expressions in your letter which are personal to myself, and that I take a sincere interest in what may relate to your future welfare & happiness.\nIf there be no objection within the knowlege of the Treasy. Dept. to a pardon of Augustus Johnson whose petition is inclosed, be so good as to have one made out.\nI took the liberty of requesting thro\u2019 Mr. Rush the attention of yourself and the other members of the Cabinet at Washington, to the difficulties arising in the business superintended by Col: Lane, who thought with me that a decision on them could be better formed on the spot, than by myself at this distance. I have just recd. the inclosed letter from the Librarian, which presents a new one. Between the alternatives of a temporary building, and a continuance of the Library where it is, the option seems to be prescribed by a want of Legislative provision for the former. Will you be so good as to obtain from Col: Lane a full view of the case and to decide on it as may be found best by yourself and the other gentlemen. Mr. Watterston is informed of this reference of the subject.\nWe have had a profusion of rain after an unexampled drought. It will be a great benefit to farmers & planters in several respects, but it is too late to have any material effect on the Crops of Indian Corn the great esculent staple in this Country, and its excess gives it a bad as well as a good effect, on Tobacco the other important crop at stake. This is the 10th. day since I have been able to communicate with Mr. Monroe who is separated from me by a branch of James River. The interruption however has been prolonged by the want of exertion in the mail Carrier. Accept my esteem & affe. respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5443", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Johnson, 15 September 1816\nFrom: Johnson, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nGreat Crossing 15 Sepr. 1816\nIn addressing you by letter the pleasing reflection occurs that I live in a Land of Liberty where the Citizen can ever approach him who presides over the affairs of the nation, provided he does it with decency and decorum, under these impressions I beg leave to trouble you with a few lines on the subject of our Late election. Never has their been the same exertion by the Federal party in this State, and never have they been animated with the same hopes of success, in these exertions, as we have Just witnessed. But alas! for them, all their air castles have fallen, disappointment is their Lot, and they are left to mourn over their fate. The compensation bill has caused greater excitment among the people than any measure in my remembrance It was a new measure, Since Jefferson first came into office It was voting money for themselves which excited in the first place some discontent. The Federalist seeing this used every secret means to increase the excitment against the members of Congress who voted for it When they thought they had roused the people to a proper pich the next thing was to find candidates to oppose the members who voted for the measure. To get Clay and Johnson out was their prime object. Pike was set up against Clay and Henrey against Johnson both Federalist The two former met at Public places and made public Speeches Great severity was used. Johnson when he reached home found it necessary to visit the county courts. The first was in Frankfort where his opponent Mr. Henrey meet him and not satisfyed With publishing his pretensions to the people but made a formal attack against the compensation bill. Johnson then replyed and after about 6 hours Labour they came to a close But Henreys Federalism would not stand investigation His prospects became very gloomy. This kind of investigation was continued at three counties when the enemy finding their cause sinking to its usual insignificance they began to hunt up another man who would better answer their purposes. Ben Taylor Esqr. was their choice and to the astonishment of all the leading republicans he yielded to their solicitations. He had professed republicanism. He was our blood retion. He marryed a sister to my wife. He had been in the army contract with myself and Ward for 3 years and as I thought the greatest harmony existed. But I was mistaken. While he was outwardly pretending friendship he was secretly envying the interest and prosperity of the Johnsons. About 7 years ago he was in the state Legislature two sessions with myself. He gave two votes of a Federal cast which produced at that time some warmth between him and myself It caused me to doubt his politicks. The first session my brother went to Congress he went in company to pass the winter with him he being a young man and relation and somewhat promising as to talent. But from his outward apearences and General expressions in politics favourable to republican principles I Lost sight of those former Votes and he and our family became very much united in friendship. But the whole of this time he apointed with the Federalist and they allways apeared to be very much attached to him & he to them and thus by keeping himself concealed he Deceved many\nThis then was their favourite child to hunt up, and work upon, to put Johnson down, and so intimate had been Johnson and himself that it was beleived at first that Johnson set him up to divide Henreys interest to elect Johnson, but the mystery was soon made plain, For Henrey declared in Taylors favour thereby exerting their whole combine force to overpower Johnson. But have been sadly disapointed and altho My Brother got a Considerable Majority He would have got much greater, but a number who was dissatisfyed with his vote did not want him to get too great a majority altho they wished him elected. Many in his District have become Strenuous advocates for the measure who at first was very much opposed to it and I beleive his interest now is more permanent than ever. Every member from our state is republican altho all are new ones except Clay Desha and my Brother.\nGive my best respects to Mrs. Madison and wishing you both all the happiness this life can afford I am Dear Sir with Great regard your obedient servt.\nJames Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5444", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Watterston, 15 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Watterston, George\nSir\nMontpellier Sepr. 15. 1816\nI have recd. your letter of the 12th. Having heretofore desired the Members of the Executive at Washington to attend to the difficulties connected with the rebuilding of the Capitol, I have referred the case which you state to their decision. Accept my friendly respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5445", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Baron de Montlezun-Labarthette, 16 September 1816\nFrom: Montlezun-Labarthette, Baron de\nTo: Madison, James\nMonsieur le Pr\u00e9sident,\nSeptember 16, 1816\nUn ancien Officier de l\u2019arm\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise, ayant eu l\u2019avantage de servir sous l\u2019immortel Washington, et le G\u00e9n\u00e9ral La fayette, au Si\u00e8ge d\u2019Yorck-town, il y a pr\u00e9sentement 35 ann\u00e9es, a le bonheur d\u2019\u00eatre rendu pr\u00e8s de Votre demeure, charg\u00e9 d\u2019une lettre du Marquis pour Votre Excellence.\nD\u00e9barqu\u00e9 depuis peu de jours \u00e0 Norfolk, je me suis empress\u00e9 de venir Vous trouver, dans l\u2019espoir que Votre Excellence ayant \u00e9gard aux instances de l\u2019Amiti\u00e9 et aux bonnes recommandations d\u2019un homme qui jouit, \u00e0 juste t\u00eetre, d\u2019une aussi grande v\u00e9n\u00e9ration que Votre ancien ami le G\u00e9n\u00e9ral la Fayette, et aussi \u00e0 mes faibles Services en faveur de l\u2019Ind\u00e9pendance Am\u00e9ricaine, voudra bien prendre inter\u00eat \u00e0 la Situation difficile o\u00f9 je me trouve apr\u00e8s de longues infortunes et recemment encore, par un accident \u00e9prouv\u00e9 \u00e0 la mer.\nJe suis porteur d\u2019un Certificat du Marquis lequel Constate mes anciens services Militaires en Virginie, et ceux de mon P\u00e8re qui, en sa qualit\u00e9 de Lt. Colonel du R\u00e9giment de Touraine, commanda la tranch\u00e9e de Gauche pendant tout le si\u00e8ge d\u2019Yorck-town, et entr\u2019autres, lorsque le Vaisseau de guerre Anglais, le Caron fut br\u00fbl\u00e9 par nos Batteries.\nJ\u2019eus le malheur de perdre mon p\u00e8re par suite des blessures qu\u2019il re\u00e7ut durant la guerre de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance.\nPriv\u00e9 de mon Patrimoine dans la tourmente R\u00e9volutionnaire, et desirant me fixer en Am\u00e9rique, je viens Solliciter Votre puissant appui Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, pour me faire obtenir une Concession de Terres, s\u2019il est vrai que j\u2019y aye quelque droit et pour moi et pour mon p\u00e8re; soit qu\u2019on m\u2019alloue un Lot territorial, soit que l\u2019Indemnit\u00e9 ou Gratification me f\u00fbt accord\u00e9e en argent.\nJe me flatte que je pourrai me rendre utile dans ce Pays: Mon intention serait de faire ex\u00e9cuter un Projet que j\u2019ai con\u00e7u, il y a plusieurs ann\u00e9es. Il est certain qu\u2019il procurerait d\u2019\u00e9tonnans avantages au Gouvernement et \u00e0 la population enti\u00e8re des Etats-Unis, en particulier, et G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, \u00e0 tous les peuples Civilis\u00e9s, mais j\u2019aurais besoin d\u2019\u00eatre aid\u00e9.\nIl s\u2019agirait d\u2019\u00e9tablir une Poste-Volante, au moyen de la quelle les lettres, par \u00e9crit, parviendraient, en moins de 24 heures, de la Capitale aux principales fronti\u00e8res et aux Ports-de-mer les plus importans; et vice Vers\u00e2, la Communication ayant lieu de jour et de nuit et en toute saison, sans obstacle quelconque!\nMalheureusement mon Manuscrit est rest\u00e9 en Europe; mais le projet et les moyens me sont tellement pr\u00e9sens que ce Manuscrit ne m\u2019est nullement indispensable. Je ne l\u2019ai confi\u00e9 qu\u2019\u00e0 un Ministre et \u00e0 un tr\u00e8s petit nombre d\u2019individus tr\u00e8s \u00e9clair\u00e9s. Tous furent frapp\u00e9s de la hardiesse de l\u2019id\u00e9e et de la grandeur du projet, et m\u2019engag\u00e8rent \u00e0 le Soumettre au Gouvernement.\nConvaincu que la chose est facile \u00e1 \u00e9tablir, je compte, \u00e0 mon retour \u00e0 Washington, prendre les mesures n\u00e9cessaires pour m\u2019assurer le fruit de ma d\u00e9couverte, en cas de Succ\u00e8s.\nL\u2019accident que j\u2019ai \u00e9prouv\u00e9 derni\u00e8rement, la perte d\u2019une malle tomb\u00e9e \u00e0 la mer, me r\u00e9duit \u00e0 la d\u00e9tresse.\nC\u2019est avec une peine infinie que j\u2019ai pu me rendre \u00e0 Orange-County.\nOserais-je me flatter, Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, que Votre Excellence daignant avoir \u00e9gard aux bonnes recommandations de l\u2019homme du monde qui Lui est le plus sinc\u00e8rement attach\u00e9, et en Consid\u00e9ration de mes Services et de mes infortunes, voudra bien venir obligeamment \u00e0 mon aide et m\u2019admettre \u00e0 l\u2019honneur de Lui pr\u00e9senter mes tr\u00e8s humbles hommages en m\u00eame tems que la Lettre de Son ancien et fid\u00e8le Ami? Je suis avec un tr\u00e8s profond respect, Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, de Votre Excellence, le tr\u00e8s humble, tr\u00e8s Ob\u00e9issant et d\u00e9vou\u00e9 Serviteur\nle Bon. Montlezun-LabarthetteChr. de l\u2019ordre Royal et Mre. de Saint-Louis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5446", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hendrick W Gordon, 17 September 1816\nFrom: Gordon, Hendrick W\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nMerrimack, N H, September, 17th. 1816.\nThe office of Consul at the port of Palermo on the Island of Sicily, having become vacant in consequence of the death of Mr. Gibbs, our Consul there, I respectfully ask of the President that office.\nI do not consider it necessary to furnish additional testimonials of my character & fitness for public employment, beleiving that what has been said in my favour, by the Honourable Messrs. Adams, Gray, and Seaver, of Massachusetts, and our worthy Governor Plumer, is sufficient. I am personally known to the Honble. Secretary of the Navy, the Honble. Richard Cutts, and, Adjudant and Inspector General of the Army. Should the President be pleased to give me this or any other appointment suited to my talents, industry, and commercial knowledge, I shall be very grateful. I have the honor to be, with great Respect, Your very humble Servant\nHendrick W Gordon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5448", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Homans, 18 September 1816\nFrom: Homans, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNavy Department, Septr. 18. 1816.\nThe enclosed proceedings are transmitted for the consideration of the President of the United States. By order of the Secretary of the Navy,\nBenjamin Homans", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5449", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Homans, 18 September 1816\nFrom: Homans, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNavy Department, September 18th. 1816.\nI have the honour to transmit the enclosed Papers, which are of sufficient importance to induce me to trouble you upon the subjects they embrace, and to ask for instructions.\nI have presumed to present these documents to your consideration, previously to taking any other step in the absence of the Secretary of the Navy. Most respectfully, I am, Sir, Your Obedt. Servt.\nBenjamin Homans", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5450", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nicholas Fish, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Fish, Nicholas\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nWilliamsport, Septr. 19. 1816.\nIn consequence of indisposition it is impossible for me any longer to discharge the duties of Collector for the 21st. district of Pennsylvania. I therefore beg leave to resign the appointment which I now hold tendering you my thanks for the confidence you have been pleased to repose in me. I am with great respect your Excellencys humble servant,\nNichs. Fish", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5451", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Thurber, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Thurber, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\nMost Honrd. Sir,\nProvidence R I 19th. Septr. 1816\nThe site which hath been ever, and by all, considred as fixed by nature for the defence of this town and its harbour; and by those who have taken a particular view and survey of the Waters, as the best and safe\u2019est place in this State, (some say in the United States) for a dock, can now be purchaced and (if rightly managed at a fare price. The place is Fields Point, on which considerable works for defence were errected during the revolutionary war, and more during the late war. The circumstance is that the owner lately died, leaveing Ten heirs all of age. The whole estate consists of about Three Hundred Acres, very compact. Defensive works have been errected over nearly the length of it.\nI a few days since was calld. to assist in divideing it. Some of the heirs appear desirous to remoove into the Western Country. All express an anxiety to sell. They are not able to purchace of each other, neither is a single share sufficient to cultivate for a liveing. I found them to be nearly agreed in a price, which is Twenty Thousand Dollars. I with my colleagues ware in oppinion with them. Others say that unless Government should appear to purchace, it will not bring so much, and if such application should be known, the price will be much more. I have heretofore been informed that it had been in contemplation to establish a Dock at this place. If such is the idea of Government an individual can now obtain it on honest principles at a much less price than a known agent for the Publick possibly can.\nIn this communication I have no other view than, as I consider it the duty of every citizen to inform government of such circumstances as may attend to promote the Genl. Good. So is this made by Sir your Very Humbl. Sarvt.\nSaml. Thurber\nN B. I have no doubt but the Man may be found who some delight to honour, that can purchace this Estate at Forty Thousand Dollars and thereby place himself in something like a conspicuous situation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5452", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDr. Sir\nThere is much force in the reasons given herein for an appt. of a Successor to Genl. Smith, which I had proposed to delay till our return to Washington, if not till the meeting of Congs. Unless you think some other preferable on the whole to the Depy: Marshal, direct a Commission for him, or if you please a blank one, to be made out & forwarded for our signature.\nYrs\nJ. M", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5453", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John George Jackson, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jackson, John George\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Sepr. 19. 1816\nMrs. M. has just put the inclosed into my hands. I hope it will find you well, with all those around you.\nAt this distance from Washington the foreign intelligence would not reach you as soon, as it does directly thro\u2019 that channel. The printed accts. turn chiefly on the general distress in Europe from the stagnation of business, succeeding the preternatural activity & consumptions of war, and on the excess of cold & rainy weather, which threatens a general deficiency in the harvests. The accts. from Spanish America are so contradictory that no opinion can be formed of the real prospects on that interesting Theatre.\nOur official information from abroad is not very recent, nor decisive on any of the points in discussion with the several of the European Govts. We have not heard of the arrival even of Mr. Pinkney at Naples; but it must have been early in July, or rather not late in that month, as he left Gibralter in the beginning of it. Our Affairs with Algiers are in a critical State. The issue will be influenced by that of the Expedition under Lord Exmouth, whose object is perfectly in cypher to the world. Our force there is sufficient to prevent the mischeifs of a sudden rupture, but may not be so to awe the passions of the Dey, if he makes peace with G. B. and particularly if the nature of it should furnish fuel to them.\nThe season in this quarter has till very lately been cold & dry without example. The crops of corn will not reach more than half of the usual amount, and in many place not a third, in some scarcely as much as to be worth saving. From the scanty samples of Tobo. in this neighborhood, that crop also will be very deficient. I hope such pictures are not applicable to your region.\nPresent me respectfully to Mrs. Jackson, & Mrs. Meigs if she be still with you, and Mr. Meigs also if not returned to the City, or on a visit to the Westward: and accept for yourself my cordial regards\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5454", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nAlbemarle Sepr. 19. 1816\nI send many letters recd. by this mail in favor of Mr. Beaseley, which I have not had time to peruse. On the subject of the marshall, to be appointed at New York, I shall direct, by next mail, a blank comn. to be forwarded to you, and it is probable I may be with you, by the time it arrives, as I shall leave this, according to present prospects, then, for your house on my way to Washington, to meet my family.\nI send several other papers, and avail myself of this opportunity, presuming it had before escaped me, to mention the claim of Mr. Sharp\u2019s brother to the office of Secry. in one of the territories.\nAnxious to adjust my private affairs here, I have suffer\u2019d some of a public nature to accumulate on me But I will run thro\u2019 all the papers, I have here to morrow, to take the necessary measures in regard to any that have been neglected. with affectionate respect,\nJas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5457", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington 19th. Sepr. 1816.\nThe enclosed letter from Mr. Hall, will explain the nature of the favor which he seeks in behalf of some of his neighbors. From my Knowledge of his Character, I have no difficulty in becoming Responsible for the correctness of his intentions in making the request.\nThe laws forbid intrusion upon the Public lands, it may therefore be questionable whether the Executive can under any circumstances countenance such intrusion. If it can be justified under any Possible circumstances, the request of Mr. Hall may be granted. The act of Congress passed during the last Session, altho limited to settlers who had intruded before the first day of Febry. may be considered as settling the Policy of the government at least so far, as relates to the Public lands South of the State of Ohio.\nThe reservation of three hundred & twenty acres in favor of those intruders has had, as I expected the effect, of exciting in the minds of those intruders the idea of Pre-emption rights to that quantity; & has Stimulated new Settlements under the fallacious hope of being placed on the same footing with their Precursors, in relation to the supposed Pre-emption right. In consequence of this delusion, the number of intrusions Since the Promulgation of that act, has greatly exceeded those in whose favor the act was ostensibly Passed.\nThis is more particularly the case on the lands embraced by the lines run by Genl. Coffee.\nI am not informed of the measures which have been adopted by the Treasury department, to carry the act in question, into execution, nor the result of those measures. I take it however for granted, that no measures will be resorted to for the removal of those intruders, who are not protected by that act. It is highly probable, that any attempt on the part of the Executive to remove them, would only produce another interference on the part of Congress. If no measures are to be resorted to, against those who are liable to be Removed, it would seem to be nothing more than an act of justice to the applicants in the present case, to say so. They are Certainly entitled to more indulgence than those who have not thought it their duty to make any enquiry Previous to their intrusion.\nNo official information has been Recd. at the department of the destruction of the Negroe fort, at the junction of the Flint & Chatahouchee rivers. This is probably owing to the attendance of Genl. Jackson in the Chickasaw Nation.\nFrom information recently recd. it appears that provisions cannot be transported up the Chatahoochee higher than the fort lately destroyed in sea vessels; & that between that point, & Fort Gaines the water is so shoally as render the passage of small boats, very difficult at common tide.\nThis fact will put an end to all attempts to supply the troops Stationed high up that river, from New Orleans, & will probably prevent the necessity of any collision between this government & the local authority of West Florida which would probably be Produced by continued efforts of that Kind. It is highly probable that the destruction of the fort may produce Remonstrance on the part of the Chevalier D\u2019Onis, but, not of a serious nature.\nThe report of Pensacola being in possession of the Patriots which is again revived, I Presume to be untrue. The Seizure of a port on the Coast of the Vice Royalty of Mexico, would be of so much more importance to them, that I can hardly suppose, they have directed their efforts against the former Place.\nMrs. Crawford unites with me in respectful regards to you & Mrs. Madison, & Mr. Todd. I am dear Sir respectfully yours &C\nWm. H Crawford\nP. S. I have this moment recd. a letter from Govr. Clark, to which he has added, a Postscript stating that the Commrs. had just effected an accommodation with the Illinois tribes for the claim set up by them to the lands purchased from the Sacs, &C. & had obtained a slip connecting those lands with Lake Michigan; nearly as the government wished the arrangement made.\nW H C", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5459", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 20 September 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nI send you a very interesting & indeed important Letter from Col: Jessup. Having this moment receivd it, I have not time to make any comment on it, especially as I have Cols. Barbour & Lindsay with me, as also Mr Monterey who lately left you. very respectfully yrs.\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5460", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 20 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nWar Department 20th. Sept. 1816\nAn account has been Presented for payment at this department, which involves a Principle which so far as I have been informed has not been distinctly decided.\nIt appears that one Whitmore Knaggs, acted in the Year 1812 at Detroit in the double Capacity of Deputy Indian agent, & Indian interpreter before the Capture of that place, he was carried into Captivity by the enemy, & detained for a considerable time as a Prisoner.\nIt does not appear that he was in the Military Service of the United States. He now claims the pay & emoluments, to which he would have been entitled had he continued in the discharge of the duties of his civil appointments. I Presume, that an office, which according to military usage, subjects the incumbent to captivity, when within the power of the enemy, will secure him in the enjoyment of its emoluments during that Period. If the office does not expose him to captivity, I think it questionable whether upon general Principles he can claim his salary from the government, which is given for consideration of Services Rendered.\nIn the course of the last war, I believe it was no uncommon Practice on the part of the enemy, to Seize upon Persons not in the land or naval Service, or in the merchant service at sea. In these cases I presume no remuneration has been required or granted. Yet the inconvenience which has been suffered, is as great, as in the Case of Civil officers, whose Captivity has not been Produced by their official character. The true Principle of indemnity, appears to me, to be the exposure to captivity, to which the office subjects the incumbent. Where there is no such exposure, the claim to the emoluments of office, during Captivity, appears to me not to be well founded. Had the officer been a Private, his exposure would have been the same, & his sufferings as great, & perhaps much greater;\nThe Question appears to me sufficiently doubtful at least, to solicit your decision upon it. I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humbe. servt.\nWm. H Crawford\nP S. Perhaps there may be a distinction drawn between officers holding their appointments during good behavior, & those holding, at the will of the government. The maxim of the common law, that the act of God, & of the Kings enemies, shall injure no man, may also be thought to apply to this case. In countries where offices are considered estates, this may be true, but in this Country where the salary is considered an equivalent for services Performed, especially offices at the will of the government, the application of this maxim of the common law may be considered doubtful.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5461", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 20 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWar Department 20th. Sepr. 1816.\nThe enclosed letter to Richard Bland Lee Esquire explains the Nature of the additional regulations which appear to me to be necessary for the government of his conduct in the discharge of the duties Required by the act under which he has been appointed. I am apprehensive that the manner in which he is proceeding will give great dissatisfaction to the two houses of Congress at their next meeting. He has sanctioned the claim of Mr Carroll, for the destruction of his buildings near the Capitol; & Mr Ringgold for his rope works. I have heard nothing of the nature of the evidence in the latter Case. In the former, it is said, that evidence proves, that the destruction was occasioned by the finding of an officer\u2019s uniform, & feathers in them from which the British officers inferred that it had been a military depot, or had been occupied by a military force. It was not Pretended by the Claimant, that it had been occupied in either way; but the inferences of the British officers were admitted as evidence of those facts, & an award was made accordingly. In the case of attending sick Soldiers, impressment of a fence, destruction of Property by the Soldiery without authority Mr. Lee has sent the Papers to the accountant, endorsed \"evidence deemed sufficient, if payment has not been made\". The accountant felt it to be his duty to submit the papers to my examination, under the impression that the ideas of the Commissioner, in these Cases were not authorized by the laws The act so far as it applies to losses Sustained by the military, is confined to Militia and volunteers. The regular troops are not contemplated in those provisions. Mr. Lee has, however, acted upon Cases of this Kind, as I have been informed, & has sanctioned the Claim of a Regular officer, for the loss of a horse not Killed in battle, which does not come within the provision for Compensating losses of Property, employed in the military Service, by contract or impressment.\nI am fearful that Mr. Lee does not feel himself authorized to Seek for evidence, to Secure the government, against imposition, but that he concieves himself bound by the evidence produced by the Claimant, altho: that evidence, upon its very face, is not entitled to credence. I know not, upon what other Principle he can have determined in favor of the impressment of a fence, when the evidence shews that it must have been the effect of depredations by the Soldiery, & that the Property was not taken by impressment by orders of a military officer.\nIt is probable that sums will be awarded in favor of persons indebted to the government, some of whom may be insolvent. To pay money to a person indebted to the government, to an equal, or greater amount, would be improvident, under any circumstances, but where the debtor should be notoriously insolvent, it would be worse than folly, unless the injunctions of the law were Consideredimperious. The law, in question, directs that the money Shall be paid at the treasury, upon the Presentment of a certified Copy of the decision of the Commissioner. The obligation to watch over the interest of the republic, I should think, confers the power of executing the laws So that no injury not contemplated by the legislature, Should be Sustained by the nation. In the Present case, it could not have been the intention of Congress to pay money, under the decisions of their commissioner, to persons who were indebted to the government, before the adjustment of their accounts. Complete justice was the object of the legislature, & that cannot be Secured, but by a fair Settlement of the accounts of those who may be declared by the Commissioner to be public Creditors. The amount that is due upon a final Settlement, is all that ought to be Paid.\nMy duty has induced me to present this subject for your Consideration. The remedy is easy, provided the power of the executive is Sufficient to enforce it. A reference of every certificate, to the accountants of the War & Navy departments, will enable the Treasury department to do complete justice. I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humbl Servt.\nWm. H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5462", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 20 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nDepartment of War, September 20th. 1816.\nThe Secretary of War has the honor to report to the President of the United States,\nThat the appropriation for the Quarter Master\u2019s Department of the Army of the United States, for the year 1816, is inadequate to the accomplishment of its object; and that it has become necessary for the public service, that a portion of the monies appropriated for other branches of expenditure in the Department of War, be applied to the said Appropriation, Viz:\nOf the sum appropriated for Camp-equipage, there be transferred to the appropriation for the Quarter Master\u2019s department, the sum of$137.161.48Of the sum appropriated for Clothing, there be transferred to the appropriation for the Quarter Master\u2019s department, the sum of100,000.\"dollars237.161.48\nAll which is respectfully submitted.\n(Signed) Wm. H. Crawford.\nThe transfers above proposed are approved.\nSigned James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5463", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 20 September 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nDept. of State 20th. Sepr. 1816\nAmong the Papers which were recieved from you today is a Letter from Colo. Johnson recommending J C Sharp as Secretary of the Illinois Territory, on which you have put a Memo. asking whether the Office is vacant. So far as we are informed it is not. Mr Pope has given no Notice of his Resignation, or of his intention to resign, but it is stated in some of the Letters recommending a Capt. Phillips of Nashville as his Successor, that Mr Pope intends to resign as he has offered for Congress. The Recommendations in favor of Capt. Phillips have been forwarded to you.\nI now enclose a Copy of one of the Papers connected with Kosloffs affair on which Ipresume Mr Monroe made the reflection in his Letter to Count Nesselrode the accuracy of which you seemed (from your Note in the Margin of that Letter, to doubt. Ihave taken the Liberty to alter the expression in Mr Monroe Letter so as to make it refer, to the exemplification of the Record which accompanied the Report of the District Attorney, and not to the Report itself, as Mr Monroe wrote.\nOur Weather is now very fine and the City continues to be very healthy. The Doctors however predict that it will be otherwise, before the end of nextmonth. With sincere & Respectful attachment Iam Dear Sir Your Mo. Obt. Servt.\nJohn Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5464", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 20 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWar Department 20th Sept. 1816\nAn account has been presented to this office for payment by a man by the name of Whitmore Knaggs, for the pay and emolument of Deputy Indian agent & Indian interpreter, during the time of his captivity.\nIt appears that he was acting in both of these capacities at Detroit when it was surrendered by Genl to the enemy; and that he was carried off and detained a considerable time as a Prisoner. It does not appear that he was in the military service of the United States.\nI am not aware that the Principle invoked in this case, has been decided by the government, as it is clearly distinguishable from that of the captivity of military officers. It appears to me also to be different in some respects from the case of offices held during good behavior. In the latter case, I Presume the salary must be paid, nothwithstanding, the services in consideration of which it has been granted, are no longer rendered, as the failure to render them, in a state of captivity cannot be alledged as misconduct in the officer.\nIn offices held at the will of the government, which do not expose the incumbent to capture according to military usage, it is questionable whether compensation ought to made during the time of captivity.\nThe time Principle upon which the pay & emoluments of Persons in the military service are conditioned during their captivity, is that the service in which they are engaged subjects them to captivity according to the rules of Civilized Warfare. Whenever the office does not expose them, to be seized as Prisoners of War, their claim to compensation during the Period of their detention, seems to be questionable, except in those offices, where conviction for malconduct, can alone deprive the officer of his salary.\nIn the Present case, the deputy agent, & the interpreter, are the agents of the Indian agent, which he knows he is not at liberty to employ, without the consent of the department, expressed or implied. They are employed and dismissed by their employers, & are known to the department only by the Payment of their allowances.\nDuring the late war, it is believed, that the enemy frequently seized, carried, into captivity, & detained as Prisoners, individuals not employed, in the land, or naval service, or in the merchant Service at sea. In none of these cases, it is Presumed, has Application been made for compensation; & if it has been made, it is has doubtless been rejected.\nIn civil offices, not held by the tenure of good behavior, the duties are Performed, at the expense of the incumbent, when he is not in a situation by disease or otherwise to perform them himself. In the case under consideration, they were either not rendered, or rendered by Persons, unconnected with Knaggs, & rec\u2019d. the compensation, to which he would have been entitled had he rendered them himself.\nUnder all these circumstances, it is submitted to your decision whether the account ought to be paid. I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humble Servt.\nWm.H. Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5465", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 21 September 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nThe inclosed Sketch will give you a general view of the finances. The item of floating debt is left open, until Mr. Nourse, the Register, returns, that the amount of Treasury Notes, absorbed by the payments for duties and taxes, may be precisely ascertained. It is very great; and may be estimated by the Statement, which reduces the outstanding Treasury Notes to Something like 6,000,000 Dollars.\tThe actual receipts for revenue cannot, I think, fall short of 60,000,000 Dollars from January to December 1816; including the receipts from the old, as well as the new, notes of duty and taxes.\tBe so good as to return the Report, that the blanks may be filled. If there are any points, on which you Wish further information, I will thank you to note them.\tThere is not any business to detain me here, except the business of signing the Warrants for the October quarter; but that can be done at Philadelphia, where I will continue to transact the routine, until you tell me, that you are perfectly prepared to dispense with my Services. I propose leaving Washington on this day week, the 28. September. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs.\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5466", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, 21 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Sepr. 21. 1816\nI return the letter from Mr. Hall inclosed in yours of the 19th. The fullest confidence is due to the truth of his statement, and to the purity of his views. But it seems impossible to yield the sanction he suggests, to the wishes of his neighbours respectable as they may be. The difference between a forbearance to enforce a law, on considerations forbidding the attempt, and a notice that enforced which would amount to an invitation to violate it, necessarily restrains the Executive. Are not the orders also to the Military Commanders, and to the marshals actually issued, applicable to intruders on the public lands every where not specially excepted by law\nThe information from Govr. Clarke is very agreeable, and is another proof of the practicability of obtaining by just means every thing from the Indians, as far and as fast as the public interest requires. It were to be wished, that this view of the subject prevailed in every quarter.\nIf Onis has common prudence he will be silent with respect to the fort on the Chatahouchee. If Spain cannot or will not prevent attacks on us from such a position, we must defend ourselves agst. them, by attacking the position. She seemed to feel the justice of this reasoning, when Jackson drove our enemies out of Pensacola", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5467", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 22 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nAs you appear to have read hastily the letter from Jessup, I send it back. That Onis is intriguing at N.O. is probable; and that the Spanish Govt. may meditate as attack there is possible; I should say impossible if there were less of folly in its Councils; or it might not possibly be backed by another Govt.: altho\u2019 it is not easy to conceive that this can be the case. The mercantile advertizer of N.Y. inclosed has a paragraph relating to the views at Madrid which but for Jessup\u2019s letter would scarcely have attracted notice. If the offensive defence alluded to by this officer should be carried into execution it would be perhaps the boldest project ever assumed by no higher authority. I am glad he has made known to Gen: Jackson the aspect of things in that quarter: tho\u2019 the extract of his letter does not contain the most essential particulars stated to you. Should Spain really make war on us, the employment of our Naval force in the Mediterranean, will be very mal apropos. The scantiness of our Land force in that quarter will also be much felt. We must pay attention without delay to such precautionary measures as prudence and the means we have may warrant. Surely if there be such mischief brewing at Madrid, Erving must discern & communicate it. From Cadiz also we may expect notice of the hostile preparations which would shew themselves at that point.\nI return you Hugh\u2019s Letter, which I suppose you can answer without any further sanction than I have already expressed. The other letters relating to Beasley & Strobell I shall forward to Mr. Graham. You will see by letters now sent you that Sharpe has a formidable competitor for the Secretariship of Illinois Territory.\nThe urgency of the King of the Netherlands on the subject of navigation, is more striking than the logic by which he contends for the authority & obligation of the Ex. to apply the act of Congs. to his case. We can not object to his reciprocating our discriminations, if we do not make the application; and that will suffice for the present, whilst it leaves the way open to future conventional arrangements, if such can be agreed on. Yrs\nJ. M", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5469", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Montgomery, 23 September 1816\nFrom: Montgomery, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nWinchester, Kentucky 23d. Sept. 1816.\nThe Office of judge of the United states district court for the district of Kentucky has just been vacated by the death of the honorable Harry Innis. There is little doubt there will be many candidates for the office, and as little, that your excellency would be pleased to receive such information from this state as will enable you to select a fit Person for the office; under this view of the matter I take the liberty of recommending Mr. Robert Trimble of Bourbon county to your notice, as a Person in all respects worthy of the Office. Mr. Trimble is a gentleman of high standing in the Profession of the law, of unimpeachable moral character, and some years since filled the office of Chief Justice of Kentucky with distinguished Propriety, & to the satisfaction of all in the lest acquainted with judicial Proceedings. I have the honor to be with very high respect Your Most Obedient Servant\nThomas Montgomery", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5470", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, 23 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Sepr. 23, 1816\nI have just recd. from Mr. Monroe a very extraordinary communication confidentially made to him by Col: Jessup. A copy of it is inclosed. An invasion by a Spanish force at the present period might be pronounced a mere chimaera, if a less degree of folly reigned at Madrid; unless indeed the Councils of Spain shd. be supported by a power whose councils may reasonably be more confided in. It is probable however that Onis is intriguing at N. Orleans, and the extent to which he may mislead, an ignorant proud & vindictive Govt. cannot be calculated. It is incumbent on us therefore to have an eye to our S. W. Frontier, proportioning our precautions to our means, and to a fair estimate of the danger. As Gen: Jackson is apprized of the apprehensions of Col: Jessup tho\u2019 without some of the grounds of them mentioned to Mr. Monroe, we may expect soon to hear from him on the subject. Are there any reinforcements or defences, which can be added to those now within his employment? Should Jessup execute his purpose, it will be the boldest project, ever assumed by no higher authority. I communicate the intelligence he gives, to the Secy. of the Navy. Be so good as to do the same to your Colleagues at Washington\nJ. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5471", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, 23 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\nDear Sir\nMont Pellier Sepr. 23d. 16\nI have recd. yours of the 20th. inst. The claim of W. Knaggs involves an important question; what is the effect produced on the Salaries of persons made prisoners by an Enemy, by and during their captivity?\nCivil officers are of two classes. 1st. Those holding during good behaviour 2dly. Those holding during pleasure.\nWhilst the offices of the 1st. class continue and the officers are not removed in the mode authorised; the salaries are legally due, and cannot be withheld by the executive authority: and it is understood that neither the capture of the Officer, nor even the capture of the office by that of the place including it (unless peace should transfer the right to the possessor) annuls the office. The former suspends the functions of the Officer, and the latter the office itself. In the former case, temporary provision when necessary can only be made by the legislative authority. In the latter case the temporary provision will depend on the Conqueror.\nWith respect to officers holding during pleasure, their claim to their salaries appears to be legal, whilst their offices continue, and no removal, or other appointment involving a removal, takes place.\nThe claim of W. K. then depends on the question whether his two appointments or either of them, was of a nature to cease with the capture of Detroit and of himself; and if not, whether, as no direct removal appears to have taken place, any other appointments were made, actually superseding his.\nThe latter is a simple question of fact, to be decided by the evidence in the Department.\nThe former question must be decided by the character of the appointments in the eye of the Law. Is that of a Deputy Indian agent, an office, which would be vacated only, not extinguished, by the Death removal or resignation of the person exercising it; or a personal agency ceasing with the non exercise of it? Is the appointment of Indian Interpreter, in like manner, an office or an agency, as so distinguished?\nNot finding it convenient in my present situation to examine our laws fully in relation to those appointments, and aware that there is nicety often in discriminating between an Office and an agency, I cannot do better than request you to communicate these observations with the interesting ones contained in your letter, to the other members of the Cabinet at Washington; and transmit to me the result of a consultation on the whole subject. Should there be no difference of opinion, and delay be inconvenient, it may be acted on without hearing further from me.\nGenl. Hull presented sometime ago a claim for two Salaries during his captivity, and pressed strongly the reasoning which gave most color to it. His military claim, I beleive, was viewed in a different light from his salary as Governor, the latter being precluded, by an understanding with the Government at the time when he was charged with the expedition which had so unfortunate an issue. Accept my cordial respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5472", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Walker, 24 September 1816\nFrom: Walker, George\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNicholasville 24th. Sept 1816\nThe death of the honorable Judge Innes makes it necessary to appoint a Successor. Permit me to mention Mr. Robert Trimble of Bourbon County as a Gentleman well qualified to fill the vacancy of the late Judge. Mr. Trimble is a gentleman that Stands high as a lawyer and a man of integrity. He for some years preceded in the Court of appeals of this State and very much to the satisfaction of all those who are the least acquainted with Judicial proceedings, and now is Justly esteemed at the head of the bar of Kentucky I am Sir respectfully\nGeo Walker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5473", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Rhea, 24 September 1816\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir,\nChickasaw Agency 24th. September 1816\nI have the pleasure to write to You that a treaty has been made, by the Commissioners on behalf of the United States and chiefs, of the Cherokee tribe of Indians, attending the Council in the Chickasaw nation. By that treaty is ceded to the United States the right and claim of the Cherokees to lands laying within the lines mentioned in the treaty of Fort Jackson, excepting a very small part Joining on Tennessee River on the East. The treaty however remains to be approved by the other cherokee Chiefs & Wariors, who are to meet Genl. Jackson, Genl. Merriwether & Mr. Franklin at Turkey town on the twenty Eighth of this month, for which place the Commissrs. set out on last Saturday morning from the Council House, namely George Colbrits in the Chickasaw nation. The commissioners appeared to have no doubt of the treaty being approved. If the Cherokee Chiefs do not or will not attend, the treaty as to the Cherokee nation stands confirmed.\nOn last Friday was concluded a treaty by the Commissioners of the United States, and Chiefs principal men and Wariors of the Chickasaw nation, by which treaty, some reservations excepted, is ceded to the United States, the right & claim of the Chickasaw nation to all the lands by them claimed on the north side of Tennessee river, and also of and to all the lands by them claimed east of a line begining at the mouth of Covey Creek on South side of Tennessee river, thence up said Creek and one of its branches thence to Gains\u2019s road, with it to the Cotton Gin Port, thence down the West bank of the Tombigby River to the Choctaw boundary, with some small reservations of land, and stipulation for payments for improvements on either side Tennessee river. Expecting that You will soon be officially advised of the particulars of the said two treaties, I will abstain from writting more respecting them. By these two treaties a vast tract of Country is disencumbered and freed from Indian claim, and will soon be covered with Citizens of the United States from the southern boundary of Tennessee State to Mobille, and the Cherokees and Creeks are forever Seperated from the Chickasaws. Good hopes are entertained that the issue of the intended negotiation with the Choctaw tribe will be favorable, and then that tribe will also be completely Separated from Cherokees & Creeks.\nThe treaties herein above mentioned, I hope will have Your approbation. In my humble opinion they will Greatly conduce to the benifit strength and prosperity of the United States, and to the security peace and quiet of the Western people.\nDuring the negotiation with the Cherokee Chiefs, and with the Chickasaw Chiefs, harmony and friendship mutually prevailed. They were not hastened. Time for deliberation, according to their respective wishes was Given. The business was amicably ended. The territory freed from Indian claim is of Great value.\nYou know my opinion of Genl. Jackson as a Military man, and I cannot avoid observing that in conducting a negotiation he appears to Equal advantage, deliberate & prudent and at the same time firm & decisive. Many difficulties have been to be Surmounted before the said two treaties could be effected.\nMr. John McKee agent for the Choctaws came to the Chickasaw Council House previous to the Conclusion of the treaty with the Chickasaws. He is now here, and we will go on together to the Choctaw factory. Mr. Thos. H. Williams is also here. He goes on as Secretary I have the honor to be with the highest Esteem & respect Your Obedt. Servt.\nJohn Rhea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5477", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Seth Chapman, 26 September 1816\nFrom: Chapman, Seth\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nSeptember 26, 1816\nMichael Ross Esqr. Collector of the Revenue for the 21st. District of the State of Pennsylvania, having transmitted his resignation in consequence of indisposition, We take the liberty of recommending Dr. Joseph Wood of the Borough of Williamsport, Lycoming county as his Successor.\nDr. Wood, in our opinion certainly possesses the requisite qualifications to discharge the duties of Collector with justice and fidelity to all, with satisfaction to the people and honor to himself.\nDr. Wood\u2019s political sentiments & conduct are those of a sincere and active Democratic republican. Sir, We are with great respect your Excellency\u2019s Obt. Servts.\nSeth Chapman\nWm: Wilson\nJas. McMury\nIsaac Smith\nSaml. McKean\nJos. J. Wallis\nMichl. Ross", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5478", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 26 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nWar Department 26th. Sept. 1816.\nThe Corps of Engineers, as I had foreseen, have been excessively mortified, at the delay which has taken place in commencing the fortifications recommended by the commander of that corps, & for which appropriations were made during the last session.\nThe inclosed Papers, are intended to shew that there is no reason to expect that our northern boundary will be enlarged by the Commissioners under the late treaty, at least in the vicinity of Lake Champlain.\nFrom the number of observations taken, & from the character of the observer, I should be inclined to doubt whether there is any reason to expect the extension of our limits at that point. When this is admitted, there still exists another Reason for the delay, which is the possibility that the plan of the fortification may be defective. Colo. Tolton is esteemed one of the best officers of the Corps, both scientifically, & Practically.\nLaying the foundation on the water side, might not so seriously affect the plan, as to render Changes impracticable, after it is commenced.\nThe state of the water in the lake presents an inducement to lay the foundation on that side at this time, as from the small quantity of rain which has fallen in the course of the year, the lake is probably lower than it will be for several years to come.\nUnder all these circumstances, it is submitted whether, the Permission requested may not be granted without injury to the Service. I have the honor to be your most obt. & very humbl. Servt.\nWm. H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5480", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Taylor, 26 September 1816\nFrom: Taylor, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nFrankfort Septer. 26 1816\nI have for Several years past been in a State of Suspence, respecting Some Claims I have on the General Government. Colo. R. M. Johnson\u2019s friendly attention to me, when I was at the Citty, relieved me from much fatigue. I told him my wish to petition Congress for an allowance to defray the frequent, & expensive Surgical, & medical bills I had to pay, almost every year, on acct. of the old wound I recd. 37 years ago in defence of our Just Cause. Colo. Johnson took me with him to the War office. There in Conversation with Majr. Rogers, I believe principal Clerk, respecting my wish, the Majr. observed, I had been but a few months before, placed on the pention list, & on examining the Book found it to be in Sepr. 1808 at 240$. On seeing it was So, I told Colo. Johnson I was Satisfied with the allowance, & Should not petion on that acct., but I wished to petition for Leave to withdraw my Military entrys, of 3,000 Acres of land near what is Called the Iron banks, & get leave to enter them elsewhere, as that Country was Ceded to the Indians. On Speaking to you on that Subject, you Said you thought those lands would become very Valuable, & I think Sir you advised me not to withdraw those entrys, if I Could. My Dear Sir you Cannot form any oppinion what I have Suffered, & endured Since I Saw you, by this old tormenting wound, & to be Still alive. Mr. Henry Clay, was in Frankfort Seven or Eight weeks after it was laid open. I was mending, he Came to See me. On Seeing my wound dressing, he observed, that if Congress only Could See my Situation, there was no doubt but they would grant me a liberal allowance. The State of Virginia paid all my Surgents bills till I moved out here, which was in the fall 1794. Few years Since I have been in this State, but I have been obliged to Call in Surgical aid. Frequently the wound has kept open from three, to Six months at a time. The rising, or gathering, is always from the bone, & is very painfull untill it is opened. The General Government has not paid one Cent for me. I have made frequent applications to our representates from this State, that knew my Situation best, but how my Case has been represented, or attended to, I Cannot Say. I had taken a great deal of pains to Collect all the Certificates that I Could, & thought Would Strengthen my Claim, & gave them, & Sent them on to Mr. Johnson, & Mr. Clay, amongst which was Doctr. Ridgleys, & Warfields, Joint examination before my last attack; as well of Doctor J. Collings who has performed more operations on me, than any man in this State, Doctor Scott, the Next most. They are both Dead, others have moved away. I also Sent on Certificates of a number of private Gentlemen, that frequently Visited me while under the Surgeonts hands. The last Violent attack that like to take me off, was in Febry. 1811. It Commenced as usual, but more Violent about the 8 or 9th Day I threatned if the Doctors would not lay it open, I would plunge my knife to the bone, let the Consequence be what it wou\u2019d. I had not Slept for Several nights. I knew I Could not live many hours in the Situation I was in. I prevaild on them to lay it open, & in five munite\u2019s after it was open, I fell a Sleep, & Slept a long time The Doctors thought upwards of a Quart Came away at that time, & in the Course of Eight weeks they thought it equal to four Gals. Pardon me Sir for mentioning my Sufferings to you. I thought it might be necessary if any one Should asked you about me. Mr. Rd. M. Johnson tels me he has found my Vouchers he thought was lost. I wrote to my old acquaintance, & I believe my friend, Colo. Monroe Secretary of State nearly two months ago, to apply at the War office, & if he Could draw what I was placed at, & inform me as Soon as possible of it, & if it was nesesary I would Send on a power of attorny. I have not heard from him I am afraid my letter never got to hand.\nWhen I was at the federal Citty, & Seeing that I was placed on the pention list at 240$, that with my Virginia pention, I was in hopes would enable me to live Comfortable, and pay all my Doctors Bills. I lost my Wife Soon after I returned home. I divided what property I had amongst my Children. Some of them had large families. I have now 37 Grand Children alive. In the Course of two years, my two living Daughters lost their Husbands, Viz, Issac Robertson by being Dirked by a Mr. Dearborn, a limner from Massachusetts, & Peter Fontaine who killed himself by hard drinking. They left thier families, after paying only I may say half their Debts, without a Shilling; I made out to purchace ten acres of land about 1 1/2 miles from Frankfort, for a home for my Daughter Robertson. She has a helpless Set of Children, four Girls, & one Son. I live with them, my Daughter Fontaine with one Daughter lives part of her time with us. I seldom go from home, for my knee, & leg Swell more or less every day, Since it was laid open last. My knee is extremely weak. I Can\u2019t walk any without a Stick, and that when I get up, I am afraid to Step, till I try whether my knee will Support me. I am Satisfied from the piece of Bone, that was extracted Six months after laying my wound open, that my thigh bone Cannot be Sound. The piece is not a Scale, for it is porous, on every Side. My knee is very weak, & the Sweling never intirely gorne, & the musels and leader So relaxed, I am afraid it will not be long before I shall again require Surgical aid. If it Should prove to be the Case, unless the rising, & discharge is more moderate than the last, it must Carry me off. My friend I am in debt I wish to pay what I owe in this painful world, before I leave it. I thank my God I am not much afraid to die. I wish very much, if I Could provide by Some means, to leave my Daughters & their poor orphin Children a Small Compensition to keep them from want. In our present Situation I am not able to educate them, which distresses me much. I am in debt owing in the Confidence I have had from year to year of receiving the pention as I am placed at on General Government Book. I am extremely anxious to hear from Colo. Monroe. Pray Sir See him, & examine the Book at the War office If I am deceived there I am ruined I inclosed a Copy of Majr. Croghans atted. Certificates, as State Commr: of the entrys of my Military Warrants, for three Thousand acres of land, do you think Sir, if I Should live that I Could obtain leave of Congres, to withdraw these entrys, & enter them in the State of Indiana, or Masura teritory, or do you think Congress would give me what they got for Warrants granted by them. I have offered my entry for one Dollar. Half a Dollar is offered me. I was offered that 20 years ago; these entrys was made in augst. 1784, 32 years ago. I hope Congress will not plead the act of limitation. My Dear Sir let me hear from you by the 20th. of October if it is only to acknoledge the rect. of this confused troublesome Scrawl. If I Should be disapointed in pention at the War office, I Still owe for Surgical assistance, besides nearly four hundred Dollars, for money Borrowed. I Shall I am afraid be obliged to Sacrafise the above land It is all I have. I Shall hope for the best, till the 20th. Next month. My best Wishes for your & Mrs. Madison\u2019s Happiness. Your affecte. Friend\nRichd. Taylor Senr.\nN. B. Pray if you Can spare only a few minutes, write me. Let my Case be what it may, I Shall be better Satisfyed than I am & to hear from you by 20th. Octbr. Vizt. Next month\nR T", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5481", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Ray James, 26 September 1816\nFrom: James, Ray\nTo: Madison, James\nSir:\nSpartan C H. S C Septr. 26th. 1816.\nIn my travels in my circuit I hear such lamentation, from wives and parents, that I and a few more have tho\u2019t it convenient and necessary to call or pray your attention for a few moments on the following subject. One trusts in GOD that you may hear our petition.\nSir,\nWhereas a number of the U. S. soldiers have left the service of their country, since you published, or anounced your proclamation of July 8th. 1814. And are lurking a bout, a drug to themselves and a grief to their friends, and as there has a happy Peace taken place, and as they having violated the laws of their country, and affraid to settle themselves as citizens, and turn into farming, for fear of being taken, and carried back to the army and punished feign would they return, but affred, And loth to leave their friends, and country And thier parents and wives still desirous they should continue among them, and with them.\nTheir cries and sorrows causes Us to address your Excellency to please to take their cases under consideration, and as a Glorious Peace is now within our Land and Universal, and Love and Union should be promoted, And your anunocation of July 8th. 1814 seems and is so full of philanthropy, we trust that your mercy will still be extended to your poor unworthy people, and soldiers who bore the toil and struggle, during the War. that in like manner as your Excellency has done heretofore. Methinks it would give universal satisfaction to the people of the United States.\nThe scripturs say \"be ye merciful, for I am merciful\". We trust your Excellency will please to Pardon all deserters, and admit that they may return home in safety, and experience your clemency as others have done, in, like occasion.\nRemember us, as there is a dreadful dearth now on our Land, and they could be of service to their wives and parents, and be a means of procuring Bread in this time, when this heavy Scourge is passing over our Land.\nPity their helpless situation none but your Honor can relieve them, and set them again at Liberty, in this time of Trouble. Here in South and N. Carolina, the probability is even that we shall perish, unless the LORD will interfere, and provide some way for our further maintenance.\nConsider us, and what we have said and if consistent with your honor, Please to answer our Petition. May the LORD be with you. Further consider their (the poor deserters) helpless case, and the deplorable situation, their wives, and parents are in. Lay to thy helping hand, and relieve those that are cast down. Bind up the broken hearted. We pray that you may lend an ear to our Prayer, and grant an immediate Relief to these Deserters, Is our prayer to God and Thee. With utmost hope, we subscribe ourselves Your obt. and faithful citizens, In all cases, praying for your Excy welfare,\nJames RayMinister\nJesse Denison Sr:Aron Glasgow. Senr.Jno: HarrissonJoel Ramsay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5483", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 27 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nWar Department 27th. September 1816.\nThe enclosed letters to Mr. Crowninshield, and General Jackson, explain the views of the members of the Cabinet now in this City, upon the extraordinary information communicated in your letter of the 23d. instant.\nThe communication to the Executives of the States of Georgia, Kentuckey, Tennessee and Louisianna and of the Mississippi and Missouri Territories, seems to me to be proper. It is not desirable that they should take any measures in anticipation of the threatened invasion, or to do any act which may produce public excitement. The disposition already existing in the nation to embark in the Civil war now raging between Spain and her colonies is sufficiently strong to produce much embarrassment to the government. With the additional excitement which a threatened invasion by Spain would necessarily produce the power of the Executive would be exerted in vain to restrain that disposition. The communication should be therefore made under the strictest injunction of secrecy. I have the honor to be Your most Obedt. and Very humble Servant,\nWm. H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5484", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander James Dallas, 27 September 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\nDear Sir\nI have recd. with your two letters of the 20 & 21. the General Sketch of the Finances to which they refer. That of the 25th. has also just come to hand. I return the Sketch under an Address to Washington, passing it thro\u2019 the hands of Mr. Crawford with a request that he would hasten it to the department.\nThe document embraces all the points occurring to me as requisite to be touched, and contains so many gratifying features, that it cannot fail to engage the favorable attention of the public to the ability & success with which the fiscal business has been conducted thro the labyrinth into which it had been forced. The facts stated in your letter of the 25th. present an additional prospect extremely grateful in several views, and particularly as bearing testimony to the auspicious course which the Treasury has pursued.\nMr. Clay declines the War Dept. The task now to be fulfilled is not without its delicacies, as you know. I shall avail myself of a conversation with Mr. Monroe, which his journey back to Washington will afford me in a day or two. I could wish for similar opportunity with others whose sentiments would be valuable on the occasion. I thank you for your kindness in continuing the routine of business, and regret that I can not more promptly exonerate you from the trouble it imposes. You will hear from me again on the subject, the moment I have any thing to impart. Accept my esteem & cordial regards\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5485", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jesse Bledsoe, 27 September 1816\nFrom: Bledsoe, Jesse\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir,\nParis Keny. Septr. 27th. 1816\nI always feel a degree of diffidence in obtruding a recommendation upon the Executive. Yet I acknowledge I feel less on this occasion than upon any other which Ihave ventured to make. By the death of Judge Innis a vacancy is to be filled of District Judge for this State. Mr. Robt. Trimble will accept of the Office than Whom No Man in the State is better (if as well qualified) to fill the Vacancy.\nA Sound Lawyer & a Sound Man He cannot fail to be highly Acceptable No one will be more So to the people of this State. He has once filled the Office of Chief Justice with credit to himself & Satisfaction to the people.\nThere can be no error in appointing him. With great regard Yr. Mo. Obt Servt.\nJ: Bledsoe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5486", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Quincy Adams, 28 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nLondon 28 September 1816.\nI have lately had the honour of receiving your favour of 10th. May last, accompanied by Letters, for Sir John Sinclair, which I immediately delivered in person, to him, for Mr. Bentham, which I left at his house; and for Dr. Eustis which was forwarded by Post, to the Hague. Sir John Sinclair then put into my hands the printed paper which I now enclose, requesting me to forward it to you; and Mr. Bentham has Since Sent me two Small volumes lately published by him, under the title of Chrestomathia book of readings; Part 1 and 2 with a Similar request. They will be Sent in a packet with this Letter.\nYou will perhaps think there is Something like desperation in the remedies proposed by Sir John Sinclair for the Extremities which an insupportable debt and intolerable taxes have brought upon this nation. But the only practical problem for the British Financiers to Solve is how to accomplish a national Bankruptcy or a composition with the Public Creditors without appearing to make it. When the distress about which So much has been and yet is Said, and which I believe to have been much exaggerated by almost all parties, when it comes to pinch as it has hitherto only threatened, the remedy will present itself as unequivocally as the disease, and the most decisive proof to my mind of the exaggeration in all the representations of general distress which have been Spreading over the world for so many months, has been the arrant trifling of all parties in the character of the remedies they have administered or proposed. While wheat cost Six Shillings a bushel, the farmers must certainly have found it difficult, to pay their taxes, tythes and poor rates, and Subsist themselves and Support their families. Had it continued long at that price they would have found it impossible. But it has now risen again to ten Shillings and upwards. At that price the farmers can yet Stagger along with their load. The Streams of the revenue which had begun to fail are again filling up, the cry of distress is still continued, but the Symptoms of Suffering have much abated. The present paroxysm has evidently passed its point of greatest Severity, and a great portion of those who were really distressed are relieved for the moment. It will however be Scarcely possible to raise a revenue of Sixty Millions Sterling a year upon this People for any continued length of time, without occasioning frequent renewals of the pressure which they will not always be in a humour to endure with equal Patience and Resignation.\nYou will perceive by my Correspondence with the Secretary of State, that the proposal for negotiating a Treaty of Commerce, has been declined with a profession of readiness to receive and consider any Specific proposition upon two of the points Suggested under your instructions. Upon the point most immediately interesting, our commerce with their Colonies in the West Indies, the refusal to treat is positive and unqualified. Lord Castlereagh, with the utmost courtesy and politeness, in point of form, observed that with regard to any regulations, which might be contemplated on our part, the whole Subject was in the hands of the American Government; they might prohibit the trade in British Vessels, & they might impose aggravated duties upon it as might best Suit their view of the policy of the United States and Great Britain would have no right and feel no disposition to complain of it. He appeared to intimate that the British Cabinet had anticipated the effect of any thing that could be done by Congress, and were prepared for it. He Said it was merely an adherence to their Colonial System, and acknowledged that he had Some personal doubts whether it was for their own advantage. I am indeed inclined to think that this inflexibility upon Colonial Subjects proceeds rather from the Colonial department than from Lord Castlereagh.\nWhen the first proposal in relation to the Ships at Venice was made, I was apprehensive that there would be objections to the agency of the person through whom it was proposed. It was afterwards renewed through a regular and unexceptionable channel, and I had hopes that it would then have been found acceptable. I have lately been asked from the official Source of the last proposal whether I had received any answer to it. I had none from the Secretary of State, and it was a few days before I had the honour of receiving your Letter. The terms upon which the Ships may be obtained are So advantageous, and the Ships themselves are So good that another opportunity to decide upon the proposal may be offered.\nSome Months Since I received a Letter from a Person in the Danish Province of Jutland, requesting me to propose to the Government of the United States, the purchase from Denmark, of the Nicobar Islands in the East Indies. The writer of the Letter intimated that the Danish Government would readily dispose of them to the United States, but that there were particular and Satisfactory reasons for making the proposal in this indirect and unaccredited channel. I answered the Letter and declined the negotiation as having no authority to treat upon the Subject. The proposal was however repeated and urged in a Second Letter which I have not answered. I knew nothing of the writer of the Letters, but they were transmitted to me through the medium of the Danish Consul. There is no inconsiderable alarm prevailing here at this moment, in consequence of rumours circulating in the newspapers that an object of Mr. Pinkney\u2019s Negotiation at Naples, is to obtain a cession of the Neapolitan Island of Lampedusa to the United States. Some of the public Journals are for ordering Lord Exmouth\u2019s whole fleet immediately to the Bay of Naples, to anchor yard arm and yard arm along side of the American Seventy-four, and give courage to the Neapolitans to reject the ridiculous American demands. If you will Send a Minister, in a line of Battle Ship to Copenhagen, with instructions to claim indemnity for the Danish Spoliations upon our Commerce, and let it be circulated that he is negotiating for the Nicobar Islands, I will answer for its working the British Cabinet and Parliament up to another year of a thirty Millions Peace Establishment, and Shall not be Surprized if it rearms the whole body of the militia, and remounts all the yeomanry Cavalry of the British Isles. I have the honour to be with perfect Respect Sir your very humble & obedt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5487", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Graham, 28 September 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nDept. of State 28th. Sepr. 1816.\nOwing to some accident, I did not until this Moment discover the Memo, which you put upon the Cover of one of Mr. Monroe\u2019s Letters to me desiring that his Letter to you which you sent on with it might be returned to you. I hasten to comply with that request and have now the Honor to return the Letter accordingly.\nThe weather continues to be cool and pleasant and the City healthy. With the greatest respect I am Dear Sir Your Mo. Obt. Servt.\nJohn Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5488", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 28 September 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWar Department 28th. Sept. 1816\nThe enclosed papers recd. from Genl Jackson are transmitted, tho\u2019 they contain nothing more than what I had anticipated. A private letter from Mr Irvine to the Secretary of State States facts calculated to remove the impression which Colo. Jessup\u2019s communication has produced of an invasion of New Orleans by a Spanish force. He believes the exertions now making to raise an army in Spain is to wrest the Kingdom of Eutruria from the Emperor of Austria.\nThe Proposition made by Major Jamison for Permission for certain Indian Chiefs to visit the Seat of Government, is worthy of consideration. It is questionable whether it ought to extend to any tribe within the acknowledged limits of Spain, as long as our affairs with that nation are unsettled, which I think will probably be as long as we remain at Peace with them. Our complaints have reciprocally been extended & rendered so complex during the last twenty years, that it is extremely improbable that they will ever be adjusted without an appeal to force. It is problematical whether we ought by our acts, to hasten that appeal.\nThe letter to Genl. Jackson, a copy of which I transmitted to you is I believe a sufficient answer at Present to his letter.\nI have the honor to be Your most obt. & very humbl. Servt.\nWm. H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5489", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 29 September 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nWashington, September 29. 1816.\nRemarks upon Commodore Patterson\u2019s letter to the secretary of the navy, dated New Orleans, August 15. 1816.\nThere is no ground for considering the property taken possession of by the naval or military officers of the United states, after the destruction of the fort on the Apalachicola, on the 27th of July 1816, as prize of war.\nPrize of war must be the result of some lawful belligerent act. It implies a state of war duly declared, or existing, under national authority. Should war even exist, the right of prize cannot be enjoyed but under a grant from the sovereign. None of these ingredients being applicable to the present case, no prize interest can attach.\nThe first question to be made is, was the destruction of the fort, taking place in time of peace, justifiable. This will depend upon the degree of previous unlawful hostility, actual or probable, directed against the vessels ascending the river. If justifiable, it must be so as an act of necessary resistance. Viewing it in this light, it does not follow that those resisting are invested with the right to go further and appropriate to their use the property found in the fort. This may depend upon other circumstances.\nA claim may be interposed from another quarter. From Spain, for example, as the fort stood upon Spanish territory. If not from Spain from some other quarter. It will be for this government to decide upon the merit of any such claim; and, if disallowed, or if none should be put in, the merit of its own naval and military officers will then come to be considered.\nIt will, undoubtedly, be competent to the government to reward them according to the importance attached to the service. It may distribute among them the whole, or a part, of the property brought off, in such proportions as may be judged proper. But this, I think, should be done by congress, the executive not having controul over a case so situated.\nI should therefore suppose, that the following course ought to be pursued. The property having been brought off by the publick force of the United states, must be considered, for the present, as subject to their superintending authority. They should see that it is in safe keeping. An inventory and appraisement should take place, that the perishable articles may be sold, and any use made of others which the U. States may find convenient. The amount in value will thus be forthcoming to meet such order as congress may make, at a fit time, relative to it.\nRichard Rush\nA. G.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5490", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Wilson Cary Nicholas, 30 September 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nRichmond Septr. 30. 1816.\nI feel great reluctance in giving you this trouble, of what I consider a personal application. The second daughter of my sister Norton (who you may remember at Mr. Randolph\u2019s) married a Mr. Armistead, a gentn. who was bred a Merchant, but was unfortunate in business and obliged to retire to the country, where he has for several years supported his family by his labour. The event of a law suit by which his land has been lost, has thrown him and his family upon the world without a home. Mr. A. I am informed is most qualified to perform the duties of a clerk in one of the departments. You wou\u2019d confer a personal obligation upon me if you wou\u2019d have him placed in one of the offices. It is very far from my wish to see a man provided for by the public, who does not earn his wages. This I am confident Mr. A. wou\u2019d do. His connections are respectable. He is the brother of Col Armistead who defended the fort at Baltimore. You will see by the paper of to day, that the legislature of Va. is called to meet the 11th. of Novr. This has been done with the expectation that the law requiring the Banks to pay specie on the 15th. of Novr. will be suspended until the day fixed by Congress, or until the banks generally do so. I think it very unfortunate that the northern Banks did not accede to the time offered (say the 20th. of Feby.). I am sure if it had been done every where at once there wou\u2019d have been no risque, or danger. It was both their interest & duty to have acquiesced in the day fixed by Congress. Let the other Banks do as they may, in this State, we shall adhere to the government of the U. S. But if there is a certainty that by the first of July, the thing cou\u2019d be accomplished with the universal consent, is it for four months\u2019 gained or lost, worth the struggle and collision that it wou\u2019d involve? It certainly is not, and if possible it shou\u2019d be avoided. The only objection that I see to congress extending the time to the first of July, is the appearance of having been coerced by the Banks. This to be sure is very unpleasant, but I hope some day a little earlier or later may be fixed upon that will be agreeable to all parties; I have a perfect conviction that it is in your power to produce this harmony between the government & the Banks, and I am sure that nothing wou\u2019d be more gratifying to you, than to render this signal service to your country, at the close of a political life so long and so usefully devoted to the public service. I cou\u2019d write a volume upon this subject, but to you it is unnecessary. I regret that my excellent & respected friend Mr. Dallas acted so promptly. His having done so I acknowledge in some measure increases the difficulties but it is not an insuperable bar I am Dr. Sir with the greatest respect your hum. Servt.\nW. C. Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5491", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Pope, 30 September 1816\nFrom: Pope, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir\nLexington September 30th. 1816\nI beg leave to recommend for the vacancy in the judiciary occasioned by the death of Judge Innis Mr. Silus M. Noel residing near Frankfort. I am not intimately acquainted with him but have understood that he has been a practising lawyer & for a time a judge. He is a gentleman of excellent education, good mind & very respectable legal attainments. His private character is unexceptionable & his general deportment dignified & agreable. Of his his political veiws I am not well informed but believe him to be a decided republican & a friend to the present administration. I owe it to candour to state that there are a few very few able experienced lawyers in the state, whom I would prefer to Mr. Noel, but considering his indepence & integrity of character & qualifications I believe in making a selection from those who will be recommended, you cannot make a better or more popular choice than Mr. Noel. In making these suggestions I beg leave to assure You that I am by no personal or political considerations Mr Noel is neither a relative nor particular friend of mine. I shall be gratified if the vacancy is filled by a man neither too weak nor too wicked to be independent & impartial. Please to accept assurances of my respect & esteem for you. Yours &c\nJohn Pope", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5492", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 30 September 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nTreasury Department Sept. 30th 1816.\nPOSTSCRIPT.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to add that certain occurrences, happening since the foregoing report was presented, merit observation:\n1st. The situation of the Public credit and resources at Boston, has enabled the Treasury to discharge the loan of 500,000 dollars, long due to the State Bank, in the following manner:\nBy a draft for cash, amounting to$130,000By a draft for Treasury notes ofthe new emission, bearing interest,at their par value,370,000$500,000\n2. The situation of the Treasury has authorized an additional notice for the payment of Treasury notes payable in New York.\n3d. The existing prospect justifies an expectation, that the Treasury will be able to pay all its engagements in the eastern States, with the local currency, before the expiration of the present year.\nA.J. Dallas.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5493", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Wickliffe, October 1816\nFrom: Wickliffe, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\nTo the President of the U. States\nOctober 1816\nThe Honorable Harry Innes having departed this life, it will devolve on the Executive to supply his place in the United States Court for the District of Kentucky.We whose names are hereunto annexed beg leave to recommend to your Consideration for this Office John T. Mason Esqr a resident of Lexington Kentucky.The Father and connexions of Mr. Mason were distinguished Compeers with yourself in the service of their Country. Nor is he less worthy the patronage and Confidence of the Government than those who have gone before him.With the benefits of a regular & classical education, Seven or eight years devotion to the Study and practice of the law, held in the highest estimation by his fellow CitizensIndeed, with a weight & integrity of character excelled by none, We do not hesitate to say to you Mr. Mason is every way worthy the Confidence and patronage of the Government, & would faithfully & ably discharge the duties of the Office to which he is recommended should it be conferred.\nRobert Wickliffe\n\t\t\tJos. H. HawkinsRh: M: JohnsonLewis Sanders\n\t\t\tJohn H. MortonThs: W. Barr.George Shannon.W. T. BarryJohn Fowler Ridgely\n\t\t\tThos: BodleyWm. W. Worsley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5495", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Eleazer W. Ripley, October 1816\nFrom: Ripley, Eleazer W.\nTo: Madison, James\nStanton Va. Octr. \u201916\nMay it please your ExcellencyCapn. Dinsmore late of the Army distinguished himself at Plattsburg He is a worthy upright man and has lost a large proportion of his property in consequence of the political Law factions of Massts. during the War.\nI consider himself some way entitled to the notice and patronage of the Govt. I have the honor to be Yr. mo. ob. & hble. Ser.\nEl. W. Ripley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5497", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 1 October 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nA Severe indisposition has confined me to my bed for three days. I am sufficiently recovered, however, to decide upon beginning my journey this afternoon, or tomorrow morning. I have left every thing here in order; and I shall continue, with great pleasure, to transact the business of the Department, until you are ready to relieve me. You will, of course, give me notice of a day, on which I am to cease to act. I will take care, that there shall be no legal, or practical, collision with my professional engagements. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs.\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5498", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 2 October 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nSalem Octr. 2d. 1816.\nYour communication of Septr. 23. covering one from Col. Jesup, relating to spanish affairs, was rec\u2019d by this days mail; I know not what to think of such folly.\nTo protect us, our ships of war could cruise off N orleans, in the Bay of Mexico & round Cape Florida.\nTo attack spain, thro her colonies, ship of war would be of infinite service to aid in landing men, & to protect an expedition against their ships of war, but our ship of war cannot enter the Havana until the Batteries are silenced, from land, by land forces, but then they could effectually blockade the Ports of Cuba. But should we not be compelled, by prudence, to call home our squadron from the Meditn, in case of a rupture with Spain? fearing some other power.\nThe Ships at our command, are the Independence 74 with all things in perfect readiness, save 300 men. She could sail in 6 weeks, I think; the Congress with a full crew, now repairing, & destined for the Pacific Ocean, could sail in 3 or 4 weeks; the Gurriere & Constitution Frigates are in good order, save their Crew, could soon be prepared, besides two or three sloops of war in Boston & New York.\nSome difficulty would arise in procuring so many men, but I have no doubt but that enough might be soon obtained, to put the Independence & one or two frigates to sea, in 5 or 6 weeks, commencing directly.\nBut I cannot persuade myself that Spanish authorities are so mad. There is no information in this part of the Union to lead to such a belief. I am with great respect Yours\nB W Crowninshield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5499", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William J. Lowndes, 3 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lowndes, William J.\nDear Sir\nMr. Dallas being on the point of retiring from the Treasury Dept. and the event drawing after it a vacancy in the Dept. of War, will you permit me to avail our Country of your services in the latter? It will be convenient to know your determination as soon as you have formed it; and it will afford me great pleasure if it accede to my request. Accept Sir assurances of my great esteem and of my cordial respects\nJ. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5500", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, 3 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\nDear Sir,\nI find by a letter from Mr. Dallas that he was to leave Washington on Tuesday last for Philadelphia. He kindly intends, however, to give official attention to the routine of business until apprised of his release. The date for this I wish to be governed by your conveniency. I have informed Mr. Lowndes of the approaching vacancy in the Department of War, and asked his permission to appoint him to it. Should he not assent, or not be able to enter quickly upon its duties, it will be better, perhaps, that the business of the War Department go on without a Secretary than that the Treasury Department be vacant, or that Mr. Dallas be long detained in its service against his personal interest or conveniency.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5501", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander James Dallas, 3 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\nDear Sir\nOctober 3, 1816\nI have just recd. yours of the 1st. inst: and anxiously hope that this will find you perfectly recovered from your indisposition, and in the bosom of your family in Philada. I repeat my thanks for the kind attention you offer to the routine of the Treasury business, from which I calculate on your being speedily released. I have written to Mr. Lowndes on the vacancy approaching in the War Dept. & invited him to accept it; and have apprized Mr. Crawford of this step, with an intimation of the expediency of his assuming the Treasury Department as soon as he can make it convenient to do so.\nI propose to set out for Washington on Monday, and expect to be there by the middle of the week. Mr. Monroe is now with me, and will probably be a day or two before me. Be assured my dear Sir of my best regards\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5502", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 5 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nDear Sir\nMontpellier Ocr. 5. 1816\nI have recd yours of the 30th. ult: It will afford me pleasure to promote your wishes on behalf of Mr. Armistead; and the pleasure will be increased by my recollections of the period & persons to whom you allude. It is incumbent on me at the same time to remark that it is the usage, to leave to the heads of Depts. the selection of their own Clks. which the law vests in their discretion & responsibility; that they generally have their preferences, often founded in relations of friendship and personal confidence; and that there is always depending a list of applicants for the few vacancies which occur, some of whose pretensions may have peculiar force. My connection with such appointments is much less therefore than might be supposed; and I mention it that in the event of disappointment, it may not be inferred that I have been insensible, or inattentive to the object you so justly have at heart.\nMr. Dallas has & will have explained so fully his measures with the grounds of them, that I need say little on the subject. If any have supposed him not conciliatory towards the Banks, they have done him great injustice. As to the epoch of enforcing specie payments, the law had fixed on the 20th. of Feby next with an evident obligation on him to anticipate it if practicable. Many of the Banks, instead of co-operating with him for the latter purpose, have announced purposes at variance with the positive injunctions of the law. It can scarcely be doubted that if the Banks had concerted a general concurrence with the views of the Treasury, the former confidence & currency would have been easily re-established, by the time fixed by Congress, and probably sooner. Nor can it well be doubted that such a concert would have taken place if the Bank dividends had been as much favored by the effort, as they might, at least for a time, be reduced by it. I am far from applying these remarks to all the Banks. There are exceptions which we could jointly name with equal pleasure. But it is certain that as far as the Banks have not done their duty, they have to answer for the injustice done by a depreciated currency to particular States, to the public creditors, to the Army, to the Navy, and even to private Creditors who were in a manner forced to receive their debts in that currency. Had the Banks sold their public Stock for their own notes, with which they procured it when they could have done so with a liberal profit; or had they agreed to pay interest on their protested notes: whilst they received interest on the paper pledged to them, they would have stood on different ground. But they preferred, too many of them, to these sacrifices, or rather to these acts of justice, an increased issue of notes, on a capital as productive nearly as the notes issued on that basis. Taking the whole subject as we find it, it is not easy to say what Congress, with whom it lies, may decide on. There is sufficient reason to believe that if the crisis require a relaxation they will not withold it. But there are indications that a resumption of specie payments, is rapidly becoming practicable and popular. If the demand of Spain? to discharge a foreign balance agst. the Nation, shou\u2019d not raise the exchange above the expence and difficulty of exporting it, the Banks in general will run no risk in uniting at once with the National Bank, in restoring health to the Currency, and justice to all transactions public & private.\nI take this occasion to acknowlege the rect. of your printed circular from the Directors of the Literary fund. Feeling deeply the value of a well digested system of public Instruction, I shd. be peculiarly grateful to contribute some aid towards it. But I am so well satisfied that I could offer no ideas which will not be comprehended in the superior contributions from other sources, that I regret the less, my want of leisure for the attempt. Accept my esteem & friendly respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5503", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 5 October 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nIf I had received your favor of the instant, at Washington, I should have been tempted to remain there, for the gratification of personal farewell. Indeed, I ran some risque, by undertaking the journey hither, the first day of my being able to leave my bed, for nearly a week.\nI always doubted Mr. Clay\u2019s disposition to accept the War Department, although I have no doubt of his wish to be placed in the Cabinet. Your Selection of Mr. Lowndes for the Treasury will give general satisfaction. He is intelligent; and his acquirements in politics and literature have been occasionally displayed. He certainly appears to possess the respect and confidence of the House of Representatives; and the tone of his mind is so placid, his dispositions So amiable, his manners so unassuming, that I question, whether any other public man is better qualified to please, and to be pleased, in a Station calculated to try the temper, as well as the talents, of the Occupant. This view of Mr. Lowndes\u2019s character, however, has suggested Some apprehension, that he may shrink from the task; doubtful whether his Constitution can bear incessant labors, and his nerves maintain the warfare for official independence, with Banks and Brokers &c.\nI am making arrangements to resume the business of the Courts; but you may still rely upon my attention to the Treasury routine, until you fix the day for my ceasing to act. I feel some uneasiness, at the course pursued by Mr. Lee; and beg you to consider, when you arrive at Washington, whether the latitude which he gives to the powers of his office, will not lead to an expenditure, far exceeding the legislative intention. It is said, that he thinks himself authorised to pay for all the Houses and property destroyed upon the Niagara frontier! Without impugning the principle, the real principle, of the Act of Congress, I cannot concieve a more improvident measure, than that of laying the Treasury open to the demands of an individual, without checks, and without appeal. If some restraint be not ensured, our treasure will be absorbed almost imperceptibly.\nI shall be very anxious to hear the result of Col. Jessup\u2019s intelligence. Indeed, notwithstanding my separation from you, I shall continue to feel a deep interest in all your measures; and if at any time or in anyway, you think I can be of service, I flatter myself that you will not hesitate to command me. I am, Dear Sir, most respectfully & faithfully, Yrs\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5504", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Pseudonym: \"Philanthropos\", 6 October 1816\nFrom: Pseudonym: \u201cPhilanthropos\u201d\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNew York 6th. Octr. 1816.\nPresuming, that an evil, which threatens these States with disgrace and perhaps eventual ruin, is to you unknown, I hasten to inform you thereof, in full Confidence, that it will meet your serious consideration. The Slave trade (to which I allude) has been discountenanced and put down by all civilized Nations (for the Spaniards and Portuguese deserve not that honourable appellation) and the Government of this Country has given its most decided approbation to this measure, much to its credit, even in anticipation of the others; but the Passing a Law, without taking due means to carry it into effect, will not answer the purpose. In short, this infamous traffic is carried on by unprincipled interested Americans from the Ports of Cuba, in Vessels cloathed with Spanish Papers, to an alarming extent. The Crews are, with the exception of a Nominal Spanish Captain, Americans, the property, altho\u2019 cloaked, American and the emoluments accruing are American. If I am rightly informed, any concern in the iniquitous Commerce, \"Subjects a citizen of the United States to a fine of $2000 for aiding and abetting, and $200 for each Negro so transported or sold\" Vide Slave Act. Sections 2nd. & 4th. Now Sir, If the Government would send out Some Sloops of War, to be stationed off the Havanna or to windward of Cuba, they would find the Vessels from Africa manned almost entirely with Americans, who surely are aiding and abetting as they are the sole Agents and Navigators in said enterprises, and can Offer no apology for So doing. Nay, Small tenders bring the Negroes from Cuba to Amelia Island from whence they are Smuggled into the United States. This is a fact. James D\u2019 Wolf of Bristol (Rhode Island) has introduced, probably 5,000 Negroes at least into Cuba since the peace. This famous Privateer Yanke has made three Voyages to Africa, and brought each time over 300 Slaves; in addition he has the McDonough and many others employed the same way. There are also Many Vessels in the Slave trade from Baltimore and New York. Permit me to mention one instance from Baltimore, \"The Schooner Fox, Rogers Master arrived at St. Pierre (Martinique) in 1815, with a Monsr. Folae on board, to whom said Vessel was Nominally or otherwise transferred, fitted out at said Port, and from thence proceeded to Africa for Slaves, with the original Captain and crew on board.\nThese things, Sir, are well known to many, but either from motives of false delicacy, or from an unfortunate depravity of mind and morals, which has crept into this Country, People are led to worship wealth, however acquired, and to Screen and Caress its Scoundrel Possessors. Hence, information on this Subject is Suppressed, or the impossibility of investigation and proof, Suggested, when in reality, nothing is more easy. If the real American Masters (I don\u2019t mean the Spaniards who are Nominally Masters) of Slave Vessels which may be intercepted, were examined on oath, the real Owners would be discovered. Fully Assured, that the President of the United States is ever ready to receive information which may be beneficial to the Country, I offer no apology for this intrusion, and shall only add, that any hint through the News Papers to Philanthropos shall be duly attended to. \nWith tender of my most respectful good wishes I have the honor to be Sir, Yr. most Obedt. Servt.\nPhilanthropos", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5505", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Montgomery, 8 October 1816\nFrom: Montgomery, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nKentucky, Lincoln County, 8th. October, 1816\nSometime past I recommended Mr. Robert Trimble as a proper person to be appointed United States District judge for Kentucky, in the room of Harry Innes deceased. At the time of recommending Mr. Trimble I was not apprized that Martin D. Hardin, Esq. of Frankfort, had been recommended & was desirous of receiving the appointment, and although I would not be understood as withdrawing or in any way qualifying any sentiment expressed in regard to Mr. Trimble, I deem it but an act of sheer justice to Mr. Hardin to say that he is one of the first lawyers in this state, that he is a man of fair reputation & regular habits, & shall only add that the office would be ably filled by the appointment of either of those gentlemen. I have the honor to be respectfully Your Mo Ob Servant\nThomas Montgomery", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5506", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Mentor Johnson, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Johnson, Richard Mentor\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nGreat Crossing 10th. Oct. 1816\nThe judicial vancancy occasioned by the death of Judge Innis will no doubt place before you a number of persons to fill it. Among the persons Spoken of here I have understood that James B. January, Silas M. Noel, Robert, Trimble & John T. Mason will be Candidates. I shall confine myself to the two prominent characters Trimble & Mason altho all are men of Standing. I am intimately acquainted with both of these Gentlemen I Know their respective merits. To look at the office merely I Could not make a selection without difficulty so equally ballaced in qualifications, and what Mr. Trimble has gained by practical Knowledge is balanced by other considerations in favour of Mr. Mason & in less than two years; no man in the western Country would be better qualified than Mr. Mason on account of his extensive law reading, Sec education & his character as a man of business & industry\nThe honors which Mr. Trimble has recd. from this State at once Shows that no man Stands higher as a judge & also that it is very uncertain how long he would remain judge if appointed Indeed I am sure the event will prove it if he is appointed, that it is only a temporary arrangement a policy that has almost ruined this State & will injure, any Country. I am as certain, that Mr. Mason contemplates this Station as a most permanent appointment. To Mr. Trimble it will be a real disadvantage as his practice must be double the Salary, & Mr. Mason would be benefited & the Country equally Served, for Mr. Mason is excluded from the Barr & State promotion on acct. of his conflicts with some leading federalists in this State & by which Contests the republican cause has been strengthed & to his disadvantage & disqualification. I am very certain that with the Republican party Mr. Mason\u2019s appointment would be as well recd. as any other in this State & on the subject of active exertions During the War & Since the War, Mr. Mason\u2019s Claims are far Superior to any that will be before you for this Situation. It may be said the long residence of Mr. Trimble gives him a preference It can not give him any claim over Mr. Mason who is now a permanent resident & Citizen of this Country, & Mr. Mason is as well Known to us as Mr. Trimble; as to politics one has been active the other indifferent; One is the lawyer, the other the Sower & Politician. To give you an idea of the Standing of Mr. Mason I will observe that when it was Supposd Mr. Clay would be offerd some Situation in the Executive Govt. Mason & Breckenridge were the only men Who it was Supposed could be Elected in Mr. Clay district against Mr. Pope, and Mr. Mason would have been fixed upon as the Candidate. With great respect\nRh. M Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5507", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Armistead T. Mason, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Mason, Armistead T.\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nRasberry Plain 10th. Oct. 1816.\nI have recently heard from Kentucky that my brother John T. Mason of that state will be recommended to you to supply the vacancy occasioned by the death of the late Judge Innis. I feel most sensibly the delicacy of my situation in uniting my solicitations to those of his other friends in his favor on this occasion: but a consciousness of the rectitude of my motives enables me to overcome those squeamish feelings which would prevent me from endeavouring to serve my brother, merely because he is my brother.\nThat he is well qualified for the office in question I give the best evidence of my conviction, by recommending him to it; for nothing less than such a conviction could induce me to expose myself to the imputation of indelicacy by making the recommendation. And that he will discharge the duties of the office should he obtain it, with integrity & zeal I would pledge my life. May I hope therefore, Sir, to be excused for uniting with others in soliciting that office for him. I am Sir, most respectfully your friend & obt. Servt.\nArmistead T. Mason", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5508", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jesse Bledsoe, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Bledsoe, Jesse\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir\nParis Keny. Octobr. 10th. 1816\nI took the liberty some time since of recommending Robert Trimble Esqr. as one whom I conceived to be the most fit person to fill the Vacancy occasioned by the death of Judge Innis. I still think him so. Should he however not get the Appointment, I think no one has greater claims than John T. Mason Esqr. whose correct & dignified deportment, whose intelligence and conciliating manners are admired by all who know him. I have no doubt his legal qualifications are unexceptionable & that he would give Satisfaction in the discharge of that trust. With great regard Yr. Mo. Obt. Servt.\nJ: Bledsoe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5510", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Lewis, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Lewis, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir \nFranklin County State of Tennessee Octr. 10th. 1816\nHave been Informed that Judge Cocke the Present agent of the Chickasaw Nation is about to be Removed from Office. Should it be correct, I would gladly accept the Same. Should you think proper to Confer on me the appointment the favour will be thankfully acknowledged by your Hbe. Servt.\nJas. Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5511", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Ricaud, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Ricaud, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nBaltimore October 10th. 1816\nI now take the liberty of addressing you a few lines, which I hope you will excuse and if there is any thing improper in them, you will please attribute it to a man that has been in Goal for near 12 months and his anxiety to get reliesed; I am in hopes you will be able to have me reliesed, for Sir I do not owe the United States more than 3000.$ which they hold me in Goal for locked up in a close Room like a criminal that has robed on the high ways; The United States claim at first was about $6200. and I have paid over or caused to be paid over to Mr. Glenn money long since which has reduced it to the first sum and if Mr. Glenn would do his duty he might have recovered of a Gentelman in this place more money than would pay what I owe the United States. He commenced suit against the Gentelman, alluded to two months since and let it stand so, when he ought to make him pay and let me be reliesed, but Sir I beleive both the District Attorney and the master all delights in keeping me here, (for what god only knows), unless it is owing to my speaking my mind too freely to them, but thank god who gave me speach it is a liberty I take, and will so long as he grants unto me the power.\nI do not owe the amount that now stands against me, but owing to my not having proper vouchers, I am compeled to be charged with it, and not the liberty allowed me to obtain those proper vouchers. I also understand that it has been represented by Major Stuart who was one of my securities that I had a Plenty of money, but Sir permit me to say it is false if I had can any reasonable man think I would lay here for a year for the paltry sum of $3000. No, but Major Stuart had motives in this which he accomplished, it was to injure me, and get himself reliesed, when he at this time owes me $500-- of the very money I am now laying in Goal for, which I lent him while in the army and which I can prove Col. Canby owes me near $2000-- advance and lent him for to advance the soldiers which he was to give me vouchers for, but my being sick at the time and very ill, I could not take the vouchers, and here I must lay a poor distressed man with a young family and no friends to aid me to any thing\nI am sure the United States will not be paid by keeping me here locked up, but are only at a grate expence. I have been sick for three months and am sure if I am not deed before long I shall not be able to support my poor Wife when I am reliesed; now sir be pleased to permit me to beg your interfearence in my behalf and if I am not set at liberty be pleased to order me the Goal bounds so that I can walk about and breath fresh air, but if any thing within your honors reach can be done order my discharge from Prison, and the blessings of god for ever rest on you and your family shall be the prair of your obt. Sert.\nJohn Ricaudlate paymaster 36th. Regt.\nMr. Falls will hand you this", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5513", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Buck, 11 October 1816\nFrom: Buck, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nRichmond Ky. Oct: 11. 1816\nWe the undersigned practicing Attorneys at Law, have been acquainted with Robert Trimble a number of years. We state that he is amongst the first Lawyers of Kentucky, that his practice has for many years been extensive, that his professional character is fair and unspotted, that he filled the Office of Judge of the Court of Appeals with high reputation to himself and undivided approbation of the people of this State. We recommend him, with confidence as being eminently qualified for the Station of Judge of the Court of the United States for the District of Kentucky. The appointment would be received with general approbation and much Satisfaction by all orders of people.\nDaniel Buck\nJohn Speed Smith\nArchibald Woods\nSquire Turner", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5514", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Adams, 12 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nWashington Ocr. 12. 1816\nYour favor of the 4th. of Sepr. was handed to me, by Docr. Freeman, at my abode in Virga. just before I left it for this place. His transient stay afforded but a slight opportunity for the civilities I wished to shew to one who enjoys so much of your esteem, and who appeared so well to deserve them. He was so good as to call at the door since my arrival here; but being at the moment engaged, he was so informed, without my being apprized of the name, till he had retired: and his ensuing departure from this City closed our intercourse, unless he should repeat his Southern excursion when I shall pay with pleasure the arrears due on the first.\nMrs. Madison wishing to seize the occasion for a letter to Mrs Adams, has herself answered the enquiry in yours to me, having reference to her. You will perceive that she has not the slightest recollection of any letter to Mr. Steel, such as could had led to the intimations in yours. We conclude therefore that some error has taken place in the statement made to you. It will rest with your goodness & conveniency to throw any light on it, which you may have the means of doing, and which you may think the subject worthy of. I beg you to be assured that I join fully in her acknowlegements for the delicate manner in which you have alluded to it, and for the kind dispositions which it has led you to express.\nThe favorable judgment you are so good as to express on the course of my administration, cannot but be very grateful to me, not merely for the immediate value I set on it, but as an encouraging presage of the light in which my endeavors in the service of my Country will be hereafter viewed by those most capable of deciding on them. Be pleased to accept, Dear Sir, assurances of my high esteem & my best wishes\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5515", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph H. Hawkins, 13 October 1816\nFrom: Hawkins, Joseph H.\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nLexington Octo. 13. 16.\nBy the last mail I enclosed you some letters &c: in testimony of the merits of our friend Mason for the Judgship to supply the vacancy occasioned by the death of Mr. Innes.\nSince which the enclosed have been forwarded from another part of the State.\nAmongst the names from Mt. Stirling you will find Mr. Owings late Colo. in the U S Army, &c: at present a member of our Legislature\nColo. Thomas Fletcher, the present Member of Congress elected in place of Mr. Clarke, amongst the Most popular & influencial men in that section of Country.\nMr. Nicholas is a member of the bar, & Mr. Stockton & Mr. Jouett Citizens of the highest respectability.\nYou will also find two letters from Mr. Bledsoe , saying all he could say, after having recommended Mr. Trimble which was done previous to his \uff4bnowledge of Mr. Masons friends having urged his claims upon the Executive.\nOne great object with the Executive in all public appointments no doubt is & should be to select those in whom there is a public & general Confidence & approbation.\nThere is no man in Kentucky enjoying a greater share of this Confidence, & for whom warmer testimonies of approbation could be had than for Mr. Mason.\nPeculiar circumstances give great weight to his claims, and has excited great solicitude amongst your friends here for his success\u3002\nAnd the voluntary tender of approbation now enclosed is confined to no particular section of the Country but could be found & obtained in all. I have the honor to be Sincearly & respectfully Yr. Ob. Sert.\nJos: H: Hawkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5516", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Mills, 13 October 1816\nFrom: Mills, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nParis Keny. October 13th. 1816\nOn the death of the Honble. Harry Innis it becomes necessary again to fill the office of District Judge of the United States, which has become vacated by his decease.\nPermit me, Sir, earnestly to reccomend Robert Trimble esqr. of this State as a proper person to fill that vacancy. Having from the time that he, and myself pursued our academical studies together been his intimate acquaintance, and for many years viewed his course while I practised beside him at the bar, I am enabled to say that his willingness to accept affords a singular choice to fill that office; for I have no hesitation in believing that he would prove an ornament to the bench of the supreme Court of the United States, if he could be placed even there.\nHis character however does not rest on my testimony only. The State, of which he is a citizen has borne the most honorable evidence of his integrity, his capacity and his legal acquirements. He served about two years on the bench of the Supreme Court of this State, where he acquitted himself with credit, and to the regret of almost every legal character, resigned the office, because the emoluments were entirely inadequate to the labors of the Station. Since that period without even his knowledge he has been twice commissioned a judge of that Court and on one of these occasions was appointed cheif of the State. These offers he declined to accept for the same reasons which had occasioned him first to resign. And the loss of him on that bench has been deeply felt & sincerely regretted.\nI lament that my lack of acquaintance with almost every department, will entitle my reccomendation to little weight, even if it might be of any value to those; with whom I am intimately acquainted. I can however refer to Mr. Graham of the Department of State, and Thomas Dougherty esq Clerk of the House of Representatives, for the credit to which my statement is entitled, and these gentlemen are no doubt acquainted with the character of the person, whom I have attempted to recommend. I am, Sir, with respect Your Obt. Servt.\nBenjamin Mills", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5517", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Bayle, 13 October 1816\nFrom: Bayle, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nFrankfort Ky. Oct. 13, 1816\nWe understand that Mr. Robert Trimble is willing to accept of the office of District Judge for the district of Kentucky which has become vacant by the death of Judge Innes\nThere is no man in the state who is more competent than Mr. Trimble to discharge the duties of the office & from the high estimation in which he is held by the public both as a lawyer and a citizen we have no hesitation in assuring you that there is no one whose appointment would give as universal satisfaction. Knowing the solicitude that is felt in this country to have the office filled with propriety we have deemed it not improper thus briefly to state to you our opinion of Mr. Trimble\u2019s qualifications \nWith the most profound respect we have the honour to be your most Obt. Sts.\nJohn Bayle\nWilliam Logan\nWilliam Owsley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5518", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Easton, 13 October 1816\nFrom: Easton, James\nTo: Madison, James\nWe the undersign members of the Bar beg leave to respectfully represent to your Excellency that from our acquaintance with Robert Trimble Esqr. we deem him a gentleman well qualified to fill the office of District Judge of the United States court, for the District of Kentucky which has become vacant by the death of the late Honble. Harry Innis. We therefore beg leave to solicit his appointment to that office. In making this request we have no hesitation in stating that we have not only represented our own wishes but that they are in unison with the wishes of the majority of the people.\nThomas Easton\nM. Rowley Thornton\nGeo. W. Baylor\nJohn G. Martin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5519", "content": "Title: To James Madison from S. Theobald, 14 October 1816\nFrom: Theobald, S.\nTo: Madison, James\nWe the undersigned members of the Scott Bar beg leave to respectfully represent to your Excellency that from our acquaintance with Robert Trimble Esqr. resident of the county of Bourbon Ky. we deeme him a gentleman well qualified to fill the office of District Judge of the United states court for the District of Kentucky which has become vacant by the death of the Honble. Harry Innis. We therefore beg leave to sollicit his appointment to that office. In making this request we have no hesitation in stating that we have not only represented our own wishes but that they are in unison with the wishes of the majority of the people\nS. L. Theobald\nW. Warren\nWm. Stites\nAmos Kendall\nNathan Guilford\nJohn T. Johnson\n G. HenryYoung", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5520", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Mortimer Bibb, 14 October 1816\nFrom: Bibb, George Mortimer\nTo: Madison, James\nFrankfort Kentucky Octr. 14th 1816.\nThe death of Judge Innes, has devolved on you the duty of appointing a Judge of the District court of the U. S. for the Kentucky District.\nRobert Trimble Esqr. is selected by the voice of his countrymen as the Successor of Judge Innes.\nMr. Trimble is of long standing at the bar; he ranks with the foremost in his profession. For talents he is surpassed by no lawyer in the state; for integrity he is known & tried. He was for several years a Judge of the Court of Appeals, the highest Judicial tribunal in the country; his services there commanded the applause and veneration of his country men, & when he retired from the Bench to take his stand at the bar, it excited universal regret amongst professional men & the intelligent persons & land holders of the Country.\nSuch was the mass of confidence in his abilities and uprightness which public opinion bestowed upon him, that the publick attention was turned towards the parsimony of the Legislature who had suffered such a loss to the Bench for want of a competent salary. I speak not in exaggeration, but plainly those things in which my contrymen think with me, & have spoken. I had the pleasure to be associated with him as a member of the Bench & had the best opportunities of knowing his qualifications for the office of Judge. He is a rare man, most eminently qualified by his natural endowments, his temper & the correctness of his habits to be placed on the Judgment seat. He is a known, tried, & approved Republican.\nMr. Martin D. Hardin a gentleman of the first standing at the bar, but a Junior practitioner, declined standing in competition with Mr. Trimble for the office.\nSuch is the reputation of Mr. Trimble that it would excite surprize & regret if any other man should be appointed to the office: especially should the appointment be conferred on a junior member of the bar of Kentucky. Permit me to assure you of my high respect & undeminished confidence in your administration\nGeo: M. Bibb", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5522", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Lane, 15 October 1816\nFrom: Lane, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nWashington Octo. 15.1816.\nI have the honor to report, that during your absence, the Public Buildings in this City have advanced with as much rapidity, as perhaps under all circumstances, we ought to expect. The walls of the Presidents house are carried up nearly to the parapet, notwithstanding they were to take down much lower than had been apprehended. Great efforts are making to cover in that building this season, and with every prospect of success. In the North wing of the capitol, the masonry of the basement story, including the Court room and its offices, is completed, except the main arch of the Court room, which is now in progression; the partition walls of the principal story are likewise carried up. Our operations on the South wing are still suspended for want of the columns. For procuring these from our native quarries of Marble on the Potomak, a contract was entered into some time past. The prospect of a speedy supply from that source is not now so promising as at a former period. The Difficulties of an undertaking so new, in this part of our country, are very considerable; but efforts are still making to surmount them. To carry into effect the act for enclosing & improving the Capitol square, a contract was entered into at an early period, with one of our enterprising citizens; in pursuance of which the basement wall has been carried round three sides, and part of the fourth. The Iron railing is in great forwardness if not completed, but the free stone coping has not equally progressed. It is however believed that the whole appropriation for that object will be expended within the season. With great Respect I have the honor to be Sir Yr. obt. Srt.\nSaml. LaneCom\u2019r Public Buildings", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5523", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander James Dallas, 15 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\nDear Sir\nWashington Octr. 15. 1816\nIt being finally arranged that Mr. Crawford will enter the Treasury Department on Monday next, I lose no time in apprizing you of the day, on which the requisition on your kind and protracted attention to its duties, will be at an end. The letter offering the War Department to Mr. Lowndes, having been sent to N. York missed of him altogether; and it unluckily happened, that he set out, after his return to Washington, before I had an opportunity of communicating with him. A letter will follow him with a chance of overtaking him, before he reaches Charleston: but will probably not arrest his journey, should the object of it be acceptable to him.\nI thank you very much, my dear Sir, for the friendly offers in your favor of the 5th. inst: and I renew all my acknowlegements & assurances with respect to the past services, for which I am personally indebted; as well as our Country which is enjoying and awaiting the beneficial fruits of them. Accept my high esteem and my cordial salutations\nJames Madison\nNothing has occurred diminishing the improbability of Col: Jessup\u2019s intelligence. You will have noticed the occurrence in the Gulf of Mexico, which is producing considerable sensation. We are not able to appreciate all its circumstances; but it is difficult to believe that the Conduct of the Spanish Squadron, is to be ascribed to hostile orders from Madrid.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5525", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Martin D. Hardin, 15 October 1816\nFrom: Hardin, Martin D.\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir,\nFrankfort October 15th. 1816\nI had the honor of addressing a letter about ten days since to the Secretary of State, withdrawing my name from the list of those recommended for the appointment of District Judge in place of the late Judge Innes. I presume that letter has been laid before you. In it I have explicitedly & candidly stated the reasons for my withdrawing my name.\nSince I wrote that letter I have understood that some persons desirous of promoting the interest of some other gentleman have stated that Mr. Trimble if appointed does not intend to hold the office but a short time, & will surrender it to some other, perhaps to the late Member of Congress Mr. Clark. I do not know whether this statement has been forwarded to you. If it has, it is the assertion of a person who is realy unacquainted with Mr. Trimble, or wilfully Misrepresents him. Mr. Trimble is incapable of duplicity. He is incapable of becoming the tool of any man or set of Men. His standing is such that he needs no combination, to draw forth the recommendation of those who are best qualified to judge of proper persons to fill this office. He Merits it. No Man in the State possesses the Confidence of the Country at large for a Judicial Station in as high a degree as Mr. Trimble.\nYour Excellency must have heard that within a few years past there have been some clashing decisions on land suits given by the Supreme Court of the United States and by Our Court of Appeals. It is certainly desirable if practicable that this breach should be closed & not widened. Mr. Trimble possesses the Confidence of the Judges of the Court of Appeals & of the Judge of Our Federal Circuit Court Judge Todd, in a very high degree, and can do more if placed on the bench to bring about a reconciliation than any other man.\nIt is understood here that Mr. John T. Mason of Lexington has been recommended for this office by his acquaintances at that place. Mr. Mason as a man & as a Citizen is amiable and deserving. As a lawyer he is unknown and cannot therefore have the confidence of the Country. The great weight of business in Our Courts here is the land business. It is impossible that any man who has come so recently to the State as Mr. Mason has to be acquainted with it. It is a system which has gradually unfolded itself in our Courts, and is only to be there learned, by experience.\nMr. Trimble has grown up with our land law, and combines more admirable all the qualifications for a judge than any Man I ever saw on the bench.\nI have troubled you farther than my slight acquaintance would have warranted. But having been named for that office by some gentlemen whose confidence & good opinion I Shall always be proud of, and upon a whole view of this Subject, judging for my Self, judging impartially for the cause of virtue & Liberty, & for the triumph of good principles I have come to this result that to say the very least of this matter the Govt. is left without hazard or danger to nominate Mason or Trimble, with this advantage on the side of Mason that he certainly has more the Confidence of the republican party & it is supposed that his appointment at this time is important while the friends of Mr. Trimble or his Supporters rather, on this occasion are composed of personal friends & political foes &c. &c. I would advise no thing that I thought would injure the cause or make the administration unpopular. I do not believe that there is any danger in this case. The Executive is therefore left to Select without hazard.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5526", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William J. Lowndes, 16 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lowndes, William J.\nDear Sir\nWashington Ocr. 16. 1816\nThe resignation of the Treasury, by Mr. Dallas, drawing after it a vacancy in the War Department, now to be filled, I am desirous of availing our Country of your talents & services in the latter. With a hope of obtaining your assent, I addressed a letter to you, which, from the course of your journey can not have reached you; and as soon as I ascertained that you had arrived in Washington, I sent a request to be favored with a call on me. Unluckily, you had set out for S. Carolina, and had proceeded too far to be overtaken. Will you be so good as to say, whether I may count on your acceptance of the Trust in question? As early an answer as you can make convenient is desirable; and it will afford me great pleasure, both on public & personal considerations, if it should be in the affirmative. Be assured, Sir, of my high esteem and of my cordial respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5528", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Prettyman Merry, 17 October 1816\nFrom: Merry, Prettyman\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir \nBuckingham county Virga. Oct. 17th. 1816\nI have a Son Doc Samuel Merry that hath been in Aloe state of health for some time past, And he wishes to spend this winter in some of the Mediterranean islands for his health And he wishes to get the appointment of Surgon or Surgons mate in Our fleet whis is stationed in that quarter. I can only informe you that the Doc. hath had for several years before his ilness an extensive practice as a Phision in the County of Charlotte wheare he lived and the Country; ajoining with great sucsess. Letters of recommendation can be had if Nessary. The Doc will be at my house in a few days and hath requested me to write to you on the subject I am Dear Sir with respect yours\nPrettyman Merry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5530", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Wilson Cary Nicholas, 18 October 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nCouncil Chamber, Richmond, October 18th. 1816.\nI have the honor to inform you that you are appointed one of the Visitors of the Central College in Albemarle, and to forward you the enclosed Commission. It is hoped that it will not be inconvenient for you to undertake the Execution of this office. I am, Sir, With great respect, Your Humble Servant\nW. C. Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5532", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Francis Corbin, 20 October 1816\nFrom: Corbin, Francis\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nThe Reeds, Virginia Wh: Ch: Po: Off: Ocr. 20th. 1816\nSome years ago a Pipe of my Port Wine strayed up to Alexandria instead of being landed at Norfolk. As it was troublesome to get it round, and I knew it to be superior to any that could be imported in the ordinary way, I offered it to General Washington and Mr. Fitzhugh at prime Cost, charges &c. The latter took it and divided it. It proved to be as I expected, & they wished for more. A similar accident has again occurred. A Pipe has arrived at Alexa. for me, the Duty on which I have directed Mr. M\u2019Kenna the Cashier of the Bank of Alexa. to pay. If a Pipe of such Wine be agreeable to you I beg leave to offer it on the same terms and with the same friendly motives of Respect, and no other, with which I offered it to Genl. W. and Mr. F.\nThe Pipe is inclosed, as usual with my wine, in an outward Case to guard against tricks, and contains generally 135 to 140 Gallons. The Cost of it at Porto was \u00a352. 10. Stg. With all other charges of Insurance & cta., exclusive of Duties, it will mount up to near or about \u00a360 Sterling. Should you choose to take it Mr. M\u2019Kenna will send it to the City. If you do not choose it, I beg again that you will ascribe my offer of it to that great Respect and Sincere friendly Regard, with which I am, and have ever been, Dear Sir, Your Much Obliged and Mo: faithful Servt.\nFrancis Corbin\nP. S. Be pleased, Sir, to present my respectful Compts. to Mrs. Madison and my regards to Mr. Todd if he be with you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5533", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William J. Lowndes, 20 October 1816\nFrom: Lowndes, William J.\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nI feel very sensibly the honor which you do me in offering me the charge of the War-department & am still more flattered by the expressions of personal regard contained in your letter. A preference however for the situation which I now fill (among other reasons because it allows me to apply a portion of the year to the care of my private affairs) will make me decline that which you have proposed that I should occupy.\nThe short stay which I made in Washington prevented my paying my respects to you there & Mrs. Lowndes & myself were disappointed in our hopes of making a visit to Montpelier. You left it on the day on which we had intended to have availed ourselves of the kind invitation which you had given to Mrs. Lowndes. With the highest respect & esteem Your obedient Servant\nWm. Lowndes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5534", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Adam Beatty, 21 October 1816\nFrom: Beatty, Adam\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nWashington, Ky. 21st. Octr. 1816\nUnderstanding that Mr. Robert Trimble, of Bourbon county, in this State, is desirous of obtaining the office, filled by the late Judge Innis, it is with sincere pleasure I afford my evidence in favour of his application. Mr. Trimble is at the very head of the bar in this State, and his character, in every respect, stands as fair as that of any gentleman in this Commonwealth. Having practiced law for upwards of five years in one of the courts, in which I preside; and having for several years, before I came upon the bench, practiced in some of the courts, which I attended as a lawyer, I have had a good opportunity of Judging of his qualifications to fill the office to which he now aspires. Besides the opportunity this afforded of forming an opinion as to his qualifications to fill a judicial office, a still more ample opportunity has been afforded of forming a correct, I might say an unerring Judgment of his eminent qualifications to fill any Judicial appointment, to which his country should appoint him.\nMr. Trimble held for some time, the appointment of a Judge, in the Court of Appeals of this State; and whilst in that office he gave the most ample proofs of his capacity to fill the highest Judicial appointment. Whilst he retained that office he gave, I believe, Universal satisfaction, and his voluntary retirement from office (because of the inadequacy of the salary, and his pecuniary circumstances, not justifying the sacrafice he was making) occasioned the most sincere and universal regret. In a word, Mr. Trimble is one of our most respectable citizens, and in point of talents is, perhaps, not excelled by any gentleman of the bar, now practicing in the courts of this Commonwealth. With sentiments of the highest respect & esteem I am your obt. Servt.\nA Beatty.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5536", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joseph Delaplaine, 22 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\nSir \nWashington Oct. 22. 1816\nI have recd. your letter of the instant. I had previously recd. a copy of the first half volume of the Repository.\nOf the general object of a work, which is to exhibit the likenesses & lives of selected Individuals, it would be superfluous to express an approbation. In the execution of the work, the essential merit must of course depend on the propriety of the selections, on the discriminating care with which biographical materials are used, and on the justness and impartiality of the observations, which may be mingled with the facts. Being unable at present, & expecting to be so for some time, to peruse the recd. specimen of the Undertaking, I cannot say more than that the characters brought to view are worthy of a place in it; and that from a few pages as they offered themselves, I judge very favorably of the capacities of the pen from which they proceed.\nI have dropped you these lines, that I might not fail altogether in attention to the wish which you expressed. But as they are evidently without importance in any respect, that consideration alone will excuse me to you, for requesting that they may not be put into Print. Accept my friendly respects\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5537", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Elbert Jr. Anderson, 22 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Anderson, Elbert Jr.\nSir\nMontpr Ocr 22 1816\nI have recd. your letter of the 12th. instant.\nThe attention of the Ex. of the U. S. being divided among the several Depts. he cannot be supposed as particularly acquainted with the transactions under Each as their respective Heads of them. What I can say with truth & with pleasure, in your case is that every thing I recollect to have known of your Agency in supplying the Army during the late war was favorable to the Ability and zeal with the trust was executed.\nI thank you for the Treatise of Majr. Gen Beatson. With friendly respects\nJM.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5538", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 22 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nSir \nWashington Ocr. 22. 1816\nI have duly recd. your letter of the 18th. inclosing a commission for me as one of the Visitors of the Central College in Albemarle. With a reservation of the time required by my remaining duties at this place, I shall with pleasure contribute my services in promoting the welfare of so beneficial an Institution. Accept my esteem & respect\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5540", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joshua Dawson, 24 October 1816\nFrom: Dawson, Joshua\nTo: Madison, James\nWashington, October 24th. 1816\nThe subscribers, take the liberty, respectfully to represent to the President of the United States, the following grievances, to which they are likely to be subjected, in consequence of permission granted by the President, to Mr. Richard Forrest, to occupy as a Stable, the building on the South-east-corner of G, and 14th. Street, formerly in possession of the President.\nThe building, ranging exactly in a line with the pavement, & the adjoining dwelling houses, must render the egress, and ingress of the horses, extremely inconvenient, as well as hazardous to passengers, and all those living more immediately in the neighborhood. The danger also from fire, will excite considerable alarm to the inhabitants, as there is no doubt, that the stable will be resorted to during the night time, and the many fatal accidents which have happened from such practices, will very naturally increase the anxiety. The subscribers, therefore encourage the hope, that the President will, upon consideration of the circumstances stated, be pleased to withdraw his grant to Mr. Forrest, more especially, as the subscribers understand, that the building in question, is wanted to be fitted up, for the use of the Lancastrian school, at present deprived of a suitable house. \nRespectfully Submitted,\nJosa. Dawson\nP. Jarratt\nWm. Parker\nJames McClay\nJno. N. Lovejoy\nJohn M. Moore\nJoshua Mooer\nJos. Dougherty\nWm. James", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5541", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joshua Wingate, 24 October 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Wingate, Joshua\n24th. Octor.\nJ. Madison requests the favor of Mr. Wingate to dine with him, on Thursday next, at Four o\u2019clock.\nAn answer is requested.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5542", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Rhea, 25 October 1816\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nChoctaw Trading House 25th. Octr. 1816.\nI have the pleasure to inform You that Yesterday a treaty was made and concluded with the Choctaw nation of Indians; by it that nation has ceded to the United States all their claim to lands laying east of a boundary, beginning at the mouth of Oshtibbuha (a large Creek runing into the Tombigby River on the West) the Chickasaw boundary, and runing thence down the Tombigby River untill it intersects the northern boundary of a cession made to the United States by the Choctaws at Mount Dexter on the Sixteenth of November eighteen hundred and five, in consideration whereof the treaty provides that six thousand dollars be annually paid for twenty Years to the Choctaw nation, and ten thousand dollars in merchandize, immediately after executing the treaty, all which I trust will meet Your approbation. \nI have the honor to be, with Sincere esteem and consideration Your Obt. Servt.\nJohn Rhea\nThe commissioners will be detained here some few days adjusting matters incidental to their mission.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5543", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Moses Porter, 26 October 1816\nFrom: Porter, Moses\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nNewYork October 26th. 1816\nI beg leave to reccommed to your notice for the appointment of Surgeon in the Army, Doctor John Carpenter of this City; As Surgeon of Sea Fencibles during the late War, and as Acting Surgeon of a Post Since the peace, he has by his zeal and assiduity in the discharge of his duty, by the Skill and Success of his practice together with his uniformly correct and exemplary Deportment merited and obtained the respect and esteem of all the Officers with whom he has been associated; and I embrace with pleasure the present opportunity of bearing testimony to his merits both as an Officer and Citizen, and of Soliciting his Appointment in the United States Service.\nM PorterBrigdr. Genl.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5546", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tustunnuggee Thlucco, 30 October 1816\nFrom: Thlucco, Tustunnuggee\nTo: Madison, James\nFort Hawkins 30th. October 1816\nWe have put some of our men on the road to See you. Colo. Hawkins now being dead, we have no person to do our business.\n When you See these men, who are a deputation from us to you, they will represent our whole people. Ever Since the War we have not had any thing Settled Straight with us, we hope you will Settle every thing Straight with them.\nFriend & Brother, We have often Sent you our talks Since the war, but have not received any from you in return.\nWhen you See our deputation, and talk with them, it will be as if you were talking with us.\nFriend & Brother, These our deputation we Send to you, and when you See One another, we want you to Settle every thing that has happened in our nation. My friend, to you we look up to as Steady and firm; we have had many Crazy men in our nation and they have led us astray. We hope you will make Some permanent arrangement for us. Ever Since our nation got Crazy, we have not had any thing Straight; we Send this deputation to Settle every thing relative to our nation. These our deputation, when they talk with you, will tell you every thing that has hapened to us, and they will tell you the truth. These men are a deputation from us, and by this letter you will know it. We have not a long talk to Send. On the death of Colo. Hawkins you appointed his Nephew Cap. Hawkins to attend to our business, when we applied to him to Settle our business he was Sick and not able to get up. We have with Cap Hawkins Requested Major Hughes U. States Factor to attend our deputation to you.\nWhen you See our deputation One will Shake hands with you first, that is Tus-ke-he-ne-hau of Cussituk, who will deliver a Short talk to you himself.\nOur two Chiefs & warriors, Major McIntosh & Eu-fa-law-Yo-ho-lo-mic-co, will be the principal persons who Settle the whole of our business with you, those who will Coincide with their arrangements with you for our nation, are Took-aw-bat-chee Tus-ke-he-ne-hau, Cussituk Fie-man-thlaw, Tus-keeke Emanth-lau & our two Interpreters Cap George Louck & M. Samuel Hawkins.\nWe owe One another in our nation, and Stand in Need of what is Comeing from the United States to us. Our deputation will arrange with you for it. Friend & Brother, we Send you our deputation to talk with you. We are your friends and the friends of the United States.\nTus-tun-nug-gee Thlu-cco BW his markSpeaker of the upper CreeksTus-tun-nug-gee Hopoie X his markSpeaker of the lower CreeksWitnessGeorge C. Louck GL markPublic Interpreter\nWritten as InterpretedWm. Bowenas U. S. Factor Ft. Hawkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5547", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Moses Ray, 30 October 1816\nFrom: Ray, Moses\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nPhilada. October 30th. 1816\nYou may deem it the height of presumption in me as a private and I may say an obscure individual to address the first Officer in our Country. The object I have in view will I trust be a sufficient excuse for the intrusion. I have determined upon endeavouring to settle with 2 or 300 Families on the fertile banks of the Ohio, Mississippi or on any good lands Contiguous to navigable waters. Our Country is rich in lands and if you will honor me with your assistance in the undertaking it may ultimately be a national benefit. My plan is this Sir. If I had the grant of 30. or 40.000 Acres free of all expence for Ten years with an assurance that at the end of that term the then occupants should have the priviledge of purchasing at the fair Value the improvements in that time would So enhanse it in Value that it would be an object of immense importance.\nIt is unnecessary for me to Say any thing relative to my standing in society as that of course will be satisfactorily explained in case you decide favourably. My motives are purely Philanthropic and with your Countenance I may be the instrument not only of individual but of actual national benefit.\nNumerous Emigrants groaning under oppression in their own countrys flee to this hospitable clime Many of them (particularly from Ireland) have nothing but the warm glowings of patriotism and love of liberty to recommend them. This Eden of the World receives them to its hospitable bosom on their arrival How are they circumstanced without friends and without funds. They look to the West but no friendly purse enables them to reach there. Consequently our Cities are overrun with men who would Shine Conspicuously in the Western forest I therefore Sir request that you would enable me to prosecute so laudable an undertaking.\nI have been endeavouring to form an association for this purpose but without effect Every One appears to be engrossed with their own business and unwilling to embark in One that appears So distant ere their funds return Presuming fairly on the importance and utility of the undertaking I have taken this liberty and feel Confident you will bestow upon it the Consideration it merits.\nJoseph North Esquire, Purser in our Navy is at present in Washington to whom I beg leave respectfully to request you would Communicate your opinion on this important Subject I have the honor to be Sir With Sentiments of high Consideration and respect Your Most Obt. He. St.\nMoses Ray", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5549", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Ezra Davis, November 1816\nFrom: Davis, Ezra\nTo: Madison, James\nNovember 1816\nThe undersigned memorialists, citizens of, the United States, in behalf, of themselves and others, respectfully represent;\nThat in the prosecution of their lawful concerns, they have sustained a pecuniary loss to a considerable amount, by the arrest, seisure, and actual confiscation of their property, by Henry Christophe, lately styled President, but now King of, Hayti, as fully and particularly appears, and is exemplified, by the inclosed papers Marked A. B. & C.\nThe printed paper marked A. shews, that American property was arrested, on the alleged ground, that the Haytian chiefs agent, in Baltimore, had defrauded him, and that ours was seized, because the Owners were Americans, and their property was in his power.\nThe paper marked B. shews the actual confiscation of our funds, by the King of Hayti, by his requiring the resident Merchants to pay therefrom 124.955 dollars and 19 Cents, into his Treasury.\nThe inclosed affidavit of Mr. Abel Marple, marked C. proves that the papers A & B. above referred to, are authentic, and that so far as the Mercantile house of which he was a partner were concerned in the transaction, the order B. was actually complied with, and their proportion paid into the Treasury, as required.\nWe also know, and the fact is susceptible of proof, that all the parties called upon, did, in like manner, pay their respective proportions of the sum required, and that the full sum of 124.955 dollars and 19 Cents, was paid into the Treasury of Christophe pursuant to, and in conformity with, the Order B.\nOn the fact, above detailed, but few remarks can be necessary; it is a clear, indisputable, and by the Haytian Government an admitted fact, that our property was confiscated, because it was American.\nThe confiscation has been made by Sovereign Authority, which we were not only unable, but unauthorised to resist. The only legitimate resource left to us, through which redress can be expected, or indeed possibly obtained, is through the intervention of our own Government, to obtain which, is the object of your memorialists in submitting their grievances to the President of the United States. We are aware, that it is not for your Memorialists to prescribe what measures ought to be pursued, yet we beg leave respectfully to state, that in our opinion, if a remonstrance shall be made, and redress demanded, by authority of our Government, they will not be disregarded; which measures we flatter ourselves the President will deem it expedient to adopt, or in such other Manner endeavour to obtain redress, as on consideration may be deem\u2019d most suitable to the occasion.\nJ W Simonton,Surviving partner of Simonton & Woode, owners of the Schr. Maria, Cap. Hardie & Cargo at Gonaives\nEzra Davis.John BanistreJohn W Quincy,for Self & other Owners of Brig Venus, Joshua Nash Master}C D HowellS P MontgomeryOwners of Schooner off ofie}J W Simontonowner of the Schr. Maria Cap. Hardie & Cargo at Cape Henry.}Jn. Randallowner of the part Cargo of Ship JohnWillm. GreethamAtty, & acting for the late firm of Greetham & DevereuxJabez Boothroyd,part owner & agent, the Schooner Mariner & Cargo.}Geo. Burroughs Jnr.for self & agent for other owners cargo Sch. Betsey, Hull Master}Wm. Patterson & Sons,Owners of Schooner Nymph Captn. Caleb Cranston & her Cargo.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5550", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Gibbs Crawford Antrobus, 1 November 1816\nFrom: Antrobus, Gibbs Crawford\nTo: Madison, James\nNovember 1. 1816.\nMr. Antrobus presents his respects to The President and Mrs. Madison and will have the honor of dining with them on Thursday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5552", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Jacob Astor, 3 November 1816\nFrom: Astor, John Jacob\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia Novr. 3. 1816\nI had the Honnor to Ricie your letter of the 29 ulto in which you are pleased To express a wish that I would Remit to Mr. Gallatin on your account A Bill on Paris for 338 Francs, which I will Do on my Return to new york and of which I will have the pleasure to Transmit to you an account. I have the Honnor to be Most Respectfully Sir your obdt. Humbl. Servt.\nJohn Jacob Astor\nP S. Would you have the goodness to present My best Respects To Mrs. Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5554", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Conard, 6 November 1816\nFrom: Conard, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPhila. County Penna. 6th Nov. 1816\nBeing advised by a number of my friends and my present situation rendering it desirable, I have taken the liberty to apply for the Situation of Act. of the War Department lately become Vacant by the Death of Col. Lear.\nI have, I trust, good reasons to believe that the best wishes of a great proportion of the friends of the administration in the State and particularly in this District are with me in the application; And I am also induced to believe that my habits and former pursuits will enable me with Strict application and industry to discharge the Various duties of such an office.\nShould it accord with your Views and you be pleased to name me to that office I shall esteem it a particular favour to which all my exertions shall be directed to repay, as well to the public, as yourself personally with perfect good faith. With the highest Considerations of Respect I Remain Sir your frd & Servt.\nJohn Conard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5555", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Anne Cary Randolph Morris, 6 November 1816\nFrom: Morris, Anne Cary Randolph\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir\nBetween Nov 6, 1816March 4, 1817\nGod will, no doubt, reward you for getting some of your Friends to see Mr. Randolph read the two enclosed letters. Oh, Sir, in this alone can you serve the Injured innocent Babe of an afflicted widow her darling child whom Mr. Ogden has Swindled out of half his patrimony and tries to Rob him of his home also. Most respectfully your humble Servant\nAnn C. Morris\nP. S\nLet some person write me a line, to say this is done, I pray you. If Beverley Randolph is in Washington he will do it: If Jack Randolph will not read my letter and Mr. Shorts I will pay, for inserting both in the Intelligencer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5556", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Anne Cary Randolph Morris, 6 November 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Morris, Anne Cary Randolph\nMadam\nBetween Nov. 6, 1816 and March 4, 1817\nBeing constrained by circumstances which I cannot properly disregard, to decline the request in your letter without date, I cannot do otherwise with the one enclosed in it than return it in the same state it came to hand, that you may substitute some other course for its delivery. I beg you to be assured Madam that this Step does not proceed in any degree from a want of the sympathy which you have addressed; & that you have my best wishes for your happiness & the welfare of your infant son on which it essentially depends", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5557", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin G. Orr, 7 November 1816\nFrom: Orr, Benjamin G.\nTo: Madison, James\nSir!\nWashington 7th. Novr. 1816.\nA distrust, which existed during my Contract for the eighth military district, and by which I suffered very much, I flattered myself had been entirely extinguished, by the thorough investigations that Subject had undergone & by the regular & peaceable execution of two Subsequent contracts which had been granted to me. I flatter myself it exists now no where, but in the breasts of those, who have not had an opportunity to understand the true grounds of the difficulties which gave rise to it & I pray you Sir, in taking into veiw, the Collateral considerations which present themselves in deciding & distributing the contract for the ensuing year to be referred to the late & present Secretaries of the Department of War, who are intimately, acquainted with my conduct in the contract first noticed, for information of my merits or demerits, in that respect. With great esteem Sir I have the honor to be Yr. Mo Obt. Servt.\nBenj. G. Orr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5558", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Devereaux, 7 November 1816\nFrom: Devereaux, John\nTo: Madison, James\nValued Sir\nWashington 7th. Novbr. 1816\nI beg leave to present you with two Peruvian Tiger Skins, which you\u2019ll please to accept as a small token to record that gratitude which in common with our country, I shall never cease to owe you, and that high respect for virtues and merits, which I feel too Strongly to express by words. With profound respect and esteem, I am Sir your most obdt. Servt.\nJ. Devereux", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5559", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Pseudonym: \"Philanthropos\", 8 November 1816\nFrom: Pseudonym: \u201cPhilanthropos\u201d\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nNew York 8th. Novr. 1816.\nI have already done myself the honor to address you, on the Subject of the Slave trade, and the Violation of the Laws of the United States in carrying it on; I now presume to offer for your Consideration Some hints on an affair, which threatens both personal danger and loss of property to this Country probably to a very Considerable extent.\nA Proclamation from the Viceroy of St. F\u00e9, pretending to open the Ports of that Province to our Merchants, has lately been published by the Spanish Ambassador, the manifest object of which is, to induce shippments of Supplies from the United States, for which the said Viceroy and his Troops are Known to be in the utmost distress. The Viceroy well knows, and the Ambassador ought to know, that altho\u2019 said Shippments should arrive, and would no doubt materially Suit the pressing necessities of the Royalists, they possess no means of Payment, either in money or produce. The little money Genl. Morillo brought from Spain was blown up in a Man of War, and the Constant collision of Parties there has prevented the usual Crops of Cocoa, Coffee, Tobacco &c from being made.\nThe inference then is, that this Proclamation, however, sanctioned by the Spanish Minister, amounts to a Swindling trick calculated to provision the Royalist troops at our expence, for the Cargos arriving would be either forcibly taken, or fraudulently purchased and Not paid for. Moreover in Such case, should the Owners or Agents on the Spot, venture a warm remonstrance, a dungeon if not more might be their fate.\nShall I remind your Excellency of the Conduct of this Same Viceroy on his first possessing himself of Carthagena to many of our Citizens, his Scandalous purchases of their property, his essential Seizure thereof, and his final Violation and incarceration of their persons. Many well intentioned Merchants are uninformed of this, and might fall Victims if left unapprised.\nAs to Don Onis himself, the purity of his intentions are not unquestionable. The hopeful would be Representative of the enlightened and Virtuous Cortes, new transformed into the Ambassador of a Bigot, Fool and Villain, who outrages humanity, can offer but a very slender guarantee for the honesty of the Viceroy.\nShould your Excellency deem my intimations Vague, you may be readily informed by the Merchants of Baltimore, the principal Sufferers by the first decoy, what Morillo\u2019s Conduct was to them.\nActuated in my Communications by the public interest and general good alone, I shall not trespass on the Patriotism and feelings of the President so far, as to offer any apology for this intrusion on his Valuable time, Confident that what is most expedent will be done. With perfect Consideration, I have the honour to be Your Excellency\u2019s Most devoted humble Servant\nPhilanthropos", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5561", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Sloane, 9 November 1816\nFrom: Sloane, John,Beall, Reasin\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nWooster 9th. November 1816.\nObserving that the Office of Accountant for the Department of War, has become vacant, by the death of Colo. Lear, permit us the liberty of recommending to your Excellency\u2019s consideration the Honourable David Clendenin Esquire representative in Congress from the 6th. district of Ohio, as a gentleman well qualified to discharge the duties of that Office. We have the honour to be Your Excellency\u2019s most Obt. & Most Humble Servants\nReasin Beall\nJohn Sloane", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5562", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Anderson, 9 November 1816\nFrom: Anderson, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nWashington 9th: Novr. 1816\nThe first time I had the honor of Seeing you, after your late return from Virginia, you had the goodness to Observe, that you had Recd. a letter from me, respecting Mr. Worthington, my Principal Clerk, and at the same time you Observed, that you entertained a high Opinion of him, but that as few Vacancies happened, and he had not designated any particular kind of Office which he might wish to fill, you found difficulty in complying with his wish. I have within a few days past had Some conversation with Mr. Worthington, and he has Suggested to me, that he woud be willing to accept a respectable Consulate, Such as you might deem him competent to fill. He woud be willing to fill the one lately Vacated by Mr. Lee at Burdeaux, or If, as has been understood Mr. Shaler wishes to leave Algeirs, And that place Shou\u2019d become Vacant, he woud accept it, or if the Government Shou\u2019d Think of Sending a Consul to Some of the South American Ports, he woud be willing to go there. He wou\u2019d accept of the place of District Judge of the State of Indiana, and he woud I think, make quite as able a one, as any that may be oferd as Candidates, and on the score of indepence, integrity and Patriotism of the right Sort, (for he is a Most faithful Supporter of The true republican cause), I am of Opinion he wou\u2019d not be excelld. Shou\u2019d the Collectorship of Orleans, from any cause, e\u2019er long become Vacant, he wou\u2019d fill that place much to the real interest of The United States. \nThe Only places which I believe are now Vacant, of those I have designated, are, the Consulate at Burdeaux and that of District Judge, of the State of Indiana. Shoud These two places be now vacant, as I have Supposed, I take leave to recommend Mr. Worthington as a Candidate, for One of them. Your choice wou\u2019d be his, for Such is his Modesty, that he cannot prevail with himself to Say, Which he wou\u2019d prefer, but my own opinion is, he wou\u2019d prefer the appointment of Judge, but in This I may be mistaken, for he has not absolutely said so. He wou\u2019d however be content with either, or any other of those which have been mentiond.\nPress\u2019d as I know you must be With business at this time, so Shortly before the Meeting of Congress, I must request that you will permit, Mr. Worthingtons Solicitude and my friendship for him, to plead my appology, for thus obtruding, and accept assurance of my high and most respectfull consideration\nJos: Anderson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5564", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Duncan, 9 November 1816\nFrom: Duncan, William\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPhilada. Novr. 9th. 1816.\nUnderstanding that the honorable John Conard has applied with highly satisfactory and honorable testimonials, for the Office rendered vacant by the lamented death of Colonel Lear, it may savour too much of presumption for me to add any thing. But my personal knowledge of Mr. Conards highly respectable standing in Society and among the friends of the Administration in particular, induces me to come in as an auxiliary. Such is the judgment which I have formed of Mr. Conards character; that I deem it honorable to the Government and fortunate for our Country when qualifications and dispositions, such as he possesses, are employed in important public Offices. With sentiments of the highest consideration & esteem I have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s Obedt. Servt.\nWm. Duncan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5566", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Alexander James Dallas, 11 November 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\nDear Sir\nWashington Novr. 11. 1816\nThe approaching meeting of Congress requires that I should be making preparation for the event. The paragraph relating to the Finances will be a very important, and happily a very pleasing one. Persuaded that your peculiar familiarity with the subject is as yet little impaired, I am tempted by your experienced kindness, to intrude so far on moments belonging to other objects, as to request from your pen a prospectus of the receipts & expenditures of the fiscal year, with the balance in the Treasury, and a notice of the public debt at its latest liquidation.\nThe Statement may be the more brief as I wish to refer to your \"Sketches\" as an accompanying Document; which can not fail to be acceptable to Congress, useful to the public, and honorable under every aspect. It occurs however, that if thus used, one or two of the topics at its close may be criticised as not exactly within the scope of a Report from the particular Dept. of the Treasury; if not construable in a latitude not covered by the Constitution. The remarks of either kind can be easily guarded against.\nAltho\u2019 I presume you possess a copy of the Sketches, I inclose the original draft, that there may be no danger of needless delay, or trouble to you, in the task I am imposing. Be pleased to accept, with my particular respects to Mrs. Dallas, my esteem & best regards\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5567", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Perrin Willis, 13 November 1816\nFrom: Willis, Perrin\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWashington Nov. 13th: 1816\nHaving heard that Mr. Lee has declined accepting the appointment of accountant to the War Department; I beg leave to renew my application for that situation. And to assure you, Sir, that my zeal for the publick good will in case of your pleasure to appoint me, prompt me to discharge with punctuality and fidelity the duties of the station.\nI have recently discovered that the vacancy supposed to exist in the Staff, of Asst. Adj. Genr. was a mistake, the result of letters received by the War Department. I have the honor to be With high consideration Your Most Obt. Servt.\nPerrin Willis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5568", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Charles Ridgely, 13 November 1816\nFrom: Ridgely, Charles\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nIn Council Annapolis November 13, 1816\nI have the honor to transmit to you the enclosed Certificate of the Election of Members of Congress for this State. I have &.\nCharles Ridgelyof Ham.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5569", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Graham, 14 November 1816\nFrom: Graham, George\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nDepartment of War, 14th. Novemr. 1816.\nThe disposition evinced by Congress at the last session in relation to the defences of the United States, by an appropriation which was founded on an estimate, that contemplates an expenditure on fortifications of about four millions of dollars within the next four years; and the great importance of the judicious expenditure of that sum on adequate works, erected on properly selected sites; make it peculiarly necessary, at this time, to form some permanent arrangement, by which the Executive may avail itself of the Opinions of the most eminent officers of the Corps of Engineers, as well as of the assistant Engineer, lately employed, in relation to every point where it may be proper to erect permanent and extensive fortifications. With this view, I take the liberty to submit for your Consideration, the proposed arrangement in relation to the Corps of Engineers, and for the formation & adoption, in future, of all plans for fortifications. That you may distinctly understand the extent of the proposed change, I will state the existing practice in relation to the selection of sites, and the formation and adoption of the plans of the works, for the defence of such sites.\nThe chief of the Corps of Engineers assigns the officers of the Corps to particular districts; the Officer in each district, selects the sites where new works are to be constructed, and reports the plan of the fortification to the chief engineer, by whom it is approved or altered, and thens submitted to the secretary of War for final Adoption.\nThe Officers of the Corps of Engineers being few in number, and the points to be defended being numerous, it frequently happens that an officer of low grade, and consequently of not much experience, is necessarily assigned to select the site and form the plan for the defence of the most important points. This system may be productive of expedition, and may enable the government more immediately to proceed in the simultaneous construction of a greater number of works than the one proposed; but it is believed to be subject to such radical objections, as to make a Change indispensably necessary. I have the honor to be, most respectfully, Sir, your Obedt. Servant,\nGeo: Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5570", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 14 November 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nI have just received your favor of the 11t. inst. It has given me great pleasure; and in the course of two or three days, you will receive the note you request.\nIf you should decide upon sending the Report of September last to Congress, I think it would be best to send it, in the shape of an explanatory Extract, relative to business, which was transacted before Mr. Crawford\u2019s responsibility occurred. The Report was made in its present form, without a view to any other object, than your information, and the accommodation of my Successor.\nI find that your copy of the Report is in my Desk, and I send it by this Mail, that you may direct such extracts to be made, as you deem proper. With Sincere affection and respect, I am, Dear Sir, Yr. faithful Hble. Sert.\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5571", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jean Francois Etienne Delaroque, 15 November 1816\nFrom: Delaroque, Jean Francois Etienne\nTo: Madison, James\nMonsieur le pr\u00e9sident\nJean Fran\u00e7ois Etienne de Laroque, a l\u2019honneur dAppeler \u00e1 votre Excellence, que N\u2019Etant aux Etats unis qu\u2019En passant Pour S\u2019en Retourner En France Sa patrie, N\u2019ayant ni Etat ni Profession Sans fortune N\u2019ayant Ete toute Sa vie que Militair d\u2019ailleurs Sans domicile dans cette Ville, S\u2019Est vu malgr\u00e9 toute Exemption port\u00e9 sur le livre de taxes d\u2019impots \nLe Soussign\u00e9 Nayant jamais Eu Connaissance quil Soit tax\u00e9 fort arbitrairem. Et auparavant jamais pr\u00e9vu qu\u2019un Etranger Sans domicile fut tax\u00e9 en la Somme de Vingt deux dolars, par la Forte Raison, que le Soussign\u00e9 avoit lou\u00e9 une chambre et un cabinet \u00e0 tant par mois.\nNe Connaissant ni la langue Angloise ni les lois du pays le Soussign\u00e9 ne pouvoit faire une declaration, par la Raison qu\u2019il ne Supposait pas qu\u2019un Etranger Sans domicile fut Sujet a payer une immense imposition\nM. le Maire de la Ville \u00e0 qui le Soussign\u00e9 fit faire Sa Declaration les Membres de la Corporation ont et taxer M. Le collecteur qui S\u2019obstinait me faire payer cette taxe aussi arbitraire qu\u2019in\nN\u2019ayant absolument aucun Moyen \u00e0 payer que celui de Vendre Mes effets, Le Soussign\u00e9 Supplie votre Excellence d\u2019ordonner, qu\u2019il Soit Ray\u00e9 des des impositions il attend cette justice de Son Excellence Je Suis avec Respect Monsieur le pr\u00e9sident votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob. Serviteur\nDe Laroque", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5574", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Pierre Roux, 20 November 1816\nFrom: Roux, Pierre\nTo: Madison, James\nMonseignieur\nWashington le 20 novembre de 1816.\nLes bonte dont vous honnorez tous les malheureux Expatri\u00e9s, mangage a prendre la liberter de Vous addresser, la presente pour vous Rendre Compte, de mais intencions, nignorant point monseignieur que votre Excellence Sesse, Ses foncionst, de president le quattre du moi de mars, et ma mauvaise Santer ne mais permettant pas le faire de grande fatigue je desireroit metablir dans washingtons, Si toute foist Cella et de votre Consentement mais intencions Seroit detablir une pettite taverne, mais helas monseignieur mais moyens ne mais suffize pas. Je desireroit que Sont Excellence me pretat 100; ou 150 dollars en vous donnant un Receit et meme vous payer linterest de Cette Somme jusqua Ce que je puisse Renbourser Cette Cantiter dargent a votre Excellence Si monseignieur le president veut biens me favoriser de Cette grace je desireroit avoir Cette Somme pour le premier de decembre a Cause que pettit a petit, jacheteroit toute mais ustensille et alors je mais trouveroit pret pour le jour du 4 de mars, que Sans doutte Sont Excelence naura plus besoins de mon Service.\nJ\u2019esperre monseignieur de vos bontte inconparable prendre mon humilde demande, en macordant vos bontes. Jai lhonneur avec le plus profont Respect Monseignieur de vottre Excellence. vottre tres humble et tres Soumis Serviteur, votre Cuizinier\nPierre Roux", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5575", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Sylvanus Bourne, 20 November 1816\nFrom: Bourne, Sylvanus\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nAmerican Consulate Amsterdam Novr. 28th 1816.\nAs you are Shortly to leave the busy scenes of public life, to enjoy the calm repose of a philosophic retirement, sweetened by the consciousness of having faithfully discharged for a long term of years the duties incumbent on the various elevated Stations to which the public voice has called you, I beg leave to tender you the tribute of my thanks for the confidence you have been pleased to place in me during that period accompanied by every wish for your future health & happiness.\nI trust to your candour, that you will not take it amiss, if once more before your public relations with the U. States shall cease I solicit your paternal attentions to the Situation of our Consuls\nThe Consul General of the U States at Amsterdam has been constrained by the penury of the official revenue to occupy for a long time past the back room of a Carpenters house which is the only accommodations he has for every purpose. A fact So degrading to his Country & so humiliating to himself may be of a nature to arrest your attention & induce your influence in Obtaining the remedy which the nature of the case so loudly calls for. There is certain fitness of things which obviously meets the eye of reason & the common sense of men; & though it is a praise worthy principle which actuates the members of Congress in not consenting to be too lavish of public monies, it may & is often carried to an undue extreme. Public credit & reputation abroad is also necessary to be attended to as involving the dignity & interests of a young & rising nation. Are not these injured in the view of foreigners by having a responsible public functionary of our Country Situated as I am in an important commercial port abroad? While every comparative View of my Situation with my Colleagues is to my disadvantage what is there in such a position that can attract the respect of those with whom I live or Command that due to me by my fellow Citizens, with whom I have concerns of a public nature the due execution of which calls for the previous establishment in their minds of Confidence respect & esteem?\nMr. Eustis Seems to think that if Congress will not Consent to do What ought to be done for the support of our Consular Depart. generally that the Govt. may Consistent with public duty & policy make me an auxiliary allowance as is done to our Consuls at London Paris & Coppenhagen as the aggregate labour of my Services is not less to me than theirs or less important to the public Interests. I have the honor to be in Sentiments of the highest respect yr Ob Servant\nS. Bourne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5576", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 20 November 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\n20 November, 1816.\nAn oppressive attention to the business of the court has prevented my making the inclosed draft earlier; and I send it now in a very rough state, rather than lose a mail for the purpose of copying it.\nI could not venture to fill the blank in the second page; but the figures will be supplied by the Register, upon a question: what will be the aggregate of the public funded debt after the dividend of the 1st of January has been paid, including the debt both before and since the late war?\nMy object has been to be concise and general. I feel the full responsibility of using language which is to be ascribed to you. I am, dear sir, most affectionately and respectfully yours,\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5577", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Josiah Meigs, 20 November 1816\nFrom: Meigs, Josiah\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nGeneral Land Office 20th. Novemr. 1816\nIn consequence of your enquiries, relative to the claim of the Marquis de la Fayette, I have the honor to enclose a copy of a letter from the Register of the Land Office at New Orleans dated 15 July 1816, & a copy of a letter which I addressd to the Secretary of the War Department (dated 20th. August 1816) on the receipt of the Register\u2019s communication. I have the honor to be most respectfully Sir your obedt. servt.\nJosiah Meigs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5578", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Prentis, 23 November 1816\nFrom: Prentis, William\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nWashington 23. Novr. 1816\nMy Son will wait on you for your Patronage to a usefull and necessary Establishment in this City.\nMy attempt to Support a Reading Room falls heavy on me, which I can very Ill bear. I shall be sorry to be under the necessity of giving up so usefull an Institution for want of a part of support to pay the Expenses.\nIn 1803 and 1806 I carried dispatches to Mr. Monroe then in London.\nI refer you to Mr. Meigs of the Land office and others for the usefulness of such a room. His Brother (the Indian Agent) told me he would not have been without the use of my Room the Short time he was in the City for twenty dolls. I am respectfully Sir yours with much Esteem\nWm. Prentiss", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5580", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Cotton Smith, 23 November 1816\nFrom: Smith, John Cotton\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nState of Connecticut November 23. 1816.\nI take the liberty of recommending to your notice the Reverend Mr. Gallaudet, principal, and Mr. Clerc his Assistant, in the \"Asylum for the instruction of deaf and dumb persons\" lately established in this State. I am persuaded they will receive from the First Magistrate of our country, that favorable regard, to which their distinguished exertions in the cause of humanity so eminently entitle them. With the highest respect and consideration I have the honour to be Sir Your obedient and Most humble servant\nJohn Cotton Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5582", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 24 November 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nNovember 24. 1816.\nRemarks upon Commodore Patterson\u2019s letter to the secretary of the navy, dated New Orleans, August 15. 1816.\nThere is no ground for considering the property taken possession of by the naval or military officers of the United States, after the destruction of the fort on the Apalachicola, on the 27th. of July 1816, as prize of war.\nPrize of war must be the result of some lawful belligerent act. It implies a state of war duly declared, or existing, under national authority. Should war even exist, the right of prize cannot be enjoyed but under a grant from the sovereign. None of these ingredients being applicable to the present case, no prize interest can attach.\nThe first question to be made is, was the destruction of the fort, taking place in time of peace, justifiable. This will depend upon the degree of previous unlawful hostility, actual or probable, as directed against the vessels ascending the river. If justifiable, it must be so as an act of necessary resistance. Viewing it in this light, it does not follow that those resisting are invested with the right to go further and appropriate to their use the property found in the fort. This may depend upon other circumstances.\nA claim may be interposed from another quarter. From Spain, for example, as the fort stood upon Spanish territory. If not from Spain from some other quarter. It will be for this government to decide upon the merit of any such claim; and, if disallowed, or if none should be put in, the merit of its own naval and military officers will then come to be considered.\nIt will, undoubtedly, be competent to the government to reward them according to the importance attached to the service. It may distribute among them the whole, or a part, of the property brought off, in such proportions as may be judged proper. But\ncrimes punishable by existing laws of the U. States with death.\n1. Treason.\n2 Murder\n3 Robbery\n4. Piratically running away with, or yielding up (to a pirate)a ship or vessel; or goods to the value of fifty dollars.\n5 Seaman laying violent hands upon his commander to hinder his fighting in defence of the ship or goods\u2019 committed to his charge;\n6. Seaman making a revolt in the ship.\n7. Piracy\n8 Accessory before the fact to murder.\n9 The same of Robbery.\n10 The same of piracy.\n11. Forgery of any indent, certificate, or other publick security of the U. States.\n12. Setting at liberty or rescuing any person convicted of treason.\n13. The same of murder, or any other capital crime.\n14. The wilful destruction of a vessel at sea, with intention to prejudice the owner, or underwriter.\nIn running through the statute book this morning, I find the foregoing list of offences punishable capitally. It is possible I may have passed some over; but most probably the list presents the whole.\nIt is a long one. Considering the very few offences known to the laws of the U. States, those punished with death exist, in a greater proportion, than in England. Neither rapes, nor arsons, nor burglaries, nor many others of a high grade, are, as yet, at all provided for. In short, as far as we have gone, we have copied, closely enough, the bloody code of England; and as the admitted absence of the common law will enlarge, tenfold, the field of our Labors, if we go on in the same spirit, Draco will be the best model of all for our legislators. The offences I have underscored seem not to call for so heavy a doom, which also looses sight of just discriminations in guilt.\nIf so much severity be right in itself, it certainly does not conform to the analogy of the mitigated codes of, I believe, nearly all the states of the union; a mitigation agreed, I also believe, to have been productive of good effects. Why should the two systems, operating in the same community, so differ, merely because a citizen may happen to be upon one side, or the other, of an ideal jurisdictional line?\nPerhaps some explanation of the greater harshness of that of the U. States may be found in this: that most of its capital crimes, (from the search I have made since last evening I should say all but one) were made so by the old act of April 30. 1790. Now, it is since this epoch, that, both in Europe and in our own country, but especially in the latter, the progress of humane and enlightened reform has been so considerable.\nIn consonance with the above remarks, I have ventured to throw out an idea for consideration at the close of the other paper. The expression \"other deficiencies\" in the same place, may cover those known to be applicable to the revenue system, so fully brought into view last winter by Mr. Dallas in his report upon the means of enforcing the new tariff.\nR. R.\nIf the propriety of some modification of the Judiciary be adverted to in the message, an allusion to the following points, might, perhaps, advantageously close the same head.\nIf the federal government, in its corporate capacity, draw not to itself the common law, as applicable to criminal matters, a chasm would seem to exist in this part of our system. All offences, not specially provided for by statute, must be left without punishment in places, of which the number is not inconsiderable, where the U. States possess an exclusive jurisdiction. If, moreover, there be any offences already known to the statute, without a penalty being annexed, a necessity arises, under the same hypothesis, of defining the punishment as well as the crime. It is right that an attention should be awakened to these topicks commensurate with their urgency; and how far a more general revision of our penal jurisprudence would be expedient, with a view to the remedying of other deficiencies, as well as an increase of its scope, and also with a view to examine whether it might, in some particulars, be rendered, with due wisdom, less sanguinary, are considerations worthy to engage the deliberations of those who will know how to estimate such important duties of legislation.\n All arsenals, dock yards, navy yards, forts, light houses &c. &c. Hundreds of families, or individuals, may perhaps be found living within the limits of these places, thus become sanctuaries for offenders.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5586", "content": "Title: James Madison Ship passport, 27 November 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nBy the President of the United States of America\nNovember 27, 1816\nSuffer the Ship Asia of New York John Walter master or commander of the burthen of three hundred and twenty one 13/95 tons or thereabouts mounted with no guns navigated with thirteen men.\nTo Pass with her Company, Passengers, Goods, and Merchandize without any hinderance seisure or molestation The said ship appearing by good testimony, to belong to one or more of the citizens of the United States of America and to him or them only\nGiven under my Hand and the Seal of the United States of America the twenty seventh day of November in the year of ourr Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixeteen.\nJames MadisonBy the President\nJas. Monroe Secretary of State\nState of LouisianaDistrict of Mississippi\nCountersigned by J.L.A. Duplipis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5587", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Joy, 28 November 1816\nFrom: Joy, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nBoston 28th. Novr. 1816.\nIn accordance with the wish you expressed to me when at Washington, for information respecting Capt. Kendricks purchase of Lands from the Indians on the North West coast of this continent, I have been making search among the late Mr. Barrells papers for proof of that purchase; and altho\u2019 the Deeds are not found, there is ample proof of their having been duly made & recorded in Massa. Some circumstances relative thereto I have this day transmitted to the Honble. Secretary of State, presuming that the line in wch. you would wish them to go. With the highest sentiments of Respect, I would subscribe myself your Obdt. Servt.\nB: Joy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5588", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 28 November 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nNovember 28, 1816\nIt will be proper to take the steps suggested by Mr. Joy for obtaining further information. My enquiry as to Nootka Sound had reference to the grounds of the Brit. claim there, and its analogy to that of the U. S. at the mouth of Columbia. See Vancouvre\u2019s acct. of the B. proceedings at Nootka: also Capt: Morris\u2019s communication to Mr. Graham Ocr. 24. 1816.\nJ. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5589", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Smith, 29 November 1816\nFrom: Smith, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nBaltimore 29 Novr. 1816\nI am requested by Mr. W. G. D. Worthington to join his other friends in Soliciting an appointment Suitable to his State of health, which has been injured by too great application to his duty as Clerk in the Comptroller\u2019s Office. He wishes a Consulate. I have written him that there are none in Europe that will be useful to any except a Mercht. now Vacant, but that if Tunis or Tripoli be Vacant, either would Suit, and I would recommend him as every way Capable and worthy of that Office. But if neither Should be in his power, he would be pleased to be appointed to the Office of a Judge in One of the Territories in Case a Vacancy Should Occur. He has been a regular Student of law and I have no doubt of his Competency. It will give me pleasure if Mr. W. Should be Employed I have the honor to be your most Obedt. Serv.\nS. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5590", "content": "Title: To James Madison from D. B. Douglas, 30 November 1816\nFrom: Douglas, D. B.\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nMilitary Academy West Point Novr. 30th. 1816\nI am requested to transmit to your excellency a copy of a correspondence which was had at this place on the arrival of Gen. Swift to assume this Comd. viz. The address of the Academic Staff on the occasion, and the Gen\u2019s answer I have the honor to be with Great respect Sir Your Obt. Hbl. Servt.\nD B DouglassBvt. Capt. & Ast. Profr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5591", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William McIntosh, December 1816\nFrom: McIntosh, William\nTo: Madison, James\nFriend and Father\nDecember 1816\nThis is what happened to us and I told you all. I called on you to help us and you Sent your Armies amongst us with Generl. Jackson who drove our enemies away. General Jackson having beaten our enemy you appointed us to meet and hold a treaty. I was appointed and did collect my people, when General Jackson told us, that he was going to take away all The Land from The Hostiles. It is the Land of your enemy that I take away only, but you my friends who fight with us Through The War shall be paid for your Services.\nFather, Genrl: Pinckney told us all in Council That, such Amongst us as had been friendly to the UStates would be fully compensated for all our Lost property That our losses would be paid us, and This talk we shewed to General Jackson, who told us as General Pinckney has Said so you will all be paid for your losses and then Generl. Jackson Col Hawkins & Col Meigs Signed the Paper which was the condition of Pinckneys talk. And we have ever Since been in hopes of receiving This Money but as yet we have received nothing and we have come to See you about it Our Nation has been Made poor and much distressed by the Enemy for They Destroyed, our Houses, Corn, Horses, Cows Hoggs &ce. We Saved our lives only. This is the Manner we have been Served and it is the Truth. After This The Hostiles joined The British at Pensacola, who took all my Negroes that I had to work for me and left me very poor. If All of us had got crazy with the Hostiles and had Suffered as we have done, we must have been satisfyed, for it would have been our own doing, but when Doing The best for The Peace of The Country and our Father, to be left destitute of Every thing is very hard. Now our Lands are gone to you it is to be hoped you will give us some satisfaction, to take back to my Head Men. Let me return with This pleasure, and if you will advise me to any Thing that will Serve my Country I will be very glad.\nWilliam McIntosh\nYoholo Micohis X markDeputed by the NationGeorge Lovet\nSaml. HawkinsInterpeters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5593", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Parker, December 1816\nFrom: Parker, John\nTo: Madison, James\nFrankfort Decr: 1816.\nWe whose names are hereunto annexed, being representatives in the State Legislature from the Congressional District composed of the Counties of Fayette Woodford and Jessamine, recommend to Your Consideration John T Mason Esqr for the Office of District Judge for the State of Kentucky.\nWe do not hesitate to give our testimony in favour of Mr. Masons claims to this office, and to say that his talents and integrity entitle him to the Confidence & Patronage of the Government.\nAnd it is our decided Opinion that the Appointment of Mr. Mason will meet the warm and general approbation of the people of the Counties we respectively Represent.\nJno. Parker\nJames Wuest", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5595", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John G. Munn, 2 December 1816\nFrom: Munn, John G.\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nHart Hall in the Harbor of New Haven Cont. 2nd: of Decemr: 1816\nYor partishioner begs leave to state that in the month of Augt. last he was driven by force to hand in the Resignation of 1st. Lieut: in the 2nd: Regt: of Inft. in the Army of the United States by Majr: Worth of the same Regt: contary to his wishes and inclination. As it is in Maj: Worths own hand righting the undersigned humbly requests a nonexciptance of sd: Resignation as it was contary to hi :torn extorted from him in an arbitary manner.\nYour petitioner further begs leave to state that he was Reappointed in the Army in Decemr: 1815 and that the Officers previously retained were all hostile against those Reappointed. The undersigned therefore humbly requests an. Nonexciptance of sd: Resignation and if he is guilty of any crime worthy of notice to direct a trial, or grant a transfer into any other part of the Army. Your partishioner further begs leave to state that he is too much disabled to procure a sustinance for himself and family by Manual Labor. The Resignation is accepted by Genl. Brown to take affect the 1st: of Jany. 1817 previous to which time it is humbly prayed that relief will be granted. I have the Honor Sir to be verry Respy. your most Obt: friend and verry humble Servt:\nJohn G Munn1st: Lieut: 2nd: Inft", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5597", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Georgia Legislature, 2 December 1816\nFrom: Georgia Legislature\nTo: Madison, James\nMilledgeville, Georgia, 2d December, 1816.\nTo His Excellency, the President of the United States\nThe memorial and remonstrance of the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Georgia, in General Assembly met.\nYour memorialists, beg leave to address His Excellency the President of the United States, and to lay before him their views on a subject highly interesting to the people of this State, and entitled to the serious attention of the national government. This subject, to which your memorialists respectfully solicit the attention of your Excellency, is the stipulation in the articles of agreement and cession entered into on the 24th of April, 1802, between the Commissioners of Georgia, and Commissioners of the United States, in which the United States have pledged themselves, to extinguish the Indian title, to all lands within the limits of Georgia.\nThe Citizens of Georgia, satisfied with this stipulation of the compact, and reposing great confidence in the disposition of the General Government to fulfil every engagement of the United States, and particularly this, flattered themselves with the hope, that the treaty of General Jackson, would have obtained a further cession of territory, and established a line with a much greater respect for the interest of Georgia, than that treaty has evinced.\nNo crisis ever presented such prospects of an advantageous extinguishment of Indian title as the period of the Treaty referred to. A severe chastisement had been inflicted on the Creeks\u2014their power was broken\u2014their arrogance subdued; and it only became necessary under these circumstances, to have demanded and obtained an accession to such terms, as the United States, looking to their compact with Georgia, might have thought proper to have dictated. These circumstances were not permitted however to have their appropriate weight of influence, and therefore the citizens of Georgia have found themselves mortified and disappointed in all the expectations they had formed of the results of the treaty. In adverting to the boundaries of the treaty, it will be readily perceived, that the two great objects which should always have been in view: an extension of settlement and security of frontier, have been greatly, if not totally neglected.\nYour Memorialists, referring to the most approved maps of the Creek nation, think these facts clearly established: That the course from the Chattachoochee, running due East, \"to a point which shall intersect the line now dividing the lands claimed by the Creek nation from those claimed by the state of Georgia,\" will throw the rivers Ocmulgee and Altamaha on the left, and will strike the Georgia line a short distance, or not far below the Fort formerly called \"Fort James,\" and consequently leave the Indian title unextinguished to the narrow but important slip of land for the whole distance along and between the line and the river Ocmulgee.\nNow it appears to your Memorialists, and after proper consideration your Excellency must be convinced, that Georgia has derived little or no advantage from the establishment of this line; for leaving out of view the sterile and unprofitable territory acquired, it can scarcely be expected, that our citizens, or emigrants from any section of the United States would occupy a territory, having on one side the Spanish line, and the Indians between them and the settlements in Georgia. Such would be their situation according to the line established in the treaty of General Jackson.\nYour Memorialists beg leave further to represent as a just ground of complaint, that according to the treaty concluded by General Jackson, all the Territory left for the use of the Creek nation of Indians, lies either within the limits of Georgia, or stretches along its western boundary. The consequence of this state of things must be obvious.\nThe government of the United States will now find it extremely difficult to obtain a further extinguishment of Indian title, in the very quarter where by positive compact they were most bound to obtain it, and have by their own act rendered a compliance with their solemn engagement to Georgia, distant and precarious.\nYour Memorialists believing that in this Treaty the interests of Georgia have been abandoned, or at least overlooked, and that she can now or at any other period rightfully claim of the United States a more satisfactory compliance with the stipulation of their compact, do, for and in behalf of the citizens of Georgia, protest and remonstrate against said treaty, as far as it relates to extinguishment of Indian title within the limits of said state; and do further, for and in behalf of the citizens of said state request, that measures may be taken as speedily as circumstances will permit, to procure an additional cession of territory, and extinguishment of Indian title, conformably to the stipulation contained in the said articles of agreement and cession entered into between the commissioners of Georgia and of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5598", "content": "Title: From James Madison to United States Congress, 3 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: United States Congress\nFellow Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives.\nDecember 3d. 1816.\nIn reviewing the present state of our country, our attention cannot be withheld from the effect produced by peculiar seasons; which have very generally impaired the annual gifts of the Earth, and threaten scarcity in particular districts. Such, however, is the variety of soils, of climates, and of products, within our extensive limits, that the aggregate resources for subsistance, are more than sufficient for the aggregate wants. And as far as an economy of consumption, more than usual, may be necessary, our thankfulness is due to Providence for what is far more than a compensation, in the remarkable health which has distinguished the present year.\nAmidst the advantages which have succeeded the peace of Europe and that of the United States with Great Britain, in a general invigoration of industry among us, and in the extension of our commerce, the value of which is more and more disclosing itself to commercial nations; it is to be regretted, that a depression is experienced by particular branches of our manufactures, and by a portion of our navigation. As the first proceeds, in an essential degree, from an excess of imported merchandize, which carries a check in its own tendency, the cause, in its present extent, cannot be of very long duration. The evil will not, however, be viewed by Congress, without a recollection, that manufacturing establishments, if suffered to sink too low or languish too long, may not revive, after the causes shall have ceased; and that, in the vicissitudes of human affairs, situations may recur, in which a dependance on foreign sources, for indespensable supplies, may be among the most serious embarrassments.\nThe depressed state of our navigation is to be ascribed, in a material degree, to its exclusion from the colonial ports of the Nation, most extensively connected with us in commerce, and from the indirect operation of that exclusion.\nPrevious to the late convention at London between the United States and Great Britain, the relative state of the navigation laws of the two Countries, growing out of the Treaty of one thousand seven hundred and ninety four, had given to the British navigation a material advantage over the American, in the intercourse between the American ports and British ports in Europe. The Convention of London equalized the laws of the two Countries, relating to those ports; leaving the intercourse between our ports, and the ports of the British colonies, subject, as before, to the respective regulations of the parties. The British Government, enforcing, now, regulations which prohibit a trade between its Colonies and the United States, in American vessels, whilst they permit a trade in British vessels, the American navigation loses accordingly; and the loss is augmented by the advantage which is given to the British competition over the American, in the navigation between our ports and British ports in Europe, by the circuitous voyages enjoyed by the one, and not enjoyed by the other.\nThe reasonableness of the rule of reciprocity, applied to one branch of the commercial intercourse, has been pressed on our part, as equally applicable to both branches, but it is ascertained that the British Cabinet declines all negociation on the Subject; with a disavowal, however, of any disposition to view in an unfriendly light; whatever countervailing regulations the United States may oppose, to the regulations of which they complain. The wisdom of the Legislature will decide on the course, which, under these circumstances, is prescribed by a joint regard to the amicable relations between the two Nations, and to the just interests of the United States.\nI have the satisfaction to state, generally, that we remain in amity with foreign powers.\nAn occurrence has, indeed, taken place in the Gulf of Mexico, which, if sanctioned by the Spanish Government, may make an exception as to that power. According to the report of our naval commander on that station, one of our public armed vessels was attacked by an overpowering force, under a spanish commander; and the American flag with the Officers and crew, insulted in a manner calling for prompt reparation. This has been demanded. In the mean time, a Frigate and Smaller vessel of war have been ordered into that Gulf, for the protection of our commerce. It would be improper to omit, that the representative of his Catholic Majesty in the United States, lost no time in giving the strongest assurances, that no hostile order could have emanated from his Government; and that it will be as ready to do as to expect, whatever the nature of the case, and the friendly relations of the two Countries, shall be found to require.\nThe posture of our affairs with Algiers, at the present moment, is not known. The Dey, drawing pretexts from circumstances for which the United States were not answerable, addressed a letter to this Government, declaring the Treaty last concluded with him, to have been annulled by our violation of it; and presenting as the alternative, War, or a renewal of the former Treaty, which stipulated, among other things, an annual Tribute. The answer, with an explicit declaration that the United States preferred War to Tribute, required his recognition, and observance of the Treaty last made, which abolishes Tribute, and the Slavery of our Captured Citizens. The result of the answer has not been received. Should he renew his warfare on our commerce, we rely on the protection it will find, in our naval force actually in the mediterranean.\nWith the other Barbary States, our affairs have undergone no change.\nThe Indian Tribes within our limits, appear also disposed to remain at peace. From several of them, purchases of lands have been made, particularly favorable to the wishes and security of our Frontier settlements; as well as to the general interests of the nation. In some instances, the Titles, tho\u2019 not supported by due proof, and clashing, those of one Tribe with the claims of another, have been extinguished by double purchases; the benevolent policy of the United States prefering the augmented expence, to the hazard of doing injustice; or to the enforcement of justice, against a feeble and untutored people, by means involving or threatening an effusion of blood. I am happy to add, that the tranquillity which has been restored among the Tribes themselves, as well as between them and our own population, favor the resumption of the work of civilization, which had made an encouraging progress among some Tribes; and that the facility is encreasing, for extending that divided and individual ownership, which exists now in moveable property only, to the soil itself, and of thus establishing in the culture and improvement of it; the true foundation for a transit from the habits of the Savage; to the arts and comforts of social life.\nAs a subject of the highest importance to the National welfare, I must, again, earnestly recommend to the consideration of Congress, a reorganization of the Militia, on a plan which will form it into classes, according to the periods of life more and less adapted to military services. An efficient Militia is authorised and contemplated by the constitution, and required by the Spirit and Safety of free government. The present organization of our Militia is universally regarded, as less efficient than it ought to be made, and no organization can be better calculated to give to it, its due force, than a classification which will assign the foremost place, in the defence of the Country, to that portion of its citizens, whose activity and animation best enable them to rally to its standard. Besides the consideration, that a time of peace is the time when the change can be made with most convenience and equity; it will now be aided by the experience of a recent war, in which the militia bore so interesting a part.\nCongress will call to mind, that no adequate provision has yet been made, for the uniformity of weights and measures, also contemplated by the constitution. The great utility of a Standard, fixed in its nature, and founded on the easy rule of decimal proportions, is sufficiently obvious. It led the Government, at an early stage, to preparatory steps for introducing it; and a completion of the work will be a just title to the public gratitude.\nThe importance which I have attached to the establishment of a university within this District, on a scale, and for objects, worthy of the American nation, induces me to renew my recommendation of it to the favorable consideration of Congress; And I particularly invite, again, their attention to the expediency of exercising their existing powers, and where necessary, of resorting to the prescribed mode of enlarging them, in order to effectuate a comprehensive system of roads and Canals; such as will have the effect of drawing more closely together every part of our country, by promoting intercourse and improvements; and by increasing the share of every part, in the common stock of National prosperity.\nOccurrencies having taken place which shew that the statutory provisions for the dispensation of criminal justice, are deficient in relation both to places, and to persons, under the exclusive connuzance of the national authority; an amendment of the law embracing such cases, will merit the earliest attention of the legislature. It will be a seasonable occasion, also, for enquiring how far, legislative interposition may be further requisite, in providing penalties for offences designated in the constitution or in the statutes, and to which either no penalties are annexed, or none with sufficient certainty. And I submit to the wisdom of Congress, whether a more enlarged revisal of the criminal code be not expedient, for the purpose of mitigating, in certain cases, penalties which were adopted into it; antecedent to experiments and examples which justify and recommend a more lenient policy.\nThe United States having been the first to abolish, within the extent of their authority, the transportation of the natives of Africa into slavery, by prohibiting the introduction of slaves, and by punishing their Citizens participating in the traffic, cannot but be gratified at the progress made by concurrent efforts of other nations, towards a general suppression of so great an evil. They must feel, at the same time, the greater solicitude, to give the fullest efficacy to their own regulations. With that view, the interposition of Congress appears to be required by the violations and evasions which, it is suggested, are chargeable on unworthy citizens, who mingle in the slave trade under foreign flags, and with foreign ports; and by collusive importations of slaves into the United States thro adjoining ports and territories. I present the subject to Congress, with a full assurance of their disposition to apply all the remedy which can be afforded by an amendment of the law. The regulations which were intended to guard against abuses of a kindred character, in the trade between the several states, ought also to be rendered more effectual for their humane object.\nTo these recommendations, I add for the consideration of Congress, the expediency of a remodification of the judiciary establishment; and of an additional Department in the executive branch of the Government.\nThe first is called for by the accruing business, which necessarily swells the duties of the Federal courts; and by the great and widening space, within which justice is to be dispensed by them. The time seems to have arrived, which claims for members of the supreme court, a releif from itenerary fatigues, incompatible as well with the age which a portion of them will always have attained, as with the researches and preparations which are due to their stations, and to the juridical reputation of their country. And considerations equally cogent, require a more convenient organization of the subordinate Tribunals, which may be accomplished without an objectionable increase of the number or expence of the Judges.\nThe extent and variety of Executive business, also accumulating with the progress of our country and its growing population, call for an additional Department, to be charged with duties now overburdening other Departments, and with such as have not been annexed to any Department.\nThe course of experience recommends, as another improvement in the Executive establishment, that the provision for the station of Attorney General, whose residence at the seat of Government, official connections with it, and management of the public business before the judiciary, preclude an extensive participation in professional emoluments, be made more adequate to his services and his relinquishments; and that with a view to his reasonable accomodation, and to a proper depositary of his official opinions and proceedings, there be included in the provision, the usual appurtenances to a public office.\nIn directing the legislative attention to the state of the finances, it is a subject of great gratification to find, that even within the short period which has elapsed since the return of peace, the revenue has far exceeded all the current demands upon the Treasury; and that under any probable diminution of its future annual products, which the vicissitudes of commerce may occasion, it will afford an ample fund, for the effectual and early extinguishment of the public debt. It has been estimated that during the year one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, the actual receipts of revenue at the Treasury, including the balance at the commencement of the year, and excluding the proceeds of loans and Treasury notes, will amount to about the sum of Forty seven millions of Dollars; that during the same year, the actual payments at the Treasury including the payment of the arrearages of the War Department, as well as the payment of a considerable excess, beyond the annual appropriations, will amount to about the sum of Thirty eight millions of Dollars; and that consequently, at the close of the year, there will be a surplus in the Treasury of about the sum of nine millions of Dollars.\nThe operations of the Treasury continue to be obstructed by difficulties, arising from the condition of the national currency; but they have nevertheless been effectual, to a beneficial extent, in the reduction of the public debt, and the establishment of the public credit. The floating debt of treasury notes, and temporary loans, will soon be entirely discharged. The aggregate of the funded debt, composed of debts incurred during the wars one thousand seven hundred and seventy six, and one thousand eight hundred and twelve, has been estimated, with reference to the first of January next, at a sum not exceeding one hundred and ten millions of Dollars. The ordinary annual expences of the Government, for the maintainance of all its institutions, civil, military, and naval, have been estimated at a sum less than twenty millions of Dollars. And the permanent revenue, to be derived from all the existing sources, has been estimated at a sum of about twenty five millions of Dollars.\nUpon this general view of the subject, it is obvious, that there is only wanting to the fiscal prosperity of the Government, the restoration of an uniform medium of Exchange. The resources and the faith of the nation, displayed in the system which Congress has established, insure respect and confidence, both at home and abroad. The local accumulations of the revenue have already enabled the Treasury, to meet the public engagements in the local currency of most of the States; and it is expected, that the same cause will produce the same effect, throughout the union. But, for the interests of the community at large, as well as for the purposes of the Treasury, it is essential that the nation should possess a currency of equal value, credit, and use, wherever it may circulate. The Constitution has entrusted Congress, exclusively, with the power of creating and regulating a currency of that description: and the measures which were taken during the last Session, in execution of the power, give every promise of success. The Bank of the United States has been organised under auspices the most favorable, and cannot fail to be an important auxiliary to those measures.\nFor a more enlarged view of the public finances, with a view of the measures pursued by the Treasury Department, previous to the resignation of the late Secretary, I transmit an extract from the last report of that officer. Congress will perceive in it, ample proofs of the solid foundation on which the financial prosperity of the nation rests; and will do justice to the distinguished ability and successful exertions, with which the duties of the Department were executed, during a period remarkable for its difficulties and its peculiar perplexities.\nThe period of my retiring from the public service being at little distance, I shall find no occasion more proper than the present, for expressing to my fellow Citizens, my deep sense of the continued confidence, and kind support which I have received from them. My grateful recollection of these distinguished marks of their favorable regard, can never cease; and with the consciousness, that if I have not served my Country with greater ability, I have served it with Sincere devotion, will accompany me as a source of unfailing gratification.\nHappily, I shall carry with me from the public Theatre, other sources, which those who love their country most, will best appreciate. I shall behold it blessed with tranquility and prosperity at home; and with peace and respect abroad. I can indulge the proud reflection, that the American people have reached in safety and success their fortieth year, as an independent nation; that for nearly an entire generation, they have had experience of their present constitution, the offspring of their undisturbed deliberations and of their free choice; that they have found it to bear the trials of adverse as well as prosperous circumstances; to contain in its combination of the federate and elective principles, a reconcilement of public strength with individual liberty, of national power for the defence of national rights, with a security against wars of injustice, of ambition or of vain glory, in the fundamental provision which subjects all questions of war to the will of the nation itself, which is to pay its costs, and feel its calamities. Nor is it less a peculiar felicity of this constitution, so dear to us all, that it is found to be capable, without losing its vital energies, of expanding itself over a spacious territory, with the increase and expansion of the community for whose benefit it was established.\nAnd may I not be allowed to add to this gratifying spectacle, that I shall read in the character of the American people, in their devotion to true liberty, and to the constitution which is its palladium, sure presages, that the destined career of my country will exhibit a Government, pursuing the public good as its sole object, and regulating its means by the great principles consecrated in its charter, & by those moral principles, to which they are so well allied: A Government, which watches over the purity of elections, the freedom of speech and of the press, the trial by Jury, and the equal interdict against enchroachments and compacts, between religion and the State; which maintains inviolably the maxims of public faith, the security of persons and property, and encourages, in every authorised mode, that general diffusion of knowledge which guarantees to public liberty its permanency, and to those who possess the blessing, the true enjoyment of it: a Government, which avoids intrusions on the internal repose of other nations, and repels them from its own; which does justice to all nations with a readiness, equal to the firmness with which it requires justice from them; and which, whilst it refines its domestic code from every ingredient not congenial with the precepts of an enlightened age, and the sentiments of a virtuous people, seeks, by appeals to reason, and by its liberal examples, to infuse into the law which governs the civilised world, a spirit which may diminish the frequency or circumscribe the calamities of war, and meliorate the social and beneficent relations of peace: A Government, in a word, whose conduct within and without, may bespeak the most noble of all ambitions, that of promoting peace on Earth, and good will to man.\nThese contemplations, sweetening the remnant of my days, will animate my prayers for the happiness of my beloved Country, and a perpetuity of the Institutions, under which it is enjoyed. \nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5599", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander James Dallas, 5 December 1816\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander James\nTo: Madison, James\nI have received, my dear Sir, your invaluable communication of the 3d. instant. It is not in my power to express the Sense, which I entertain of the notice taken of my services in the Treasury. For my own day, it will Serve as a Shield against the assaults of the envious, malicious, and inimical; and for the days of my Children, it will not be the least precious portion of their inheritance. They already speak of it with delight and gratitude. Accept, then, my best, best, thanks.\nYou will have a busy session; but it is the closing Scene of your political career; and you have well described the noble reflections, with which it teems, for the happiness and the honor of your retirement. May you live yet many years to enjoy them!\nMrs. Dallas and my family beg me to join to my best respects, their cordial assurances of affectionate attachment for Mrs. Madison and you. I am, Dear Sir, with every Sentiment of esteem & respect, Yr. obliged & faithful\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5600", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Francis Corbin, 5 December 1816\nFrom: Corbin, Francis\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nThe Reeds, Virginia Decr. 5th. 1816.\nMr. McKenna has just informed me that the Captain of the Brig Fame, so soon as the duties were secured, sent the Cask of Port Wine, according to his Bill of Lading, down to Norfolk. From Norfolk, via Richmond, it will find an easy conveyance to this place. Here a Quarter Cask of it shall be drawn off for you, under my own Eyes, and forwarded to Mr. Stone at Frederick\u2019sburg.\nOn the 29th. at Richmond we finished making the transfers of Stock to the B. of the U. S. leaving a Balance of twenty three Cents in favor of the Bank. This is a degree of accuracy, which, we humbly conceive, will not be surpassed by the Commissioners, at any other place. To me, I confess, it is extremely gratifying, because I was assured in Richmond, that our former Treasurer, Mr. Ambler, whose accuracy was proverbial, lost, in receiving subscriptions to the Bank of Virginia, upwards of two hundred dollars.\nIt is expected that a Branch of the U. S. B. will be established at Richmond. If so, more circumspection in the appointment of Directors will be required there than at any other place, perhaps, in the U. S. The necessity of this circumspection arises out of the great speculations, at enormous prices, which have been made in Tobacco and Town Lots. Those speculations were facilitated and encouraged by the Town Monopoly of Discounts in our two Banks. In consequence of this Monopoly the Banks are thought to have many debtors, to a large amount, whose principal resources consist in Town Lots, bubbled up to a vast imaginary value. To shift those debtors off upon the Branch of the U. S. B. will be their policy and their labor. As a proof of this, a list of persons was put into my Hands when I was in Richmond, as proper to be Directors, seven of whom, (a Majority) did not subscribe one single Share to the Bank, but all of whom are notorious Town lot holders and Builders. If those who have not a Stake in the Bank sufficient to create an Interest in it\u2019s prosperity are to be entrusted with it\u2019s administration, it is easy to forsee what may be, what will be the consequence. I wish, therefore, that the President and Directors at Philadelphia could be impressed with this consideration; That the largest proportion of the subscriptions in this State were made by the Country People; and that they, therefore, have a right to expect that their Interests will be protected, to a certain extent, by those who have a fellow feeling with themselves.\nBe pleased to make my best respects to Mrs. Madison, and believe me to be with the most sincere regard, Dear Sir, your much obliged & most faithful Hle:. Setr:\nFrancis Corbin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5601", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Harris Crawford, 5 December 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Madison, James\nThursday. 5th. Decr. 1816.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President & will thank him to delay his nomination* to the Senate for the present if there is no impropriety in this course.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5602", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Waller Taylor, 5 December 1816\nFrom: Taylor, Waller\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nWashington December 5th. 1816\nThe Convention which framed the Constitution for the new State of Indiana directed their President to send three Copies to this place; one to yourself, another to the President of the Senate, and the third to the Speaker of the House of Representatives. It has happened, either from the remissness of the President of the Convention in not sending them, or from their having miscarried if sent by the Mail, that neither the President of the Senate, nor the Speaker of the House of Representatives, have received the Copies which were intended for them. If, Sir, the Copy intended for you has been received, you will greatly oblige me if you would let me have it for a few days, to obviate the difficulty which exists in the Senate of formally recognizing the State of Indiana as an integral part of the American Union. It is probable that a few days will put the question at rest, inasmuch as there are two unofficial Copies of the Constitution before Congress, but if one could be obtained in an official shape, it would at once quiet the Scruples which seems to be felt by some Gentlemen, in acting on a Subject of notoriety, who are not satisfied with any other Kind of Evidence than that which would be admitted in a Court of law. You will be pleased to excuse the trouble I give you. The disagreeable situation in which my Colleague and myself are placed will I trust be a satisfactory apology. I have the Honor to be with great Respect, Sir, your obt. Sert.\nWaller Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5603", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Russell, 6 December 1816\nFrom: Russell, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nProvidence 6th. Decr. 1816\nJames De Wolf of Bristol in this State, believing that a vacancy may soon occur among the five Directors dependent on your appointment in the Bank of the United States has engaged me to ask your attention to his qualifications for that situation. With regard to his political character it must be well known to you & cannot have failed to afford satisfaction. He is a man of Great wealth & of Great talents & activity in business & he states himself to be the largest individual subscriber, in New England to the Bank in question. It is believed, therefore, that should it be found proper to fill the vacancy, if it occurs, with a person from New England that there can be found no one possessed of higher claims or whose appointment would give more general satisfaction to our political friends I have the honour to be Sir With the highest respects Your faithful & Obedient Sert\nJ R", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5606", "content": "Title: To James Madison from David Rogerson Williams, 6 December 1816\nFrom: Williams, David Rogerson\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nColumbia 6th. Decr. 1816\nThe bearer the Honble. Wm. Smith has been elected a Senator in Congress from this State vice Jno Taylor Esq Resigned. Mr. Smith has been an uniform politician & carries with him the best dispositions towards the administration of the General Government. Most respectfully your\u2019s\nDavid R. Williams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5607", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Cutbush, 7 December 1816\nFrom: Cutbush, James\nTo: Madison, James\nHonored & respected Sir\nPhilada. Decr. 7th. 1816.\nI find in your message to congress, which as usual is considered a master piece, you have recommended to congress the establishment of a National University; a subject highly important, and which reflects, my good sir, an additional honor on your wisdom and talents. A National school is one, which, of all others, the United States should possess, not only as a grand depot of knowledge, but as an instrument, if I may be allowed the expression, to favour our republican institutions, and promote the Arts, manufactures, agriculture, and other Useful knowlege; a subject as important to the community at large, as to individuals who may receive knowlege from this quarter. This, with the Columbian Institute in your City, will cause the Capital of the Union to become the grand emporium of philosophy & the arts. The American Philosophical society view, I am proud to say, this endeavour in the most favourable light, and anticipate from it the most happy Consequences. I do not know any man better qualified to enlarge our plans, or views, of a national school than Mr. Corea, at present in Your city; and, therefore, would suggest a conference with him. As to the application of chemistry to the arts, I believe I was the first who brought the subject before the public, in a series of essays which I published in the Aurora many years Since. This, of course, will constitute an important branch of knowlege; the veterinary Art should also form a branch, which no institution in our land at present embraces.\nYou will excuse the liberty I have thus taken; my object is to promote & Second your views, as they always have been from the commencement of your presidential election to the present time With my best wishes for your health & prosperity, Accept, my good sir, the sentiments of respect & esteem from your friend & Obedt. Sert.\nJas. Cutbush", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5611", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Scott, 11 December 1816\nFrom: Scott, John\nTo: Madison, James\nSir.\nWashington Decr. 11th. 1816.\nI beg leave to call your attention to two Vacancies in the Missouri Territory, the appointments to fill which rests with the President. The one is the office of Marshall for the Territory, to fill this place permit me to name General Henry Dodge Esqr. as a Gentleman of the first standing, and promptitude of character, well Calculated to discharge any duties that may devolve on him.\nThe other is the place of District Attorney for the United States in that Territory, this place was made Vacant by my own Resignation when a Candidate for Congress. This Vacancy would be well filled by the appointment of Charles S. Hempstead Esqr. a Gentleman of the Barr. of tallents, and strict Integrity. I do not wish the Executive to Consider me officious. But as he cannot be expected to know persons so far removed from him, and as I feel a deep Interest as a Citizen of that Territory that those places should be well filled. I have therefore taken the Liberty as their representative, to recommend them to notice I have the honour to be with high Consideration & Esteem Yr Obt Sert.\nJohn Scott", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5613", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Virginia General Assembly, 11 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Virginia General Assembly\nDecember 11, 1816\nWe the undersigned do hereby certify it as our opinions, formed from observation and reflection, that it would greatly benefit the heirs of Coll. Augustus Watson, to sell the whole of his tract of land conveyed in trust to Messrs: Hudson & Ellis. A sale according to the trust deed, will evidently leave them in the power of the person who may purchase under the deed of trust. Octr. 1816\nJames Bigger\nJacob Shiel\nEdward Radford\nThomas Allen\nTh: Rice\nJohn Elliott\nNathaniel Price\nWm. A Allen\nJohn Hudson\nAlexr. Ritchie\nJames Madison\nSaml. Carter\nCarter & Booker\nG. W. Booker\nJohn Clarke\nJohn O. Ritchie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5614", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Jennings, 12 December 1816\nFrom: Jennings, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\nSir.\nCorydon, Indiana Dec: 12th. 1816\nThe result of the late negociation with the Indians of the Wabash, for the extinquishment of Indian title has produced no little regret among the citizens of this State.\nIt is stated to me from sources entitled to respect, that the Delaware Indians would exchange their Lands on the White rivers, for lands west of the Mississippi river, near where a part of the same tribe at present claim title, provided they could obtain some consideration in annuities for the exchange. It is believed that if some person or persons were authorised by the Government, to proceed with those Indians west of the Mississippi, to explore the country they would be induced to make the exchange without exciting in their minds any distrust whatever, though it is hardly to be expected that they would sell on any terms.\nSuch is the geographical situation of that portion of this State, over which the Indian title has been extinguished, that the intercourse between the North Eastern and North Western portions of the country is rendered very circuitous, inasmuch as the Indian title reaches within fifty miles from the Grand Rapids of the Ohio river. The seat of government, intended to be permant for the State, cannot be located until an extinguishment of Indian title can be obtained.\nSuch however is the situation and the local interest of many of those individuals who are licensed to trade with the indians, that the utmost secrecy is indispensible to a successful attempt to extinguish Indian title.\nShould the Executive government, be disposed to make an attempt to negociate an exchange for the White river lands, it would very much gratify the citizens of the State, and would in my opinion be attended with success.\nTo the execution of such a purpose, I know of no persons better qualified to conduct the Indians to the exploring of the Country west of the Mississippi river, than John and William Conner, the former of whom is at present an Interpreter and resident among the Delaware Indians.\nUnacquainted with the person who may be Acting Secretary for the Department of War, I beg to be excused for troubling you with this epistle, in the subject matter of which, with the citizens of the State generally, I feel much solicitude. With sentiments of unfeigned respect, I am yours very obediently\nJonathan Jennings", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5615", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Graham, 12 December 1816\nFrom: Graham, George\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nDept. of War 12th. Der. 1816.\nI have the honor respectfully to propose for your approbation the appointment of John Edgar as a Brigadier Gnl. of the Militia in the Illinois Territory, Made during the recess of the Senate.\nSigned, Geo: Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5616", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Brent, 13 December 1816\nFrom: Brent, William\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nWashington. 13th Decr. 1816.\nI have understood that Mr. Thomas H Blake formerly of this City is an applicant for the appointment of United States Attorney for the State of Indiana.\nMr. Blake was several Years since admitted as an attorney of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, and practised the Law Some time in that Court.\nFrom my situation as Clerk of the Court, I had an opportunity of Witnessing Mr. Blake\u2019s attention to the Business confided to him, and I bear testimony with much pleasure to his Industry, zeal and ability in the discharge of his professional Duties. I have the honor to be, with high Respect, Sir, Yr. Most Obt Servt.\nWm: Brent", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5617", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Caroline Bayard Le Roy Webster, 13 December 1816\nFrom: Webster, Caroline Bayard Le Roy,Webster, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nMr. & Mrs. Webster will have the honor of dining with the President and Mrs. Madison on Monday, agreeably to their polite Invitation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5618", "content": "Title: From James Madison to United States Senate, 13 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: United States Senate\nWashington, December 13, 1816.\nA treaty of commerce between the United States and the King of Sweden and Norway having been concluded and signed on the 4th of September last by their plenipotentiaries, I lay the same before the Senate for their consideration and advice as to a ratification.\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5620", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Mentor Johnson, 15 December 1816\nFrom: Johnson, Richard Mentor\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nHouse of Repr. 15th. Dec. 1816\n I am informed that Messrs. Blake and Lane are candidates for the office of attorney for the State of Indiana. as I am personally acquainted with both characters I take the liberty of recommending Mr. Blake for that appointment. Mr. Blake has become resident of Indiana and from every information I have obtained he has the confidence of those with whom he is acquainted, & his capacity, zeal, & integrity will ensure a faithful discharge of the duties of the Situation. With Sentiments of the greatest respect & consideration Your ob Sert.\nRh: M: Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5621", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel McKee, 16 December 1816\nFrom: McKee, Samuel\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nWashington City Dec: 16th. 1816\nI ask leave to lay before you the enclosed Recommendation; I presume that Some of the persons by whom It is Sighned are known to you. They are generally men of the first respectability: and influence in Kentucky, and I would Supperadd that Mr. McBrides\u2019 merit and worth entitles him to the respect and esteem of all thoses Who know him. I am only Sorry that a man of So much worth and capacity for the office which he Solicits has not a more powerfull advocate. I hope however this will not weigh against Mr. McBids worth or expectations I have the honour to be Sir Verry respectfully your obt\nSaml McKee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5622", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Achilles Sneed, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Sneed, Achilles\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nca. December 16, 1816\nHaveing understood from Wm:. McBride his intention to remove from this state to the State of Indiana and that the appointment of Marshal to that State would be acceptable to him We the undersigned take this method of recommending him to your Excellency as a person qualified to fill that office and have no doubt should he meet your approbation the Citizens of that state would be satisfied with his Services\nAchilles Sneed arteficercertifies that he is well qualified\nThos. Bodley\nI hereby testify my belief in Mr. McBrides qualifications for the office of Marshall, and his general correct deportment\nW. L. Hoin\nI have been acquainted with Mr. William McBride for fifteen years and do believe him qualified for the above Office\nDaniel Weisiger\nI have also been acquainted with Mr. McBride for the above space of time and Know him to be as well qualified as any man in the State\nElijah C. Berry\nWilliam Owsley\nJohn L. Bridges.\nSaml Daveiss\nJ. Madison\nJohn Adair\nGeo C Thompson\nJohn B. Thompson\nJas Blair\nGabl: Slaughter\nH. Marshall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5623", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel McDowell, Sr., 16 December 1816\nFrom: McDowell, Samuel, Sr.\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nMercer County Kentucky December 16th. 1816\nFrom an acquaintenc with your Excellency in the year 1775 and 76 &c. in the Convention and assenbly of Virginia I take liberty to recommend to your Exellency a gentleman who I understand wishes to be apointed Mashal of the State of Indianna. His name is William McBride. If your Exellency Should think Proper to appoint him I Pledge my Self he will do honor to himself and also do honor to the Government that he Serves. I have Been well acquainted with the gentleman for more than twenty years and I know him to be honest and Industerous and well qualified to do the duties of the office. If you Excellency Should Please to appoint him Marshall you will oblige Dear Sir your Sincere friend And most obedient and very Humbe Servt.\nSaml: McDowell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5624", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Cranch, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Cranch, William\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nAlexandria December 16th. 1816\nHaving understood that Mr. Thos. H. Blake, now a resident of Indiana, is an applicant for the office of District Attorney, I beg leave to state that he was for some time a practitioner at the bar of the Circuit Court for the district of Columbia, and as far as his general deportment and character came under my notice, they were correct, and his talents respectable. I have no doubt that he would discharge the duties of the office with firmness and fidelity. I have the honour to be, Sir, with the highest consideration and respect, your obedt. servt.\nW. Cranch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5625", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Clinton Adams, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Adams, Clinton,Ferrier, Randal\n16 December 1816\nJames Madison, President of the United States of America To all who shall see these Presents Greeting:\nWhereas sentence of death was passed by the Circuit Court of the United States, held for the District of Columbia upon a certain Clinton Adams and Randal Ferrier, who were at its last June term duly convicted for the offence of Robbing on the High way, and the President of the United States did respite the execution of the said Sentence until the 16th. day of this present month of December. Now be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States of America, do hereby grant to the said Clinton Adams and Randal Ferrier a further respite of the sentence aforesaid, until the third Friday of the Month of February, in the year one thousand, Eight hundred and Seventeen.\nIn testimony whereof, I have caused the Seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed, and signed the same with my hand at the City of Washington this sixteenth day of December 1816.\nJames MadisonBy the PresidentJas MonroeSecretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5626", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Adams, 17 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nQuincy December 17th. 1816\nI beg leave to introduce to you Col: William Sumner, and to Mrs Madison his Sister Miss Elisabeth Sumner; children of our late Governor Sumner. They have requested an introduction from me; and as I think it right that the President should know, & that his family should know something of the characters who appear at Washington I beg leave to say that Mr. Sumner has the advantages of Education, Fortune, Station in the Legislature of the State, and above all of a character of unstained honour & unassuming modesty, which ought to recommend him wherever he goes. Though he is first Aid de Camp of our ancient Patriot & Hero, once General, now Governor Brooks, & not perfectly accordant with you & me in Electioneering Politics; yet I know you are too tolerant to make this a mark of exclusion from social communion. With sincere esteem, I have the honour to be Sir your most obedient and humble Servant \nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5627", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James B. Johnson, 17 December 1816\nFrom: Johnson, James B.\nTo: Madison, James\nFriend Madison\nNear Chillicothe Ohio 12th Mo December 17 1816\nI take the liberty as a free citizen of a free country of addressing thee on one of the most important subjects that ever attracted the attention of a citizen of the United States, And hope, that liberty will be excused & that thee may read and consider the contents with that serious consideration for which so weighty a matter loudly calls. The subject is the manumition of the Africans held in bondage in the united states.\nIt has long been the decided opinion of many that the holding them in bondage is repugnant to every humane feeling to every christain principle\nAnd every candid and thinking person by divesting himself of partiality & prejudice must allow the correctness of that opinion.\nYea and what heart but that that never welled at the tale of human wo will not confess it in melting accents of pity and shame, shame! to think a land boasting preeminence in religion should be the seat of fraud and oppression.\nWe have received a command from the Saviour of man & Sovereign of the universe to do unto all men as we would they should do unto us.\nAn injunction which if rightly considered does withot any other argument condemn slavery in every shape whatever: as it is impossible to comply with that command while holding them in miserable bondage, and bringing them up in complete ignorance, and treating them more like brutes than human beings possesing (if cultivated in the same manner) the same dispositions (or nearly so) as we do.\nFor there certainly is but little difference in the various nations of the earth except that of education.\nAnd may I not say that they are treated like brutes when they are sold and like cattle driven to different parts of the continent to a second market, regardless of those tender endearing ties by which an almighty creator has united his rational creation as well black as white.\nWhere is that man who will say that the great creator of all things did in their first formation intend them for slaves. Such an one I beleive cannot be found.\nFor if he had intended them for slaves, why did he give them reason why elevate their minds to heaven, and fill them with desires to reach that happy abode Alas: such beings as these are held in bondage in perpetual bondage from generation to generation.\nAnd there is no father whose faithful servitude through the course of a long life can in the least mitigate the sufferings of a son or deliver him from bondage.\nSo that in the severest trials, the most afflicting moments of life there is not one ray of hope to cheer the aged father while labouring under the heat and burden of the day.\nOh: humanity and religion how do you weep to see such scenes as these to behold one part of the creation (instead of doing all they can to render mankind universally happy) doing it seems all they can to render a large portion completely wretched, by depriving them of liberty, and many of the necessaries of life. Yea in many instances they have a bare sufficiency of food to support nature and that of the coarsest kind, and frequently so short in raiment as not to have a sufficiency to cover their nakedness.\nAnd more over relations that are bound together by the strongest ties are torn asunder with more than savage barbarity.\nAnd here I may exclaim in the most ernest language of my soul Oh! ye oppressors of human beings how long will you remain callous to the cries and plaints of injuried, oppressed, & wretched human beings whose cries though they have not penetrated your souls, have most certainly flown to the realms of ever lasting peace & justice, and have they not been heard, and will they not be answered.\nHere let me appeal to the breast of the most barbarous slave holder, by, supposing his son & daughter confined in Algeirs, their freedom then becomes a subject of the utmost importance, to effect which he does not scruple to sacrafice his all.\nHere let him reflect, let him remember that his slaves are human beings rational beings, capable of seeing, feeling, hearing, & understanding; then adhere to that of doing as he would be done by, and the shackles of his slaves will fall off forever.\nO, Glorious rule how happy the day\nWhen thou shalt have universal sway\nWhen all nations shall bow to thee\nOppression and fraud cease to be.\nHere let me implore thee, my friend (like Sampson of old) to perform deeds at the close of thy executive authority more glorious than all other transactions of thy life, by making some noble struggle to secure happiness to this the only republic on earth, and save it from the impending judgemets of heaven which I shurely beleive do hang over this nation. Fourteen years of the twenty of my life I lived in Virginia and have seen a small portion of the immense mountain of wo under which they are doomed to labour And often have I wept oer them, to see their inumerable sufferings, and human nature so shamefully degraded. Ah, how freely would I contribute a portion of my time, with my small hard earnings, to advance a work for which justice so loudly calls.\nLet it not be understood that I am so simple as to suppose that a president of the united states can alone perform a work of this kind, but certainly I do suppose him to be a person that could contribute more than any other. I am &c &c &c\nJames B Johnson\nPardon the forwardness of a youth whose intensions are of the purest kind and one that wishes to promote universal liberty and happiness through all nations of the earth.\nJ B J", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5629", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Adrian Benjamin Bentzon, 20 December 1816\nFrom: Bentzon, Adrian Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\nPrivate\nSir!\nSte. Croix, 20. December 1816\nPresuming on the personal acquaintance, you have honor\u2019d me with, I venture to call on your attention for a few moments in order to explain in a private letter my motives for not immediately granting an \"exequatur\" to Mr. Jacques, who has been appointed Consul at Ste. Croix. It is not customary to receive Consuls in Colonies, the trade in nearly all being in ordinary times exclusive with the mother country; but american ships being admitted into our colonial ports, Mr. Harrison, when appointed to the Consulate of St. Thomas was receiv\u2019d without waiting for orders from home by General Oxholm, and I saw his arrival with pleasure, because I knew that the customhouse arrangements of the United States are facilitated by the existence of Consuls in foreign places, because I was not ignorant of the spirit of the american instructions, which enjoin the Consuls to avoid all, that may fatigue or annoy the constituted authorities in their respective Consulates, and let me sincerely add, my esteem for the american government naturally led me to approve of a measure, I supposed might give satisfaction to it; but Mr. Harrison, as will be prov\u2019d to You, Sir! by the Danish Minister in America, to whom I have officially address\u2019d myself on the Subject, has conducted himself in a manner, I must qualify vexatious, and will, I trust, be mark\u2019d with Your disapprobation, and therefore, as the instance, in which has been deviated from the common rule by granting an \"exequatur\" without waiting for higher orders, has proved a source of dissatisfaction, I can not with propriety continue the same line of conduct, but must refer to the Minister of the foreign department, whether Mr. Jacques is to reside as Consul at Ste. Croix or not. at the same time I know Mr. Jacques to be peaceable and to understand the limits of his authority and shall have no hesitation in declaring to the department, that there can be no objection on my part to him in the capacity, in which you have appointed him.\nYou will not doubt, I hope Sir! my assurances, that nothing can be more pleasing to me, than occasions to render Americans service, whether they be private or publick men, and nothing more mortifying, than a case, where an American not only makes it impossible for me to follow the bent of my inclination, but, even obliges me to complain of him.\nPermit me to conclude with unfeign\u2019d expressions of the high esteem, with which I have the honor to subscribe myself Sir! Your most obedient and Very humbe and devoted Servant\nBentzon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5630", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Graham, 20 December 1816\nFrom: Graham, George\nTo: Madison, James\nDept. of War 20th. Decr: 1816\nThe Acting Secretary of War has the honor to submit to the President the report made by the Commissioner of claims relative to his proceedings under the act, Authoriseing the payment for property lost captured or destroyed by the Enemy while in the Military Service of the UStates and for other Purposes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5631", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nicolas Gouin Dufief, 20 December 1816\nFrom: Dufief, Nicolas Gouin\nTo: Madison, James\nRespected Sir,\nPhiladelphia December 20. 1816\nThe exalted station in which you are placed Justifies me in considering you as a patron of literature, and the whole tenor of your life confirms that belief. Therefore, I have forwarded you a proposal for the publication of the fourth edition of my \"Nature Displayed\" much improved. The sale of three editions and the urgent call for a fourth induces a belief that it has become a standard elementary work, particularly so as the study of the French language is universally prevailing in the United States as well as in Europe. In order to economize and, at the same time do away the possibility of typographical errors, I have determined to have it stereotyped in this country, the art of which although new here is carried to as great perfection as in any part of Europe. In order to meet the extraordinary expences incident to the first edition of a stereotype work, I am constrained to have recourse to a subscription, and as a list of subscribers will accompany the work, I Should be proud to have it headed with the name of the first magistrate of the only free people on earth. With Sentiments of the highest respect I have the honor to be, Sir Your most obedient & Humble Servant\nN. G. Dufief", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5633", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Jordan Crittenden, 21 December 1816\nFrom: Crittenden, John Jordan\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sir\nFrankfort Dec: 21st. 1816\nThe only apology I can have for troubling you with this letter, is that the subject of it is a matter of public concern.\nThe death of the late Judge Innes has occasioned a vacancy in the Federal Court for the District of Kentucky. Mr: John T Mason has been recommended to your Excellency, as I am told, as a proper person to supply that vacancy. Mr: Mason, I am informed, is personally known to you, & his claims & pretensions have no doubt been properly represented by his friends. I only desire to add my concurrence to every recommendation of his worth & merit which you may have received. He is a gentleman of high dignified character, & I have no doubt that he is well qualified for, & every way worthy of the office which his friends solicit for him. With sentiments of high respect & consideration I am Yr: Obdt: Servt:\nJohn J Crittenden", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5635", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Latham Mitchill, 23 December 1816\nFrom: Mitchill, Samuel Latham\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nNewyork, Decr. 23. 1816\nThe bearer of this note is Dr. Alexander McLeod, a clergyman of much learning, piety and respectability, in the city of newyork. He feels it his duty, on visiting Washington, to pay his respects to the chief magistrate of a free people. I yield to his request, without hesitation; assuring you at the same time of his sound republican sentiments; of which he has given proof in several valuable publications. Allow me to renew the assurance of my high and respectful consideration.\nSaml L Mitchill", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5636", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Pennsylvania Legislature, 23 December 1816\nFrom: Pennsylvania Legislature\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\n23 December 1816\nThe period of your retirement from the toils and anxieties of public life, having nearly arrived, permit the General Assembly of Pennsylvania to indulge their feelings in respectfully expressing their approbation of your official conduct, and the grateful sense they entertain of the ability, zeal and fidelity which marked the discharge of arduous and multiplied duties, imposed on you by an extraordinary state of things.\nThe last five years of our history have been distinguished by events the most momentous and interesting. Our government was placed in a situation not less arduous and trying than exalted and conspicuous. Under your administration, favored and protected by Divine Providence, the republic has been conducted in triumph through an eventful war with a monarchy, powerful in arms, fertile in resources, and lawless in expedient.\nThe army and navy of the union have been covered with glory; our flag waves victorious and affords a safe protection to our citizens; our rights have been asserted--our wrongs avenged, the national character exalted and our republican institutions proved to be as efficient in war as they are salutary in peace.\nWe trust the people of the United States will justly estimate the high and honorable responsibility assumed by the president of the United States in recommending a war with Great Britain a war which was just in its origin, glorious in its progress, and honorable in its termination. His fellow citizens can never forget the zeal with which he maintained, and the ability and fidelity with which he vindicated, the dearest rights of his country. This nation will ever be proud of the laurels it has won and the lofty character it has acquired, during his administration; and whilst we duly appreciate his pure and enlightened patriotism, and unwearied devotion to the public weal, we can never cease to pray that with the sweets of retirement, he may long enjoy in health and happiness, his well earned honors.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5637", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Leonard Peirce, 24 December 1816\nFrom: Peirce, Leonard\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nMillbury Massachusetts Decm. 24th. 1816\nHaving obtained the consent of my Parents to enter as a cadet in the Military Academy of the United States I would solicit from you an appointment to the Academy at West Point should there not be a full complement of cadets there; and if there should, to any other Academy which Congress has or may or established at their present session.\nI am eighteen years of age, and have received a thorough knowledge of reading, writing and arithmetic. If you should please to honor me with an appointment I wish you would forward it to me as soon as is convenient and I will produce articles of agreement as the law directs. Yours With respect,\nLeonard Peirce", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5638", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Cooper, 24 December 1816\nFrom: Cooper, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nMr. Cooper presents his respects to the President of the U. States & will have the honor to dine with him on Thursday next", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5640", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Bentley, 28 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Bentley, William\nDear Sir \nWashington Decr. 28. 1816\nMr. Crowninshield having made me acquainted with the passage in your letter to him, which speaks with so much personal kindness towards me, and so favorably of my discharge of the public trust which is about to close, I cannot forego an expression of the value I put on such sentiments from such a source. The approbation of the wise and the worthy is the recompence which ought to be next to the first, in the desires and the hopes of those who serve their country with a faithful zeal. My only apprehension is, that a benevolent partiality may have too much diverted your attention from errors, against which good intentions were not a sufficient safeguard.\nIt is a great satisfaction, on returning to the private station from which I have been so long separated, that I shall make way for a successor who enjoys, as he merits, so highly and so diffusively, the confidence and affection of his fellow Citizens. He will have the consolation of anticipating from such examples as yours, that if he should encounter malice and misrepresentations from some quarters, he will find in others a firm support of his measures when they are right, a candid interpretation when they are doubtful, and the admonitions of friendship & patriotism only when they are deemed erroneous. Be assured Sir, of my great esteem and of my cordial respects & good wishes\nJames Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5641", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nehemiah H Mason, 29 December 1816\nFrom: Mason, Nehemiah H\nTo: Madison, James\nSir, \nHampstead, King Geo. Co., Va. 29th December 1816.\nThe purport of this, will I hope excuse the liberty I have taken; It is in behalf of a poor orphan who is now confined in the penitentiary at Philadelphia for the crime of letter robbery.\nWilliam Yeatman, the name of him alluded to; was born in this county, of reputable parents, but had the misfortune to be deprived of them when, he was an infant. He was then taken by his paternal uncle James Yeatman, and carried to Chambersburgh Penna. This Mr. Yeatman it appears was void of all nepotism, and only was nomily his guardian. The circumstances of the robbery I am ignorant of, but the youth, & family of the said Yeatman induces me to write this in his behalf. There has been a letter written to the governor of Pennsylvania on the subject of a repreive, and he returned for answer, that he was not authorised, as he was not condemned by any of the courts of Penna., but by that of the United States.\nHe is confined for the term of two years, but I hope you will consider his youth, (for he is not more than fifteen years of age,) and the circumstances of his having no person to admonish him against the propensities of dissipation; and grant him a repreive, or shorten the term of his confinement. I have understood he is truly a penitent, by a gentleman who has seen him, and pleads his youth and pecuniary necessity that caused him to do it. This is natural that he should repent, and make excuses for his malconduct, but his juvenility I think myself pleads vehemently for an abrogation of his sentence, and I trust if you can find it compatible with justice, you will grant my request: By so doing you will dry the eyes of many of his relatives, and confer a favour that will be gratefully acknowledged by me, that signs himself with sentiments of the highest consideration your Most Obd. Humbl Sert.\nNehemiah H. Mason", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5643", "content": "Title: Presidential Proclamation, 30 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n30 December 1816\nJAMES MADISON, President of the United States of America,\nTo all who shall see these presents, greeting:\nWhereas articles of a treaty were made and concluded between the United States of America, and the Cherokee nation of Indians, on the fourth day of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, at Turkey Town, by Commissioners on the part of the said States, and the said Nation of Indians, Council assembled, which treaty is in the words following, to wit:\nTo perpetuate Peace and friendship between the United States and Cherokee tribe or nation of Indians, and to remove all future causes of dissention which may arise from indefinite territorial boundaries: The President of the United States of America, by Major General Andrew Jackson, General David Meriwether, and Jesse Franklin, Esq. Commissioners plenipotentiary on the one part, and the Cherokee Delegates on the other, covenant and agree to the following articles and conditions; which, when approved by the Cherokee nation, and constitutionally ratified by the government of the United States, shall be binding on all parties.\nArt. 1. Peace and friendship are hereby firmly established between the United States and Cherokee nation or tribe of Indians.\nArt. 2. The Cherokee nation acknowledge the following as their western boundary: south of the Tennessee river, commencing at Camp Coffee, on the south side of the Tennessee river, which is opposite to the Chickasaw Island, running from thence a due south course to the top of the dividing ridge between the waters of Tennessee and Tombigbee rivers, thence eastwardly along said ridge, leaving the head waters of the Black Warrior to the right hand, until opposed by the west branch of Will\u2019s Creek, down the east bank of said Creek to the Coosa river, and down said river.\nArt. 3. The Cherokee nation relinquish to the United States all claim, and cede all title to lands lying south and west of the line, as described in the 2d article; and, in consideration of said relinquishment and cession, the Commissioners agree to allow the Cherokee nation an annuity of six thousand dollars, to continue for ten successive years, and five thousand dollars, to be paid in sixty days after the ratification of the treaty, as a compensation for any improvements which the said nation may have had on the lands surrendered.\nArt. 4. The two contracting parties covenant and agree, that the line, as described in the 2d article, shall be ascertained and marked by Commissioners to be appointed by the President of the United States; that the marks shall be bold; trees to be blazed on both sides of the line, and the fore and aft trees to be marked with the letters U. S. That the Commissioners shall be accompanied by two persons, to be appointed by the Cherokee nation, and that said nation shall have due and seasonable notice when said operation is to be commenced.\nArt. 5. It is stipulated that the Cherokee nation will meet General Andrew Jackson, General David Meriwether, and Jesse Franklin, Esq. in council, at Turkey\u2019s Town, Coosa river, on the 28th of September (instant) there and then to express their approbation, or not, of the articles of this treaty; and if they do not assemble at the time and place specified, it is understood that the said Commissioners may report the same as a tacit ratification, on the part of the Cherokee nation, of this treaty.\nIn testimony whereof, the said Commissioners and undersigned Chiefs and Delegates of the Cherokee nation, have hereunto set their hands and seals Done at the Chickasaw Council House, this fourteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixteen.\nAndrew Jacksonl. s.D. Meriwetherl. s.J. Franklinl. s.Toochalarl. s.Oohulookeel. s.Wososeyl. s.Gousal. s.Spring Frogl. s.Oowatatal. s.John Beugel. s.John Bawldridgel. s.Sallocookee Fieldsl. s.George Guessl. s.Barkl. s.Campbelll. s.Spiritl. s.Young Wolfl. s.Oolitiskeel. s.\nWitness,\nJames Gadsden, Secretary to the Commission.\nArthur P. Hayne, Inspector General, Division of the South.\nJames C. Bronaugh, Hospital Surgeon U. S. army.\nJohn Gordon.\nJohn Rhea.\nThomas Wilson,}Interpreters for the Cherokees.A. M\u2019Coy,Ratified at Turkey Town, by the whole Cherokee nation, in Council assembled. In testimony whereof, the subscribing Commissioners of the United States, and the undersigned Chiefs and Warriors of the Cherokee nation, have hereunto set their hands and seals, this fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixteen.\nAndrew Jacksonl. s.D. Meriwetherl. s.Path Killer, his x markl. s.The Glass, his x markl. s.Sour mush, his x markl. s.Chulioa, his x markl. s.Dick Justice, his x markl. s.Richard Brown, his x markl. s.Bark, his x markl. s.The Boot, his x markl. s.Chickasawha, his markl. s.\nWitness,\nJames Gadsden, Secretary.\nReturn J. Meigs.\nRichard Taylor,}Interpreters.A. M\u2019Coy,Now, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States of America, having seen and considered the said articles, have, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, accepted ratified, and confirmed, the same, and every clause and article thereof.\nl.\u00a0s.In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed, and have signed the same with my hand. Done at the city of Washington, this 30th day of Dec\u2019r. A. D. 1816, and of the Independence of the United States the forty first.\nJAMES MADISON.\nBy the President:\nJames Monroe, Secretary of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5646", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Citizens of Detroit, 30 December 1816\nFrom: Detroit, Citizens of\nTo: Madison, James\nTo the President, the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled.\nDistrict of Detroit River Rouge Decr. 30. 1816\nThe Petition of the subscribers, Citizens of the United States, inhabitants of the District of Detroit, in the Territory of Michigan, respectfully sheweth. That your Petitioners are Generally farmers and heads of families, That on the commencement of the late war, with Great Britain, they were settled, upon the Waters of river Rouge, That they remained at their homes, except the time they were under arms as militia, until the 16th. of August 1812, the day on which this unfortunate Country was surrendered by General Hull, to the British army, under articles of Capitulation, recognizing the protection of the persons and property of your Petitioners, in common with the Citizens of the Territory. Your Petitioners soon discovered that the Guarantee, held out, was but a name, and no effectual protection to the persons or property of the Citizens. The savages, the acknowledged, allies of the British, immediately commenced, an open and indiscriminate scene of plunder & abuse upon the defenseless inhabitants. Our houses were forcibly entered, our families menaced and abused, our furniture, carried away or destroyed, Our Cattle sheep and hogs, shot down, and our Horses robbed and taken from us. In the span of a few days after the surrender, more than six hundred Horses were forciably taken from the Citizens of the Territory. Nor did the sacred Altar escape their fury. The church was entered and despoiled of its ornaments, & its organ demolished.\nYour Petitioners sensible of the imminent dangers that threatened them, retired with their families, into the settlements near Detroit for safety, abandoning their houses and property, a sacrifice, to an infuriated enemy. These precautionary measures, rendered ncessary from the danger of the times, resulted in the loss of our remaining stock, furniture, implements of Husbandry and the delapidation and waste of our houses, buildings, orchards and improvemts.\nYour Petitioners met their losses, and endured the hardships and deprivations, incident to such a state of things, flattering themselves with a belief, that they would have been of short duration, and that the British Government, under the stipulations contained in the articles of Capitulation, were bound, and that our Government would compel, the payment, of all losses and damages, we had, or might sustain, in violation of the guarantee given us by the Capitulation. In these reasonable expectations, your Petitioners have been greatly disappointed. We have witnessed a Treaty of Peace, and also of Commerce entered into by the Two Governments, and no mention made of the Territory of Michigan, or the sacred claims of your Petitioners. What reasons of National policy, could have induced our Government, to neglect and abandon our rights, fairly and fully acquired, against the British Government, under the articles of Capitulation of the 16th. of August 1812, are unknown to us who were and still are interested in their being faithfully executed. This omission, we are sensible, looses our hold, on the British Government for indemnity, and that we must now turn our attention to the justice and liberality of our own Country, for remuneration and payment.\nYour Petitioners, concious of the justice & equity of their claim, to full, ample and complete, remuneration for their loss of property sustained, between the 16th. of August 1812 and the 28h. of September 1813 make this their solemn appeal to the Representitivs of our Common Country for indemnity & satisfaction. We do not make this appeal to the liberality of Congress, we claim it as our just right, acquired under a solemn compact, which the nation was bound to inforce in our favor. We owe allegiance to the Government and Country. We bear our proportion of the Burthens and taxes, required of us by the great Body Politic, to meet the necessities and support the honor and Dignity of the Nation. In return we claim protection for our persons and property, and when from moral or Physical causes, such protection is not afforded us, we claim full indemnity, not as a favor, but as our inherent right as American Citizens. Our claim in the present instance is still stronger. A solemn engagement on the part of the British Government, which has been tacitly assumed by our Country. The evidence of such claim your petitioners annex to this petition. Therefore your Petitioners hubly. solicit Congress, to take under consideration, their peculiarly hard case; and pass a law, fully embracing the objects of the petition, and that relief adequate to their losses, may be extended to them, And as in duty bound will ever pray.\nH M Brevoort\nJohn Dicks\nJacob Dicks\nJoseph Lorin\nMary Lorin\nwidow\nLewes Lorin\nFcis Durocher his X mrk\nWillliam Buckler\nJosiah Bayrnoird\nFrances Ramo\nHugh McVay\nJohn McCombs\nAlanson Thomas\nFrancis Lorin\nFrancis Shaver\nWilliam M Carty\nJoseph Wever\nCardis Brown\ntheafalas Dumay\nBatist Dumay\nCharles Rulo\nWilliam Stacy\nJoel Thomas\nJesse Hicks\nJock Displan\nVeuve widow Delisle\nBaptiste Delisle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5647", "content": "Title: Presidential Proclamation, 30 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nDecember 30, 1816\nJAMES MADISON, President of the United States of America,To all who shall see these presents, greeting:\nWhereas a Treaty of Peace, and Friendship was made and concluded between the United States and the Tribes of Indians called the Sacs of Rock river, and adjacent country, on the thirteenth day of May, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, at St. Louis, in the Missouri territory, by commissioners on the part of said States, and the chiefs and warriors on the part and in behalf of the said tribes or nations, which treaty is in the words following, to wit:\nA Treaty of peace and friendship made and concluded between William Clark, Ninian Edwards, and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners plenipotentiary of the United States of America, on the part and behalf of the said States, of the one part, and the undersigned chiefs and warriors of the Sacs of Rock river, and the adjacent country, of the other part.\nWhereas by the ninth article of the Treaty of Peace, which was concluded on the twenty-fourth day of December, eighteen and fourteen, between the United States and Great Britain, at Ghent, and which was ratified by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, on the seventeenth day of February, eighteen hundred and fifteen, it was stipulated that the said parties should severally put an end to all hostilities with the Indian tribes, with whom they might be at war, at the time of the ratification of said treaty; and to place the said tribes inhabiting their respective territories, on the some footing upon which they stood before the war: Provided, they should agree to desist from all hostilities against the said parties, their citizens or subjects respectively, upon the ratification of the said treaty being notified to them, and should so desist accordingly.\nAnd whereas the United States being determined to execute every article of the treaty with perfect good faith, and wishing to be particularly exact in the execution of the article above alluded to, relating to the Indian tribes: The President, in consequence thereof, for that purpose, on the eleventh day of March eighteen hundred and fifteen, appointed the undersigned William Clark, governor of Missouri Territory, Ninian Edwards, governor of Illinois Territory, and Auguste Chouteau, Esq. of Missouri Territory, commissioners, with full power to conclude a treaty of peace and amity with all those tribes of Indians, conformably to the stipulations contained in the said article, on the part of the United States, in relation to such tribes.\nAnd whereas the commissioners, in conformity with their instructions in the early part of last year, notified the Sacs of Rock river, and the adjacent country, of the time of the ratification of said treaty; of the stipulations it contained in relation to them; of the disposition of the American government to fulfil those stipulations by entering into a treaty with them, conformably thereto; and invited the said Sacs of Rock river, and the adjacent country, to send forward a deputation of their chiefs to meet the said commissioners at Portage des Sioux, for the purpose of concluding such a treaty, as aforesaid, between the United States and the said Indians, and the said Sacs of Rock river and the adjacent country, having not only declined that friendly overture, but having continued their hostilities, and committed many depredations thereafter, which would have justified the infliction of the severest chastisement upon them; but having earnestly repented of their conduct, now imploring mercy, and being anxious to return to the habits of peace and friendship with the United States-\u2013and the latter being always disposed to pursue the most liberal and humane policy towards the Indian tribes within their territory, preferring their reclamation by peaceful measures, to their punishment, by the application of the military force of the nation\u2014-Now, therefore,\nThe said William Clark, Ninian Edwards, and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners as aforesaid, and the undersigned chiefs and warriors, as aforesaid, for the purpose of restoring peace and friendship between the parties, do agree to the following articles:\nArt. 1. The Sacs of Rock river, and the adjacent country, do hereby unconditionally assent to recognise, re establish, and confirm the treaty between the United States of America and the united tribes of Sacs and Foxes, which was concluded at St. Louis, on the third day of November, one thousand eight hundred and four; as well as all other contracts and agreements, heretofore made between the Sac tribe or nation, and the United States.\nArt. 2. The United States agree to place the aforesaid Sacs of Rock river, on the same footing upon which they stood before the war: provided they shall, on or before the first day of July next, deliver up to the officer commanding cantonment Davis, on the Mississippi, all the property they, or any part of their tribe, have plundered or stolen from the citizens of the United States, since they were notified, as aforesaid, of the time of the ratification of the late treaty between the United States and Great Britain.\nArt. 3. If the said tribe shall fail or neglect to deliver up the property aforesaid, or any part thereof, on or before the first day of July aforesaid, they shall forfeit to the United States all right and title to their proportion of the annuities which, by the treaty of St. Louis, were covenanted to be paid to the Sac tribe; and the United States shall forever afterwards be exonerated from the payment of so much of said annuities as, upon a fair distribution, would fall to the share of that portion of the Sacs who are represented by the undersigned chiefs and warriors.\nArt. 4. This treaty shall take effect and be obligatory on the contracting parties, unless the same shall be disapproved by the President and Senate of the United States, or by the President only: and in the mean time all hostilities shall cease from this date.\nIn testimony whereof, the said Ninian Edwards, William Clark and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners as aforesaid, and the undersigned chiefs and warriors as aforesaid, have hereunto set their hands and affixed their seals, this thirteenth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and sixteen.\nWm. Clarkl. s.Ninian Edwardsl. s.Auguste Chouteaul. s.Anowart, or the One who Speaks, his x markl. s.Namewenanu, or Sturgeon Man, his x markl. s.Nasawarku, or the Forks, his x markl. s.Namatchesa, or the Jumping Sturgeon, his x markl. s.Matchequawa, the Bad Axe, his x markl. s.Masheo, or Young Eagle, his x markl. s.Aquaosa, or the Lion coming out of the Water, his x markl. s.Muketamaohekaka, or Black Sparrow Hawk, his x markl. s.Poinaketa, or the Cloud that don\u2019t stop, his x markl. s.Mealeseia, or Bad Weather, his x markl. s.Anawashqueth, the Bad Root, his x markl. s.Wassekenequa, or Sharp-Faced Bear, his x markl. s.Sakeetoo, or the Thunder that Frightens, his x markl. s.Warpaloka, or the Rumbling Thunder, his x markl. s.Kemealosha, or the Swan that flies in the rain, his x markl. s.Pashekomack, or the Swan that flies low, his x markl. s.Keotasheka, or the Running Partridge, his x markl. s.Wapalamo, or the White Wolf, his x markl. s.Caskupwa, or the Swan whose wings crack when he flies, his x markl. s.Napetaka, or he who has a Swan\u2019s throat around his neck, his x markl. s.Mashashe, or the Fox, his x markl. s.Wapamukqua, or the White Bear, his markl. s.\nSt. Louis, May 13th, 1816,}Done in the presence ofR. Wash, Secretary to the Commission.R. Paul, C. T. of the C.J. Bt. Caron, }Interpreters.Samuel Solomon,Joshua Norvell, Judge Adv. M. M.Joseph Perkins.B. G. Farar.Cerre.Gayol de Guirano.Moses Scott.Joseph Charless.Charles Wm. Hunter.M. La Croix.Boon Ingels.James Sawyer.Now, therefore, be it known, that, I, James Madison, President of the United States of America, having seen and considered the said Treaty, have, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, accepted, ratified, and confirmed the same, and every clause and article thereof.l.\u00a0s.In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed, and have signed the same with my hand. Done at the City of Washington, this 30th day of December, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, and of the Independence of the United States the forty first.\nJAMES MADISON.\nBy the President:\nJames Monroe, Secretary of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5648", "content": "Title: Presidential Proclamation, 30 December 1816\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n30 December 1816\nJAMES MADISON, President of the United States of America,\nTo all who shall see these presents, greeting:\nWhereas a Treaty of cession between the United States of America, and the Chactaw Nation of Indians was made and concluded on the 24th day of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, at the Chactaw Trading House, by Commissioners on the part of the said states, and the said nation of Indians, by their Leaders, Captains and Warriors, which Treaty is in the words following to wit:\nA Treaty of cession between the United States of America, and the Chactaw Nation of Indians.\nJames Madison, President of the United States of America, by General John Coffee, John Rhea and John M\u2019Kee, esqs. Commissioners on the part of the United States, duly authorized for that purpose, on the one part, and the Mingoes, Leaders, Captains and Warriors of the Chactaw nation in general council assembled, in behalf of themselves and the whole nation on the other part, have entered into the following articles, which, when ratified by the President of the United States, with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall be obligatory on both parties.\nArt. 1. The Chactaw Nation, for the consideration hereafter mentioned, cede to the United States all their title and claim to lands lying east of the following boundary: Beginning at the mouth of Ooktibbecha the Chickasaw boundary, and running from thence down the Tombigby river until it intersects the northern boundary of a cession made to the United States by the Chactaws at Mount Dexter, on the 16th November, 1805.\nArt. 2. In consideration of the foregoing cession, the United States engage to pay to the Chactaw Nation the sum of six thousand dollars annually for twenty years; they also agree to pay them in merchandize to be delivered immediately on signing the present Treaty, the sum of ten thousand dollars.\nDone and executed in full and open Council, at the Chactaw Trading House, this twenty fourth day of October, in the year our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, and of the Independence of the United States the forty first.\nJohn Coffee,l. s.John Rhea,l. s.John M\u2019Kee, l. s.Meshool tubbee, his x markl. s.Poushamattaha, his x markl. s.Pukshunnubbee, his markl. s.General Terror, his x markl. s.Chactaw Eestannokee, his x markl. s.General Humming Bird, his x markl. s.Talking Warrior, his x markl. s.David Folsom. l. s.Bob Cole, his x markl. s.Oopuppa, his x markl. s.Hoopoieeskitteenee, his x markl. s.Hoopoieemiko, his x markl. s.Hoopoieethoma, his x markl. s.\nWitness,\nTho. H. Williams, Secretary to the Commission.\nJohn Pithlynn,}Interpreters.Turner Brashear,M. Mackey,Silas Dinmoor,\nR. Chamberlin.\nNow, therefore, be it known, that I, James Madison, President of the United States of America, having seen and considered the said Treaty, have, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, accepted, ratified, and confirmed the same, and every clause and article thereof.\nl.\u00a0s.In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed, and have signed L. S. the same with my hand. Done at the City of Washington, this 30th day of December, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, and of the Independence of the United States the forty first.\nJAMES MADISON.\nBy the President:\nJames Monroe, Secretary of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5649", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexandre Monnier, 31 December 1816\nFrom: Monnier, Alexandre\nTo: Madison, James\nDevis Tavern Washington December 31, 1816\nAlexandre Monnier Marchand \u00e0 buffalo (\u00e9tat de New york) venant De Richemond pour y vendre quelques terres, n\u2019ayant pu y r\u00e9ussir forc\u00e9 de S\u00e9journer en cette ville depuis 12 Jours avec Sa Famille, Faute de moyens ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9sappoint\u00e9 d\u2019une Somme de 300 \u00b6s par georges Nelson n\u00e9gt. \u00e0 Petersburg en virginie.\nApr\u00e8s avoir inutilement Fait toutes les d\u00e9marches Possibles Pour Se procurer l\u2019Argent n\u00e9cessaire pour rendre Sa Famille \u00e0 la Maison, apr\u00e8s avor enfin \u00e9crit chez lui \u00e0 Sa mere, ne recevant point de r\u00e9ponse et ne Sachant \u00e0 quoi attribuer ce Silence, il Se prendrait libert\u00e9 de S\u2019Adresser \u00e0 Mr: Le pr\u00e9sident des \u00e9tats unis, Pour le prier de le retirer de l\u2019Embaras p\u00e9nible o\u00f9 il Se trouve avec Son \u00e9pouse et Son fils dont la position exige le retour le plus prompt. Il laisse Mr: Le pr\u00e9sident juger du d\u00e9sespoir o\u00f9 il est de voir Sa Famille Souffrir journallement des caprices d\u2019un Mtre: d\u2019Auberge qui ne Sait que trop la position o\u00f9 Se trouve cette infortun\u00e9e Famille.\nSi Mr: le pr\u00e9sident daigne lui rendre ce Service quoiqu\u2019il lui Soit totalement \u00e9tranger, il lui Promet Sur l\u2019honneur que la traite qu\u2019il lui donnera Sur Mr. Leack Cahr. de la bank de Niagara \u00e0 Buffalo, ou tout autre, lui Sera pay\u00e9 aussit\u00f4t Pr\u00e9sentation.\nIl attend avec inqui\u00e9tude une reponse de Mr: le pr\u00e9sident qui Mettra il ose l\u2019Esp\u00e9rer Fin aux Peines qu\u2019endurent Sa Famille. Il a l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec le plus profond respect, Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant Serviteur\nAldre: Monnier", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5650", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Rhea, 31 December 1816\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nBlountville Sullivan Ct. H. 31st. Decr 1816\nI had the pleasure of addressing to You a Letter dated at the United States Factory in the Choctaw Nation, informing that a treaty was concluded by the Commissioners of the U. S. with the Chiefs of that Indian tribe. I hope that letter was received. The treaty was forwarded to the War office from Nashville by mail, and I am very much Gratifyed to know, by a letter from that office, that the treaty was received and that it meets Your approbation. As in a former letter dated at Nashville, so in this I request You to accept my Gratefull acknowledgments for having appointed me a Commissioner to the Choctaw nation for the purpose of making a treaty with them. Of their friendship to the United S. & progress to civilization more might be written than merely alluding thereto. I would have written to You previous to this date, but had some inclination to be in the City Early next month. Some unavaoidable things and inclement weather have hindered. I flatter myself however that, unless hindered, I will have the pleasure of seeing You again this Winter. I had frequently been asked, whether any danger of Serious difficulties with any European power, and always answered, none in my opinion. Your Message to Congress at commencement of the present Session I have with great Satisfaction read, and observed that You mention, that the U States are at peace with the Civilized World. The United States are indeed a favored Nation. With every wish for Your happiness I have the honor to be Your Obt. Servt.\nJohn Rhea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5651", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Rufus Easton, 31 December 1816\nFrom: Easton, Rufus\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nWashington December 31st. 1816\nI take the liberty to recommend Docr. Thomas Neale of the town of Jackson in the Territory of Missouri for the office of Marshall for that Territory. Docr. Neale is a man of respectable talents of good character and well qualified in every respect to discharge the duties of that office. He resides near the center of population, of the territory. I am with great respect Sir, your most obedt. Servt.\nRufus Easton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5652", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Stephen Pleasonton, 31 December 1816\nFrom: Pleasonton, Stephen\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nCapt. Mullowny who holds the Commission of Consul at Tenneriffe, but who has not yet found it convenient to repair to his Station, has sent me the inclosed papers with a view to induce the appointment of Emanuel J. West as Vice Consul there, to act during his absence. The recommendations of Mr. West are very respectable, and if he could be appointed, it would greatly accommodate Capt. Mullowny. I have the honor to be With the greatest respect, Sir, your Ob. Sert.\nS. Pleasonton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/99-01-02-5653", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Timothy Pitkin, 31 December 1816\nFrom: Pitkin, Timothy\nTo: Madison, James\nTuesday Decr. 31st. 16.\nMr. Pitkin will do himself the honor to dine with the President of the UStates, on Thursday next, agreeable to invitation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/02-02-02-0026", "content": "Title: Memorandum Books, 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n Renewed my note in bank of 2000.D. for the 19th. inst.\n Borrowed of Mr. Leitch 20.D.\n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph 50.D.\n Charge E. Bacon 27.34 recd. for rent of the factory & applied to his own use.\n Pd. Roland Goodman 10.D.\n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph 50.D.\u2003hhd. exp. 5.D.\n Inclosed to John Vaughan 70.D. of which 50.D. are to be remitted to Thos. Appleton at Leghorn for wine now written for, the balance to be at my order.\n Pd. James Leitch the 20.D. ante Jan. 5.\n Inclosed 9.D. to Lancelot Minor to pay a debt of H. Marks\u2019s estate to Dr. William Meredith.\n Pd. Rachael the midwife 10.D. to wit for Edy, Virginia, Ursula & Mrs. Marks\u2019s Sally, the 2.D. overpd. on account.\n Inclosed to Peter Derieux an order on Gibson & Jeff. for 20.D. by order of Philip Mazzei & on his account.\n A kiln of 29. cord has yielded 972. b. of coal, or 33\u00bd b. to the cord.\u2003pd. Davy accdly. 1.67\u00bd (overpd. him .32\u00bd).\n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph 50.D.\n Gave Th:J. Randolph an order on Gibson & Jeff. for 446.25\n Delivd. E. Bacon 19.D. to pay John Bustard 6 B.\u20131\u00bd b. corn @ 3.D.\n Wormly exp. to Snowden 1.D.\u2003hhd. exp. 3.D.\n Mrs. Bacon for 10. turkies 5.D.\n Gave in charity 5 D. (Mrs. Patterson).\n Put into Capt. Miller\u2019s hands to buy corks 5.D.\n Recd. back from Wormly .25.\n Pd. for weaving 1.25\u2003sewers 1.D.\n Inclosed to Govr. Greenup of Kentucky 8.D. Mr. Steevens\u2019s bill for taking the deposn. of Mrs. Henderson in my suit v. Michie.\n Inclosed to Wm. Marshall Clk. US. court order on Gibson & Jefferson for 13.91 for 2 tickets in Livingston\u2019s suit + his charge for a copy of the decree & exn.\n Inclosed to P. Gibson John Harvie\u2019s bond for 104.56 D. due Mar. 1st. and an order on Philip Thornton for 150.D. rent for the Natural bridge. \n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph 180.D.\n Paid thro\u2019 E. Bacon\u2005 to William Hogg for cattle 70.D. to Jeremiah A. Goodman on account 80.D. \n Pd. Madeiras for a pr. of shoes 3.D.\n Inclosed to G. J. Hunt of N. York 2.D. price of a book subscribed for.\n Inclosed to John F. Watson of German town 13.D. price of the 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. vols. of the Edinbg. Review.\n Inclosed to James Oram, N. York Water street 102. the price of Ware\u2019s English grammar, subscribed for, to wit 1.D.\n Recieved of Th:J. Randolph 505.D.\n Note E. Bacon, some time ago, sold the Hiatilda colt to John Kuhn for 80.D. of which he pd. to \n \u2003\u2003J. H. Craven for ship stuff68.60 to Joseph Bishop for leather 8.76 now returns me 1.75 the balance to make up fractions above\u2003 .89 80.\u2003 \n Recd. for a \u00be Merino ram 10.D.\u200310. Sewers 1.D.\n Inclosed to J. Barnes 100.D. for the use & to order of Ellen W. Randolph with a letter of credit to any extent she may call for. \n Inclosed to Joel Yancey an ord. on Gibson & J. for 170.D. to pay my US. taxes in Bedfd.\n Note on the 13th. I renewed my note to the bk. of Virginia for 2000 D. due from the 19th. to the 22d. inst.\n Desired Mr. Gibson to remit to Genl. Wm. Duane for me 65.D. to wit 5.D. for the Aurora to May 1. 1816. and 60.D. for a translation of Tracy\u2019s Pol. economy, on account of Joseph Milligan to whom I am to charge it. See post Jan. 26.\n Drew on Gibson in favr. Th:J. Randolph for 1000.D. to wit\n My Congressional taxes now due are\u2005 the direct 282.37 furniture do.\u2002 \u200219. \u2003to be paid him in April or May301.37 \n On settlement with Elijah Ham I owe him 564.14 with int. from Dec. 8. 1815.\n Pd. Saml. Carr for bringing up a ton of plaister 8.D.\n Gave in charity 50.D.\n Inclosed to Arch. Robertson an ord. for 167.10 on Gibson & Jefferson. to wit\n \u2003\u2003for Jer. A. Goodman ante Nov. 30. 78.35 for leather ante Dec. 10. \u00a320\u201316\u20131 69.35 deficiency of my ord. ante Mar. 15. for taxes\u2003 19.40 167.10 \n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph 40.D.\n Pd. William Woods surveyor for Wm. Short 5.D.\n Pd. do. for surveying for myself 30.D.\n Drew on John Vaughan Phila. in favor of N. G. Dufief for 24.68 balance due him for books.\n Recieved of Th:J. Randolph 1000.D. Hhd. exp. 1.D.\n Gave Colo. Monroe\u2019s gardener for vines 1.D.\n Pd. Jas. Leitch for butter 4.25\u2003D. Isaacs a book 1.50.\n Gave James Lilburn Jefferson 10.D.\n Set out for Poplar Forest.\n Warren. vales .50\u2003ferrge. & watermen 4.D.\u2003} H. Flood\u2019s lodgg. &c. 4.17. \u200310.75 Hunter\u2019s breakfast 2.08. \n Servt. catching horse .25.\n Gave Burwell 10.D.\u2003pd. for fish & cord 1.37\u00bd.\n Gave Charles Clay ord. on A. Robertson for 100.20 for corn.\n Note I am to pay John Depriest June 1. 70.D. for a horse.\n Gave Abraham Dehavens order on Arch. Robertson\n \u2003for himself\u2005 board of Francis Eppes 6. mo.\u2003 33.33 bed and washing 10. for Mr. Mitchell for tuition from June 1.10.53.33 \n Drew ord. on Gibson & Jeff. in favr. A. Robertson for 153.53.\n Pd. debts & vales at Pop. For. 6.D.\n \u2003mending axle on the road 2.D.\u2003Hunter\u2019s oats 1.D.}11.45 Noah Flood\u2019s lodging &c. 3.\u2003Gibson\u2019s breakft. &c. 2.75. Warren. ferrge. 1.D.\u2003arrears & fish 1.50\u2003shoeing horse .20. \n Drew on Gibson & Jefferson in favor of Martin Dawson for 77.85 for 7541. \u2114 oats and 1800. \u2114 fodder.\n Sold a horse to Edmund Bacon for 60.D.\n Paid Youen Carden on account 20.D.\n Recd. from E. Bacon 1.25 change of paymts. ante Apr. 8.\n Pd. Thos. Beck for bringing up plaister 4.33.\n On settlemt. of D. Higginbotham\u2019s acct. to Aug. 1. 1815. the balance due him is 2848.67 with int. from that date.\n Pd. portage box of vines 1.\n Renewed my note for 2000.D. in bank Virga. dated 24th. inst.\n Drew on Gibson & Jefferson in favr. of Archibd. Robertson for 120 D. and inclosed the draught to Joel Yancey to pay thro\u2019 Mr. Robertson 70.D. to John Depriest for a horse and 50.D. to Nimrod Darnell on account.\n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph 50.D.\n Delivd. E. Bacon for Richd. Roby for 62. b. oats @ 3/6 36.17 D.\n Pd. Roland Goodman on acct. 15.D.\n Repaid to Th:J. Randolph \u200280.04 Gave him ord. on Gibson & Jefferson 300. Gave him do. on T. E. Randolph payable Sep. 1\u2003\u2003 240. 620.04 \n This settles for the following articles of acct.\n \u2003cash ante Apr. 4. 40\u2005 pd. for soap 2.50.\u2003for Solomon 4.50 7\u2005 cash ante May 23. 200.\u2003do. May 29. 50\u2003 250. my tax now due 301.19 Mrs. Lewis\u2019s order on me for her tax 21.85 \u2003620.04 \n \u2003D Drew order on Gibson accordingly for\u2003 300. \u2003and on Thos. E. Randolph for240. \n Delivered to E. Bacon to pay Sam. Leitch store acct.\u2003 12.70 \u2003on\u2005 Roland Goodman\u2019s order in favr. do.\u200313.75\u200326.45for\u2005 Branham & Jones, store acct.29.67John Winn. do.\u20029.50\u00bdMartin Dawson. do.24.8789.49\u00bd \n Gave E. Bacon an order on Thos. E. Randolph for 53.125 in favor of John Fagg for 85. bush. oats @ 3/9.\n Inclosed to John F. Watson of Germantown 5.D. for 9th. & 10th. vols. of Edingburg Review.\n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph on acct. of T. E. Randolph 60.D. in part of rent which became due Apr. 1.\u20036. Hhd. exp. 5.D.\n Drew on Gibson in favr. Wm. Johnson for 16.D. bringing 2. ton plaister.\n Wrote to P. Gibson to remit to Nichs. G. Dufief for books 31.D. also to John Steele Collector of Phila. 16.80 duties & portcharges on 50. bottles of Hermitage & a box of Maccaroni sent there by Stephen Cathalan of Marseilles.\n Pd. Dick & Gill for a barrel of tar 4.D.\u2003Nace sewers 1.D.\n Stage portage of box .50.\u200314. Hhd. exp. 1.D.\n Pd. E. Bacon for Wm. Suttle 7.08 D. for 17. galls. vinegar @ 2/6.\n Paid Betsy Farley for a month\u2019s board of Moses 10.D.\n Delivered E. Bacon 32.67 D. for Richd. Roby 56. b. oats @ 3/6.\n Paid (thro\u2019 TMR\u2019s Phill) John Craddock 1.D. bringing up pictures.\n Gave Roland Goodman ord. on Martin Dawson for 1. barrel fish 8\u00bd D. 100. \u2114 bacon @ 1/ 16.67 = 25.17. See post July 17.\n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph 63.D. & gave him verbal ord. on Thos. E. Randolph for the same, being the balce. of rent to Apr. 1.\n Warren. ferrge. 1.5.}= 11.62\u00bdGibson\u2019s lodging 3.5\u2003H. Flood\u2019s brkft. 3.12\u00bd.\u2002 Hunter\u2019s fodder .25. Chilton\u2019s lodging 3.25. \n Poplar forest. paid for candles .75.\n Lynchbg. books 2.25\u2003entertt. Mrs. Byrd\u2019s 5.54.\n Gave Joel Yancey ord. on Gibson & Jeff. for 32.25 for so much paid by him to John Depriest for plank.\n Debts & vales at Poplar Forest 7.50 \n a horse shoe .25.\u2003 }\u2003= 13.D.Chilton\u2019s oats 1.25\u2003a plough 4.D.\u2003H. Flood\u2019s lodging 4.37\u00bd.\u2003Gibson\u2019s brkft. .87\u00bd\u2003Warren. ferrge. 1.25.Enniscorthy. vales 1.\n Desired P. Gibson to remit to Chas. Simms, Collector of Alexa. 13.40 freight & port expences & 27.30 duties = 40.70 on 200. bottles of wine of Nice recd. at Alexa. from S. Cathalan of Marseilles.\n Sent him also a renewal of my Note in bank ante May 15.\n Drew on Gibson & Jeff. in favr. Wm. Johnson for 12.33 for portage of molasses, fish, wine-hermitage Maccaroni.\n Wrote to Gibson & Jefferson to pay John F. Oliveira Fernandes 63.81 for wine.\n Roland Goodman informs me he made no use of the order on M. Dawson ante June 21. but instead of it got from James Leitch 100. \u2114 bacon @ 1/3 on my acct.\n D\u2002c Pd. Mrs. Proctor thro\u2019 Mr. Bacon a balance of\u2005 5.67 \u2005for an \n acct. of brown sugar & whiskey furnished Apr. May, June 1815. Note in this account I allowed her\u2003\u2003for Elijah Ham & had credit 25.D. for the hire of a woman of Mrs. Marks.\n Borrowed from Th:J.R. 35.D.\n Pd. Roland Goodman 15.D.\n Wormly exp. to Richmd. for Nice wine 2.D.\n Montpelier. vales 2.D.\n Colo. Lindsay\u2019s do. .50\u2003Defoe 18 geese 6.D.\u2003Cole\u2019s people 4.D. orchard grass.\n Recd. back from Wormly .25 ante 6th.\n Paid E. Bacon for tar of Shifflet 4.D.\n The last kiln of coal yielded 1240. bushels from 30. chord which is 41. b. @ .05 = 2.05\u2003pd. Davy 2.D.\n C. Vest stage portage .50.\n Th:J. Randolph pays thro\u2019 E. Bacon to Thos. Gooch 22.17 D. for 38 bushels of oats @ 3/6.\n Midwife Rachael for Rachael & Scilla (Lego) & Fanny 6.D.\n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph 60.D.\u20035. Hhd. exp. 1.D.\n Inclosed to H. Niles 5.D. for Weekly register to Sep. 1817.\n Renewed my note in bank for 2000.D. date Sep. 24.\n Desired P. Gibson to pay to Sheriff Henrico 42.29 taxes on my 4. lots in Beverly town from 1787. to 1797 inclusive. Hhd. exp. 2.D.\n Debit Elijah Ham 5.25 allowed Dr. Douglass in his wood acct.\n Gave Joseph Gilmore ord. on Gibson & Jeff. for 45.25 D. for sundries, to wit plaister, wine, maccaroni &c. brought last season.\n Drew order on Gibson & Jefferson for 200.D. in favr. Branham and Jones assees. of my note to Elijah Ham ante Mar. 24.\n \u2002D\u2002c Drew do. on do. for\u2005 30.93 \u2005in favr. Charles Vest for leather acct. \n Pd. Williamson Kelly for cheese 4.20.\n Pd. do. for Elijah Ham\u2019s tax 4.23\u2003Hhd. exp. 1.D.\n Drew on Gibson & Jefferson for 140.D. favr. Th:J. Randolph.\n Enniscorthy vales 1.\n Gibson\u2019s lodging 3.25\u2003H. Flood\u2019s brkft. 3.75.\n Chilton\u2019s lodging 5.10\u2003a servt. on the road .25 = 15.35.\n Gill for cutting gr. coat .25.\n Lynchbg. charity 1.D.\u2003feedg. horses 2.D.\u2003shoes F. Eppes 2.D.\n Gave ord. on Gibson & Jeff. in favr. sheriff Bedford 133.80 taxes.\n Debts & vales Pop. For. 4.25\u00bd\u2003Hunter\u2019s lodgg. 5.75.\n H. Flood\u2019s brkft. 2.75\u2003Gibson\u2019s lodging 3.50.\n Warren ferrge. 1.57\u2003Brown\u2019s servts. & horses 2.87\u00bd = 20.70.\n Pd. Lewis\u2019s smith an antient & doubtful claim 2.D.\n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph 200.D.\n Pd.\u2003\u2003Grady thro\u2019 E. Bacon for 49\u2153 Bar. corn 197.33.\n Th:J. Randolph furnishes E. Bacon 11.25 to pay for tallow.\n Hhd. exp. 1.D.\u2003recd. of Th:J. Randolph 19.D.\n Inclosed 17.D. to Jas. H. McCulloch collector of Baltimore for duties on 2. cases of Florence wine, to wit 57. bottles of Artimignano & 57. do. Chianti.\n Gave Wormly 2.D. expences to Richmd.\n Sent to Charles Vest .50 for stage carriage.\n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph 15.D.\u2003Hhd. exp. 1.D.\n Drew on Gibson & Jefferson in favr. Clifton Harris for Benj. Harris sher. Alb. for 163.51 for taxes & tickets.\n Inclosed to P. Gibson a renewal of my note in bank for 2000.D. dated Nov. 24. See ante Sep. 10.\n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph 123.D.\n Inclosed to Matthew Carey Phila. for books 4.D.\n Inclosed to John F. Watson of German town 10.D. for the 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th. 13. 14 vols. of Ed. Review.\n Inclosed to David Gelston 7.D. for 6.60 freight of books.\n Recd. from T:J. Randolph 30.D. and gave him an ord. on Gibson & Jefferson for 400.D. to wit\n Paid Roland Goodman on acct. 20.D.\n Drew on Gibson & Jefferson for 114.D. in favr. of Th:J. Randolph, dated Nov. 4. to pay on that day to William Hogg for 6. cows & 12 lambs.\n Pd. Ira Garrett by ord. Mrs. Molly Lewis 13.50.\u2003Hhd. xp. 1.D.\n Gibson\u2019s lodging 3.58\u2003N. Flood\u2019s brkft. 2.5\u2003H. Flood\u2019s oats .62\u00bd.\n Hunter\u2019s lodging 5.D.\u2003arrived at Poplar For. = 13.20\u00bd.\n Gave John Hemings his annual donation 20.D. \n Pd.\u2003\u2003Bradfeut laying a hearth & trimmer 3.D.\n Pd. for candles 1.12\u00bd\u2003for 4. turkies 2.D.\n Gave Burwell gratuity 10.D.\n Inclosed to John Steele Collectr. Phila. 10.D. to replace 9.33 for duty\u20035.D. freight\u20033.43 porterage & storage .91 on a cask of 20. galls. Roussillon wine & a box from Cathalan.\n Pd.\u2003\u2003Watkins mendg. threshing machine (Griffin\u2019s time) 5.D.\n Drew on Gibson & Jeff. in favr. Arch. Robertson 222.D.\n \u2003this is to pay\u2005 Joseph\u2005 Slaughter for a horse 45. Butler for leather wheels\u2003 20\u2005 Bridgland 87. \u2114 beef 7\u2005 Arch. Robertson for corn150\u2005222\u2005 \n Paid for candles and oil 1.87\u00bd.\n Pd. debts & vales at Poplar forest 9.D.\n Hunter\u2019s lodging 6.24\u2003H. Flood\u2019s brkft. 3.D.\n Millbrook vales 2.D.\u2003Buckingham C. H. feed 1.D.\n Gibson\u2019s lodging 3.D. (2/6 over)\n Warren ferrge. 2.D.\u2003Brown\u2019s feed & on acct. 3.D.\n Recd. of Edm. Bacon 150.D. for A. S. Marks being the price for which he sold her man Peter.\n Gave\u2003\u2003Hardy order on Jas. Leitch for 5.D. balance of 35\u00be \u2114 hops ante Oct. 10.\u2003Hhd. exp. 1.D.\n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph 155.D. Note he has paid Garner 8.D. for having had a gun of mine repaired.\n Pd. Jerem. A. Goodman 147.50 which reduces balance to 400.D.\n Recd. of Th:J. Randolph 50.D.\n Gave Barnaby ord. on T. E. Randolph for the price of 18. Barrels to wit 1. in every 31. See ante 1813. Mar. 17. Note he has delivered (with 72. to be delivd. this day) 563. barrels from Oct. 9. to this day inclusive.\n Drew on Gibson & Jefferson for 94.70 D. in favr. of US. Collector being my taxes due to US. for Bedford, to wit ante Mar. 15. 170.D. & Mar. 28. 19.40 \u00f7 2 = 94.70 & inclosed ord. to Joel Yancey.\n Subscribed to the \u2018N. York public sale Report\u2019 and inclosed 5.D. to T. Eldredge editor in advance for the 1st. year.\n Pd. Ewen Cardin on account 30.D.\n Repaid James Leitch the 5.D. ante Dec. 15.\u2014hhd. exp. 1.D.\n Drew on Gibson in favr. Th:J. Randolph for 220.D. to wit 155 + 8 + 50. ante Dec. 17. 18. & a surplus of 7.D.\n Ned sewers for Nov. & De. 2.D.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0196", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Jos\u00e9 Corr\u00eaa da Serra, 1 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Corr\u00eaa da Serra, Jos\u00e9\n I learnt, my dear Sir, with inexpressible concern, on my arrival at home, that my detention in Bedford had lost me the pleasure of your visit here. having heard nothing from you since our parting on the Natural bridge, I had supposed your return longer delayed than you had expected, and that even possibly your course might be so shaped as to take Poplar Forest in your way. I hungered for your observations on the country you had passed over, and should not probably have been mistaken in your estimate of it. it was additionally unlucky that when you were at Monticello my family did not observe the letters for you lying on my table. some of them had been recieved a considerable time before, but not knowing your exact trajectory, or in what part of it they might light on you, I was afraid to risk them in the attempt. I now inclose them, and add a letter I wrote you under cover to mr Rhea, expecting it would get to Knoxville by mail before your arrival there, as it probably did: but mr Rhea being unfortunately absent on a journey to the Westward, you failed in the receipt of it, as in the benefit you might have derived from his friendly attentions. he lately returned it to me with expressions of his regret at having lost the opportunity of being useful to you; and I now inclose it only to shew that the failure did not proceed from want of attention in me. not knowing whether you may have arrived at Philadelphia when this gets there, I put the whole under cover to mr Vaughan.\n The death of Dr Barton revives my anxiety to recover the MS. journals of Capt Lewis, for the satisfaction of his family; and may at the same time facilitate it. he had promised me sacredly that he would see to it\u2019s restoration; and as you were so kind as to say you would attend to it on your return to Philadelphia, I now earnestly entreat your aid for this object. knowing nothing of what is doing, or intended to be done as to the publication of the papers respecting the natural history & geography of the country, you will oblige me by any information you can obtain on this subject. the right to these papers is in the government, as may be seen by the instructions to Capt Lewis. they were left in his hands that he might derive to himself the pecuniary benefits of their publication, on the presumption they would certainly be published. if that presumption is to fail, the government must reclaim them; and it is to put this object into an effective course that I wish for information what is doing, or likely to be done. I know I should have the concurrence of Genl Clarke in this, were he within the timely reach of consultation; and I shall not fail to advise with him as soon as I can do it understandingly.\n I am ashamed to ask whether your observation or information as to the Cisterns of Charleston can facilitate the perfecting those I have constructed: because by some accident which I cannot ascertain, I lost the paper you were so kind as to give me at Dowthwaite\u2019s. you recollect our situation there. I was shaving, changing linen, opening and doing up my baggage on the bed, when you put that paper into my hands. I thought it certain that I put it into my pocket; but when I got back to Poplar Forest I could not find it. whether it was lost out of my pocket, or laid & left on the bed, I cannot say; but being lost, I am thrown again on your goodness to replace it if you can.\n What effect will the apparent restoration of the Bourbons have on your movements? will it tempt your return? I do not see in this a restoration of quiet. on the contrary I consider France as in a more Volcanic state than at any preceding time. there must be an explosion, and one of the most destructive character. I look forward to crimes more fierce and pitiless than those which have already distinguished that bloody revolution. these are not scenes, my dear friend, for you to be thrown into. they have no analogies with the tranquility of your character. true we cannot offer you the scientific society of Paris. but who can enjoy science, or who think of it, in the midst of insurrection, madness and massacre? besides, you possess all science within yourself. from others you can get nothing new, and the pleasure of communicating it should be greatest where it is most wanting. stay then with us. become our instructor. help us on in the paths of that science which is wanting to our ripening character. you know how much you are beloved and desired every where, welcome every where, but no where so cordially as at Monticello. come and make it your home then, the place of rest & tranquility, from which, as your pi\u00e8-des-tal, you can make what excursions you please. you will find it\u2019s summers as moderate as those of Philadelphia, and it\u2019s winters more so. had I arrived before your departure, I should have pressed your trial of it the present winter. a comfortable room, in a country of fuel, for retirement when you chose it, and a sociable family, full of affection & respect for you, when tired of being alone, would have made you forget the absence suspension of the season for botanical rambling. turn this subject in your mind, my good friend, and let us have as much of the benefit of the result as shall be consistent with your own happiness, and in all cases be assured of my gr warm affection & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0198", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 2 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n Your favor of Dec. 22. is recieved, and I now return the note with my signature. what you mention of the boat load of 35. barrels of flour mentioned in mine of Oct. 28. not having been delivered; is the first notice I have of that failure, and the 2d time I have been misinformed in the same manner. the tenants of my mill are bound to deliver their rent of fifty odd barrels a quarter at Richmond, and assured me on the former occasion that 55. and on the latter that 35. barrels had actually gone from there to be delivered in Richmond on my account. it seems however that their destination has been changed by the way. my crop flour here has been waiting a rise of the river. mr Gilmer is engaged to carry it down, and promises if there is not a rise in a few days he will take it by half loads to Columbia & whole loads from there. this increases the expence of transportation. my crop here has been an indifferent one, & that in Bedford worse. should it not enable me to take my whole note out of the bank, it will furnish enough to pay up all the curtailments which the bank may require for the year.being entirely out of wine, I have written to Dr Fernandes of Norfolk for a quarter cask of Lisbon or Port, or Sherry, and have desired him to draw on you for the cost. accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson\n P.S. having got 800. bushels of wheat into the ground here & in Bedford, and aiming at a tolerable crop of tobo there, I hope at length to get freed from the difficulties which embargoes, war, heavy taxes & short crops have kept me laboring under for the last three years. the wine when it comes to your hands must be trusted only to Johnson or Gilmer personally.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0199", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Alden Partridge, 2 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Partridge, Alden\n I am but recently returned from my journey to the neighborhood of the Peaks of Otter, and find here your favors of Nov. 23 & Dec. 9. I have therefore to thank you for your meteorological table and the Corrections, of Colo Williams\u2019s altitudes of the mountains of Virginia which I had not before seen; but especially for the very able extract on Barometrical measures. the precision of the calculations, and soundness of the principles on which they are founded furnish, I am satisfied, a great approximation towards truth, and raise that method of estimating heights to a considerable degree of rivalship with the trigonometrical. the last is not without some sources of inaccuracy, as you have truly stated. the admeasurement of the base is liable to errors which can be rendered insensible only by such degrees of care as have been exhibited by the Mathematicians who have been employed in measuring degrees, on the surface of the earth. the measure of the angles, by the wonderful perfection to which the graduation of instruments has been brought by a Bird, a Ramsden, a Troughton, removes nearly all distrust from that operation; and we may add that the effect of refraction, rarely worth notice in short distances, admits of correction by known laws well established laws. these sources of error once reduced to be insensible, their geometrical employment is certainty itself. no two men can differ on a principle of trigonometry. not so, as to the theories of Barometrical mensuration. on these have been great differences of opinion, and among characters of just celebrity.\n Dr Halley reckoned 110 I. of mercury equal to 90.f. altitude of the atmosphere:\n Derham thought it equal to something less than 90.f.\n Cassini\u2019s tables \n to 24\u00b0 of the Barometer allowed\n 676. toises of altitude;\n Scheuchzer\u2019s \n Nettleton\u2019s tables applied to a difference of .5975 of mercury, in a particular instance gave 512.17 f. of altitude, and Bouguer\u2019s & DeLuc\u2019s rules, to the same difference gave 579.5 fSr Isaac Newton had established that at heights in Arithmetrical progression the ratio of rarity in the air would be geometrical; and this being the character of the Natural numbers and their Logarithms, Bouguer adopted the ratio in his mensuration of the mountains of S. America, and, stating in French lignes the height of the mercury at different stations, took their Logarithms to 5 places only, including the index, and considered the resulting difference as expressing that of the altitudes in French toises. he then applied corrections required by the effect of the temperature of the moment on the air and mercury. his process, on the whole, agrees very exactly with that established in your excellent extract. in 1776. I observed the height of the mercury at the base and summit of the mountain I live on, and, by Nettleton\u2019s tables, estimated the height at 512.17 f. and called it about 500.f. in the Notes on Virginia. but calculating it since, on the same observations, according to Bouguer\u2019s method with De Luc\u2019s improvements, the result was 579.5 f. and lately I measured the same height trigonometrically, with the aid of a base of 1175.f in a vertical plane with the summit, and at the distance of about 1500. yards from the axis of the mountain, and made it 599.35 f. I consider this as testing the advance of the barometrical process towards truth by the adoption of the Logarithmic ratio of heights and densities; and continued observations and experiments will continue to advance it still more. but the first character of a common measure of things being that of invariability, I can never suppose that a substance so heterogeneous & variable as the atmospheric fluid, changing daily and hourly it\u2019s weight & dimensions to the amount sometimes of one tenth of the whole, can be applied as a standard of measure to any thing with as much Mathematical exactness as a trigonometrical process. it is still however a resource of great value for these purposes, because it\u2019s use is so easy, in comparison with the other, and especially where the grounds are unfavorable for a base; and it\u2019s results are so near the truth as to answer all the common purposes of information. indeed I should in all cases prefer the use of both, to warn us against gross error, and to put us, when that is suspected, on a repetition of our process. when lately measuring trigonometrically the height of the peaks of Otter (as my letter of Oct. 12. informed you I was about to do) I very much wished for a barometer, to try the height by that also. but it was too far and too hazardous to carry my own, and there was not one in that neighborhood.On the subject of that admeasurement, I must premise that my object was only to gratify a common curiosity as to the height of those mountains, which we deem our highest, and to furnish an \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s, sufficient to satisfy us in a comparison of them with the other mountains of our own, or of other countries. I therefore neither provided such instruments, nor aimed at such extraordinary accuracy in the measures of my base, as abler operators would have employed in the more important object of measuring a degree, or of ascertaining the relative position of different places for astronomical or geographical purposes. my instrument was a theodolite by Ramsden, whose horisontal and vertical circles were of 3\u00bd I. radius it\u2019s graduation subdivided by Noniuses to 3.\u2032 admitting however by it\u2019s intervals, a further subdivision by the eye to a single minute, with two telescopes, the one fixed, the other moveable, and a Gunter\u2019s chain of 4. poles, accurately adjusted in it\u2019s length, and carefully attended on it\u2019s application to the base line. the Sharp, or Southern peak was first measured by a base of 2806.32 f. in the vertical plane of the axis of the mountain. a base then nearly parallel with the two mountains of 6589 f. was measured, and observations taken at each end, of the altitudes and horizontal angles of each peak apex, and such other auxiliary observations made as to the stations, inclination of the base Etc as a good degree of correctness in the result would require. the ground of our bases was favorable, being an open plain of close grazed meadow, on both sides of the Otter river, declining so uniformly with the descent of the river as to give no other trouble than an observation of it\u2019s angle of inclination, in order to reduce the base to the plane of the horizon. from the summit of the sharp peak I took also the angle of altitude of the flat or Northern one above it, my other observations sufficing to give their distance from one another.\n the result was,\n that the mean height\n of the Sharp peak above\n ye surface of Otter R.\n of the flat peak\n the distance between the two summits\n their rhumb N. 33\u00b0 50\u2032 E. the distance of the stations of observation from the points in the bases of the mountains vertically under their summits was the shortest 19002.2 f. the longest 24523.3 f. these mountains are computed to be visible to 15. counties of the state, without the advantage of counter-elevations, and to several more with that advantage.I must add that I have gone over my calculations but once, and nothing is more possible than the mistake of a figure, now and then, in calculating so many triangles, which may occasion some variation in the result. I mean therefore, when I have leisure, to go again over the whole.The ridge of mountains of which Monticello is one, is generally low. there is one in it however, called Peter\u2019s mountain, considerably higher than the general ridge. this being within a dozen miles of me North Eastwardly, I think, in the spring of the year, to measure it by both processes, which may serve as another trial of the Logarithmic theory. should I do this you shall know the result. in the mean time accept assurances of my great respect & esteem\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0203", "content": "Title: William Short to Thomas Jefferson, 5 January 1816\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n In the course of the last summer I had the pleasure of recieving a letter from you in which you were so good as to mark the progress that the land affair had made towards a final termination. You then thought it was inevitable in the course of the autumn succeeding. And although appearances so far were not favorable to me, yet I wished the point to be settled on several accounts.Having not heard from you, when I learned from a sister of Mrs Carter, who resides here, that she was then expecting a visit from Mr & Mrs Carter, I was particularly anxious to know if possible, the result before Mr Carter should leave Philadelphia. I therefore took the liberty of writing to you on the 21st of Novr last. I have not since had the pleasure of hearing from you\u2014I at first thought you might be in Bedford\u2014but so much time has now elapsed, that I am inclined to think either that my letter must have miscarried on the way, or that that lot has fallen on yours.In the meantime fortunately Mr Carter\u2019s arrival has been postponed. Mrs Izard is still expecting him daily as she tells me, though she has not heard from him or her sister for a very long time, which does not surprize her as they seldom write\u2014It is this aversion to writing of our countymen which makes me anxious to be able to treat of this affair with Mr Carter viva voce, & if possible settle it with him.As relates to Mr Higginbotham also it is important for me to know how I stand\u2014his last payment became due on the 25th ulto but he has said nothing to me respecting it. When he does it will be necessary for me to know what sum precisely I am to deduct, on the principle wch you mentioned to me.\n Notwithstanding this urgency of the case I do not believe I should have again troubled you at this moment but for a letter I have lately recieved from a person in France of whom I think you formerly entertained a very favorable opinion, & who I am sure still deserves it. It is M. de la Motte formerly our Vice-consul at Havre. It has been a very long time since I have had sign of life from him\u2014and his letter explains this by informing me he had purchased a farm in the country, to which he had retired for many years as a gentleman farmer. He has now returned to Havre in consequence of the peace & resumed his commercial pursuits. He is anxious to have his former appointment & has written to M. Monroe, on the subject, but has had no answer from him. This he attributes to a person at Paris who he thinks is opposed to him & may have counteracted him, wishing the place himself. I should doubt this, & I impute Monroe\u2019s silence to his multifarious occupations in which this minimum of de la Motte has been lost sight of. If you think with me that in consequence of de la Motte\u2019s long & honest services in this place, there would be a degree of injustice in pushing him out of it, & if you think, as I do, that he would really be more useful there than any other, & if moreover, as I hope, you have not any repugnance to give your opinion either to Monroe, or Mr Madison, I wish indeed you would do so & procure this act of justice for a man who was always really devoted to you & to the government country wch employed him. If you do not wish it he shall never know that you took this step, nor shall any other know. I am sure that in a case of this nature one word from you would suffice to secure a measure of good policy, & rigorous justice to a man whom you have long known & valued as I believe.\n In looking over some papers a few days ago I was surprized to find that I was still in possession of your bonds & mortgage. I had quite forgotten them. I find that I had taken occasion to obliterate their signature, so that no inconvenience could have ensued if I had died\u2014but still I had rather they should be returned into your hands where they ought in regularity to have been some time ago. It was certainly my intention to have written to you to ask your authorization to send them by mail, or dispose of them in any other way so that you should have them\u2014& I think I must have written to that effect at the time,\u2014but if I did I have not recd an answer as to that article. I will thank you now to say how I may comply with your wishes on this head.\n I am glad to hear that the price of one of the staples of Virginia has so risen as to introduce much prosperity into that State\u2014& I hope Mr Higginbotham will be still more pleased with his purchase\u2014Being satisfied myself I am always glad when those with whom I deal find themselves satisfied also.\n I was extremely anxious, as you may have percieved, as to the state of things in this country during the war. According to my view still, we were on a precipice, or rather near a rock wch was the more dangerous to the vessel of State, that the Pilots, ignorant in most respects of this kind of navigation, were absolutely blind as to this particular danger. I own that my indignation as to their ignorance & stupidity was often raised to a degree that was very near making me break my resolution long ago made of never entering the public papers as an anonymous author\u2014Things have now passed over\u2014I should probably have done no good & should have vexed & mortified myself to no purpose\u2014I can now say, & have no doubt I shall be able to say at the day of my death, that I have never inserted or contributed in any way to an anonymous article in the vile & dirty nuisances of public newspapers.I am now reconciled in heart & spirit to those whom we have put in authority over us & who have done us so much mischief, but who finally have at least not opposed the greatest good, peace; & indeed may be said to have given us it to us; as we have it, & they could certainly have witheld it.\u2014Our great danger now lies in the Treasury\u2014Every thing is unsound, & without experience or knowlege there\u2014How is it possible to place confidence there under its present director\u2014We, the profane vulgar know only that he left a most lucrative practise here\u2014that he was always a needy man from his expensive habits\u2014hospitable & apparently generous in the extreme, his house was by far the most expensive in this City\u2014& notwithstanding he had a numerous family & was a fond & excellent father, he could not resist his inducements to expence, in order to save a part of his earnings for this family, who wd have been destitute had they lost him\u2014at least this was the general opinion. Now vanity as well as hospitality will combine to add to all his expenses, & I have no doubt it will be seen that his expenses far exceed any Minister who has resided at Washington, & probably those of the President himself. I judge so from the character of the man. Now where are these expenses to come from, unless it be from the want of fixity in our finances, which is the best state for enabling one behind the curtain to speculate to great & mammoth advantage, as they now are & are likely to be under proper management to this effect, for some time to come. The income of this gentleman was here from 15 to 20,000 dolls p ann\u2014This is abandoned by a man qui \u00e0 \u00f9n besoin de depense, for ostensibly 5000 dolls p. ann, with additional excitements to expense. But he is a thorough going Republican, he is a perfect democrat. This is the saving mantle for everything\u2014This ought to inspire confidence\u2014for sure no politician at Rome or at Paris who professed this religion, ever did it without remaining always true to the love of country, the purity of principle & an absolute \u201cabnegation de soi-meme.\u201d I have no doubt with this lever he will find the means of moving his party, who certainly form the majority & of course can do no wrong. It is a strange perversion wch should have made Mr M. get rid of Gallatin & send him abroad, where most particularly our national pride, if not our national character should have prohibited our sending him; & thus lose his talents, after he had acquired a sufficient degree of wealth to enable him to think alone of the public good, & substitute a man of inferior talents unquestionably, & one who could not, from his circumstances, if he were so disposed, confine himself to study this good alone.God bless you my dear sir; & believe me ever your friend & servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0204", "content": "Title: Philip I. Barziza to Thomas Jefferson, 6 January 1816\nFrom: Barziza, Philip I.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Honorable Sir\n Williamsburg 6th January 1816\n Its with truly sentiments of gratitude that I Knowledge your must graciuse lettre annexd with the instructions that you had the goodness to forward me upon my affairs. I have the satisfaction to participate you that the contract of Marriage, of which I was in want to complete my documents, I founded here in the hands of Mr William McCandlish, the same Gentleman whom was named by Governement to be Curator of the Estate of my deceased Grand Mother Mrs Paradise, and under the assistance of whom I am at present acting for the purpose of reccovering boths my and my Brother Proprety; as to your Kind invitation I\u2019 Certenely shall call myself very hapy, as soon as my busines permits me to come in person to pay my respects and to enjoy the honour of your friendship.\n My Brother not being necessary, will not come over to America, but if you will be pleased to send me the Catalogue of the Books that you wish to have sent from that part of the world, you will do infinite pleasure, and I\u2019 assure you Sir, that I would endeawour to do my utmost to satisfy your wish. In case that you would honour me withe with your Comands, have the goodness to directed to Mr William McCandlish, in the house of which Gentleman I now Live. Permit me Sir to have the honor to subscribe myself with the greatest respect\n Sir Your Most Humble and Obte Servant\n Philipp I. Barziza", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0205", "content": "Title: Stephen Cathalan to Thomas Jefferson, 6 January 1816\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My Dear sir & Respected Friend!\n Marseilles the 6th January 1816\u2014\n I answered on the 29th novber last to your Favor of the 16th august, & at Last your\u2019s of the 3 July Last reached me Thro\u2019 Bordeaux under Cover of Col. Fenwick, on the 26th Dber ulto\u2014it being Snt Stephen\u2019s Day I Received it with Great pleasure, and as a nosegay\u2014I am very gratefull for your kind expressions towards me & family, Begging you to Rely on the Sincerity of my Best wishes for you & yours;\u2014The Ship Cupid Eagle being under sails for Philada I cannot write you as fully as I would wish, it will be very Soon;\u2014\n in the meantime I Inform you that I have ordered to Mr Jourdan of Tains the white hermitage wine, to Messrs Pre Mages &ce of nice (Successors, to Mr Sasserno who died about 18 months ago of an appoplexy) the old of wine of nice, & to Mr fois Durand de Perpignan the Red wine de Roussillon, that you have ordered to me, transmitting Respectively to Each of them a litteral traduction of or about the exact quality, taste & flavour of those wines as mentioned in your Letter to me, & I hope, that Soon I will be Able to Send you the whole with the Maccarony, by Some Aman vessel Bound for New york\u2014Boston or Philada, being none now into this Port for the cheasapeack.\n if I could have found here fresh & Good Maccarony of Naples, or Sestri on the River of Genoa, I would have Sent it by this opportunity but there is none such in this moment in Town & Soon expected;\n Please to excuse me for Such a Short Letter, but I apprehend to miss this opportunity, I having been much busied to dispatch this & other aman vessels Since the Receipt of your kind Favour\u2014\n I have the honor to be with a Great Respect\n my Dear sir your most obedient & Devoted Servant\n Stephen Cathalan.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0206", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Gibbon, 6 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibbon, James\n The stage calling at our door three days ago I sent by it a part of the South American loaf of sugar to be deposited in your office. the merchants having often occasion to call there will have opportunities of seeing it, which I presume was the object in sending it to me. but neither price, place, nor person have been mentioned, it is but a blind indication.\n I salute you with esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0207", "content": "Title: John F. Oliveira Fernandes to Thomas Jefferson, 6 January 1816\nFrom: Oliveira Fernandes, John Francisco\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Norfolk 6th January 1816\n Your letter of the 16th ulto came to hand on the 23r doI am sorry to state to you, that here is not to be found in this place, a Single Quarter Cask of Lisbon wineTenerife and Sherry, are of a very indiefferent Kind.\n Rob. E. Steed, who keeps a tolerable Grocery, has Some Port wine; but I could not, in sincerity, recomend & Still Less, purchase it for you.\n In this Situation, having attention to your present defficiency of wine, & to my wishes to oblige you, in every respect, I resolved to Send up to you, the only quart Cask of Port wine in my power, of the Superior quality (Factory-wine)\u2014which I received Lately for my own use\u2014by the Brig\u2014General Silveira\u2014Bound to Baltimore: for which you will pay\u2014@ $2.75. gallon R. E Steed\u2019s price, for his common Port wine (whole Sale)\u2014for which I paid at Oporto at the rate of 250. milreis\u2014to $312.50\u2014pr pipe\u2014\n I beg Leave to inform you that in consequence of the holly\u2014(or rather Lazy) days\u2014and the time necessary for my inquiries, It was only in my power to Ship the Q. Cask yesterday, to Messrs Gibson & Jefferson of Richmond to whom, I enclosed Bills of Lading, and custom House Entry\u2014on the Same Gentlemen I will draw, for the ammt\u2014as pr acct below\u2014$83.08.\n I am extremelly sensible and gratefull, to your Kind offer, to pay to you a visit in the Spring, and to meet, at Monticello, my Country Man Joseph Correa da Serra;I will chearfully accept of the offer; if, ever in my power, to leave town, at that time: A physician (even in a free Country) is always a political Slave\u2014however, such is the honour, & the pleasure, I promise myself, in So interesting & Learned society, as yours and of Mr L\u2019Abb\u00e8 Corr\u00eaa\u2014that I will endeavour, to take that Trip\u2014Should the circumstances permit me to do so\u2014It was really a Surprise to me, to Know that L\u2019Abb\u00e8 Corr\u00e9a, was in this Country; being informed by Litterary Correspondences, that he was engaged in one of the recent, French, Litterary-periodical Publications viz\u2014\n Nouveau Buletin des Sciences; par La Societ\u00e9 Philomatique; redig\u00e9 par\u2014Brongniard\u2014Descostels\u2014Cuvier\u2014Corr\u00eaa & & &\u2014\u201e\n which began to be published 1st oct. 1807\u2014monthly\n Nor do I know, why, being Secretary of the Royal Accademy of the Sciences\u2014of Lisbon\u2014he Left the Place; in the epoch of the French Invasion into Portugal\u2014\n Wise men do not always adopt the best political Measures\u2014amidst the hasardous, political revolutions, & Calamaties\u2014in general\u2014all is well, that ends well\n Please to accept of, the assurances of the great respect; and Sincere regard with which I beg Leave to Subscribe My Self\n Sir your obt Servant\n John F. Oliveira Fernandes\n a quart cask Port wine containing\n Case & Casing\u2014pr Bill\n Drayage & warfage", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0211", "content": "Title: Nathaniel Macon to Thomas Jefferson, 7 January 1816\nFrom: Macon, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Washington 7 Jany 1816\n The Legislature of North Carolina has ordered a full size statue of General Washington of the best marble and workmanship to be procured and put up in the Capitol of the state; The Governor who is authorized to carry the order into execution, has requested me to ascertain whether one worthy the Character it is to represent & the state which erects it, can be made in the United states, and the sum that it will probably cost, if it cannot be got in this country; The best means of getting one from Italy, the time it may require and the probable cost there\n Relying on your known and uniform willingness to give information, whenever it has been asked, I have ventured to trouble you on this subject, with which I am entirely unacquainted, It is proper that I should state to you, that it is my intention, to transmit the answer you may give to the Governor\n That the evening of your life may be as happy as the Meridian has been usefull, is the sincere prayer of\n Sir Your unfeigned friend & Hble sert\n Nathl Macon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0212", "content": "Title: David Gelston to Thomas Jefferson, 8 January 1816\nFrom: Gelston, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n New York January 8th 1816\u2014\n I have received a letter from Mr Baker, consul at Tarragona, with a box for you said to contain \u201cflower garden seeds\u201d\u2014the box may be too large to put in the mail (about 12 inches by 6) and as no use can be made of the seeds until the spring, I shall wait your instructions,\n With great respect and esteem,\n I am, Sir, your obedient servant,\n David Gelston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0214", "content": "Title: John Bradbury to Thomas Jefferson, 9 January 1816\nFrom: Bradbury, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n In my Tour up the Missouri I was deeply impressed with the belief that the region South of that River was extremely rich in Mineralogical as well as Botanic Treasures, and returned with a decided intention to explore the Arkansas and Red Rivers with a view to collect (at least) the materials for the Nat. History of that country.\n This design I communicated to Docr Smith PL.S. now Sir James Edward, I received from him the most friendly promises of assistance in the Nomenclature &c &c I came to the Eastern States in order to raise the means by a Sedulous attention to business or to obtain a Situation in which such an undertaking should become a duty. I have tried the former alternative and am disappointed, partly by the present state of Manufactures in this country but more by the turpitude of the man with whom I am connected in business as Partner:\n The consideration that the period of Vigour with us has other limits than Death now urges me to look round for the most Speedy means of accomplishing my darling object. This wish has received an additional impulse on being lately informed that a person is now on his way to explore those regions sent from England with the intent that his discoveries shall be published in that country. If impelled by these feelings I make an improper appeal to you Sir impute it I beg to the true motive, Zeal for Science\n I notice in the reports of the proceedings of congress that a Road is in contemplation from St Louis to the Northern boundary of Louisiana for the laying out of which commissioners are to be appointed. I am well acquainted with a considerable portion of the country from St Louis to the Arkansas, have recived a Mathematical education and have a competent knowledge of Surveying. In the Geological part of Mineralogy & the external characters of fossils I am not less versed than in Botany. As the Road will assuredly pass through a mineral country, if a Mineralogical report would be desirable in addition to the Survey I might if employed furnish it\n should I be honored with an appointment in this business, or farther in the interior (which I should prefer) I pledge myself that the result shall be published in the United States\n I must apologize for obtruding myself on you and plead as my excuse that I am unacquainted with and unknown to those in power. If the application is improper you will of course suppress it.\n I am Sir Your most obedient & obliged\n John Bradbury\n PS. My discoveries in Botany have been published in England and are considered as Valuable", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0215", "content": "Title: Horatio G. Spafford to Thomas Jefferson, 9 January 1816\nFrom: Spafford, Horatio Gates\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Esteemed Friend\u2014\n I am very thankful for thy attention, nor was it yet too late \u2018to be useful to me,\u2019 nor is it still.\n My long Essay on establishing a School of Science, &c. had not, probably, reached thee, at the date of thy Letter, Dec. 27, \u201915. I hope thou wilt have time to examine it, & to favor me with thy opinion, & advice. It has been read by several of our most eminent Literary characters, & some 4 or 5 theologians, who say they approve the sentiments, & should be glad to see it in print. I am anxious to dedicate the Essay to thee, though I shall publish it in my Magazine. Under thy auspices, it might do much good; & the very authority of thy Name, known as the most distinguished patron of liberal opinions, would keep the little theologians in awe. I am also anxious that the Essay should be so published during thy life, that all the effect may be secured to it which every circumstance can conspire to give.\n During the next Summer, (should I not see thee before that time, for I intend going to Washington this Winter,) I purpose to Send thee a Paper on the Art of making Iron & Steel, from our native Ores. This Paper is now in the hands of my friend David Parish, at Philadelphia, for perusal. The invention will make a saving of one half the expense in making Cast-Steel, & from \u00bc to \u2153 in making Iron. I dare not entrust it to our Patent Office, nor shall I make it public, until a better system prevails. My Cast-Steel is as ductile & weldable & malleable as the best German bar, or English blister steel. Would the Government give me the chance that I ought to have for introducing my improvements, I would soon make a fortune for myself, & greatly benefit the public. Could I obtain some office that would aid me in my need, I should be glad\u2014but whenever the law of the land shall secure to original inventors the safe possession of their rights, & extend the period to 30 years, I will ask nothing more of the government. Thou couldst do much, by thy opinion, toward promoting this great object, as just as necessary for the public good. I am perfectly astonished that Dr Thornton should be retained in the Patent Office, when there are so many complaints against him. For myself, I can only say that I would not entrust any important invention to him, if ever so anxious to secure a right by Patent. He is, in my opinion, (but thou must know him much better than I can,) a very dishonest man, & dishonorable; & I know that he is a deadly foe to Col. Monroe, & the President, & in short the whole Administration.\n With offering an apology for so long a Letter, I close with assurances of my esteem.\n H. G. Spafford.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0216", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Charles Thomson, 9 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thomson, Charles\n My dear and antient friend\n An acquaintance of 52. years, for I think ours dates from 1764. calls for an interchange of notice now & then that we remain in existence, the monuments of another age, and examples of a friendship unaffected by the jarring elements, by which we have been surrounded, of revolutions, of government, of party & of opinion. I am reminded of this duty by the receipt, thro\u2019 our friend Dr Patterson, of your Synopsis of the four Evangelists. I had procured it as soon as I saw it advertized, and had become familiar with it\u2019s use. but this copy is the more valued as it comes from your hand. this work bears the stamp of that accuracy which marks every thing from your h you, and will be useful to those who, not taking things on trust, recur for themselves to the fountain of pure morals. I too have made a wee little book, from the same materials, which I call the Philosophy of Jesus. it is a paradigma of his doctrines, made by cutting the texts out of the book, and arranging them on the pages of a blank book, in a certain order of time or subject. a more beautiful or precious morsel of ethics I have never seen. it is a document in proof that I am a real Christian, that is to say, a disciple of the doctrines of Jesus, very different from the Platonists, who call me infidel, and themselves Christians and preachers of the gospel, while they draw all their characteristic dogmas from what it\u2019s Author never said nor saw. they have compounded from the system heathen mysteries a system beyond the comprehension of man, of which the great reformer of the vicious ethics and deism of the Jews, were he to return on earth, would not recognise one feature. if I had time I would add to my little book the Greek, Latin and French texts, in columns side by side, and I wish I could subjoin a translation of Gassendi\u2019s Syntagma of the doctrines of Epicurus, which, notwithstanding the calumnies of the Stoics, and caricatures of Cicero, is the most rational system remaining of the philosophy of the ancients, as frugal of vicious indulgence, and fruitful of virtue as the hyperbolical extravagancies of his rival sects.\n I retain good health, am rather feeble to walk much, but ride with ease, passing two or three hours a day on horseback, and every three or four months taking, in a carriage, a journey of 90. miles to a distant possession, where I pass a good deal of my time. my eyes need the aid of glasses by night, and with small print in the day also; my hearing not quite so sensible as it used to be; no tooth shaking yet, but shivering and shrinking in body from the cold we now experience, my thermometer having been as low as 12.\u00b0 this morning. my greatest oppression is a correspondence afflictingly laborious, the extent of which I have been long endeavoring to curtail. this keeps me at the drudgery of the writing table all the prime hours of the day, leaving for the gratification of my appetite for reading only what I can steal from the hours of sleep. could I reduce this epistolary corv\u00e9e within the limits of my friends, and affairs, and give the time redeemed from it to reading and reflection, to history, ethics, mathematics, my life would be as happy as the infirmities of age would admit, and I should look to it\u2019s consummation with the composure of one \u2018qui summum nec metuit diem nec optat.\u2019\n So much as to myself; and I have given you this string of egotisms in the hope of drawing a similar one from yourself. I have heard from others that you retain your health, a good degree of activity, and all the vivacity & chearfulness of your mind. but I wish to learn it more minutely from yourself. how has time affected your health, your strength, your faculties & spirits? what are your amusements literary & social? tell me every thing about yourself, because all will be interesting to one who retains for you ever the same constant & affectionate friendship & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0217", "content": "Title: Carlo Botta to Thomas Jefferson, 10 January 1816\nFrom: Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Signor Jefferson onorando.\n Di Parigi 10 Gennaio 1816 Place St. Sulpice N. 8 au coin de la Rue des Canettes.\n Io non so, se nella sua solitudine di Monticello ello si sia qualche volta ricordato di me. Ma so bene, che a me non usc\u00ed mai di mente la benignit\u00e1, con la quale Vostra Signor\u00eda ricev\u00e9 la mia Storia della guerra d\u2019america. Io le mando qu\u00ed alligato un mio nuovo Lavoro, che di fresco ho dato alla luce, intitolato il Camillo, o Veio Conquistata. Io lo prego di farle buon viso, non per alcun merito mio, n\u00e9 dell\u2019opera, ma pel reverendo nome di Camillo, e per esser tutta cosa, che tratta di civilt\u00e1, e d\u2019indipendenza.\n Io lo prego di avermi nel numero de\u2019 suoi pi\u00fa devoti servitori.\n Carlo Botta\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Honorable Mr. Jefferson.\n Paris 10 January 1816 Place St. Sulpice Number 8 at the corner of the Rue des Canettes.\n I do not know if sometimes, in your solitude at Monticello, you have remembered me. But I know very well that the kindness with which you received my history of the American war has never left my mind. I am enclosing here a new work of mine, which I just finished, entitled Il Camillo, o Vejo Conquistata. I ask you to look on it kindly, not because of any merit of mine, or of the work, but on account of Camillo\u2019s revered name, and because it is wholly dedicated to civilization and independence.\n Please count me amongst your most devoted servants.\n Carlo Botta", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0219", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 11 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n Of the last five months I have past four at my other domicil, for such it is in a considerable degree. no letters are forwarded to me there, because the cross post to that place is circuitous and uncertain. during my absence therefore they are accumulating here, & awaiting acknolegements. this has been the fate of your favor of Nov. 13.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0220", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adlum, 13 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adlum, John\n While I lived in Washington you were so kind as to send me 2. bottles of wine made by yourself, the one from currans, the other from a native grape, called with you a fox-grape, discovered by mr Penn\u2019s gardiner. the wine of this was as good as the best Burgundy and resembling it. in 1810. you added the great favor of sending me many cuttings. these were committed to the stage Mar. 13. on the 27th of that month I set out on a journey. the cuttings arrived at our post office a day or two after, & were detained there till my return. they were recieved Apr. 19. and immediately planted, but having been 6. weeks in a dry situation not a single one lived. disheartened by this failure and not having any person skilled in the culture, I never troubled you again on the subject. but I have now an opportunity of renewing the trial under a person brought up to the culture of the vine & making wine from his nativity. am I too unreasonable in asking once more a few cuttings of the same vine? I am so convinced that our first success will be from a native grape, that I would try no other. a few cuttings, as short as you think will do, put into a light box, & mixed well with wet moss, if addressed to me by the stage, to the care of mr William F. Gray in Fredericksbg, will be forwarded by him to Milton without delay, where I shall be on the watch for them. I must find my apology in this repeated trouble in your own patriotic dispositions to promote an useful culture and I pray you to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0221", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Jean David, 13 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: David, Jean\n Your favor of Jan. 1. is recieved. you intimate in that a thought of going to the Patomac to examine the vines I mentioned to you. it was a Majr Adlam near the mouth of that river who sent me the wine, made from his own vineyard. but this was 7. or 8. years ago, and whether he still pursues the culture or is even still living I do not know. I should be sorry you should take such a journey on such an uncertainty. I will write to him by the next mail, and will even ask him to send me some cuttings of the vines.\n I have heard with great pleasure that you have had some conversation with Genl Cocke of the county adjoining this on the subject of his undertaking a vineyard under your direction. there is no person in the US. in whose success I should have so much confidence. he is rich, liberal, patriotic, judicious & persevering. I understand however that all his arrangements for the present year being made, he cannot begin on the vineyard till the next. but should you go to Kentucky in the spring as you suggest, it will be too late for this year, & no certainty when you get there. should you not be engaging in any thing about Richmond, I wish you could come and see this part of the country. I shall be glad of your company here until you can come to a final determination. Colo Monroe, our Secretary of state, whose seat is within 2 or 3. miles of me, has a fine collection of vines which he had selected & brought with him from France with a view to the making wine. perhaps that might furnish something for you. you will here too be within a few hours ride of Genl Cocke, should any communications with him be desired. we must endeavor some how to get over the difficulty of the present year, which if you favor us with a visit, may perhaps be contrived. Accept my best wishes for it & assurances of respect\n Th Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0222", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Appleton, 14 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Appleton, Thomas\n Your letters of Aug. 26. and Oct. 25. have been both recieved. the condition of my friend Mazzei, both of body and mind, is really afflicting. of the former he had given me some account himself, of the latter I was unapprised, altho\u2019 his very advanced age, with such bodily infirmities, might have given room to expect it. it is unfortunate too that persons in that situation are themselves the least & last sensible of it, and injure their affairs by and family by not knowing when to give them up. under the circumstances you state, friendship to himself requires a cooperation with his family in keeping him and them from injury. it is what himself would have approved in the sounder state of his mind. it is unlucky that a little before the date and two months before the receipt of your first letter, I had written to him assurances that he should recieve a third of his principal with it\u2019s interest in the ensuing spring, and the remaining two thirds at two annual instalments after. of course some excuse must be framed to him when, according to the request of his family, I remit the interest only in the spring without the portion of principal. this may be found perhaps in the expediency of his keeping something as a forlorn hope for himself and his family in a country where all is secure, until the affairs of Europe are more settled, or in some motives of inconvenience to myself, which his friendship may admit. I will remit the year\u2019s interest therefore in the spring thro\u2019 your hands, and you will act on it for him and his family, as you and they shall find most practicable and for the best. in this and whatever else may be best for his family, I beg you to assure them they may rely on me, conscious that in serving them, I shall do for him what I would expect my friends to do for me in a like situation.\n I wish it were in my power to hold up to mr Bartholini a prospect of employment and emolument here worthy of his talents. but our early and prolific marriages, and the justice of our laws dividing the property of the parents equally among all the children, place the body of our people in ease and happiness in the mass, but occasion rare instances of great individual wealth. you know how unusual these instances are, and how few, even among them, have a taste for the fine arts. there is at this time an Italian artist of the name of Andiriani [or Franzoni, I do not know which] lately gone from this country to Florence, Rome Etc. in quest of artists to assist in repairing the Capitol at Washington, burnt by the British. he is one of two, who were procured by mr Mazzei, and forwarded over by yourself about 8. or 10. years ago. his object there at present is to obtain architects only, and I name him merely because, having resided here so long, he would be able to give to mr Bartolini information of the country the best adapted to his views.\n I note what you say of the bust of Genl Washington by Ciracchi, and those of Columbus and Vespucius. but I am done with dealing in marble. an humble copy in plaister of Ciracchi\u2019s Washington would be my limit in that way. perhaps if you can tell me what such an one will cost, I may include it in some future remittance. for the present I confine myself to the physical want of some good Montepulciano; and your friendship has heretofore supplied me with that which was so good that I naturally address my want to you. in your letter of May 1. 05. you mention that what you then sent me was produced on grounds formerly belonging to the order of Jesuits and sold for the benefit of the government in 1773. at the time that that institution was abolished. I hope it has preserved it\u2019s reputation, & the quality of it\u2019s wines. I send this letter to my friend John Vaughan of Philadelphia and inclose with it to him 50.D. to be remitted to you and I pray you to send me it\u2019s amount in Montepulciano, in black bottles, well corked & cemented, and in strong boxes, addressed to the Collector of any port from Boston to the Chesapeak, to which the first opportunity occurs: Norfolk & Richmond being always to be preferred, if a conveyance equally early offers. but the warm season will be so fast advancing, when you recieve this, that no time will be to be lost. perhaps I may trouble you annually to about the same amount, this being a very favorite wine, and habit having rendered the light and high flavored wines a necessary of life with me. I salute you with assurances of my constant esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0224", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to George Ticknor, 14 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ticknor, George\n Your letter from London of June 18. was not recieved until the 3d of Oct. in the mean time I had written you mine of July 4. & Aug. 16 the former conveyed my formidable catalogue of the books desired, and informed you that mr Girard would give an order on his correspondent at Paris to hold 350.D. subject to your call; & the latter inclosed a copy of his letter to messrs Perrigaux, La fitte & co. to pay to your order that sum, and even more, should my catalogue require more. in yours of June 18. you inform me of your intention to proceed first to Gottingen, and not to Paris until the autumn. as my letters went by duplicates, one copy thro\u2019 your father, the other to Doctr Jackson, our Charg\u00e8 at Paris to await your arrival there, I am in hopes that from your father followed you to Gottingen; where very possibly some part of my wants might be better supplied than at Paris. the postponement of your visit to this last place would of course postpone the forwarding the books, which is attended with no inconvenience, and gives me time to make the little addition to my catalogue, of translations of some of Cicero\u2019s works, which you will find at the end of this letter. you know in how defective and deformed a state the his philosophical writings especially have come down to us. in every page his annotators are challenging the text with \u2018glossema interpretum\u2019 \u2018emblema librariorum,\u2019 \u2018a sciolis intrusa,\u2019 \u2018ab homine stolido barbaroque profectum\u2019 Etc. and in truth the corruptions of the text render the sentiment often indecypherable. translations aid us with the conjectures of those who have made it a particular business to study the subject and it\u2019s text.The return of Louis XVIII. the removal of Bonaparte, and presence of the allied troops in Paris, will for some time keep that place in quiet & safety, for the literati at least, who will have no inducement to enter into the passions of either party. I suppose indeed Paris will be quieter for a while than after the nation has had time to unite in sentiments of sufferance under the pressure of the allied troops, and to ripen for insurrection. when this takes place, I expect that Europe will again be in a state of general conflagration. what a divine contrast is the calm of our condition to the Volcanic state of that! how do our little party bickerings and squabbles shrink to nothing compared with the fire and sword, havoc and desolation of that Arena of gladiators!our greatest present evil is the bank-mania which has siesed all our state legislatures especially. unversed in political economy, they are now under all the delusions of the English South-sea scheme, the French Misisipi scheme, and, unjustified by the same necessities, are running into the excesses of the old Continental money, & of the French assignats: and even the National legislature seem to be carried away with the tide: for they are proposing a bank of 35 millions of capital in addition to more than 100. millions of private capital already in banking employment, and millions & millions more now brewing in the state legislatures. this too when all these institutions refuse to pay cash for their own notes. necessity obliges every one to take this trash for the present, because there is no other medium of payment or exchange. but the moment that the course of commerce shall bring among us so much specie as will scantily perform these functions, there will be an universal rejection of this baseless paper. nor can the banks give it base unless they shall call in such a proportion of it as may place the remainder within the compass of their resources for cash payment. and this call will make sad havoc among the ephemeral merchants.\u2014these are our difficulties. I wish those of Europe were of as bloodless a character. for it is a kind law of nature that every nation prospers by the prosperity of others.\n I tender you my best wishes that your literary pursuits may meet no obstructions from the insurrectionary state of the people among whom you are, and assurances of my friendly esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson\n Oeuvres Philosophiques de Ciceron. 10. vols. in 16o Paris 1796. [this contains the translations of Durand, Demarais, d\u2019Olivet, Bouhier, Morabin, & Barrett.]\n Lettres familieres de Ciceron par Prevost, avec le texte Latin. edition de Goujon. 5. v. 8vo Paris 1800. or 1801.\n Lettres de Ciceron et de Brutus. Lat. Fr. par Prevost.\n Flescher in his Annuaire de la librairie of about 8. or 10. years ago, in announcing Goujon\u2019s edition of Prevost\u2019s Lettres familieres de Ciceron says that a like edition of all the other letters was then in hand, which have doubtless appeared long since.\n Lettres de Ciceron \u00e0 Atticus. Lat. Fr. par Mongault.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0226", "content": "Title: Joshua Norvell to Thomas Jefferson, 15 January 1816\nFrom: Norvell, Joshua\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n St Louis, Missouri Territory Jan. 15. 1816.\n Remotely situated from the seat of political information, relating to the interests of the govt of the U.S. the people in this Quarter at all times feel much at a loss on subjects of general concernment.\n There is, however, a topic (in which considerable feeling is expressed) lately come into discussion; and about the policy or impolicy of the provisions of government concerning much contrariety of sentiment exists. I mean, the establishment and extension of factories and trading houses with the different tribes of Indians. How far it operates to the prejudice of the settlers in the countries bordering those nations\u2014and whether or not it advances the permanent interest of the U.S.\u2014and may not some better plan than the present be devised.\n If you will obtain Leisure enough to remark upon these several subjects it will be esteemed a great favor, pledging myself that no improper use shall be made of your suggestions\n This liberty is taken, on account of a proper knowledge of your disposition and kindness\u2014and from a supreme reverence for your opinions.\n With distinguished esteem, Yr: ob: Servt\n Joshua Norvell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0227", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 15 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n Of the last 5 months, 4 have been past at Poplar Forest where I am engaged in improvements requiring much of my presence. while there no letters are forwarded to me, the cross post being very circuitous. they are accumulating here during my absence, and on my return are pressing for answers. as soon after my last return as my progress in this corv\u00e9e afforded me the prospect of a day to spare, I wrote to mr Higgenbotham (being next door neighbor to Price) to ascertain whether we might count on Price\u2019s attendance, without which nothing could be done, and I did not know in what dispositions the hurt he recieved on the last occasion might have left him. this was on the 25th of Dec. on the 30th fell a snow, and since that three others, which have rendered the survey and arbitration impracticable, as all must be on foot, the operation being near the top of one of our highest mountains, and on it\u2019s rockiest and steepest part. I believe I am the only person who ever clambered it on horseback, and that was because I had not strength to walk. nothing can be done until the snow disappears. as soon as it does I will get a day fixed & send out and collect the arbitrators & surveyors who live in different & distant parts of the county. we cannot expect the former, to undertake it but in reasonable weather, as their acting is a favor. I had not answered your letter of Nov. 21. which I found here on my return, because I had the daily hope of being able to inform you of it\u2019s settlement, and thus make one letter do for two, which is an economy not to be neglected by one who is confined to the writing table from 4. to 6. hours of every day answering letters. but the unpromising appearance of the weather and reciept of yours of the 5th inst. renders this earlier information a duty, altho\u2019 but interlocutory.\u2014my bonds Etc in your hands may either be burnt or returned to me by the mail.\n I retain a great esteem for mr La Motte, and entire confidence in the integrity and worth of his character, and will certainly interest myself for him with the Secretary of State, with whom the selection effectually rests. but perhaps the place is already full. it is possible also that it may be the rule of the government to give a preference to native competitors. if neither of these obstacles be in the way, I shall not despair of obtaining it for him. in a question between a native & foreigner I believe the Senate is immoveable.\u2014I concur with you in considering the retirement of mr Gallatin from the Treasury as a great misfortune. had he remained he would have shielded us from the faux frais of the War & Navy departments which constituted a great portion of our expenditures, he would have sooner recurred to the resource of substantial taxation, have devised more economical & effectual means of using the public credit, and altho\u2019 not without good will to some banking establishment, he would have crushed that mob of banks which it was so entirely in the power of the government to have done. I see no issue now but in their bankruptcy, in that of a great portion of our merchants, and a total loss of the whole mass of circulating paper in the hands of the people, except the paper of the government.I think our taxes from the general & state governments this year have been half a crown in the pound on land,as much Excise, & as much Impost, or perhaps the last has been equal to both the former.this is from 7/6 to 10/ in the pound of income. I am still wish it to continue till we pay our debt, as I consider a permanent public debt as a canker inevitably fatal.I am informed by one who speaks from experience that of the 15d or 18d a day recieved by an English laborer, he pays 10d or 12d to government, the remaining 5d or 6d barely sufficing to keep body & soul together. government in this case costs certainly more than it is worth, and such athe laboring class in that would be happier as the Indians are, without government. for I imagine there can be no comparison between the happiness of an Indian & an English laborer. ever and affectionately yours\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0228", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Elisha Ticknor, 15 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ticknor, Elisha\n I avail myself of your kind permission to obtain a safe conveyance of the inclosed letter to your son. I presume he keeps you informed where his letters will find him. in one to me from London dated in June, he informed me he should go first to Gottingen and thence to Paris in the autumn. but as I have not heard of his actual departure for Paris, and have no channel of conveyance to Gottenburg, I think it safest to resort to your goodness for the conveyance. Accept the assurance of my great respect and esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0230", "content": "Title: Joseph C. Cabell to Thomas Jefferson, 16 January 1816\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I received in due time by the mail, your favor respecting Mr Read\u2019s Miller\u2019s petition: and I have deferred writing to you, till the fate of that bill, & of the bill respecting the Central College, could be ascertained, so far as it depended on the House of Delegates. Both these bills arrived in the Senate this day: and I have had them committed, and shall take all the care of them in the compass of my feeble abilities. I should have preferred a delay of some days longer before I should write to you: but the mail leaving town this evening, & being desirous to avoid the effect of too long a delay, I must not postpone my communication any longer. As to Mr Read\u2019s Miller\u2019s bill, I am not as yet aware of any opposition. In regard to the bill respecting the Central College; there is some little danger. The clause respecting the literary fund, was stricken out in the lower House. The actual destination which that fund will hereafter receive, is not decided. I think my letter to you from Warminster apprized you that I apprehended some opposition to that part of the bill respecting that fund: and I advised mr maury, not to press that subject, if opposition should arise to such an appropriation at this time. Opposition was made to it, & that part of the bill was stricken out. The bill has passed quietly thro\u2019 the House of Delegates, with that single exception. After it had passed that House, & before it had reached the Senate Col: yancey came to me & requested me to oppose that part of the bill which gives to the trustees the power to fix the time for commencing on the plan of general instruction in the county of Albemarle. I endeavored to satisfy his mind. He appeared to be afraid of giving offence to the people of the county; by putting them on a different footing from the people in other counties of the State. My resolution was formed to endeavor to get the bill thro\u2019 the Senate without any change whatsoever; but I find some objection among some of the principal members of the Senate, to that part of the bill giving to the Professors the power of imprisoning the students. In this state of things I have determined to write you, & request the favor of you to inform me whether your Letter to Mr Carr, contains all that you have written upon that the subject of this seminary; and if it does not, to ask the kindness of you to transmit to me by the return of the mail, any other communications which in any shape, you may have made upon the subject. I beg also that you will enter into as full a statement, as your convenience will permit, of the reasons that induced you to give to the Professors the power of imprisoning students. My object would be to shew your letter to the leading members of the Senate. If there should be no particular objection, you would confer a favor by stating your reasons for taking from the Court of Albemarle, & giving to the Trustees the power of fixing a period for the establishment of schools in Albemarle. The petition respecting the House in Albemarle, we have determi Charlottesville Mr maury & myself have determined to not to press into view till the College bill gets well under way: because its fate should be made dependant on the latter. A Mr Braidwood teacher of the deaf & dumb, now established at some point on this River below the falls, would come to Charlottesville, & establish himself there provided he could get such a House as Mr Estis\u2019s. How would it answer your purpose, to get an act passed, for a lottery, to purchase that House, for an establishment for the deaf & dumb as a wing of the Central College. In your answer, it would be well to separate any thing you may have to say of a private nature, from what it might be well to communicate to certain members. Permit to suggest the propriety of your requesting y the cooperation of Mr Johnson, Mr Poindexter, Mr Watts, & Genl Greene of the Senate. Such aid would be of infinite use, at future stages of this enterprize: & a request from you to these valuable men, would have very great influence, upon its ultimate destiny. I write in great haste: But beg you to rest assured of my constant attachment & great respect.\n Jos: C: Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0231", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Henry Jackson, 16 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jackson, Henry\n In July last I took the liberty of availing my self of the protection of your cover for a letter to mr George Ticknor a young gentleman from Masschusets, with a request that you would retain it until he should arrive in Paris. I learned afterwards that this would not be till autumn: nor have I as yet heard of his actual arrival there. under this uncertainty I again take the benefit of your cover, with a like request, if he be not in Paris, to retain the inclosed letter until he arrives there, before which time his reciept of it is not very material. again praying your indulgence of this liberty I repeat the assurances of my great esteem & consideration.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0232", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 16 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\n It being interesting to me that the inclosed letters should get safely to their destination, I pray you to give them a passage under the protection of your cover by your first dispatches to Paris & Leghorn. On my return from Bedford I had proposed a meeting of the arbitrators & surveyor to settle finally the question between you & mr Short. but successive snows which have kept the ground constantly covered since that have prevented. the surveyor guided by Price will measure the quantity, and I suppose the arbitrators, already understanding the question, will settle it together without going on the ground. I shall attend neither operation. I have an opportunity of getting some vines planted next month under the direction of M. David, brought up to the business from his infancy. will you permit me to take the trimmings of your vines, such I mean as ought to be taken from them the next month? it shall be done by him so as to ensure no injury to them.\n A M. La Motte of Havre wishing the consulate of that place, I have been requested to state to you what I know of him. during the revolution war Dr Franklin appointed a M. Limouzin Consul there, & I think he appointed La Motte vice consul. Limozin died & La Motte succeeded to the duties of the office, but whether appointed Consul in full, I do not remember. on the French revoln & decline of commerce he retired into the country & Cutting was appointed Consul. who since I know not. La Motte has now returned and wishes the office. what I know of him is that he is a very honest man, of great worth, very much respected there & very diligent. I knew him well while I was in France, & esteemed him highly. who are the competitors I know not; but you will judge of their comparative merit. ever & affectionately yours\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0234", "content": "Title: Thomas W. Maury to Thomas Jefferson, 17 January 1816\nFrom: Maury, Thomas Walker\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Richmond 17th January 1816\n I at length have the pleasure to announce to you the passage thro the House of Delegates of our Bill for the establishment of the College, and of the Bill for the relief of Capt Millar The last will make it\u2019s way thro the Senate with much ease; But as to the first, I much doubt whether it will be passed in it\u2019s present shape. It has lost in the H. of D. the section providing for aid from the Literary Fund. I found the H of D. so sensitive on that subject as to create a persuasion (in which my friends concurred) that insisting on that section might put the whole bill to hazard.\u2014The probable objection in the Senate is founded on that feature in the bill which invests one of the Officers of the institution with the powers of a justice of the peace I have this day had conversations with some of the Members of the Senate & have referred them to the history of some other colleges for precedents, but fear it will be lost. As to the substance of the bill there can be no difficulty.\n There are three very important subjects before the Legislature, the calling of a Convention, a large addition to the banking capital of the Commonwealth, and roads & internal improvement\u2014The mania which has raged in relation to the two first, will (I trust) find a salutary check in the wisdom of the Legislature. In relation to the last, I think I have well founded hopes that a beginning may at least be made, which will lead to great & happy results.\n I am very respectfully Sir.\n Thos W. Maury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0238", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Dabney Carr, 19 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carr, Dabney\n At the date of your letter of Dec. 1. I was in Bedford, & since my return so many letters, accumulated during my absence, have been pressing for answers, that this is the first moment I have been able to ae attend to the subject of yours. while mr Girardin was in this neighborhood writing his continuation of Burke\u2019s history, I had suggested to him a proper notice of the establishment of the committee of correspondence in this state here in 1773. and of mr Carr, your father, who introduced it. he has doubtless done this, and his work is now in the press. my books, journals of the times, Etc being all gone, I have nothing now but an impaired memory to resort to for the more particular statement you wish. but I give it with the more confidence as I find that I remember old things better than new. the transaction took place in the session of assembly of Mar. 73. Patrick Henry, Richard H. Lee, Frank Lee, your father and my self met, by agreement one evening, about the close of the session, at the Raleigh tavern, to consult on the measures which the circumstances of the times seemed to call for. we agreed in result that concert in the operations of the several colonies was indispensable\u2014and that to produce this some channel of correspondence between them must be opened: that therefore we would propose to our House the appointment of a Committee of correspondence which should be authorised & instructed to write to the Speaker of the Houses of Representatives of the several colonies, recommending a similar an the appointment of similar committees on their part, who, by a communication of sentiment on the transactions threatening us all, might promote a harmony of action salutary to all. this was the substance, not pretending to remember words. we prepared the resolution, & your father was agreed on to make the motion. he did it the next day, March 12. with great ability, reconciling all to it, not only by the reasonings, but by the temper and moderation with which it was developed. it was adopted by a very general vote. Peyton Randolph, some of us who proposed it, and who else I do not remember, were appointed of the Committee. we immediately dispatched letters by expresses, to the Speakers of all the other assemblies. I remember that mr Carr and myself, returning home together & conversing on the subject by the way, concurred in the conclusion that that measure must inevitably beget the meeting of a Congress of deputies from all the colonies, for the purpose of uniting all in the same principles and measures for the maintenance of our rights. my memory cannot deceive me when I affirm that we did it in consequence of no such proposition from any other colony. no doubt the resolution itself, & the Journals of the day will shew that ours was original, and not merely responsive to one from any other quarter. yet, I am certain I remember also that a similar proposition, & nearly cotemporary, was made by Massachusets, & that our Northern messenger passed theirs on the road. this too may be settled by recurrence to the records of Massachusets. the proposition was generally acceded to by the other colonies, & the first effect, as expected, was the meeting of a Congress at New York the ensuing year. the committee of correspondence appointed by Massachusets, as quoted by you from Marshal under the date of 1770. must have been for a special purpose, and functus officio before the date of 1773. or Massachusets herself would not then have proposed another. records should be examined to settle this accurately.I well remember the pleasure expressed in the countenance & conversation of the members generally on this debut of mr Carr, & the hopes they conceived as well from the talents as the patriotism it manifested. but he died within two months after; & in him we lost a powerful fellow laborer. his character was of a high order. a spotless integrity, sound judgment handsome imagination, enriched by education & reading, quick & clear in his conceptions, of correct & ready elocution, impressing every hearer with the sincerity of the heart from which it flowed. his firmness was inflexible in whatever he thought was right: but when no moral principle stood in the way, never had man more of the milk of human kindness, of indulgence, of softness, of pleasantry in conversation & conduct. the number of his friends, & the warmth of their affection were proofs of his worth, & of their estimate of it. to give to those now living an idea of the affliction produced by his death in the minds of all who knew him, I liken it to that lately felt by themselves, on the death of his eldest son, Peter Carr, so like him in all his endowments and moral qualities, and whose recollection can never recur without a deep-drawn sigh from the bosom of anyone who knew him.You mention that I shewed you an inscription I had proposed for the tombstone of your father. did I leave it in your hands to be copied? I ask the question, not that I have any such recollection, but that I find it no longer in the place of it\u2019s deposit, and think I never took it out but on that occasion. ever and affectionately yours\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0239", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to David Gelston, 20 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gelston, David\n Your favor of the 8th is just now recieved, informing me of the reciept of a box of garden & flower seeds from mr Baker of Tarragona for me. I do not think I can better dispose of them than by asking from the Botanical garden of New York their acceptance of them. perhaps there may be among them something worthy their notice and I am happy in an occasion of shewing my willingness to be useful to them. you do not say if there has been any duty, freight or other expence on them. if there has, have the goodness to note it to me and however small I will find the means of remitting it.\n On the return of peace I have written to Marseilles, Leghorn Etc. for some wines, and as their opportunities do not give them a choice of ports, I have taken the liberty of desiring them to be addressed to the Collector of whatever port a vessel may be coming to. the extensive commerce of New York will probably subject you at times to some of these addresses. in this case I must throw myself on your friendship for notice of the case, with an assurance that all expences shall be remitted by my self or my correspondents at Richmond (Gibson & Jefferson) by return of mail with much thankfulness, to which permit me to add assurances of my constant esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0240", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 20 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n The ice of our river has at length broke up, which enables us to get off this day 3. or 4. loads of flour, which, the tide being good, will be with you nearly as soon as this letter. the boatmen will call on you for their pay @ 3/6 per barrel. mr Yancey some weeks ago informed me that such was the press of tobo going from Lynchburg, that flour could not then be got down under 15/ a barrel, & of course that he must defer sending mine off till the price of carriage should fall. I do not know whether he has sent off the tobo as yet. if he has, the immediate sale of that, which I wish, will enable cover my draughts & permit the flour to be held up for the spring demand. if not, it must be sold for the price going. Gilmer is in one of these boats, and may be trusted with the cask of wine from Dr Fernandes, which having been shipped at Norfolk on the 5th inst. will I hope be with you in time for Gilmer.\u2014an old acquaintance of mine Capt Peyton, having settled in Richmond in the mercantile line, instead of troubling you with the purchase of little special articles, as I have too often been obliged to do, I shall address those little commissions to him hereafter, and only ask the favor of you to pay the bills for which he will call on you. I have now written to him to procure for me 4. gross of bottles, 12 gross of corks & some anchovies, the bills for which I must ask you to pay, and to be so good as to direct Gilmer to call on him for the articles, as I have not directed him to call on Capt Peyton. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0241", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 20 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\n I was much pleased to learn you had set up business in Richmond in the mercantile way, and I sincerely wish you success in it. it will be an easier life than that of a camp, and a happier one. my dealings are chiefly of course in this place, yet there have been often occasions in which I have wished for some mercantile connection in Richmond, for supplies of things not to be had here, or at prices too unreasonable. your establishment furnishes me with this accomodation, and certainly I would rather have it with an acquaintance & friend, than with a stranger. of such articles as you deal in yourself, whatever I may have occasion to call for, your account rendered quarterly, or half yearly, or at what intervals you please, shall be always paid by an order on mr Gibson my correspondent in Richmond. but I shall sometimes trouble you for things not in your line, & requiring cash payment. these bills mr Gibson will always pay for me at sight, on which subject I now write to him. of this nature is the trouble I now propose to give you; which is to request you to procure for me 4. gross of bottles, the strong kind preferred & 12. gross of corks, the best, as bad ones is throwing away our liquor. there are two only of the Milton watermen who can be trusted with any thing which can be plundered or adulterated, Gilmer & Johnson. Gilmer starts this day, and will call on mr Gibson, from whom you may know how to get the bottles & corks delivered to him; for he has no notice to apply to you. I shall be glad to have them on his return as the season for bottling beer & cyder is approaching. if there are any good anchovies to be had I should be glad to recieve half a dozen bottles. I write to mr Gibson to pay for these things. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0242", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Peter Wilson, 20 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wilson, Peter\n Of the last five months I have been absent four from home which must apologise for so very late an acknolegement of your favor of Nov. 22. and I wish the delay could be compensated by the matter of the answer. but an unfortunate accident puts that out of my power. during the course of my public life, and from a very early period of it, I omitted no opportunity of procuring vocabularies of the Indian languages; and for that purpose formed a model expressing such objects in nature as must be familiar to every people savage or civilized. this being made the standard to which all were brought, would exhibit readily whatever affinities of language there might be between the several tribes. it was my intention, on retiring from public business, to have digested these into some order, so as to shew, not only what relations of language existed among our own aborigines, but, by a collation with the great Russian catalogue Vocabulary of the languages of Europe and Asia, whether there were any between them and the other nations of the continent. on my removal from Washington the package, in which this collection was coming by water, was stolen & destroyed. it consisted of between 30. and 40. vocabularies, of which I can, from memory, say nothing particular; but that I am certain more than half of them differred as radically, each from every other, as the Greek, the Latin & Islandic. and even of those which seemed to be derived from the same Radix, the departure was such that the tribes speaking them could not probably understand one another. single words, or two or three together, might perhaps be understood: but not a whole sentence of any extent of construction. I think therefore the pious missionaries, who shall go to the several tribes to instruct them in the Christian religion, will have to learn a language for every tribe they go to; nay more, that they will have to create a new language for every one, that is to say, to add to theirs new words for the new ideas they will have to communicate. law, medecine, chemistry, mathematics, every science has a language of it\u2019s own, and Divinity not less than others. their barren vocabularies cannot be vehicles for ideas of the fall of man, his redemption, the triune composition of the god head, and other mystical doctrines, considered by most Christians of the present date as essential elements of faith. the enterprize is therefore arduous, but the more inviting perhaps to missionary zeal, in proportion as the merit of surmounting it will be greater.Again repeating my regrets that I am able to give so little satisfaction on the subject of your enquiry, I pray you to accept the assurance of my great consideration and esteem. \n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0243", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Amos J. Cook, 21 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cook, Amos J.\n Your favor of Dec. 18. was exactly a month on it\u2019s way to this place; and I have to thank you for the elegant and philosophical lines communicated by the Nestor of our revolution. whether the style or sentiment be considered, they were well worthy the trouble of being copied and communicated by his pen. nor am I less thankful for the happy translation of them. it adds another to the rare instances of a rival to it\u2019s original: superior indeed in one respect, as the same outline of sentiment is brought within a compass of better proportion. for if the original be liable to any criticism, it is that of giving too great extension to the same general idea. yet it has a great authority to support it, that of a wiser man than all of us. \u2018I sought in my heart to give myself unto wine; I made me great works; I builded me houses; I planted me vineyards; I made me gardens and orchards, and pools to water them; I got me servants and maidens, and great possessions of cattle; I gathered me also silver and gold, and men singers, and women singers, and the delights of the sons of men, and musical instruments of all sorts; and whatsoever mine eyes desired I kept not from them; I witheld not my heart from any joy. then I looked on all the works that my hands had wrought, and behold! all was vanity and vexation of spirit! I saw that Wisdom excelleth folly, as far as light excelleth darkness.\u2019 the Preacher, whom I abridge, has indulged in a much larger amplification of his subject. I am not so happy as my friend and antient colleague, mr Adams, in possessing any thing original, inedited, and worthy of comparison with the epigraph of the Spanish monk. I can offer but humble prose; from the hand indeed of the father of eloquence, and philosophy; a moral morsel, which our young friends under your tuition should keep ever in their eye, as the ultimate term of your instructions and of their labors. \u2018Hic, quisquis est, qui moderatione et constantia quietus animo est, sibique ipse placatus; ut nec tabescat molestiis, nec frangatur timore, nec sitienter quid expetens ardeat desiderio, nec alacritate futili gestiens deliquescat; is est Sapiens, quem quaerimus; is est beatus; cui nihil humanarum rerum aut intolerabile ad dimittendum animum, aut nimis laetabile ad efferendum, videri potest.\u2019\n Or, if a poetical dress will be more acceptable to the fancy of the Juvenile student;\n \u2018Quisnam igitur liber? Sapiens, sibique imperiosus:\n Quem neque pauperies, neque mors, neque vincula terrent:\n Responsare cupidinibus, contemnere honores\n Fortis, et in seipso totus teres, atque rotundus;\n Externi ne quid valeat per laeve morari:\n In quem manca ruit semper Fortuna.\u2019\n And if the Wise, be the happy man, as these sages say, he must be virtuous too; for, without virtue, happiness cannot be. this then is the true scope of all academical emulation.\n You request something in the handwriting of General Washington. I inclose you a letter which I received from him, while in Paris, covering a copy of the new constitution. it is offered merely as what you ask, a specimen of his handwriting.\n On the subject of your Museum, I fear I cannot flatter myself with being useful to it. were the obstacle of distance out of the way, age and retirement have withdrawn me from the opportunities of procuring objects in that line.\n With every wish for the prosperity of your institution, accept the assurances of my great respect and esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0244", "content": "Title: Lafayette to Thomas Jefferson, 21 January 1816\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My dear friend\n La grange January 21st 1816\n I Have Been for a Long While Anxiously Expecting Answers to Several Letters of Mine Which I principaly Atribute to the distance from Monticelo to the Sea port places where opportunities are to Be found\u2014But as the departure of Mr Gallatin Cannot fail to Be known to You I Hope He May Be the Bearer of Your dispatches.\n the Situation of Europe is too Comprehensive, the Events of Last Year Have Been too Complicated and Numerous for me to pretend making that History of twelve months the Subject of a Letter. You will Have, in the papers, shackled as they now are in france partial as they Have Been elsewhere, found materials Enough to form a Correct judgement. Let me only firmly assert that the Cause of European Liberty far from Being Lost in france Has Never Been So well Understood By the mass of the people and that the Reactionnary Spirit of the day is doing more for it than Either the Conventional or the imperial System. the Medicine is Bitter and to obnoxious Characters Not Very Safe. Yet to the party of privileges and to the party of Rights, the Result Not only in f this But in other Countries Cannot fail to prove what for upwards of forty Years You and I Have Wished it to Be.\n A Series of unfortunate Circumstances, the Effect of Recent despotism, as the Excesses of the Revolution Had Sprung from the education of the Ancien Regime, Had Roused Against Us Not only our Natural adversaries of Coblentz and pilnitz But all the population of Europe. it Remained for Us either to shake off the Expeller of the Bourbons, and Appeal to the nation who Could No more trust either Him or them, or to Let Him, with a standing army and His Eminent talents, face an Enemy five times their Numbers. in the Hurry of defense, the Later Ressource was prefered By an active majority. we thought it imprudent to dissent, and Were Unanimous in Giving Napoleon Every Means of defense. But when, Having Lost His principal forces, and Left His Gallant Soldiers to their fate, He turned to the Representative of the people to dissolve them, and Resume Arbitrary power, He Was Stopped in the mad Attempt. Had We got a little time, popular measures might Have Saved us. on my Return from An Embassy to the allies which I Could not decline, We found the Capitulation of paris Had Been Signed. the Executive and the peers dissolved themselves. president fouch\u00e9 Became a minister to the king. We Were shut out of our House But Not Before a manifesto Had Been published, July the 5h, Very Similar to what Had Been declared in July 1789. I inclose it. You know How the Royal Government Has Become an instrument in the Hands of the Allies to disarm first, then to oppress the Country. Under these Circumstances two Houses Have Been framed. Their produce You may See from the news papers. Both majorities and majorities minorities You Would think much alike. among a few individual Exceptions, I Send You the printed Opinion of My Young friend, Victor Broglie, Grand Son to the marechal, Son to the one You Have Seen in the Constituent Assembly. He Seats as a duke in the House of peers, and Has Called Yesterday at La Grange on His Way to Marry the Charming daughter of our friend mde de Sta\u00ebl.\n for my part, my dear friend, I am Returned to my old Agricultural Post With a determination not to Quit it. many french Citizens, Several of them of distinguished talents, are Going to the U.S. either to obey or to Avoid proscription. How Happy I Would Be to find myself Under the Hospitable friendly Roof of Monticelo You Well know, But Cannot Blame me for Staying.\n Our Worthy friend tracy who Holds His peerage, is Almost Blind. a letter from You would Be a Great Comfort to Him. if You Can Send me two Copies of a Certain Anonymous Work on montesquieu\u2019s writings I Will Be obliged to You Be pleased to present my Best Respects to Mrs Randolph, to Receive those of my family. Most affectionately forever\n Your old Loving friend\n Lafayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0245-0004", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Essay on New England Religious Intolerance (As Published), [27 January 1816]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n To the Editor of the Enquirer.\n A pamphlet has lately been published to the North, of such a character, as ought not to be unknown, or unnoticed by the people of the United States. It is the boldest and most impudent stride New England has ever made in arrogating an ascendency over the rest of the Union. The first form of the pamphlet was an Address from the rev. Lyman Beecher, Chairman of the Connecticut Society for the education of pious young men for the ministry. Its matter was then adopted and published in a sermon by a Rev\u2019d. Mr. Pearson of Andover, in Massachusetts, where they have a Theological College; and where the Address \u201cwith circumstantial variations to adapt it to more general use\u201d is re-printed on a sheet and a half of paper in so cheap a form as to be distributed, I imagine, gratis; for it has a final note indicating 6000 copies of the 1st edition printed. So far as it respects Virginia, the following extract of a letter furnishes the outline:\u2014This Extract is now offered, because it may be apropos for the Petition for the establishment of a Theological Society now before the Legislature, and to which they have shewn the unusual respect of hearing an Advocate for it at their bar. From what quarter this Theological Society comes forward, I know not. I will not say it is intended; but who will say that it is not calculated as the entering-wedge with its theological sister in Andover, for the body of \u201cqualified religious instructors\u201d proposed by their pious brethren of the East, \u201cto evangelize, and catechise,\u201d to edify our daughters by \u201cweekly lectures\u201d and our wives by \u201cfamily visits\u201d from these pious young Monks of Harvard and Yale? \n extract\u2014of a letter.\n \u201cThe sway of the New-England priests is indeed formidable. No mind beyond mediocrity dares there to develope itself; if it does, they excite against it the public opinion which they command, and by little, but incessant and teazing persecutions, drive it from among them. Their present great emigrations to the western country are real flights from persecution, religious and political. But the abandonment of the country by those who wish to enjoy freedom of opinion, leaves the despotism over the residue more intense, more oppressive. They are now looking to the flesh-pots of the South, and aiming at foothold there by their missionary teachers; they have lately come forward boldly with their plan to establish \u2018a qualified religious instructor over every thousand souls in the United States;\u2019 and they seem to consider none as qualified, but their own sect. Thus, in Virginia, they say there are but 60 qualified, and that 914 are still wanting of the full quota. All besides the 60 are \u201cmere nominal ministers, unacquainted with theology.\u201d The 60 here alluded to are understood to be the Presbyterian ministers on the western side of the Blue-ridge. The country below the mountains, inhabited by Episcopalians, Methodist & Baptists (under \u201cmere nominal ministers, unacquainted with theology\u201d) are pronounced \u201cdestitute of the means of grace, and as sitting in darkness and under the shadow of death.\u201d They are quite in despair too at the insufficient means of New-England to fill this fearful void \u201cwith Evangelical light, with catechetical instructions, weekly lectures, and family visiting. That Yale cannot furnish above 80 graduates annually, and Harvard perhaps not more. That there must therefore be an immediate, universal, vigorous and systematic effort made to evangelize the nation, to see that there is a bible for every family, a school for every district, and a qualified\u201d i. e. Presbyterian \u201cpastor for every thousand souls; that newspapers, tracts, magazines, must be employed, the press be made to groan, and every pulpit in the land to sound its trumpet long and loud. A more homogeneous\u201d i. e. New-England \u201ccharacter must be produced through the nation.\u201d That section then of our union having lost it\u2019s political influence by disloyalty to it\u2019s country, is now to recover it under the mask of religion: it is to send among us their Gardiners, their Osgoods, their Parishes and Pearsons, as apostles to teach us their orthodoxy, their patriotism. This is the outline of the plan, as published by Messrs. Beecher, Pearson, & Co. It has uttered, however, one truth, \u201cthat the nation must be awakened, to save itself by its own exertions, or we are undone.\u201d And I trust that this publication will do not a little to awaken it; and that in aid of it, \u201cnews-papers, tracts and magazines, will sound the trumpet long and loud.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0248-0001", "content": "Title: James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, [22] January 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The letters to Dr Jackson & mr Appleton received with yours of the 16th shall be forwarded by the first opportunity, of which, many, frequently offer. you will settle the question between mr Short and me, whenever it may be most convenient to yourself & the arbitrators. my attendance is altogether unnecessary. I will instruct a mr York who has succeeded mr Byrd in the managment of my farm, to allow your agent, to trim my vines, & take from them whatever he thinks fit. If he will perform that office, on all of them, I will make him a just compensation, as old Richard, I fear, does not understand it, and Byrd is otherwise engaged. mr Lamotte has very strong claims to the consulate at Havre. I experienc\u2019d in my intercourse with him while in France, a conduct deserving in all respects great confidence & esteem. A mr I. C. Barnett, has been consul at that port many years, tho\u2019 as the port was blockaded, he resided at Paris, & was under the Louisiana convention a commissr. He is I presume not unknown to you. The late war has thrown on the govt, from the army & flotilla service, many applicants, some of great merit, who are destitute of all resource, and willing to make experiments in any line to gain a living. Altho\u2019 they are not, in many instances, qualified for such a trust, and there is a strong sentiment, that they ought to pursue in private life industrious occupations, yet their claim is felt in all cases when put in competition with foreigners. There is not in truth a single consulate held by one of the latter description, no matter how long, that there are not many applications for, supported too by members of Congress, who have uniformly supported the government.\n I send you a letter, which I have just receivd from Genl Scott at Paris, which gives a correct view, as I presume, of the state of that wretched country. By a letter of the 3d of Decr. from our consul at Bordeaux, I find that in behalf of the allies, by way of indemnity for restoring order in France & Europe generally, by the suppression of the late mov\u2019ment of Boniparte, comprizing a vast additional sum to England on acct of spoliations since 1793., there is to be paid by her govt about 400.000.000. of dolrs, in 5 years. A copy of the treaty as publish\u2019d is receiv\u2019d, and will be republished here without delay. Return me genl Scotts letter after perusing it.\n On the return of Ferdinand to Spain, the President appointed mr Erving minister to him, & instructed Mr Erving to state that he had objections to the recognition of Mr Onis of a personal nature, which induc\u2019d a preference to the reception of another, but that if he asked it as a personal favor, Mr Onis would be receiv\u2019d. This was finally done, in the Spanish mode, of doing business involving sentiment, rather adding, to preceding insults, than making reparation for them. There being however no justifiable reason for declining longer to restore the diplomatic intercourse, Onis was receiv\u2019d. To this measure there were other considerations of weight. without it, no accomodation could be made with Spain, nor could any step of any kind, be taken with advantage, untill a fair experiment to obtain an accomodation was made. Shortly after his reception he demanded 1st the restitution of west Florida, 2. the apprehention of Toledo, Humbert & others, leaders of the spanish patriots, their trial & punishment. 3d the exclusion of the flags of Bunoz Ayres Carthagena &ca from the ports of the U States. There were two modes of replying to his letters, one by confining the answer strictly to a defense of the conduct of the govt, the other by taking a review of the conduct of Spain for many years past, shewing that by spoliations, the suppression of the deposit at N Orleans, &ca, she had merited & invited war, which, had not this govt, indulged feelings of moderation, would probably have been adopted. The latter was preferr\u2019d, in executing which, the surrender of W. Florida has been refused; the punishment of Toledo & others, their acts occurring beyond our jurisdiction, stated to be a case to which our laws do not extend; & that orders have been sometime since given to admit the vessels of all countries without regard to their flags, pirates excepted. The ground taken in each instance, is believd to be solid, in regard to spain, and such as will be approved here, & satisfactory to the colonists; while a door is opend to the spanish govt, to settle our differences, by mutual cessions, amicably, to which, it is invited.\n I am very respectfully & sincerely your friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0249", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Philip I. Barziza, 23 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barziza, Philip I.\n It was from Dr Bancroft\u2019s letter I understood that your brother would come to this country in the Spring, and that suggested the idea that the little commission I mentioned might not be inconvenient to him. but as you are so kind as to undertake the having it executed, I will avail my self of it your goodness to procure for me the two or three works, which having been originally printed at Venice & Rome, can probably be had at Venice, while I know from trial they are not to be had from Paris or London. I should guess their cost in Venice to be about 20 Dollars, which shall be remitted you either at that guess or when their cost shall be exactly known as may be most convenient to you. I doubt if we have any direct voya commercial voyages to Venice; but abundance to Leghorn, to which place I presume there must be regular land conveyances from Venice. if this package therefore can be sent to the hands of mr Thomas Appleton, our Consul at Leghorn, he will convey it speedily & safely to me. I subjoin the titles of the books and add the assurances of my great respect and esteem.\n Th: Jefferson\n Il Vocabolario della Crusca. Venice 1741. 5. vols. 4to. it is this particular edition I wish, on account of it\u2019s small size. I would not chuse to have the folio edition.\n Opere di Plantoni Platone di Dardi Bembo. Venice. 5 1601. 5. vols 12mo\n Euclidis Elementorum libri XV. \u00e0 Caiano. Greek & Italian. Romae. 1545. 8vo", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0250", "content": "Title: Joseph C. Cabell to Thomas Jefferson, 23 January 1816\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I wrote you by the last mail, that the bills respecting the Central College, and Capt: Miller\u2019s claim, had just reached the Senate: and that the former was objected to in two points: 1st because it gives to the Trustees of the College the power of determining the time at which the act of 22d Decr 1796. shall be carried into execution in albemarle, and 2dly because it confers on the Proctor of the college the powers and authorities of a Justice of the peace within the precincts of the institution. Since my letter was committed to the mail, I have conversed with the Governor, who considers the first objection of great weight, as it would probably place the people of the county in hostility to the College. Whilst I am awaiting your answer to my last letter, it becomes proper that I should address you on two other subjects before the Senate, in which you take an Interest. I cannot find among the papers in Capt: Miller\u2019s case, the evidences of the conveyance made to him by the other devisees of their portions of Thomas Reed\u2019s estate. I should infer from the manner in which they are referred to in the petition that they would appear among the accompanying documents: accordingly I immediately enquired for them. but they neither are to be found, nor can either of the Delegates from albemarle give any account of them. Those papers are essential to the success of the bill in the Senate: and with their aid, I trust I can get it thro\u2019 the house; altho\u2019 Mr Johnson, and, perhaps others, may oppose it. I beg the favor of you to request Capt: Miller to furnish me with these documents with as little delay as possible. Whilst I await their arrival, I will by all means in my power endeavor to smooth the way to the passage of the bill.\n From a letter you recently wrote Col: yancey, I perceive you consider the Bill to prevent obstructions in the navigable watercourses of the commonwealth, of importance to the people on the banks of the Rivanna. I enclose you a copy of the Bill, and of some amendments hastily sketched by Col: Green: and would thank you to send me such corrections as you deem proper. These subjects may be suspended till I can get your answer, without injury to the parties concerned.\n I regard the passage of the bill respecting the Central College as pretty certain, provided the modifications suggested in the points objected to shall be made: and perhaps without those changes, its passage may be en secured by your explanations. I believe the Bill for internal improvement will pass, and that if the Genl assembly should be disposed to give any thing to education it will be to the Literary fund and for the establishment of free schools. It is barely possible that they may give some thing to the Central College for teaching the deaf & dumb. I am endeavoring to prepare the more liberal part for an attempt at an endowment of a professorship of the deaf & dumb. Thus far it is well received: but I may be baffled. I have thought that such a plan might engage the affections of the coldest members. Any suggestions from you on this subject would be thankfully received.\n I beg you to pardon the trouble I give you: & to be assured it results from my wish to giveafford you satisfaction, in the business entrusted to my care.\n I am dr Sir most sincerely yours\n Joseph C. Cabell\n P.S. Doctr Smith, President of Wm & Mary, has desired me to ask the favor of you to recommend a Text book on the principles of Government for the use of the Students at that College. He is not satisfied either with either Locke or Rousseau.\n Can you inform me whether De Say on Political Economy has been translated into our Language?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0253", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Peter Derieux, 24 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Peter (Justin Pierre Plumard)\n Since the receipt of your favor of the 12th ult. one has come to hand from mr Mazzei in answer to mine, in which I had sollicited from him some attention and aid to your wants. I must give you the answer in his own words. it is dated Pisa. Oct. 22. 1815. \u2018Quanto a Derieux che \u00e0 10. o 12. figli, che l\u2019\u00e0 pregato di raccomendarmelo, la prego di dargli per carit\u00e0 18. o 20. dollars, e di rammemorargli che quando venne inaspettatamente di Francia a Charlestown colla moglie (che aveva abortito nel viaggio) gli mandai il denaro per pagare il Capitano, e per venire in Virginia; che gli diedi un\u2019altra somma rispettabile alla mia partenza di cost\u00e0, e che la cambiale (che mi diede par le 2. dette somme) la bruciai subito che seppi l\u2019infelice stato delle sue finanze.\u2019 in compliance with this request I now inclose you an order on messrs Gibson and Jefferson of Richmond, for twenty dollars. I sincerely wish he had authorised a much larger sum; but, after my former urgency to him, his answer shews that no further applications to him from me can be useful to you. indeed his age (85. years) and the total demolition of his health both of body and mind render his continuance in life uncertain from day to day. I will thank you for a little scrip of a receipt which I may inclose to him in proof that I have executed his authority. Accept the assurance of my esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0257", "content": "Title: Benjamin Austin to Thomas Jefferson, 25 January 1816\nFrom: Austin, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have the honor of acknowledging your Letter of Jany 9th & have taken the liberty to read it to many of our republican friends\u2014Its contents are consider\u2019d so valuable, that I induc\u2019d to request your permission to have it inserted in the Chronicle.\u2014There are many observations which are highly interesting, not only as they respect the manufacturs of our Country, but as they relate to Europe.\u2014your opinions on the great events in france, & your disapprobation of the ambitious veiws of Boanparte, will serve to confound your enemeis, who have been assiduous to misrepresent your conduct towards Him\u2014It wd be highly gratifying to our Republicans in the Northern states, if such a document could appear at this period\u2014My request is not altogether founded on my desire, but is urged by many of your most sincere friends\u2014\n I subscribe myself Your undeviating friend\n Benjn Austin\n Would thank you for as early an answer as may be convenient, previous to the 1st of April\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0258", "content": "Title: Elisha Ticknor to Thomas Jefferson, 26 January 1816\nFrom: Ticknor, Elisha\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Yours of the 15th ins. came to hand yesterday, inclosing a letter to my son, which I hope to forward to him in a few days by a Vessel, bound to Hamburg. He is now I suppose in Gottingen, Germany. I have received and heard nothing from him, since the 24th Sept. last, at which time he writes, that he was in fine health\u2014that he had arrived at a place, which he had long wish\u2019d to visit, and where \u201cevery thing seems to be exactly arranged to suit the needs and wants of a scholar, and to be absolutely incapable of improvement.\u201d Thus in a word he is situated. He found, however, after his arrival, that they (the Rev. Mr Everett of Boston is with him) could enjoy none of the benefits and advantages of the University, except they became members; of course they were immediately matriculated and admitted to all the privileges of the University, for which he paid 3 dollars. He now has free access to a Library of 200 000 Vol. the choice of 40 Professors, paid by Government, and 40 others, who lecture occasionally on different subjects, many of whom can better qualify him for travelling through France, Italy and Greece, than any other, with whom he had before before had the pleasure of being acquainted. He writes, therefore, that as he is at a place about which he has so often dreamt, that he shall probably remain in Gottingen, \u2019till April. I think it more probable, he will, \u2019till May as the roads will then be good and the country will show its state of cultivation and improvement. After which he will proceed on for Paris, and Rome and Athens. If you have any communications, sir, which you wish to have forwarded to my son, I will take charge of them with pleasure and send them on to him as soon as possible.\n I am, sir, With the highest consideration, Your most obedient and Very humble servant,\n Elisha Ticknor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0259", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Sarah Bowdoin Dearborn, 27 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dearborn, Sarah Bowdoin\n Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to mrs Dearborn and his thanks for the very acceptable seeds she has been so kind as to send him and which will occupy his care & attention in the season now beginning to invite the labors of the garden. he cannot omit this first occasion of expressing to mrs Dearborn the uneasiness which the unpleasant weather in which she left Monticello gave to the family. they sympathized in all the inconveniences she must have felt on the road.with the hope that the residue of the journey was more agreeable, that she found her friends well, and their city less desolated than by the storm than the papers had announced he begs leave to salute herself & Genl Dearborn with assurances of his affectionate attachment and respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0260", "content": "Title: Joseph Delaplaine to Thomas Jefferson, 27 January 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia January 27h 1816\n I have taken the liberty twice lately of addressing you, and have not been favoured with a reply.\u2014\n If Mr Wood cannot conveniently visit you for the purpose of painting your portrait, I shall request him to make me a copy of your picture in the possession of Mr Madison. If, unfortunately this portrait is at Mr Madisons\u2019 country seat, I know not what I shall do. I want much to hear from you on the subject for my government.\n I have pleasure in enclosing for your acceptance, a portrait of the late Robert Fulton, which I believe I did not before send to you.\u2014\n Vespucius is nearly finished. It will be very beautiful. In a few days I shall send you one, with the original which you furnished me. Your name will appear on the plate. Mr Jay, and the late President Adams have been kind enough to send me very recently a sketch of their lives. I beg you sir, to have the goodness to give to me the facts of your life. Birth, parentage, profession times of going to Europe, returns to this Country\u2014offices &c &c. Politicks & panegyric will form no part of my work.\n I am very respectfully your obedt st\n Joseph Delaplaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0261", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Philip Doddridge, 27 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Doddridge, Philip\n I have no recollection when the bounty of lands was first given to the soldiers of the revolutionary war; yet I know it was so early that it cannot be a long research into the ordinances and acts to find it. I inclose you a copy of the journals and Ordinances of the Convention of 1776. and as you mention that the public offices are without a compleat copy, be so good as to deposit it in the office either of the Council or House of Representatives to with whom it will be of more important use than on my shelves.Accept the assurances of my respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0262", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 27 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n My calls for money being here, and my grandson having to transfer the monies of his collection to Richmond it is a mutual convenience to give him my draughts on you in exchange for cash here, inasmuch as it saves to us both the hazards of the road. I have accordingly this day drawn on you in his favor for 446. D 25 c which (if my tobo should not be arrived) be so good as to cover by a sale of so much of the flour on hand. I am desirous of delaying for better prices the sale of whatever portion of that is not necessary to meet my draughts.\n Accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0263", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Thomas W. Maury, 27 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Maury, Thomas Walker\n I am favored with yours of the 17th. mr Cabell had apprised me of the objections to the power of imprisonment given to the a functionary of our College; and having explained to him the reason of it I must refer you to him for a sight of my letter. the object seems to have been totally mistaken, and what was intended in tenderness to the pupil has been misconstrued into an act of severity, for every one knows they may now be sent by a common magistrate to the common prison for a breach of the peace.With respect to the bank-mania, I foresaw it in 1791. and then opposed the establishment of the Bank of the US. which I knew was only an inoculation. I have marked the progress of the disease and seen that it was incurable, and to end in death. there will be a vast crush of private fortunes as on the death of the old Continental paper, as of the Assignats of France, the Misipi paper of Law, the South-sea paper of England Etc the most pitiable of it\u2019s victims now as before will be wi the helpless widow & orphan. prudent men will mitigate it\u2019s effects by caution. they will protect themselves as they do their fences when the woods are afire, by firing against it. what is most blameable is the cruelty of your process, roasting us before a slow fire like the martyrs in the days of persecution. instead of your 15. banks, be merciful, and give us the coup de grace, make it a thousand. however I am perfectly content with the 15. and to meet all hazards and trials with my fellow citizens. if we keep together we shall be safe, and when error is so apparent as to become visible to the majority, they will correct it, and what we suffer during the error must be carried to account with the losses by tempests, earthquakes EtcYour\u2019s with great friendship\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0265", "content": "Title: Thomas Eston Randolph to Thomas Jefferson, 29 January 1816\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The last Mail brought me a letter from my Son Mann, which has given me considerable uneasiness\u2014he informs me, that he has ever had an aversion to Mercantile pursuits, and although he has endeavour\u2019d to conquer it, he finds it impossible, and that his mind is possitively bent on entering the Navy\u2014The object of this address, is to ask the favor of you to give him a letter to the President to obtain for him a Midshipman\u2019s warrant, he is extreemly desirous to be attach\u2019d to the Washington 74, commanded by Commodore Chauncey, as he earnestly wishes to be in active service, and he is inform\u2019d that she goes to the Mediterranean to be station\u2019d there for eighteen months, or two years\u2014\n I should have waited on you to make this application in person, but I am suffering under a severe attack of Rheumatism, and I dread wetting my feet in crossing the river\u2014With sentiments of great respect and esteem I am Dr sir\n Your mo: Obdt Servt\n Thos Eston Randolph\n It has occurr\u2019d to me Sir, that an application to Mr Madison for a warrant, and if obtained\u2014if it was forwarded to him at Baltimore, it will save him the expence of a trip to Washington, and also considerable expence in his equipment, which I apprehend he can effect much better at Baltimore than the City\u2014As I am unacquainted with Etiquette in such cases, I must depend on your friendly offices\u2014and the only apology I can offer for thus troubling you, is the great anxiety I feel for my Son\u2019s future welfare\u2014\n (address Thos Mann Randolph Baltimore)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0268", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin W. Crowninshield, 30 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonticello\n Mr Thomas Mann Randolph, the son of a neighbor and relation of mine is desirous of entering the naval service, and I am requested by his father to sollicit a midshipman\u2019s warrant for him. I have known the young gentleman from his birth and can assure you he is of perfectly correct morals and demeanor, and of an amiable disposition. he is about 18. years of age, and had made some proficiency in classical education, when an offer of employment in a counting house at Baltimore carried him to that place where he now is. should he be so fortunate as to obtain his wish I will request the favor of you to send his warrant to himself, addressed to Thomas Mann Randolph at Baltimore, to the care of George Stevenson esq. merchant at that place.\n Having had the happiness of an intimate acquaintance with your deceased brother and a great and affectionate esteem for him, I avail myself with pleasure of this occasion of expressing it, and of adding assurances to yourself of my high respect and consideration.\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0269", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Albert Gallatin, 30 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gallatin, Albert\n Mr Dabney Terril, a relation of mine (the grandson of my sister) wishing to finish his education in Europe, I have advised him to go to Geneva preferably to any other place. his foundation is a moderate progress in Latin French and Mathematics. he is 17. years of age, perfectly correct in his morals and deportment, amiable in his dispositions, and thirsty after knolege. his circumstances admit an expence of about 1000.D. a year. in a foreign country one wishes to be known as being somebody in their own country and to have access to some society of his own standing, as well for present enjoyment as to form some estimate of the state of society out of his own country. can you give him a letter or two to friends in Geneva which may answer these views? you will greatly oblige me by doing it, and by inclosing them to himself under the address of \u2018Dabney Terril of Kentucky. to the care of George Stevenson esq. merchant at Baltimore,\u2019 and put that if you please under an outer cover addressed to mr Stevenson himself. mr Terril will be in Baltimore within 10. days from this date to go on board any the first vessel bound to any port of France, or Holland; so that no time will be to be lost in writing & forwarding the letters I ask. ever and affectionately\n your friend & servt\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0271", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Observations for Calculating the Latitude of Monticello, 30 January\u20134 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n Observed altitudeJan 30 error of instrumt\n \u2609\u2019ssemidiam.here&hereafter\n true observd alt.\n \u2212 refrn + parallax\n true alt. of \u2609\u2019s center\n \u2609\u2019s decln Greenwich\n true height of Equator\n pocket sextant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0272", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Eston Randolph, 30 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Eston\n I have this morning written to the Secretary of the navy, to sollicit a midshipman\u2019s warrant for Mann. the bearer of this letter carries that to the post office so that it may go by tomorrow\u2019s mail. it was more direct and certain to address it at once to the Secretary of the navy, and I have requested him to inclose the warrant to Mann, at Baltimore to the care of George Stevenson.\n I desired mr Bacon to ask the favor of a copy of my mill account, the season being now arrived to which my important demands are generally fixed for settlement. I am sorry to hear of your rheumatism and hope the return of mild weather will bring relief\n Affectionately Yours\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0273", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Appleton, 31 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Appleton, Thomas\n I wrote you a long letter on the 14th inst. and as it went by Duplicates one thro\u2019 mr Vaughan of Philada, the other thro\u2019 the Secy of States office, I do not doubt you will receive them. but a gentleman now setting out direct for Paris, you may recieve this before either of the others. I will repeat therefore from that letter only a single article. it informed you that \u2018I had put into the hands of mr Vaughan 50. Dollars to be remitted to you, and it requested you to send me the amount of it in Montepulciano wine, in black bottles well corked and cemented, and in strong boxes, addressed to the Collector of any port from Boston to Chesapeak, to which the first opportunity should occur; Norfolk and Richmond being always to be preferred, if a conveyance equally early offers. but the warm season will be so fast advancing that no time will be to be lost.\u2019 it is on account of the pressure of the season that I catch at the present conveyance, as, confident you will receive the remittance immediately thro\u2019 mr Vaughan, you may in the mean time procure and send off the wine. I requested it to be of the quality you formerly furnished me, & which, in a letter of May 1. 1805. you mentioned to be of the growth of grounds formerly belonging to the order of Jesuits and sold for the benefit of the government in 1773 at the time that that institution was abolished. referring for other things to that letter, I repeat here the assurance of my friendly esteem & great respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0274", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph C. Cabell, 31 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\n Th:J. to mr Cabell\n Your letters of the 23d and 24th come to hand just in the moment of the return of our mail. I have only therefore time to inclose the Conveyances for which Miller\u2019s bill is hung up. I had no doubt but that he had deposited them with the other papers. friendly salutations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0275", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Henry Jackson, 31 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Terrell, Dabney Carr\nTo: Jackson, Henry\n On the 16th inst. I took the liberty, thro\u2019 the office of the Secretary of State, of asking a second time your care of a letter to mr Ticknor. ten days after that I received your favor of Nov. 9. I am very thankful for the kind dispositions it expresses towards myself, and can assure you that the approbation of the wise and worthy is truly a pillow of down to an aged head.a direct conveyance occurring by a gentleman going immediately to Paris, I have thought a line to mr Ticknor by him might probably get to his hands sooner than that thro\u2019 the office of the Secretary of State; and I therefore trespass on you again with one for him, as also one for mr Appleton our Consul at Leghorn. this last I presume can find it\u2019s destination by the common mail, or perhaps thro\u2019 the diplomatic agent of Tuscany at Paris. my correspondence with Europe, of which Paris, under all it\u2019s afflictions, is still the center, will, I fear, but too often oblige me to avail myself of your kind attentions.\n This will be handed you by mr Dabney Terril of Kentucky, a relation of mine, being the grandson of my sister, who is proceeding to Geneva for the purposes of education. he is a youth of perfect correctness of morals and manners, and of amiable dispositions. he will stop a few days only in Paris, and asks me to procure him the honor of presenting himself to you. he will probably need the protection of your passport on his journey, and perhaps indeed of a permanent one to cover his residence at Geneva.\n I avail myself with pleasure of the occasion which the request of these favors furnishes of tendering you the assurance of my high consideration and esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0276", "content": "Title: Bernard Peyton to Thomas Jefferson, 31 January 1816\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n31st Januy 1816\n Immediately on the rect of your esteemd favo\u2019r of the 20th Current I proceeded to search for the Articles you wishd and am sorry to say I could neither meet with Bottles or Corks of the description mentioned\u2014I was desirous to have the Bottles picked, and packed in a Hogshead to prevent their being injured by removing, but, this the gentleman (and the only one who had them in the City) would by no means consent too\u2014I was permitted to take them in the situation they are sent only, which I concluded it was best to do\u2014\n The Corks are infamous, but I assure you the very best Richd affords, after dilligent enquiry and inspection I found those sent preferable, I selected them with my own hands and in consequence of their being so indifferent determin\u2019d to forward only eight Gross, should you find them to ansr I can procure any quantity of the same quality\u2014\n The Anchovies are said to be of excellent quality by those who have tried them, for this however I can\u2019t answer as I am not a judge of the Article\u2014I hope they may turn out well\u2014\n I regret exceedingly it was not in my power to fill your memorandum agreeable to the direction; it is owing alone to the situation of this Market which is very badly assorted indeed; of some articles we have an over portion and none of a great many others, time tho\u2019 will regulate this\u2014\n I feel gratified that you should have thot\u2019 proper to confide the execution of your commissions in this place to Green & Peyton, we will with the utmost pleasure sir comply with any order you may please to forward us, and in the way most likely to meet your aprobation either in the Dry Good or any other line\u2014\n You will find herewith annexd a statement of the cost of each Article which Bills we have discharged and shall agreeable to your wish call on Mr Gibson for payment\u2014the Boatmans rect I also forward\u2014Should you wish any Articles in our line we will take pleasure in opening an accompt with you\u2014payment once or twice a year (whicheer will be most agreeable to you) will be entirely satisfactorry to us\u2014\n For your good wishes be pleased to accept my thanks\u2014with perfect respect\n Your Very Obd: Hub:\nServt:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0277", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Marc Auguste Pictet, 31 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Terrell, Dabney Carr\nTo: Pictet, Marc Auguste\n Monticello in Virginia. Jan. 31. 1816.\n Mr Dabney Terril, of the state of Kentucky, a relation of mine being desirous to go to Europe for his education, I have advised him to give to the College of Geneva the preference which I consider it as deserving over any other Seminary of Europe. he accordingly has decided to proceed thither, and will have the honor of delivering you this letter. he is about 17. years of age, perfectly correct in his principles and deportment, amiable in his disposition, and thirsting after knowledge. young, distant as he will be from his friends, and insulated among strangers, he cannot but be anxious to see some protecting hand under which he may feel himself safe from injury. the interchange of some letters between us many years ago, the place you fill in the college, and the distinguished estimation in which you are held in the world, encourage me to address my young friend to you, with a request that you will extend to him the benefit of your patronage, and of your counsel in all cases where either his conduct or his course of education may need it. he has laid as yet but a moderate foundation in Latin, French and Mathematics. I can assure you he will prove himself worthy of your kind attentions; and to his gratitude will be added the obligations under which I shall acknowledge myself your debtor for them. Permit me at the same time to assure you of my high consideration and esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0278", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to George Ticknor, 31 January 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ticknor, George\n I wrote you a long letter on the 14th inst. and as it went by duplicates thro good channels, I am sure you will get it. but a gentleman going from hence to Paris direct, which he will probably reach before either of the other channels of conveyance I will repeat from that letter but a single article, the request to add to the catalogue I formerly troubled you with, the underwritten books. referring therefore to that letter, I repeat the assurances of my friendly esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson\n Oeuvres Philosophiques de Ciceron. 10. vols. in 16o Paris. 1796. this contains the translations of Durand, Desmarais, d\u2019Olivet, Bouhier, Morabin & Barrett.\n Lettres familieres de Ciceron par Prevost. Lat. Fr. edition de Goujon 5. v. 8vo Paris 1800. 1.\n Lettres de Ciceron et de Brutus. Lat. Fr. par Prevost\n Fleschier in his Annuaire de la librairie of about 8. or 10. years ago, in announcing Goujon\u2019s edition of Prevost\u2019s Lettres familieres de Ciceron, says that a like edition of all the other letters was then in hand, which have doubtless appeared long since.\n Lettres de Ciceron \u00e0 Atticus. Lat. Fr. par Mongault", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0279", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Stephen Cathalan, 1 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cathalan, Stephen\n My dear Sir and friend\n I recieved yesterday your favor of Nov. 29. from which I learn, with much mortification (of the palate at least) that my letter of the 3d of July has never got to your hands. it was confided to the Secretary of state\u2019s office. regrets are now useless, and the proper object to supply it\u2019s place. it related generally to things friendly, to things political Etc but the material part was a request of some particular wines which were therein specified.\n 1. white Hermitage of the growth of M. Jourdan; not of the dry kind, but what we call silky, which in your letter just recieved you say are dou called doux. but by our term silky we do not mean sweet, but sweetish in the smallest degree only. my taste in this is the reverse of mr Butler\u2019s, who you say likes the dry and sparkling, I the non mousseux & un peu doucereux.\n 2. Vin de Nice, as nearly as possible of the quality of that sent me by mr Sasserno, formerly; whose death, by the bye, I had not before heard of, and much regret.\n 3. Vin de Roussilon. I used to meet with this at the best tables of Paris, where it was drank after the repast, as a vin de liqueur. it was a little higher colored than Madeira near as strong, and dry, and of fine flavor. I am not certain of the particular name, but that of Rivesalte runs in my head. if, from what you know of the Rivesalte it should answer this description nearly, then we may be sure this was the wine: if it does not, you will probably be able to know what wine of Roussilon corresponds with the qualities I describe.\n I requested that after paying for 50.\u2114 of Maccaroni out of the 200. Dollars, and reserving what would pay all charges till shipped about a fifth of the residue should be laid out in Hermitage, and the remaining four fifths in Vins de Nice and de Roussillon equally. send them to any port, from Boston to the Chesapeak inclusive, but to Norfolk or Richmond of preference, if a conveyance occurs. if addressed to the Collector of the port, he will receive & forward them to Richmond, which is at the head of the tidewater of James river on which I live, and from whence it comes by boat navigation. I suppose you can never be long without vessels at Marseilles bound to some of our ports above described. were it to be otherwise the wines might come thro\u2019 the Canal of Languedoc to mr Lee our Consul at Bordeaux. but this would increase risk and expence & is only mentioned as a pis-aller, and left entirely to your judgment.\n The political speculations of my letter of July 3. are not worth repeating because the events on which they were hazarded have changed backwards & forwards, two or three times since that. my wishes are for the happiness of France, without caring what executive magistrate makes her happy. I must confess however I did not wish it to be Bonaparte. I considered him as the very worst of all human beings, & as having inflicted more misery on mankind than any other who had ever lived. I was very unwilling that the example of his parricide usurpation should finally stand approved by success. ultimately he is now off the scene, I hope never to return on it: but whether you are much more at your ease in the hands of the allies; you know better than I do.On the subject of your continuance in the Consulate, I hope you will never have any thing to fear; never, certainly whilst any effort of mine can have any weight with the government: and in a late letter to the Secretary of state wherein I had occasion to speak of you I have placed your merits on ground which I think will never be assailed. God bless you and preserve you many years in health and prosperity\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0280-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Jean David\u2019s Petition and Memorial to Congress on American Viticulture, [ca. 1 February 1816]\nFrom: David, Jean\nTo: United States Congress\n Projet de Petition et Memoire Sur l\u2019utilit\u00e9 de la culture de la vigne. Par J. D\u2014\u2014\n Les avantages que les Etats Unis d\u2019Amerique retireroient de la culture de la vigne Sont immenses: il n\u2019est aucunne personne un peu vers\u00e9e dans les principes de l\u2019economie politique et du commerce, qui ne comprenne combien il Seroit precieux pour ce pays, de pouvoir, non seulement Se passer des vins et des eaux-de-vie d\u2019Europe; ce qui changeroit en Sa faveur la balance de Son commerce avec cette partie du monde; mais encore de pouvoir en exporter dans les isles antilles, et dans les colonies Espagnoles qui ont Secou\u00e9 le joug de leur Metropole, et dont le produit serviroit \u00e0 payer le Sucre, le Caf\u00e9, le cacao et autres marchandises que l\u2019on retire de ces contr\u00e9es.\n En outre le luxe qui S\u2019est prodigieusement accru dans les Etats Unis, est une des principales causes que Son change avec l\u2019Europe est constamment \u00e0 Son desavantage; ce qui prouve que les Etats Unis retirent plus de l\u2019Europe qu\u2019ils ne lui donnent; inconvenient majeur qui tend \u00e0 ruiner ce pays.\n une administration Sage et prevoyante doit donc prendre touts les moyens qui Sont en Son pouvoir pour diminuer la Somme des importations etrang\u00e9res; et un des meilleurs Sans doute est l\u2019introduction de la nouvelle branche de produit que je propose, puisque, ainsi que je l\u2019ai dit non seulement elle allegeroit les etats unis du tribut qu\u2019ils payent \u00e0 l\u2019Europe pour les vins et les eaux-de-vie; mais encore les mettroit dans quelques ann\u00e9es en \u00e9tat d\u2019en exporter dans le Sud de l\u2019amerique.\n Il n\u2019y auroit donc d\u2019autre raison pour que le Gouvernement ne S\u2019empress\u00e2t pas de favoriser cette culture, que l\u2019incertitude de Sa reussite; mais ceci n\u2019est plus un probl\u00eame, puisque on est parvenu \u00e0 faire du vin, quoique en petite quantit\u00e9 dans quelques contr\u00e9es des Etats Unis, et puisqu\u2019on trouve dans les for\u00eats de la virginie, et Sans doute ailleurs aussi, des vignes Sauvages qui produisent des raisins agreables au go\u00fbt et avec lesquels on a fait du bon vin.\n D\u2019apr\u00e8s ces considerations Le Sr D\u2014\u2014 Se proposant de Se livrer \u00e0 la culture de la vigne qu\u2019il entend parfaitement ainsi que la mani\u00e9re de faire le vin, demande \u00e0 la Legislature des Etats Unis une prime deDollars par chaque barrique de vin et une prime deDollars pour chaque barrique d\u2019eau-de-vie, provenant de Ses plantations.\n Cette Prime est juste et necessaire.\u2014\n Juste, parceque celui qui enrichira ce pays d\u2019un pareil produit merite une recompense.\u2014\n Necessaire, parceque le Sr D\u2014\u2014 n\u2019ayant pas des facult\u00e9s pecuniaires suffisantes pour une pareille entreprise; ce n\u2019est que l\u2019appui d\u2019un benefice analogue aux avances qu\u2019il faudra faire, qui pourra lui procurer des interess\u00e9s.\n Il S\u2019attend a ce qu\u2019on lui dise:\u2014que pour prouver du qu\u2019on peut faire du vin dans les Etats Unis, il S\u2019est etay\u00e9 sur ce qu\u2019on en fait dans quelques contr\u00e9es.\n Si donc on y fait du vin sans qu\u2019il ait \u00e9t\u00e9 pour cela necessaire d\u2019accorder une prime; Sa demande aujourd\u2019hui paroit n\u2019\u00eatre pas fond\u00e9e.\u2014\n il repond\u2014Que Si les etablissements existants en ce genre prouvent qu\u2019on peut faire du vin dans les Etats-unis; attendu le peu de Succ\u00e9s qu\u2019ils ont eu jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce jour, ils prouvent egalement une de ces deux choses:\n Ou que des obstacles que le Sr D\u2014\u2014 ne sauroit deviner S\u2019opposent \u00e0 cette culture.\n ou que ceux qui l\u2019ont entreprise ne prennent pas touts les moyens convenables a Son enti\u00e8re reussite et dans ces deux cas il croit \u00eatre fond\u00e9 a demander une prime, Soit comme encouragement, Soit comme une recompense; ainsi qu\u2019on accorde un brevet d\u2019invention \u00e0 celui qui fait la decouverte d\u2019une machine nouvelle; et Si l\u2019on pouvoit obtenir un brevet d\u2019invention pour le Sujet dont il S\u2019agit, Le Sr D\u2014\u2014 borneroit la Ses pretentions, mais comme la chose ne peut pas \u00eatre, il Se croit fond\u00e9 a demander une prime Sans laquelle il lui est impossible d\u2019entreprendre cette culture\u2014\n Cependant Si le Gouvernement jugeoit \u00e0 propos de le recompenser de toute autre mani\u00e9re, ou qu\u2019il prefer\u00e2t que cet etablissement Se fit pour Son propre compte Sous la Direction du Sr David, celui ci y accederoit avec plaisir persuad\u00e9 qu\u2019on lui accorderoit une recompense proportionn\u00e9e aux avantages qu\u2019il auroit procur\u00e9 aux Etats unis d\u2019Amerique\n Le Sr David a entendu dire qu\u2019un pareil etablissement pour compte du Gouvernement, avoit eu lieu dans la Caroline du nord, mais que le Directeur etant mort on avoit \u00e9t\u00e9 oblig\u00e9 de l\u2019abandonner. Si la chose est ainsi, il n\u2019y auroit alors qu\u2019a continuer ce qui est commenc\u00e9, en corrigeant les erreurs dans lesquelles l\u2019ancien directeur pourroit \u00eatre tomb\u00e9.\u2014\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Draft Petition and Memorial on the usefulness of cultivating vineyards. By J. D\u2014\u2014\n The advantages to the United States of America from the cultivation of vineyards are immense. No one even slightly knowledgeable about the principles of political economy and commerce fails to understand how valuable it would be if this country could not only do without wines and brandies from Europe, which would change in its favor the balance of its commerce with that part of the world, but also allow for the export of some of it to the Antilles and to the Spanish colonies that have shaken off the yoke of their mother country, the profit of which would be used to pay for sugar, coffee, cocoa, and other merchandise that is obtained from these regions.\n Moreover, the luxury that has prodigiously increased in the United States is one of the main reasons why its exchange with Europe is constantly at a disadvantage, which proves that the United States receives more from Europe than it gives back. This major shortcoming tends to ruin this country.\n A wise and farsighted administration must therefore use all the means in its power to decrease foreign imports, and one of the best ways to do so is no doubt the introduction of the new branch of product I am proposing, since, as I have mentioned, it would not only reduce the tribute the United States pays to Europe for wines and brandies, but, in a few years, it would also give the United States the ability to export some of them to South America.\n Only the uncertainty of success would prevent the government from hastening to favor this cultivation, but this is no longer a problem, since in some regions of the United States wine has been successfully produced, though in small quantities, and because in the forests of Virginia, and probably elsewhere also, one can find wild vines that produce tasty grapes from which good wine has been made.\n From these considerations, Mr. D\u2014\u2014 proposes to dedicate himself to viticulture, which he understands perfectly, as well as he comprehends the making of wine, and he is asking the legislature of the United States for a subsidy ofdollars per barrel of wine anddollars per barrel of brandy produced on his plantations.\n This subsidy is just and necessary.\u2014\n Just, because the person who will enrich this country with such a product deserves a reward.\u2014\n Necessary because, Mr. D\u2014\u2014 lacking sufficient financial means for such an enterprise, only the prospect of a profit similar to the necessary advances will attract interested people to him.\n He expects to be reminded that he argued that wine is being produced in some regions in order to prove that wine can be made in the United States.\n Therefore, if wine is produced without the need for a subsidy, his request today does not seem to be well-founded.\n He replies that if the existing establishments of this kind prove that wine can be made in the United States, considering what little success they have had until now, they also prove one of the following two things:\n Either that obstacles that Mr. D\u2014\u2014 cannot predict hamper this cultivation.\n Or that those who undertake it are not taking all of the appropriate measures to achieve complete success; and in both cases, he believes himself justified in requesting a subsidy, either as an encouragement or as a reward, just as a patent of invention is granted to a person who discovers a new machine; and if one could obtain a patent for the matter at hand, Mr. D\u2014\u2014 would limit his claims then and there, but since this cannot be, he feels justified in asking for a subsidy, without which it would be impossible for him to undertake this work\u2014\n However, if the government deems it appropriate to reward him in any other manner or if it would prefer this enterprise to be undertaken on its own account under the direction of Mr. David, he would oblige with pleasure, convinced that he would be granted a reward in proportion to the advantages he would have procured to the United States of America.\n Mr. David heard that such an enterprise on behalf of the government had been undertaken in North Carolina, but that the director having died, it had been abandoned. If this is the case, one would only have to continue what has been started and correct any errors into which the former director may have fallen.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0281", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Henry Jackson, 1 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jackson, Henry\n After I had sealed my letter of yesterday, a mail arrived, bringing me one from mr Cathalan, which informs me that mine to him of July 3. had never got to his hands. as this went thro\u2019 the same channel (the Secy of state\u2019s office) with mine to you of July 5. it shews that the doubt expressed in your favor of Nov. 9. was real, and that that letter had not then got to hand. it covered one to Mde de Sta\u00ebl, and another to mr Ticknor, and I hope has since got to your hands. mr Terril\u2019s immediate departure for Paris furnishes so happy an opportunity of replacing that to mr Cathalan, that I take the liberty of giving it the protection of your cover and of repeating here the assurances of my great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0284", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to David Bailie Warden, 1 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Warden, David Bailie\n It is long since I have written to you. the reason has been that from one of your letters I concluded you were returning to the US. by yours of Apr. 9. 15. I found you were still at Paris. I can assure you that I did every thing in your case which could be done, as far as decency or effect permitted: but I found that nothing would avail; & ceased under the hope that your presence here might remove obstacles whatever they were. I should very gladly have recommended to your attentions mr Ticknor, a very learned young gentleman of Boston who I imagine got to Paris in autumn. I should have even taken the liberty of asking your friendly aid to him in a commission for the purchase of some books for me which he was so kind as to undertake. if you have made his acquaintance, I am sure you have found him worthy of it in every respect moral, and literary. this will be handed you by mr Terril a young gentleman of Kentucky, a relation of mine, who will stop a few days only in Paris on his way to Geneva for his education. he is a youth of perfect correctness of morals & manner, of good dispositions and of great appetite for science. I have desired him to wait on you, as well to make his own bow as to deliver you this letter which bears to you the expressions of my great and sincere esteem and respect. \n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0286", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph C. Cabell, 2 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\n Dear Sir\n Monticello Feb. 2. 16.\n Your favors of the 23d & 24th ult. were a week coming to us. I instantly inclosed to you the deeds of Capt Miller; but I understand that the Post-master, having locked his mail before they got to the office, would not unlock it to give them a passage.\n Having been prevented from retaining my collection of the acts & Journals of our legislature by the lumping manner in which the Committee of Congress chose to take my library, it may be useful to our public bodies to know what acts and journals I had, and where they can now have access to them. I therefore inclose you a copy of my catalogue which I pray you to deposit in the council office for public use. it is in the 18th & 24th chapters they will find what is interesting to them. the form of the catalogue has been much injured in the publication: for altho they have preserved my division into chapters, they have reduced the books in each chapter to Alphabetical order, instead of the Chronological or Analytical arrangements I had given them. you will see sketches of what were my arrangements at the heads of some of the chapters.\n The bill on the obstructions in our navigable waters appears to me a proper one proper; as do also the amendments proposed. I think the state should reserve a right to the use of the waters for navigation, and that where an individual landholder impedes that use, he should remove the impediment, and leave the subject in as good a state as nature formed it. this I hold to be the true principle; and to this Colo Green\u2019s amendments go. all I ask in my own case is that the legislature will not take from me my own works: I am ready to cut my dam in any place, and at any moment requisite, so as to remove that impediment if it be thought one and to leave those interested to make the most of the natural circumstances of the place. but I hope they will never take from me my canal, made thro\u2019 the body of my own lands, at an expence of twenty thousand Dollars, and which is no impediment to the navigation of the river. I have permitted the riparian proprietors above (and they are not more than a dozen or twenty) to use it gratis, and shall not withdraw the permission unless they so use it as to obstruct too much the operations of my mills, of which there is some likelihood.\n Doctr Smith, you say, asks what is the best elementary book on the principles of government? none in the world equal to the Review of Montesquieu printed at Philadelphia a few years ago. it has the advantage too of being equally sound and corrective of the principles of Political economy: and all within the compass of a thin 8vo. Chipman\u2019s\t and Priestley\u2019s Principles of government, & the Federalist are excellent in many respects, but for fundamental principles not comparable to the Review.I have no objections to the printing my letter to mr Carr, if it will promote the interests of science; altho\u2019 it was not written with a view to it\u2019s publication.\n My letter of the 24th ult. conveyed to you the grounds of the two articles objected to in the College bill. your last presents one of them in a new point of view, that of the commencement of the Ward schools as likely to render the law unpopular to the county. it must be a very inconsiderate and rough process of execution that would do this. my idea of the mode of carrying it into execution would be this. declare the county ipso facto divided into wards, for the present by the boundaries of the militia captaincies: somebody attend the ordinary muster of each company, having first desired the Captain to call together a full one. there explain the object of the law to the people of the company, put to their vote whether they will have a school established, and the most central and convenient place for it; get them to meet & build a log school house, have a roll taken of the children who would attend it, and of those of them able to pay: these would probably be sufficient to support a common teacher, instructing gratis the few unable to pay. if there should be a deficiency, it would require too trifling a contribution from the county to be complained of; and especially as the whole county would participate, where necessary, in the same resource. should the company, by it\u2019s vote, decide that it would have no school, let them remain without one. the advantages of this proceeding would be that it would become the duty of the Wardens elected by the county to take an active part in pressing the introduction of schools, and to look out for tutors.If however it is intended that the State government shall take this business into it\u2019s own hands, and provide schools for every county, then by all means strike out this provision of our bill. I would never wish that it should be placed on a worse footing than the rest of the state. but if it is beleived that these elementary schools will be better managed by the Governor & council, the Commissioners of the literary fund, or any other general authority of the government, than by the parents within each ward, it is a belief against all experience. try the principle one step further, and amend the bill so as to commit to the Governor & Council the management of all our farms, our mills, & merchants\u2019 stores.No, my friend, the way to have good and safe government, is not to trust it all to one; but to divide it among the many, distributing to every one exactly the functions he is competent to. let the National government be entrusted with the defence of the nation, and it\u2019s foreign & federal relations; the State governments with the civil rights, laws, police & administration of what concerns the state generally; the Counties with the local concerns of the counties; and the Wards each Ward direct the interests within itself. it is by dividing and subdividing these republics from the great National one down thro\u2019 all it\u2019s subordinations, until it ends in the administration of every man\u2019s farm and affairs by himself; by placing under every one what his own eye may superintend, that all will be done for the best. what has destroyed liberty and the rights of man in every government which has ever existed under the sun? the generalising & concentrating all cares and powers into one body, no matter whether of the Autocrats of Russia or France, or of the Aristocrats of a Venetian Senate.and I do believe that if the Almighty has not decreed that Man shall never be free, (and it is blasphemy to believe it) that the secret will be found to be in the making himself the depository of the powers respecting himself, so far as he is competent to them, and delegating only what is beyond his competence by a synthetical process, to higher & higher orders of functionaries, so as to trust fewer and fewer powers, in proportion as the trustees become more and more oligarchical.the elementary republics of the wards, the county republics, the State republics, and the republic of the Union, would form a gradation of authorities, standing each on the basis of law, holding every one it\u2019s delegated share of powers, and constituting truly a system of fundamental balances and checks for the government. where every man is a sharer in the direction of his ward-republic, or of some of the higher ones, and feels that he is a participator in the government of affairs not merely at an election, one day in the year, but every day; when there shall not be a man in the state who will not be a member of some one of it\u2019s councils, great or small, he will let the heart be torn out of his body sooner than his power be wrested from him by a Caesar or a Bonaparte. how powerfully did we feel the energy of this organisation in the case of the Embargo? I felt the foundations of the government shaken under my feet by the New England townships. there was not an individual in their states whose body was not thrown, with all it\u2019s momentum, into action, and altho\u2019 the whole of the other states were known to be in favor of the measure, yet the organisation of this little selfish minority enabled it to overrule the Union. what could the unwieldy counties of the middle, the South and the West do? call a county meeting, and the drunken loungers at and about the Court houses would have collected, the distances being too great for the good people and the industrious generally to attend. the character of those who really met would have been the measure of the weight they would have had in the scale of public opinion. as Cato then concluded every speech with the words \u2018Carthago delenda est,\u2019 so do I every opinion with the injunction \u2018divide the counties into wards.\u2019 begin them only for a single purpose; they will soon shew for what others they are the best instruments. God bless you, and all our rulers, and give them the wisdom, as I am sure they have the will, to fortify us against the degeneracy of our government, and the concentration of all it\u2019s powers in the hands of the one, the few, the well-born or but the many.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0287-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Account with William Duane, [ca. 2 February 1816]\nFrom: Duane, William,Smyth, John B.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Thomas Jefferson EsqrTo Wm Duane Dr1815MarchTo Translation of a Work of Destutt Tracy$60.001816May 1st\u3003 1 yr Subscr to Country Aurora due this day\u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a05.00$65.00", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0289", "content": "Title: Destutt de Tracy to Thomas Jefferson, 4 February 1816\nFrom: Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Monsieur\n J\u2019ai re\u00e7u le 4 mai 1814, par Mr Warden, votre tr\u00e9s aimable lettre du 29 9bre 1813; j\u2019y ai r\u00e9pondu le 14 juillet 1814, par le fils de Mr Madison, et je vous ai exprim\u00e9, autant qu\u2019il m\u2019\u00e9tait possible, Combien j\u2019en \u00e9tais charm\u00e9 et reconnaissant.\n Vous aviez la bont\u00e9 de me dire dans Cette lettre que vous aviez as \u00e9t\u00e9 assez Content de mon ouvrage Sur l\u2019Economie politique pour le faire traduire et que je devais recevoir en m\u00eame temps, que votre lettre, au moins un \u00e9xemplaire de Cette traduction; je l\u2019ai attendu vainement jusqu\u2019\u00e0 aujourd\u2019hui et Vous ne Sauriez douter Combien il en a Cout\u00e9 \u00e0 mon impatience; Enfin il ne m\u2019est jamais arriv\u00e9 et depuis, je n\u2019ai plus re\u00e7u de vos nouvelles.\n Aujourd\u2019hui par une Singuli\u00e9re Circonstance, on vient d\u2019imprimer, presque Sans mon aveu, l\u2019original de Cet ouvrage qui forme la quatri\u00e8me partie de mes El\u00e9mens d\u2019Id\u00e9ologie; il est pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 d\u2019un Suppl\u00e9ment \u00e0 la troisi\u00e8me partie et Suivi d\u2019un Commencement de la Cinqui\u00e8me. je m\u2019empr\u00e8sse de vous en faire hommage, ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Philosophique de Philadelphie, par le moyen de Mr Warden, qui veut bien se charger de cette lettre; Mais vous Croyez bien, Monsieur, que je n\u2019en tiens pas moins \u00e0 l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre traduit dans votre langue et sous vos auspices. Vous m\u2019avez flatt\u00e9 quelque part que les trois premiers volumes de mes Elemens d\u2019id\u00e9ologie avaient le m\u00eame honneur; Et avec le Commentaire Sur Montesquieu que vous avez bien voulu approuver et le morceau Sur l\u2019instruction publique que je vous ai envoy\u00e9 aussi, lesquels r\u00e9unis pourraient tenir lieu de Sixi\u00e8me volume de mes El\u00e9mens que je ne puis plus Composer; Cela forme un Ensemble Complet.\n Je Serais bien heureux Si vous aviez la bont\u00e9 de me faire parvenir quelques \u00e9xemplaires anglais ou fran\u00e7ais des differentes parties de tout cela que vous avez eu la bont\u00e9 de faire publier et plus heureux, Encore, si vous daignez agr\u00e9er toujours ma respectueuse reconnaissance.\n Ceci est mon testament; je Suis devenu aveugle et infirme; je ne puis plus rien faire; je regrette de laisser imparfait un ouvrage dont l\u2019id\u00e9e me parait importante; mais encore une fois, le Commentaire sur Montesquieu et le morceau sur l\u2019instruction publique renferment le germe de toutes mes id\u00e9es sur la l\u00e9gislation et votre indulgence extr\u00eame me Confirme dans mes opinions.\n Recevez je vous prie, Monsieur, l\u2019assurance de mon plus inviolable attachement et de mon profond Respect.\n Destutt de Tracy\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n On 4 May 1814 I received through Mr. Warden your very friendly letter of 29 November 1813. In my reply of 14 July 1814 through Mr. Madison\u2019s son I expressed to you, as much as I was able, how delighted and grateful I was.\n You were so kind as to tell me in this letter that you had been pleased enough by my work on political economy to have it translated and that I would receive at the same time as your letter at least one copy of this translation. I have been waiting for it in vain until this day, and you cannot imagine how my patience has been taxed. In short, it never arrived, and I received no more news from you.\n Today, by a peculiar circumstance, the original version of this work, which forms the fourth part of my \u00c9l\u00e9mens d\u2019Id\u00e9ologie, has just been printed, almost without my permission. It is preceded by a supplement to the third part and followed by a beginning of the fifth. I am eager to offer it to you as a token of my esteem and also to the American Philosophical Society, through Mr. Warden, who is willing to take charge of this letter. But believe me, Sir, I still value just as much the honor of being translated into your language and under your auspices. You flattered me by mentioning somewhere that the first three volumes of my \u00c9l\u00e9mens d\u2019Id\u00e9ologie would be similarly honored. The Commentary and Review of Montesquieu\u2019s Spirit of Laws, which you were kind enough to approve, and the piece on public instruction I also sent you, could take the place of the sixth volume of my \u00c9l\u00e9mens that I can no longer write, and the whole would form a complete set.\n I would be very happy should you be so kind as to send me a few French or English copies of the various parts of all these works, which you have had the kindness to have published, and I would be even happier if you always condescended to receive my respectful gratitude.\n This is my testament. I have become blind and infirm and can no longer do anything. I regret leaving in an imperfect state a work which seemed important to me, but again, the Commentary and Review of Montesquieu\u2019s Spirit of Laws and the piece on public instruction contain the seed of all my ideas on legislation, and your extreme indulgence confirms me in my opinions.\n Please accept, Sir, the assurance of my most inviolable attachment and deepest respect.\n Destutt de Tracy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0291", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 4 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\n Your letter covering that of Genl Scott is recieved, and his is now returned. I am very thankful for these communications. from 40. years experience of the wretched guesswork of the newspapers of what is not done in open day light, and of their falsehood even as to that, I rarely think them worth reading, & almost never worth notice. a ray therefore now & then from the fountain of light is like sight restored to the blind. it tells me where I am; and that to a mariner who has long been without sight of land or sun, is a rallying of reckoning which places him at ease. the ground you have taken with Spain is sound in every part. it is the true ground especially, as to the South Americans. when subjects are able to maintain themselves in the field they are then an independant power, as to all neutral nations, are entitled to their commerce, and to protection within their limits. every kindness which can be shewn the South-Americans, every friendly office and aid within the limits of the law of nations, I would extend to them, without fearing Spain or her Swiss auxiliaries. for this is but an assertion of our own independance. but to join in their war, as Genl Scott proposes, and to which even some members of Congress seem to squint is what we ought not to do as yet. on the question of our interest in their independance, were that alone a sufficient motive of action, much may be said on both sides. when they are free, they will drive every article of our produce from every market by underselling it, and change the condition of our existence, forcing us into other habits and pursuits.we shall have indeed in exchange some commerce with them, but in what I know not, for we shall have nothing to offer which they cannot raise cheaper; and their separation from Spain seals our everlasting peace with her. on the other hand, so long as they are dependant, Spain, from her jealousy, of us is our natural enemy, and always in either open or secret hostility with us. these countries too, in war, will be a powerful weight in her scale, and, in peace, totally shut to us. interest then, on the whole, would wish their independance, and justice makes the wish a duty. they have a right to be free, and we a right to aid them, as a strong man has a right to assist a weak one assailed by a robber or murderer. that a war is brewing between us and Spain cannot be doubted. when that disposition is matured on both sides, and open rupture can no longer be deferred, then will be the time for our joining the South Americans, and entering into treaties of alliance with them. there will then be but one opinion, at home or abroad, that we shall be justifiable in chusing to have them with us, rather than against us. in the mean time they will have organised regular governments, and perhaps have formed themselves into one or more confederacies: more than one, I hope, as in single mass they would be a very formidable neighbor. the geography of their country seems to indicate three; 1. what is North of the isthmus. 2. what is South of it on the Atlantic: and 3. the Southern part on the Pacific. in this form we might be the balancing power.\u00e0 propos of the dispute with Spain, as to the boundary of Louisiana. on our acquisition of that country, there was found in possession of the family of the late Govr Messier a most valuable and original MS. history of the settlement of Louisiana by the French, written by Bernard de la Harpe, a principal agent thro\u2019 the whole of it. it commences with the first permanent settlement of 1699. (that by de la Sale in 1684. having been broken up) and continues to 1723. and shews clearly the continual claim of France to the province of Texas as far as the Rio Bravo, and to all the waters running into the Missisipi, and how, by the roguery of St Denis, an agent of Crozat the merchant to whom the colony was granted for 10. years the settlements of the Spaniards at Nacogdoches, Ada\u00efs, Assina\u00ffs and Natchitoches were fraudulently invited & connived at. Crozat\u2019s object was commerce, and especially Contraband with the Spaniards, and these posts were settled as convenient smuggling stages on the way to Mexico. the history bears such marks of authenticity as place it beyond question. Govr Claiborne obtained the MS. for us, and thinking it too hazardous to risk it\u2019s loss by the way, unless a copy were retained, he had a copy taken. the original having arrived safe at Washington, he sent me the copy, which I now have. is the original still in your office? or was it among the papers burnt by the British? if lost, I will send you my copy; if preserved, it is my wish to deposit the copy for safe keeping with the Philosophical society at Philadelphia, where it will be safer than on my shelves. I do not mean that any part of this letter shall give to yourself the trouble of an answer; only desire mr Graham to see if the original still exists in your office, and to drop me a line saying yea, or nay; and I shall know what to do. indeed the MS. ought to be printed, and I see a note to my copy which shews it has been in contemplation, & that it was computed to be of 20. sheets @ 16.D. a sheet for 320. copies, which would sell at 1.D. a piece and reimburse the expence.\n On the question of giving to La Motte the Consulship of Havre, I know the obstacle of the Senate. their determination to appoint natives only is generally proper, but not always. these places are for the most part of little consequence to the public; and if they can be made resources of profit to our ex-military worthies, they are so far advantageous. you and I however know that one of these raw novices, knowing nothing of the laws or authorities of his port, nor speaking a word of it\u2019s language, is of no more account than the 5th wheel of a coach. had the Senate a power of removing as well as of rejecting, I should have fears, from their foreign antipathies for my old friend Cathalan, Consul at Marseilles. his father was appointed by Dr Franklin, early in the revolutionary war, but being old, the business was done by the son. on the establishment of our present government, the commission was given by Genl Washington to the son, at the request of the father. he has been the Consul now 26. years, and has done it\u2019s duties nearly 40. years. he is a man of understanding, integrity, zeal, of high mercantile standing, an early citizen of the US. and speaks & writes our language as fluently as French. his conduct in office has been without a fault. I have known him personally and intimately for 30. years, have a great and affectionate esteem for him, and should feel as much hurt were he to be removed, as if removed myself from an office. but I trust he is out of the reach of the Senate, and secure under the wings of the Executive government. let me recommend him to your particular care and patronage, as well deserving it, and end the trouble of reading a long letter with assurances of my constant & affectionate friendship.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0292", "content": "Title: John F. Watson to Thomas Jefferson, 5 February 1816\nFrom: Watson, John Fanning\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n By this days mail, I Send you the 7 & 8 Vols of the Edinbg Review\u2014since our last settlement\n x pd me by N G Dufief\u2014\n I have sent you the Vols 4, 5 & 6th \u214c mail\u2014for which five Vols\u2014(12\u00bd Dollrs\u2013), you may either remit me \u214c mail, or in such manner as may be most convenient to you\u2014If notes of your State I will prefer those of Richmond state Bank\u2014\n I have within a year past become Cashier of the Bank here in Germantown, your future Vols will therefore be sent to you by E Earle, bookseller of Philada as fast as they are printed\u2014\n I am Sir Very respectfully\n John F Watson\n P.S.\u2014I conclude to retain vol 8\u20143 or 4 days so as not to put too much in one mail at a time\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0293", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Fox, 6 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fox, Joseph\n I have duly recieved your favor of Jan. ___ informing me of your intention to publish the result of your experience in the art of dying and coloring various substances used in common life; and the prospectus specifying the objects particularly. whatever doubt may have heretofore existed it must now be apparent to all that we must become a manufacturing nation, to the extent of our own wants. the aggressions of England and France on our use of the ocean for twenty years past are in proof that we must fabricate within ourselves those comforts from the use of which we are not willing to be cut off, or we must fight for their free conveyance, at the risk and expence of success. the former alternative is shortest. every endeavor therefore to instruct our citizens in the necessary processes is patriotic, and merits their encouragement and to none are these more important than to our household manufacturers, who have all to learn. to them the arts you propose to explain are peculiarly interesting.\n The notice you are pleased to take of my dispositions to promote whatever may be useful to our country, is beyond the merit of the occasions I have had of manifesting them. with my best wishes for a general extension of the benefits of your work, and a just remuneration to yourself, accept the tender of my great respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0294", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Barnes, 7 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnes, John\n Your favor of Jan. 19. requests my advice as to the 4500. Dollars Treasury notes of Genl Kosciuzko\u2019s payable the 16th of April next, which of course ought to be invested in time in some other form bearing interest. I am unacquainted with the different kinds and prices of US. stock, and I would trust no other; but I think we had better as soon as it can be done advantageously, exchange it into some other stock, whatever can be obtained on the best terms. I have heard that the Treasury notes are something above par, and some US. stock below par; if so we may increase the capital by both operations. I am not certain whether the US. is are not still borrowing, and on a bonus. I must therefore leave to yourself entirely the most advantageous conversion of these funds for the General. in the mean time it would be well to make his annual remittance of interest, which could not be done more safely than through the Barings. I hope you enjoy good health, as I do, altho I have been killed lately by report of very general circulation. I suppose they have a mind to be in time for what must happen ere long. ever and affectionately yours\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0295", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 7 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n I inclose you an order on Dr Thornton for 150. Dollars which he informed me he was ready to pay on demand as also mr John Harvie\u2019s bond for 104.56 D due on the 1st prox. which Dr Brockenborough will I suppose pay as usual when due. I have this day given an order in favor of Wm Marshall for 13.91 D and something additional for clerks tickets which the order will explain. I shall have occasion the 1st of next month for about 500.D. due some days ago, but which I have got put off in the hope of hearing that my tobo was in Richmond. Gilmer failed to bring me either of my casks of wine from Dr Fernandez altho one of them, I think at least must have arrived as it was shipt at Norfolk the 6th of January. he is gone down again and I hope will call for it. I am in hopes to recieve from you soon my quarterly account. Accept the assurance of my friendly esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0299", "content": "Title: Peter S. Du Ponceau to Thomas Jefferson, 8 February 1816\nFrom: Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia 8th Feb. 1816\n The letter which you did me the honor to write to me on the 22d ulto was duly laid before the Philosophical Society & the Historical Committee at their Successive meetings. The Committee met last night, & I have it in charge to return you thanks in their name for the very acceptable present of Mr Hawkins\u2019s Sketch of the Creek Country, & the generous offer which you have made of Such other papers of an interesting nature as you may find among Your Collections from time to time, for which they feel particularly grateful.\n The Committee are pleased to find from the facts which you have stated respecting the Westover Manuscript that there is Some hope that the imperfect Copy in their possession is but a transcript from the Original, which may yet be found, & in pursuing the enquiries which you have proposed to make on the Subject, you will add to the obligations which they are already under to you. They will take no order respecting the MSS. in their possession until they hear further from you.\n You will hear with pleasure that our Collection of interesting papers encreases from day to day, that the Committee proceed in their work with great activity, & that we hope Soon to be able to publish a Volume. We have also the promise of Communications for the general Transactions of the Society, which, I hope, will enable us in the Course of the Year to appear once more before the world in the proper Character of a learned Society.\n As there are no doubt many persons in your state who could contribute interesting Documents for our Historical Collections, the Committee would be very much obliged to you if you would take the trouble to point out to them thro\u2019 me Some of those who might be written to with success. The Committee are determined to Spare no pains to attain the object which they have in view, and as their faithful Servant, I shall aid the good Cause with my personal exertions to the utmost of my power. I am already amply rewarded for my labours, by the opportunity which my Situation gives me of enjoying the honor of your Correspondence.\n I have the honor to be\n with the greatest respect\n Sir Your most obedt humble servant\n Peter S. Du Ponceau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0301", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to George Ticknor, 8 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ticknor, George\n I had written you on the 14th of Jan. by duplicates through your father and the Secretary of state, when a mr Terril, a young friend and relation of mine visited us, on his way, vi\u00e2 Paris to Geneva for his education. this direct conveyance tempted me to write you a short letter by him on the 31st. he left us two days ago, & yesterday I recieved your favor of Nov. 25. the hope that this may still overtake him at Baltimore where he will embark, induces me to hazard it.\n I am much gratified by the information you give me of the improvements in the editions of the Classics which you find in Germany. my knolege of them is such only as could be acquired in Paris 30. years ago, since which I have had little opportunity of information; and even at that time and place the Northern editions were but partially known to me. I must pray you therefore to avail me of your better opportunities of selecting, and to use your own judgment where you find that there is a better edition than that noted by me. and indeed many of these were not known to me, but taken on credit from their titles as stated in printed catalogues, and I have no doubt I should have been disappointed in some of them by the obsoleteness of type, it\u2019s minuteness, or other circumstance, which could not be learnt from the enunciation in the catalogue. only be so good as to remember my aversion to folios & 4tos & that it overweighs a good deal of merit in the edition. the nerveless hand of a more than Septuagenaire wields a folio or 4to with fatigue, and a fixed position to read it on a table is equally fatiguing. I value explanatory notes; but verbal criticisms and various readings, not much. I am attached to the Scholia of the Greek classics because they give us the language of another age: and with the Greek classics prefer translations as convenient aids to the understanding of the author. with these recollections be so good as to exercise your own judgment & knolege freely; the value of which I can estimate from the specimens of editions noted in your letter, of which I prefer at least two thirds to those I had noticed myself. for example\n Herodotus. I prefer the German edition noted by you to the Oxford of my own catalogue, because as good and cheaper.\n the Plutarch\u2019s lives of Caray, I shall be delighted with as curious as well as excellent, & I shall be glad if you will add to it his specimen of Homer, his Hierocles & smaller things.\n Oberlin\u2019s Tacitus to that n Gronovius\u2019s noted by me.\n the Homer\u2019s Iliad of Heyne, in addition to that of Didymus; & I shall also be glad of his Virgil.\n the Juvenal Ruperti instead of that of Schrevelius.\n the Hesiod of Loesner to that noted in my catalogue.\n and the German edition of Schultz\u2019 Aeschylus.\n you confirm my choice of the Bipont Thucydides, which however I had never seen.\n there being several 8vo editions of Diogenes Laertius, I leave to your judgment whether their difference of size, compared with the 2. 4tos of Meibomius, are an equivalent for the differce of merit.\n the Theocritus cum scholiis of Oxford & London noted by me, I should prefer to Volknaer\u2019s because you say this has very few notes. the other edns I know to be excellent.\n the edition of the Grecian orators of 2d grade of Hanover 1699. noted by me, was chosen because cheap. it did not comprehend Gorgias, Alcidamas, & Antisthenes; but they are not material, altho\u2019 desirable, if to be had separately. Lysias & Isocrates I possess. and I suppose good separate editions of Demosthenes & Aeschylus can be had. Reiske\u2019s is too expensive, and without translations. it was among my books ceded to Congress. I paid for the 22. vols neatly bound, 150\u20b6 in Paris 30. years ago.\n These brief notes will shew how willingly I resign my self to your choice of editions. Your favors of Oct. 14. & 30. have not come to hand, but are not yet to be despaired of. that from London is the only one I have recieved from you since in Europe. after troubling you twice so lately, I will add to the present only a repetition of my great thankfulness for the trouble you give yourself for me, and the assurance of my friendly esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0302", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Trist to Thomas Jefferson, 8 February 1816\nFrom: Trist, Elizabeth House\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My Dr friend\n I have heard with much concern that you were very Ill, so much so, that your life was despaird of, and your being so far from your dear connections fills my mind with Sorrow least you may not be properly attended, often have I wish\u2019d that it was in my power to administer to your comfort\u2014but alas it is my fate to be of little servise to my friends, severely hath my immagination figur\u2019d that you may have stood in need of Mrs Randolphs attention, altho Burwell wou\u2019d do every thing that he cou\u2019d to render your situation comfortable, yet it requires more than one person to attend properly to a Person in extreme Illness\u2014The prevailing cold like a pestilence has carried off many in a few days even in this Neighbourhood I presume it is that, which has attack\u2019d you I am uneasy and shall be, till I hear that you are well or in a fare way of recovering God grant that may be the case, at present but let me recommend it to you not to expose your self or set out on your journey home till you are quite well if you have sufficient strength to sett set up, and can use a pen with out fatigue to your self, I will thank you to let me hear from you, if only to say I am better It will give all at Bird wood the greatest pleasure\u2014May Heaven spare you many years to your Country and friends among the most sincere is your old f and obliged friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0304", "content": "Title: Benjamin W. Crowninshield to Thomas Jefferson, 9 February 1816\nFrom: Crowninshield, Benjamin W.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Navy Department February 9th 1816.\n I am honoured by your letter of the 30th ultimo, in behalf of Mr Thomas M. Randolph, who is desirous of engaging in the Naval Service of the United States.\n The application is filed and recorded, and his Appointment will be attended to, with deference to your request in his favour, so soon as a Resignation, or what may be considered a vacancy, shall permit.\n I appreciate, with grateful sensibility, the expression of your sentiments in regard to my late Brother; and assure you, of the high estimation in which I consider you, as one of the first benefactors of our common Country.\n B W Crowninshield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0305", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Delaplaine, 9 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\n Before the receipt of your letter of Jan. 27. I had received those of Dec. 20. & Jan. 14. which remained unacknoleged. this I am certain you will pardon when I assure you that I pass from four to six hours of every day of my life at the writing table, answering letters in nine tenths of which neither my interests nor inclinations are engaged. this mass of labor obliges me to marshall marshal it\u2019s calls, and to answer first what presses most. your two preceding letters related to a portrait on which I had, in a former one one or more former ones, given you all the information I possessed, and having nothing new to add, I thought you would excuse my not repeating the old.\n I have to thank you for the print of mr Fulton. it is a good likeness and elegantly executed.you request me, in your last letter, to give you \u2018the facts of my life, birth, parentage, profession, time of going to Europe, returning, offices Etc.\u2019 I really have not time to do it, and still less inclination. to become my own biographer is the last thing in the world I would undertake. No. if there has been any thing in my course worth the public attention, they are better judges of it than I can be myself, and to them it is my duty to leave it.there was a work published in England under the title of \u2018Public characters\u2019 in which they honored me with a place. I never knew, nor could suspect, who wrote what related to myself; but it must have been some one who had been in a situation to obtain tolerably exact and minute information. I do not now possess the book, and therefore cannot say whether there were inaccuracies in it. with my excuse for thinking I ought not to meddle with this subject, accept the tender of my respects.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0306", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Elisha Ticknor, 9 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ticknor, Elisha\n Your favor of Jan. 26. is at hand, and I had the happiness by the same mail to recieve a letter from your son dated Gottingen Nov. 25. this requiring an immediate answer, I avail myself of your kindness, and now inclose it with a request that you will be so good as to forward it. I am much pleased to learn that he is so well satisfied with his situation at Gottingen. but Paris and Rome will please and profit him more. he will return fraught with treasures of science which he could not have found in a country so engrossed by industrious pursuits as ours. but he will be a sample to our youth of what they ought to be, and a model for imitation in pursuits so honorable, so improving and so friendly to good morals. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0307", "content": "Title: Joseph Delaplaine to Thomas Jefferson, 10 February 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia February 10th 1816.\n I have taken the liberty of writing to you several times lately, & have not been favoured with a reply.\u2014\n I am desirous to place your portrait & a biographical sketch of your life in the second half volume of my work, & shall do so if it is possible to get an approved portrait of you. Mr Wood one of the most extraordinary portrait painters of the present day has been sent by me to Washington to paint the portraits of President Madison Mr Munroe, Mr Clay &c. He is now busily engaged in painting those characters.\n I regret exceedingly that I cannot afford to send Mr Wood to your house for the purpose of painting your portrait. If sir, any means for effecting this very desirable object, should present to you, do have the goodness to inform me & Mr Wood shall proceed accordingly thither.\u2014I will venture to affirm, that for truth of likeness, Mr Wood has no rival in this, or any other country.\n I beg sir, you will have the goodness to furnish me with a sketch of your life. Birth, parentage\u2014Education\u2014profession\u2014times of going abroad\u2014offices &c &c &c. The late President Adams & Mr Jay as well as other characters have readily complied with my requests on the subject. I pledge my honor, that nothing of politics, religion, or any other subject, which can possibly offend, shall appear in the Repository.\u2014\n In the second half volume of my work the portrait & life of the late Peyton Randolph will be given.\u2014The Honble Judge Tucker of Williamsburg refers me for a small sketch of his life to you in these words \u201cMr Jefferson is probably the only man now alive that can do justice to the character of this truly great and good man.\u201d Can I trouble you sir for a few facts.\n I enclose for your acceptance a portrait of Mr Jay.\u2014\n With great respect I am your obedt st\n Joseph Delaplaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0308", "content": "Title: George Fleming to Thomas Jefferson, 10 February 1816\nFrom: Fleming, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Healing Springs Louisa Feby 10. 1816\n On the subject of your hempbreak a thought occurr\u2019d to me since I received your letter which I submit to your judgement. On the axis of the wallower instead of arms 15 in long, suppose a cast iron wheel 15 in diamr with cogs only half way round & on the face of the head block instead of a horn, a curved piece of cast iron 30 in long & 4 broad, with cogs corresponding in number &c with those on the cast wheel, the upper cog on this curved iron should be one half inch longer than the one next it, for it will then more certainly be taken by the upper cog on the wheel, this will facilitate the introduction of the following cogs to their respective places & prevent butting, There would be some danger when the head block recoils, that the long cog in the upper part of the curved iron would strike the lower cogs of the wheel, to prevent which, the cogs of the wheel should gradually shorten till the last cog should be half an inch shorter than the first, a corresponding shape must be given to the cogs of the curved iron, that is, if the first cog is 3\u00bd inches, the 2nd will be 3 i, & every following cog must be gradually longer till the last cog is 3\u00bd in. the The wheel & head must then run free, great exactness is necessary in the forms for the castings they should be made at home & experimented on till they are exactly adjusted, a Mill wright would make them in 2 days & the irons would cost 5 or 6$.\n The arms at first view appear to have one advantage over a Wheel, they give 2 strokes for one revolution of the wallower, this but one, but the power of this wheel 15 i diar is to the power of an arm 15 i long, inversely as the semi diar of the wheel is to the length of the arm, ie. as 15 is to 7\u00bd or 2 to 1. or presenting but half the resistance the velocity doubles. It will also raise the weight much higher & as the velocities of falling bodies are uniformly accelerated thr\u2019o their whole descent, the effect of the stroke must be augmented by that cause, to show this, The arm of 15 i long cannot I think with advantage take the horn at an angle greater than 30\u00b0 below the horizontal plane passing thr\u2019o the axis, if so, it must drop the horn at the same angle above that plane, the arm must then have described an arc of 60\u00b0 & while doing so it must have raised the head block to a height equal to the chord of that arc, but the chord of 60\u00b0 is equal to Radius, therefore the break will be raised 15 i high by an arm 15 i long.\u2014The whole circumference of the cog wheel 47.124 i the half or part with cogs is 23.562 i this acting on the curved iron must make the head block describe an arc exactly the same length, let the moving part of the break be 12 feet, this arc 23.562 is the measure of an angle whose quantity may be found a Rad 12 f gives a circumfe 904.7808 i then say as the circle is to this arc so is 360\u00b0 to 9.\u00b022. The chord of this arc is the measure of the breaks ascent, but as the chord of every arc is double the sine of half the angle it measures, the length of that chord (ie) the perpendicular ascent of the break may be found, bisect that angle 4.\u00b041 & say as Rad is to the sine 4.\u00b041 so is the length of the break 12 f. to half its ascent 11.7 \u00d7 2 = 23.4 in. I once projected a thing for this use 2 fluted cast iron cylinders deriving motion from a small water wheel spur cog & trundle, the dispatch would have been rapid, the hemp well broke but this is better I think.\u2014\n Nothing can be more simple than the construction of a steam engine for all, perhaps more domestic purposes than your letter requires, recollect the figure I sent to you, a strong iron bar connects the steam & water pistons, an arm is fixed in that bar for the purpose of turning the cocks, let a horizontal shaft be connected with that arm, let this shaft go thr\u2019o the kitchen, & let the other end play on a hinge in the wall 7 or 8 feet from the floor, let a hominy pestle a dough pestle & a churn staff be appendant to that shaft with a small contrivance to turn the spit, it is obvious as the piston bar goes up & down the whole machinery is at work, pipes for raising the water need not be larger in the bore than a musket, the power of steam necessary to do all this is trifling, the boiler may be worked into & even with the back of the fireplace or it may be of a rectangular form the perpendicular in the fire back the horizontal into & even with the hearth, thus a greater surface is exposed to the heat, no room is lost, nor an atom more of fuel consumed than without it,\u2014In 2 or 3 Months if I can I shall go to Phila to have the model of my projet executed. Be pleased to accept my gratefull acknowlegements for your polite attention to my last & believe me to be as I have ever been most respectfully & sincerely Yrs\n Geo. Fleming\n PS On further reflection I think it probable this construction of ye hempbreak may be subject to this hasard that the cog wheel when freed from the weight may revolve too quick & meet the head block too soon, one cog less would remedy this, or I would rather recommend two more rounds in the wallower which will answer the same end & at same time increase the levatic power; but after all we shall be best instructed by trials.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0309", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Milligan, 11 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Milligan, Joseph\n The last letter recieved from you was of Aug. 20. on the 27th Oct. I wrote you a statement of our balance 136.75 D and that I should that day write to mr Gibson to remit it to you. I wrote to him the next day, and the day following set out for Bedford and was absent two months, so that I never heard from mr Gibson of the actual remittance. so that yet I have no reason to doubt it, and the less as I think you would have been so kind as to note it to me had it not been made. mr Gibson\u2019s account for our last quarter, which would shew this is not yet recieved. being thus without positive information, I do not feel easy, and therefore pray your information on the subject.\n I inclose you the copy of a letter just recieved from Genl Duane on the subject of the translation of Tracy\u2019s book. he has improperly headed his account with my name; because he was to have the book translated & printed at his own expense, & for his own sole benefit. I had no interest in it & engaged nothing more than to let him have the original to translate. you mentd when here his offer of it to you for 60.D. the expense of translatg and that you would accept it, and on that I promised you to revise and correct the translation, which, with the original, came to me some time after, from you as I suppose, for no letter came with it. I shall be glad, if you will permit me, to pay the 60.D. to Genl Duane, and place it in account between you and me. I can conveniently give him an order to receive the money on the spot: and I pray you to write me on this subject by the first mail, as I must give some answer to Genl Duane.\n the vast accumulation of letters, during my absence in Bedford, has kept me employed in writing answers till within a few days. I have now entered on the revisal of the translation. it is a most laborious business, and will engage me 4. or 5. hours a day for a month. nothing but my promise to you could engage me to go through such a piece of drudgery. but I will do it, and the translation shall be an exact one, now dreadfully otherwise. I had nearly as lieve translate it anew. I have got through about a fourth; in about a fortnight I shall be half through, and will then forward that much to you, confident that with that ahead, I shall be able to keep up with the printing.I have heretofore asked several books of you which I have not recieved. I will state below such of them as I still request you to send, with as little delay as you can, and with them the the cost, which shall be remitted the next month being my annual epoch for paying up the accounts of the year. with a repetition of my prayer to hear from you immediately I tender you the assurance of my esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson\n Moore\u2019s Greek grammar translated by Ewen.\n Ainsworth\u2019s Dict. abridged in 2. v. 8vo\n Virgil Delphini, the notes in English. lately printed in Phila.\n Bailey\u2019s Ovid (not the Delphin one as first requested)\n Mair\u2019s Tyro\u2019s dictionary.\n Cornelius Nepos.\n A Cornelius Nepos & Ovid were also sent you to be bound", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0310-0001", "content": "Title: John Barnes to Thomas Jefferson, 12 February 1816\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n George Town Coa 12th Febuary 1816\u2014\n The long wished for letter from the good Genl has at length Arrived and I hasten herewith to inclose you Duplicate\u2014you will perceive by my letter of the 19 Ulto the appt Balance of his a/c in my hands was $1130.69100 exclusive of his Treasury Notes $4.500\u2014bearing 5\u2156 Int. due 16 April\u2014to be then funded\u2014I may therefore count on remitting him \u00a3200 Sterg on the best terms going\u2014will I presume\u2014Amot to somewhere abt $950\u2014to $1000\u2014with the expectation of another & like Remittance to follow in the fall\u2014will I trust\u2014be satisfactory to the General\n I am quite Anxious to be favor\u2019d with a line from you, lest indisposition may have been the cause of my not receiving One\u2014\n yours most Respectfully, with the greatest Esteem,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0312", "content": "Title: George P. Stevenson to Thomas Jefferson, 12 February 1816\nFrom: Stevenson, George P.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Baltimore February 12th 1816\n Your\u2019s covering a letter for Paris is this moment received\u2014; the gentleman who is expected to take charge of it for you has not yet presented himself to me\u2014There is no opportunity hence to France and should none occur in a few days I will forward your letter to my house in New York, who will send it forward immediately, as there are daily conveyances thence\u2014I need not repeat, how much pleasure I take in always fulfilling your wishes\u2014\n Very Respectfully\n Geo: P. Stevenson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0313", "content": "Title: Joseph C. Cabell to Thomas Jefferson, 14 February 1816\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Mr Miller\u2019s bill has passed. The Bill respecting the central college has also passed\u2014but with modifications. The bill respecting the navigable waters of the commonwealth, with Col: Greene\u2019s amendments, has also passed. your various letters of late have been gratefully received: and your copy of the books in the national Library has been deposited in the Council chamber. I am compelled to write you in great haste: but will give you further particulars by the next mail.\n With sentiments of the greatest regard, I remain dr Sir, yr obt servt\n Joseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0314-0001", "content": "Title: Stephen Cathalan to Thomas Jefferson, 15 February 1816\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My Dear sir & most Respected Friend\n Marseilles the 15th February 1816\n by my Last of the 6th January ulto I acknowledged you Receipt of your kind favour of the 3d July;\n This is to Inclose you, Bill of Loading and Invoice of one case Containing 50 Bottles hermitage white wine & one case Maccarony Shipped on the Brig Pilot of Phila Ml Dixon Master, bound for Philada & consigned to the Colector of that district, amounting to F248\u201302 which Please to pass on my Credit; Messrs Jourdan & Fils (who have Lost a bealoved Lost their old Father 83 years age at that epoqua) assures me that the quality of this wine will Satisfy your Taste;\u2014they have Sent me 240 Bottles vin Sec for Mr Pce Butler of Phila which they Say is what is the most natural quality to that Territority, & which Mr Butler as well as the English in General Preffer, whilst the Liquoreux is produced from few vineyards, Reaped at perfect maturity; as to the maccarony, there is Two qualities, this article, Tho\u2019 we appear to enjoy the Fr\u00e9e Port, pays as well as all the Imports, the duty at of Consumption, when not declared for R\u00e9exportation, & not under the keys of the Custom, which been on this article not Important enough for Such formality at \u019220 \u214c 100K or 200 Cw. & 10 \u214cct above Duty, renders it Dear & Scarce on acct of the Short Crop of wheat at naples & Sicily; it for that motive I have not Sent you As much as you asked; but I will order a Small parcel at naples which on arival I will declare for R\u00e9exportation, by which you have Soon from me a fresh Supply & I hope at Lower Price;\u2014\n as to the wine of nice, & to our old Friend Mr Sasserno, I beg your Refference to the herein Copy of the house who Succeeded to his Commerce long before he Died, in answer to mine of the 3d ulto in which I Sent them a Copy of your Paragraph Relative to him & Said wine;\u2014and as Since, I have not heard of them, I wrote them on the 19th Inst to entreat a quick dispatch of their expected Invoice;\n Mr Fois Durand of Perpignan by his Letter of the 7th Inst Informs me that by the description I Transmitted him of the wine of Roussillon you wish to procure, he is acquainted with the exact quality you want, & that he was preparing to Send it to me;\u2014I Then hope Both parcels will reach me in time to embrace the opportunity of an american vessel which will Sail for the cheasapeack about the end of this month; as the Pilot will Sail on Tomorow; at about the Inconveniencies of the actual Freedom of the Port & Territory of Marseilles I am as well as the Greatest part of the Merchants of this city, of the opinion of a Printed Memorial, I Send it to you herein Inclosed, Confident of the Kind Interest you Bear for Marseilles & it\u2019s prosperity; The Intercourse with the united States is active, but the Benefits are hitherto Small, which is not Surprising after what has happened;\u2014however it is hoped that after This Place & France will Soon recover from what we Suffered by the Revolution of March Last, & enjoy of the Benefit of a Lasting Peace, which if it Costed So Dear, is not the fault of the king, but of the ones who Parjured of their oath of allegiance; Reffering you to the news Papers, meantime I may write you in not Such a Great haste, & wishing you Should once more visit France & Marseilles, as I despair to ever visit The united States, & Monticello!!! I have the honor to be with a Great Respect & I dare to add with a Constant & Sincere Friendship\n your most obedt & Devoted servt\n Stephen Cathalan.\n Mr C. D. Coxe our Late Consul at Tunis who Left this on the 1st January for Philada told me he will visit you Soon & has Promised me to Give you Details on me & family with whom he resided for a Little while in my house;", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0314-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Amant Spreafico to Stephen Cathalan, 9 January 1816\nFrom: Spreafico, Amant\nTo: Cathalan, Stephen\n Nous nous empressons de repondre \u00e0 la lettre que vous nous avez fait l\u2019honneur de nous \u00e9crire le 3 Courant, et de vous t\u00e9moigner combien nous sommes sensible et reconnaissant \u00e0 la part que vous avez pris \u00e0 la perte de Mr V Sasserno, Sa veuve qui Se trouve dans ce moment \u00e0 Paris en Sera instruite et en nos qualit\u00e9 de Son fond\u00e9 de pouvoir nous vous prions en agr\u00e9er toute Sa reconnaissance; Si elle passe \u00e0 son retour dans votre ville elle Se fera un devoir de vous Saluer.\n Bonne note est prise de la commission que vous nous donnez de 200 Blles bon vin vieux de Bellet; c\u2019est une liqueur rare et chere dans ce moment, cependant nous nous obligeons de vous le fournir Sous 15me au m\u00eame prix de f 165 les 100 Boutlles caisses & port a bord compris: Si nous vous demandons un delai de 15 jours pour vous faire cet envoi, c\u2019est que desirant servir Mr Jefferson comme il le m\u00e9rite, nous allons mettre en perce une Barrique qui a cinq ans, vin que nous avons fait nous m\u00eame et qui est tr\u00eas bon; vous en jugerez par une Blle que nous remetterons au Capitaine qui sera charg\u00e9 des 2 caisses. quant au montant nous en pr\u00e9vaudrons Sur vous, Monsieur, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 votre ordre.\n nous avons l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec estime et consideration &ca \n Par Pre de Mages & Co\u2014(Sign\u00e9) Amant Spreafico.\n Monsieur le consul, L\u2019amiti\u00e9 qui me liait avec Mr Sasserno et celle que lui portait Mr Jefferson m\u2019engage \u00e0 repondre \u00e0 l\u2019article de votre lettre, concernant le consulat de Nice; j\u2019ose Mr Le Consul r\u00e9clamer en ma faveur, ce titre d\u2019honneur, avec l\u2019obligation de c\u00e9der cette honnorable place au fils de mon ancien ami, dans l\u2019espace de deux ans \u00e9poque \u00e0 la quelle il aura acquit L\u2019exp\u00e9rience n\u00e9cessaire pour la remplir dignement; il se trouve dans ce moment aupr\u00eas d\u2019un oncle qui reside \u00e0 Paris, et qui doit venir se fixer dans notre ville en may prochain; il laisse Son neveu chez M Mr Dque Andr\u00e9 & Cottier Banquier pour S\u2019y former au commerce, dela il l\u2019enverra en Angleterre pour S\u2019y perfectionner dans la langue anglaise, qu\u2019il connait d\u00e9ja. Cet oncle nomm\u00e9 Mr Arson, possede une fortune assez consequente, il a acquit dans notre ville pour 300 Mille francs de bien-fonds; il aime beaucoup Son neveu qui merite bien Son affection, ainsi Mr le consul, Si je reclame votre protection aupr\u00eas de votre gouvernement ce n\u2019est absolument que pour \u00eatre utile au fils d\u2019un ami qui mettait toute Sa confiance en moi, et auquel je Serais bien aise de procurer une place, aussi honnorable et qui le rendrait ind\u00e9pendant du gouvernement Sous lequel il doit vivre.\n Veuillez je vous prie Mr Le Consul, m\u2019honnorer d\u2019une r\u00e9ponse & Si vous entrevoyez que je puisse obtenir la place que je reclame pour ne la remplir que pendant deux ans, m\u2019obligeant de la c\u00e9der au fils de mon ami, qui parlera & \u00e9crira l\u2019anglais; quant \u00e0 moi je vous avoue que je ne comprends pas du tout cette Langue\u2014J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre &c &c\n (Sign\u00e9) Amant Spreafico \n Editors\u2019 Translation\n We hasten to reply to the letter you did us the honor of writing on the third of this month and to let you know how appreciative and grateful we are for the interest you have taken on the occasion of the loss of Mr. Victor Sasserno. His widow, who is in Paris at the moment, will be informed of this, and in our capacity as her authorized representatives, we ask you to accept her gratitude. If, upon her return, she passes through your city, she will consider it her duty to visit you.\n We take note of your order for 200 bottles of good, aged, Bellet wine. This liqueur is rare and expensive at the moment. However, we are determined to obtain it for you in the next two weeks at the same price of 165 francs per 100 bottles, boxes and shipping included. If we ask you for a 15-day delay before making this shipment, it is because, in order to serve Mr. Jefferson as he should be, we are going to tap a barrel, aged 5 years, of a very good wine that we made ourselves. You will judge of it by a bottle that we will deliver to the captain who will be entrusted with the 2 boxes. As for the payment, we will charge it to you, Sir, according to your orders.\n We have the honor to be, with respect and consideration etc.\n By Pierre de Mages & Company\u2014(Signed) Amant Spreafico.\n Mr. Consul, my friendship with Mr. Sasserno and his with Mr. Jefferson induces me to reply to the portion of your letter regarding the consulate at Nice. Mr. Consul, I dare request in my favor this title of honor, with the obligation of relinquishing this honorable position to the son of my old friend, in the space of two years time, when he will have acquired the experience necessary to fill it properly. He is at the moment staying with an uncle who lives in Paris and is supposed to come and settle in our city next May. He will leave his nephew at the firm of Messieurs Dominique Andr\u00e9 & Cottier, bankers, to be trained in commerce. From there he will send him to England to perfect his knowledge of the English language, which he already knows. This uncle, named Mr. Arson, has a rather large fortune. He has acquired 300 thousand francs worth of property in our city. He is very fond of his nephew, who well deserves his uncle\u2019s affection. Hence, Mr. Consul, if I request your protection in dealing with your government, it is absolutely only to be useful to the son of a friend, who has placed all his trust in me and for whom I would be happy to procure a position as honorable as this one, which would make him independent of the government under which he must live.\n Please, Mr. Consul, be so kind as to honor me with a reply, if you feel that there is the slightest chance I might obtain the position I am requesting to occupy for only two years, obliging myself then to relinquish it to my friend\u2019s son, who will speak and write English. As for myself, I confess that I do not understand that language at all\u2014I have the honor to be etc. etc.\n (Signed) Amant Spreafico", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0316", "content": "Title: Isaac Briggs to Thomas Jefferson, 16 February 1816\nFrom: Briggs, Isaac\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My dear Friend,\n May I intrude on that retirement where from a dignified elevation the mind looks over the extensive scene of a well spent life, and nothing meets the vision but the placid images of an approving conscience? Yes, there the voice of friendship will be heard\u2014the incidents of former days will be remembered\u2014and the faultering tongue of humility will not plead in vain.\n I have again petitioned Congress. The petition has been referred to a Committee of the Senate, and by that Committee to the Secretary of the Treasury\u2014who, I expect, has ere this time written to thee on the subject. My petition prays, for relief from obstacles, growing out of the late invasion by the British, to the settlement of my accompts as Surveyor of the lands of the United States South of Tennessee\u2014and for compensation for exploring and ascertaining the topography of a Post-route from Washington City to New Orleans, at the special request of the executive. 2000 dollars now for this service, would, in consequence of the delays, expenses and embarrassments, incident to a 10 years prosecution of this claim, be a compensation far less adequate, than $1000 when first proposed.\n Thou knowest the circumstances of my last departure from the Mississippi Territory. I departed suddenly and without previous preparation arrangement, & brought with me no papers, except those relating to the enterprise of Burr. I directed Gideon Fitz, my principal deputy, and Samuel L. Winston, my clerk, to make up my accompts and send them on with the vouchers. In the years 1807 and 1808, accompts were sent on by my clerk, containing only the items of salary and clerk-hire\u2014and a credit for $750 was obtained for me by Seth Pease, my successor. A balance, to the amount of $9,21767100, then remained on the Treasury-books against me. Authorised and instructed by the Secretary of the Treasury, I advanced, to my deputies before the commencement of their work, money which was charged against me at the Treasury, from which charges I could be released only when the work was completed and returned, often a long time afterwards. A good deal of work was in progress when I left that station, & probably much impeded by the confusion consequent on Burr\u2019s attempt.\n Accompts and detached vouchers were, by Gideon Fitz and Samuel L. Winston, sent to me at various times, after 1808, for disbursements acctually made previous to the time of my resignation, 4th of the 3rd mo\u20131807\u2014Still hoping to receive them in more satisfactory form\u2014I delayed perhaps too long to present them such as they were. For this delay, I must plead in excuse, the necessity of my utmost exertions to support a numerous and helpless family, requiring the exercise of all my powers of mind and body, and that continually.\n In the year 1809, after many earnest efforts, I prevailed on two of my friends, to engage in a plan proposed by me for manufacturing Cotton, and to furnish the Capital. The establishment was conducted and managed by me, for no other compensation than a share of the profits. This compensation, at the conclusion of the year 1814, was nothing\u2014and my family had been enabled to live but just decently, by the absorption of most of my wife\u2019s little property, made independently hers before our marriage. I looked forward, however, with considerable expectation of prosperity. In the spring of last year, I was awakened from this dream of Hope, by the service of a writ at the suit of the United States for $9,21767100. This Arrest, operating strongly on the fears of my worthy, but timid patrons, I was again thrown out of business. I gave bail\u2014and presented at the Treasury my accompts which, if allowed, would reduce the balance against me to $88829100. The accompting Officers of the Treasury say they cannot ascertain, in consequence of the loss of papers in the late invasion, that these accompts have not been heretofore admitted to my credit. I allege that I ought not to suffer by, as I could not prevent, the loss of their papers. They also say they can find no law authorising the ascertainment of Latitude 33\u00b0, running the line on that parallel of latitude, from the Mississippi to Red River; and for the survey of the Mississippi river, and bayous Chafalaya & T\u00eache, from Latitude 33\u00b0 to the Sea. For this item, I disbursed more than $5000, in obedience to written instructions of the Secretary of the Treasury. I think a work of the same magnitude has very rarely been performed for double that amount. It was a service of great exposure and hardship.\n Respecting compensation for exploring and ascertaining the topography of the Post-route; As it was a service performed at the special request of the Executive, I petition Congress to refer it entirely to the Executive\u2014to authorise him to enquire into it\u2014and to grant such compensation as to him may appear just and reasonable. Should $2000 be allowed, and my accompts suffered to pass at the Treasury; after paying $88829100, the balance of those accompts, there would remain in my favor $111171100\u2014out of which, repaying thy generous loan without interest, I should retain $71171100. With this I would cheerfully consent even now to begin the world. In Wilmington, state of Delaware, where I now reside, I enjoy a fair fame; and it is to me an inexpressible satisfaction that I have enjoyed the esteem of good men wherever I have been well known.\n I am here before Congress, in two very different characters, one a petitioner for relief\u2014and the other a Delegate from the Manufacturers of Wilmington and Brandywine and their vicinity. I inclose for thy perusal and criticism, if it be worth so much, a little pamphlet, being an Address delivered to the Committee of Commerce and Manufactures, after several argumentative and eloquent speeches from my fellow-delegates.\n Now, my dear friend, if thou canst with propriety say any thing or do any thing to assist me in extricating myself from these severe embarrassments, I think I am sure of thy benevolence and friendly disposition.\n Accept assurances of my veneration and love; and my respectful salutations.\n Isaac Briggs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0318", "content": "Title: Francis W. Gilmer to Thomas Jefferson, 16 February 1816\nFrom: Gilmer, Francis Walker\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Winchester 16th Feb. 1816\n During the sickness which has confined me to my room a great part of the winter, and from which I am still but slowly convalescent, I have occasionally turned my mind to the Florida question which the late demand of the Chevalier Onis has revived. When in Philadelphia last winter, I obtained from his secretary Mr. Heredia, the whole strength of their cause, which I found so weak, that I promised myself an easy victory over all its partizans in this country. It was not until I heard with regret, & astonishment, that Judge Cooper was one of the most zealous, as he is certainly the most able of them, that I dreaded an opposition more formidable than that of the Spanish Embassy. I have not yet seen Judge Coopers essay in the \u2018Democratic Press\u2019 of Philadelphia, and am therefore unable to say whether it be as profound as his known learning would lead us to expect. But as the case still appears to me a plain one, I will not abandon its defence, from a natural reluctance to enter the lists with such an adversary, accoutred at all points with various & elegant learning.\n As I have none of these advantages, but rely entirely upon the simplicity of the question, I will beg Sir, briefly to state to you the order in which I shall view the subject, & to ask of you some information which your knowledge of the public law will no doubt enable you to give me. \n 1. The first proposition upon which the Spanish minister relies, tho\u2019 not stated in his letter to Mr monroe is, that the treaty of St Ildefonso was to take effect upon the performance of a condition precedent, relative to the duke of Parma, which the French Government failed to perform, & that therefore the treaty of St Ildefonso is void.\n I do not know how the fact was, as to the non-compliance with this condition. But the treaties of St. Ildefonso & of Paris by which Louisiana was ceded to the U.S., having been published & acted on without any protest on the part of Spain, became a part of the public law which all nations are bound to respect.\n Besides, the failure of the condition upon which the treaty of St Ildefonso was to be binding upon Spain, applies with equal force to the acquisition of that part of Louisiana to the west, as to that on the East of the mississippi, & as Spain does not contest our claim pro tanto it is a waiver of the objection to the whole.\n 2. They contend that the treaty of St Ildefonso conveyed Louisiana to France under the same boundaries with which she held it, after all East of the mississippi except the isle of orleans had been ceded to England by the treaty of 1763. But the words of the treaty \u2018et qu\u2019elle avoit lorsque la France la possedait\u2019 cannot by any fair interpretation be confined to the period when France held it with the narrowest limits, more especially as France was at the time of the treaty of St. Ildefonso [1800] the dominant power in Europe, & from its known address in diplomacy would never have suffered such an evasion when it was able to resist it. The obvious meaning of the clause is, that Spain ceded to France, every thing which she then held, & that France had at any time held as Louisiana. Now the journal of the Chevalier la Salle shews that the first settlements of the French in Louisiana were on the Ilinois, & then at St. Joseph near the lakes. The first settlements in the south [as will appear from the journal of Messrs. Bienville & Iberville] were at Biloxi & Mobile, both far to the East of the mississippi. They had also a settlement at Alabama at Toulouse, & indeed according to the European usage they claimed all the waters both of the mississippi & of the Alabama.\n 3. The whole extent of this vast country then, was conveyed to France by the treaty of St. Ildefonso, with the exception of such portions as had been taken from it by previous conventions, which were\n 1. all East of Rio Perdido by the treaty of Cambray between France & Spain [1714 or 1719.]\n 2. all which fell within the boundaries of the U.S. at the recognition by Spain of our Independence, which was all north of the 31\u00b0 N. Lat. between the mississippi and the chatahouchy, & thence all north of the junction of Flint River with the chatahouchy, & the sources of St: Marys.\n If this interpretation of the treaty of St. Ildefonso be correct, and these facts be true, the conclusion is irresistible, that all which was ever Louisiana, now belongs to the U.S. except that portion which lies between the Perdido & the sources of St. Marys, south, constituting the present East Florida.\n I will beg of you the favor Sir, if it be not giving you too much trouble, to give me any information that may be necessary to support these positions but especially as to the boundary between Louisiana & Florida as fixed by the treaty of Cambray.\n I am sorry that others much more capable than I am, from facility of access to all the repositories of public law, are too indifferent to a question of such national concern to employ their time in a work which could not fail to be useful to their country. I have already offered this scheme of defence to George Dallas of Philadelphia, but he shuns the contest. I shall only engage in it, upon the condition that I can draw from your quiver, some better weapons than any that I find in my own.\n I beg to be presented with sentiments of regard to Mrs Randolph, and\n that you will accept the homage of my admiration and esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0320", "content": "Title: Dabney C. Terrell to Thomas Jefferson, 16 February 1816\nFrom: Terrell, Dabney Carr\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Baltimore. Freby 16th 1816\n I arrived here two days ago and have seen Mr Stevenson. No vessel is sailing at this time to any French port; indeed there are very few departures at all. The basin has been frozen for six weeks. I have procured a passage to Amsterdam in a vessel which is to sail on the 22nd. I hope to hear from you before that time. Mr Gallatin\u2019s letters have not yet arrived; they will probably arr come by tomorrow\u2019s mail. I understand that Mann Randolph has the a promise of from the Secretary of the Navy, of obtaining a Midshipman\u2019s warrant on the vacancy. Present my respects to Mrs Randolph and believe me to be with sentiments of the highest consideration and esteem,\n Dabney. C. Terrell.\n P.S. The Governor of Pennsylvania does not expect intend demanding me: probably because he expects that I am not to be found. ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0321", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Notes for a Settlement with William D. Fitch, 17 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fitch, William D.\n Notes for a settlement with mr Fitz.\n There are 3. subjects of account between us.\n 1. the Warehouse 2. Rent for his tenemt. 3. firewood.\n The Warehouse. this account was settled with Craven Peyton to the end of the year 1808.\n I settled the account for this year on the 6th Aug. 1813\n By paimt of Oglesby & Fitz to J. H. Craven \n By my order on them in favr of J. H. Craven\n By balance for 1809. now recd in cash\n for 1810. & downwards there has been neither settlemt nor p paiment \n Firewood and rent. mr Fitz. pd Craven Peyton for firewood for 1807\u20131808 12.D.\n 1811. Oct. 1. a regular lease in writing @ 11.D. a year for firewood was signed\n mr Fitz pd me for wood & rent\n he pd to E. Bacon for do\n he pd for firewood\n these accts for rent & firewood for 1809. & downwards are unsettled, & no payments on them but the above 47.D\n 1815 June. we bot of him 31. galls whiskey @ .85. & pd him by an order on Gibson & Jefferson for 26.35.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0322-0001", "content": "Title: Lafayette to Thomas Jefferson, 17 February 1816\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My dear friend\n La grange february 17h 1816\n I Have not, Since a very Long while, Received An Answer from You. a Letter of Mine will probably Go By the opportunity which Carries these Lines. I shall Therefore only inclose a Copy of the Letter writen to our friend dupont de Nemours By Another friend of ours. it Relates more to you than to Him and if you Can Give Him the informations and Send the Books Herein Requested You will greatly oblige us. The Situation of His Health and Eyes is very painfull.\n while the Spirit of pilnitz and Coblentz is pursuing its Counter Revolutionary System I Hold my Agricultural Retirement of La grange, Surrounded By my family and Entertaining myself with the fond Hope That the Cause of french and European Liberty is far from Being Lost.\n Most Affectionately forever\n Your old friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0322-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Destutt de Tracy to Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, 30 January 1816\nFrom: Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude\nTo: Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel\n Mon cher ma\u00eetre\n Paris Ce 30. Janvier 1816.\n je ne vous ai pas ecrit plut\u00f4t parceque je croyais toujours que vous alliez nous revenir; mais aujourd\u2019hui quoique j\u2019espere vous revoir bient\u00f4t, je Suis oblig\u00e9 de m\u2019adresser \u00e0 vous et je le fais avec confiance, vous connaissant trop pour ne pas esp\u00e9rer de vous trouver toujours le m\u00eame pour moi et pour le Sujet de mes etudes\n Comme vous \u00eates dans un autre monde il doit etre celui des lumieres et de la V\u00e9rit\u00e9 Car celui que j\u2019habite est assurement celui du mensonge et de l\u2019aveuglement. J\u2019ai plus que ma part de l\u2019aveuglement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral; car j\u2019ai presque perdu les yeux, et Sans mon petit Secretaire Augustin je ne pourrais Communiquer avec vous, mais pour le mensonge je n\u2019en Suis pas quoique j\u2019aie \u00e9t\u00e9 quelque fois myst\u00e9rieux par necessit\u00e9\n En votre qualit\u00e9 d\u2019habitant du pays de la lumiere vous Savez aujourd\u2019hui de qui est certain Commentaire, imprim\u00e9 en Anglais \u00e0 Philadelphie en 1811. maintenant je vous dirai de plus que M. Jefferson me l\u2019annon\u00e7ait par une lettre infiniment aimable du 16 Janvier 1811. laquelle je n\u2019ai re\u00e7u\u00eb avec un Seul exemplaire de ce commentaire que le 27. 7bre suivant Je lui ai repondu le 21. 8bre et 15. novbre m\u00eame ann\u00e9e pour le remercier et lui ai envoy\u00e9 en m\u00eame tems mes trois Volumes imprim\u00e9s et le manuscrit de mon quatri\u00e8me; J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s long tems sans entendre parler de lui. Enfin le 14 Mai 1814 J\u2019ai recu de lui une lettre du 28. 9bre 1813. en reponse \u00e0 celle l\u00e0 dans laquelle il me dit 1o qu\u2019il esp\u00e8re faire publier bient\u00f4t le Commentaire en fran\u00e7ais. 2o qu\u2019il fait traduire en anglais le manuscrit de mon quatri\u00e8me Volume et que je le recevrai avec Sa lettre; rien de tout cela ne m\u2019est arriv\u00e9 encore; je ne Sais Si la reponse que je lui ai faite le 14 Juillet 1814 a \u00e9t\u00e9 plus heureuse; je le remerciais \u00e0 ce Sujet et aussi pour les Soins obligeants que MesGallatin et Adams Avaient eus de mon fils en Russie; depuis ce tems, je n\u2019ai plus eu de nouvelles de lui ni de mon dipl\u00f4me de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Philosophique qu\u2019il devait m\u2019envoyer. Je crois bien qu\u2019on m\u2019a retenu ou perdu quelque lettre et quelque paquet\n Maintenant, mon cher maitre, mon maudit imprimeur vient, malgr\u00e9 ma r\u00e9pugnance, de publier mon quatri\u00e8me Volume et un Commencement du cinqui\u00e8me dont j\u2019avais d\u00e9pos\u00e9 le manuscrit chez lui avec une note finale, parceque c\u2019est tout ce que j\u2019ai fait et ferai jamais. Seulement j\u2019ai obtenu qu\u2019il n\u2019en fut pas parl\u00e9 dans aucuns journaux, voulant vivre et mourir en paix d\u00e9sormais.\n Je vous envoye cy-joint, un exemplaire de ce tome pour M. Jefferson, un pour la Societ\u00e9 philosophique et deux pour vous; je mets le tout Sous votre protection, je vous prie de me faire Savoir Si cela Vous est parvenu; Vous me feriez en outre, un extr\u00e9me plaisir de me faire passer quelques exemplaires du Montesquieu, tant en Anglais qu\u2019en francais, plus de la traduction Anglaise de ce quatri\u00e8me Volume et aussi de celle de mes trois premiers, Si toutefois, cette derniere existe Comme on m\u2019en a flatt\u00e9 je reconnaitrai l\u00e0 vos anciennes bont\u00e9s et elles me Seront toujours plus ch\u00e8res. Je vous demande expr\u00eassement la permission de remettre \u00e0 Made Dupont ce que tout ce fatras aura pu vous couter\n Recevez mon cher ma\u00eetre, les nouvelles assurances de mon ancien et inviolable attachement\n Mettez-moi je vous prie aux pieds de m. Jefferson; un pauvre aveugle n\u2019ose plus lui ecrire\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n My dear master\n I did not write to you earlier because I always believed that you would come back to us, but today, though I hope to see you again soon, I am forced to contact you and I do it confidently, knowing you too well to doubt your constancy toward me and the subject of my studies\n Since you are in another world, it must be the world of enlightenment and truth, because the one in which I live is assuredly that of lies and blindness. I have more than my share of the general blindness, because I have almost lost my vision and could not communicate with you without my little secretary Augustin. But I do not favor lies, although I have at times been mysterious out of necessity\n As an inhabitant of the enlightened country, you know today who wrote a certain commentary, printed in English in Philadelphia in 1811. Moreover, I will now tell you that Mr. Jefferson had announced it to me in an infinitely kind letter dated 16 January 1811. I did not receive that letter, which contained a single copy of this commentary, until the following 27 September. I replied on 21 October and 15 November of the same year to thank him, and I sent him at the same time my three printed volumes and the manuscript of my fourth one. Much time elapsed before I heard from him. Finally, on 14 May 1814 I received his letter dated 28 November 1813 in response to my 21 October letter, in which he tells me first, that he hopes soon to have the commentary published in French, and second, that he has had the manuscript of my fourth volume translated into English and that I will receive it with his letter. None of these things has yet reached me. I do not know whether better luck has attended the reply I wrote him on 14 July 1814 thanking him for them and for the kind care Mr. Gallatin and Mr. Adams had taken of my son in Russia. Since then, I have had no news from him nor of my American Philosophical Society diploma that he was supposed to send me. I believe that some letter or package must have been detained or lost\n Now, my dear master, despite my repugnance, my cursed printer has just published my fourth volume and the beginning of the fifth, the manuscript of which I had deposited at his house with a final note, because this is all I have done and all I will ever do. I only made certain that it would not be mentioned in any newspaper, as henceforth I want to live and die in peace.\n Enclosed please find one copy of this volume for Mr. Jefferson, one for the philosophical society, and two for you. I am placing everything under your protection, and I ask you to let me know if they all reach you. Furthermore, you would give me much pleasure by sending me a few copies of the Montesquieu, in English as well as in French, along with more of the English translation of the fourth volume and also of my first three volumes, if it exists as I have been told. I would recognize in this your previous acts of kindness, and it will be even dearer to me. I expressly request your permission to remit to Mrs. Du Pont whatever this whole jumble will have cost you\n My dear master, please accept renewed assurances of my old and inviolable attachment\n Please lay me at the feet of Mr. Jefferson; a poor blind man no longer dares to write him", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0323", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Miller, 17 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Miller, Joseph\n Dear Captain\n I have the pleasure to announce to you that your bill is passed; so that you may now take possession of your property, and sell and do with it what you please. I recieved the information last night in a letter of the 14th from mr Cabell, our Senator, who undertook the care of the bill. you would do well to write to the clerk of the House of Representatives for a copy of the law, paying the postage of your letter, and procuring some friend there in Richmond to pay for the copy. in the mean time however you may safely be taking any measures respecting the estate. Accept the assurances of my friendly esteem and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0324", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 17 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\n Th: Jefferson to Colo Monroe.\n Monticello Feb. 17. 16.\n It is impossible for you to note and preserve every thing as it passes in newspapers. I have therefore cut out of the Virginia Argus of Feb. 14. the inclosed paper. have it filed with the papers on the Louisiana title, and when you have to take up that subject it will suggest to you facts for enquiry. it is from some hand acquainted well with the subject, it & contains some facts not in the MS. on which I wrote to you the other day, nor in my memoir & Chronological statement which is in your office, and was I believe furnished to our Commrs at Madrid. fac valeas, meque mutuo diligas.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0325", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Isaac A. Coles, 18 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coles, Isaac A.\n At our last court it was settled with the county surveyor that he should attend to make the survey in the case of Colo Monroe & mr Short on Wednesday next the 21st inst. he will come here the overnight, so as to be ready to begin it early the next day, that he may finish it in the day. I must ask the favor of you to come and let us make a close of this business. I wish you could come the overnight also, to which it may be some inducement that they have a ball in Charlottesville that evening (Tuesday) at which you can attend if you please. ever and affectionately yours\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0326", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James L. Jefferson, 18 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, James Lilburne\n Dear Lilburne\n My sister Marks tells me you are in want of clothes and other necessaries, and are living at the tavern at the ferry until the question is decided about my brother\u2019s will. I wish you would come and stay with us. I have proposed this on one or two former occasions, and would now press it. you shall employ your time as you please, and as usefully to yourself as you please, in which, and in any thing else I can I will render you my best services. but come particularly and let me have you furnished at Charlottesville with all proper and comfortable clothing. in the hope of seeing you I remain affectionately yours.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0327", "content": "Title: James L. Jefferson to Thomas Jefferson, 18 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, James Lilburne\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Dear uncle\n Scotts Ferry Febr 18th 1816\u2014\n I received your letter by Guilley you advice in respect to my situation I thank you kindly for your advice. I went to Buckingham C. H on monday last and spoke to the Curator in respect to my situation and he refused to let me have money out of the estate; I then appealed to the Court for justice the court would not authorise the Curator to let me have money out of the estate unless I would choose a guardian I then choosed a guardian and he will no doubt do justice by me. I have not been in want of clothing but I thought that I was entitled to funds out of the estate I should be verry happy to come and live with you but I have rented the ferry and the man that I rented it of wont I am affraid compromise with me but if he will I will come over. My anxiety is to travel and that westardly The plantation snowden is to be rented out next week and I had a thought of renting a part of it. the widow has moved to her t mothers She had not moved there more then two days before the house caught on fire and bournt everything into ashes. I will let you know in a few days is soon as I can see Mr Thomas the gentleman that I rented the ferry of he is gone to Ricmond.\n I am Sir your affectionate nephew\n James L. Jefferson\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0328-0001", "content": "Title: Robert Saunders to Thomas Jefferson, 20 February 1816\nFrom: Saunders, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Williamsburg Va 20th feb\u2019ry 1816.\n Having made an Examination and Settlement with Mr Bracken as the Admor of the late Charles Bellini under the Authority granted to me by your Letter of Attorney of the 25th of december last, I now cover to you a statement of the account, an exact Copy of that left in Mr Bracken\u2019s possession, annexing thereto my account shewing the balance to be received by your Constituent, together with a certificate from the Cashier of the Bank of Virginia shewing that I had placed to your credit the sum of $635:48\u2014corresponding with my account.\n From a view of the Papers and vouchers respecting Mr Bracken\u2019s transactions on this estate:\u2014the Powers granted to him by the Sisters of Mr Bellini, and his efforts to remit the sum due from him, I thought it right not to insist on Interest for a longer period than is allowed; being of opinion, that these circumstances would shelter him therefrom in a Court of Chancery\u2014I found that no other property, as far as I could obtain information, came into Mr Bracken\u2019s hands than the slaves: which, indeed, Mr Bellini purchased from College, and, as I understand, were not entirely paid for at his death:\u2014Mr Andrews, the late Bursar of College having taken a pledge of his Household furniture, very inconsiderable in itself, for the purpose of satisfying this debt\u2014\n I also return the several Papers transmitted to me as you request. Be pleased to acknowledge the credit thro\u2019 the Bank for the amount placed there by me, as well as the receipt of the Papers returned.\n with every consideration of the highest respect,\n I am, Dr sir, Your obedt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0330", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, 20 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yancey, Joel\n A letter of the 14th from mr Gibson informs me my tobo was not then down. this occasions me to send the bearer express, our cross mail being too dilatory to be depended on. my anxiety on this subject is occasioned by my having money engagements due at our last and next court which depend for fulfilment on the tobo getting to mr Gibson\u2019s hands, until which I cannot draw on him. I imagine the delay is occasioned by the high demands probably of the boatmen. but these we must yield to, and give what others do. we may lose more by a fall of price than the difference of transportation. I wish it therefore to be hurried down. if by delaying the bearer a day or two you can get it\u2019s departure engaged for a fixed day so as to inform me of that by his return, it will enable me to speak with precision to those with whom I am under engagements. mr Gibson will pay the Boatage on your order & delivery of the tobowith respect to the flour, it\u2019s transportation may wait more reasonable prices; but it should be down in all March. I learn from Richmond that the Lynchburg boatmen refuse to take up plaister under 22\u00bd D the ton this puts the use of it there with us out of question for the present year: I have not bought therefore for that place. if there should be danger of this exorbitance continuing, we must adopt other means for carrying it up hereafter either by people of our own, or the Milton boatmen who bring it here for 8.D. but of this we will talk when I see you which will probably be about mid-April. I am in hopes you have got clover seed. I have given 12.D. for what we use here. I shall be glad to learn how Lovilo is, and how likely to be. I have some thought of sending up a waggon about the close of the month with some trees & necessaries for my use there: but this is uncertain. I should be much pleased should there be a prospect of Lovilo\u2019s being able to return in it. I salute you with great esteem and friendship.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0331", "content": "Title: Auditor\u2019s Report on the Purchase of Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Library, 21 February 1816\nFrom: Harrison, Richard,Anderson, Joseph\nTo: \n Treasury Department Auditors Office Februy 21st 1816\n I have examined and adjusted an Account between the United States and Thomas Jefferson in relation to the Sale of his Library, and find that he is chargeable on said account\n To Treasury Warrants for amount of the following issued in his favorViz\n I also find that he is entitled to Credit on said account \n By Amount of the Purchase of his Library as Authorised by Act of Congress of the 30th of Januy 1815Dollars \u2713 23950\n As appears from the Statement and Vouchers herewith transmitted for the decision of the Comptroller of the Treasury thereon\n R. Harrison Auditor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0332", "content": "Title: Joseph C. Cabell to Thomas Jefferson, 21 February 1816\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I wrote you hastily by a late mail a short letter containing the substance of our proceedings respecting those Bills in which you felt a particular interest. A more particular statement may not be unacceptable to you. Capt: Miller\u2019s Bill passed by in the Senate by a vote of 12 to abt 5. after an elaborate discussion, in which not only the merits of the particular claim, but the general law of escheats, was brought into view. The style of the petition and the support you gave Capt: Miller, were no doubt, the cause of so large a majority in his favor. It was well that the title papers arrived when they did: otherwise the Bill would have been lost: and Capt: Miller would have been driven to the sale of the Real estate under the 3d section of the Act of 8th Feb: 1813: on which mr Johnson thought he ought to be suffered to rely. The honest but droll exultation of the worthy Captain, when he was informed of the passage of the Bill, was a source of great satisfaction & merriment to mr maury & myself. I am well persuaded he will always justify the statements you have made on his behalf, and that his gratitude to you will cease only with his life. His papers were returned to him, and were carried to Norfolk, to which place he hastened, as soon as the Bill passed.\n I communicated to the Senate that part of your Letter containing your motives for giving to the Proctor of the Central College the powers of a Justice of the peace. Finding notwithstanding many members opposed to that part of the Bill, and we deeming that it not very important to carry it at this time, I consented to strike it out. I moved also to strike out that part of the those sections relative to schools in the county of Albemarle.This motion, however, was not made till I had fully consulted with Governor Nicholas, my brother William, and several other friends.It is unquestionably in the contemplation of the Assembly, to establish a general system of education throughout the state; and for that purpose a augmentations are made from time to time to the Literary fund. A resolution has recently passed the House of Delegates the object of which is to give to the Literary fund, the whole of the Surplus of the debt due to this state from the U. States, over & above the sum of six hundred thousand dollars. Whether this resolution will finally grow into a Law or not, the passage of it demonstrates the existence of a favorable temper, in regard to a speedy amelioration in the existing state of education in this state. As the revenue bill is now on the table of the Senate, and the estimated amount of the taxes embraces a sinking fund for paying gradually our debt of $750,000, to the Banks, I presume the Assembly will give the surplus of the debt over $600,000, to the Literary fund. As the people of Albemarle will be taxed to pay the debts of the state, or in other words, will to form the Literary fund, they probably would have very great objections to a power in the Trustees of the Central College to levy impose additional taxes on them.for the same object Under these views of the subject, & supported by the unanimous advice of the abovenamed friends, I made the motion to amend the Bill in the part alluded to. Previous to its arrival in the senate, the part respecting the Literary fund was stricken out in the Lower House.\u2014Mr Poindexter had been very friendly in regard to this Bill, and when he made a motion at a late stage of the proceedings to amend the it, in such manner as to save to the counties of Louisa, and Fluvanna, their respective interests in the Glebes of St Anne, & Fredericksville, I could but yield to it, the more especially as I am confident the Senate would have overuled me had I opposed him on that point. I was the more inclined to this conciliatory course, because mr maury informed me, that only a very small part of the two Glebes could be claimed by Fluvanna & Louisa: and for this further reason, that the policy of the friends of the Central College, must be, to rely on funds to be here after obtained from the Legislature, rather than on the very limited means contemplated by the Bill. With these modifications the Bill has passed into a Law.The Bill respecting Mr Estis\u2019s Lottery was rejected in the Senate. As it came to this House, it was a bill for a Lottery\u2014the proceeds of which were to be applied to the purchase of Estis\u2019s buildings, provided the trustees should consider them the best scite for the Central College. I proposed in the Senate, to amend the Bill by directing the proceeds of the Lottery to be applied to the use & benefit of the Central College, provided they should not wish to establish the College in Estis\u2019s houses, or provided they should not be able to purchase them on such terms as they should deem just & reasonable. It was suggested by a member of the Senate that such a Bill as this would be giving the Petitioners \u201ca stone when they asked for bread.\u201d I admitted the departure in the Bill as it came from the House of Delegates, from the Petition: and the still further departure contemplated by the amendments I proposed: But informed the House of the conflict that might arise between Mr Estis\u2019s Academy & the Central College, if his petition should be granted; & urged such possible conflict as a sufficient reason for rejecting the application of the petitioners in the form in which it appeared before the House of Delegates. If however the views of the petitioners could be reconciled with the interests of the College, I could have no objections: and as an additional Lottery for the benefit of the Central College might possibly succeed, I should vote for the Bill, & proposed the amendments merely to clear up all doubts as to the destination of the proceeds of the Lottery. The Senate rejected the Bill: nor was I much grieved by the decision.\u2014You will have seen your Letter to Mr Carr in the Enquirer. It came out on the morning of the day that the Resolution passed the House of Delegates appropriating the surplus of our U. States debt to the Literary Fund, and I have reasons to believe, had a considerable effect in promoting the passage of that Resolution. I fear, however, no measure will be founded on it. It The manner in which it is generally spoken of, induces me to believe that its publication will have produce a very happy effect on the interests of science in this state.\u2014I should be pleased to see in print your remarks on the division of the counties into wards, as preparatory to the future introduction of that measure into the Assembly. The proper point of time for making the attempt I presume would be, when the Literary fund shall be applied to the establishment of schools.\u2014The La Bill respecting the navigable waters of this commonwealth, with Col: Green\u2019s amendments, has passed into a Law. No retrospective provision is embraced in the Law. Having now given such information as I thought might be agreeable to you,I have to beg the kindness of you at any leisure moment, to drop me a line, informing me whether De Say\u2019s work on political Economy has ever been translated, I have some idea of making the attempt, shd it not already have been done by some other person. I feel myself infinitely obliged by the several letters you have had the goodness to write me during this session. I know the extent of your correspondence, & the drudgery it imposes on you: and all I ask is a line about De say.\n Most respectfully & truly yours\n Joseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0334", "content": "Title: John G. Robert (for Patrick Gibson) to Thomas Jefferson, 22 February 1816\nFrom: Gibson, Patrick,Robert, John Gibson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Richmond February 22d 1816\n I send you by Gilmers boat a Cask Teneriffe Wine recd of Dr Fernandes through Fox & Richardson & have by your directions inclosed it in a rough cask to secure if it from the Watermen\u2014\n The Gauger\u2019s mark (as you will observe at the head of the cask) is twenty nine Gallons, one Gall out Majr Gibbon has judged of the wine & Mr Richardn informs me that the majr says it is the best Teneriffe he has ever tasted\u2014\n Yrs Respectfuly\n Patrick Gibson\n ps Inclosed is Majr Gibbons Certificate", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0335", "content": "Title: John Barnes to Thomas Jefferson, 23 February 1816\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n George Town Coa 23d feby 1816.\n Your Esteemed favr 7h recd 21st Relieved me from the Vague Rumour, which indeed, I paid little regard to\u2014the Stock\u2014intended for these treasury notes, are the funded 7 \u214cCents. which I shall attend to\u2014with reference to a Bill on London the Most extravagant exchanges in paper, both to the Northwd and Sowd has so deranged, the exchanges on Europe, that the Shipping Merchts here and at Balto will not, draw, at this present Under 17\u00bd a 20 per Ct advance\u2014whilst at NYork, you may purchase a 5 a 7\u00bd and at Boston a 2\u00bd to pay in their paper\u2014not Ours. neither can I, remit my friend Mr Griffin at York Town under 6 \u214cCent. disct for this paper\u2014flour here is a 9\u00bd dolls tho not in demand at Boston I am told Under $8\u2014owning to there Various Vexasious Exchanges\u2014how long it may Continue is very Uncertain\u2014at least I shall wait, a while, in the hope of a more favorable Crisis\u2014\n that you may Continue to disappoint\u2014your disappointed Enemies and suffer them\u2014quietly\u2014to take the lead of you on so momentious\u2014a Crisis\u2014is the ardent Wish\u2014\n of Dear Sir Your most Obedt & very huml servt\n John Barnes,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0336", "content": "Title: Isaac A. Coles\u2019s Account of a Conversation with Thomas Jefferson, [before 23 February 1816]\nFrom: Coles, Isaac A.\nTo: Cocke, John Hartwell\n With Mr Jefferson I conversed at length on the subject of architecture\u2014Palladio he said \u201cwas the Bible\u201d\u2014. You should get it & stick close to it\u2014. He had sent all his Books &c. &c. to Washington, or he would have drawn yr House for you\u2014it would have been a pleasure to him\u2014but now he could not undertake to do it before the fall when he expected other Books from Paris\u2014He disapproved of parapet walls\u2014no House could be made perfectly tight with them\u2014there must be a gutter along the wall which in heavy falls of rain &c. would sometimes overflow\u2014a Balustrade was best as was the case with the Presidents House in Washington & every other House similarly constructed that he had ever seen\u2014the roof should cover the walls & the Balustrade could be raised above it as at Monticello which tho not handsome was safe\u2014The flat roof He thought very practicable\u2014the sort he most approved of was the one I described to you of sheet Iron with a rise of half an inch in each foot\u2014viz of 12\u00bd Inches to your House 50f. wide\u2014your cross gutters &c &. would never do, & ought not to be thought of\u2014He lays it down as a rule never to be departed from \u201cThat a gutter over a wall can never be safe\u201d\u2014Your South Portico would be very handsome & should be supported on arches as you proposed\u2014the height not to be less than 16f.\u2014The rule was that the height of a room should be equal to its width\u201420f therefore would not be too much but 16f would do\u2014his was 18f which gave chambers over all the smaller rooms on the north of his House which you might have in yours.\u2014The tuscan order was too plain\u2014it would do for your Barns &c. but was not fit for a dwelling House\u2014the Doric would not cost much more & would be vastly handsomer\u2014his was doric\u2014you could get drawing of the Columns, cornice &c &c. &c. from him\u2014Dinsmore who is now in Petersburg he recommends to you as a good & faithful workman or Oldham who is (I think) in Richmond\u2014either of them would build you a House without any false architecture, so much the rage at present\u2014The Italian rule for windows is a third of the whole space\u2014viz\u20147 feet of light to every 21. feet of wall\u2014He is a great advocate for light and air\u2014as you predicted he was for giving you Octagons\u2014they were charming\u2014they gave you a semicircle of air & light\u2014He thought the window you proposed would be very handsome for a passage or Hall &c. but seemed not to know that they were in use & fashionable for rooms.\u2014In a word the old Gentleman entered as he always does in to every thing, with great Zeal into your building scheme, and I now regret more than ever that you did not see him\n I cannot recollect, much less write the one half of what he said to me; but when I we meet which will be very soon I will repeat much more of our Conversation\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0337", "content": "Title: Robert Ould to Thomas Jefferson, 23 February 1816\nFrom: Ould, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Lancasterian School Georgetown D.C. Feb 23rd 1816\n Permit me to offer you for perusal an Epitome of Lancasters system of Education\n Symptoms of a desire to promote general instruction seem to pervade a considerable number of individuals in the United States, but they are at a loss for a plan to direct their energies\n Nothing more than a Teacher of the above establishment I have ventured to address hop you hoping that you will examine the enclosed little volume and tell me what opinion you have of it, and whether you think it best calculated for an elementary school for the inhabitants of this country\n I am (as the enclosed will shew) an Englishman have been in this place more than four years, and have qualified Thirty Teachers who have gone to various parts of the United States to dispense a knowledge of the same\n notwithstanding these exertions a sanction is required to promote the object \n \u203b Any views of your own on this matter would be received and duly appreciated.\n I feel somewhat more zeal for the system and its founder from my being a pupil of his, therefore if I have in any way spoken of myself more than I ought I beg you will attribute it to a desire for the promotion of general instruction than for anything else.\n I should have troubled you much earlier on this subject had I not remembered that a moment like the present would better suit the promotion of a philanthropic system of Education than any other.\n I remain with great respect Sir Your obedt servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0338", "content": "Title: Garrit Storm to Thomas Jefferson, 23 February 1816\nFrom: Storm, Garrit\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Newyork February. 23d 1816\n The enclosed Paragraph was Some time Since taken from the National Intelligencer and must be my apology for the great liberty I am taking in addressing this Letter to you Sir with the view of making enquiry respecting this Mr Quarrier\u2014You will confer a very great obligation by informing me if the Gentleman alluded to in the advertisement is a Frenchman, and whether he was in this City about the year 1800.\u2014If these questions are answered in the affirmative\u2014You will most materially serve me by informing me of his Situation as to pecuniary matters.\u2014Offering Dear Sir my very sincere apologies for all this trouble, and with a wish to have the pleasure to fulfil any commands you may have in this place.I am with the very highest respect\n Your Mo assured & obedient humble servant\n Garrit Storm", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0339", "content": "Title: Joel Yancey to Thomas Jefferson, 24 February 1816\nFrom: Yancey, Joel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Poplar Forrest Feby 24h 16\n Your favour of the 20h by Billy I reeceivd early in the day on thursday last and immediately I rode to Lynchburg to engage a Boat to carry down your Tobo. I could get none, they were mostly down, and what few was empty were engaged, however I made an engagement with Doctr Cabell to take it in his Boats so soon as they return, which they ought to do by the last of next week, I think you may safely Say, that your Tobo will take its departure from Lynchburg on, or before 10th March, I am truly Sorry that it is not in Richmond at this time, I have some Reasons and excuses to offer for the delay, but it is needless now to trouble you with them, I assure you I have done the best I could The wheat is all delivered, early in Jany. at Mitchels, mills, but we cant spare it our corn will not last until Harvest I, am almost certain, and there\u2019s none to be had for less than six dollars, and thirty miles off I should be greatly relieved if you consent for us to hold the flour, until there is a certainty that we can do without it, we are as careful of the corn as possible, I believe there is not year goes out, without its being, counted or measured should we be compelld to use the flour for Bread, the fine might I suppose be easily exchanged for midlings or coarrse and the difference, we have sown about thirty acres in clover seed (in the chaff) and have engaged as much more as I shall want at 10 dollars it is not yet come to hand but I hourly expectd it, should I be disappointed in that, there is plenty in Lynchburg at 12.D Poor Lovilo, never will leave the Forest, he has been gradually waisting away ever since you left here and at times appears to be in great pain, he may live several months but I think it is impossible he can recover Docr Steptoe has declined his visits to him and says that he cannot relieve him, I sent stocks to the mill, and believe they are nearly all saw,d for the Saw mill. I have got also the plank from Depriest for the House, but I find th in putting it on, that we shall lack 10 or fifteen plank more I sent too for 100 feet more than Goodman sait said it would require, as soon as I can possibly get the Tobo off (and I shall use every exerten,) Ill write you again, I shall be very glad to see you at the Forest, but I shall dread your Horses until after Harvest, Accept my best wishes for your welfare\n Joel Yancey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0340", "content": "Title: Joseph C. Cabell to Thomas Jefferson, 26 February 1816\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have at length procured from the Editor of the Enquirer & now return your original Letter to Mr Carr. Its publication, in my opinion, was well timed, and has had produced a happy effect on the measures of the assembly. We have appropriated all our U. States\u2019 debt, except $600,000, to the purposes of education, and have required the President & Directors of the Literary Fund, to report to the next assembly the best plan of an university, colleges, academies & schools. The passage of both these measures is unquestionably to be ascribed in a great degree to your Letter. But, it may be asked, why enquire of the President & Directors of the Literary Fund, for plans, when one so satisfactory is already before the public? I will tell you. Appropriations abstracted from their location are most easily obtained. Should the next Assembly sanction the scheme of an university, you will see the Presbyterians about Lexington, and the Scotch Irish about Staunton, striving to draw it away from Albemarle, and the whole western delegation, according to custom, will threaten to divide the state unless this institution should be placed beyond the Ridge. Staunton wants the seat of government, and considers the day near at hand when she will be the metropolis of the state. Any brilliant establishment at the eastern foot of the Ridge will shake those claims, and disturb speculations founded upon them. Mr Mercer of the House of Delegates will be an advocate for a western scite. The Washington College at Lexington will be the bantling of the Federalists. But I think the Central College will triumph over them all. I am pleased to think that Governor Nicholas will be in office at the commencement of the next session of assembly. In the interim, the friends of science will be able to form the necessary plans to promote the general weal.\u2014We have had some singular proceedings in the Caucuses at this place which were held for the purpose of making an electoral ticket. I had hoped never again to be involved in trouble about Col: monroe, and on this occasion, have been most reluctantly dragged into the business. This is the second instance in which a ruffian of that a party in our district of pretenders, fools & knaves, in our district, has taken the trouble to come all the way down to the assembly, to injure me in the public estimation: but I have the satisfaction to reflect, that in this, as in the former instance, the aggressor is exposed on the spot, & the injury intended aimed at myself, recoils upon himself his own head.\n I am, dr Sir, yrs most faithfully & truly\n Joseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0341", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Alexander J. Dallas, 26 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n According to request in your\u2019s of the 12th I will give the best statement I can of Isaac Briggs\u2019s case with the joint aid of memory and the papers to which I have recourse.\n After the acquisition of Louisiana it became extremely interesting to the government of the US. that the communication between Washington & New Orleans should be made as short and rapid as possible. it seemed to me very absurd that the road between these two places, in the maritime country, not 1000. miles apart, should take a circuit of 12. or 1500. miles, over all the ridges of mountains, crossing and recrossing them, and passing thro\u2019 Indian deserts as destitute and dangerous as those below the mountains. Mr Isaac Briggs one of the Surveyors general of the US. being, in the summer of 1804. about to set out on his journey from Washington to his station, I explained to him, in a conversation, my ideas of finding a new and direct route by Franklin C.H. in Georgia, Tuckabatchee Etc to N. Orleans; that, considering how much less the distance was, he could not lose much time were he to proceed by that route rather than by the mountainous & ordinary route; and that with a pocket sextant he might, by daily observations of latitude and longitude, of the places he passed by, give us a more accurate draught of the course the road should pursue, than could be obtained by chain & compass. he came into the proposition at once, and undertook it chearfully. as neither of us believed that either the labor or the expence of the journey would be sensibly increased, I do not think a word was said between us about any compensation; but that the impression of both was that the difference would not merit consideration. it turned out very differently indeed. I procured him an excellent sextant, & he set out from Washington, I think, in July 1804. and did not reach N. Orleans till the end of November; after a journey of labor & suffering scarcely to be equalled; of which some account will be found in his letters of 1804. Sep. 2. Oct. 2. Nov. 26. & Dec. 31. herewith inclosed. on his arrival in N. Orleans he was taken with a fever, the consequence probably of his long detention among the bogs and slashes of the country he had past thro\u2019 in the Autumnal season, an account of which will be found in the same letters. he forwarded from N. Orleans a Report & Map of the country; which I recieved Feb. 20. 1805.in the mean time, Congress, by a resolution of Dec. 31. 04. had expressed some wish to me on the subject, which I cannot now specify, because I have no copy of the journals of that date. but it was something to which the messages of which copies are inclosed, were an answer. this resolution of the house will of course be turned to. the Map being delivered to Congress, for the information of the members, & deposited among their papers, they made an appropriation for opening the road, which was repeated at subsequent sessions, as the work proceeded, and it would have been completed in 1808. had we not been disappointed in an undertaking of the late Daniel Clarke who promised to have an actual examination made of the best route (I think from Pascagoola or Pearl river) to N. Orleans, and especially of that which should reduce to a minimum the water passage thro\u2019 the Rigolets. towards this, his possessions on that route, and his local knolege of the best agents, gave him facilities. he failed in effecting it. in this state of the enterprise I left it: and it was afterwards abandoned for reasons which I never learned. as to every thing respecting the opening of the road, and the actual & rapid transmission of some mails along it, using water carriage for the last unopened portion, the late P. M. G. mr Granger, and his deputies mr Bradley & mr Pease can give full information.\n Mr Briggs\u2019s expences, his labors & sufferings having greatly exceeded expectations, he thought, and so did I, that they would now become a fair subject of compensation by the public. it was first attempted by the way suggested in my letter to mr Holland, a member, of which I inclose a copy, but was not effected. at the succeeding session of 1805. 6. it was proposed to insert a compensation in the appropriation bill, but to this it was objected that nothing should be inserted in that but what had been sanctioned by a previous law, and that the regular way would be for mr Briggs to petition the House, in which case a law would pass authorising a proper compensation. accordingly he came on to the next session of 1806. 7. and preferred a petition for compensation, which was referred to the committee of claims. some difficulties being made there, I think they did not act on it, and I learnt privately from a member that some thought I ought not to have engaged a service without a previous approbation and appropriation by Congress, and that the sanction of it would be of bad example. as soon as I understood this, I informed mr Briggs I could no further meddle in the case publicly or privately, that altho\u2019 there had never been any engagement, yet I held myself in equity bound to divide with him the inconveniences incurred, that I would reimburse his actual expences, as the time and labor would be burthen enough for him. this I accordingly did, on his own statement that they were about 400. Dollars. subsequent experience has proved the necessity of the President\u2019s sometimes risking himself in contracts not previously authorised, where Congress is not in session, the occasion urgent, and likely to pass by, subject always to the approbation or rejection of Congress. the purchase of sulphur, salt petre, arms & ordnance on the capture of the Chesapeake and imminent expectation of war, to the amount of hundreds of thousands of Dollars was an instance. in the case of the road, the opportunity offered of having a survey made by the accurate and easy process of observations of latitude and longitude for which the accident of a qualified person, passing might never again occur, and the necessity otherwise of doing this by the more expensive tedious and incorrect process of chain and compass, ought not to have been lost, even had expence been foreseen: but none being expected, no scruple was entertained. however, as it turned out contrary to expectation, the acceptance of the result of mr Briggs\u2019s labors by Congress, the adopting the plan, the executing the road, nearly to completion on that plan, and thus availing the public of the whole benefit of Briggs\u2019s losses, labors and sufferings was a sufficient confirmation & sanction of what had been done. but it was not for me to decide on this, & as to myself, I preferred the little pecuniary sacrifice to having any question made about it. mr Briggs also, I believe, withdrew from further applications until lately, as I learn, that some difficulties make it desirable for him to be allowed this set-off in his public accounts. Congress are in possession of the original map of mr Briggs, if not lost in the conflagration of the Capitol, and if lost, they will still find a copy of it in one of the Atlasses of the library they possess. I do not think that Congress ever passed a decision directly on the question of compensation, nor do I know that any committee ever did. I am inclined to believe it passed off under the frowns of particular members, rather than by any formal decision. but I hazard this on memory only; the records may correct me.Should this case be reviewed, and a compensation be allowed mr Briggs for the use the public made of his labors, I will request that his claims may be considered without regard to what he has recieved from me, which I would wish him to retain as a further retribution for his sufferings and difficulties, which I am glad to contribute, believing him to be an honest and good man, and knowing that he is a very able one.Be pleased to accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0342", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Alexander J. Dallas, 26 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n When the law past laying a direct tax, & established the offices of Assessor & Collector, as it appeared that the first of these officers would be of extreme importance to the landholders, whose property would be taxed very much at his will, I consulted such principal men of our district as I was able to see, and there was but one opinion on the subject. all agreed they would rather trust to the good sense, practical knolege of values, and immoveable integrity of mr Peter Minor of this county than to any other person. I sollicited his appointment therefore; but the President & Secretary of the Treasury had before fixed on my son in law Thomas M. Randolph for Collector, and the principle of geographical distribution then required the Assessor to be named in another county. of this their intention in favor of mr Randolph I had not had the least intimation. my grandson Th: J. Randolph, who succeeded his father as Collector is about to resign the office; and as I raised the expectations of mr Minor to the other office before (for he had never thought of it, nor knew of my solliciting it until I had done it) I feel the obligation, now that there is an opportunity of an equivalent appointment, of asking it for him. the geographical argument is now in his favor, and I am perfectly safe in affirming there is not a man who knows him, and who will say there is in the whole district one fitter for it in every qualification of ability, morals, or public confidence. he is personally known to the Secretary of state, and by character, if not personally to the President. if I believed there was a safer or fitter man in the district to recieve this public trust, nothing would have induced me to make this unsollicited proposition.\n I salute you with friendship and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0343", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Alexander J. Dallas, 26 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n My other two letters being on distinct subjects, and to go perhaps into other hands, I write this separately. will you pardon a criticism on your tariff which the public papers have given us compleat, but as yet without the report explaining it\u2019s principles? having written to Europe for some wines, I was led by curiosity to look at that part of the tariff to see what duties I should have to pay, and found it in the followg articles.\n \u2018Claret & other wines not enumerated, importedin bottles, per gallon \n when imported otherwise than in bottles\n black bottles, glass, quart,\n the duty on the wine then being 6\u00bc cents per quart, & on the bottle 1. cent = 7\u00bc cents the act of putting it into the bottle where made (and where it is so much better that it should be done) is dutied at 11\u00bd cents the bottle. this wants proportion an essential principle in just taxation; and if considered morally, is a premium for encoraging in the higher classes of society the same drunkenness which whiskey has introduced into the lower, by giving the monopoly of our tables to the strong wines. these will be always imported in the cask, and the bottle come empty, so as never to pay the additional 11\u00bd cents per bottle for bottling. the light wines on the contrary which will not bear transportation in the cask, as Florence for instance, must pay the prohibitory duty, or stand prohibited. it will really be a proscription of them. yet it is much for the comfort and temperance of society to encourage them. there are abundance of good wines in Europe (called ordinary, or country wines, and sometimes having appropriate names), such as one would be willing to drink every day, which are sold there at 2. cents the quart, and would not bear transportation in the cask. these, with an ad valorem duty proportioned to that of the others, would cost here less than cyder, and would extend the comfort of that liquor, now enjoyed by the few wealthy only to a vast circle of our citizens to the expulsion of that loathsomeness and death they now drink in the form of whisky. would it not be better, my dear Sir, to let the bottled wine stand on it\u2019s former ground? we have always paid duty for the wine by the gallon, whether brought in cask or bottles, and, if in the latter, the duty on that was added. in the case above particularised, 25. cents would be paid for the gallon of wine, and 4. cents for the bottles containing it. excuse this suggestion. it is not to give you the trouble of an answer, but merely to draw your attention, if it should have been an accident of inadvertence. I subjoin the copy of a Tariff for wines which I prepared for mr Gallatin when we were in office together, and which was to have been proposed instead of the tariff then existing, if that law had come under consideration in our time. it may enable you to be more specific in your enumeration if you think that desirable. the classification and prices are on my own knolege. I salute you with great and friendly respect.\n Th: Jefferson\n costp. galln25 pcdutyTokay, Cape, Malmesey, Hock4.001.00Champagne, Burgundy, Hermitage, \n *the term Claret should be expunged, there being no definite wine of that name, and instead of it should be enumerated the 4. crops, Lafitte,\n Margaux & Hautbrion, the only wines of that family of distinguished price.\nClaret2.75.68\u00be\n Medoc includes Blanquefort, Calon, Leoville, Cantenac Etc\n Grave includes Barsac, Sauterne, Beaume, Preignac, St Bris, Carbonien, Langon, Podenac Etc\nMedoc, Grave, Palus, Coterotie, Condrieu, Moselle1.25.31\u00bcMadeira, London particular2.20.55Madeira, all other1.80.45Pacharetti, Sherry1.50.37\u00bdSt Lucar, and all wines of Portugal.80.20Sicily, Teneriffe,Fayal,Malaga & other Western islands.67.16\u00be\n all non-enumerated wines 25. p.c. ad valorem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0344", "content": "Title: John Vaughan to Thomas Jefferson, 26 February 1816\nFrom: Vaughan, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Your Letter for Aspinwall was forwarded from New York via Gibraltar\u2014I could get no Bill here\u2014My friend Robert Dickey procured a Bill of 50$ which has gone by two opps\u2014It might be well to forward Duplicates of your letter to Aspinwall\u2014Cost of remitting to New York to pay the 50$ & postages 5424100\u2014I recd from Mr Short 3434100 & when I have sold the Ty notes will transmit the account\u2014Mr Correa is with us\u2014& well\u2014Mr Walsh removed to Baltimore whom we all miss. I remain Yours sincerely \n Jn Vaughan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0346", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Isaac Briggs, 27 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Briggs, Isaac\n I am to thank you for your pamphlet on manufactures. you have availed a question of political economy of the sound process of Mathematical reasoning, and proved very solidly the expediency of our encoraging manufactures to the extent of our own wants. when we shall have reached that point, should there still be surplus labor, whether that should be employed in agriculture or manufactures will depend on the circumstances and opinions of the day: and very much on the condition of S. America. they will be our rivals in agriculture, and our market for manufactures. but in manufactures we shall have rivals in all the nations of Europe. how their freedom will affect us I do not foresee: but I wish them free because they have a right to be so.\n In a letter to the Secy of the Treasy I have made such a statement of your case as my memory and papers together enabled me to do: & I have requested that if on a review of it a compensation shall be allowed you it may be made without regard to what you recieved from me, which I wish you to retain as a further retribution for your sufferings & difficulties, which I am glad to contribute. I have inclosed to the Secretary of the Treasy copies of two messages of mine to the H. of Repress on the subject and of a letter to mr Holland. also your original letters of 1804. Sep. 2. Oct. 2. Nov. 26. & Dec. 31. these last I shall be glad to recieve again when done with. I have not asked this of the Secy of the Treasy because such a request to a man in office would be unreasonable. but you can think of it and ask & return them to me, for which I shall be obliged to you. I salute you with friendship and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0347", "content": "Title: James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, 27 February 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n washington Febry 27th 1816\n I was much gratified to find that you approved the ground taken with the Spanish minister, respecting the sph colonies & in our affairs with Spain generally. the minister left this shortly after the correspondence for Phila, on account of the ill health of his family, not in disgust as has been represented. He has since arrival there written me another letter, adhering to his former claims, but in a tone of moderation, intimating a desire that a negotiation may be opend for the arrangment of every difference at madrid. This is under consideration, and a special mission may be the result\u2014He suggested in conference, his wish, that East Florida &a might be ceded to the US., in consideration of territory on the western side of the mississippi, & in satisfaction of any well founded claims. He intimated also that it was probable that Buenos ayres, montividio montevideo, &a, might be exchanged with for Portugal for with the Portuguese govt. This seems to be more probable, from a late account that 6000. troops are going fromto Buenos Ayres. The policy of G. Britain has been to govern the Spanish provinces thro\u2019 the Pen\u2019Insula. While therefore she governs the pen\u2019insula, she is opposd to the independance of the provinces. at present she governs France Spain & Portugal, as well as Holland, and may be concluded to be indisp opposed to any change of that kind in this hemisphere. Having gain\u2019d such an ascendancy in Europe, I should not be surprised to see a regular plan pursued in concert, by several of the powers, under her direction for the subjugation of the Spanish colonies, with ulterior objects bearing on us. The event is so probable, that all movments in that quarter ought to be watched attentively by this government\n It is very important to obtain the manuscript which you recd from Govr Claiborne. It is possible that the copy deposited in the dept of state may still be there. The papers preserv\u2019d, and by far the greater part were, are still packed in boxes, which will not be opend till the office is in a state to receive them, which will not happen in less than a month. If you will be so good as to send me the document in your possession I will have a copy taken, & then forward it, as you may direct. The cutting from the Argus is receivd.\n Mr Pinkney of maryland will be nominated to Russia, with a special mission to Ita Naples, respecting claims. He relinquishes a practice said to be worth 25000 dolrs a year.\n Mr Gallatin goes to France. He hesitated some time, but at last decided to accept the mission.\n with great respect & esteem your friend & servant\n Jas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0351", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 28 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\n The arbitrators, surveyor Etc met on the 21st. they decided the line in your favor, but divided costs as a tax on you for so careless a designation of the line as to entrap a subsequent purchaser. the disputed lines were found to contain 68. acres. the costs will be 6. or 7.D. a piece to you. I inclose you the original award & the plat you inclosed to me.\n ever & affectionately yours.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0352", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 28 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n Having procured an appointment for the 21st inst. the Surveyor, arbitrators, parties (by their agents) and witnesses met. the forenoon was showery but the difficulty & uncertainty of all collecting again from different parts of the county induced all to go thro\u2019 the work. the Surveyor run the lines,\n and instead of something less than 30. as as had been conjectured, he found them to contain 68. as. this proceeded from a great bend of Dick\u2019s branch as it went up the mountain which had been expected to be nearly strait. mr Carter had considered the place (a) in the plat diagram of the margin as the head of the branch, & had run your line from a. to b. he might have been decieved by the sinking of the branch as it does in several places, but reappears again, so that it exists distinctly up to the spring at c. near the gap of the mountain. the arbitrators decided that to be the head of Dick\u2019s branch, and the branch itself to be the line. mr Higgenbotham therefore will deduct 680.D. from his last payment. according to former opinions and some decisions, mr Carter would be bound to pay you that sum. but I understand that according to the law as now established, he is liable only for the original sum he recieved, 23/6 per acre, and interest on that to the present day. this brings it to about 8. Dollars an acre so that you will recieve 2.D. an acre less on the whole for these 68. acres than for the rest. mr Carter, who conducted us himself along the line to which he said he had sold to Colo Monroe had certainly been too careless in examining the ground before. the first time we went on it to examine, it was evident that Dick\u2019s branch formed the main division between the two mountains. every person present concurred in the opinion of the arbitrators. they divided costs, which will be about 6. or 7. Dollars apiece to you. I salute you with constant & affectte respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0353", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Bradbury, 29 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bradbury, John\n Your letter has laid by me a month unacknoleged and unacted on; which should not have happened, had not an engagement in a business of peculiar pressure obliged me to suspend all correspondence till I got thro\u2019 it. I have now written to the Secretary at war, expressing to him your wish and your fitness for the appointment of a Commissioner on the Arkansa road. I should be very glad indeed if either in a public or private capacity you should be able to give us an account of the natural history of the Arkansa & Red river country. should your friends have sent you spare copies of the publication of your Western discoveries, I should be gratified by a sight of one of them. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0354", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William H. Crawford, 29 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n I take the liberty of quoting to you the passage of a letter I have recieved from a mr John Bradbury of New York, as follows. \u2018I notice in the reports of the proceedings of Congress that a road is in contemplation from St Louis to the Northern boundary of Louisiana; for the laying out of which Commrs are to be appointed. I am well acquainted with a considerable portion of the country from St Louis to the Arkansas, have recieved a Mathematical education, and have a competent knowledge of surveying. in the geological part of mineralogy and the external characters of fossils, I am not less versed than in botany. as the road will assuredly pass thro\u2019 a mineral country, if a mineralogical report would be desirable in addition to the survey, I might, if employed, furnish it. should I be honored with an appointment, in this business, or farther in the interior (which I should prefer) I pledge my self Etc.\u2019 and he adds a request that I would state to the government what I know of him. mr Bradbury is an Englishman, a man of science particularly in Botany & natural history. he was at the head of a great weaving establishment in Liverpool, which the pressure of their taxes obliged him to break up. desirous of coming to this country to seek an establishment, he got an appointment from the Linnean society of Liverpool to botanize for them in Louisiana. he came over in 1809. or 1810. brought me a letter of strong recommendation from mr Roscoe, staid with me about 3. weeks and went to the Westward, ascended the Missouri with a trading party, on researches in botany & natural history. latterly he has been engaged with a manufacturing company to the Eastward. he is a very modest and learned man, and I believe of great worth. in stating to you what I know of him you will be so good as to consider me merely as a witness without interest or desire, & to do in it what is best for the public.\n While at Paris you honored me with a letter of June 16. 1814. which I answered Feb. 14. 1815. and sent to the office of the Secy of state with a request to mr Graham, as we had expectations of your return, to forward, or retain & deliver it here, according to his knolege of your movements. I hope you recieved it; and I now mention it lest any miscarriage which might have happened to it should be imputed to me as an inattention of which my esteem for you renders me incapable; and I pray you now to accept the assurance of my great respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0356", "content": "Title: Joseph Miller to Thomas Jefferson, 29 February 1816\nFrom: Miller, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n yours of the 17 I Recd yesterday I Recd with Pleasure\u2014Mr Murry has Sent me a Copey of the Law Mr Hayes has Taken me in but Not So Much as I thought of it will be from 1600 1700 Dollrs the Deeds of Every thing I have Got Safe but he had the Goodness to offer the houses for Saile Privitely for Cash the Week before he Left he Baught a very fine Schr and a Cargo of Tobaco with Others Articles Cleared her out for New york a Frinch Captain on Board no one in Norfolk had the Least Idea on him, is Famuly and him went on Board he Told people is Famuly was Going to New york and he was Going Down the Bay he Sent a Gigg to Bring him Back the, Pillot Went out of the Capes with them and the Pillot Left he Said He woold Go on and See how the Schor sailed\u2014it was 3 Days before the Newes Came but where thay have Gon no Person Knows but he Left 120000 Dollrs to Pay and nothing to Pay it with I have Got Sum Corks from New york Very Good ones I will Send them by the first Vesoll that Comes to Richmond\u2014I will Offer Sume Part of the Properity for Sale Next Week\u2014But thes Place is Verry Dull Nothing Dowing but Merchents Stoping Every Other Day and I am afraid It Will be Sume Time before thes Place Recover its Selfe\u2014\n I Rem your Obnt st\n Joseph Miller", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0357", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 29 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\n Sir Dear Sir\n Your favor of the 16th I received yesterday your favor of the 16th inst. informing me that the General assembly had been pleased to appoint me one of the Directors of the board of public works recently instituted by them. the spirit with which they have entered on the great works of improvement and public instruction will form an honorable epoch in the history of our country, and I sincerely wish the effects of age permitted me to assist in the execution of their wise and salutary purposes. but I feel it a duty to leave to younger bodies and minds services which require activity of either. journies which should call me from home at fixed times would often find me unable to undertake them, and the absence of a member of such a board would give uneasiness to that portion of country with whose interests he would be supposed particularly acquainted & charged. I am very thankful to the legislature for this proof of their confidence and hope my declining it will be imputed to it\u2019s true motive, and not to a want of zeal which will never cease to pray for the advancement and prosperity of our country. Accept the assurances of my high consideration and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0358", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 29 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\n As the outer letter may be to go into different hands I place in a separate one my thanks for your kind offer of the comfortable quarters of your house in the event of my acting as a Director of the public works. but at the age of 73. volunteer journies are out of the question. those to Bedford are of necessity. for them however I chuse my own time, am there with one or two nights only intervening, and the cavalcade now necessary for moving me is there also at home. whatever the young & robust may think, I am sure the old will excuse me. ever affectionately\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0359", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Oram, 29 February 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Oram, James\n Th Jefferson returns to mr Oram the prospectus of Ware\u2019s English grammar with his signature and a Dollar Richmond bank note, which he understands is recievable at par at N. York, the price of a copy which when published may be forwarded by mail, and tenders him his respectful salutations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0361", "content": "Title: Josiah Meigs to Thomas Jefferson, 1 March 1816\nFrom: Meigs, Josiah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Washington City March 1. 1816\n My friend, Doctor Daniel Drake of Cincinnati, Ohio, has requested me to transmit to you a Copy of his work, entitled \u201cPicture of Cincinnati\u201d\u2014I presume it will gratify you, as an elegant and valuable work\u2014\n The Author is a native of New Jersey, from which state his Father, after having served in the Revolutionary War, emigrated to Kentucky\u2014he has acquired a valuable fund of Literature & Sceience\u2014proprio Marte\u2014without the aid of Schools or Colleges\u2014he is a sincere and faithful friend of our free Institutions. It is pleasant to know that the best disciplined minds are supporters of those Institutions.\u2014\n I have the honour to be with sincere esteem, respect and veneration\n Josiah Meigs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0362", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 2 March 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I cannot be Serious! I am about to write You, the most frivolous letter, you ever read.\n Would you go back to your Cradle and live over again your 70 years? I believe you would return me a New England Answer, by asking me another question \u201cWould you live your 80 Years over again\u201d?\n If I am prepared to give you an explicit Answer, the question involves So many considerations of Metaphysicks and Physicks, of Theology and Ethicks of Phylosophy and History, of Experience and Romance, of Tragedy Comedy and romance:Farce; that I would not give my opinion without writing a volume to justify it.\n I have lately lived over again, in part, from 1753, when I was junior Sophister at Colledge till 1769 when I was digging in the Mines, as a Barrister at Law, for Silvor and gold, in the Town of Boston: and got as much of the Shining dross for my labour as my Utmost Avarice, at that time craved.\n At the hazard of all the little Vision that is left me, I have read the History of that Period of 16 Years, in the Six first Volumes of the Baron de Grimm. In a late Letter to you, I expressed a wish to See an History of Quarrels and Calamities of Authors in France, like that of D\u2019Israeli in England, I did not expect it So Soon: but now I have it in a manner more masterly than I ever hoped to See it\n It is not only a Narration of the incessant great Wars between the Ecclesiasticks and the Phylosophers, but of the little Skirmishes and and Squabbles of Poets, Musicians, Sculptors Painters Architects Tragedians, Comediens, Opera Singers and Dancers, Chansons, Vaudevilles Epigrams, Madrigals Epitaphs, Anagrams Sonnets &c\n No Man is more Sensible than I am, of the Service to Science and Letters, Humanity, Fraternity, and Liberty, that would have been rendered by the Encyclopedists and \u0152conomists, By Voltaire, D\u2019Alembert, Buffon Diderot, Rouseau La Lande, Frederick and Catharine, if they had posessed Common Sense. But they were all totally destitute of it. They all Seemed to think that all Christendom was convinced as they were, that all Religion was \u201cVisions Judaicques\u201d and that their effulgent Lights had illuminated all the World. They Seemed to believe, that whole Nations and Continents had been changed in their Principles Opinions Habits and Feelings by the Sovereign Grace of their Almighty Philosophy, almost as Suddenly as Catholicks and Calvinists believe in instantaneous conversion. They had not considered the force of early Education on the Millions of Minds who had never heared of their Philosophy.\n And what was their Phylosophy? Atheism; pure unadulterated Atheism. Diderot, D\u2019Alembert, Frederick, De Lalande and Grimm were indubitable Atheists. The Universe was Matter only and eternal; Spirit was a word without a meaning; Liberty was a word without a Meaning. There was no Liberty in the Universe; Liberty was a word void of Sense. Every thought word Passion Sentiment Feeling, all Motion and Action was necessary. All Beings and Attributes were of eternal Necessity \n Conscience, Morality were all nothing but Fate.\n This was their Creed and this was to perfect human Nature and convert the Earth into a Paradise of Pleasure,\n Who, and what is this Fate? He must be a Sensible Fellow. He must be a Master of Science. He must be Master of Spherical Trigonometry and Great Circle Sailing. He must calculate Eclipses in his head by Intuition. He must be Master of the Science of Infinitessimal \u201cLe Science des infiniment petits,\u201d He must involve and extract all the Roots by Intuition and be familiar with all possible or imaginable Sections of the Cone. He must be a Master of Arts Mechanical and imitative. He must have more Eloquence than Demosthenes, more Wit than Swift or Voltaire, more humour than Butler or Trumbull. And what is more comfortable than all the rest, he must be good natured, for this is upon the whole a good World. There is ten times as much pleasure as pain in it.\n Why then Should We abhor the Word God, and fall in Love with the Word Fate? We know there exists Energy and Intellect enough to produce Such a World as this, which is a Sublime and beautiful one, and a very benevolent one, notwithstanding all our Snarling, and a happy one, if it is not made otherwise by our own fault.\n Ask a Mite, in the Center of your Mammoth Cheese, what he thinks of the \u201c\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd.\u201d\n I Should prefer the Philosophy of Tym\u00e6us of Locris, before that of Grimm and Diderot, Frederick and D\u2019Alembert, I Should even prefer the Shastra of Indostan, or the Chaldean Egyptian, Indian, Greek, Christian Mahometan Tubonic or Celtic Theology.\n Tim\u00e6us and Ocellus taught that three Principles were eternal. God, Matter and Form. God was good, and had Ideas. Matter was Necessity, Fate, dead, without Ideas, without form without Feeling, perverse, untractible. capable however of being cutt into Forms of Spheres Circles, Triangles, Squares cubes Cones &c. The Ideas of the good God laboured upon matter to bring it into Form: but Matter was Fate Necessity, Dulness obstinacy and would not always conform to the Ideas of the good God who desired to make the best of all possible Worlds but Matter, Fate Necessity resisted and would not let him compleat his Idea. Hence all the Evil and disorder, Paine Misery and Imperfection of the Universe.\n We all curse Robespierre and Bonaparte; but were they not both Such restless vain extravagant Animals as Diderot and Voltaire? Voltaire was the greatest Litterary Character and Bona the greatest Millitary Character of the 18 Century. There is all the difference between them. Both equally Heros and equally Cowards.\n When you asked my Opinion of a University, it would have been easy to advise Mathematicks Experimental Phylosophy, Natural History Chemistry and Astronomy Geography and the Fine Arts, to the Exclusion of ontology Metaphysicks and Theology. But knowing the eager Impatience of the human Mind to Search into Eternity and Infinity, the first cause and last End of all Things I thought best to leave it, its Liberty to enquire till it is convinced as I have been these 50 years that there is but one Being in the Universe, who comprehends it; and our last Resource is Resignation.\n This Grimm must have been in Paris when you was there, Did You know him or hear of him?\n I have this moment recd two volumes more, but these are from 1777 to 1782. leaving the Chaine broken from 1769 to 1777. I hope hereafter to get the two intervening Volumes\n I am your old Friend\n John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0364", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Robert Saunders, 2 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Saunders, Robert\n I recieved yesterday your favor of Feb. 20. covering covering an acknolegement of the Cashier of the bank of Virginia at Richmond that you had deposited there the sum of six hundred and thirty five Dollars 48 cents to my credit for the use of John Baptist Fancelli: and I recieved under the same cover a return of Fancelli\u2019s letters of Attorney to me which had been forwarded to you for the settlement of his claims on mr Bracken as admr of the late Charles Bellini. with an expression of my entire satisfaction with your agency in this business & thanks for your diligence in it be pleased to accept the assurance of my great respect and esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0365", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Garrit Storm, 2 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Storm, Garrit\n In answer to the enquiries of your letter of Feb. 23. concerning Alexander Quarrier I can inform you that I have known a person of that name ever since the year 1783. he was then a coachmaker in Philadelphia in partnership with Hunter. he removed to Richmond where I knew him well many years as a very worthy citizen. he was a captain in the militia of the city, in the artillery I believe, and deemed a good officer. it is several years I believe since he left Richmond, but whither he went, I know not, nor whether he is still living. of course I know nothing of his pecuniary circumstances. Accept my respectful salutations.\n Th: Jefferson\n P. S. mr Quarrier was either a Scotchman or Irishman.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0367", "content": "Title: James Barbour to Thomas Jefferson, 4 March 1816\nFrom: Barbour, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Barboursville March 4th 16\u2014\n Being anxious to add, to my new establishment, whatever, is rare or desirable of the fruit, shrub, or tree kind; and knowing with a like inclination, you have had an ample opportunity to gratify it, I have taken the liberty to request of you, any little thing you can spare, without inconvenience, adapted to the garden, or pleasure grounds\u2014\n I tender you my best respects\n Jas Barbour", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0369", "content": "Title: Anonymous to Thomas Jefferson, [ca. 6 March 1816]\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The hope of giving you some information that my experience and pursuits in life enable me to furnish; and that in your posession may be usefull to the nation, has prompted me to an act of indecorum, in addressing you, without either acquaintance, or business to authorise it.\n I have read your letter of the 9th January last to Benjamin Austin Esquire; and am much pleased with your explanation of the notes on virginia, in what relates to american manufactures. This explanation is seasonable, the wieght of your name; and the latitude given to your expressions on this Subject, was operating injuriously on the public mind; and producing effects hostile to the public Interest.\n On the Subject of manufacturing our own Supplies, to the extent of our absolute wants, whether for Peace or war. after the experience we have had, there Can be but one opinion, however interest may operate on individuals; and influence their Conduct. it is Scarcely possible that any one can think it wise, to rest the security and defence of the Country, on Supplies to be derived from abroad, Subject to the pleasure of foreign nations, to losses on the ocean; and to delays that may be productive of the most fatal evils to the nation. The policy of manufacturing to this extent, rests on Considerations purely national and it becomes a question, whether the government will leave these essential Supplies, to the unprotected efforts of individuals, or give the individuals who have embarked their fortunes in it, Such protection against foreign Competition, as will insure their Success. I will wait the answer to this question from those whose duty it is to decide it.\n toward the Close of your letter, you State a question to be hereafter decided, viz, \u201cwill our Surplus labour be then more beneficially employed in the Culture of the earth, or in the fabrication of art\u201d that is in manufacturing beyond the Supply of our own wants. There will no doubt be time enough to deliberate on this Subject, but we Cannot be too early in Collecting the facts and Circumstances necessary to a Sound decission. such as the particular Species of labour employed in these Several pursuits. their effects on the morals and Habits of Society. their tendancy to promote or depress each other &c. here I will give you the result of my experience and observation on the Subject, I am a practical manufacturer, not bred to the business. but I have an interest in a Cotton factory, where I Spend Some Hours daily to Superintend the Business. we employ in this work about one hundred hands, in Carding & Spining, we weave none. we have one man to manage the Carding; and one to manage the Spinning, one machinist to Keep the machinery in repair; and one porter. in all four men, nine women; and eighty or ninety female Childern, from nine to thirteen years of age. Hence it will appear that we draw no labour from the agricultural field; and that the labour we employ, Could not be applied to the Culture of the earth. our works are in a Town where we Can have a Choice of hands; and where much larger works Could be Carried on by the Same Kind of labour we employ; and we have Selected them, not from necissity, but as the most Suitable. These Children live with their parents, they come to work at Sun rise, have time allowed to get their meals; and at Sun Set return to their respective families to pass the night. on Saturday evening we brake off work a little earlier than usual, to clean up the mill; and pay the weekly wages. The first application of their Small weekly earnings, is generally to procure neat, Comfortable Cloathing. when this object is accomplished, their Surplus earnings generally goe to procure Schooling, in which Cases they leave us for a time. Here it may be proper to notice, that the terms of the employ are, that they may leave it at pleasure without any previous notice, and we may dismiss them in like manner; and this right of dismission is the only deciplin we employ. I have touched on the interior economy of mill, to obviate frivolous objections raised against mannufacturing, that in this Country have no foundation in fact, Such as that it is injurious to health, to morals; and incompatible with the necessary instruction of the mind. The fact is, that in all these respects the Condition of the Children we employ is greatly improved; and while the results of their labour, is adding to the wealth, Comfort and Security of the nation, they are individually deriving Comfort & Subsistance from it; and acquiring habits of industry that will be permanently benificial to themselves & to the Country.\n you will notice from this Sketch That we not only, draw no labour from Culture of the ground, but we give beneficial employ to a Species of labour, that hitherto has not been brought into requisition among us. This is not merely making two blades of Grass grow, where only one had grown before, it is Causing many blades to Spring up, in Soil that had been altogether unproductive.\n It is probable our works are Carried on by a greater proportion of Childerns labour than is usual,\u2014in about the proportion we employ, we prefer it to any other, and our works being in a Town, abounding in this Species of population, as well as every other, we are enabled to make our Selection to our liking, while in Country Situations, they may be obliged from necessity to employ a greater proportion of men. but generally it may be averred in truth, that the manufacture of wool, and of Cotton may be Carried on in this Country to a great extent, without any material Subduction from the labour of the feild; and in a great measure by labour that would not otherwise be beneficially employed.\n To this view of the Subject may be added many important benefits, that will result from an extention of our domestic manufactures, at least, to the Supply of our wants, Such as employing the Capital at home, where it will be in Constant Circulation thro the Community, defusing life and activity, thro every branch of our industry. the Spring it will give to agriculture by an encreased demand for the raw materials; and a market therefor at home, free from Spoliation; and the expence and dangers incident to all foreign markets. The feild of industry opened to our labouring poor; and the wholsome tone it will give to our Society, by its tendancy to concentrate the interests, prospects; and affections of our population within the Country. the manufacturer has no hopes or wishes beyond our teritorial limits. and much good will probably flow from the intercourse it will produce promote between the different Sections of the Country; and their mutual dependance on each other for necessary Supplies, tending to Suppress Jealousies & animosities, to promote harmony and good will in our Community, and between the different States; and to Cement and Strengthen the bonds of our political union.\u2014in every light, in which I have been able to view the Subject, I See a benefit to the public from manufacturing our own Supplies; and when I recur to the experience of the late war; and of the revolutionary war, I am forcibly impressed, by the hardships we then Suffered; and the hazards to which we were then exposed, with the necessity of protecting the ground they have recently gained; and of affording them Such Support against foreign Competition, as will in a reasonable time free us from foreign dependance for necessary Supplies, whether for peace or war; and to this point all my observations are limited. It may perhaps be profitable to extend our manufactures beyond the point of internal Supply, but that may very Safely be left to individual interprise; and is a Subject no way necessary to be acted on now: But to the extent of our wants, I deem it insaperably Connected with the public Interest & Security, that they Should be Supplied from our own industry and ingenuity. This will make us in reality an independant nation; and enable us to present a formidable front to an enemy, if any Should be disposed to disturb our tranquility & happiness. It would give to the united States a point of elivation and Security, truely desirable; and which I beleive no other nation Can attain So fully,\n I have been led to the indiscretion of addressing you this letter, principally, from your Idea of applying manufacturing labour to agricultural pursuits; and it is true that the labour of the miller. the black Smith, the wheel wright. the Taylor, the Ship Carpenter &c, might be So applied: But only a Small portion of the labour employed in the manufacture of wool and Cotton, the principal articles of Cloathing, Could be brought into the feild, if these manufactures were wholly laid aside. I am aware that very little respect is due to my Statement of facts Connected with this Subject, under the particular Circumstances in which they are brought to your notice, But I do not wish them to be taken on my authority: I wish them to pass for what they may be worth, under all the Circumstances of disadvantage in which they appear. They are written by one who has great respect for your Charracter; and who takes great Interest in your happiness; and who deems it proper to Cover his indiscretion in addressing you, by withholding his name.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0370", "content": "Title: Joseph Milligan to Thomas Jefferson, 6 March 1816\nFrom: Milligan, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Georgetown March 6th 1816\n I received the balance $136 75 from Mr Gibson and on due examination find it all correct\u2014on my return from Monticello I wrote to Genl Duane requesting him to send the translation and original of Tracy,s manuscript to Mr R C Weightman of Washington and I would pay him the $60 which he demanded of me the preceding winter for it. but I heard nothing more of it until you advised me you had received it why he sent it to you rather than to my direction I cannot say unless he knew that you were to revise it before publication but that he should have thot fit to charge it In your account rather than receive his money through Mr Weightmans hands which was the way he that he at first proposed to receive it I cannot tell but as he has charged it in your account and you have had the goodness to say that you will pay it I will place it to your credit and close the business \n I have had the Type & paper ready a long time to print the workwhen you send on the first part of the Manuscript have the goodness to furnish The title of the book with it that I may anounce the work as soon as I put it to press\u2014\n I have sent you by the way of Fredericksburg to the care of Mr William F. Gray a parcel as follows\n Ainsworth\u2019s Dictionary 2 vols\n Virgil Delphini\n Moors Greek Grammar\n have not yet got\n Baileys ovid\n Mairs Tyro Dictionary\n Cornelius nepos\n Your books are now in the hands of the binders and as soon as bound say three weeks I will send them\n Yours with Esteem and respect\n Joseph Milligan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0371", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Richard Peters, 6 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peters, Richard\n I have to thank you for the copy of your Discourse on agriculture which you have been so kind as to send me. I participate in all your love for the art, and wish I did also in your skill. but I was never but an amateur, and have been kept from it\u2019s practice until I am too old to learn it. we are indebted to you for much of our knolege as to the use of the plaister, which is become a principal article of our improvements, no soil profiting more from it than that of the country around this place. the return of peace will enable us now to resume it\u2019s use. my son in law, Colo Randolph is perhaps the best farmer of the state, and by the introduction of the horizontal method of ploughing, instead of straight furrows, has really saved this hilly country. it was running off into the vallies with every rain; but by this process we now scarcely lose an ounce of our soil.\n a rafter level traces a horizontal line around the curve of the hill or valley at distances of 30. or 40. yards, which is followed by the plough; & by these guide-lines the ploughman finishes the interval by his eye, throwing the earth into beds of 6.f. wide, with large water-furrows between them. when more rain falls than can be instantly absorbed, the horizontal furrows retain the surplus until it is all soaked up, scarcely a drop ever reaching the valley below. some 2. or 3. years ago, I mentioned to mr Peale this method of ploughing, and I think he has informed me of his having since practised it with satisfaction. it is probable therefore you may have heard of it from him, if not thro\u2019 some other channel.\n Mr Randolph has contrived also, for our steepest hill sides, a simple plough which throws the furrow always down hill. it is made with two wings welded to the same bar, with their planes at ri a right angle with each other. the point and heel of the bar are formed into pivots, & the p bar becomes an axis, by turning which, either wing may be laid on the ground, and the other then standing vertically, acts as a mould board. the right angle between them however is filled with a sloping piece of wood, leaving only a cutting margin of each wing naked, & aiding in the office of raising the sod gradually, while the declivity of the hill facilitates it\u2019s falling over. the change of the position of the share at the end of each furrow is effected in a moment by with-drawing and replacing a pin. the little paper model inclosed may help out my description of the share.\n I must now ask whether time has not commenced it\u2019s inroads on you? whether your farming activity does not abate, and the bodily faculties begin to blunt a little? these decays however are less to be regarded if the blessing of health continues: and that it may long continue with you is the prayer of one who has never ceased to respect and esteem you affectionately.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0372", "content": "Title: Mary B. Briggs to Thomas Jefferson, 7 March 1816\nFrom: Briggs, Mary Brooke (Brooke)\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Wilmington Del: \n3rd moth 7th 1816\n Although personally unacquainted,\u2014I have, from my infancy, been taught to love and revere Thomas Jefferson!\u2014those sentiments were early implanted in my mind by, my father, who ever felt for him the most high respect and affectionate esteem\u2014and now\u2014when I hear, from that beloved & excellent father, of the renewed instances of the generous goodness, we have admired\u2014and when every grateful feeling is excited to enthusiasm in my mind\u2014I cannot deny myself the pleasure of offering, with my father\u2019s; my thanks;\u2014Wilt, thou accept, dear, kind, friend, the artless but sincere offering of one who knows herself capable of feeling\u2014but regrets her total inability to make thee sensible of the fervor of those feelings by any expressions\u2014the simple assurance of my grateful sense of obligation is all I can offer\u2014may this be accepted?\u2014\u201cHad it not been for his kindness\u201d says my father, in his letter \u201cI could not have sent Anna & Mary to weston School\u201d\u2014I feel the obligation particularly\u2014oh! that I could suitably acknowledge it; but now let me again assure thee, on the behalf of a large family and myself, that if our prayers to Him who is able to bestow every blessing on the deserving, and which will be prefered on in the sincerity of our hearts, if they are heard and granted\u2014the happiness of Thomas Jefferson will be so great in this life as to be capable of little addition in that which is to come.\n I would ask thee to excuse my freedom of style\u2014but that I believe one, more studied, would be less acceptable\u2014I know that freedom & friendship are synonymous, and where I feel the latter I cannot divest myself of the former.\u2014\nsentiments of the most respectful esteem and high consideration,\u2014I shall ever\nbe thy friend\n Mary B Briggs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0374", "content": "Title: Christopher Hudson to Thomas Jefferson, 8 March 1816\nFrom: Hudson, Christopher\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Mount Air March 8th 1816\n I have received the mulberry lims by your Boy & in turn send the Peach lims & kernals promised you. I also send a few lims of a very valuable Plumb which is well worth cultivating. may you long live & enjoy every comfort of this life is the\n ardent wish of your Friend\n Christopher Hudson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0375", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 8 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\n According to your kind permission I am beginning to be troublesome to you. I have occasion for 8 tons of plaister of Paris, and mr Randolph informs me it is to be had at Rockets\u2019s for 9.D. and he names a mr Mordecai who has a large quantity there. will you be so good as to procure me that quantity & engage the Milton boats to go down to Rocket\u2019s for it, which I am told they will do for a dollar extra. mr Gibson will furnish the money.being afraid to trust to indifferent corks for weak liquors I engaged Capt Miller to procure me some at Norfolk. he writes me he has forwarded to mr Gibsons some very fine, which I presume are arrived there by this time. as every day now presses for bottling cyder & beer, I fear a circumstance which may not occur to them at mr Gibson\u2019s you will oblige me by availing me of the first passage by boat or stage which occurs. if by the stage which would be quickest & therefore most desirable, experience has taught me it cannot be trusted unless some one sees the parcel actually put on board. our family are well and remember you affectionately in which I join them with sincerity.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0377", "content": "Title: Receipt from John F. Watson to Thomas Jefferson, 8 March 1816\nFrom: Watson, John Fanning\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Germantown\n Received March 8. 1816 from Thomas Jefferson Esqre \u214c mail Thirteen dollars being full pay fr the 4th to 8 vols inclusive of the Eding Reviews forwarded to him, and exceeding my debt 50cts\u2014which I am to have allowed to him out of any subsequent Vols which he may receive from me or from E Earle\n John F Watson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0379", "content": "Title: Isaac A. Coles to Thomas Jefferson, 9 March 1816\nFrom: Coles, Isaac A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Enniscorthy Mar: 9th 1816.\n Permit me to return you my best thanks for the Paper Mulberry; which you were kind enough to send me. They have proven more acceptable to my friends than to my self, Mrs Randolph having been good enough to let me have a dozen or fifteen, which my servant brought me during your last visit to Bedford\u2014\n My Brother Mr Walter Coles sends eight Lemon Peaches, which will prove a great treasure if they can be defended against the attacks of the Worms.\n Tomorrow morning I go to Richd to sell my crop of Tobacco, and as soon as I return I hope to have the pleasure of seeing you at Monticello\u2014I fear I am some weeks too late in getting my crop to market\u2014with sincere & devoted attachment, I Am Dr Sir, ever yrs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0380", "content": "Title: John Tayloe Lomax to Thomas Jefferson, 11 March 1816\nFrom: Lomax, John Tayloe\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Menokin, near Richmond Ct House March 11th 1816.\n I have been induced to believe that my fathers family have an interest in some lots in Richmond & Manchester well worth investigation\u2014In the progress of my enquiry I ascertain that from an a/c. which I presume is in Mr Wayles\u2019s hand writing\u2014that in the year 1768\u2014he sold my grandfather\u2014Lunsford Lomax\u20146 Tickets in Birds\u2019 lottery for \u00a330\u2014In the record of a suit in the Chancery Court of Richmond between speaker Robinsons admrs & Birds & Carters heirs an account is filed of the Tickets sold in Bird\u2019s lottery\u2014by whom\u2014to whom\u2014& at what price\u2014It is taken I understand from an old book in Mrs Bird\u2019s possession & kept either by Bird\u2014his agent\u2014or the agent of his Trustees\u2014Under the letter L. there is substantially this Entry\u2014\u201cTo Lunsford Lomax from J. Wayles 6 Tickets nos 3807 to 3812 inclusive \u00a330.\u201d Upon reference to the prise book it is ascertained that 3807 & 3811\u2014drew prises viz two \u00bd acre lots no: 30 in Manchester and no: 465 in Richmond\u2014both of which are represented as very valuable\u2014I have searched in vain for the Tickets\u2014I think it probable from the connection which subsisted between my grandfather & Mr Wayles\u2014that they were permitted to remain with the latter and it is possible that they may yet be found among his papers\u2014or some information relative to them may be derived from that Source\u2014It is suggested to me that you are in possession of Mr Wayles\u2019s papers\u2014I am very much at a loss in what way I shall obtrude upon you a request that you will be So good as to aid me with such information as those papers may impart upon a subject of very great interest to my father\u2019s family\u2014\n I beg sir you will excuse the Liberty I have taken\u2014and accept the assurances of my most respectfull consideration.\n Jno Tayloe Lomax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0381-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Account of Flour Shipped by Thomas M. Randolph & Company, [ca. 12 March 1816]\nFrom: Thomas M. Randolph & Company\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas,Gibson, Patrick\n flour sent by Colo T. M. Randolph & T. E. Randolph to mr Gibson on account of Th:J.\n Colo T. M. Randolph\u2019s\n Colo T. M. Randolph\u2019s\n sent the last year & now to be delivered", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0382", "content": "Title: \u201cA\u201d (Thomas Jefferson) to the Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 13 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n A writer in the National Intelligencer of Feb. 24., who signs himself B, is endeavoring to shelter under the cloak of Genl Washington, the present enterprise of the Senate to wrest from the H. of Representatives the power, given them by the constitution, of participating with the Senate in the establishment & continuance of laws on specified subjects. their aim is, by associating an Indian chief, or foreign government in form of a treaty to possess themselves of the power of repealing laws become obnoxious to them, without the assent of the 3d branch, altho\u2019 that assent was necessary to make it a law. we are then to depend for the secure possession of our laws, not on our immediate representatives chosen by ourselves, and amenable to ourselves every other year, but on Senators chosen by the legislatures, amenable to them only, & that but at intervals of 6. years, which is nearly the common estimate of a term for life. but no act of that sainted worthy, no thought of Genl Washington ever countenanced a change of our constitution so vital as would be the rendering insignificant the popular, and giving to the aristocratical, branch of our government the power of depriving us of our laws.\n The case for which Genl W. is quoted is that of his treaty with the Creeks, wherein was a stipulation that their supplies of goods should continue to be imported duty-free. the writer of this article was then a member of the legislature, as he was of that which afterwards discussed the British treaty, and recollects the facts of the day, and the ideas which were afloat. the goods for the supplies of the Creeks were always imported into the Spanish ports of St Augustine, Pensacola, Mobile, New Orleans Etc (the US. not owning then one foot of coast on the gulf of Mexico, or South of St Mary\u2019s) and from these ports they were carried directly into the Creek country, without ever entering the jurisdiction of the US. in that country their laws pretended to no more force than in Florida or Canada. no officer of their customs could go to levy duties in the Spanish or Creek countries, out of which these goods never came. Gl Washington\u2019s stipulation in that treaty therefore was nothing more than that our laws should not levy duties where we have no right to levy them, that is, in foreign ports, or foreign countries. these transactions took place while the Creek deputation was in New York in the month of July 1790. and in March preceding a law we had passed a law delineating specifically the line between their country and ours. the only subject of curiosity is how so nugatory a stipulation should have been placed in a treaty? it was from the fears of McGillivray, who was the head of the deputation, who possessed from the Creeks themselves the exclusive right to supply them with goods, and to whom this monopoly was the principal source of income.\n The same writer quotes from a note in Marshal\u2019s history an opinion of mr Jefferson, given to Gl Washington on the same occasion of the Creek treaty. two or three little lines only of that opinion are given us, which do indeed express the doctrine in broad and general terms. yet we know how often a few words withdrawn from their place may seem to bear a general meaning, when their context would shew that their meaning must have been limited to the subject with respect to which they were used. if we could see the whole opinion, it might probably appear that it\u2019s foundation was the peculiar circumstances of the Creek nation. we may say too, on this opinion, as on that of a judge whose positions beyond the limits of the case before him are considered as obiter sayings, never to be relied on as authority.\n In July 90. moreover the government was but just getting under way. the duty law was not passed until the succeeding month of August. this question of the effect of a treaty was then of the first impression; and none of us, I suppose, will pretend that on our first reading of the constitution, we saw at once all it\u2019s intentions, all the bearings of every word of it, as fully & as correctly as we have since understood them, after they have become subjects of public investigation and discussion: and I well remember the fact that, altho\u2019 mr Jefferson had retired from office before mr Jay\u2019s mission, and the question on the British treaty yet during it\u2019s discussion we were well assured of his entire concurrence in opinion with mr Madison & others who maintained the rights of the H. of R. so that, if on a prim\u00e2 facie view of the question, his opinion had been too general, on stricter investigation, and more mature consideration, his ultimate opinion was with those who thought that the subjects which were confided to the H. of R. in conjunction with the President & Senate, were exceptions to the general treaty power given to the President and Senate alone; (according to the general rule that an instrument is to be so construed as to reconcile and give meaning & effect to all it\u2019s parts:) that whenever a treaty stipulation interferes with a law of the 3. branches, the consent of the 3d branch is necessary to give it effect; and that there is to this but the single exception of the question of war and peace. there the constitution expressly requires the concurrence of the three branches to commit us to the state of war, but permits two of them, the President & Senate, to change it to that of peace, for reasons as obvious as they are wise. I think then I may affirm, in contradiction to B. that the present attempt of the Senate is not sanctioned by the opinion either of Gl Washington or mr Jefferson.\n I meant to confine myself to the case of the Creek treaty and not to go into the general reasoning: for after the logical and demonstrative arguments of mr Wilde of Georgia, & others on the floor of Congress, if any man remains unconvinced I pretend not to the powers of convincing him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0385", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Barnes, 14 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnes, John\n Having occasion to make a remittance to my grandaughter Ellen W. Randolph now at the President\u2019s I take the liberty of putting it under cover to you, because I think it will go safer in that way. I therefore inclose a bill of 100.D. of the bank of Virginia which I understand will be worth more than par in the bills of the District. be so good as to pay it out to the order of my grandaughter, and I will go further, and, on the footing of antient friendship will pray you to answer her calls to any extent she may have occasion to make them, on the assurance that the replacement shall be made by the return of the mail which brings me notice of them. her discretion is so perfect that no confidence in it can be too great.\u2014I am always anxious to hear of your health wishing with great sincerity for as many years of it as you wish yourself.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0386", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge), 14 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coolidge, Ellen Wayles Randolph\n I have been, my dear Ellen, without subject for a letter to you until one has been furnished by my the sale of my tobacco. in this you also will feel somewhat of interest, inasmuch as it enables me to replenish your moyens de jouissance, by remitting to mr Barnes 100.D. for you. I do this by the present mail, and have chosen his cover because I thought it would go safer in that way; and because also it has given me an opportunity of requesting that he would furnish your wants beyond that to any extent you may call for, with an assurance of immediate replacement. you have only therefore to draw on him for the present & any further sums, as you may want them; and I assure you, my dear Ellen, you cannot give me so great a proof of your affection and confidence as by a free use of the opportunity now furnished me of doing what may be acceptable to you.Your Mama & the girls, I expect, anticipate me in all the small news of the neighborhood; perhaps even in what we have heard but this morning, the death of an aunt, & birth of a neice. we had scarcely wished Jefferson joy of his daughter when we recieved the news of the death of mrs Judy Randolph. have they told you that our neighbor mr Sthreshly has sold out to Capt Meriwether thus giving us a double subject of regret?I thought you were to have given me occasionel if not regular reports of Congressional incidents & tracasseries, not omitting entirely the babble of the coteries of the place. do not write me studied letters but ramble as you please. if whatever books you want, desire Millegan to furnish them and to put them into my account. by the bye do you know any thing of him? by the impossibility of my getting answers from him I begin to suspect something is the matter.When are you coming home? I shall be in Bedford all April. the void you have left at our fire side is sensibly felt by us all, and by none more than Your\u2019s with most affectionate love\n Th: Jefferson\n P.S. my friendly respects to the President, and homage to mrs Madison & mrs Cutts", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0387", "content": "Title: William F. Gray to Thomas Jefferson, 14 March 1816\nFrom: Gray, William F.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Respected Sir,\n Fredericksburg March 14th 1816\n I this day forward to you, by the Mail Cart, a small bundle of Books, sent to my care by Mr Milligan of George Town.\n Wishing them safe to hand", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0388", "content": "Title: William Annesley to Thomas Jefferson, [received 15 March 1816]\nFrom: Annesley, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n At the suggestion of Mr H. G. Spafford I enclose the drawings of a new System in boat and Ship building. It is 6 years since I conceiv\u2019d the plan. I have built 2 Vessels on it, one has been running this 3 years from which these few facts are stated. I purpose going to Washington to lay it before the commissioners of the Navy. On the Arguments reasoning & Facts which Sir I take the Liberty to present to you i I respectfully solicit Your Judgment.\n The drawing has been executed as this Vessel was built that is bottom upwards. Vessels of a larger Size I build as usual. \n The advantages in this System are in Expence. Room. Duration. Strength. Sailing. Tightness. Buoyancy and safety, \n ExpenceIn viewing the drawing it is percev\u2019d my first tier of planking is in place of Ceiling, my cross planking in place of Timbers, It may be admitted my Mould can be got out & my Vessel cross plank\u2019d ere the Timbers of such a Vessel could be got out & set up, My Mould is also gained and will do for others the same size. In the Iron for bolts & \u2018there is a great saving\u2019 It is computed on the Hull is saved 20 Pr Cent at least, Room is gained by the difference of space required for Timbers a fifteenth or 7 Pr Cent. Duration. my Plank being immers\u2019d in water and Steam\u2019d alters or extracts the pernicious Sap and being secured with Tarred paper prevents its being alternate wet & dry. It is well known Ship Timber best assorted will have a partial decay and the whole is frequently condemn\u2019d for a part. in In this it will be uniform. Strength in this method is gained from the comparitive weight of the materials and considering seasoned plank to be used will not probably be more than half the weight employ\u2019d with Timbers from the Texture of this Vessel She is Strong but principally from her form, being a complete Arch, Her decks on the same principle a self supporting Arch that does not bear on the abutments but is relieved by caulking. I cannot readily conceive the Violence that would destroy a well built vessel on this principle or what would first give way as the entire capacity of resistance in Her whole frame is brought in opposition to every partial shock. Her Keel would sustain great violence ere it would seperate and even its loss would not essentially hurt the Vessel. Sailing. It is plain the vessel that removes least water and that nighest the Surface with the easiest entrance and freest delivery with the same Quantity of sail will go the fastest thr\u2019o the water and that She holds the best wind that shews most Opposition to leeward, On this supposition I have formed my Model which may be proved by this Experiment \n Take it and one after the most approved Pilot boat let a cord be attached to Stem and Stern of each and seined at equal distances to a cord passing over a pully having the same weight suspended and place them in a trough of water it may be proved which takes the longest time to move the same Distance and consequntly the most tedieus holds the best wind. It is Allowed that vessels built expressly for sailing are generally wet and not lively having such a depth immers\u2019d and such a Quantity of Ballast to carry are apt to bury and sail heavy before the wind with a Strong breeze. It is evident this model is a good sea boat and well calculated to sail before the wind. All Vessels in this System will steer easily. Buoyancy. I have not Sufficient data to make an exact calculation between the weight of Timbers and seasoned plank secured by tarred paper from being ever water soaked \u2026 Tightness Vessels on this construction may be made water proof so as to exclude damp and will keep so. It is well known that all Vessels on the ordinary plan will Strain and make water in a severe gale of wind. from this Vessels form & texture a Strain must equally bear on all parts and would remove every Trundle bolt or rivet in her which I cannot believe probable I might say possible. It may be readily suggested the advantage of this system to particular description of Vessels\u2014for Life boats the inner Tier might be made alternate corkwod corkwood and may be formed to live in any surf nor be liable to be stove against a wreck\u2014\n They would be particularly serviceable in descending Rapids, for Ferrys and navigating Rivers or Barharbors as Vessels of 80 Tons might be built to hold a good wind and not draw more than 5 or 5\u00bd ftt water\n Safety and Healthiness of the crew in not being subject to the putryfying damps & effluvia of rotting wood & bilge water. The safety of Life & goods as foundering at Sea would be a rare misfortune and in few Places could such a Vessel be wreck\u2019d without opportunity of escape to the Crew ere she would beat to pieces. Vessels of War in this system will not suffer from firing heavy ordinance and working their guns. they may in fact be riddled but not sunk as the Shot holes could be plugg\u2019d from the inside without the imminent danger incurred in the present way\u2014Nor will splinters fly which has been found so destructive to Life. Vessels on discovery or long and hazardous Voyages might take boards & plank sufficient to build a Boat to carry their Crew without a forge and each person be able to assist, the construction being so simple\u2014\n I would not solicit the Nation to build a Vessel if my circumstances permitted me it would only be the result of the following experiments I would lay before the Commissioners\u2014To build a Vessel of 60 or 100 Tons. ere she was launch\u2019d to strain a line from Stem to Taffrail with an upright mark\u2019d and plac\u2019d in the Centre then to permit her entire weight to bear on the Centre block to shew what variation\u2014(if any) on the upright measure\u2014That an accurate Account of the expence be kept that a Just estimate may be made. That the vessel be sailed in extremity of Weather by able Seamen and reported of that Weight be placed on her Decks to prove the Strength of them. that heavy ordinance be fired to prove the Shock would not injure. that She be loaded with heavy Articles to prove her superior Tonnage and in this condition to be grounded to Shew She will not Strain\u2014That Targets be built to shew that Splinters will not fly and prove its greater resistance to solid wood\u2014. I profess to be practically acquainted with every part of the work and will engage to build a Vessel that will on Tryal support the Character fully that is here laid down\u2014\n Some Facts. The Nonsuch is a small sloop of Ten Tons built on this plan Her inside Tier is inch white pine boards Her cross planking \u215d\u2019s inch white wood the last course White Pine of \u215e\u2019s thick. She was built by a House Carpenter when I was necessarily engag\u2019d about my other business and could not pay that attention necessary to have her well done Under all those desadvantages and being the 1st experiment The following is took from Her performance. The Nonsuch lay aground for 2 Tides deeply laden with Clams on Rockaway bar with a heavy sea and inblowing wind with out Injury or straining; The owners of other Vessels observing at the same time were they in the same situation they would have went to pieces. At Tarlers point She got on some rocks and beat off her hanging Keel without any further Injury. About the 4th Decr last coming up within 2 miles of Albany got fast in the Ice a large sloop of 70 Tons or upwards heavy laden came right on to windward on her waist crushing her, Her thro the Ice several rod when 1\u00bd In thick That Willis Post and Partner who then sail\u2019d Her thought she must inevetibly sink and beleive it would have crushed any other boat of Her size. The model of the Nonsuch is inferiour to the model I intend to present to the Commissioners after which I built a smaller called the Nautilus last summer from which I state nothing but superior sailing. After the Nonsuch lost her hanging Keel to the surprize of every one She held as good a Wind as the most of the sloops in the River owing to having a clear and perpendicular run, When down in the Water and blowing fresh on a Wind few sloops that sail the Hudson will go to Windward of Her and none of her size will Keep up for a sea boat & making good Weather She is not surpass\u2019d perhaps not equall\u2019d The above Account is subscrib\u2019d to and if necessary would be attested by all Who has saild Her and from Whom the facts is taken and, tis their belief that every advantage here imputed to the System is Just. Sir if you will please to give this subject your consideration and favor me with an Answer address\u2019d to Wm Annesley of Albany to be left at Washington Post Office I hope the its future Importance will Justify me in giving You this TroubleI am Sir H with the greatest\n Respect & Esteem for Your Character Yr Obedt Servt\n Wm Annesley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0389", "content": "Title: George Ticknor to Thomas Jefferson, 15 March 1816\nFrom: Ticknor, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have already in my letters from London, and in the letters I have written you from here Oct. 14. Oct. 30. and Novem. 25. told you of so many changes in my plans, that, if I were not sure that you will appreciate my reasons, I should be almost ashamed to write you now to tell you of another. The truth, however is, that I find G\u00f6ttingen so entirely suited to my purposes\u2014the opportunities and means and inducements to pursue those studies to which I mean to devote my life are so admirable here,\u2014that I have determined to protract my stay in Europe in order to enjoy them one year longer. To this resolution I came on the 27. Jan. in consequence of letters received the day before from home, and as I, of course at the same time determined to defer my visit to France a year longer, I immediately made arrangements for the purchase of your Books in Paris. I could have easily effected this by a literary friend of mine there, but as I knew Mr. Warden\u2019s personal respect for you and as you had told me that he is \u201can excellent bibliograph,\u201d I wrote to him on the same 27th of Jany desiring him to procure them. A few days since I received his answer of Feb. 12. in which he very willingly promised to undertake it. To day, I have received your favour of Jan. 14. and have instantly written to him and given him your supplement to your catalogue. I hope these arrangements will meet your approbation, and I think they will, as they are the best I could make, though I should much have preferred to purchase them myself, because it is the only opportunity I may ever have of returning you the many obligations you have conferred on me. This I could have done to great advantage in Holland, where the general poverty and increasing the failing spirit of literature has made the classicks disgracefully cheap; but, then your list was not received or even made out. In Germany, I have thought it best to do nothing, for the strong spirit of recovered independence, tho\u2019 not freedom, and the perpetual literary labour of the learned make those old editions of the classicks which you desire very rare, and from 120 to 150 per cent. higher than in Holland and probably 50 or 60 higher than in Paris.\u2014If, however, you should like to have any of the recent editions, which have given a new and more philosophical and acute character to the study of antiquity, Germany and G\u00f6ttingen will best afford them, or if a year hence you should need anything from France or Italy, I shall eagerly seize the opportunity to procure it, and can safely forward it to you, as I am continually sending books to America.\u2014\n The letters, however, which your kindness gave me have embarassed me much more than the commission for the books. I have already told you that immediately on my arrival here, I sent the one for the Baron de Moll directly to him by one of the professors and since then, I have returned you the one for Mons. de Nemours, as he is already in the U.S. I could easily send the others to France, but La Fayette and Kosciuzko are no longer there and I can neither procure Mons. Say\u2019s addresse or even ascertain in what quarter of the world he is. They, therefore, still remain with me waiting for favourable circumstances.\n The longer I have continued here, the better I have been satisfied with my situation, and the more reasons and inducements I have found to protract my residence. The state of society is, indeed, poor; but the means and opportunities for pursuing the study of the languages particularly the ancient, are, I am persuaded, entirely unrivalled. As I have already written you in my long letter on German literature, I was told even in England and by Dr Parr, England\u2019s best and perhaps, vainest classical scholar, that Germany was farther advanced in the study of antiquity than any other nation. This I find to be true. The men of letters here bring a philosophical spirit to the labour of exposition which is wanting in the same class in all other countries. The consequence is that the study of the classicks has taken a new and more free turn within the last forty years and Germany now leaves England at least twenty years behind in the course where before it always stood first. This has been chiefly effected by the constitution of their Universities, where the professors are kept perpetually in a grinding state of excitement and emulation, and by the constitution of their literary society generally, which admits no man to its honours, who has not written a good book. The consequence, to be sure, is, that ye professors are more envious and jealous of each other than can be well imagined by one who has not been actually within the atmosphere of their spleen, and that more bad and indifferent books are printed than in any country in the world, but then the converse of both is true; and they have more learned professors and authors at this moment, than England & France put together.\n I would gladly hope, that the favour of your correspondence may be continued to me from time to time even after the commission for your books has been executed. If you feel any interest in the state of literature in Germany, which has sprung forth in the last thirty years as unbidden and as perfect as the miraculous harvest of Jason, I can be able to give you occasionally-pleasant information\u2014and when I reach France, I shall be able to write to you from the midst of your old friends and from a place associated in your imagination with very many interesting though, perhaps, not always pleasant recollections.\u2014If these slight inducements are sufficient with your own kindness to procure me the favour of an occasional letter, I shall feel myself under new obligations to you.\u2014I shall, also, feel it as a great favour, if you will give me your opinion on the prospects of learning in the U. S. and the best means of promoting it\u2014a subject which now occupies much of my attention.\u2014\n I pray you to remember me very respectfully and gratefully to your family.\u2014\n Your obliged & obedt sert\n Letters to me, I believe, will continue to come more safely and quickly through the hands of my father.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0390", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, 15 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yancey, Joel\n Your\u2019s of the 4th was recieved the day before yesterday consequently the very day the Collector of the US. taxes was to call on you. as the law allows 20. days from that date for payment, this will reach you in time. you did not say what is the amount of the tax; but my grandson Th: J. Randolph has happened to be at Lynchburg where he was told by mr Robertson it was about 170.D. I therefore inclose you an order on Richmond for that sum, which I presume will suit the Collector as he deposits his money in one of the banks there. I was to have paid mr Robertson two sums of \u00a320\u201316\u20131 and 78. D 35 c the 1st inst. but must beg indulgence till the sale of the tobo gone down. you seem to doubt if advisable to send the stemmed hhd of tobo to Richmond, but I believe it to be a certainty that the difference of market is always more than the cost of carriage. I approve of the exchange of flour for breadstuff as you propose. we shall lose by the Lynchbg price of flour, but the difference is not worth the operations of selling, buying, carrying & delay. I shall be with you the 1st or 2d week of April. with respect to my horses they will require a provision of about 40. bushels of oats, which I imagine can be bought. Lovilo reminded us by the last messenger, that he had not recieved his last year\u2019s clothes. be so good as to furnish them from homespun if ready, if not, from the store. I send by the cart a boar & sow pig, Guinea, for the plantation, being the breed I wish to get into there as soon as possible. they take little more than half the corn to fatten them & breed much faster than the common hog. he carries some articles for my use there. the box should be put into one of the rooms of the house, the barrels into the cellar, as they require to be in a cool place, also some plants which I pray you to have set out immediately in the Nursery behind the old stable, in a rich part.\n I salute you with great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson\n I promised mr Clarke a clover box which is now goes by the bearer, be so good as to send it to him.\n The branches of plants without roots are to be cut into lengths of 5. or 6. buds each and stuck in the ground 2 or 3 buds deep to take root.\n if the Eastern fence of the garden is run, the strawberries had better be set out in the middle of it that they may spread themselves. they are the famous Hudson strawberry which I got from Philadelphia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0391", "content": "Title: James Barbour to Thomas Jefferson, 16 March 1816\nFrom: Barbour, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Presuming that you take no slight interest in the ensuing Presidential election, and that it would be agreeable to you to learn, on whom that distinguished appointment is likely to devolve, I have seized the earliest moment to communicate to you the result of a meeting of the Republicans, this moment adjourned\u2014The ballot was as follows Monroe\u201465. Crawford\u201454\u2014For V. P\u2014Tompkins 85\u2014Snyder 30\u2014The utmost harmony and concord prevailed in our deliberations and the minority declared their cheerful acquiescence in the decision and that they would give it their undivided Support.\n most respectfully yours &c\n Jas Barbour", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0393", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Account with James Leitch, 16 March 1816\nFrom: Leitch, James,Stewart, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Thomas Jefferson\n Bot of James Leitch\n yd Mixed Cloth\n Double Stick twist\n Doz Best plated Buttons\n yd Bro Holland\n \u3003 Bennetts Cord\n Vest pattern Toilenett\n yd Shirting Cambrick\n Skanes fine thread\n Charlottesville\n James Leitch\n Charles Stewart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0394", "content": "Title: John Wood to Thomas Jefferson, 16 March 1816\nFrom: Wood, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Petersburg 16 March 1816\n I take the liberty of soliciting your interest with the Executive in my favour, for the purpose of being appointed to survey the exterior boundaries of the Commonwealth according to the 7th section of the act passed by the last Legislature, which orders the Executive to employ a Surveyor or Surveyors upon this business to ensure greater accuracy in the contemplated Map of Virginia. The many years practice which I have had not only in Surveying; but in the drawing of Perspective plans and Landscapes; combined with the time I have devoted to mathematical pursuits; I hope will be an apology for coming forward on the present occasion.\n I have suffered so much in my health, the last three years by a residence in this town; that I am extremely anxious to procure a situation, which may be suitable to my qualifications and beneficial to my constitution. I have always felt the greatest reluctance to make any application for public offices; and I should not have been a candidate for the present surveyorship; if I did not flatter myself, that my services will be equal to the compensation I shall receive. Requesting you will excuse the freedom I have taken in addressing you on this subject.\n I have the honour to be Sir with great respect your obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0395", "content": "Title: Frank Carr to Thomas Jefferson, [received 18 March 1816]\nFrom: Carr, Frank\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I was called on this Evening to set a broken leg of your man Moses. He is at Farley\u2019s. It would be painful, & would derange what has been done, to move him. He will be taken care of & attended to where he is\u2014The accident happened in a trial of strength in a wrestle with one of his fellows:\n I am respectfully yr S &c\n Frank Carr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0396", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 18 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n Your favors of Feb. 14. and Mar. 13. were duly recieved. the last came to hand so as to allow time merely to reinclose my renewed note by return of the mail.\n The inexactitude of my mill-tenants has sometimes led me into erroneous information to you as to flour sent down on my account. I have lately obtained from mr T. E. Randolph a statement of all sent from Oct. 12 17. 1814. to Feb. 21. 1816. of which I send you a copy, and pray you to have it compared with your books; that, if any part of it has not been delivered to you, I may have it rectified. their statement amounts to 403. Barrels for 1814. 15. and 214. for 1815. 16. besides these there were 67. barrels for the former period, which had been sent to their agent but not delivered by him to you for want of their instructions. I am promised that these shall be instantly delivered so as to make the whole 684. Barrels for the two periods. this has no connection with any from Bedford. I have always considered March & April as the best months for selling flour altho\u2019 it is likely to turn out otherwise this year. I will therefore pray you to sell whatever you have of mine on hand, as soon as you think it best, and for whatever price may be going at the time, without awaiting further advice. Mr Yancey wrote me that 3. hhds of tobo more would immediately follow the 7. already sent, but that one of them was light, stemmed, & of indifferent quality. I shall be glad to hear that the whole is sold, because in addition to the draught which in mine of the 8th I mentioned I should be obliged to make the last of this month, the US. Collectors are calling for their taxes which are very heavy. I have consequently given to Joel Yancey an order on you for 170.D. for the Collector of Bedford, to which I shall have to add those for this county. I must also ask the favor of you to remit 65.D. for me to Genl William Duane. I shall go to Bedford in a fortnight or 3. weeks, before which I hope to hear what my tobo turns out.Your\u2019s with friendship & esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0397", "content": "Title: Patrick Gibson to Thomas Jefferson, 18 March 1816\nFrom: Gibson, Patrick,Ligon, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I received this morning your favor inclosing a note for $2000. I have had your seven hhds Tobacco inspected, and am sorry to inform you, they turn out wretchedly three were refused and four passed, but not without hesitation\u2014I set them up to the highest bidder\u2014the refused brought $15. 1 passed $16 and 3\u2014$1655/. as pr Statement at foot\u2014This article is on the decline\u2014\n As to flour I know not where it will stop, it is offering at $7 on 4 mos credit\n With great respect Your obt Servt\n Patrick Gibson\n Sales of Seven Hhds tobo made on a/c of Thomas Jefferson Esqr\n to Jno M Warwick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0398-0001", "content": "Title: Stephen Cathalan to Thomas Jefferson, 19 March 1816\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My Dear & most Respected Sir!\n Marseilles the 19th March 1816\n I have the honor of Confirming you my last Respects of the 15th Ulto by the Brig Pilot of Philada Alexer Dixon Master, beared of one Case Conting 50 Bottles White hermitage wine & one Box Maccaroni to be Consigned to the Collector of the District of that City, and as pr Invoice amounting to F 248.02\u2014and pr Bill of Loading;\u2014herein Inclosed, I Remit you the Invoice of 4 Boxes or Cases Containing each 50 Btls old Red Wine of Bellet (Nice) which I have at Last Received from the Successors of Sasserno of nice, amounting to F 346\u2014which as pr Bill of Loading, Inclosed in my Letter to the Collector of the district of Alexandria, virginia, by the Brig Agenoria of Warren, Cyril Martin Master, bearer of this, I have Shipped on the Said Brig, Bound for alexa to be Consigned to the Said Collector, to be forwarded by him to you.\n I have recommended to Said Collector to Return me the Aquit a Caution of this Customhouse duly Discharged by the Consul of France in that district, as in order to Save the heavy duties of Import of this now a foreign wine for France, I entered it in to Real enterpot of the Customs, & for Re\u00e9xportation a Broad, & this instrument is my Bond to prove it has been Landed in to forreign Country, & I would Incur the Penalties & fine, therein mentioned, Should I not be enabled to Return it to this custom house Regularly Discharged; for tho\u2019 Marseilles appears to be enjoying of a Fr\u00e9e Port & it\u2019s territory, it is only Called So, the only advantage, is, that the Foreign (& of Course the American) vessels are, Since it\u2019s Re\u00e9storation Exempted of Paying in this Port the Tonage Duty, while they Continue to Pay it, as before, in all the Ports of France F 4. 12 Cmes /\u2014pr Ton; The Permits from the Customhouse to Land & to Ship Goods, Provisions &ca which Costed \u0192 1\u201310:/\u2013 Each are now delivered Gratis; The whole together which amounted high enough, is a good Economy, for forcing vessels & their inward & outwards Cargoes;\u2014I Reffer you to the Inclosed Pamphlet Just Published; on the question of the Fr\u00e9e Port & Territory of Marseilles;\n I hoped I could have Sent you by this Same opportunity the wine of Roussillon, but Since my Last, I have not heard from Mr Fois Durand of Perpignan about it; I hope however it will Soon Reach me; I beg your Refference to the letter herein Inclosed Copy of the Letter that Mr Spreafico has wrote me, in Sending me the Invoice of the wine, about the U.s. Consulate at nice, in favor of the Son of Sasserno; he adds that he hopes that you will be Satisfied of the quality of the wine of Nice, which, at my Request, he has charged at the Same Price of the Parcel I Sent you in october 1807 =Tho\u2019 on account of the Great demand for England & a Broad, & the Late Bad Crops it has much Risen, in Price=\u2014\n as Soon as I was Informed that our mutual Friend James Monroe Esqr had been appointed Secretary of State; I wrote him on the 21st October 1811 a Letter of Congratulation &ca &ca & Since Several others on the Pending affairs of this U.s. Consulate all thro\u2019 our Ministers or charg\u00e9 d\u2019affaires at Paris, with Copies Thro\u2019 the American Consul at Bordeaux, but owing, no Doubt, to Wars & more Important affairs, I have not been honored, hitherto, with a Line from him, as it had been the Case with his Predecessor Rert R. Smith;\u2014\n however, as he directed in the year 1814, our Minister Pleny at Paris to Pay me the old Balance of my advances towards the Governt of the U.s. out of which he had Rejected the Interests, with Several other Items of Little Consequence but however due to me, & Lawfully charged in my Statments, which had been Reimbursed to me in all my anterior ones by his Predecessors;\n This Prompted me to write him Fully on the 25th Sepber 1814, Informing him that I was at Same time adressing Separately my Just claims to the President, on that & other Subjects, the whole under Cover of his Excy Wam H. Crawford our Minister Pleny at Paris, & Copies Thro\u2019 Bordeaux; which were dispatched after the Peace of Ghantz with their own Dispatchs;\u2014herewith is the Copy of my Said adress to the President, in which you will observe that I made use in my Behalf of Some Expressions, of your own, in Your Letter to me of the 29th June 1807\u2014; hopping that you will excuse my Such Liberty;\u2014\n Tho\u2019 I have not yet Received, as yet, any advice that those objects Rejected being have been Redressed, I hope however, that the New Minister Pleny of the U. States, Soon Expected at Paris, will be Soon Instructed by the Executive to pay them to me, as well as my further advances, tho\u2019 Small, with the Interests, as Since h. E. W. H. Crawford Left Paris, Mr hry Jackson, he Left as charg\u00e9 d\u2019affairs of the U.s. at Paris, Informed me that =he was not Instructed to Pay any Consular Expences, Excepted Except the annual Salary of D 2000\u2014to the Consul of the united states at Paris,= which as I wrote him, in answer, I Think Rather high, Since he has not any more American Prises to deffend before the Council of Prises at Paris, he not being Consul Gnl to whom the other Consuls in France are to Resort, or to Render accounts, while the U. states\u2019s Legation in Paris appears, now, to me, to Sufficient, & he having, as we have, his Casual Fe\u00e9s, on his Consular fee Seal & Signatures besides;\n The Fact is, my Dear sir, as it is Stated in my Letters & vouchers to the Secrry of State, James Monroe, that I have not only used of the Greatest Economy in my Supplies towards the Distressed Seamen during the orders in Council & Decr\u00e9es of Berlin & Milan in force, but that, I was Even Reimbursed for Part of my Said advances towards Some of Said Seamen, by the Governt of Bonaparte & his Privateers, which Sums I have Passed on the Credit of the Govnt of the U. States, on the Days I was Paid, I bonifying the Interests on So much Recovered;\u2014but is it Just they Should not allow me the Interest\u2019s Balance, Resulting from Six years upwards on my own advances? & this in a Period that the Casual Fees of my Consulate could not amount all together to one hundred Dollars pr annum, & While I was however, much Busied on account of these Distressed Seamen, Employing a Secretary at Thr\u00e9e hundred Dollars pr annum Salary, the whole time, writing with me, Claiming, running about, to attend to Said Seamen & to the affairs Pending in this Consulate, Even Borowing money to go on, I having Lost great deal in these Circumstances, instead of waining, while my landed Properties in great Part unrented, did not Render Enough to pay the Taxes Imposed upon, or to keep them in Repairs,! I Could then, I Think State with Propriety, in my adress, that I am Poorer than before,! as I could not nor cannot, now, with Decency Lessen too much my Expences nor hospitality, towards the Americans, for their Credit, as Capn Greene of the Scher Grace Ann, Greene of New York, Capn John Holman of the Brig Star of Salem (whose names & vessels have been mentioned in the notes of James Monroe to the British Minister at washington), have experienced in the year 1810 & 11 & Can be witnesses as Some others & Lately Mr C. D. Coxe late Consul at Tunis, while in this Place & in my Consular house.\n Should then it be the case against my Expectation, that when this will Reach, Redress Should not have been Granted to me, I beg Leave to Rely on your kind assistance, Interference & Protection, near the President & the Secry of State, to cause them to be Settled in a fair Just & Generous Way.\u2014as you are So kind as to take Interest on me & my Family, I must Inform you that in october 1808 my Daughter & Son in Law found Proper to Part from my house, my mother & me in taking an other for themselves, we were happier & more Peaceably! but unfortunately on the 21st January 1810\u2014I Lost my mother at 88 years age, and as I could not Remain alone in my house, I followed her previous advice, in Contracting a Second marriage, to which they opposed So far as to abuse of the authority of the Duke of otrante Fouch\u00e9 minister of the Police Generale at Paris against my then future wife; I Started for Paris & Soon took away all the opposition, & married;\u2014everything was forgiven from our Part, & at the Sollicitation of my wife I visited Several times my Daughter but She has always Refused obstinately to See her & to Come to my house; of Course we Are rather Cold together;\u2014her husband Dead of a Pulmony the 23d Dber Last, leaving a Daughter & a Boy with an handsome fortune for this city. I have not any children from my Second Wife 40 years age, but we Live happy and as Comfortably as Possible.\u2014you will thus observe that my Family is but Short & that you are happier & better Rewarded by yours Larger in number than mine & more Gratefull!\n Wishing you a Continuation of Good health & enjoyment.\n I have the honor to be with Great Respect my Dear Siryour most obedt and affectionate Servant\n Stephen Cathalan,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0398-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Amant Spreafico to Stephen Cathalan, 23 February 1816\nFrom: Spreafico, Amant\nTo: Cathalan, Stephen\n Monsieur le Consul, par votre honnor\u00eae lettre du 13e je vois que vous avez eu l\u2019extr\u00eame bont\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9crire \u00e0 Mr jefferson, encien president des Etats Unis, pour l\u2019engager \u00e0 vouloir bien m\u2019accorder Sa protection afin d\u2019obtenir le consulat de Nice; je Serais certainement tr\u00eas flatt\u00e9, d\u00eatre honnor\u00e9 de cet emploi, que je cederai tr\u00eas volontier au fils de feu mon ami Victor Sasserno; ce jeune homme qui est actuelement \u00e0 Paris, ainsi que j\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous le dire, par ma precedente, Suivant ce que m\u2019a \u00e9crit Son oncle, viendra Se fixer \u00e0 Nice vers la fin de cette ann\u00e9e; dapr\u00eas ce je vous prierais, Monsieur le consul, de vouloir bien Solliciter cette honnorable place pour ce jeune homme, qui je peux vous l\u2019assurer, Sera digne de la remplir: d\u2019ailleurs il Sait la langue anglaise, ce qui est on ne peut plus essentiel.\n J\u2019ose esperer de votre complaisance, Monsieur le Consul, que vous voudrez bien vous interesser en faveur de ce jeune homme en \u00e9crivant a Mr jefferson et en le recommandant d\u2019une maniere particuli\u00e9re;\n J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec la consideration la plus distingu\u00e9e, Mr Monsieur Le Consul\n Votre tr\u00eas humble et tr\u00eas obeissant Serviteur\n (Sign\u00e9) Amant Spreafico\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Mister Consul, I see by your honorable letter of the 13th that you had the utmost kindness of writing to Mr. Jefferson, former president of the United States, to encourage him to help me obtain the consulship at Nice. I certainly would be very flattered to be honored with this position, which I shall very willingly cede to the son of my late friend Victor Sasserno. This young man is currently in Paris, as I had the honor of telling you in my preceding letter, and, according to what his uncle wrote me, will be coming to settle in Nice toward the end of this year. Based on this, Mister Consul, please solicit this honorable position for this young man, whom, I can assure you, will be worthy of it. Besides, he knows the English language, which could not be more essential.\n I dare hope, Mister Consul, that you will kindly be willing to intercede in favor of this young man by writing to Mr. Jefferson and recommending him personally;\n I have the honor to be, with the most considerate regards, Mister Consul\n Your very humble and very obedient servant\n (Signed) Amant Spreafico", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0400-0001", "content": "Title: LeRoy, Bayard & McEvers to Thomas Jefferson, 19 March 1816\nFrom: LeRoy, Bayard & McEvers\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Our friends Mess. N. & J. & R Van Staphorst of Amsterdam have requested us to wait upon you with the enclosed account and to receive from you the amount thereof $6249:60 together with interest from the first day of the present year untill discharge.\n May we therefore make free to ask in what manner it will be agreeable to you to Settle this matter So that we may meet your wishes as far as lays in our Power.The three Bonds alluded to are in our possession and will in course be at your order\u2014\n We have the honor to Subscribe with the utmost respect\n Sir Your very obedt & hble Servants\n LeRoy Bayard & McEvers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0401", "content": "Title: Bernard Peyton to Thomas Jefferson, 19 March 1816\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Your favor of the 8th: Inst. came safe to hand and its contents noted\u2014I lost no time after its rect in waiting on Mr Mordecai of whom you speak and found he had no Plaister of Parris on hand, those gentleman who have it aprehend a rise in the Article and hold theirs now at a much higher price than you seem to expect\u2014it was not offerd to me either at Rockets or in Town at less than 12 and some as high as fourteen dollars, except the parcel I purchased which belongd to a House that has lately fail\u2019d here and was compell\u2019d to dispose of it\u2014this I got at $11.50 immediately on the Basin; with respect to the quality I can say nothing as I am entirely unacquainted with the Article it has the appearance tho\u2019 of Plaister generally\u2014least it should not be of the description you wish I have reserved the right of taking any portion of the 8 Tons I may please,\n I have exerted myself for the last eight days to procure a conveyance for at least a part of it, and have found it impracticable to forward more than one Ton as yet altho\u2019 there has been several Boats from Milton, their reluctance is so great to handle this article that they will not take it if they can possibly get any other Load\u2014I succeeded yesterday in dispatching one Ton by a Mr Beck after much persuasion, beside paying him $4 in advance on a/c of the Freight which alone would induce him\u2014\n You may rest assured Sir this Plaister has been procured at the very lowest possible price, to be convinced of this I examin\u2019d every Vessel at Rockets and found there was none on Board and very litle on the Wharfs, at & that held at the prices stated above\u2014Should you be pleased with what I have sent be so good as to write me and the balance shall be forwarded as soon as it is possible, if not I will be governd by your future directions\u2014it costs a dollar per Ton to bring it from Rockets to the Basin by the Drays, and the Boats will not go down\u2014no other purchase can be made at up therre from 12\u00bd to $13 per Ton on the Basin\u2014\n I have waited on Mr Gibson two or three times with the hope of hearing of the arrival of your Corks from Norfolk but have been disappointed\u2014they could not have been shpd from Norfolk so soon as you expected; so soon as they arrive I\u2019ll see them myself put in the first stage\n I beg you will not consider the little offices I can perform for you here as troublesome, I assure you it affords me the utmost pleasure to have it in my power to be useful to you, when I can I pray you to command me fuly, I only regret I have not the ability at all times to execute your orders to your satisfaction\u2014I can only renew the assurance of my best exertions\u2014 for the friendly recollections of you and your esteemd family please accept my thanks with an assurance that it is reciprocated on my part to its utmost extent\u2014I am very respectfully Sir\n Your Obd: Hub: Servt:\n Bernard Peyton\n Since writing the above I have prevaild on Mr Ruby to take a Ton of your Plaister which I presume will reach you as soon as this", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0402", "content": "Title: Thomas Appleton to Thomas Jefferson, 20 March 1816\nFrom: Appleton, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n \tThe departure of a vessel for the U: States, in the course of an hour, allows me only the time to say, that I have just return\u2019d from paying the last tribute of affection, to my inestimable friend, mr mazzei, who died yesterday in Pisa\u2014The first symptoms of his disorder, appear\u2019d about a week since, by an erisipola on his legs, which it seems, his physicians were unable to prevent extending to the more noble parts; for little aided by nature, this morbid humour gain\u2019d rapidly his breast, and baffled every effort of art.\u2014as in health, the continual subjects of his conversation, were his \u201cCara patria adottiva,\u201d and his unbounded affection for your virtues, so likewise, were they the unceasing themes on which he dwelt, until life expir\u2019d.\u2014In the course of a fort\u2019night a vessel will depart for New York, by which time, I shall be enabled to inform you the State of his pecuniary concerns; as I shall then forward to you, the legal attestations of his decease, together with the dispositions of his executors, relating to the money arising from the Sale of his house & lot in Richd\n Accept, Sir; the expressions of my highest respect & esteem.\n Th: Appleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0404", "content": "Title: Gideon Fitz to Thomas Jefferson, 20 March 1816\nFrom: Fitz, Gideon\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Opelousas Louisiana, March 20th 1816\n Permit me to lay before you a copy of my letter lately transmitted to the President of the United States, with a copy of its enclosure, on a subject which has greatly interested my feelings, and which I fear may have injured my reputation.\n I hope it may not be thought amiss that I should feel desirous of affording you, to whose kindness I am indebted for my present promotion in life, a brief explanation of circumstances which have given rise to the Presidents dissatisfaction alluded to in the enclosed Copy of my letter. On the 12th July 1811 the Board of Commissioners at Opelousas received a communication from Mr Gallatin expressive of the Presidents disapprobation of their proceedings, and concluding with the following remarks. \u201cI can only add the subject in itself and in its consequences is viewed by the President as if of such vital importance that a conviction of the purity of your motives, the great confidence placed in you and a sense of your usefullness in other respects, have alone prevented a more efficient prevention of the evil.\u201d\u2014\n I am sorry it was thought necessary by some person in New Orleans, who by means unknown to the Board, became possessed of a copy of this communication of Mr Gallatins soon after its arrival, to publish it in the Orleans Gazette.\u2014The slightest intimation from the President would have been promply attended to by the Board in conforming their decisions to his construction of the laws, and to correspond with the decisions made by the Orleans Board, untill the necessary explanations of the difference in the nature of some of the claims in the two districts should have been made known at the seat of government. The general principals on which the Board had decided to act in confirming claims were transmitted to the Treasury Department in December 1810 with a view of their being investigated, and if objectionable, that those objections should be made known to the Board before they should enter fully on the business of issuing certificates of confirmation. Many of the uninformed inhabitants of the country at that time were apprehensive that their claims held under the lower grades of title and even Orders of Survey from the Spanish government, though in all respects fair & equitable in their nature, would be disallowed by the American government, and therefore, as is believed, were disposed to transfer them to speculating Americans for a small consideration and would have thereby deprived themselves and their posterity of property which might become valuable to them. To prevent this occurrence which would tend in a short time to excite animosity between the ancient inhabitants and new settlers in the country, the commissioners permitted their principals of decision on the claims to be made known in the District,\u2014and if, as I have stated in my letter to the President, we have \u201cin our zeal to serve the government by quieting the apprehensions of the inhabitants of an extensive District of country lately transfered from a Despotic government to one of whose liberal principals they had began to evince doubts by their murmurs at their title papers being so long witheld from them, without their being able to perceive any object for it, we shall be thought to have confirmed a few claims not strictly within the contemplation of the acts of congress, and which it may not have been intended by the government should be immediately confirmed, it will be a matter of lasting regret to me.\u201d\u2014I will only add Sir, and I feel persuaded you will believe me, that if in any thing relating to my office I have erred, they have not been errors of the heart.\u2014I should be happy if circumstances would permit it, to see & pay my respects to you in your enviable retirement at Monticello, where I could more satisfactorily afford you explanations of my conduct in the performance of official duties entrusted to my charge.\u2014\n I have the honor to be, Sir, With great respect your Obt Servt\n Gideon Fitz", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0405", "content": "Title: John Barnes to Thomas Jefferson, 21 March 1816\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n On receipt of your Esteemed favr 14th received 19th Eveng I had yesterday the Honor of presenting the inclosed $100 Bank of Richmond to the Amiable Miss Randolph. to whom I beg\u2019d permission to be Considered, as her Banker for the Accomodation of her Supplies while in washington, and having exchanged said note, into small change, I shall dispose of it, a the Currt ex\u2014from 6 a 7 \u214cCt advance and repay the differance\u2014\n Reflecting on the State of the good Generals\u2014Certificates for $4.500 & Int thereon to 21st Aprl a 5\u2156 say $243.\u2014and how, to dispose of them, as no Int. wd be allowed from that date\u2014was, the Question I had to determine\u2014I availed myself of the advice of Mr Jos: Nourse\u2014who inform\u2014there was no Governent Stock, I could invest them in, Except the 6 per Cents, now much above par, that the Markets both to the Eastwd and Soward\u2014were equally unfavorable. and in his Opinion, I could not do better than to invest the Amot in any Approved, Chartered Bank stock in this Dist. where the paper would be recd\u2014in its expressed Curry\u2014I informed him, of your wish & express directions for its investmt in Govermt Stock\u2014to this objection he Answered that as my Anxious Object, was, to secure an immediate Interest, I might, without risque, purchase Bank Stock, if done immediately and thereby secure at least 3 \u214cCt. and in Course of the 6 Mos dividd if not Approvable\u2014the difft exchanges might become more favorable for a Sale and purchase, of Govermt Stock, And on this, my immediate inquiries convinced me of its Correctness, in point of immediate Int\u2014the Bank of Columbia was my first object and the Critical day, 20th Inst could I conclude a Sale of the Certificates and purchase of Columbia Bank Stock, no time would be lost in the gain of Interest\u2014On application to my friend Mr C. Smith, Cashr of the Farmers and Mechanic\u2019s Bank, and by whose assistance I have, I trust, happily succeeded\u2014and when Maturely considered\u2014you will I persuade my self, Excuse the Liberty I have taken in doing that, which in former situation\u2014you so much Opposed\u2014the remedy (if not approved.) can be Corrected without loss\u2014but I am rather inclined\u2014the increase of Int\u2014(the most desirable,) may induce you to aquiesce in this Arrangement, done purely, for the Sake of the proprietor, whose situation, I fear is not so affluent, as to suffer any dimunition of Int if it could possibly be Avoided\u2014the next and pointed Circumstance I have to provide for him\u2014a Bill of Ex: to eliviate his wants,\u2014it is realy grevious\u2014to Announce the prest Ex on London a 20 per Cent above par, on Amsterdam equally disadvantagous $20,000 have been given by one House here at this Annexd Rate Balto Philaa & N York tho proportionably less becomes Nearly Equal in the different exchanges in paper,\u2014whether or not, by waiting a Mo or two, Circumstances might favr the purchase is very Uncertain it cannot I presume\u2014increase this Extra premum\u2014at all Events\u2014I shall Endeavour to purchase a sett of ex\u2014at Sight\u2014will be the means of Relief equal to the Usual a 60 days\n most Respectfully\u2014and with great Sincerily Dear Sir Your very Obedt servt\n in the course of a few days, I shall be able to detail to you the particulars of my Sale & purchase", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0407", "content": "Title: Emmor Kimber to Thomas Jefferson, 22 March 1816\nFrom: Kimber, Emmor\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Esteemed friend Thomas Jefferson\n Philadelphia 3 mo 22nd 1816\n At a very great expense, and by the industry and labour of several years, I have at length produced a large and elegant Map of the United States\u2014The draftsman employed to effect this was Samuel Lewis, and the engravers William and Samuel Harrison\u2014A few copies of the first attempts at finishing them, have been deposited in the publick offices at Washington, and which I hope thou hast seen\u2014\n I am now prepared to publish the Map, and my agent Solomon Humphreys, who is to supply subscribers with it, will leave this City in about two weeks, on a journey through the Southern States, who will have in charge a copy to offer for thy acceptance\u2014What reception he may meet with from the publick, or to what extent I shall be remunerated for my labour, is to be proved\u2014but I have beleived, if thou approves of the attempt to produce from the best information practicable, such an extensive Map, and was free to communicate thy approbation to me, by a letter that thou would be willing I should print annexed to the enclosed review, it would be of extensive benefit to me, and of great advantage to my agent in disposing of them\n from thy friend\n Emmor Kimber", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0408", "content": "Title: Wilson Cary Nicholas to Thomas Jefferson, 22 March 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n With the most anxious desire to serve my country I fear my ability will not be commensurate with my wishes. The last assembly, had as little mercy in the labour they assigned me, as they showed discernment in the selection of an agent. There are some of the duties I have to perform, that, I feel myself entirely incompetent to and shou\u2019d be quite in despair, but for the hope of obtaining your aid and instruction. There are two subjects upon which I am particularly anxious to have that advantage, before I move a step. The map of the state & the report that is called for from the president & directors of the literary fund on the subject of a system of education. The last admits of delay, but the first requires dispatch, because if we precede the county courts, in our part of the work it will be better done and at less expence. The original design was to have made the county charts a county expence, but this caused the bill to be rejected, the money was then directed to be taken from the fund for internal improvement & the power suffered to remain in the courts. If they commence the work the boundaries of most of the counties will be run twice and many of them three times, as the rivers & mountains that are directed to be surveyed under the direction of the executive are in so many instances the lines of the counties. my wish is to have the boundaries & the great divisions of the commonwealth, by the mountains & rivers surveyed first, to controul & lessen the Expence of the county charts by furnishing the county surveyors with as much of the genl surveys as will apply to their respective counties. I enclose the Law and beg the favour of you to suggest your opinion of its execution, particularly the duties to be performed under the 7th & 8th sections. Who shall we employ to take the astronomical observations to fix the latitude and longitude of such \u201cremarkable points\u201d as shall effectually serve to correct any geometrical errors in the principle p surveys? What points shall be selected? Who (that can be employed) is qualified to furnish the geological description required?\n I have endeavoured to obtain the cooperation of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, & north Carolina in our efforts to procure an effectual defence of the Chesapeake bay. We ask for a defence of the entrance of the Bay if practicable. If that cannot be effected that the place lowest down the Bay or contiguous to it, that affords a good harbour, that is of easy access from the sea, from the upper parts of the bay & from our rivers shou\u2019d be strongly fortified on the land as well as the water side. Will you urge this subject upon the President? such works can only be executed in time of peace & require to be well seasoned to give them strength. My daughter Jane was remarkably well for the first eight days after her confinement, from change of weather or some other cause she then had a fever for two days. It is with infinite pleasure I inform you she is now and has been for several days very well. Our grand child is uncommonly good and is said to be very pretty. Be pleased to present me respectfully to the family at Monticello & believe me to be with the\n greatest respect & regard your hum. Serv.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0409", "content": "Title: William Thornton to Thomas Jefferson, 22 March 1816\nFrom: Thornton, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n City of Washington 22nd March 1816\u2014\n I expected long before now to have returned the fine painting of Stewart & the Drawing of West that you were so obliging as to send to me and for which I am very much obliged, but I have been disappointed in getting the Head modelled, which I wished to have got done by an Italian artist who promised to do it, but has since expressed a wish to do after the original: his name is Valaperta. He is now engaged in the Public works.\u2014I was at different times disappointed also in making the Copies, by sickness by numerous public Duties, by confinement to my Bed, by an accident in consequence of the falling of my Horse; & among other dire complaints by laziness\u2014all these put together will apologize I hope for my keeping them a little longer, under a promise of better behaviour. In the mean time, they are kept with the greatest care, & never exposed, but when while shewn to my Friends.\u2014\n I have been always mindful of your request to have a Copy of the List of Patents, but while I was laying confined, they were neglected, and not sent to my office, which occasioned a difficulty in getting them, and I never got a Copy till this Day.\u2014\n Your charming Grand-daughter is well, and very much admired\u2014\n I am dear Sir with the highest respect & consideration Yrs &c\n William Thornton\u2014\n A beautiful Invention of a Saw has been lately presented for a Patent by Adam Stewart of Baltimore\u2014It is a Circular Saw, that passes round two (three-feet) drums, the teeth on one edge\u2014so that one log is sawed up, while the other is sawed down; & the Saw goes continually round, not by intermission as in the common way; thus one Saw must saw four times as much in the same time, but requiring double force\u2014The circular Saw is composed of several, dovetailed together, in a very simple & effectual manner\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0410", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 24 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n Your favor of the 18th is recieved, and informs me how much the quality of my tobo falls short of what I had been given to expect. this afflicts me not merely as to the first loss, but also as it injures the reputation of that tobo which has heretofore commanded high prices. the present loss too is very inopportune sensibly felt. short as my crops both of flour & tobo turned out the last year, I had still confided that they would not only enable me to meet my contracts of this spring, but also to lessen my note in bank. the last however is seems now impracticable, and my remaining anxiety is to make them replace your advances, and clear off my existing demands. the 3. last hhds of tobo left Lynchburg in Dr Cabell\u2019s boat on the 21st as Yancey informs me, and will be with you I suppose about the time of your recieving this. My former letters had advised you that I should be obliged to draw on you about the close of the month for upwards of about 1000.D. to which were still to be added the demands for my Congressional taxes. for those in Bedford I have drawn on you as before advised. at this place they amount toand are included in a draught I I accordingly now now give a draught to Th: J. Randolph for that sum to this which I must shortly add one in favor of Archibald Robertson for 167.10 D and another in favor of Doctr Fernandez for one or two quarter casks of wine. and some time hence for some neighborhood debts I have drawn on you, as before advised for my Congressional taxes in Bedford. those in this county about 300.D. can lie over, I am told, a month or two longer, which gives more time for the sale of some of the flour if you think delay in it\u2019s sale of any advantage. some neighborhood debts will be deferred with the same view.this miserable turn out of the last year will barely carry me thro\u2019 the present one, extra-burthened as it has been with between 900 & 1000.D. State and Congressional taxes. I believe however it will do it, and I willingly look forward to the pleasanter assurances of my new managers that from 800. bushels of wheat now in the ground, I shall have at least 800. Barrels of flour for the next winter market, and about 30. or 40 M of tobo from Bedford. we are apt prone to believe what we wish, and to the wish I add that for your health and happiness.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0412", "content": "Title: Joseph Fox to Thomas Jefferson, 25 March 1816\nFrom: Fox, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Respected Friend\n I received your kind favour of Feby 1816.\u2014and thank you for your attention and subscription\u2014since\u2014the subscription goes on extremely well in every direction of the country\u2014But true it is\u2014I find the expence is somewhat above my present means of resource\u2014the work is retarded for the want of nine reams of paper, otherways my arangements are attained to my satisfaction\u2014Having it through, would yield an immediate sum, adequate to all my demands\u2014But at present, I am under the necessity of waiting till some kind ray shall appear to carry me through\u2014\n Accept, Dr Sir, my best wishes for Your health and happiness\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0413", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Account with James Leitch, 25 March 1816\nFrom: Stewart, Charles,Leitch, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Charlottesville march 25 1816\n Thos. Jefferson\n Bot of Jas Leitch\n 16\u00bd yds Linnen Shirting d \n 8 Skanes thread \n Charles Stewart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0414", "content": "Title: Richard Peters to Thomas Jefferson, 25 March 1816\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I was gratified by the Receipt of your polite Letter of the 6th instant which only came to hand a few Days ago. Amidst the Storms which have long agitated our Country, & rendered our Citizens more hostile to each other, when political opinions were adverse, than public Enemies; Recollections of old Attachments are doubly pleasant. I have preserved a Tranquillity on such Subjects which has contributed, in no small Degree, both to my Health & Comfort; although I have not been without keen Feelings & unavoidable Anxieties. Indeed I have continued in my judicial Employment to avoid political Turmoil, more than for any Gratification its Pursuits or its Emolument (very inadequate to its Duties) afford. My Agricultural Propensities I have indulged, because they were necessary for my Support; & gratified my Desire to be useful to others. In\t answer to your Inquiry as to my Activity in those Pursuits, that I have, for a long time past, intermitted my personal Attention to them, on any great Scale. I let my Farms on Shares; & pay as much Attention to them as I can, consistently with other Engagements. I keep in my own Hands, a large Garden & about 30as of Land, which give me the Opportunities of trying Experiments, & setting as good an Example as I can to my Neighbours\u2014some of whom benefit by it more than I do myself. Time, most assuredly, has \u201ccommenced its Inroads on me;\u201d but I think he treads lightly. My \u201cbodily faculties\u201d are less impaired than most Men of my Age (approaching 72) experience. I use much Exercise, & generally on Horse back; & avoid all Intemperance, being a Water Drinker; & although not abstemious, live on plain Food. I have not tasted Wine for 12 Years past. Save an annual Attack of a vertiginous Complaint in my Head (which is encreased by all stimulating Food or Liquors) I am generally in good Health. I find myself capable, without Injury, of severe Attention to sedentary Employment. But what a Gil Blas would say of my Homilies, I know not. I think, however, I would not be so petulant under his warning Censure, as was the old Arch bishop, who discharged him for his impolitic Candour. I was never indolent; but ever relished Disengagement from Pressure of Business or law. Of both I have had enough; but my Mind, when the Weight is even temporarily removed, recovers its constitutional but innocent Playfulness, & sometimes to a Degree, of which rigid & impenetrable Gravity would say\u2014non deceat Senectutem. I call it innocent, because it is not affected by Bile on my Stomach, or Gass in my System, either mental or corporeal. You have brought on yourself this egotistical History, by the Interest your polite Good will seemed to take in it.\n I am obliged by your Information relative to Col Randolph\u2019s Farming, & his Adaptation of it to local Circumstances. This is the Perfection of Good Sense; without which all theoretical Knowledge is learned Folly. Europeans generally fail here; because they bring over with them Practices & Systems entirely unsuitable to our Situation. They often give themselves, too, more Credit than they merit, even for Intelligence in their own Practices & Systems. I have found many of them haughtily vain, & not a few intolerably ignorant. Some Exceptions there are; but generally they do not succeed. There are certain inviolable Principles in Husbandry, applicable to all Situations. But Hill farming, in its mechanical Branches, is as different from the Husbandry appropriate to Vales or flat Country, as if it did not belong to the same Art. The Mode of Aration pursued by Col R is, for the most Part, like that of the Swiss & Germans, in their Hill Countries; tho\u2019 his personal Attention to it has, no Doubt, improved their Practice. They lay their Furrows always down-hill, with an awkward Plough with one, & sometimes two Wheels. They shift the Mould board at every Bout, on the one Side or the other, to suit the Direction of the Plough & turning the Furrow. I have an old Hessian Soldier who has lived with me 30 odd Years, & being accustomed to Hill-ploughing with a shifting Mould board, & always down Hill, he could not plough with our common Instruments, in our accustomed Way. I taught him the use of our Ploughs; & he is now a complete Ploughman. He says, they lay their Furrows in general horizontally, but sometimes they plough them somewhat diagonally, & sometimes with a Curvatures convex up-hill; which, he says, resist, like an Arch, the Torrents, & carry off the Water without gullying. They mark out their Lands, at first, according as they intend they shall lie; but most commonly the old Lands direct succeeding Operations. I wish Col R. would favour me with a Model or Draft of his Plough, & any Account of his Practice he pleases; & I will deposit it among our agricultural Collections. I do not recollect ever to have heard, before, of his Plough. Peale performs his Work with a common Plough; but much in Mr R\u2019s Mode. He has again resumed his Brush & Pallette.\n I long ago told some of my english Correspondents, that our Ploughs were more simple & better than theirs. But they laughed at my Nationality. One of them was, however, daring enough to venture at a comparative Experiment. At his Request, I had made for him & sent to him since the Peace, 3 Ploughs, according to my own Ideas, combining the best Parts of our American Swing Ploughs. 1. A 3 horsed Plough, for breaking up 2\u00bd Acres per Day, at any Depth not exceeding 9 Inches. 2. A 2 horsed Plough for common Purposes. 3. A one horsed Plough. He writes to me, that he has had 2 complete Trials of Nos 1. & 2, against the best english Ploughs. Once with 4 Horses, & a Driver, in the English Plough; & at no time with more than 2 Horses in my Ploughs, & a Man with Lines. His Work in both equalled, & in one Instance exceeded, the english Ploughs. I saw an Account of the Ploughing Match, in an english Paper. They eulogize the American Plough, for its Simplicity & Neatness of Work; & allow it to be equal to the best english Plough. But say it will not do in stony & heavy Soils, as well as the english Plough. I am sure they are mistaken; & will have it put to the Test. I fear my Friend has put only two Horses in the 3 horsed Plough; which, with 3 Horses abreast, will turn & clear the heaviest Furrow in England. It is a great Point, that they allow an Equality in Work with their crack plough; & they agree that it is superior in Simplicity, & Facility of Management. If they talk of a drawn Battle, it looks like a Defeat.\n I sent to you the hasty Discourse (not well printed or correctly punctuated) I delivered before our Society, not only as a Token of Remembrance (& am obliged by your polite Reception of it) but in Hopes you would help me to get the Subject engrafted in the proposed Plan of a national Seminary, if such Plan takes Effect. It will elevate the Art in the public Mind, render it an Object of Emulation, & rescue it from the low Estimation in which many have held it, who believe that any Clodhopper may be a Farmer.\n I reciprocate your Kindness with my best Wishes & respectful Regards. Christina, Queen of Sweden, used to say, that Health was Youth, & Sickness old Age. But I believe both you & I would prefer Youth & Health; tho\u2019 we may be grateful that any Portion of the latter, is the inestimable Companion of declining Years.\n truly yours\n Richard Peters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0415", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Annesley, 26 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Annesley, William\n I am duly sensible of the mark of consideration you have been so kind as to shew me in consulting me on the subject of your new system in ship and boat building; but neither my occupations nor habits permit me any longer to indulge myself in speculations of that kind: and at no time of my life should I have been a competent judge of this. born and educated among the mountains, I am quite a stranger to Nautical subjects. as far as I see, your method is plausible, and especially promises strength of construction. I return you the drawing, which possibly may be useful to you, and pray you to accept the assurance of my respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0416", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin J. Campbell, 26 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Campbell, Benjamin J.\n I recieved the last night your favor of the 16th and hasten to acknolege it. I had before remarked in the newspapers an account of your new invented loom, which appeared to promise considerable advantages. but manufacturing with me is on too small a scale to make it an object, making only coarse cloths for my family and people. two common looms with flying shuttles do this. I had at one time thought of trying one of Janes\u2019s looms, but his patentee for this state asked double it\u2019s price in the other states, and I percieve in fact that it has not been adopted in practice. another circumstance would have put it out of my power of being useful to you which is that I set out on within 10. days on a visit to a possession 90. miles distant Southwardly, and shall not return till 6. weeks hence. under these circumstances I can only contribute my good wishes for the success of your loom and add to them the assurances of my respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0417", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John F. Oliveira Fernandes, 26 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Oliveira Fernandes, John Francisco\n I have been in the daily expectation that you would be so good as to forward to me a note of the amount of the cask of Teneriffe, that I might forward you a draught for it. the Port you were so kind as to send me is indeed excellent. I certainly would not wish to be indulged a second time from your private stock, but if you have, among that which is for sale, any of as good quality, I should be much gratified with another quarter cask to be forwarded as before. in that case be pleased to add it\u2019s cost to that of the Teneriffe, and in the instant of knowing the amount I will forward you a draught for it. I salute you with great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0419", "content": "Title: Thomas Ritchie to Thomas Jefferson, 27 March 1816\nFrom: Ritchie, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have been apprehensive that I could not undertake the work you propose. The Curtailments of Bank, and the general severity of the times, almost forbid the idea of vesting money in any fund, the returns from which are not instantaneous.\n I am disposed, however, to believe that M. Tracy\u2019s Treatise will sell\u2014and I have very little doubt of it if you will give it the Sanction of your name, and the aid of your intellectual resources.\n Will you, Sir, annex the name of the Author?\n Will you, moreover, subjoin, that the translation is revised by yourself, and annex such an Introduction, or Notes, or an Appendix, as are best calculated in your own opinion to display the present state of the Science?\u2014The Introduction need not be written immediately; it may be forwarded to the Printer, after M. Tracy has been disposed of.\n I mean no Compliment, Sir\u2014but, I state it, Sir, as a dry matter of calculation, that without the sanction of your name, (and may I not add, in some form, of your own abilities and resources,) the work would be too uncertain in its profits to induce me to undertake it.\n I can commence it, so as to bring out by the month of November.\u2014In about 3 weeks, a portion of the M. S. will be wanted.\n Will you do me the favor, Sir, to acknowledge the Rect of this letter, with your answer, as early as possible.\n With the sincerest respects, I am, Sir,\n Thomas Ritchie.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0422", "content": "Title: Isaac Briggs to Thomas Jefferson, 30 March 1816\nFrom: Briggs, Isaac\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My dear Friend,\n Thy kind letter of 27 Ultimo, I received on the 2 instant. It was like a healing balm to my wounded mind. I immediately called on the Secretary of the Treasury\u2014He shewed me thy communication to him\u2014on perusing it, his presence was scarcely a restraint sufficient to prevent my tears, the warm effusions of gratitude.\n On the 4, I wrote to my wife and children, now in Wilmington, a narrative of my proceedings and thy goodness. I received, in answer, from my second Daughter, Mary (my eldest daughter, Anna, is married and is the mother of two fine sons) a letter from which permit me, like a fond and partial father, to transcribe one paragraph\u2014\u201cI have attempted to write to T.J. I send thee the attempt. I fear it will not do\u2014and that thou wilt smile as thou layest it aside, and say, \u2018Ah! Mary, my dream is realized, it is ridiculous!\u2019\u2014though I deny having made any efforts at the sublime; thou knowest, dear father, to that I make no pretensions. I fear too thou wilt think some parts extravagant\u2014do not, my father, for it is not half I feel\u2014I cannot think of him with moderation. Great and excellent man! mayest thou have the promised reward for such deeds as thine!\u2014happy thou must be, for thou art good!\u201d\n Could she be answered honored with an answer from thyself, she would, I know, esteem it as a thing most precious\u2014but however great would be her gratification, if it be not entirely convenient, do not consider this as a request.\n My petition for relief was presented to the Senate by William H. Wells, Senator from Delaware, who in his youth at school was one of my pupils. It was committed to William H. Wells, Chairman, Dudley Chace of Vermont, a firm and generous republican, and Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina. From the last I expected opposition, but I hoped to soften it by my candor\u2014From the Chairman I expected, that the recollections of his youthful days would produce a warm and friendly feeling in my favor; but I have found an apparent indisposition to act, to me unaccountable, united with a cold, repulsive hauteur in his manner\u2014But in Dudley Chace, with whom I had no acquaintance previous to the present occasion, I have found an union of estimable qualities\u2014generous and magnanimous feelings for a private individual, with the soundest principles of public justice. The day before yesterday, after many unavailing efforts to procure a meeting of the Committee, it met, and the Chairman requested me to have drawn a bill for my relief, in conformity with certain notes which he gave me\u2014I drew a bill and handed it to him\u2014It is this day reported to the Senate.\n Some years past, I had the pleasure to see, in the hands of William Canby of Brandywine, the copy of a letter he had written to thee, and thy excellent answer\u2014I afterwards saw the latter published in a newspaper in Baltimore. I saw this publication with great regret, because I had no doubt it would be unpleasant to thee. When I had removed to Wilmington, I enquired of William Canby how the thing happened\u2014he said he knew not, but supposed that some friend, to whom he had lent the letter for perusal, had, without his permission and contrary to his wish, taken a copy and caused it to be published. William Canby\u2019s mind is a lovely personification of Innocence and Simplicity\u2014Severe to himself alone, liberal and benevolent to all others. He regrets deeply, and blames himself much for, not having been more careful to prevent so unwarranted, and so indiscrete an act, as the publication of a private letter, without permission of the author. No suspicion entered his innocent mind that any person would thus act\u2014he was therefore off his guard. I mention this subject at his request, for he highly values thy esteem.\n With friendship, love, and gratitude, I salute thee.\n Isaac Briggs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0423", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, 30 [March] 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, John Wayles\n Francis returns as much improved, I am in hopes, as you will have expected. he reads French with so much ease as to read it for amusement, has not much occasion for his dictionary, pronounces generally well, the few defects remaining being such as will be easily corrected hereafter. being kept almost entirely at French, he could afford only the time before breakfast for keeping up his Latin. yet he has done more than that, being very sensibly improved in his knolege of the construction of the language. he will probably require at least two years more to perfect him in that, and to get so far advanced into the Greek as to be able to pursue it alone afterwards.I suppose you are well satisfied of the qualifications of the tutor in N. Carolina, to whom you propose to send him. our own to be sure are bad enough; yet I should not readily have believed they were before us there. at the New London academy there is a teacher (mr Mitchell I think is his name) about equal to mr Halcomb, a young man very anxious to do what is best, and open to advice. I am sure he would pursue any plan I should recommend to him; and should your mind not be made up for N. Carolina, I believe he would carry Francis on very competently. his situation there would have the advantages of being within 10. or 12. hours ride of you, and under my eye 3. months in the year for I pass that much at Poplar Forest in the 3. or 4. visits I make there in the course of the year. he would be more in the way too of being always furnished with the best books, and could take some future occasion of passing two or three months here again and of learning Spanish. Ellen has the true pronuntiation more perfectly than myself. it is a language which will be very important to an American; as we shall have great intercourse with Spanish America within his day. I confess too I contemplate with pleasure his early familiarisation with that part of the country, having the wish to make him a comfortable future home there. after acquiring the languages, a course of a couple of years at Wm & Mary for Mathematics Etc. would be very necessary.\n I am almost afraid to propose to you to yield to me the expence and direction of his education. yet I think I could have it conducted to his advantage. certainly no expence which could be useful to him, and no attention on my part would be spared; and he could visit you at such times as you should wish. if you say Yea to this proposition, he might come on to me at Poplar Forest for which place I shall set out about the 6th of April, and shall be there to about the 21st and could I hear from you soon after my arrival there, I could be taking preparatory steps for his reception and course to be pursued. all this is submitted to your good pleasure. Patsy, supposing mrs Eppes to have an attachment to flowers, sends her a collection of seeds. your servant asks for the large Lima bean we got from Wm Hylton from Jamaica. it has dwindled down to a very poor one, not worth sending if we had it to spare, which we have not. she thinks there may be some at Edgehill and is now sending to see. if there are any they are of the genuine sort & will be sent. all here join with me in affectionate esteem and respect to mrs Eppes & yourself.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0424", "content": "Title: Levin Gale to Thomas Jefferson, 30 March 1816\nFrom: Gale, Levin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Chesapeake Md March 30th 1816\n I received some time ago a letter from Major John Adlum near George Town D.C. requesting me to forward you some cuttings of a particular grape which we origanally got from him. The same day this goes by the mail this there will be put in the stage a box containing 150 cuttings of the kind mentioned Directed to you to the Care of Mr Wm F Gray Fredrecksburgh Virginia\u2014I have to apologise for not complying sooner with his request but being from home at the time his letter reached this together with other circumstances prevented attending to his request with the alacrity I could have wished\u2014Should you wish more cuttings next year shall be happy to forward them and regret that our vines from neglect furnished so few.\n I am Sir respectfully your obt. Sert\n Levin Gale", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0425", "content": "Title: Susan Maria Bruff to Thomas Jefferson, 31 March 1816\nFrom: Bruff, Susan Maria\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Respected Sir,\n Washington City 31st March 1816.\n I flatter myself that the generosity of your heart will induce you to excuse the seeming presumption of a stranger. But truely I have been no stranger to those condescending manners which helped to endear you so much to my dear Father.\u2014My beloved Father, as you, Sir, well know, possessed an uncommon active genius\u2014was engaged in many Inventions; particularly one for making Shot & Ball; and for which I beleive Sir, you had the goodness to recommend him to Mr Madison. But he was not so fortunate as to be patronized\u2014repeated disappointment was his lot in life. At the blowing up of the Navy Yard & Fort he lost two very valuable machines, which had been the toil and labour of several years. His losses at that time he estimated at not less than ten thousand dollars. He petitioned Congress, at the last session, for some compensation: it was merely read, and then laid by.\u2014These misfortunes depressed his spirits, and began visibly to undermine his Health. About 6 months ago, he was induced by the almost certain prospect of making a brilliant fortune, to visit N. York. Indeed, it was not ambition that allured him my pious Father: but to acquire a competency for his children. in this he failed.\u2014and last week, when we were just looking forward with painful anxiety for his return to a beloved family, Alas! the heart-rending intelligence arrived that he was no more\u2014Oh Sir, picture to yourself our agony\u2014our distraction\u2014deprived of our staff\u2014my Mamma left in a state of ill Health, with 5 children to support and educate, without the means.Pardon me, honoured Sir, It is not my wish to intrude my griefs\u2014you will excuse a young female who has been raised with the tenderest care, and from Infancy taught to beleive that she should one day be independant of the unfeeling world: but in one Sad hour, bereft of a precious, tender Father; and with him vanished all the golden dreams\u2014the bright Illusions that dazzled in anticipation.\n You, dear Sir, were among the few that evinced a friendly disposition toward my Father\u2014How often, and sweetly have I heard your name sounded from those lips that are now mouldering in the silent dust. Yes: I beleive, Sir, that had you continued in that important Station which you were So emminently calculated to fill\u2014my ever-lamented Father would have Shared a better fate; and in all probabillity would now have been here to rejoice our weeping Eyes.\n It is not Sir for myself that I have presumed to appeal to your humanity\u2014but in behalf of my three little helpless brothers, who seem to have inherited somewhat the genius of their father, as it is developed in a considerable talent for drawing and painting.My disconsolate Mother joins her prayers to mine, that every blessing may attend you.\n Yours, with the highest respect\n Susan Maria Bruff.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0426-0001", "content": "Title: Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours to Thomas Jefferson, 31 March 1816\nFrom: Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Excellent Ami,\n J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous renvoyer mon petit Evangile \u00e0 l\u2019usage des R\u00e9publiques espagnoles, que je vous avais port\u00e9 il y a quatre mois.\n J\u2019ai eu dieu merci, et j\u2019aurai encore plusieurs exemplaires \u00e0 en donner: et je n\u2019ai qu\u2019un Seul Secr\u00e9taire. de plus, j\u2019ai un grand d\u00e9faut: press\u00e9 par l\u2019\u00e2ge et par les circonstances, je m\u2019engage \u00e0 plusieurs travaux \u00e0 la fois. Je Sais que ce n\u2019est point une bonne m\u00e9thode: ce n\u2019en est pas une du tout.\n Mais dans les orages du monde, la vie n\u2019est pas une occupation qu\u2019on ait le tems de r\u00e9gler. Elle est un \u00e9tat de guerre et d\u2019inondation, o\u00f9 il faut courir du c\u00f4t\u00e9 que Se pr\u00e9sentent le flot, le besoin, l\u2019ennemi.\n Ce travail Sur les R\u00e9publiques naissantes, ou \u00e0 naitre, ou \u00e0 restaurer, est un de mes \u00e9crits pour lequel je d\u00e9sirerais le plus votre Suffrage et votre b\u00e9n\u00e9diction.\n Je voudrais trouver un bon Ecrivain qui le traduisit en Espagnol.\n Je n\u2019ai pas cru devoir le faire imprimer en francais avant d\u2019avoir donn\u00e9 ma d\u00e9mission de la place de Conseiller d\u2019Etat. Et j\u2019ai recul\u00e9 cette d\u00e9mission parceque j\u2019ai \u00e0 Paris ma Femme bless\u00e9e depuis Seize mois d\u2019une chute dont elle demeurera estropi\u00e9e, n\u2019ayant pas encore pu quitter Sa Chambre, ni presque Son lit.\u2014Mon 13eme Chapitre pourrait attirer Sur elle une pers\u00e9cution, ou au moins exposer une centaine de cartons qui contiennent le Travail de ma vie \u00e0 \u00eatre men\u00e9s par mesure de Suret\u00e9 chez le ministre de la Police, lequel les ferait jetter au feu, ou les enversait mettre au pilon.\n Je voudrais que la pauvre dame p\u00fbt m\u2019envoyer Successivement les plus importans de ces cartons, que j\u2019aime mieux laisser apr\u00e8s moi en Am\u00e9rique qu\u2019en Europe. Quelqu\u2019un de mes Petits-Fils en tirera un jour parti.\n Je ne Suis pas S\u00fbr de ne point retourner dans cette triste Europe dont je regarde la Subversion totale comme in\u00e9vitable. Les gages du travail manquant, et la France ayant \u00e0 payer, tant au dehors qu\u2019aux pillards \u00e9trangers du dedans, le double de ce qu\u2019elle peut, il est \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s impossible que le d\u00e9sespoir de l\u2019int\u00e9rieur n\u2019amene par des tentatives contre les troupes, le renversement du Gouvernement, le partage du Pays peut-\u00eatre; le pillage g\u00e9n\u00e9ral avec certitude, et le gaspillage de presque tout ce qui restera de Capitaux.\u2014Ce desordre ne pourra pas avoir lieu en France Sans apprendre aux dernieres classes du Peuple de la Prusse, des petits Royaumes d\u2019Allemagne et ensuite de l\u2019Autriche, au quel on a fait quitter les travaux utiles pour la Landwer digne S\u0153ur de la conscription et encore plus cruelle que rien n\u2019est refusable \u00e0 la multitude qui veut prendre. Elle prendra: et les Soldats Se mettront \u00e0 Sa t\u00eate. l\u2019incendie gagnera l\u2019Italie, et m\u00eame l\u2019Angleterre qui dans Sa folie a ruin\u00e9 Ses meilleures pratiques\n C\u2019est la Seule chose qui pourra vous pr\u00e9server de la guerre, car Si la catastrophe retarde plus de deux ans, il n\u2019y a point de doute que les Anglais enverront Soixante dix mille Hommes vous aguerrir, vous r\u00e9unir, vous affranchir, et vous faire payer fort cher cet utile improvement.\n Il y aura aussi en d\u00e9finitif de l\u2019improvement en Europe, achet\u00e9 encore plus cher qu\u2019il n\u2019aura valu, achet\u00e9 au prix de la moiti\u00e9 de Ses habitans, des trois quarts de Ses richesses, et de la dispersion du dernier quart qui demeurera plusieurs ann\u00e9es presque impuissant pour remettre les Travaux en activit\u00e9.\u2014les nouveaux Gouvernemens ne seront pas des Monarchies.\n Mais Vous jugez quel Sera pour un Philosophe non encore r\u00e9duit \u00e0 la derniere misere le malheur d\u2019\u00eatre t\u00e9moin et vraisemblablement victime de ces Trag\u00e9dies tant qu\u2019elles dureront.\n Si je ne puis \u00e9viter d\u2019y aller, j\u2019y p\u00e9rirai peut-\u00eatre en prison, peut-\u00eatre fusill\u00e9; peut-\u00eatre massacr\u00e9 \u00e0 domicile, et certainement calomni\u00e9 par tous les Partis.\n Je demande \u00e0 ma Femme de Se faire porter en chaise longue et par des Hommes de Paris au Havre, et l\u00e0 hisser Sur un Vaisseau; d\u2019en redescendre \u00e0 Philadelphie, ou a New Castle comme elle y Sera mont\u00e9e; et nous la ferons apporter ici de la m\u00eame maniere qu\u2019elle aura voyag\u00e9 en France.\u2014Mais, Si elle ne le peut physiquement pas, car moralement Son courage est au dessus de tout, Je ne peux pas davantage lui \u00e9crire: reste et meurs; je mourrai de mon cot\u00e9. nous voila S\u00e9par\u00e9s pour jamais. Il faut donc que je revienne la consoler un p\u00eau, l\u2019assister, et mourir aupr\u00e8s d\u2019elle.\u2014Comment aurait-on la pr\u00e9tension d\u2019\u00eatre bon au monde, Si l\u2019on ne commen\u00e7ait pas par \u00eatre bon, tr\u00e8s bon, dans l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de Son m\u00e9nage?\u2014C\u2019est dans l\u2019int\u00e9rieur qu\u2019est le devoir r\u00e9el et positif. le reste est toujours Souill\u00e9 d\u2019un peu de vanit\u00e9.\n La vieillesse donne du courage contre la mort.\u2014demandez \u00e0 Solon\u2014\n La bont\u00e9 de dieu, les Lumieres des G\u00e9nies qui approchent de lui plus que nous ne pouvons le faire pauvres Humains, l\u2019estime de ceux qui dans les Animaux de notre esp\u00e8ce ont le plus de rapports de c\u0153ur et de t\u00eate avec ces Etres Sup\u00e9rieurs, en donnent contre la calomnie.\u2014On ne vous persuadera jamais que je fasse cas des titres au dessus desquels j\u2019ai t\u00e2ch\u00e9 de me mettre, ni de l\u2019argent que j\u2019ai toujours d\u00e9daign\u00e9 et que d\u2019ailleurs on ne me donnerait point ni que, m\u00eame pour la gloire, Si elle pouvait y \u00eatre, je fasse ou dise en aucun cas rien contre ma conscience, que mes illustres Amis, parmi lesquels vous tenez une Si belle place, ont Suffisamment \u00e9claire\u00e9.\n J\u2019ajoute \u00e0 ce paquet, Sur la question de vos manufactures, une petite note, que j\u2019ai cru devoir \u00e9crire parceque l\u2019on allegue mon autorit\u00e9, comme on faisait la v\u00f4tre, pour contre notre propre conseil.\n Mais autre chose est d\u2019administrer l\u2019Europe, o\u00f9 Colbert et les Anglais, S\u00e9duits par le Luxe, ont comprim\u00e9 l\u2019Agriculture pour avoir des mendians dont on f\u00eet des Ouvriers \u00e0 bas prix, et o\u00f9 le Parlement Britannique a pouss\u00e9 cette folie jusqu\u2019\u00e0 mettre en danger la Subsistance d\u2019un Septieme de la Population de Ses trois Royaumes ou et au contraire de porter en avant les destins de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique, qui marche avec Ses capitaux imaginaires de confiance, de cr\u00e9dit r\u00e9ciproque, et de papiers devenus aussi puissans que s\u2019ils \u00e9taient r\u00e9els parceque les travaux qu\u2019ils font ex\u00e9cuter ont une valeur effective qui \u00e0 la fin paye tout. Votre Agriculture pour S\u2019\u00e9tendre jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la Californie, n\u2019a besoin que de consommateurs \u00e0 Sa port\u00e9e qui payent Ses r\u00e9coltes en Services utiles.\n Je pr\u00e9sente mes respects \u00e0 Madame Randolph, et \u00e0 toutes Ses, vos belles dames et demoiselles, Miss Septimia comprise comme il est juste.\n Et je vous embrasse avec tendresse et v\u00e9n\u00e9ration\n DuPont (de Nemours)\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Excellent Friend,\n I have the honor of sending you again my little gospel for the use of the Spanish republics, which I brought to you four months ago.\n Thank God I have had and will still have several copies of it to give away, as I have only one secretary. Furthermore, I have one big shortcoming: pressed by age and circumstances, I commit myself to several projects at the same time. I know it is not a good method; it is not a method at all.\n But in the storms of the world, life is not an occupation that one has time to control. It is a state of war and flood, in which one has to confront the flood, the need, and the enemy.\n This book on republics, newly born, to be born, or to be restored, is one of my writings for which I most desire your approval and blessing.\n I would like to find a good writer to translate it into Spanish.\n I did not deem it necessary to have it printed in French before submitting my resignation from the Council of State. And I have postponed the decision to resign, because I have in Paris a wife who, for sixteen months, has been suffering from an injury caused by a fall and from which she will remain crippled. She has not yet been able to leave her room and hardly even her bed.\u2014My thirteenth chapter might lead to her persecution, or at least expose a hundred or so boxes that contain my life\u2019s work to being taken as a security measure to the office of the minister of police, who would have them thrown into the fire or pulped.\n I would like the unfortunate lady to be able to send me, one at a time, the most important of these boxes, which after my death I would rather leave in America than Europe. One of my grandsons will someday make use of them.\n I may yet return to this sad Europe, whose total subversion I regard as inevitable. Because working wages are lacking, and because France has had to pay foreign looters, from outside as well as inside, double what she is able to pay, internal despair will almost certainly lead to attempts against the troops, the overthrow of the government, perhaps the partition of the country; general looting for sure, and the squandering of almost all the remaining capital.\u2014This disorder in France cannot fail to teach the lower classes in Prussia, the small kingdoms in Germany, and Austria who were made to leave useful jobs for the national militia (a worthy sister of conscription and even crueler) that nothing can be refused to a multitude determined to take. It will take: and the soldiers will lead it. The conflagration will spread to Italy and even to England, who in her folly has ruined her best practices.\n Only such an outcome can keep you from war because, if the disaster is delayed for more than two years, the English will certainly send seventy thousand men to harden, unite, and free you, and they will make you pay a steep price for this useful improvement.\n In the end, Europe will see improvement too, bought at a price even higher than it is worth, costing half its inhabitants, three-quarters of its wealth, and the dispersion of the last quarter, which will for several years be almost powerless to get work going again.\u2014The new governments will not be monarchies.\n But you can imagine what a misfortune it will be for a philosopher not yet reduced to the worst state of misery to be a witness and probably a victim of these tragedies as long as they last.\n If I cannot avoid going there, I will perhaps perish in prison, I may be executed or massacred at home, and certainly I will be slandered by all parties.\n I am asking my wife to have men transport her in a chaise longue from Paris to Le Havre, to be lifted onto a ship, and to get off in Philadelphia or New Castle in the same way she embarked. We will have her brought here just as she traveled in France.\u2014But, if she is unable to make the trip physically, her moral courage being indomitable, I can no longer write her: stay and die; I will die over here; we are separated forever. Under these circumstances I must go back and console her a little, help her, and die by her side.\u2014How could one pretend to be good to the world, if one cannot start by being good, very good, within one\u2019s marriage?\u2014It is within this union that the real and positive duty lies. The rest is always sullied with a little vanity.\n Old age gives courage against death.\u2014Ask Solon\u2014\n God\u2019s kindness, the lights of the geniuses who come closest to him, nearer than we poor humans can, the esteem of those who, among animals of our own species, are the most closely connected through their hearts and minds with these superior beings, give courage against slander.\u2014You will never be persuaded that I value titles, above which I have always striven to rise, nor money, which I have always disdained, and which in any case I would not be given, nor that, even for glory, if it could be had, I would do or say under any circumstances anything against my conscience, which has been sufficiently enlightened by my illustrious friends, among whom you hold such a prominent place.\n I add to this package a little note regarding your manufactures, which I felt I had to write because my authority is invoked, as yours used to be, against our own advice.\n But it is another thing to govern Europe, where Colbert and the English, seduced by luxury, have reduced agriculture in order to create beggars who become poorly paid workers. Europe, where the British parliament pushed this folly far enough to endanger the subsistence of a seventh of the population in its three kingdoms and, on the contrary, to advance the destinies of America, which moves forward with its imaginary capital based on trust, reciprocal credit, and paper, which has become as powerful as if it were real, because the work it enables has an effective value that pays for everything in the end. Your agriculture, in order to spread all the way to California, needs only nearby consumers, who can pay for its crops with useful services.\n I send my regards to Madame Randolph and to all of her and your beautiful ladies, Miss Septimia included of course.\n And I embrace you with tenderness and veneration\n DuPont (de Nemours)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0426-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours\u2019s Notes on the Encouragement of American Manufactures, [ca. 31 March 1816]\nFrom: Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel\nTo: \n Observations Sommaires Sur l\u2019utilit\u00e9 des Encouragemens \u00e0 donner aux Manufactures Am\u00e9ricaines\n Pour juger quels sont les int\u00e9r\u00eats que l\u2019on recommande au Congr\u00e8s, en l\u2019exhortant \u00e0 donner un grand appui aux Manufactures Am\u00e9ricaines, il faut s\u2019\u00eatre occup\u00e9 de la Science des Valeurs, et consid\u00e9rer de quoi elles sont compos\u00e9es.\n La Valeur des Marchandises manufactur\u00e9es est form\u00e9e de l\u2019Addition de plusieurs Valeurs.\n 1o Celle de la Mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re.\u2014Pour les deux principales Manufactures de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique, celle des Etoffes de laine et celle des Etoffes de Coton, la Mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re est en totalit\u00e9 Am\u00e9ricaine: tout ce qui en sera employ\u00e9 le sera au profit de l\u2019Agriculture des Etats unis; et l\u2019Education des B\u00eates \u00e0 laine peut donner des gains immenses aux Etats de l\u2019ouest.\n 2o la Valeur des gages ou Salaires des Ouvriers.\u2014C\u2019est la plus consid\u00e9rable de toutes les d\u00e9penses de Manufactures. Elle est pay\u00e9e tous les jours; et tous les jours les ouvriers en consomment le prix en pain, Viande, beurre, \u0153ufs, lait, fromages, dindons, poulets, l\u00e9gumes et boissons. Toutes ces choses sont vendues par les Fermiers; et toutes ces d\u00e9penses au profit de l\u2019Agriculture sont pay\u00e9es comptant, sans fraix de Commission ni de transport, sans dangers de Mer, ni de Corsaires.\n 3o Le Surplus consiste dans l\u2019Int\u00e9r\u00eat des Capitaux et les gains ou Salaires d\u00fbs aux peines et au travail des Entrepreneurs. Ces deux derniers Articles se confondent ordinairement. Ils passent rarement quinze pour cent du prix de la Marchandise, et sont souvent born\u00e9s \u00e0 dix. D\u2019ici \u00e0 long-tems, ils ne s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8veront m\u00eame pas \u00e0 ce taux, la concurrence Anglaise est trop puissante.\n Il r\u00e9sulte de cet examen du prix des Etoffes Am\u00e9ricaines qu\u2019il y en a quatre-Vingt dix ou au moins quatre-vingt cinq pour cent en encouragement direct donn\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019Agriculture.\n Et dix \u00e0 quinze pour cent au plus constituant le profit ou les Salaires\u2014du travail des Entrepreneurs Manufacturiers, et comprenant l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de leurs avances.\n La question pour les L\u00e9gislateurs se r\u00e9duit donc \u00e0 dire: \u201cVoulez-Vous donner \u00e0 l\u2019Industrie Nationale en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral un Encouragement qui se partagera, Savoir: quatre-Vingt dix ou au moins quatre-Vingt cinq sur cent, en faveur de l\u2019Agriculture; et seulement dix ou au plus quinze au profit des hommes Industrieux?\u201d\n Ces hommes industrieux font de la partie qui leur revient dans le prix de leurs Etoffes, ou d\u2019abord des consommations qu\u2019ils ach\u00e8tent aussi \u00e0 l\u2019Agriculture, ou et ensuite des improvemens des Am\u00e9liorations, des extensions \u00e0 ce genre d\u2019entreprises dont le produit se partagera toujours dans la m\u00eame proportion, quatre-Vingt dix ou quatre-Vingt cinq pour les Cultivateurs; dix ou quinze pour les Manufacturiers. Et dans les improvemens m\u00eame il y a toujours une grande depense en Salaires d\u2019ouvriers qui passe tout de Suite en consommations au profit divers de l\u2019Agriculture. \n Cette marche peut continuer jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que l\u2019Am\u00e9rique soit partout, complettement et de tous points, parfaitement cultive\u00e9. Il y en a au moins pour Six cents ans; et plus vraisemblablement le R\u00eagne de la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 et de la Population croissante dans les Etats unis sera le R\u00eagne de Mille ans.\n Les heureuses m\u0153urs de cette sage Nation font qu\u2019aucune Entreprise n\u2019y a lieu comme en Europe, au d\u00e9triment des autres; bien au contraire, toutes S\u2019y entr\u2019aident. L\u2019ing\u00e9nieuse invention des Banques fait que les Capitaux ne manquent pas, et qu\u2019ils y profitent m\u00eame avant d\u2019\u00eatre cr\u00e9\u00e9s. On est convenu tacitement de se faire au moyen des Banques un cr\u00e9dit mutuel, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que la chose \u00e0 mettre en activit\u00e9 y soit parvenue, et qu\u2019elle ait donn\u00e9 les moyens de Se payer elle-m\u00eame. Il y a peu de pertes, et l\u2019on ne doit les envisager que comme une l\u00e9g\u00e8re prime d\u2019assurance pour un si grand bien.\n Ces Consid\u00e9rations ne regardent que les Richesses, l\u2019abondance, et la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 int\u00e9rieures.\n Mais le noble int\u00e9r\u00eat de l\u2019Ind\u00e9pendance Nationale, celui de ne pas donner \u00e0 l\u2019Agriculture et \u00e0 l\u2019Industrie d\u2019une autre Nation ambitieuse, Tyrannique, et jalouse, les moyens d\u2019envoyer et d\u2019entretenir des Arm\u00e9es de Mercenaires dans nos Campagnes, pour les d\u00e9vaster, dans nos Villes pour les br\u00fbler, chez nos Femmes pour les insulter, est d\u2019une bien plus haute importance pour des hommes fiers et libres, pour des R\u00e9publicains.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0426-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Contemporary Translation of Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemour\u2019s Notes on the Encouragement of American Manufactures, [ca. 31 March 1816]\nFrom: Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel,Patterson, Robert Maskell\nTo: \n SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS,on the advantages of giving encouragement to american manufactures.\n In order to judge what are the interests which we recommend to congress, when we beg them to afford an effectual support to American manufactures, it is necessary to have studied the science of values, and to consider of what these are composed. \n The value of manufactured goods is made up of several distinct values.\n 1st. That of the raw material.\u2014For the two principal manufactures of the United States, those of wool and of cotton, the raw material is entirely American; and whatever is employed, is to the profit of the agriculture of the country. The raising of sheep may produce an immense gain to the Western States.\n 2dly. The value of the wages of the workmen. This is the most considerable part of the expense of manufacturing. It is paid from day to day, and is consumed by the workmen in bread and meat and vegetables and other necessaries of life, all of which are sold by the farmers, and for the profit of agriculture. The payments, moreover, are made in cash, without the expense of commission or of transport, and without danger from storms or from pirates.\n 3dly. The surplus consists of the interest of the capital required, and in the gain or profit accruing to the employers, for their trouble and labor.\u2014These two last articles are commonly confounded. They rarely exceed fifteen per cent. of the price of the goods, and are often confined to ten. For a long time hence, they will not even reach to this rate, the English competition being too powerful.\n From this examination of the price of American manufactures, it results that ninety, or at least eighty-five per cent. of this price is a direct encouragement given to agriculture; and ten, or at most fifteen per cent. constitutes the profit or salary of the employers, comprehending the interest of their capitals.\n The question for the legislators is reduced then to this:\u2014are you willing to give to the national industry in general an encouragement to be divided thus:\u2014ninety, or at least eighty-five per cent in favor of agriculture; and ten, or at most fifteen per cent. to the profit of industrious men.\n These industrious employers spend the part which comes to them, in the price of the goods, either in articles of consumption derived from agriculture, or in improvements, meliorations, and extensions of their establishments, the produce of which will still be divided in the same proportion;\u2014ninety or eighty-five per cent. for the former, ten or fifteen for the manufacturer.\n This course may continue until America shall be, throughout, and at all points, completely and perfectly cultivated. This will be at least for six hundred years; and more probably, the reign of the increasing prosperity and population of the United States will be a true millenium.\n The happy manners of this prudent nation, prevent any enterprize from being established, as in Europe, to the detriment of others; on the contrary, they mutually support each other. The ingenious invention of banks prevents the want of funds, and gives the advantage of capitals even before they are created. It is tacitly agreed, by the medium of banks, to establish a mutual credit until the proposed enterprise shall be brought into activity, and shall afford the means of defraying its own cost. There are but few losses, and these should be regarded only as a light premium of insurance for so great a benefit.\n These considerations have respect only to the interior riches, abundance, and prosperity of the country. But the noble interest of the national independence, that of not giving to the agriculture and the industry of any jealous foreign nation, the means of sending and supporting among us mercenary armies, to lay waste our fields, burn our cities, and insult our women, is an object of much higher importance to freemen, to republicans.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0427", "content": "Title: Albert Gallatin to Thomas Jefferson, 1 April 1816\nFrom: Gallatin, Albert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Washington April 1st 1816\n I have much regretted that a detention in my journey to this place prevented my arriving at Baltimore till after your nephew\u2019s departure. I had brought with me letters for Geneva which I have sent after him. Mr Erving takes duplicates, and I will send triplicates on my arrival at Paris; so that I hope that he will experience no disappointment on that account. I found the institutions and Professors as good at Geneva as when I had left it 35 years before.\n After what I had written to you, you could hardly have expected that I would have accepted the French mission. It was again offered to me in so friendly manner and from so friendly motives that I was induced to accept. Nor will I conceal that I did not feel yet old enough, or had I philosophy enough to go into retirement and abstract myself altogether from public affairs. I have no expectation however that in the present state of France I can be of any utility there, and hope that I will not make a long stay in that country. The late events must have dispersed a great number of your acquaintances there. If you have yet any correspondents to which you wish any letters to be safely transmitted, such as you will send by me will be delivered in their own hands. I presume that I will sail the latter end of this month from New York, for which place I will set off to morrow. In every country and at all times I never can cease to feel gratitude, respect and attachment for you. With every wish for your happiness I remain sincerely & respectfully\n Albert Gallatin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0428", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Wood, 1 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wood, John\n I have duly recieved your favor of the 16th Ult. expressing your wish to be employed in the survey of the exterior boundaries of the state, under the 7th section of the act providing for a general map of the state, and I shall very conscientiously espouse your wish with the Executive from a conviction of your superior qualifications for that service. I have the fitter occasion of doing it, as I now have under consideration a letter from the Governor consulting me on the execution of the act. this act presents very extensive views, which will require much developement. the first member of the 7th section which you wish to undertake calls for two very distinct operations. that on the tidewaters must be aided by nautical means, the soundings being required, as well as the courses of the rivers. that above the tidewaters is what I presume you wish to undertake. the following is a general view of what is to be done.\n 1. a continued survey along their ridges.\n 2. a notation of their gaps.\n 3. their elevation.\n 4. the breadth of their bases.\n 6. their breadths?\n 8. Latitudes and Longitudes?\n 3d the uncertainty of finding good baselines seems to render the geometrical admeasurement of heights less practicable than the barometrical, which the latter theories have brought to quite a sufficient correctness.\n 7th would the barometrical variations be sufficient for this? I doubt it; & if not I know no other method but what would make the undertaking more troublesome than useful: altho it would really be both curious & desirable, as would also be the velocity of the general current, if obtainable.\n 8. I presume a good Hadley\u2019s sextant best for these operations.\n I have distinguished by a ? the operations not expressly called for by the act, but which ought not to be left out of so great a work.\n I should be very glad if you would take these several articles into consideration, and favor me with your views on them, adding any others omitted by me, and which may appear to you important. in hopes you will do me this kindness with as little delay as your convenience admits, I will withold for a while my answer to the Governor on this branch of the subject.\n I do not know whether you have paid so particular an attention to mineralogy, and especially to the late geological systems, as to enable you to unite this object of the act with the other. it would be a convenient, as well as economical association. Accept the assurance of my esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0429", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 2 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\n Your favor of Mar. 22. has been recieved. it finds me more laboriously, and imperiously engaged than almost on any occasion of my life. it is not therefore in my power to take into immediate consideration all the subjects it proposes. they cover a broad surface, & will require some developement. they respect\n II. Education.\n III. the Map of the state. this last will comprise\n 1. an Astronomical survey, to wit Longitudes and Latitudes.\n 2. a Geometrical survey of the external boundaries, the mountains & rivers.\n 3. a Topographical survey of the counties.\n 4. a Mineralogical survey.\n each of these heads require distinct consideration. I will take them up one at a time & communicate my ideas as leisure will permit.\n I. on the subject of Defence, I will state to you what has been heretofore contemplated & proposed. some time before I retired from office when the clouds between England & the US. thickened so as to threaten war at hand, and while we were fortifying various assailable points on our seaboard, the defence of the Chesapeak became, as it ought to have been, a subject of serious consideration, and the problem occurred, whether it could be defended at it\u2019s mouth? it\u2019s effectual defence in detail being obviously impossible. my idea was that we should find or prepare a station near it\u2019s mouth for a very great force of vessels of annoyance of such a character as to assail, when the weather & position of an enemy suited, and keep or withdraw themselves into their station when adverse. these means of annoyance were to consist of gun boats, row boats floating batteries, bombketches, fireships, rafts, turtles, torpedoes, rockets & whatever else could be devised to destroy a ship becalmed, to which could now be added Fulton scows. I thought it possible that a station might be made on the Middle grounds, (which are always shallow, and have been known to be uncovered by water,) by a circumvallation of stones dropped loosely on one another, so as to take their own bevil, & raised sufficiently high to protect the vessels within them from waves and boat attacks. it is by such a wall the harbor of Cherburg has been made. the Middle grounds have a firm bottom, and lie 2. or 3. miles from the ship channel on either side, and so near the Cape as to be at hand for any enemy moored or becalmed within them. a survey of them was desired, and some officer of the navy recieved orders on the subject, who being opposed to our possessing any thing below a frigate or line of battle ship, either visited, or did not visit them, & verbally expressed his opinion of impracticability. I state these things from memory and may err in small circumstances, but not in the general impression.\n A second station offering itself was the mouth of Lynhaven bay river, which having but 4. or 5. feet water, the vessels would be to be adapted to that, or it\u2019s entrance deepened. but there it would be requisite to have 1. a fort protecting the vessels within it, and strong enough to hold out until a competent force of militia could be collected for it\u2019s relief. and 2. a Canal uniting the tidewaters of Lynhaven river and the Eastern branch, 3. or 4. miles apart only of low level country. this would afford to the vessels a retreat for their own safety, and a communication with Norfolk & Albemarle sound, so as to give succour to these places if attacked, or recieve it from them for a special enterprise. it was believed that such a canal would then have cost about 30,000.D.\n This being a case of personal as well as public interest, I thought a private application not improper, and indeed preferable to a more general one, with an Executive needing no stimulus to do what is right; & therefore in May & June 1813. I took the liberty of writing to them on this subject, the defence of the Chesapeak; and to what is before stated I added some observations on the importance and pressure of the case. a view of the Map of the US. shews that the Chesapeak recieves either the whole, or important waters of five of the most producing of the Atlantic states, to wit, N. Carolina (for the Dismal canal makes Albemarle Sound a water of the Chesapeak, and Norfolk it\u2019s port of exportation) Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York. we know that the waters of the Chesapeak from the Genesee to the Sawra towns and Albemarle Sound, comprehend \u2156 of the population of the Atlantic states, and furnish probably more than half their exporting exported produce, that the loss of James river alone, in that year, was estimated at 200,000. barrels of flour, fed away to horses, or sold at half price, which was a levy of a million of Dollars on a single one of these numerous waters, and that levy to be repeated every year during the war; that this important country can all be shut up by two or three ships of the enemy, lying at the mouth of the bay; that an injury so vast to us, and so cheap to the enemy, must for ever be resorted to by them; & maintained constantly thro\u2019 every war; that this was a hard trial of the spirit of the middle states, a trial which, backed by impossible taxes, might produce a demand for peace on any terms; that when it was considered that the Union had already expended 4. millions of Dollars for the defence of the single city of N.York, and the waters of a single river, the Hudson, (which we entirely approved, and now we might probably add 4. more since expended on the same spot) we thought it very moderate for so great a portion of the country; the population, the wealth, and contributing industry, & strength of the Atlantic states, to ask a few hundred thousand Dollars, to save the harrasment of their militia, burnings of conflagrations of their towns & houses, devastations of their farms, & annihilation of all the annual fruits of their labor.The idea of defending the bay at it\u2019s mouth was approved; but the necessary works were deemed inexecutable during a war; and an answer more cogent was furnished by the fact that our treasury and credit were both exhausted.Since the war I have learned (I cannot say how) that the Executive has taken up the subject & sent on an Engineer to examine & report the localities; and that this Engineer thought favorably of the Middle grounds. but my recollection is too indistinct, but to suggest enquiry to you. after having once taken the liberty of solliciting the Executive on this subject, I do not think it would be respectful for me to do it a second time; nor can it be necessary with persons who need only suggestions of what is right, & not importunities to do it. if the subject is brought before them, they can readily recall or recollect recur to my letters if worth it. but would it not be advisable in the first place to have surveys made of the Middle grounds, and the grounds between the tide-waters of Lynhaven & the Eastern branch, that your representations may be made on known facts? these would be parts only of the surveys you are authorised to make, and might, for so good a reason, be anticipated & executed before the general work can be done\n Perhaps however the idea is view is directed to a defence by frigates or ships of the line, stationed at York or elsewhere. against this, in my opinion, both reason and experience reclaim. had we half a dozen 74s stationed at York, the enemy would place a dozen at the Capes. this great force called there would enable them to make large detachments against Norfolk when it suited them, to harass and devastate the bay-coasts incessantly, and would oblige us to keep large armies of militia, at York to defend the ships, and at Norfolk to defend that. the experience of New London proves how certain and destructive this blockade would be; for New London owed it\u2019s blockade & the depredations on it\u2019s coasts to the presence of one a frigate sent there for it\u2019s defence: and did the frigate at Norfolk bring us defence or assault?\n II. Education. the President and Directors of the literary fund are desired to digest and report a system of public education comprehending the establishment of an University, additional Colleges or Academies and Schools. the resolution does not define the portions of science to be taught in each of these institutions: but the first and last admit no doubt. the University must be intended for all useful sciences; and the Schools mean Elementary ones, for the instruction of the people, answering to our present English schools. the middle term, Colleges or Academies may be more conjectural. but we must understand from it some middle grade of education. now, when we consider advert that the antient classical languages are considered as the foundation preparatory for all the sciences, that we have always had schools scattered over the country for teaching these languages, which often were the ultimate term of education; that these languages are entered on at the age of 9. or 10. years, at which age parents would be unwilling to send their children from every part of the state to a Central & distant University and when we observe that the resolution supposes there are to be a plurality of them, we may well conclude that the Greek & Latin are the objects of these Colleges.it is probable also that the legislature might have under their eye the Bill for the more general diffusion of knolege, printed in the Revised code of 1779. which proposed these 3. grades of institution, to wit an University, district Colleges, or Grammar schools, & County, or Ward schools. I think therefore we may say that the object of these Colleges is the classical languages, and that they are intended as the Portico of entry to the University. as to their numbers, I know no better rule to be assumed, than to place one within a day\u2019s ride of every man\u2019s door, in consideration of the infancy of the pledges he has at it. this would require one for every 80. miles square.\n Supposing this the object of the Colleges, the Report will have to present the plan of an University, analysing the sciences, selecting those which are useful, grouping them into professorships commensurate each with the time and faculties of one man, and prescribing the regimen and all other necessary details.on this subject I can offer nothing new. a letter of mine to Peter Carr, which was published during the last session of assembly is a digest of all the information I possess on the subject, from which the board will judge whether they can extract any thing useful; the professorships of the classical languages being of course to be expunged, as more effectually supplied by the establishment of the colleges.\n As the buildings to be erected will also enter into their report I would strongly recommend to their consideration, instead of one immense building, to have a small one for every professorship, arranged at proper distances around a square, or rather three sides of a square, to admit extension, connected by a piazza so that they may go dry from one school to another. this is preferable village form is preferable to a single great building for many reasons, particularly on account of fire, health, economy, peace & quiet. such a plan had been approved in the case of the Albemarle college, which was the subject of the letter abovementioned; and should the idea be approved by the board more may be said hereafter on the opportunity these small buildings will afford, of exhibiting models in Architecture of the purest forms of antiquity, furnishing to the Student examples of the precepts he will be taught in that art.\n The Elementary or Ward schools is the last branch of this subject. on this too my ideas have been long deposited in the Bill for the diffusion of knolege, beforementioned, and time & reflection have continued to strengthen them as to the general principle, that of a division of every county into wards, with a school in each ward. the details of the bill will of course be varied as the difference of present circumstances from those of that day will require.\n My partiality for that division is not founded in views of education solely, but infinitely more as the means of a better administration of our government and the eternal preservation of it\u2019s republican principles. the example of this most admirable of all human contrivances in government is to be seen in our Eastern states; and it\u2019s powerful effect in the order and economy of their internal affairs, and the momentum it gives them as a nation, is the single circumstance which distinguishes them so remarkably fr from every other national association. in a letter to mr Adams a few years ago I had occasion to explain to him the structure of our scheme scheme of education as proposed in the bill for the diffusion of knolege, & the views of this particular section of it; and in another lately to mr Cabell on the occasion of the bill for the Albemarle College, I also took a view of the political effects of the proposed division into wards, which being more easily copied than thrown into new form here, I take the liberty of inclosing extracts from them. should the board of Directors approve of the plan, and make Ward divisions the substratum of their elementary schools, their report may furnish a happy occasion of introducing them, leaving all their other uses to be adopted from time to time hereafter as occasions shall occur.\n With these subjects I should close the present letter, but that it may be necessary to anticipate on the next one so far as respects proper persons for carrying into execution the Astronomical and Geometrical surveys. I know no one in the state equal to the first who could be engaged in it; but my acquaintance in the state is very limited. there is a person near Washington possessing every quality which could be desired, among our first mathematicians and Astronomers, of good bodily activity, used to rough living, of great experience in field operations, and of the most perfect integrity. I speak of Isaac Briggs who was Surveyor general South of Ohio, and who was employed to trace the route from Washington to New Orleans, below the mountains, which he did with great accuracy by observations of Longitude and latitude only, on a journey thither. I do not know that he would undertake the present work\u2014but I have learnt that he is at this time disengaged; I know he is poor, & was always moderate in his views. this is the most important of all the surveys, and if done by him, I will answer for this part of your work standing the test of time and criticism. if you should desire it, I could write and press him to undertake it: but it would be necessary to say something about compensation.\n John Wood of the Petersburg academy has written to me that he would be willing to undertake the Geometrical survey of the external boundaries, and internal divisions. we have certainly no abler Mathematician, and he informs me he has had good experience in the works of the field. he is a great walker, and is therefore probably equal to the bodily fatigue, which is a material qualification. but he is so much better known where you are that I need only mention his readiness to undertake, and your own personal knolege or enquiries will best determine what should be done. it is the part of the work above the tide waters which he would undertake; that below, where soundings are to be taken requiring Nautical apparatus and practice.\n Whether he is a mineralogist or not, I do not know. it would be a convenient and economical association with that of the Geometrical survey.\n I am obliged to postpone for some days the consideration of the remaining subjects of your letter. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and high consideration\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0430", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Notes on Popular Election of Juries, [ca. 2 April 1816]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n to the preceding Extracts I will add an observation. our republic is founded on the principle that the people are the source of all powers, & the safest depository of such as they are competent to exercise. their competency is principally restrained to the election of those who are to exercise powers over them. hence, in the Executive department, they chuse the Chief magistrate, indirectly. in the Legislature they chuse both branches directly. in the Judiciary, they are not competent to the appointment of judges of law, but they are of the judges of fact, that is, of Jurors. that every ward ward then should elect from among themselves, either for the year or pro h\u00e2c vice, a juror to serve in whatever court he may be allotted to, would be in exact analogy with this first principle of our government, and would perfect it\u2019s application, by carrying into the Judiciary department the same fundamental safeguard against systematic abuses of power or principle, as now exists in the Executive & Legislative authorities. in that branch too it is the more important as the Judges are found, practicably, irremovable. our Jurors, under both governments, are at present named by an officer holding at the will of the Executive, which certainly does not secure to the citizen as independant a jury as the choice of the people would.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0431", "content": "Title: Archibald Robertson to Thomas Jefferson, 3 April 1816\nFrom: Robertson, Archibald\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Lynchburg 3rd April 1816\n Your favor of the 28th ulto enclosing a dft on Messrs Gibson & Jefferson for $167\u201310. I received by last mail, the delay in receiving which has been no inconvenience and will answer our purposes as well as if it have had been received at the time appointed\u2014\n After the statement you have made of your present situation in money matters, nothing but necessity shall induce us to call on you before your next crop can be in market, which I hope will not be necessary\n It will at all times give me pleasure to see you, and during your stay in the Forest will certainly call on you\u2014I remain\n Very Respectfully Your ob St\n A. Robertson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0432", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Title and Prospectus for Destutt de Tracy\u2019s Treatise on Political Economy, [ca. 6 April 1816]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude\nTo: \n Title. \u2018A Treatise on Political Economy by the Count Destutt-Tracy, member of the Senate and Institute of France, and of the American Philosophical society, to which is prefixed a Supplement to a preceding work on the Understanding, or Elements of Ideology, by the same author, with an Analytical table, and an Introduction on the faculty of the will, translated from the unpublished French original.\u2019\n Prospectus.\n Political economy, in modern times, assumed the form of a regular science first in the hands of the political sect in France called the Economists. they made it a branch only of a comprehensive system on the Natural order of societies. Quesnai first, Gournay, Le Trosne, Turgot, and Dupont de Nemours, the enlightened, philanthropic, and venerable citizen now of the United states, led the way in these developements, and gave to our enquiries the direction they have since observed. many sound and valuable principles, established by them, have recieved the sanction of general approbation. some, as in the infancy of a science might be expected, have been brought into question, and have furnished occasion for much discussion. their opinions on Production, and on the proper subjects of Taxation have been particularly controverted: and whatever may be the merit of their principles of taxation it is not wonderful they have not prevailed; not on the score of questioned score of correctness, but because not acceptable to the people, whose will must then be the supreme law. taxation is in fact the most difficult function of government, and that against which their citizens are most apt to be refractory. the general aim is therefore to adopt the mode most consonant with the circumstances and sentiments of the country.\n Adam Smith, first in England, published a rational and systematic work on Political economy, adopting generally the ground of the Economists, but differing on the subjects before specified. the system being novel, much argument and detail seemed then necessary to establish principles which now are assented to as soon as proposed. hence his book, admitted to be able, and of the first degree of merit, has yet been considered as prolix & tedious.\n In France, John Baptist Say has the merit of producing a very superior work on the subject of Political economy. his arrangement is luminous, ideas clear, style perspicuous, and the whole subject brought within half the volume of Smith\u2019s work. add to this considerable advances in correctness and extension of principles.\n The work of Senator Tracy, now announced, comes forward with all the lights of his predecessors in the science, and with the advantages of further experience, more discussion, and greater maturity of subject. it is certainly distinguished by important traits; a cogency of logic which has never been exceeded in any work, a rigorous enchainment of ideas, and constant recurrence to it to keep it in the reader\u2019s view, a fearless pursuit of truth whithersoever it leads, and a diction so correct that not a word can be changed but for the worse; and, as happens in other cases, that the more a subject is understood, the more briefly it may be explained, he has reduced, not indeed all the details, but all the elements and the system of principles, within the compass of an 8vo of about 400. pages. indeed we might say within two thirds of that space, the one third being taken up with some preliminary pieces now to be noticed.\n Mr Tracy is the author of a treatise on the elements of Ideology, justly considered as a production of the first order in the science of our thinking faculty, or of the Understanding. considering the present work but as a second section to those Elements, under the titles of Analytical table Supplement, and Introduction, he gives, in these preliminary pieces a supplement to the Elements, shews how the present work stands on that as it\u2019s basis, presents a summary view of it, and, before entering on the formation, distribution, and employment of property, he investigates the question of the origin of the rights of property and personality, a question, not new indeed, yet one which has not hithertoo hitherto been satisfactorily settled. these investigations are very metaphysical, profound and demonstrative, & will give satisfaction to minds in the habit of abstract speculation. readers however, not disposed to enter into them, after reading the summary view, entitled \u2018on our actions\u2019 will probably pass on at once to the commencement of the main subject of the work, which is treated of under the following heads;\n of Production, or the formation of our riches. \n of Value, or the measure of utility.\n of Change of form, or Fabrication.\n of Change of place, or Commerce.\n of the Distribution of our riches.\n of Population.\n of the Employment of our riches, or Consumption.\n of Public revenue, Expences and Debts.\n altho\u2019 the work now offered is but a translation, it may be considered in some degree as the original, that having never been published in the country in which it was written. the author would there have been submitted to the unpleasant alternative either of mutilating his sentiments, where they were either free or doubtful, or of risking himself under the unsettled regimen of their press. a manuscript copy communicated to a friend here has enabled him to give it to a country which is afraid to read nothing, and which may be trusted with any thing, so long as it\u2019s reason remains unfettered by law.\n In the translation, fidelity has been chiefly consulted. a more correct style would sometimes have given a shade of sentiment which was not the author\u2019s, and which, in a work standing in the place of the original, would have been unjust towards him. some Gallicisms have therefore been admitted, where a single word gives an idea which would require a whole phrase of Dictionary-English. indeed the horrors of Neologism, which startle the purist, have given no alarm to the translator. where brevity, perspicuity, & even euphony can be promoted by the introduction of a new word, it is an improvement of the language. it is thus the English language has been brought to what it is; one half of it having been innovations, made at different times, from the Greek, Latin, French, & other languages. and is it the worse for these? had the preposterous idea of fixing the language been adopted in the time of our Saxon ancestors, of Pierce Plowman, of Chaucer, of Spencer, the progress of ideas must have stopped with that of the progress of the language. on the contrary nothing is more evident than that as we advance in the knolege of new things, and of new combinations of old ones, we must have new words to express them. were Van-Helmont, Stahl, Scheele, to rise from the dead at this time, they would not scarcely understand one word of their own science. would it have been better then to have abandoned the science of Chemistry rather than admit innovations in it\u2019s style terms? what a wonderful accession of copiousness and force has the French language attained by the innovations of the last 30. years! and what do we not owe to Shakespear for the enrichment of the language by his free and magical creation of words? in giving a loose to neologism indeed, uncouth words will sometimes be offered: but the public will judge them, and recieve or reject, as sense or sound shall suggest, & authors will be approved or condemned according to the use they make of this licence, as they now are from their j use of the present vocabulary. the claim of the present translation however is limited to it\u2019s duties of fidelity & justice to the sense of it\u2019s original; adopting the author\u2019s own word only where no term of our own language would convey his meaning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0435", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Milligan, 6 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Milligan, Joseph\n Your favor of Mar. 6. did not come to hand until the 15th. I then expected I should finish revising the translation of Tracy\u2019s book within a week, and could send the whole together. I got thro\u2019 it, but on further consideration thought I ought to read it over again, lest any errors should have been left in it. it was fortunate I did so, for I found several little errors. the whole is now done and forwarded by this mail, with a Title, and something I have written which may serve for a Prospectus, and indeed for a Preface also with a little alteration. you will see by the face of the work what a horrible job I have had in the revisal. it is so defaced that it is absolutely necessary you should have a fair copy taken, and by a person of good understanding. for that will be necessary to decypher the translator\u2019s orthography, too, erasures, interlineations Etc of the translation. the translator\u2019s orthography too will need great correction, as you will find a multitude of words shamefully mispelt, and he seems to have had no idea of the use of stops. he uses the comma very commonly for a full stop, and as often the full stop, followed by a capital letter for a comma. your copyist will therefore have to stop it properly quite thro\u2019 the work. still there will be places where it cannot be stopped correctly without reference to the original. for I observed many instances where a member of a sentence might be given either to the preceding or following one, grammatically, which would yet make the sense very different, and could therefore be rectified only by the original. I have therefore thought it would be better for you to send me the proof sheets as they come out of the press. we have two mails a week which leave this Wednesdays & Saturdays and you should always recieve it by return of the first mail. only observe that I set out for Bedford in 5. or 6. days and shall not be back till the first week in May.\n The original construction of the style of the translation was so bungling that altho\u2019 I have made it render the author\u2019s sense faithfully, yet it was impossible to change the structure of the senses sentences to any thing good. I have endeavored to apologise for it in the prospectus; as also to prepare the reader for the dry, and to most of them, uninteresting character of the preliminary tracts, advising him to pass at once to the beginning of the main work, where also you will see I have recommended the beginning the principal series of pages. in this I have departed from the order of pages adopted by the author.\n My name must in no wise appear connected with the work. I have no objection to your naming me, in conversation, but not in print, as the person to whom the original was communicated. altho\u2019 the author puts his name to the work, yet, if called to account for it by his government he means to disavow it, which it\u2019s publication at such a distance will enable him to do. but he would not think himself at liberty to do this if avowedly sanctioned by me here. the best open mark of approbation I can give is to subscribe for a dozen copies; or if you would prefer it, you may place on your subscription paper a letter in these words. \u2018Sir, I subscribe with pleasure for a dozen copies of the invaluable book you are about to publish on Political economy. I should be happy to see it in the hands of every American citizen. Th Jefferson.\u2019\n The Ainsworth, Ovid, Cornelius Nepos & Virgil came safely. I shall be glad of another copy of the same edition of Virgil as also of the 2. books below mentioned, & formerly written for. I fear I shall not get the Ovid and Nepos I sent to be bound, in time for the pocket in my Bedford trip. Accept my best wishes and respects.\n Th: Jefferson\n Moore\u2019s greek grammar translated by Ewen.\n Mair\u2019s Tyro\u2019s dictionary.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0436", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Ritchie, 6 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ritchie, Thomas\n I have really placed myself in a very mortifying situation before you with respect to Tracy\u2019s book. I shall state the case. when I recieved information from mr Duane that he could not print it, mr Millegan of Georgetown happened to be here. I proposed to him to undertake it, and promised, if he would, that I would revise the translation. he agreed to it, and the more readily as he said Duane had before proposed it to him. he promised to write for the translation, & to forward it to me. he did not however do it; and on my writing to Duane for the original, he sent me both that and the translation. some months elapsed before I could enter on the revisal. after I had got one fourth through, I wrote to Millegan that, if he was ready, I would send that part to him and be sure to forward the remainder as fast as he could print, and I pressed for an answer by return of mail. I did this because he had not, in the first instance, asked the translation from Duane, and for 6. months before that I had been writing letters to him as a bookseller on other matters of business, and had never got an answer. I began to give credit to suggestions I had heard of his faultering in business from embarrasments & ill habits, and I concluded he had abandoned the design altogether. I then wrote to you my letter of Mar. 8. and took his abandonment so much for granted that I did not even mention the transaction to you in that letter. there was my fault; of which I became sensible on recieving a letter from him a week after, pressing me to forward the translation immediately; that his types were in readiness, and would be kept unemployed until he should recieve it. I was really mortified at the situation my incaution had led me into; and altho\u2019 his tardiness and silence were the cause, yet considering his right of contract, I thought my self bound to send him the work. I regretted it the more, as I had infinitely rather you should have edited it because, in the mutilated state of the translation, it will require more than common abilities to publish it correctly. to yourself perhaps it will be of less disappointment, as I could not have had my name in any way connected with the publication, which you seemed to expect. this would have defeated the author\u2019s resort to a disavowal of the work in the event of his being called to account for it by his own government, which he wrote me was his purpose. besides, after every thing I could do with the translation, the original structure of it was so abominable, that altho\u2019 I have made it faithful, it was impossible to make it passable in point of style. I hope you will see in this business only a want of caution on my part, in not apprising you of a previous claim which I too hastily supposed relinquished, and that all circumstances considered, your regret will be less than mine that the work does not go from your press. with this apology for my fault accept the assurance of my constant esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0437", "content": "Title: Jesse Torrey to Thomas Jefferson, 6 April 1816\nFrom: Torrey, Jesse\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Washington April 6, 1816.\n In compliance with an intention\n *The object of carrying this intention into effect, by communicating with you personally on the subject, formed a great share of the inducements which led me to visit your residence at Monticello, in August last. But from your having declined an investigation of the physiological problems, which I proposed to suggest, and from your being under an engagement to ride from home soon, I conceived it to be improper to introduce the subject at that moment, or to obtrude a proposal for a second call; and therefore concluded to defer the execution of my purpose to a future period.\n which I have many years entertained, and also with the advice of one of the Editors\n \u2020Mr Seaton.\n of the National Intelligencer, I now use the freedom of presenting for your consideration, my proposed scheme of a universal and economical system for the general dissemination of knowledge and moral improvement in the United States, through the medium of free Libraries.\n The expression of your sentiments, when convenient, on the propositions suggestions relative to this subject, contained in the accompanying publication, would be received as a particular favor, by your most obedient servant and friend,\n Jesse Torrey Jnr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0438", "content": "Title: John Wood to Thomas Jefferson, 6 April 1816\nFrom: Wood, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Richmond 6th April 1816\n I received your favour of the 1st instant yesterday in Petersburg; and I beg leave to return my sincere thanks for the favourable opinion you are pleased to express of my qualifications. Having had occasion to come to Richmond to day, I waited upon the Governor in order to receive some information in regard to the contemplated survey of Virginia.\n The Governor informed me, that it is the intention of the Executive to have the river and coast line surveyed, with those portions of the other external Boundaries which have not been yet accurately ascertained. With regard to the operations above Tide water, the Governor seems to be of opinion that the Legislature only contemplated having a survey executed of the principal ranges of Mountains, and not those of an insulated nature or of an inferior description\n With respect to the method which ought to be adopted in order to accomplish the survey above Tide water; I am of opinion that the geometrical admeasurement will in some instances be found preferable, and the barometrical in others. Where good base lines can be found I would use the geometrical, and when the summits of mountains are accessible without much difficulty; I should prefer the barometrical. Mr de Luc of Geneva who has the merit of bringing the barometrical measurements to perfection, made a survey of the principal mountains of Savoy and Switzerland both with the Theodolite and the Barometer. The use of the later instrument he seems in most cases to prefer. General Roy the celebrated British Engineer as also Sir George Shuckburg give also the preference to the Barometer as a more expeditious instrument, although in their time it was not brought to its present correctness.\n As to the instruments to be used above Tide water; besides Barometers,a Theodolite, Hadleys Sextant, and surveying chain will be sufficient. The Theodolite to be used for the Terrestrial observations and the Hadley\u2019s sextant for the Latitudes and Longitudes. A Hadley\u2019s Sextant alone will answer in many instances on land; for when the objects are at a considerable distance; the error which the Glasses occasion in the measurement of angles is trifling. A circumferentor would answer the purpose of horizontal angles; but as the Theodolite is calculate to measure both horizontal and vertical Angles, I think it is the most convenient instrument.\u2014\n To accomplish the survey of the River and Sea coast line I am of opinion that a good Surveyor\u2019s Compass, a Gunters Chain and a Hadleys Sextant will be the only necessary instruments The distances & courses can easily be obtained by the Compass & Chain\u2014The Latitudes & Longitudes of the principal points on the sea coast will be discovered by the sextant. The fewer instruments that are used provided they will effect the purpose will render the survey much easier in its execution and less expensive to the state.\n In addition to those operations which you have mentioned; I beg leave to suggest the propriety of adding perspective representations of the principal ridges of mountains, the most remarkable insulated mountains & views of the windings of the several rivers and other natural objects of importance in the state. Engravings of these might be annexed at each end of the map. They would be interesting to many persons who are satisfied with having a representation of the general appearance of a country without investigating the particulars.\u2014\n The Governor thinks that it will be necessary to employ four principal surveyors to execute the several objects which the act of the Legislature contemplates. For my own I should be desirous of being employed either in the operations which regard the mountains; or in the survey of the River and sea coast line as may seem to be the wish of the Executive I shall esteem it a favour therefore if you would inform the Governor that I shall be happy to give my services to accomplish either of these objects and that I am desirous that the work should be commenced, as soon as he may deem expedient. for in Surveys of this description the earlier in the season they are begun the more favourable to those who are engaged in them.\n I request you will accept my most grateful thanks for the desire you have expressed to espouse my cause with the Executive and believe me to be\n Sir with esteem & respect your most obedient Servant\n N. B. I have no farther knowledge of mineralogy than what I acquired by attending the Classes of Chemistry & Natural History in the University of Edinburg, and the opportunities which my pedestrian journies among the Alps of Switzerland & Savoy afforded me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0439", "content": "Title: Giovanni Carmignani to Thomas Jefferson, 7 April 1816\nFrom: Carmignani, Giovanni\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Chiarissimo Signore\n Filippo Mazzei che si onorava dell\u2019amicizia Sua ha cessato di vivere nel 19. del decorso mese di marzo. Egli ha lasciata una figlia ed una moglie superstiti. Ha conferita a quest\u2019ultima la tutela dla figlia attualmente costituita in et\u00e0 minore, ed a me la curatela dla tutrica\n Uno degli assegnamenti di qualche rilievo di questa famiglia \u00e8 il credito di resto di prezzo di una tenuta che Ella, chiarissimo Signore, vend\u00e8 cost\u00ec \u214c conto ed interesse del defonto Mazzei. Questa famiglia raccomanda all\u2019ottimo suo cuore, ed all\u2019amicizia che Ella nutriva per il defonto, il Sollecito incasso di questo prezzo, e la trasmissione di esso per sicuro canale a Livorno.\n Debto ad una circostanza dolorosa ed infausta la occasione e l\u2019onore di rivolgermi ad un\u2019uomo il di cui nome \u00e8 citato con venerazione \u214c tutto ove la dignit\u00e0 della natura umana \u00e8 Sentita.\n Raccomandando alla piet\u00e0 Sua uno d\u00e8 pi\u00f9 forti interessi d\u2019una desolata famiglia io ho l\u2019onore di essere con alta, e invariabile Stima\n Di Lei chiariss. Sige\n Umiliss. Divotiss. Obb. Servitore\n Giovanni Carmignani\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Philip Mazzei, who was honored by your friendship, died on the nineteenth of this past month of March. He is survived by his daughter and wife. He has conferred on the latter the guardianship of the daughter, currently a minor, and to me the care of the guardian.\n One of the sizable assets of this family is the net income from the sale of a holding that you, dear Sir, sold on behalf and in the interest of the deceased Mazzei. Relying on your benevolence and the friendship that you nourished for the deceased, this family requests a quick collection of this sum and its transmission via a secure channel to Leghorn.\n \tI owe to a painful and unfortunate circumstance the occasion and honor of turning to a man whose name is cited with veneration wherever human dignity is appreciated.\n Recommending to your mercy one of the most important assets of a desolated family, I have the honor to be with high and unwavering esteem\n Your very humble devoted obliging servant\n Giovanni Carmignani", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0440", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Nicolas G. Dufief, 7 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dufief, Nicolas Gouin\n Monticello April 7. 16.\n I have too long neglected to remit you the amount of your account, which I believe is 24. D 68 c the reason has been that I wished to have made up a little catalogue of wants in the same way which has not yet been done; and being about setting out on a journey of a month\u2019s absence, I must defer my catalogue, but in the mean time inclose you an order on mr Vaughan for the above sum. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0441", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to LeRoy, Bayard & McEvers, 7 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: LeRoy, Bayard & McEvers\n Gentlemen\n I recieved, by our last mail only, your favor of Mar. 19. reminding me of a very ancient and very just debt to Messrs Van Staphorsts, and which I ought certainly long ago to have replaced to them, unasked. but, engaged constantly in offices of more expence than compensation, our means are ever absorbed as soon as recieved by the needy who press, while the indulgent lie over for a moment of greater convenience. yet ancient and just as is this debt, it presents itself at a moment when I am not prepared to meet it. I am a land holder, and depend on the income of my farms. three years of war & close blockade of the Chesapeak compleatly sunk the produce of those three years, and the year of peace which has followed has barely met arrearages and taxes. commerce and free markets being now restored to us, we may count on the future with more certainty. I shall be able to pay off one of my bonds at the date of a year from this time, and one other each year after until the three are discharged. I hope that this arrangement will be acceptable to Messrs Van Staphorsts, and that their indulgence will not be withdrawn suddenly and all at once. with the forbearance I ask, I shall replace their money from annual income which I can spare, and be saved the regret of injuriously mutilating my landed property.it will give me great pleasure to learn that the measure of kindness hitherto shewn, will be filled up by so much further forbearance, as will make it in the end, as it was in the beginning, a salutary accomodation. Accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0442", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Tayloe Lomax, 7 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lomax, John Tayloe\n Your favor of Mar. 11. is just now recieved. on the death of mr Wayles, I sorted and arranged the whole of his papers, but the revolutionary troubles commencing immediately after, I was called off, and the whole papers were kept by mr Eppes, and the entire settlement of the affairs of the estate left to him. I think it very certain, from recollection, that there was not a single lottery ticket among mr Wayles\u2019s papers; however those papers are all in the possession of mr Archibald Thweatt, son in law of mr Eppes. residing at mr Eppes\u2019s seat, Eppington, to whom if you will be so good as to address the enquiry, it can be answered with more certainty. do me the favor to present me respectfully to mrs Lomax your mother and family, and to accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0443", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Josiah Meigs, 7 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Meigs, Josiah\n Monticello April 7. 16.\n I have referred asking the favor of you to return my thanks to Dr Drake for the copy of his account of the state of Ohio which he has been so kind as to send me until I could have time to peruse it. I have done this with great pleasure and may now express my gratification on this able addition to the knolege we possess of our different states; and I may say with truth that were all of them as well delineated as that which is the subject of this volume, we should be more accurately and scientifically known to the rest of the world. with my thanks for this mark of attention be pleased to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0444", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 7 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n I have to acknolege your favor of Mar. 14. and will answer it\u2019s several enquiries. le mot de l\u2019enigme as to the boundary of the land is that Monroe\u2019s land lies North of yours. you must recollect on being reminded that your land adjoined Blenheim, Monroe\u2019s joined Colle and my lands. mr Carter not being considered as a party direct, and having formerly shewn no disposition to attend personally, but rather to acquiesce in any impartial decision, was not notified to attend. he is a man of perfect candor; and will himself recollect & admit all the facts of the case; that he had previously sold to Monroe by a particular boundary, that that boundary was unknown to us, that he attended the survey, and went before the Surveyor, shewing the boundary himself, and according to the quantity found within that line by the Surveyor, recieved 23/6 an acre for it. the last payment was made by a draught on John Barnes in Philadelphia June 6. 1795. which of course being the overpayment, the interest must run from the reciept of that. I have no doubt that on your writing to mr Carter & giving him some time, suppose 9. or 12. months, which will admit the sale of his growing crop, he will send you his bond. when that becomes due you had better inclose it for collection to John W. Green at Fredericksbg a respectable attorney who attends Culpeper court, and a most excellent man, and he will recieve and remit you the money without trouble or delay. I paid your share of the costs of survey & witnesses 5.D. which you can put into the hands of mr Vaughan who is kind enough to recieve & pay my little concerns in Philadelphia.I wrote urgently to Monroe on behalf of La Motte. he answers me in terms of the strongest friendship to La Motte but observes that a mr Barnett has been long the incumbent, and may perhaps chuse to return to it; and that there are very numerous applications for all these places from officers of the army and navy of great merit, and the current of disposition entirely in their favor. I am therefore apprehensive that between Barnet & the military competitors La Motte\u2019s chance is weak.I set out in 3. or 4. days for Bedford to be absent a month. accept the assurance of my constant affection & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0445", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Vaughan, 7 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, John\n Your favor of Mar. 13. has been duly recieved. I forwarded to mr Appleton a duplicate of the letter I inclosed to you by a gentleman going direct to Paris, from whence he would forward it to Leghorn.owing to mr Dufief a balance of 24. D 68 c I have taken the liberty of inclosing him a draught on you for that sum.you will perhaps have seen that our late legislature has taken up the subject of public improvement with great spirit, and I hope they will pursue it. an University for the sciences, district colleges for classical education, and elementary schools in every county, Astronomical, geometrical, topographical, & mineralogical surveys of the state, with roads and canals are provided for. all this undertaken while paying five times higher taxes than ever were paid in the state before, shews that the spirit of the state is roused, and taking an excellent direction. ever & affectionately your\u2019s\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0448", "content": "Title: Fran\u00e7ois Gard to Thomas Jefferson, 9 April 1816\nFrom: Gard, Fran\u00e7ois\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Bordeaux, 9th April 1816.\n You will perhaps be Surprized at the Liberty I take in addressing you, but being governed by motives of humanity & encouraged in my design by Some military gentlemen and merchants of the united States now in this place, I Beg leave to claim your attention for a moment, on the Situation of the unhappy persons in your country who have the misfortunate misfortune to be deaf & dumb. afflicted myself with these infirmities & feeling with great Sensibily Sensibility for all these in the Same Situation I have enquired of the american gentlemen who have visited our Institution in Bordeaux, for the Instruction of deaf and dumb, whether there existed any Similar establishment in the united States. Being informed that no Such School had been established with you & Learning that among your deaf and dumb all those who had not the means of coming to Europe were deprived of Instruction I feel an ardent desire to devote my Labours and existence to procure for them the inestimable blessing of the education of which their organisation is Susceptible & which is So indispensable both for their own happiness & to render them useful members of Society.\n I was educated myself in the Institution of the deaf & dumb in this city & having acquired by long application a Perfect Knowledge of the most approved method of Instructing this unfortunate Portion of society I have for these eight years exercized the Function of Teacher & have also acquired a tolerable Knowledge of the English Language. If The american Government or Benevolent Individuals of your Country are disposed to Form an Institution in the united States I would Willingly go there for that purpose. I can pur procure Satisfactory testimonial of my moral character and my Capacity for Teaching the deaf & dumb from american Consul & Several respectable military & Commercial Gentlemen of the united States who honour me with Their friendship & Esteem\u2014I will entirely depend on the wisdom & judgment of the american Government or of the individuals who undertake to assist me in the proposed establishment, to fix the mode & plan of its organisation.\n Our Institution here is calculated for 60 Poors Students at the expence of the Government which pays for each 600 francs Pr annum & 24000. for Professors & Sundry others charges to which is to be added the expence of a Suitable building, Beds, Linen &c Making the agregate expence about 1000 fr. annually for each individual. the rich pay the expence of their children & if as I have been Told a considerable portion of the deaf & dumb in the united States have the means of paying for their instruction the Expence to the Government or a private Society would be inconsiderable for myself I do not claim great emoluments my desire & object, is to Serve an afflicted portion of humanity I have a Wife & Soon expect to be a father, my only ambition, is to procure a comfortable existence for my wife & family\n If you think your Government Cannot from its formation establish Such an Institution, Will you inform me what probability there is of any one of States Governments undertaking to create Such an Establishment, or whether in your Opinion Individual Subscription could be raised for its formation. Your worthy consul, mr Lee. has given me great encouragement, but I wish to feel Secure of a competency before I undertake a Voyage, as it would not be prudent in me to let go a certainty for an uncertainty having from the Institution here a Salary of 1800 francs besides other Emoluments\n I Should be highly flattered by your honouring me with a reply to this, on which Permit me to say, I calculate from the Knowledge I have from mr Lee of your Patriotism & useful Labours.\n I have the honour to be with high respect, Sir, your humble Servant\n Professeur \u00e0 L\u2019Institution royale dessourds muets \u00e0 Bordeaux.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0450", "content": "Title: Louis Philippe Gallot de Lormerie to Thomas Jefferson, 9 April 1816\nFrom: Lormerie, Louis Philippe Gallot de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Monsieur L\u2019Ex Pr\u00e9sident,\n a Paris ce 9. avril 1816\u2014 Pla\u00e7e ro\u00ffale N\u00ba 10\n Je saisis avec Empressement une Occasion favorable, celle de Monsieur hide de Neuville nouvellement Ambassadeur de fran\u00e7e pr\u00e8s Votre Gouvernement, pour Vous renouveller les assurances de mon respect, de mon ancien Attachement, et de toute ma gratitude\u2014Je vous ai dit et n\u2019oublierai jamais L avant\u00e2ge que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s procur\u00e9 de revenir dans ma Patrie avec S: E. Monsieur Crawford et Mr Jackson aujourdhuy charg\u00e9 des affaires des E: u: qui j\u2019ai Lhonneur de Voir Souvent a Paris. il a la Bont\u00e9 de remettre Lui m\u00eame a Mr De neuville que je n\u2019ai pas l\u2019avant\u00e2ge de Conno\u00eetre ma Lettre que je vous supplie Monsieur d agr\u00e9er comme un t\u00e9moign\u00e2ge des sentimens que je vous ai vo\u00fc\u00e9s pour toujours\n mes v\u0153ux sont pour votre sant\u00e9 & votre Bonheur. Je jo\u00fcis graces a dieu de L\u2019une & de L\u2019autre a L\u2019\u00e2ge de pr\u00e8s de 71 ans dans une Aisance honn\u00eate (a good competency) et je dis avec action de graces au tout puissant\n Saltem, remoto, das pater Pater angulo\n horas Senect\u00e6 du\u00e7ere Liberas.\n Daign\u00e9s agr\u00e9er Monsieur L\u2019ex President, Lhommage de mon Respect et de ma tr\u00e8s haute Consid\u00e9ration\n De Lormerie\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Mr. Ex-President,\n Paris 9. April 1816\u2014 Place Royale Number 10\n I eagerly seize a favorable occasion, that of Mr. Hyde de Neuville\u2019s recent appointment as France\u2019s ambassador to your government, to renew to you the assurances of my respect, my old affection, and all my gratitude. I have told you before and I will never forget the advantage you procured me in allowing me to come back to my country with his excellency Mr. Crawford and Mr. Jackson, now charg\u00e9 d\u2019affaires of the United States, whom I have the honor of seeing often in Paris. He is kind enough to hand my letter to Mr. de Neuville, whom I do not have the honor of knowing. I beg you Sir to receive this letter as a testimony of the feelings I will always dedicate to you\n I wish you good health and happiness. Thank God I enjoy the one and the other at the age of almost 71, in moderate prosperity (a good competency), and I offer this thanksgiving to the all powerful\n Saltem remoto, das Pater angulo\n horas Senect\u00e6 ducere Liberas.\n Please accept, Mr. Ex-President, my respectful regards and very high consideration\n De Lormerie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0451", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 9 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\n It had escaped my recollection till this moment that you had desired me to send you the copy of La Harpe\u2019s journal. you will find bound up with it some Extracts from it which I had made because bearing immediately on the question of right, and a duplicate copy of the letters of Cevallos Salcedo & Herrera. if your office possesses the original, as I am sure it does, I will be glad to have this returned, that I may deposit it with the A. Philosophical society where it will be safe and more open than it would be in your office for the use of writers on that subject. but indeed you should have it printed, that being the only certain way of preserving any thing. you will see that this was meditated by a calculation in my hand at the foot of the 1st page, from which it appears that 300. copies sold @ 1.D 10 C. would repay the whole expence of printing them.\n Affectionately yours\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0452-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Joseph de Monteverde to John F. Oliveira Fernandes, 2 December 1815\nFrom: Monteverde, Joseph de\nTo: Oliveira Fernandes, John Francisco\n Muy Estdo Sor mio:\n Sta Cruz de Tene 2 de Dice a 1815\n Correspondo \u00e1 la favorecida de Ud 20 de Agto ulto acompa\u00f1andole la adjunta Carta de Dn Domingo Madan en respta \u00e1 la qe U. le escrivi\u00f3 \u00e1 dho Sor, por la qe quedar\u00e1 U. enterado de la aplicacion que hizo de los $109.37, qe yo le satisfice, y U. reclamar\u00e1 pe de la persona qe cita.\n Hizo U. muy bien de no remesar el Cargamto de articulos qe se\u00f1ale \u00e1 U. en la mia de 25 de Junio ulto medte \u00e1 qe lleg\u00f3 \u00e1 Sus manos atrasada, pq en efecto despues de la paz, no cesan de venir buques Cargados, de forma qe estamos surtidos de todos los art\u00edculos que proceden de esa, que nos faltavan\u2014\n He mandado llenar del vino mas particular de mis bodegas las dos medias pp. y quatro quarts qe se Sirve encargarme, qe no dudo sea de Su gusto: su precio \u00e1 38\u00a3. Est. pipa impta $342, y con tres de costos de embarque son $345: qe he adevitado \u00e1 U. en/c: nabegan en el Bergn Jane Coutes, Capn, Guillermo B, consignados \u00e1 dho Reardon pa entregrar \u00e1 U. de qe acompa\u00f1o Conocimiento.\n Esta Suma he de merecer \u00e1 U. me remese empleado en 1er barco, la mitad en Duelas de Pipa, y la otra mitad pr partes iguales, tambien en duelas de media Pipa, y quarterola\n No da lugar pa mas el Buque: agradezco \u00e1 U. Sus finas ofertas, y desea corresponderle con iguales veras Su afo Leg Servor QSMB.\n Joseph de Monteverde\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Santa Cruz de Tenerife 2 December 1815\n I am answering your favor of this past 20 August and enclosing the letter from Mr. Domingo Madan in response to the one you wrote him. This letter will inform you how I applied and settled the $109.37, which you may claim from the above-mentioned person.\n You were right not to ship the articles I mentioned to you in my letter of this past 25 June, which reached you late, because, since the peace, loaded ships have arrived continuously, so that we now have an assortment of all the goods we previously lacked.\n I have filled the two half-pipes and four quarters that you ordered with the best wine from my cellars, which I do not doubt will please you. Their price, at \u00a338 sterling per pipe, comes to $342, which with three dollars for customs comes to $345. I herewith charge that amount to you and inform you that the pipes sail on the Brig Jane Couts, Captain William Burrows, and that we have arranged with Reardon to deliver them to you.\n This sum should seem fair to you. I am sending half of the shipment in wooden pipes with the first boat and the other half, in equal parts, in wooden half-pipes and quarter pipes.\n The ship has no more room. I appreciate your kind offers and wish to reciprocate similarly. Your affectionate loyal servant, who kisses your hand.\n Joseph de Monteverde", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0453-0001", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 9 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n The inclosed was omitted by accident to be forwarded to you in my last. it is a necessary document for you in your settlement with mr Carter. I salute you ever and affectionately.\n P. S. I send also mr Carter\u2019s letter shewing he had agreed to pay what he recieved & interest.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "02-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0453-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Woods\u2019s Survey of Land in Dispute between James Monroe and William Short, 21 February 1816\nFrom: Woods, William\nTo: \n This is a Plat of 68 acres of land lying in the County of Albemarle on the South side of Carters Mountain, & on the east side of Dick\u2019s branch, being the land in controversy between Colo James Monroe & Wm Short Esqr which having has been determined by arbitration to belong to Colo Monroe.\n Surveyed February 21st 1816.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0455", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Albert Gallatin, 11 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gallatin, Albert\n Your last favor is recieved just as I am setting out for a possession 90. miles Southwardly, from whence I shall not return until the first week of the ensuing month. I hasten therefore to drop you a line of Adieu. I sincerely rejoice that you are going to France. I do not think with you that nothing can be done there. Louis XVIII is a fool, & a bigot, but bating a little duplicity he is honest, and means well. he cannot but feel the heavy hand of his masters, and that it is England which presses it, and vaunts the having had the glory of effecting their humiliation. his ministers too, altho\u2019 ultra-royalists must feel as Frenchmen. altho our government is an eyesore to them, the pride and pressure of England is more present to their feelings, and their they must be sensible that having a common enemy, an intimate connection with us must be of value to them. England hates us, dreads us, and yet is silly enough to keep us under constant irritation instead of making us her friends. she will use all her sway over the French government to obstruct our commerce with them, and it is exactly there you can act with effect by keeping that government informed of the truth, in opposition to the lies of England.I thank you for your attention to my request as to mr Terril. you judge rightly that I have no acquaintances left in France. some were guillotined, some fled, some died, some are exiled, and I know of nobody left but La Fayette. I correspond with his connection M. Destutt Tracy, the ablest writer in France in the moral line. your acquaintance with M. de la Fayette will of course bring you to that of M. Tracy. will you permit me to tell you a long story, and to vindicate me in conversation to both those friends, before whom it is impossible but that I must stand in need of it. M. Tracy has written the best work on Political economy which has ever appeared. he has established it\u2019s principles more demonstratively than has been done before, & in the compass of one third of even M. Say\u2019s work. he feared to print it in France, and sent it to me to have it pri translated & printed here. I immediately proposed it to Duane who engaged to have it done. after putting me off from 6. months to 6. months he at length (after 2 or 3 years delay) wrote me that he had had it translated, but was not able to print it. I got from him the original and the translation, and proposed the publishing of it to Millegan of George town promising to revise the translation if he would undertake it. he agreed to it. when I came to look into the translation, it had been done by one who understood neither French nor Englishe English, and I then rejoiced that Duane had not published it. it would have been horrid. I worked on it 4. or 5 hours a day for 3. months, comparing word by word with the original, and altho\u2019 I have made it a strictly faithful translation yet it is without style. le premier jet was such as to render that impossible. I sent the whole to Millegan about 10. days ago, & he had informed me his types & every thing was ready to begin it. I have not the courage to write to mr Tracy until I can send him a copy of the book; and were I to write to M. La Fayette & be silent on this subject, they would conclude I had abandoned it: but in truth I have never ceased to urge it. indeed I take great interest in it\u2019s publication. it\u2019s brevity will recommend it to our countrymen, & it\u2019s logic set their minds to rights as to principle; & you know there is no science on which they are so little informed.\u2014now can you remember all this? and will you be so good as to place me erect again before my friends, by a verbal explanation? God bless you and give you a safe & pleasant voyage, and a safe return to us in the fulness of time.\n Th: Jefferson\n I trouble you with 2. letters to mr Terril to be forwarded to Geneva", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0456", "content": "Title: Promissory Note from Thomas Jefferson to John Neilson, 11 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Neilson, John\n On a settlement with John Nelson on the 16th of April 1809. there was then due to him from me four hundred and thirty five Dollars 75 cents with interest from that date till paid, the certificate of which then given him being said to be lost, I now give him this duplicate under my hand this 11th of April 1816.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0457", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Eston Randolph, 11 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Eston\n From the account you were so good as to furnish me I make out the inclosed statement for the last & present year. as to the first year is of flour specifically, both the crop and rent being consisting of flour only. the balance 67. Barrels. the 2d year\u2019s account being for flour as to the crop, and money as to the rent, I carry on the balance of 67. Barrels to the flour acct of the 2d year which leaves only 41 B.\u201357 \u2114 due to me; an order for that much therefore will discharge that without regard to it\u2019s money value.The account of the 2d year\u2019s rent is stated in money, so as to keep the money balance clear of that for flour. I send it for your consideration & correction\u2014being to set out for Bedford tomorrow morning, you can inform me on my return if it is right. but in the mean time if the flour balance is right I should be glad that that should be delivered to mr Gibson as my letters have given him reason to expect.\n Affectionately yours\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0458", "content": "Title: John F. Dumoulin to Thomas Jefferson, 12 April 1816\nFrom: Dumoulin, John Franklin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Pennsylvania Avenue Washington City April the 12th 1816\n Permit me the honor of presenting you with the copy of an Essay on Naturalization and Allegiance which perhaps I have been too hazardous in publishing. Conscious of the many errors and faults which crowd in the Press and composition of its pages, I feel however some satisfaction in reflecting that leading principles I contend for, have had your approbation. With this impression I have occasionally taken a liberty with your name, and invoked it in the behalf of the assertion of human rights. Devoted as your life has been to liberty and philanthropy, your name has become too consecrated to humanity not to be recalled whenever it becomes the theme of discussion. You are now too well accustomed to this familiarity with your name and the freedom which the vanity of writers indulge themselves with, in presenting you with copies of crude and coarse productions, to be displeased at the liberties they take. May I therefore Sir request you will receive the acccompanying copy of my very imperfect Essay on Naturalization and Allegiance as a small token of the highest respect and of the most lively feelings of gratitude for your kind attentions and hospitality to me in the visit which I had the honor of making to Monticello in October. Be pleased also to present the other copy which attends this, to your Son Mr Randolph\u2014I was happy to hear from Miss Randolph who was sometime since at the Presidents of your being in perfect health as also Mrs Randolph\u2014May I beg you to present my respects to Mrs Randolph and Mr Jefferson Randolph and with many apologies for thus trespassing on you. I have the honor to remain Sir \n with the greatest respect your humble and Obedient Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0459", "content": "Title: Charles P. De Lasteyrie to Thomas Jefferson, 14 April 1816\nFrom: Lasteyrie-Dusaillant, Charles Philibert, comte de,Flower, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Monsieur\n je prend la libert\u00e9 de vous adr\u00e9sser Monsieur Geo. flower Agriculteur Anglais qui veut aller exercer son activit\u00e9 et ses talents Sur une terre o\u00f9 l\u2019industrie est cert S\u00fbre de ne point trouver d\u2019obstacles, et o\u00f9 l\u2019homme peut retirer une juste r\u00e9compense de ses travaux.\n Mr flower que j\u2019ai eu occasion de conno\u00eetre particuli\u00e9rement en france est dou\u00e9 d\u2019un d\u00e9gr\u00e9 de Sagesse et de raison qu\u2019on trouve rarement dans un \u00e2ge m\u00eame avanc\u00e9 parmi les habitans corrompus de notre vieux continent. je f\u00e9licite votre patrie de faire de pareilles conqu\u00eates. Elle vous Seront plus utiles que celles que nous faisons et que nous appr\u00e9cions tant en Europe. je voudrois \u00eatre moi m\u00eame plus jeune, et j\u2019irois vous demander L\u2019hospitalit\u00e9. je compte asses sur votre amiti\u00e9 pour moi, et sur votre philantropie \u00e9clair\u00e9, pour esp\u00e9rer que vous ser\u00e9s utile \u00e0 Mr flower en ce qui d\u00e9pendra de vous.\n Mr Lafayette habite Sa campagne, o\u00f9 il vit \u00e9loign\u00e9 des affaires, enti\u00e8rement adonn\u00e9 aux travaux des champs.\n je viens de former \u00e0 Paris un \u00e9tablissement Lithographique. c\u2019est un art qui rendra de grand services aux arts et aux sciences; et quoique dans son enfance, il est d\u00e9ja tr\u00e8s utile, mais il le deviendra bien davantage lorsqu\u2019il sera perfectionn\u00e9. c\u2019est \u00e0 quoi je travaille, et j\u2019espere que je parviendrai \u00e0 le rendre d\u2019un usage plus facile et plus \u00e9conomique. il seroit bien a d\u00e9sirer qu\u2019il s\u2019introduisit en Am\u00e9rique, ou il vous seroit encore plus utile qu\u2019en Europe. Vous manqu\u00e9s de graveurs, et ceux que vous av\u00e9s ne sont pas aussi habiles que les notres. La Lithographie vous donneroit autant de graveurs que vous av\u00e9s de d\u00e9ssinateurs, et vous trouveri\u00e9s ainsi un moyen de propager dans votre patrie Les choses utiles. s\u2019il venoit dans la t\u00eate de quelqu\u2019un de vos compatriotes de vouloir former un \u00e9tablissement lithographique ils n\u2019auroient qu\u2019\u00e0 m\u2019envoyer un \u00e9chantillon grand comme la main des pierres d\u2019am\u00e9rique. j\u2019esserai ces pierres pour voir Savoir si elles Sont bonnes. Ces pierres doivent \u00eatre calcaire et Argileuses, prendre a peu de chose pr\u00e8s le polis du Marbre, \u00eatre sans trous ni cavit\u00e9s, et d\u2019un grain fin. La Cassure en est concoide. c\u2019est l\u2019esp\u00e8ce de pierre que Werner nomme Schiste calcaire. je pourrai vous en envoyer un \u00e9chantillon si vous le d\u00e9sir\u00e9s. Vous me permettr\u00e9s de vous envoyer quelques \u00e9chantillons qui sortiront de mes presses.\n j\u2019espere que vous jouiss\u00e9s toujours d\u2019une heureuse sant\u00e9. je vous en d\u00e9sire bien Sinc\u00e9rement la continuation, et je vous prie de croire aux Sentiment d\u2019estime et d\u2019attachement que j\u2019ai et que j\u2019aurai toujours pour vous.\n C. P. De Lasteyrie\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n I take the liberty of recommending to you Mr. George Flower, an English farmer, who wants to go and practice his occupation and his talents in a land where industry is certain to find no obstacles and a man can get a just reward for his labor.\n Mr. Flower, whom I got to know particularly well in France, is gifted with a degree of wisdom and reason that is rarely found, even in persons of an advanced age, among the corrupt inhabitants of our old continent. I congratulate your country on its conquests. They will be more useful to you than those that we are making and appreciate so much in Europe. I myself would like to be younger, in which case I would go and ask for your hospitality. I am counting on your friendship and enlightened philanthropy, and I hope that you will be useful to Mr. Flower to the extent of your ability.\n Mr. Lafayette lives on his estate, away from public affairs, entirely devoted to farming.\n I have just created in Paris a lithographic establishment. This art will render great services to the arts and sciences. Even though in its infancy, it is already very useful, but it will become much more so when it is perfected. This is what I am working on, and I hope to be able to make it easier and cheaper to use. Its introduction is much to be desired in America, where it would offer even greater advantages than in Europe. You lack engravers, and the ones you have are not as skilled as ours. Lithography would provide you with as many engravers as you have sketchers, and you would thus find a way to publicize useful things in your country. If it occurred to one of your fellow citizens to form a lithographic establishment, they need only send me a sample of American stones the size of a hand. I will test them to see if they are any good. These stones must be calcareous and clayey, able to acquire almost the polish of marble, free of holes or cavities, and showing a fine grain. The fracture should be conchoidal. It is the kind of stone that Werner calls calcareous schist. I could send you a specimen if you wish. You will allow me to send you a few samples of the work produced by my presses.\n I hope that you are still enjoying good health. I sincerely wish for its continuation. Please accept my sincere regards and the attachment I have and will always have for you.\n C. P. De Lasteyrie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0460-0001", "content": "Title: Thomas Appleton to Thomas Jefferson, 15 April 1816\nFrom: Appleton, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n \t\tThe preceding, Sir, is a copy of my letter written to you, the day following the death of mr mazzei.\u2014I now inclose you, the legal attestation of his decease; an attested Copy of his will; together with a letter from the guardian of his daughter, as to the disposal of the property in your hands.\u2014all these acts I have confirm\u2019d in my official capacity, and which I presume, are the only requisites necessary for your guidance.\u2014although our friend, Sir, had arriv\u2019d at an age to which few attain, yet it was in some degree premature, as his end was undoubtedly hasten\u2019d, by the undisguis\u2019d manner, in which his family evinc\u2019d thier weariness of exercising towards him, those attentions which his age requir\u2019d; and as he frequently told me, his single desire was, that they might soon be gratified, and thus liberate himself from the continual pains of being depriv\u2019d of many indispensable comforts of life, and the still greater torment of witnessing thier ingratitude, and criminal eagerness to grasp, uncontroul\u2019d, his little estate.\u2014about two years ago, he finish\u2019d a work, which I suppose, if printed, might fill about 2000 pages in 8vo and which contains many events of his life; together with numerous letters from the last King of Poland\u2014from what I have read of this work, he seems to have spun out some parts of it, beyond what the subject requir\u2019d; and I am inclin\u2019d to think, he has totally omitted others\u2014he admir\u2019d the concision of Tacitus, but it does not appear to me that he has succeeded in the imitation of his style, while many of the anecdotes he relates as having occur\u2019d during his residence in france, I am of opinion, from having been myself present at those periods in Paris, that they are deficient of that sort of evidence, which events of a political nature require.\u2014he seems on too slight foundations to have establish\u2019d, what he gives as facts; and in relation to himself, he is frequently diffuse on puerilities which little interest the reader.\u2014This work he gave to his friend the advocate Carmigniani of Pisa, but there is no probability that it will ever be printed; for in Italy, reading is by no means so general, as in many other countries of Europe; and the studious, are commonly of that cast of men, who attach little worth, to writings of the nature of mr mazzei\u2019s.\u2014as I have formerly mention\u2019d to you in my letters, that he had much reduc\u2019d his estate, so from what I can now discover, it will not exceed 25,000. dollars, including the sum you have in your hands; tho\u2019 it certainly did surpass 50,000 ten years ago.\u2014A few days since, I reciev\u2019d, Sir, your letter to me, in date of the 14th of January, which came by land from Gibraltar.\u2014The letter you mention having written to mr mazzei, two months before the reciept of my first letter, never reach\u2019d his hands.\u2014I very greatly regret, Sir, that the talents of mr Bartolini, are not likely to find in the U: States, a corresponding encouragement; and it is unfortunate that he will be unable to obtain from mr Andreis the sculptor, who lately came from America, that information he is desirous of procuring; for from the very narrow views of the latter, he indulges the most improper jealousy for every one who might cause his own talents to be less esteem\u2019d; and as he has, I presume, been consulted in the choice of those who have been sent, they will certainly not rise above the level of his own extreme mediocrity.\u2014the truth is, I oppos\u2019d mr mazzei at the time, in the choice he made of this workman, but he consulted me when he had already contracted with them, and there was no remedy for the error he had committed, as they were both consider\u2019d as very inferior workmen.\u2014\n \t\tYou will at once perceive, Sir, that nothing could be more useless than the presence, and return of m. andreis to carrara, for it must have been evident, he would oppose the choice of any one of superior merit to himself; and as to the capitals to be made at Carrara, nothing more was requisite than to designate the orders of the architecture, and the dimensions of the columns. whereas by the mode adopted, the frigate J. Adams has been employ\u2019d a considerable time to convey the family of mr Andreis to Italy: exclusive of the great expence which will accrue to the government, from the salary, & travelling charges of the latter during, at least, one year. on reading over my letter, I find I have omitted mentioning, what is perhaps necessary to the understanding of the 4th line of this page; to wit, \u201cthat I presume mr andreis has been consulted in the choice &c\u201d\u2014the truth is, that mr mcCall Consul of Barcelona, & agent of the squadron in the mediterranean, it appears was authoris\u2019d by the commissioners for the rebuilding of Washington, to procure the Sculptors to be sent to the U: States, and direct the work of the capitals for the columns\u2014He therefore proceeded to this place, in company with mr Andreis, for the objects I have stated; as he was likewise instructed by the Commissioners, to invest the money necessary for these purposes, in the hands of mr Samuel Purviance, late partner of his brother William, who a few years since acted as navy-agent here under mr Smith, and in his bankruptcy involv\u2019d the U: States for about 100.000 Dollars: not a cent of which, to this hour, has been recover\u2019d.\u2014I feel persuaded, Sir, from what I have now written, you are already convinced, that the mode adopted by the Commissioners, has neither been the most eligible, for obtaining the best workmen, or to prevent an useless expenditure of the public money.\u2014In my former letters, when I mention\u2019d that I possess the original bust in gesso of Cerrachi, it was merely with the view, to offer the intire use of it to the government, should they determine to erect a monument to General Washington; or simply to place his Statue in some public edifice at the federal-City; as I have understood something of this kind was thier intention: either of which, could be work\u2019d in Italy, in a far superior style, I presume, and certainly, for about one half the price, it would cost in the U: States.\u2014I have not, Sir, the material time requisite, as the vessel will sail in a day, or two, to know from Carrara the precise sum that a bust in gesso would cost for your own use, but it will be very inconsiderable; in marble, it would cost from the workman\u2019s hands, about Sixty dollars.\u2014previous to recieving your letter, I had written to montepulciano, for samples of the last growth of wine; but generally the vintage of the last year, has been greatly inferior to preceeding ones; and in a particular manner, I found it so with that of montepulciano, which induced me intirely to relinquish the intention I had, to purchase of that kind for my own use.\u2014we have, however, many other wines equally light, and very nearly as well flavour\u2019d, at about one half the price: for the former is transported in flasks, nearly 150 miles over land, before it arrives at Florence.\u2014not willing, therefore, to send you a quality; inferior to that formerly sent, I shall defer complying with your order; until the next vintage, which, however, is not drawn from the lees, until January; but should you prefer some of the other qualities, I shall be able to send it much earlier.\u2014Since the return of the, legitimate Sovereigns of Italy, innumerable are the applications to me of every description of men, to find conveyances to the U: States; for the truth is, they are sorely disappointed in the hopes they had indulg\u2019d, that a change of government, would restore them to the enjoyments of the least painful period of thier history; but they now percieve, that they are reliev\u2019d from none of the burthens impos\u2019d by the french, while in some cases, they are even augmented.\u2014The clergy, you will readily believe, Sir, as a class of men, were the most clamorous, tho\u2019 not an acre of church-ground had been sold in all Tuscany, during the government of Napoleon: but since the return of the Grand-Duke, the finest of thier lands are Sold, or are for Sale; even with the approbation of His Holiness the Pope.\u2014no one of the princes of Italy, not excepting His Holiness, has return\u2019d to his former possessions, but under such enormous pecuniary conditions; impos\u2019d by the chiefs of the allied Sovereigns, as must reduce the countries they govern, in the space of a few years, to the utmost state of depression.\u2014The fate of the little republic of Lucca is yet undecided; in the meantime, they are govern\u2019d by an Austrian military force.\u2014The genoese having lost thier liberties, are now given over to the Sardinians; between whom, for ages there has existed the most irreconcilable hatred and animosity.\u2014In short Sir, if the vexations of the people of Italy, during the government of the french, had excited a general discontent, this feeling under thier present masters, is now universal\u2014excessive taxes, are collected with excessive rigour; while the hospitals are neglected, and the clamours of the public pensioners, produce no alleviation to thier misery.\u2014Justice is procrastinated beyond all example, and the enormous fees of the tribunals, leave no alternative to the honest man, but to be legally despoil\u2019d by the government, or accept the fraudulent Conditions of his debtor.\u2014Mendicants & thieves have increas\u2019d to so alarming a degree, that the government believe, if we may judge by thier total inattention, that the evil has no remedy.\u2014In addition to these, & innumerable other miseries, the last harvest not having suffis\u2019d for quite five months we have been compell\u2019d to seek for Corn from asia & africa, which has drawn from the little state of Tuscany alone, at least ten millions of dollars; but the hand of Government has not bestow\u2019d a Cent to relieve thier wretched State, while every art of the avaricious speculator, to increase the price of grain, has been permitted with impunity; and during the last three months, the peasants have intirely subsisted on the horse-beans of Egypt.\u2014from this faint picture, of the present state of Italy, you will readily believe, Sir, that even anarchy itself is regretted: as it may likewise tend, to correct the exagerated eulogiums, which the corrupt editors of gazettes so lavishly bestow, on the virtues & wisdom of the legitimate sovereigns of europe.\n \t\t\tAccept, Sir, the Sincere expressions of my unalterable esteem and respect\u2014\n \t\t\t\tTh: Appleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0460-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Will of Philip Mazzei, 3 December 1814\nFrom: Mazzei, Philip\nTo: \n Estratto dalle Minute degli Atti ricevuti dal Dottor Giovanni Bonci Notaro Pubblico residente in Pisa\n Al Nome di Dio Amen. L\u2019anno del Nostro Signor Ges\u00f9 Cristo mille ottocento quattordici, Indizione Romana Seconda, e questo di tre del Mese di Decembre, sotto il Pontificato di Sua Santit\u00e0 Pio Settimo, e Sua Altezza Imperiale, e Reale il Serenissimo Ferdinando Terzo Principe Reale d\u2019Ungheria, e di Boemia, Arci-Duca di Austria, e Gran-Duca di Toscana, Nostro amatissimo Sovrano felicemente dominante\n Di Avanti di Me infrascritto Dottor Giovanni Bonci, Notaro pubblico residente nell\u00e0 Citt\u00e0 di Pisa dalla parte del Nord in Via Lung\u2019Arno al Numero Settecento tre Dipartimento del Mediterraneo, ed alla presenza dei Signori Molto Reverendo Sacerdote Signor Don Gaspero del f\u00f9 Signor Anton Francesco Forti domiciliato in Pisa, in via di San Martino al Numero cinque cento novanta quattro, Luigi del f\u00f9 Signor Giuseppe Del Seppia Dottore in Legge, e possidente domiciliato in Pisa in via, e Numero antedetto, Gaetano figlio del Signor Bartolommeo Gagliardi di professione Giovine di Studio domicilato in Pisa in via Sant\u2019Antonio al numero cento sessanta nov\u00e9, Giovan Battista del f\u00f9 Signor Francesco Acconci di condizione possidente domiciliato in Pisa in Via del Montino al numero mille cento quaranta, il Molto Reverendo Sacerdote Signor Don Niccol\u00f2 del f\u00f9 Signor Vincenzo Niccolai domiciliato in Pisa in Via del Carmine nel Locale del Soppresso Convento di detto nome testimoni aventi i requisiti richiesti dalla Legge \u00e8 comparso il Signor Filippo del f\u00f9 Signor Domenico Mazzei Oriundo del Poggo a Cajano, Cittadino degli Stati uniti di America, Ciamberlano, e Consigliere Intimo del f\u00f9 Stanislao Augusto, ultimo Re di Pollonia, attualmente domiciliato in Pisa in Via Cariola al numero cinque cento sessanta sei, a Me Notaro, e testimoni suddetti benissimo cognito, il quale essendo sano di mente come \u00e8 apparso a Me Notaro suddetto, ed infrascritto, ed ai testimoni antedetti ha fatto, e f\u00e0 il presente suo Nuncupativo testamento col quale delle sostanze, e beni suoi ha disposto, e dispone nel modo, che appresso cio\u00e8\n Per validit\u00e0 della presente sua Disposizione lasci\u00f2, e lascia per una sola volta all\u2019Opera di Santa Maria Del Fiore della Citt\u00e0 di Firenze la tassa di lire tre, e soldi dieci; che nell\u2019atto presente, ed alla presenza dei testimoni suddetti ha consegnate nelle mani di Me Notaro infrascritto per rimettersi all\u2019Archivio dei Pubblici Contratti di Firenze unitamente alla Mandata del presente testamento\u2014Per Ragione di Legato lasci\u00f2, e lascia alla Signora Carolina Volpe, Moglie del Dottor Sorini di Pescia la mensual Prestazione di scudi sei, sua vita natural durante e non pi\u00f9 oltre\n Per l\u2019istessa ragione di Legato lasci\u00f2, e lascia Venti quattro Monete di dieci Paoli l\u2019una per una volta soltanto a Fortunato Guerrucci suo Parrucchiere. Venti scudi per una volta soltanto ad ogni persona senza distinzione di sesso, che alla sua Morte sar\u00e0 al suo Servizio, e avr\u00e0 servito quattro anni Compiti. Quindici scudi a chi vi sar\u00e0, ed avr\u00e0 servito tre intieri Anni: Dieci scudi a chi vi sar\u00e0, e avr\u00e0 servito due anni intieri: A ragione di lire tre per mese per il tempo del prestato Servizio a chi attualmente vi sar\u00e0, e non avr\u00e0 servito due intieri Anni: Cento scudi per una volta soltanto a Maddalena Stefanini, che f\u00f9 circa dodici anni al suo servizio, che ora \u00e8 Moglie di Bartolommeo Guidi, ed ordina, e vuole, che il detto Bartolommeo Guidi, che ora \u00e8 al suo Servizio, possa continuandovi fino alla sua Morte, continuare ad abitar gratis colla sua famiglia nella Casetta contigua alla stalla della Casa di attuale Abitazione di detto Signor Testatore per lo spazio di due Anni da computarsi dal di della Morte del medesimo Signor Testatore, e che gli sia pagato una somma a ragione di scudi quattro all\u2019anno computabile per il tempo, che sar\u00e0 stato al suo servizio, incominciando a contare da questo presente soprascritto giorno fino a quello della Morte di esso Signor testatore, e ci\u00f2 oltre gli scudi venti lasciati come sopra, a Chi avr\u00e0 a detta Epoca servito per anni quattro\n Per l\u2019istessa Ragione di Legato lasci\u00f2, e lascia alla Signora Antonia Antoni, ne, Mazzei sua dilettissima sposa, e Consorte, oltre i mille scudi, che le assegn\u00f2 prima di sposarla, la met\u00e0 della netta Rendita dell\u2019intiero suo Patrimonio, L\u2019uso del primo, o del secondo Piano a sua scelta della Casa di attuale abitazione di esso Signore testatore con quella mobilia, che dagli infrascritti suoi Esecutori testamentarj sar\u00e0 creduta necessario per fornirlo decentemente; la Met\u00e0 dell\u2019Argenteria, e Biancheria di tutta la Casa in piena propriet\u00e0, siccome il suo Vestiario, e Gioje: L\u2019uso, ed i Comodi del Pian terreno per tenervi le cose di Necessario uso, come Olio, Vino, legna, Carbone Il libero uso dell\u2019acqua di Asciano della Fonte, e dei Pozzi a comune coll\u2019infrascritta sua Erede: La Met\u00e0 del prodotto dell\u2019orto, coll\u2019onere di contribuire per detta met\u00e0 alla Coltivazione del medesimo, il libero uso di uno dei due fienili, di una parte della stalla, e rimessa, e di uno dei suoi legni con libert\u00e0 di variare, e ci\u00f2 finch\u00e8 detta Sua Signora Consorte naturalmente viver\u00e0, e condurr\u00e0 vita Vedovile, ad eccezione per\u00f2 del vestiario, e delle Gioje, le quali leg\u00f2, e lega alla medesima assolutamente, dichiarando a correzione di quanto sopra, che relativamente alla Met\u00e0 dell\u2019Argenteria, e della Biancheria, detta met\u00e0 si intende concessa per semplice Uso alla condizione, che sopra\u2014In tutti gli altri anzi ordina, e vuole il detto Testatore, che il giorno della sua Morte, o il seguente siano dati quaranta scudi per Elemosina repartibili egualmente alle famiglie povere nella Parrocchia di San Martino, e per quel riguarda la Deposizione del Cadavere, ed altre funzioni Funebri, di qualsiasi condizione si voglia considerare, intende, e vuole, che non si mettano pi\u00f9 di sei Ceri al Corpo, e che non oltrepassino il peso di libbre tre per ciascuno: Che non si mettano pi\u00f9 di sei Candele di libbra, e quattro di mezza libbra all\u2019Altar Maggiore, e due di mezza libbra ad \u00f2gni altro altare della Chiesa: Che, la distribuzione dei moccoli si faccia, come si crede necessaria: Che le Messe, di Requie siano trenta coll\u2019elemosina di lire due per ciascheduna, oltre la doppia per la Messa Cantata: Che sia esclusa ogni sorte di Musica, e finalmente, che il suo Corpo sia sepolto nel Campo Santo fuori delle Mura, e per l\u2019Adempimento della sua volont\u00e0 nella forma da lui prescritta si rimette intieramente all\u2019Onore dei suoi Esectuori Testamentarj; In tutti gli altri suoi beni Mobili, Immobili, Semoventi, Diritti, Azioni, e generalmente in tutto quello, e quanto detto Signor Testatore si trover\u00e0 avere, e possedere all\u2019Epoca della sua Morte, sua Erede universale istitui, e istituisce, e di sua propria bocc\u00e0 nomin\u00f2, e nomina la Signora Elisabetta Mazzei sua dilettissima figlia e qualora la detta sua figlia non volesse, o non potesse adire la di lui Eredit\u00e0, sostitu\u00ec, e sostituisce, volgarmente, e pupillarmente alla medesima la prenominata Signora Antonia Mazzei sua Consorte, e nel caso, che neppur questa volesse, o potesse adire la detta Eredit\u00e0, sostitu\u00ec, e sostituisce volgarmente alla medesim\u00e0 i Poveri di questa Citt\u00e0 di Pisa con onere agli infrascritti Signori Esecutori testamentarj di chiedere in questo ultimo Caso autorizzazione al Real Governo, se occorra.\n A detta Signora Antonia Mazzei sua Consorte, tutrice per disposto di legge dell\u2019indicata sua Erede Universale, detto Signor testatore nomin\u00f2 e nomina in Curatore il Signore Avvocato Giovanni, del f\u00f9 Signor Giovanni Antonio Carmignani, Professore nell\u2019Imperiale, e Reale Universit\u00e0 di Pisa. Il medesimo Signor Testatore ha eletto, ed elegge per Esecutori del presente suo testamento il Signor Cavalier Giovan Battista Ruschi, il Signor Conte Francesco Del Testa Del Tignoso, e il ridetto Signore Avvocato Giovanni Carmignani, e nel caso che detti Signori, o alcuno di essi non potesse, o non volesse accettare l\u2019incarico, sostitui, e sostituisce detto Signor Testatore il Signore Avvocato Filippo Montemerli, i Signori Antonio, e Andrea fratelli Pini, il Signor Cavalier Ranieri Pesciolini, il Signor Cavaliere Ranieri Lorenzani Ghettini, il Signore Avvocato Bartolommeo Lazzerini, e i Signori Giacomo, e Cesare fratelli Lucchesini, Gentiluomini Lucchesi, bramando, che la sostituzione seguiti l\u2019ordine della nomina, e che gli Esecutori non siano mai, n\u00e8 pi\u00f9, n\u00e8 meno di tre\u2014Dichiar\u00f2, e dichiar\u00e0 espressamente il detto Signor Testatore, che il presente suo testamento, qualora venisse invalidato rapporto all\u2019Istituzione dell\u2019Erede, deva valere, e sostenersi in quanto ai Legati, e a tutte le altre Disposizioni in esso contenute: E questo detto Signor Testatore disse, ed asser\u00ec essere, e voler che sia la sua ultima volont\u00e0, e Testamento Nuncupativo col quale esso Signor Testatore ha pronunziato alla presenza di Me Notaro, e testimonj suddetti con voce chiara, ed intelligibile l\u2019Istituzione, e nome dell\u2019Erede, non meno che i Legati, e le altre Disposizioni che vi si contengono, con essere stato da Me Notaro il detto Testamento contestualmente, ridotto in scritto, e letto di parola anzi, e senza diversione ad altri atti, ridotto in scritto, e letto di parola in parola alla presenza dell\u2019istesso Signor Testatore, e testimoni suddetti\u2014Fatto, \u00e8 rogato in Pisa, e precisamente nella Casa di Abitazione del detto Signor Testatore, come sopra indicata l\u2019anno, e il giorno soprascritto a ore quattro Pomeridiane avendo detto Signor Testatore alla presenza dei testimoni sopra nominati firmato insieme con Me Notaro il presente suo Testamento\n Filippo Mazzei\n Dottor Giovanni Bonci Notaro pubblico residente in\nPisa\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Extract of the brief of the proceedings received by Doctor Giovanni Bonci, notary public residing in Pisa\n In the name of God amen. In the year of our Lord Jesus Christ one thousand eight hundred and fourteen, second Roman indiction, and this third day of the month of December, under the pontificate of His Holiness Pius the Seventh, and his imperial and royal highness the Most Serene Ferdinand the Third, royal prince of Hungary and Bohemia, archduke of Austria, and grand duke of Tuscany, our most beloved sovereign happily ruling,\n Before me, the undersigned Doctor Giovanni Bonci, notary public residing in the city of Pisa, north district, Lung\u2019Arno Street, number seven hundred and three, District of the Mediterraneo, and in the presence of the following witnesses, who meet the conditions required by law, the Most Reverend Don Gaspero, son of the late Mr. Anton Francesco Forti living in Pisa on San Martino Street number five hundred and ninety-four, Luigi, son of the late Mr. Giuseppe del Seppia, doctor in law and landowner residing in Pisa at the above-mentioned street and number, Gaetano, son of the late Mr. Bartolommeo Gagliardi, clerk, residing in Pisa on Sant\u2019Antonio Street number one hundred and sixty-nine, Giovan Battista, son of the late Mr. Francesco Acconci, landowner, living in Pisa on Montino Street number one thousand one hundred and forty, the Most Reverend Father Don Niccol\u00f2, son of the late Mr. Vincenzo Niccolai, living in Pisa on Carmine Street, where the old convent of the same name used to be, has appeared Mr. Filippo, son of the late Mr. Domenico Mazzei, native of Poggio a Caiano, citizen of the United States of America, chamberlain and private counselor to the late Stanislaw II, last king of Poland, currently residing in Pisa on Cariola Street number five hundred and sixty-six, well known to the above-mentioned witnesses, being of sound mind as he appeared to me, the notary above and herein mentioned and to the aforesaid witnesses, and has made and makes the present nuncupative will, with which he has disposed and disposes his property and assets as follows:\n As validated by this, his disposition, he bequeathed and bequeaths to the charity of Santa Maria del Fiore in the city of Florence the one-time payment of three lire and ten soldi, which in accordance with the present document and in the presence of the witnesses mentioned above, he delivered to me, the undersigned notary, to be remitted to the archive of public contracts of Florence together with the warrant of the present testament. By the terms of this legacy he bequeathed and bequeaths to Mrs. Carolina Volpe, wife of Doctor Sorini, of Pescia, the monthly allowance of six scudi, not to extend beyond the duration of her natural life.\n By the same terms of this legacy he bequeathed and bequeaths a one-time payment of twenty-four coins of ten paolis each to his hairdresser Fortunato Guerrucci; a one-time payment of twenty scudi to each person, regardless of sex, who is in his service at the time of his death, and has served four years in full; fifteen scudi to anyone who has been or will be in his service for three complete years; ten scudi to those who have served or will serve two complete years; three lire per month for the length of service performed, to those who are in his service and have not served two complete years; one hundred scudi in a one-time-only payment to Maddalena Stefanini, who has been in his service for approximately twelve years, and presently is the wife of Bartolommeo Guidi. He orders and desires that the said Bartolommeo Guidi, currently in his service, and continuing in such fashion until his death, be allowed to continue to live free of payment with his family in the cottage contiguous to the stable belonging to the present house of the said testator, for the period of two years beginning on the day of the said testator\u2019s death. He shall be paid a sum of four scudi per year, for the time he shall have been in his service, to be computed from the day indicated above, until the day of the testator\u2019s death. This is in addition to the twenty scudi bequeathed as indicated above to all those who by that time will have served for four years.\n By the same terms of this legacy he bequeathed and bequeaths to Mrs. Antonia Antoni Mazzei, his beloved wife and consort, in addition to the thousand scudi that he awarded her before their marriage, half of the net income of his entire estate; the use of the first or second floor, as she chooses, of the testator\u2019s current domicile, with all the furniture that the undersigned executors believe necessary for furnishing it decently; the full possession of half of the silver and all the household linens, as well as her clothing and jewelry; the use of the ground floor and its amenities in order to store items of necessity, such as oil, wine, firewood and coal; the free use of the Asciano water from the fountain and wells, jointly with the heir of the undersigned; half of the garden produce, with the obligation of contributing half the cost of its cultivation; the free use of one of the barns, of part of the stable and storehouse, and of one of his carriages, whichever she chooses. All of this for as long as said spouse shall remain a widow, with the exception however of her clothing and jewelry, which the testator has bequeathed and bequeaths absolutely to her. By way of correction to what is decreed above relative to half of the silver and the household linens, the said half is conceded for simple use in accordance with the conditions indicated above. Regarding everything else, said testator orders and wishes that on the day of his death or the following day, forty scudi be given as alms, divided equally among the poor families of the parish of San Martino. As regards the disposition of the corpse, and other funeral services, the testator wills and desires that, under any conditions, no more than six candles be placed by the body, each candle to weigh no more than three pounds; that no more than six candles of one pound each, and four of a half-pound each, be placed on the main altar; and that two half-pound candles be placed on all other church altars. The candle ends shall be distributed as deemed necessary. There shall be thirty memorial masses, with alms at a cost of two lire each, and in addition there will be a chanted mass at double the cost. Every sort of music shall be excluded, and finally, his body shall be buried in the cemetery outside the city walls. For the fulfilment of his wishes in accordance with his will he relies entirely on the honor of his testamentary executors. As regards all of his other assets, personal property, real estate, vehicles, royalties, stocks, and generally everything else the testator will be found to have and possess at the time of his death, he has named and names, and has appointed and appoints from his own mouth, Miss Elisabetta Mazzei, his beloved daughter, to be his sole heir. In the event said daughter does not wish to, or cannot take possession of his inheritance, in her place he has substituted and substitutes, as vulgar and pupillary heir, the previously named Mrs. Antonia Mazzei, his spouse. In the event that she also does not wish to, or cannot accept said inheritance, in her place he has substituted and substitutes as vulgar heirs the poor of this city of Pisa, on the condition that the undersigned executors request the royal government\u2019s authorization, if necessary.\n For the said Mrs. Antonia Mazzei his spouse, the lawful guardian of the above-designated sole heir, the said testator has appointed and appoints as administrator the attorney-at-law Giovanni, son of the late Mr. Giovanni Antonio Carmignani, professor at the imperial and royal University of Pisa. The same testator has selected and selects as executors of the present testament the Chevalier Giovan Battista Ruschi, the Count Francesco del Testa del Tignoso, and the above-mentioned attorney-at-law Giovanni Carmignani. In the event that these gentlemen, or any of them, are unable or do not wish to accept the charge, the said testator has substituted and substitutes the attorney-at-law Filippo Montemerli, the brothers Antonio and Andrea Pini, the Chevalier Ranieri Pesciolini, the Chevalier Ranieri Lorenzani Ghettini, the attorney-at-law Bartolommeo Lazzerini, and the brothers Giacomo and Cesare Lucchesini, gentlemen of Lucca, wishing that the substitution follow the order in which they are named and that the number of executors never be more nor less than three.\u2014The said testator has declared, and expressly declares, that should his testament be at any time invalidated as regards the appointment of the heir, it must still be valid and upheld with regard to the bequests and all other dispositions included herein. The said testator stated and desired this testament to be his last nuncupative will and testament, whereby he has declared, in a clear and intelligible voice, in my presence and that of the above-mentioned witnesses, the appointment and name of his heir, as well as his legacies and other dispositions contained herein. The said testament has been concomitantly put into writing and read word-by-word by the undersigned; in the absence of any other contracts it has been put into writing and read word-by-word in the presence of the said testator, and the above-mentioned witnesses. The testament having been drafted and drawn up in Pisa, specifically in the said testator\u2019s house, on the year and day indicated above, at four o\u2019clock in the afternoon, the said testator has signed with me, his notary, in the presence of the above-named witnesses, this, his testament.\n Filippo Mazzei\n Doctor Giovanni Bonci notary public residing in Pisa", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0461", "content": "Title: Lafayette to Thomas Jefferson, 16 April 1816\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de,Flower, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My dear friend\n This Letter Will Be delivered By Mr Geo. Flower Who is Going over With an intention to Settle in America. I know Him to Be one of the Most desirable Acquisitions the U.S. Can Make. His departure from England is Suspended Untill a Line of introduction from me to You Can Reach Him. While it Shows the proper Sense He Has of Your Acquaintance, I find in it a Very pleasing Gratification, as Mr Flower, in my Opinion, Unites Every thing that is Respectable and Amiable. I Have Been Very Happy to Receive Him at La Grange With His fellow traveller mr Birkbeck Whose Account of their Agricultural tour, Both Being Capital farmers, Has Been published. He Was a friend to Whitbread. His political Sentiments are Congenial With Yours and Mine\u2014But I Shall only Request in His Behalf Your kind Welcome and Good Advices, and present You With the Best Wishes and Most Affectionate Regard of\n Your old friend\n Lafayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0462", "content": "Title: LeRoy, Bayard & McEvers to Thomas Jefferson, 16 April 1816\nFrom: LeRoy, Bayard & McEvers\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n We will communicate to Messr Van Staphorst what you have done us the honor of writing to us under date of the 7t inst and \u2019till we can receive their further directions we think we may Say that these friends will not object to the further extension you desire while they must be assured, as we ourselves fully are, that at the expiration of the Several terms, which you are pleased to fix, you will punctually provide for the reimbursement of the bonds.\u2014\n We have the honor to be with the highest regardSirYour obedt hl St\n LeRoy Bayard & McEvers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0463", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Isaac Briggs, 17 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Briggs, Isaac\n Poplar Forest near Lynchburg. Apr. 17. 16\n Your favor of Mar. 30. was recieved just as I was setting out for this place, 90. miles S.W from Monticello. I inclose an answer to the acceptable letter of your daughter. the sensibility expressed in hers for services so moderate shews a heart of great sensibility susceptibility, and which under your careful instruction promises to make happy parents and friends.\n I am glad you have explained what I had considered as a breach of confidence in mr Canby, but which seems to have been a want of caution only in trusting my letter to a person capable of copying and publishing it without leave. this has so repeatedly happened to me that I have at times been near coming to a resolution never to answer a letter from any one whom I did not personally know and confide in. a similar abuse has been lately committed against mr Adams and myself by a person\u2019s publishing our answers to a letter written by himself.\n Our legislature has past a law for having an accurate map made of the whole state, by actual surveys of the roads, rivers, mountains Etc. to be corrected by astronomical observations. this last will be a distinct work. in the execution of it, I suppose, the person employed will travel with his assistant & instruments a gigg and strong horse, short journies of half a day at a time, from county to county, taking the Longitudes & Latitudes of the mouths of water courses, remarkable mountains, towns, Courthouses Etc. employing the intervening days of rain, or of cloudy noons or evenings in making his calculations. as in a former letter you stated to me that you had quitted the business at Baltimore, presuming you might be as yet disengaged, I proposed to our Governor the inviting you to undertake this work, provided they would give such compensation as would make it worth your while. on this point I have fears. I mentioned that a prime Hadley\u2019s circle of Borda\u2019s construction would be necessary and perhaps an Equatorial. should you undertake it, I would wish you to consider again the idea I had when Capt Lewis was about to undertake his Western journey, of relieving him from a dependance on any portable instrument of time, liable in such a journey to so many accidents, by substituting the use of a meridian, which, with an Equatorial, after ascertaining your latitude, can always be found, at land. I then explained this idea to you, and will here recall it to your recollection. the method I proposed was \u2018to observe the moon\u2019s distance from the meridian of the place at any moment and take by observation her right ascenscion at that moment. find from the tables her distance from the meridian of Greenwich at the moment she had that right ascenscion. if she was between the two meridians, add the two distances, if she was East or West of both, subtract one from the other, and you have the distance between the two meridians. in this way the appulse of the moon with a star, or the instant when she is in the same vertical with a star, may be advantageously taken for the moment of observation.\u2019that the meridian of the place of observation has never been resorted to in Europe as an element in taking the lunar distances, does not deter me from supposing it may be used to advantage because there they have no occasion for them, having every where observatories, with good timepieces and telescopes, with which they can practise the method by Jupiter\u2019s satellites; and at sea they can have no meridian. but in our perambulations by land for the purpose of fixing our geography, where we can have no apparatus but what we can carry with us, I do not see why we should not avail ourselves of this important element of the meridian of the place of observation, it being so obvious that it\u2019s distance from the moon, and her\u2019s, at the same moment from the meridian of at Greenwich give the difference of meridians.I am but a theorist, very little practised in these operations. but I wish you to turn your mind to it, and if it appears practicable, and to offer any advantages, tell me so, and whether you would undertake this business, and I will propose the providing an Equatorial. I suppose this operation will employ you a year at least, as we have about 100 counties in every one of which several points should be fixed: indeed I think the distances of our observations should not exceed 20. miles. I salute you with friendship and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0464", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Mary B. Briggs, 17 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Briggs, Mary Brooke (Brooke)\n I thank you, my excellent young friend, for your kind letter of Mar. 7. the heart must be of uncommon sensibility which feels so strongly slight degrees of merit in others. if I have ever been useful to your father, it was by doing what was much more useful to the public for whom I acted, by availing them of the services of a faithful and able citizen. it is not then to me, you are indebted, but to his worth and science which marked him for notice. mine was but an act of duty, which like the payment of a debt, has no merit to claim; and I feel my self fully remunerated by it\u2019s having been the means of introducing to me the knolege of an amiable daughter, inheriting the kind heart of her father, copying, in the age of the passions, the virtues of a model tested by time, and ripened by experience. go on then, my worthy friend, in this career of excellence, and be strong in the assurance given by an inspired pen, \u2018I have been young, and now I am old; and yet never saw I the righteous forsaken, or his seed begging their bread\u2019: and if the prayers of an old man can be of any avail, you shall ever have mine most ardently. accept my friendly salutations\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0465", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Susan Maria Bruff, 17 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bruff, Susan Maria\n I sincerely condole with you, Madam, on the loss of your worthy father, of which your letter gives me the first information. to the public he bade fair to be very useful by his inexhaustible ingenuity; and to his family he must have been inestimable. these afflictions are our common lot; and they come from a hand to which we must bow with resignation. the example of virtue and industry he exhibited will be useful to all; and honorable to his family. to them I know that no words can carry consolation. time & silence are the only medecines, which can abate their sorrows: and under this persuasion, I think it a duty not to awaken painful recollections by dwelling on them further than by assuring you of my sympathy, and my high respect and best wishes for his family and for yourself.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0466", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 17 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\n The inclosed letter is for a daughter of the late Dr Bruff, who wrote me a pathetic letter on the death of her father. altho I considered him as an ingenious and virtuous man, and always shewed him that I wished his success, yet there never was any particular acquaintance between us beyond the drawing of a tooth or two. I do not therefore exactly see the scope of the letter. but whatever it be I have given it the go-by by a few commonplace expressions of condolance. unwilling to excite curiosity by sending a letter with her address and my frank to the post office, I was sure you would permit me to pass it to her under your cover, and that you would have it delivered by one of your messengers without going thro\u2019 the post office. ever and affectionately yours\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0468", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 19 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\n In my letter of the 2d inst. I stated, according to your request what occurred to me on the subjects of Defence and Education; and I will now proceed to do the same on the remaining subject of your\u2019s of Mar. 22. the construction of a general map of the state. for this the legislature directs that there shall be\n a topographical survey of each county.\n a General survey of the Outlines of the state, and it\u2019s leading features of rivers and mountains.\n an Astronomical survey for the correction & collocation of the others, and\n a Mineralogical survey.\n I. altho\u2019 the topographical survey of each county is referred to it\u2019s court in the first instance, yet such a controul is given to the Executive as places it effectively under his direction. that this controul must be freely and generally exercised I have no doubt. nobody expects that the justices of the peace in every county are so familiar with the astronomical and geometrical principles to be employed in the execution of this work as to be competent to decide what candidate possesses them in the highest degree, or in any degree: and indeed I think it would be reasonable, considering how much the other affairs of the state must engross of the time of the Governor & Council, for them to make it a prerequisite for every candidate to undergo an examination by the Mathematical professor of Wm & Mary college, or some other professional character, and to ask for a special and confidential report of the grade of qualification of each candidate examined. if one, competently qualified, can be found for every half dozen counties, it will be as much perhaps as can be expected.\n Their office will be to survey the Rivers, Roads, Mountains and Boundaries of each county.\n 1. a proper division of the surveys of the Rivers between them and the General surveyor might be to ascribe to the latter so much as is navigable, and to the former the parts not navigable, but yet sufficient for working machinery, which the law requires. on these they should note confluences, other natural & remarkable objects, towns, mills or other machines, ferries, bridges, crossings of roads, passages thro\u2019 mountains, mines, quarries Etc.\n 2. in surveying the Roads, the same objects should be noted, and every permanent stream crossing them, and these streams should be laid down according to the best information they can obtain, to their confluence with the main stream.\n 3. the Mountains, other than those ascribed to the General surveyor should be laid down by their names and bases which last will be generally designated by the circumscription of water courses and roads on both sides, without a special survey around them. their gaps are also required to be noted.\n 4. on the Boundaries the same objects should be noted. where a boundary falls within the operations of the General surveyor, it\u2019s survey by them should be dispensed with, and where it is common to two counties, it might be ascribed wholly to one, or divided between the surveyors respectively. all these surveys should be delineated on the same scale, which the law directs, I believe, (for I have omitted to bring the copy of it with me to this place.) if it has not fixed the scale, I think about half an inch to the mile would be a convenient one, because it would generally bring the map of a county within the compass of a sheet of paper. and here I will suggest what would be a great desideratum for the public, to wit, that a single sheet map, of each county separately, on a scale of half an inch to the mile be engraved and struck off. there are few housekeepers who would not wish to possess a map of their own county, and many would purchase those of their circumjacent counties, and many would take one of every county, & form them into an Atlas, so that I question if as many copies of each particular map would not be sold as of the general one. but these should not be made until they recieve the astronomical corrections, without which they can never be brought together and joined into larger maps, at the will of the purchaser.\n II. the General survey divides itself into two distinct operations; the one on the tide waters, the other above them.\n On the tide-waters the State will have little to do. some time before the war, Congress authorised the Executive to have an accurate survey made of the whole sea-coast of the US. comprehending, as well as I remember, the principal bays and harbors. a mr Hassler, a mathematician of the first order from Geneva, was engaged in the execution and was sent to England to procure proper instruments. he has lately returned with such a set as never before crossed the Atlantic, and is scarcely possessed by any nation on the continent of Europe. we shall be furnished then by the General government with a better survey than we can make, of our sea-coast, Chesapeak bay, probably the Potomak to the Navy yard at Washington, and possibly of James river to Norfolk, and York river to York town. I am not however able to say that these, or what other are the precise limits of their im intentions. the Secretary of the Treasury would probably inform us. above these limits, whatever they are, the surveys & soundings will belong to the present undertaking of the state: and if mr Hassler has time, before he commences his general work, to execute this for us, with the use of the instruments of the US. it is impossible we can put it into any train of execution equally good: and any compensation he may require, will be less than it would cost to purchase instruments of our own, and have the work imperfectly done by a less able hand. if we are to do it ourselves, I acknolege myself too little familiar with the methods of surveying a coast and taking soundings, to offer any thing on the subject approved by practice. I will pass on therefore to\n the General Survey of the Rivers above the tide waters, the Mountains, and external Boundaries.\n 1. Rivers. I have already proposed that the General survey shall comprehend these from the tide-waters as far as they are navigable only. and here we shall find one half of the work already done, and as ably as we may expect to do it. in the great controversy between the Lords Baltimore & Fairfax, between whose territories the Potomak from it\u2019s mouth to it\u2019s source was the chartered boundary, the question was which branch, from Harper\u2019s ferry upwards, was to be considered as the Potomak? two able mathematicians therefore were brought over from England at the expence of the parties, and under sanction of the sentence pronounced between them, to survey the two branches, and ascertain which was to be considered as the Main stream. Ld Fairfax took advantage of their being here to get a correct survey by them of his whole territory, which was bounded by the Potomak, the Rappahanoc, and a line uniting their two sources. the work was executed, as was believed in the most accurate manner, their surveys was doubtless filed and recorded in Ld Fairfax\u2019s office, and I presume it still exists among his land papers. he furnished a copy of that survey to Colo Fry and my father, who entered it on a reduced scale into their map. as far as latitudes, and admeasurement accurately horizontal could produce exactness, I expect this survey is to be relied on. but it is lawful to doubt whether it\u2019s longitudes may not need verification; because at that day, the corrections had not been made in the lunar tables, which have since introduced the method of ascertaining the longitude by the lunar distances; & that by Jupiter\u2019s satellites was impracticable in an ambulatory survey. the most we can count on is that they may have employed some sufficient means to ascertain the longitude of the first source of the Potomak, the meridian of which was to be Ld Baltimore\u2019s boundary. the longitudes therefore should be verified and corrected, if necessary; and this will belong to the Astronomical survey.\n The other rivers only then, from their tidewaters up as far as navigable, remain for this Operator, and on them the same objects should be noted as proposed in the county surveys; and, in addition, their breadth at remarkable parts, such as the confluence of other streams, falls, and ferries, the soundings of their main channels, bars, rapids, and principal sluices thro\u2019 their falls, their current at various places, and, if it can be done without more cost than advantage, their fall between certain stations.\n 2. Mountains. I suppose the law contemplates, in the general survey, only the principal continued ridges, and such insulated mountains as being correctly ascertained in their position, and visible from many and distant places, may, by their bearings, be useful correctives for all the surveys, and especially those of the counties.of the continued ridges, the Alleganey, North mountain & Blue ridge are principal. ridges of partial lengths may be left to designation in the county surveys. of insulated mountains there are the Peaks of Otter in Bedford, which I believe may be seen from about 20 counties, Willis\u2019s mountains in Buckingham, which from their detached situation, and so far below all other mountains, may be seen over a great space of country, Peter\u2019s mountain in Albemarle, which, from it\u2019s eminence above all others of the South West ridge, may be seen to a great distance, probably to Willis\u2019s mountains, and with that and the Peaks of Otter furnishes a very extensive triangle; and doubtless there are many unknown to me, which being truly located, offer valuable indications and correctives for the county surveys.for example. the sharp peak of Otter being precisely fixed in position by it\u2019s longitude and latitude, a simple observation of latitude, taken at any place from which that peak is visible, and an observation of the angle it makes with the meridian of the place, furnish a right angled spherical triangle, of which the portion of meridian intercepted between the latitudes of the place, and peak, will be one side. with this and the given angles, the other side, constituting the difference of longitude, may be calculated, and thus by a correct position of these commanding points, that of every place from which any one of them is visible, may, by observations of latitude and bearing, be ascertained in longitude also. if two such objects be visible from the same place, it will afford, by another triangle, a double correction.\n The gaps in the continued ridges, ascribed to the General surveyor, are required by the law to be noted; and so also are their heights. this must certainly be understood with some limitation, as the height of every knob in these ridges could never be desired. probably the law contemplated only the eminent mountains in each ridge, such as would be conspicuous objects of observation to the country at great distances, and would offer the same advantages as the insulated mountains. such eminences in the Blue ridge will be more extensively useful than those of the more Western ridges. the height of gaps also, over which roads pass, are were probably in view.\n But how are these heights to be taken, & from what base? I suppose from the plain on which they stand. but it is difficult to ascertain the precise horisontal line of that plain, or to say where the ascent above the general face of the country begins. where there is a river or other considerable stream, or extensive meadow plains near the foot of a mountain, which is much the case in the vallies dividing the Western ridges, I suppose that may be fairly considered in the level of it\u2019s base, in the intendment of the law. where there is no such term of commencement, the Surveyor must judge, as well as he can from his view, what point is in the general level of the adjacent country.How are these heights to be taken, and with what instrument? where a good base can be found, the geometrical admeasurement is the most satisfactory. for this a theodolite must be provided of the most perfect construction, by Ramsden & or Troughton if possible; and for horizontal angles it will be the better of two telescopes. but such bases are rarely to be found. when none such, the height may still be measured geometrically, by ascending or descending the mountain with the theodolite, measuring it\u2019s face from station to station, noting it\u2019s inclination between these stations, and the hypothenusal difference of that inclination, as indicated on the vertical ark of the theodolite. the sum of the perpendiculars corresponding with the hypothenusal measures, is the height of the mountain.but a barometrical admeasurement is preferable to this. since the late improvements in the theory they are to be depended on nearly as much as the geometrical, and are much more convenient and expeditious. the barometer should have a sliding Nonius and a thermometer annexed, with a screw at the bottom to force up the column of mercury solidly. without this precaution they cannot be transported at all; and even with it, they are in danger from every severe jolt. they go more safely on a baggage horse than in a carriage. the heights should be measured on both sides to shew the rise of the country at every ridge.\n Observations of longitude and latitude should be taken by the surveyor at all confluences of considerable streams, and on all mountains of which he measures the heights, whether insulated, or in ridges. for this purpose he should be furnished with a good Hadley\u2019s circle of Borda\u2019s construction, with three limbs & Nonius indexes. if not to be had, a sextant of brass, and of the best construction may do; and a Chronometer. to these is to be added a Gunter\u2019s chain, with some appendix for plumbing the chain.\n 3. the External Boundaries of the state. to wit, Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western. the Northern boundary consists of 1. the Potomak. 2. a Meridian from it\u2019s source to Mason & Dixon\u2019s line. 3. a continuation of that line to the meridian of the North Western corner of Pensylvania, and 4. of that meridian to it\u2019s intersection with the Ohio. 1. the Potomak is supposed, as beforementioned to be surveyed to our hand. 2. the Meridian from it\u2019s source to Mason and Dixon\u2019s line was, I believe surveyed by them when they run the dividing line between Ld Baltimore & Penn. I presume it can be had from either Annapolis or Philadelphia, and I think there is a copy of it, which I got from Dr Smith, in an Atlas of the library of Congress. nothing better can be done by us. 3. the continuation of Mason & Dixon\u2019s line and the meridian from it\u2019s termination to the Ohio was done by mr Rittenhouse & others, and copies of their work are doubtless in our offices as well as in those of Pensylvania. what has been done by Rittenhouse can be better done by no one.\n The Eastern boundary being the sea coast we have before presumed will be surveyed by the general government.\n The Southern boundary. this has been extended and marked in different parts in the chartered latitude of 36.\u00b0 30.\u2032 by three different sets sets of Commissioners. from Virginia & North Carolina the Eastern part by Dr Byrd and other Commissioners from Virginia & N. Carolina: the middle by Fry & Jefferson from Virginia, & Churton & others from N. Carolina: and the Western by Dr Walker and Daniel Smith now of Tennissee. whether Byrd\u2019s survey now exists, I do not know. his journal is still in possession of some one of the Westover family, and it would be well to seek for it in order to judge of that portion of the line. Fry and Jefferson\u2019s journal was burnt in the Shadwell house about 50. years ago, with all the materials of their map. Walker & Smith\u2019s survey is probably in our offices. there is a copy of it in the Atlas beforementioned. but that survey was made on the spur of a particular occasion, and with a view to a particular object only. during the revolutionary war we were informed that a treaty of peace was on the carpet in Europe on the principle of Uti possidetis: and we dispatched those gentlemen immediately to ascertain the intersection of our Southern boundary with the Missisipi, and ordered Colo Clarke to erect a hasty fort on the first bluff above the line, which was done as an act of possession. the intermediate line between that & the termination of Fry & Jefferson\u2019s line was provisory only, and not made with any particular care. that then needs to be resurveyed as far as the Cumberland mountain. but the Eastern & Middle surveys will only need, I suppose, to have their longitudes rectified by the Astronomical surveyor.\n The Western boundary, consisting of the Ohio, Big Sandy & Cumberland mountain, having been established while I was out of the country, I have never had occasion to enquire whether they were actually surveyed and with what degree of accuracy. but this fact being well known to yourself particularly, and to others who have been constantly present in the state, you will be more competent to decide what is to be done in this that quarter. I presume indeed that this boundary will constitute the principal, and most difficult part of the operations of the General surveyor.\n The injunctions of the act to note the magnetic variations merit diligent attention. the law of those variations is not yet sufficiently known to satisfy us that sensible changes do not sometimes take place at small intervals of time and place. to render these observations of the variations easy, and to encourage their frequency, a copy of a table of amplitudes should be furnished to every surveyor, by which, wherever he has a good Eastern horison, he may, in a few seconds, at sunrise, ascertain the variation. this table is to be found in the book called the Mariner\u2019s compass rectified; but more exactly in the Connaissance des tems for 1778. and 1788. all of which are in the library of Congress. it may perhaps be found in other books more easily procured, and will need to be extracted only from 36\u00bd.\u00b0 to 40.\u00b0 degrees of latitude.\n III. The Astronomical survey. this is the most important of all the operations. it is from this alone we are to expect real truth. measures and rhumbs taken on the spherical surface of the earth, cannot be represented on a plane plain surface of paper without astronomical corrections: and, paradoxical as it may seem, it is nevertheless true that we cannot know the relative position of two places on the earth, but by interrogating the sun, moon, and stars. the Observer must therefore correctly fix, in longitude and latitude, all remarkable points from distance to distance. those to be selected of preference are the confluences, rapids, falls and ferries of water courses, summits of mountains, towns, courthouses, and angles of counties. and where these points are more than a third, or half a degree distant, they should be supplied by observations of other points, such as mills, bridges, passes thro\u2019 mountains Etc. for in our latitudes, half a degree makes a difference of three eighths of a mile in the length of the degree of Longitude. these points first laid down, the intermediate delineations to be transferred from the particular surveys to the general map, are adapted to them by contractions or dilatations. the Observer will need a best Hadley\u2019s circle of Borda\u2019s construction, by Troughton if possible (for they are since Ramsden\u2019s time) and a best chronometer.\n Very possibly an Equatorial may be needed. this instrument set to the observed latitude, gives the meridian of the place. in the lunar observations at sea this element cannot be had, and in Europe by land, these observations are not resorted to for longitudes, because at their numerous fixed Observatories they are prepared for the better method of Jupiter\u2019s satellites. but here where our geography is still to be fixed by a portable apparatus only, we are obliged to resort, as at sea, to the lunar observations; with the advantage however of a fixed meridian. and altho\u2019 the use of a meridian in these observations is a novelty yet, placed under new circumstances, we must countervail their disadvantages by what ever new resources they offer. it is obvious, that the observed distance of the Moon from the meridian of the place, and her calculated distance from that of Greenwich at the same instant, give the difference of meridians, without dependance on any measure of time; by addition of the observations, if the moon be between the two meridians, by subtraction if East or West of both. the association therefore of this instrument with the Circular one, by introducing another element, another process, and another instrument, furnishes a test of the observations with the Hadley, adds to their certainty, and, by it\u2019s corroborations, dispenses with that multiplication of observations which is necessary with the Hadley when used alone. this idea however is suggested by theory only; and it must be left to the judgment of the Observer, who will be employed, whether it would be practicable and useful. to him, when known, I shall be glad to give further explanations. the cost of the Equatorial is about the same with that of the Circle, when of equal workmanship.\n Both the Surveyor and Astronomer should journalise their proceedings daily, and send copies of their journals monthly to the Executive, as well to prevent loss by accident, as to make known their progress.\n IV. Mineralogical survey. I have never known in the US. but one eminent mineralogist, who could have been engaged on hire. this was a mr Goudon from France who came over to Philadelphia 6. or 7. years ago. being zealously devoted to the science, he proposed to explore the new field which this country offered: but being scanty in means, as I understood, he meant to give lectures in winter which might enable him to pass the summer in mineralogical rambles. it is long since I have heard his name mentioned, and therefore do not know whether he is still at Philadelphia, or even among the living. the literary gentlemen of that place can give the information, or perhaps point out some other equal to the undertaking.\n I believe I have now, Sir, gone over all the subjects of your letter. which I have done with less reserve to multiply the chances of offering here and there something which might be useful. it\u2019s greatest merit however will be that of evidencing my respect for your commands and of adding to the proofs of my great consideration & esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0470", "content": "Title: George Ticknor to Thomas Jefferson, 23 April 1816\nFrom: Ticknor, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Four days ago, I received your favor of Feb. 8. from which I am led to hope that I may soon receive from you another letter which you wrote Jan. 31. and which as it comes through France must probably be somewhat longer on the way. My own letters to you as well as to my friends generally have not been fortunate, and as my last contained some facts, which it may be important for you to know, I send the copy of it with this for fear of accidents.\n The books you have desired to be procured are all, except L\u0153sner\u2019s Hesiod, to be had in G\u00f6ttingen as reasonably as in any part of Europe. I shall, therefore, purchase them immediately and send them out with some books, which I shall ship to my father from Hamburg, and he will give you immediate notice of their arrival and send them to any Southern port you may have directed on the receipt of this. I think you will find none of them high, except Coray\u2019s \u00e9ditions and I imagine you will be satisfied even with these as they are really learned, and curious as well as beautiful and an interesting monument of the exertions that have been made and are still making for the restoration of Greece to the comforts of civilization, which whether successful or not must always be respected.\n Perhaps, when you have received these specimens of German editions you will be induced to permit me to send you some others. The longer I remain here, the more I learn to value the German modes of study and the enlarged and liberal spirit of German scholarship and, for the same reason I think the more you see of German editions of the classicks, the more you will be disposed to admit them into your library. Within forty years the scholars of this country, I am persuaded, have done more towards the final understanding of the classicks, than all Europe had done during the century that preceded, not by imitating the minute and tedious accuracy of the Dutch commentators, but by reducing the whole study of antiquity to a philosophical system, in which one part assists to explain the other and all together form a harmonious and happy whole. They have, in fact, done for the ancients what Blackstone did for the English law and though I cannot say that their digest, like his, is to be found in a single treatise, yet no man is now considered a scholar here, who is not master of it. The effect of this has been particularly favourable in the investigations it has occasioned into the Spirit of Grecian philosophy and the different characters it assumed in different ages\u2014in the fine histories of Grecian arts and policy it has produced\u2014and into the new and more liberal direction it has given to the study of Greek literature and manners generally. They have, in fact, already done for all the ages of Greece, what all Barthelemy\u2019s learning, for want of a philosophical spirit to direct it, has not been able to do for one. To say nothing of the numberless editions, which are every offered at every Leipzig fair, of the classical authors, the practise of bringing all learning into the form of philosophical histories & treatises is gaining ground very fast and really doing wonders. In these respects, Winkelmann\u2019s History of ancient art\u2014Heeren\u2019s tho\u2019ts on the Policy and commerce of the Ancients\u2014Tiedemann\u2019s History of Greek philosophy\u2014Creuzer\u2019s mythology of the Ancients\u2014&c &c are works of which have no parallell in other languages, & which, except ye first, are so recent, yt. yy. are yet hardly known beyond the limits of Germany. The great difference between a German scholar and those of England & Holland, is, that, with even more minute, verbal learning than they, he treats the study of antiquity as a liberal science, while they treat it as a mechanical art. This change has been effected by the schools of Heyne and Wolf, who, by turning their immense learning to its appropriate objects have made a revolution in the study of antiquity, which is already felt in England in defiance of the difference of language and their inveterate prejudice against every thing foreign & continental\u2014and which, I am persuaded, in thirty years more will make it toto c\u00e6lo a different affair to be a scholar there from what it is now.\u2014\n I am exceedingly anxious to have this spirit of pursuing all literary studies philosophically\u2014tof make making scholarship as little of drudgery & mechanism as possible transplanted into the U. States, in whose free and liberal soil I think it would, at once, find congenial nourishment: It is a spirit, which in Germany now goes through everything\u2014through Theology, history, modern literature &c It surprized me, I assure you, to find an admirable philosophical history of English literature, written by a man who was never even in England, and yet compared with which Warton\u2019s fragment is but a clumsy piece of pedantry. A remark of similar import was made to me in relation to his own country a few days since by a very learned Portuguese and the same thing might be said by a Spaniard & Italian tho\u2019 I believe not by a Frenchman.\u2014But, I suspect, it is better for me to stop; and yet I know of nobody who will more readily credit my accounts than you will, or any body, who would more rejoice at the state & spirit of learning in Germany.\u2014\n Remember me, I pray you, respectfully & gratefully to all your family. I have been for some time trying to ascertain whether Mr. Gilmer is in Europe, for I wish to write to him & do not know where to direct my letters.\n Your\u2019s very respectfully,\n Geo: Ticknor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0473", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Francis Adrian Van der Kemp, 25 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian\n Poplar Forest near Lynchburg Apr. 25. 16.\n Your favor of Mar. 24. was handed to me just as I was setting out on a journey of time and distance, which will explain the date of this both as to time and place.the Syllabus, which is the subject of your letter, was addressed to a friend to whom I had promised a more detailed view. but finding I should never have time for that, I sent him what I thought should be the Outlines of such a work.the same subject entering sometimes into the correspondence between mr Adams and myself, I sent him a copy of it. the friend to whom it had been first addressed dying soon after, I asked from his family the return of the original, as a confidential communication, which they kindly sent me. so that no copy of it, but that in possession of mr Adams, now exists out of my own hands. I have used this caution, lest it should get out in connection with my name; and I was unwilling to draw on myself a swarm of insects, whose buz is more disquieting than their bite.as an abstract thing, and without any intimation from what quarter derived, I can have no objection to it\u2019s being committed to the consideration of the world. I believe it may even do good by producing discussion, and finally a true view of the merits of this great reformer. pursuing the same ideas after writing the Syllabus, I made, for my own satisfaction, an Extract from the Evangelists of the texts of his morals, selecting those only whose style and spirit proved them genuine, and his own: and they are as distinguishable from the matter in which they are imbedded as diamonds in dunghills. a more precious morsel of ethics was never seen. it was too hastily done however, being the work of one or two evenings only, while I lived at Washington, overwhelmed with other business: and it is my intention to go over it again at more leisure. this shall be the work of the ensuing winter. I gave it the title of \u2018the Philosophy of Jesus extracted from the text of the Evangelists.\u2019to this Syllabus and Extract, if a history of his life can be added, written with the same view of the subject, the world will see, after the fogs shall be dispelled, in which for 14. centuries he has been inveloped by Jugglers to make money of him, when the genuine character shall be exhibited, which they have dressed up in the rags of an Impostor, the world, I say, will at length see the immortal merit of this first of human Sages. I rejoice that you think of undertaking this work. it is one I have long wished to see executed written on the scale of a Laertius or a Nepos. nor can it be a work of labor, or of volume. for his journeyings from Judaea to Samaria, and Samaria to Galilee, do not cover much country; and the incidents of his life require little research. they are all at hand, and need only to be put into human dress; noticing such only as are within the physical laws of nature, and offending none by a denial, or even a mention, of what is not. if the Syllabus and Extract (which is short) either in substance, or at large, are worth a place under the same cover with your biography, they are at your service. I ask one only condition, that no possibility shall be admitted of my name being even intimated with the publication. if done in England, as you seem to contemplate, there will be the less likelihood of my being thought of. I shall be much gratified to learn that you pursue your intention of writing the life of Jesus, and pray to accept the assurances of my great respect and esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0475", "content": "Title: Eusebio Valli to Thomas Jefferson, 26 April 1816\nFrom: Valli, Eusebio Giacinto\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Mio Signore\n Il Sigr Botta mio compatriotta, ed amico, volendo procurarmi L\u2019avvantaggio della di Lei preziosa conoscenza mi diede a quest\u2019oggetto una Lettera per VS: che \u00e9 quella, cui mi permetto di trasmetter le\u2014Avrei desiderato grandemente d\u2019esserne io stesso il portatore, ma mi trovo forzato a rimanere qu\u00e1 sino alla stagione della febbre gialla, per portarmi in allora su quei punti, ov\u2019essa si presenter\u00e0\u2014\u2014Doppo aver fatte Le mie ricerche su questa terribile malattia avr\u00f3 L\u2019onore di presentar Le in persona i miei rispetti\u2014\n Sono intanto con la piu profonda e sentita stima Di VS:\n Umilissimo Servitore\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n My compatriot and friend Mr. Botta, wanting to procure for me the advantage of your inestimable acquaintance, gave me for this purpose a letter to you, which I permit myself to pass on to you\u2014I greatly desired to deliver it, but I find myself forced to remain here until the yellow fever season, in order to travel then to those places where it will present itself\u2014After I complete my research on this terrible disease I will pay my respects to you in person\u2014\n Meanwhile, I remain with the deepest and most sincere esteem your\n Most Humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0477", "content": "Title: George Logan to Thomas Jefferson, 27 April 1816\nFrom: Logan, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Stenton April 27th 1816\n your venerable friend Charles Thompson, resides on his farm about eight miles from Stenton. I visit him three or four times every year, at which times, I derive instruction and amusement, from his lively and interesting conversation. I dined with him a few days since, when I found him highly gratified by your last Letter to him; in which you inform him, of your having been engaged in collecting a code of ethics from the Holy scriptures, highly satisfactory to yourself. Pray give it to your country: it will remove slanders respecting your unbelief in the Christian religion; and will promote virtue and religion morality in the rising generation.\n The more I read of history\u2014the more I contemplate the character of man; the more I am convinced of the necessity of introducing the spiritual doctrines of Christ into governments; in order to render nations happy and prosperous\n I this morning received two packets from my valuable friend Sir John Sinclair. I send you one of the inclosed papers, which will give you a partial view of his present humane and patriotic engagements.\n I also inclose part of a Letter from my worthy ancestor James Logan, to his friend in Ireland on the nature and character of religion\u2014How consoling such opinions to posterity, when compared with the miserable sophistry of such characters as Voltaire: of whom the great Frederic says in a Letter to Dalembert dated Potsdam 1753. \u201cVoltaire is the most malignant lunatic I ever was acquainted with\u2014He is excellent only in his writings. It is impossible you should imagine all the duplicity and infamous knavery of which he has here been guilty.\u201d Dalembert in a Letter to the King of Prussia dated Paris June 30th 1778. giving him an account of the death of Voltaire, says, \u201cthe image of this great man dying, excited emotions so strong, and fixed itself so powerfully on my imagination, that it never can be effaced. It gave birth to the most maloncholy reflections, on the non entity of life and fame, and the misery of man.\u201d\n My Wife unites with me in respects to yourself and amiable family,\n Accept assurances of my friendship", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0479", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Elizabeth Trist, 28 April 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trist, Elizabeth House\n I am here, my dear Madam alive and well, and notwithstanding the murderous histories of the winter, I have not had an hour\u2019s sickness for a twelvemonth past. I feel myself indebted to the fable however for the friendly concern expressed in your letter, which I recieved in good health, by my fireside at Monticello. these stories will come true one of these days, and poor printer Davies need only reserve a while the chapter of comminations he had the labor to compose, and the mortification to recall after striking off some sheets announcing to his readers the happy riddance. but, all joking apart, I am well, and left all well a fortnight ago at Monticello, to which I shall return in two or three days. Ellen past the winter at Washington, with mrs Madison, and has taken a flight to Philadelphia, with mr Dallas\u2019s family. I hope however her return to Monticello nearly as soon as my own. Jefferson is gone to Richmond to bring home my new great grandaughter. your friends mr & mrs Divers are habitually in poor health; well enough only to recieve visits, but not to return them. and this, I think, is all our small news which can interest you.On the general scale of Nations, the greatest wonder is Bonaparte in St Helena. and yet it is where it would have been well for the lives and happiness of millions and millions, had he been deposited twenty years ago. France would now have had a free government, unstained by the enormities she has enabled him to commit on the rest of the world, and unprostrated by the vindictive hand, human or divine, now so heavily bearing on her. she deserved much punishment; and her successes and reverses will be a wholsome lesson to the world hereafter. but she has now had enough, and we may lawfully pray for her resurrection; and I am confident the day is not distant. no one who knows that people, and the elasticity of their character, can believe they will long remain crouched on the earth as at present. they will rise, by acclamation, and woe to their riders! what havoc are we not yet to see! but these sufferings of all Europe will not be lost. a sense of the rights of man is gone forth, and all Europe will, ere long, have representative governments, more or less free. mother-England indeed seems moving in the opposite direction: the wretchedness of her people however under the oppressions of her taxes and national debt, will relieve her also by a revolution, & more purified government.\u2014we are better employed in establishing universities, colleges, canals, roads, maps Etc. what do you say to all this? who could have believed the old dominion would have roused from her supineness, and taken such a scope at her first flight? my only fear is that an hour of repentance may come, and nip in the bud the execution of conceptions so magnanimous. with my friendly respects to mr & mrs Gilmer, accept the assurance of my constant attachment and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-09-02-0481", "content": "Title: Tadeusz Kosciuszko to Thomas Jefferson, April 1816\nFrom: Kosciuszko, Tadeusz\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Mon cher et tres Respectable Ami\n Votre lettre dat\u00e9e le 3 Juliet 1815 m\u2019a fait un tres grand plaisir. Jetois a Paris lorsque lAngleterre envoya ses trouppes en Amerique et j\u2019ai dis aux Diplomates Anglais qu\u2019au Commencement leurs Arm\u00e9es seront victorieuses \u00e0 cause du manque d\u2019Officiers en Amerique mais que bientot elles seront chass\u00e8es ignominieusement et je leur en donnois ma Parole d\u2019honneur. Vous ne connoissez dis je leur bravoure si bien comme moi\u2014Vous voyez bien mon Cher Ami que j\u2019ai prevu davance la defaite des Anglais, tellement j\u2019ai et\u00e9 sur d\u2019un Character noble, et d\u2019une bravoure Nationale de vos Concitoyens. Mais en Europe tout le monde \u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 surpri et \u00e9tton\u00e9, aussi votre r\u00e9putation s\u2019est accrue considerablement et les Noms Madison et Jefferson sont r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s Mille fois par toutes les bouches.\u2014C\u2019est sans doute quelque chose que le Nom La Pologne et nous avons une r\u00e9connoissance \u00e9ternele \u00e0 l\u2019Empereur Al\u00e9xandre mais il ne fait pas une Nation, Comme la Grandeur du Pays avec un nombre considerable d\u2019habitants. l\u2019Empereur Alexandre m\u2019a promit d\u2019agrandir le Duch\u00e9 de Varsovie jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la Dzwina et Dnieper a nos anciens limites; mais \u00e0 ses intentions g\u00e9n\u00e9reuses et Magnanimes, son Gabinet d\u2019execution n\u2019a pas r\u00e9pondu, et il se trouve malheureusement, que Le Royaume de Pologne a present est moindre d\u2019un bon tiers que le Duch\u00e9 de Varsovie; J\u2019ai fais un Voyage expr\u00e8s \u00e0 Vienne pour savoir au juste, et je ne voulois pas r\u00e9tourner en Pologne \u00e0 l\u2019invitation de l\u2019Empereur lui m\u00eame, que lorsque je serais persuad\u00e9 de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution r\u00e9ele, et n\u2019ayant pas l\u2019assurance satisfaisante de son Ministre, J\u2019ai ecris \u00e0 l\u2019Empereur le supliant de m\u2019assurer par un \u00e9crit ce qu\u2019il ma promit verbalement et que je tiendrai cela un secret jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019execution; Mais je n\u2019ai pas eu le bonheur de r\u00e9cevoir la r\u00e9ponse; alors je suis revenu en Suisse pour ne pas abuser de la Confiance de mes Concitoyens.\u2014Oui Mon Cher Ami jai pens\u00e9 aux bonnes Lois, l\u2019Empereur Alexandre m\u2019a promit un Gouvernement Constitutionel, Lib\u00e9ral, Independant. m\u00eame l\u2019affranchissement de nos Paysans malheureux et les rendre Proprietaires des terres qu\u2019ils possedent. par cela seul il s\u2019immortaliseroit; mais mais S\u2019est evanui en fum\u00e9e.\u2014Je suis maintenant dans la Ville de Soleure en Suisse regardant Les Puissances Allie\u00e9s manquant de bonne fois, faisant des Injustices aux autres petits \u00c9tats et agissant avec Leur Peuple, Comme des Loups avec les Moutons\u2014Vous voiez mon Cher Ami dans qu\u2019elle position je me trouve a present; Si Vous croyez qu\u2019il serat plus avantageux pour moi de tirrer les int\u00e9rets anuelle de mon fond, que de me l\u2019envoyer en \u00c9urope faites le, mais je Vous prie du grace que mes interets soyent regulierement envoy\u00e9s car jen ai grand besoin, et que mon fond soit dans la Banque Sous mon Nom mais non pas sous le votre. Si au contraire il y \u00e0 une petite perte \u00e0 essuyer en transportant mon fond en Europe j\u2019aurois prefer\u00e9 sans doute, j\u2019ai ma Confiance toute entiere en Vous faites comme Vous jugez Le mieux pour Moi.\u2014C\u2019est Vous que l\u2019Angleterre consid\u00e8re le plus et Vous craint aussi, mais non pas Les Puissances Alliees les Ministres de quelles sont tous Corompus; Les nouvelles possesions d\u2019Angleterre en Europe; Mettent des grands entraves au Comerce partout, et La France bientot perdra toutes ses manufactures par sa protection particuliere.\n Agreez Mon Cher Ami L\u2019assurance de ma Consideration La plus Distinguee et La plus Affection\u00e9e\n T Kosciuszko\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n My dear and very Respectable Friend\n Your letter dated 3 July 1815 pleased me greatly. I was in Paris when England sent her troops to America, and I told the English diplomats that initially their armies would be victorious because of the lack of officers in America, but that before long they would be driven off ignominiously; and I backed this with my word of honor. I told them that they do not know your bravery as well as I do\u2014You see clearly, my dear friend, that I have predicted the defeat of the English, because I was so sure of the noble character and national bravery of your fellow citizens. But in Europe everybody was surprised and astonished, so that your reputation increased considerably and everyone repeated the names of Madison and Jefferson thousands of times.\u2014The name Poland is certainly something, and we feel an everlasting gratitude to the Emperor Alexander, but this alone does not make a nation, as would a large country with numerous inhabitants. Emperor Alexander promised me that he would enlarge the Duchy of Warsaw to our former borders, all the way up to the Dvina and the Dnieper, but his executive cabinet did not support his generous and magnanimous intentions, and unfortunately the Kingdom of Poland is at present a third smaller than the Duchy of Warsaw. I took a special trip to Vienna to find out for sure, and I did not want to return to Poland, even at the invitation of the emperor himself, until I had been persuaded of the actual execution of Alexander\u2019s promise. Lacking a satisfactory guarantee from his minister, I wrote to the emperor, begging him to assure me in writing what he had promised me verbally, and telling him that I would keep it secret until the pledge was honored, but I did not have the pleasure of a reply. Therefore I returned to Switzerland rather than abuse the trust of my fellow citizens.\u2014Yes, my dear friend, I thought about good laws. Emperor Alexander promised me a liberal, independent, constitutional government, even the emancipation of our miserable peasants and making them owners of the lands they occupy. For this alone he would become immortal, but it all vanished in smoke.\u2014I am now in the city of Solothurn in Switzerland watching the allied powers, who lack good faith, commit injustices toward the other small states, and act toward their people like wolves among sheep\u2014You see my dear friend in what position I find myself at present. If you believe that it will be more advantageous for me to draw the annual interest on my capital than to send it to Europe, do it, but I beg you to have my interest sent regularly, as I have great need of it, and make sure that my capital is in the bank under my name, not yours. If on the other hand only a little loss would result from transporting my capital to Europe, I would certainly prefer that. You have my complete trust; act on my behalf as you think best.\u2014England both respects and fears you the most, but does not think the same of the allied powers, whose ministers are all corrupt. The new possessions of England in Europe place great obstacles in the way of commerce everywhere, and France will soon lose all of her manufactures because of her special protection.\n Please accept, dear friend, the assurance of my most distinguished and affectionate consideration\n T Kosciuszko", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0001", "content": "Title: John Mackey to Thomas Jefferson, 1 May 1816\nFrom: Mackey, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Mr Jefferson\u2014\n Philadelphia, May 1st 1816.\n On the 18th day of last month, I addressed a packet to you, containing desultory views of education: and my motive for addressing those views to you was manifested in the concluding paragraph. If now you are not disposed to employ your influence and authority for promoting a circulation of those views in print, be pleased to send the Manuscript to me, at No 42, Union Street, Philadelphia.\n I am the person who superintended the erection of the Works at Harper\u2019s Ferry; and am now engaged in the business of a schoolmaster.\n With much respect,\n John Mackey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0002", "content": "Title: Joseph Bringhurst to Thomas Jefferson, 2 May 1816\nFrom: Bringhurst, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Esteemed & beloved frd\n The Wife of our mutual friend Isaac Briggs called on me yesterday to consult me respecting thy favour of the 17th ultimo to her husband. She dessired me to informed inform thee of the absence of her husband as an apology for the delay of a reply. Isaac has been obliged to attend Congress the greater part of the session for the purpose of obtaining a law for the settlement of his publick account\u2014After some consideration it was postponed till the next meeting of the National\n\t\t\t Legislature. Our frd thought it necessary to go immediately to W. City to obtain a Stay of the legal proceedings & he is yet there. When he shall return I have not no doubt he will reply to thy favour. I hope he will accept thy proposition as I do not, at present, see any prospect of a preferable employment. I have known Isaac from his youth & have always loved & esteemed him. There are several others here who are deeply interested in his welfare. He had has a Wife of uncommon moral excellence, & children possessing many valuable qualities for whom Jacob Alrichs & I have w been exceedingly anxious. Dear Isaac, with all his extraordinary qualifications for usefulness, has not prosperd in his pecuniary concerns, &, we have apprehended that the present state of manufactures & commence commerce would prevent him from obtaining suitable employment for the support of his family. We are therefore earnistly solicitous that he should accept thy kind aid in procuring the station proposed by thee\u2014We hope the salary will support his family in a humble mode of life\u2014\u2003\u2003\u2003Permit me to embrace this opportunity of telling thee how much thy character\n\t\t\t & serer services in Publick have been esteemed f by several friends here\u2014Cyrus Newlin. Jacob Alrichs. Wm Poole. John Reynolds & Isaac Starr\u2014all men who thou wouldst love & esteem on personal knowledge, have often united with me in speaking, with approbation, of thy publick services, & I am add we all feel a very strong & tender interest in thy personal welfare\u2014We are not men of the world\u2014we mean what we say & thou mayst believe me to be with prayers for thy eternal happiness\n thy sincere frd\n Joseph Bringhurst", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0003", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 3 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Yours Ap. 8 has long Since been recd\n J. \u201cWould you agree to live your 80 Years over again\u201d?\n A. \u201cAye! And Sanse Phrases.\u201d\n J. \u201cWould you agree to live your Eighty Years over again forever\u201d?\n A. I once heard our Acquaintance, Chew, of Philadelphia Say, \u201cHe Should like to go back to 25, to all Eternity\u201d: but I own my Soul would Start and Shrink back on itself, at the Prospect of an endless Succession of Boules de Savon, almost as much as at the Certainty of Annihilation. For what is human Life? I can Speak only for one. I have had more comfort than distress, more pleasure than paine, Ten to one, nay if\n\t\t\t you please an hundred to one. A pretty large Dose however of Distress and Paine. But after all, What is human Life? A Vapour, a Fog, a Dew, a Cloud, a Blossom a flower, a Rose a blade of Grass,\n\t\t\t glass Bubble, a Tale told by an Idiot, a Boule de Savon, Vanity of Vanities, an eternal Succession of which would terrify me, almost as much as Annihilation.\n J. \u201cWould you prefer to live over again rather than Accept the Offer of a better Life in a future State\u201d? A. Certainly not. J. \u201cWould you live again, rather than change for the worse in a future State, for the Sake of trying Something new\u201d? Certainly not Aye Yes.\n J. \u201cWould you live over again once or forever, rather than run the risque of Annihilation, or of a better or a worse State at or after death\u201d?\n A. Most certainly I would not.\n J. \u201cHow valiant you are\u201d? A. Aye, at this moment, and at all other moments of my Life that I can recollect: but who can tell what will become of his Bravery when his Flesh and his heart Shall fail him?\n Bolinbroke Said \u201chis Philosophy was not Sufficient to Support him in his last hours.\u201d D\u2019alembert Said \u201cHappy are they who have Courage, but I have none.\u201d Voltaire the greatest Genius of them all, behaved like the greatest Coward of them all; at his death as he had like the wisest fool of them all in his Lifetime. Hume aukwardly affects to Sport away all Sober thoughts. Who can answer for his last Feelings and Reflections? especially as the Priests are in possession of the Custom of making them the great Engines of their Craft. Procul este Prophani!\n J. \u201cHow shall We, how can We, estimate the real Value of human Life\u201d?\n A. I know not, I cannot weigh Sensations and Reflections, Pleasures and Pains, Hopes and Fears in Money Scales. But I can tell you how I have heard it estimated by Some Phylosophers. One of my old Friends and Clients, A Mandamus Counseller against his Will, a Man of Letters and Virtues without one Vice, that I ever knew or Suspected, except Garrulity, William Vassall, asserted to me, and Strenuously maintained that \u201cpleasure is no Compensation for Pain.\u201d \u201cAn 100 Years of the keenest delights of human Life could not atone for one hour of Billious Cholic, that he had felt.\u201d The Sublimity of this Philosophy my dull Genius could not reach. I\n\t\t\t was willing to State a fair Account between Pleasure and Pain, and give Credit for the Ballance, which I found very great in my favour.\n Another Philosopher, who as We Say, believed nothing, ridiculed the Notion of a future State. One of the Company asked \u201cWhy are you an Ennemy to a future State\u201d? \u201cAre you weary of Life\u201d! \u201cDo you detest Existence\u201d?\n \u201cWeary of Life!\u2014Detest Existence!\u201d Said the Philosopher, No, \u201cI love Life So well, and am So attached to Existence, that to be Sure of Immortality I would consent, to be pitched about with forks by the Devils among flames of fire and Brimstone to all Eternity.\u201d\n I find no Resources in my Courage, for this exalted Philosophy. I had rather be blotted out.\n Il faut trancher Cet Mot! What is there in Life to attach Us, to it; but the hope of a future & a better? It is a Craker, a Rocquett a Firework, at best.\n I admire your Navigation and Should like to Sail with you, either in your Bark or in my own, along Side of yours; Hope with her gay Ensigns displayed at the Prow; fear with her Hobgoblins behind the Stern. Hope Springs eternal; and Hope is all that endures. Take away hope and What remains? What pleasure? I mean, Take away Fear, and what Pain remains. 99100ths of the Pleasures and Pains of Life are nothing but Hopes and Fears.\n All Nations, known in History or in Travels have hoped, believed, and expected a future and a better State. The Maker of the Universe, the Cause of all Things, whether We call it, Fate or Chance or God has inspired this Hope. If it is a Fraud, We Shall never know it. We Shall never t resent the Imposition, be grateful for the Illusion, nor grieve for the disappointment. We Shall be no more.\n Credat Grim, Diderot, Buffon, La Lande, Condorcet, D\u2019Holbach, Frederick Catherine; Non Ego. Arrogant as it may be, I Shall take the Liberty to pronounce them all, Idiologians. Yet I would not persecute a hair of their Heads. The World is wide enough for them and me.\n Suppose, the Cause of the Universe, Should reveal to all Mankind, at once a Certainty that they must all die within a Century, and that death is an eternal Extinction of all living Powers, Of all Sensation and Reflection. What would be the Effect? Would there be one Man Woman or Child existing on this Globe, twenty Years hence? Would not every human Being be, a Madame Deffand, Voltaires \u201cAveugle clairvoiante,\u201d all her Lifetime regretting her Existance, bewailing that She had ever been born; grieving that She had ever been dragged without her Consent, into being. Who would bear the Gout the\n\t\t\t Stone the Cholick, for the Sake of a Boule de Savon when a Pistol a Cord, a Pond, or a Phyal of Laudanum was at hand? What would Men Say to their Maker,? would they thank him? No They would\n\t\t\t reproach\n\t\t\t him; they would curse him to his Face,\n Voila! a Sillier Letter than my last.! For a Wonder, I have filled a Sheet. And a greater Wonder, I have read fifteen Volumes of Grim. Digito comesce Labellum. I hope to write you more upon this and other Topicks of your Letter. I have read also a History of the Jesuits in four Volumes. Can you tell me the Author or any Thing of this Work?\n John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0004", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Wingate, 4 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wingate, William\n I recieved yesterday yours of Apr. 8. accompanied by a Manuscript volume of your interpretation of the Revelations, & their application to Napoleon Bonaparte. you request me to read it, to take minutes from it, to converse on it with Joseph Bonaparte, and to write to you the result. I am 400. miles from that gentleman, never was, and probably never shall be nearer to him. and my occupations do not allow me the time even to read it. I\n\t\t\t acknolege too that had I the time, I should prefer employing it on something more levelled to my capacity than the revelations. to understand them requires a head more sublimated than mine, and\n\t\t\t derive no profit from reading what we do not understand. in returning the volume promptly therefore, I comply with the only part of your request in my power. I hope you will recieve it safely,\n\t\t\t and with it the assurance of my respects.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0006", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 6 May 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Neither Eyes Fingers or Paper held out, to dispatch all the Trifles I wished to write in my last Letter.\n In your favour of April 8th You \u201cwonder for what good End the Sensations of Grief could be intended\u201d? You \u201cwish the Pathologists would tell Us, what the Use of Grief, in Our \u0152conomy, and of what good it is the Cause proximate or remote.\u201d When I approach Such questions as this, I consider myself, like one of those little Eels in Vinaigre, or one of those Animalcules in black or red Peper or in the Horse radish Root, that bite our Tongues So cruelly, reasoning upon the \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd. Of what Use is this Sting upon the Tongue? Why might We not have the Benefit of these Stimulants, without the Sting? Why might We not have the fragrance and Beauty of the Rose without the Thorn?\n In the first place, however, We know not the Connections between pleasure and Pain. They Seem to be mechanical and inseperable. How can We conceive a Strong Passion, a Sanguine Hope Suddenly disappointed without producing Pain? or Grief? Swift at 70, recollected the Fish he had angled out of Water when a Boy, which broke loose from his hoock, and Said I feel the disappointment at this Moment. A Merchant places all his\n\t\t\t fortune and\n\t\t\t all his Credit in a Single India or China Ship. She Arrives at the Vineyard with a Cargo worth a Million, in Order. Sailing round the Cape for Boston a Sudden Storm wrecks her, Ship Cargo and Crew all lost. Is it possible that the Merchant ruined, bankrupt Sent to Prison by his Creditors, his Wife and Children Starving, Should not\n\t\t\t grieve?\u2003\u2003\u2003Suppose a young Couple, with every Advantage of Persons, fortunes and Connection on the Point of an indissoluble Union. A flash of Lightening,\n\t\t\t any one of those millions of Accidents which are alloted to Humanity proves fatal to one of the Lovers. Is it possible that the other, and all the Friends of both Should not grieve? It Should\n\t\t\t Seem\n\t\t\t that Grief, as a mere Passion must necesarily be in Proportion to Sensibility.\n Did you ever See a Portrait or a Statue of a great Man, without perceiving Strong Traits of Paine, & Anxiety? These Furrows were all ploughed in the Countenance, by Grief. Our juvenile oracle, Sir Edward Coke, thought that none were fit for Legislators and Magistrates, but \u201cSad Men.\u201d And Who were these Sad Men? They were aged Men, who had been tossed and buffeted in the Vicissitudes of Life, forced upon profound Reflection by Grief and disappointments and taught to\n\t\t\t command their Passions & Prejudices\n But, All this, You will Say, is nothing to the purpose. It is only repeating and exemplifying a Fact, which my question Supposed to be well known, viz the Existence of Grief; and is no Answer to my question, \u201cWhat Are the Uses of Grief.\u201d This is very true, and your are very right: but may not the Uses of Grief be inferred, or at least Suggested by Such Exemplifications of known facts? Grief Compels the India Merchant to think; to reflect upon the plan of his Voyage. \u201cHave I not been rash, to trust my Fortune, my Family, L my Liberty, to the Caprices of Winds and Waves in a Single Ship? I will never again give a loose to my Imagination and Avarice. It had been wiser and more honest to have traded on a Smaller Scale upon my own Capital.\u201d The dessolated Lover and disappointed Connections, are compelled by their Grief to reflect on the Vanity of human Wishes and Expectations; to learn the essential Lesson of Resignation; to review their own Conduct towards the deceased; to correct any Errors or faults in\n\t\t\t their future Conduct towards their remaining friends and towards all Men; to recollect the Virtues of the lost Friend and resolve to imitate them; his Follies and Vices if he had any and\n\t\t\t resolve to avoid them. Grief drives Men into habits of Serious Reflection Sharpens the Understanding and Softens the heart; it compells them to arrouse their Reason, to assert its Empire over\n\t\t\t their\n\t\t\t Passions Propensities and Prejudices; to elevate them to a Superiority over all human Events; to give them the Felicis Annimi immota tranquilitatem; in Short to make them Stoicks and Christians.\n After all, as Grief is a Pain, it Stands in the Predicament of all other Evil and the great question Occurs what is the origin and what the final cause of Evil. This perhaps is known only to Omnicience. We poor Mortals have nothing to do with it, but to fabricate all the good We can out of all inevitable Evils, and to avoid all that are avoidable, and many Such there are, among which are our own unnecessary Apprehensions and imaginary Fears. Though Stoical Apathy is impossible, Yet Patience and Resignation and tranquility may be acquired by Consideration in a great degree, very much for the hapiness of Life.\n I have read Grim, in fifteen Volumes of more than five hundred pages each. I will not Say, like Uncle Tobey \u201cYou Shall not die\u201d till you have read him. But you ought to read him, if possible. It is the most entertainging Work I ever read. He appears exactly as you represent him. What is most of all remarkable is his Impartiality. He Spares no Characters, but Necker and Diderot; Voltaire, Buffon, D\u2019Alembert, Helvetius Rousseau, Marmontel, Condorcet, La Harpe, Beaumarchais and all others are lashed without Ceremony. Their Portraits as faithfully drawn as possible. It is a compleat Review of French Litterature and fine Arts from 1753 to 1790. No Politicks. Criticisms very just. Anecdotes without number, and very merry. One ineffably ridiculous\n\t\t\t I wish I could Send you, but it is immeasurably long. D\u2019Argens, a little out of health and Shivering with the cold in Berlin asked leave of the King to take a ride to Gascony his Native Province. He was absent So long that Frederick concluded the Air of the South of France was like to detain his Friend and as he wanted his Society and Services he contrived a Trick to bring him back. He fabricated a Mandement in the Name of the Archbishop of Aix, commanding all the Faithful to Seize The Marquis D\u2019Argens, Author of Ocellus, Tim\u00e6us and Julian, Works Atheistical, Deistical, Heretical and impious in the highest degree. This Mandement composed in a Style of Ecclesiastical Eloquence that never was exceeded by Pope, Jesuite, Inquisitor, or Sorbonite he Sent in Print by a courier to D\u2019Argens, who frightened out of his Witts fled by cross roads out of France and back to Berlin, to the greater Joy of the Philosophical Court for the laugh of Europe which they had raised at the Expence of the learned Marquis.\n I do not like the late Resurrection of the Jesuits. They have a General, now in Russia, in correspondence with the Jesuits in the U.S. who are more numerous than every body knows. Shall We not have Swarms of them here? In as many Shapes and disguises as ever a King of the Gypsies, Bamfied More Carew himself, assumed? In the Shape of Printers, Editors, Writers School masters &c. I have lately read Pascalls Letters over again, and four Volumes of the History of the Jesuits. If ever any Congregation of Men could merit, eternal Perdition on Earth and in Hell, According to these Historians\n\t\t\t though like Pascal true Catholicks, it is this Company of Loiola. Our System however of Religious Liberty must afford them an Assylum. But if they do not put the Purity of our Elections to a Severe Tryal, it will be a Wonder.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0007-0001", "content": "Title: Marcus Dyson to Thomas Jefferson, 6 May 1816\nFrom: Dyson, Marcus\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I hope you will pardon the liberty I have taken in addressing you, I have no other apology to offer except total unacquaintance with any person who could give me the information I desire, the eminent rank you hold in this Country, your acquaintance in Europe, & great reading, led me to hope you could, my enquiry is this,\n whether oxygen gas can be pressed with same facility as atmospheric air,\n whether the extreme pressure will not destroy\n\t\t\t its vitality, &\n whether the passage of the expired air through the water, will absorb the carbon & render it fit for inspiration\u2014\n however to shew you I do not propose questions without a reason, I shall Subjoin a drawing of a machine, to be used by a person wishing to travel under the water, So as to leave his arms & legs at perfect liberty. this it is but the outline of a machine, on which many improvements may be put & many alterations made for the better. I have taken the Standard of pressure @ 20 times & allowing 1 pint for inspiration & 20 pr minute 110 consumed would be the actual consumption of 1 Quart pr minute, therefore this reservoir would support life 80 minutes. but this could be varied to any length of time by enlarging or contracting the reservoir the same principle applies to the pedestrian & boat Navigation, the whole question rests upon the above 3 points, & if they can be established, what a vast feild will be opened for Speculation, what immense advantages will mankind derive from the discovery, no longer can proud Navies approach our Shores and fill our Bays with impunity, nor the hidden treasures of the ocean remain undiscovered\u2014\n It has for a long time been considered a desidetarium, by me, to enjoy equal privileges with the inhabitants of the Ocean, on foot to explore the bottoms of our Bays & Rivers, or to navigate them & the ocean beneath the surface in boats. both of which I think I have accomplished, & though I can have but little doubt on the Subject, Still the impossibility of procuring Suitable apparatus for the purpose of making experiments in this City, induced me to lay the whole plan before you (& you are the only person who knows it) & not only request your reply to my queries, but your advice & opinion upon the whole business, which will determine me in the further prosecution of it, I should be much more lengthy in my communication, were I not afraid of occupying too much of your time. your\n\t\t\t reply as Soon as convenient will much oblige\n Your mo Obt Svt\u2014\n Marcus Dyson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0007-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Marcus Dyson\u2019s Drawing and Description of a Device for Breathing Underwater, [ca. 6 May 1816]\nFrom: Dyson, Marcus\nTo: \n EXPLANATION\n A. The reservoir made of copper in form of an half oval (flat Side next the body) capacity 4 Quarts, with an half inch opening\n B The stop cock, inserted in the reservoir, which by turning the handle will emit air in any quanty quantity wanted,\n C A tube half inch diameter leading from the Stop cock into the half Globe D\n D In form of a half Globe capacity 1 pint which closely covers nose & mouth\n E a tube 1 inch diameter nearly circular one end commencing at D. with a Valve opening downward & the other end also joining D with Valve opening upwards having numerous Small holes\n F in form of a pair of bellows, joining E with 2 Valves opening downwards\n Experiment\n having provided yourself with a water proof covering, fix the Reservoir upon your breast (being filled with air) & the half Globe closely upon your face, turn the cock B. air will rush through the tube C. into Globe D. which you will inspire & again respire, which h air having no other escape will be forced into the tube E. where the water coming through the small holes will absorb the carbon, & carry it off through the bellows F. by being opened & shut by the hand. the Valves preventing it returning, the air will pass on & be still further robbed of its carbon by the water trickling down & pass through the Valve into the Globe D & be again inspired, the quantity therefore of Oxygen therefore wanted will be but 110 from the reservoir of the bulb of each inspiration", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0008", "content": "Title: John P. Boyd to Thomas Jefferson, 7 May 1816\nFrom: Boyd, John Parker\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Permit me the honour of soliciting your perusal of the enclosd Documents and Facts, relative to the Military conduct of an Officer, who proudly Acknowledges your former patronage.\n And has the honor to be with much respect Sir Your Obdt Ob\u2019gd Sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0009", "content": "Title: Isaac Briggs to Thomas Jefferson, 7 May 1816, with Postscript by Mary B. Briggs\nFrom: Briggs, Isaac,Briggs, Mary Brooke (Brooke)\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My dear Friend,\n Wilmington, 5mo\u20137\u20131816. (Delaware)\n Thy kind favor, of Apr 17. 16, had been forwarded from Brookeville to this place, my present residence, during a second journey I have made to Washington City. I returned yesterday.\n While in the Metropolis, I conceived an expectation, which is not still exists, of an employments either in the survey of the line between the United States and the British possessions, from the source of St Croix to the river St Lawrence, or in the Survey of the coast\u2014Or if these surveys should be so organised as to place the scientific operations under the special direction of one person to bes be stationed at some central\n\t\t\t point, to and from which the communication would be easy; this director to receive the notes and make all the calculations and maps\u2014at my age, I should prefer such a station, leaving to younger men the more active and laborious operations of tracing lines and measuring bases, of taking angles and making astronomical\n\t\t\t observations. By the time this letter reaches thee, I expect our friend James Madison will be at Montpelier, I should be glad if thou and he could converse on the subject, and what you think best for me, that do\u2014what you think best for our country, I am sure you will do.\n I thank thee feelingly for thy wishes to engage me in the survey of Virginia\u2014the circumstance of its bringing me often near to thee in body as I always am in mind, inclines me to to it strongly; but whatever thou dost for me, I believe I shall think best.\n I wish much for a careful examination of the ground between the nearest waters of James River and of the Cheat River\u2014and between the nearest waters of the Potomak and of the Monongahela, as to its level, with a view to a future navigation across the Alegany mountains. I believe most firmly such a navigation is practicable, and that the consequences of it would be of great national importance.\n I will consider with my best attention thy astronomical problem, and in a future communication, state the result.\n My whole family join me in salutations of affectionate regard for our friend and benefactor.\n Isaac Briggs.\n My father has given me permission to add a few lines to his letter by way of Postscript\u2014I joyfully accept it; and with a heart glowing with gratitude & affection I acknowledge the receipt of thy kind & highly-valued favor of 17th Inst. I wish it were possible to express to thee, the gratification,\u2014the happiness it afforded me;\u2014I shall ever prize it, as one of my dearest treasures. For the good wishes it contains\u2014so flattering to my heart,\u2014I feel something which I cannot describe,\u2014a something more than gratitude\u2014and my feelings, for the writer, claim a higher appellation than common esteem & love.\n With all the energy of which my warm and grateful heart is capable, I shall ever offer prayers to Heaven for thee!\u2014and with Sentiments of affectionate, regard I am thy friend,\n Mary B Briggs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0010", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Peter Cottom, 7 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cottom, Peter\n I recieved some time ago a letter from messrs Brooks and Ashley assignees of Bradford & Inskeep an application for the cost of the Portfolio for the year 1814. and lately one from Thomas de Silur as proprietor for the year 1815. percieving however that you are agent in Richmond for that publication, and there being difficulty in remitting small sums to other states, I prefer making the payments to you. I will pray you therefore to call on mr Gibson of the firm of Gibson & Jefferson in Richmond for the two year\u2019s payment, and hereafter to call on him annually for the yearly cost while I continue a subscriber, and he will be so kind as to pay the same on sight of this letter. accept the assurance of my respects.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0011", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John F. Dumoulin, 7 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dumoulin, John Franklin\n Your favor of Apr. 12. is just recieved, and with it the two copies of your treatise on Naturalization and Allegiance: the one of which has been delivered, as you requested, to Colo Randolph; and for the other be pleased to accept my thanks. from a cursory view, I promise myself great pleasure in reading it, as well from it\u2019s logic as it\u2019s learning. on these subjects we cannot but think alike; and I permit myself to doubt whether there is a man in the world who thinks otherwise; provided he has thought at all on the subject, has turned\n\t\t\t inwardly on himself, and ascertained whether he has not there found the same innate feeling of right to live on the outside of an artificial geographical line as he has to live within it: whether he finds there any stronger sentiment of right to use his own faculties at all, than of that to use them in whatever place he can do it to the greatest promotion of his own\n\t\t\t happiness; whether he feels any obligation to die by disease or famine in one country, rather than go to another where he can live?\n The family accepts with thankfulness the kind expressions of your remembrance of them, and joins me in assuring you that we considered ourselves as the debtors for the visit you did us the favor to make the last autumn, and in assurances of great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0013", "content": "Title: William Short to Thomas Jefferson, 7 May 1816\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia May 7.\u201416\n In consequence of an understanding between Mr H: & myself, that I would inclose to you his bond & mortgage, when the payment was completed, I now take the liberty of inclosing his last bond & the mortgage\u2014I have been informed\n\t\t\t by Mr Gibson that he has recieved for me from the agent of Mr H. at Richmond $170, being the sum to which this last bond was reduced by the deduction of the 68. acres\u2014This affair is thus terminated\u2014I cannot put the last hand to it without again renewing my thanks for\n\t\t\t all the trouble which you have been so good as to submit to in it for me, & which I can assure has made the proper impression on my mind\u2014I must add also my hope that you will excuse this last\n\t\t\t liberty which I shall take in it, that of inclosing to you these two papers for Mr H.\n I had the pleasure of writing to you on the 23. ulto. That letter will await your return to Monticello, where I hope this will find you in good health.\n The papers mention the appointment to the consulship at Paris, of the late incumbent at Havre\u2014This removes one obstacle from the path of poor la Motte\u2014& I observe also that an old incumbent at Cowes, I think, Mr Auldjo, who is an Englishman, is reappointed\u2014This would be an example or authorization also for la Motte\u2014As I do not see his name however among the new appointments, I fear our Lord of the ascendant does not mean to take him up. This is strange & passing strange, as you have had the goodness to interest yourself in his behalf\u2014I have been much tempted to write myself & urge the\n\t\t\t just claims of this old & faithful servant\u2014but I take for granted that other motives must govern at Washington in such cases\u2014I doubt whether my letter would produce any good effect with Mon: & I fear it would produce a bad effect with Mad:\u2014I have never been rectus in curia with the latter since, on my first return from Europe, instead of subscribing to and confirming one of his fine dreams, that the Directory were a quintette of good honest souls\u2014purely republican, & above all things desirous to be kind & affectionate to this sister Republic, I\n\t\t\t scouted the vision & assured him that they were really & bona fide, most consummate villains & having no other idea than power & plunder\u2014Mad\u2019s idea was to me so new & so absurd & fell on me so abruptly that I probably betrayed some kind of ridiculing sneer, without intending me\u2014but l\u2019amour propre bless\u00e9 seldom forgets & never forgives\u2014so I must submit to the penalty of my inadvertence.\n Under all circumstances & at all times believe me, dear sir, most sincerely & perfectly yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0014-0001", "content": "Title: Jean David to Thomas Jefferson, 8 May 1816\nFrom: David, Jean\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Je prends la libert\u00e9 de vous adresser quelques ecrits que j\u2019ai faits depuis que je Suis dans les Etats unis d\u2019amerique ils Sont relatifs a La prosperit\u00e9 de ce pays. Je les crois bas\u00e9s Sur les vrais principes de l\u2019economie politique et de la justice. S\u2019ils Sont tels ils peuvent \u00eatre utiles \u00e0 votre patrie. vous \u00eates mieux \u00e0 m\u00eame que tout autre de juger\n\t\t\t\tde leur merite. c\u2019est ce qui m\u2019a port\u00e9 a vous les communiquer avant de quitter ce pays. Je souhaite que vous les trouviez dignes de votre suffrage\n Je dois vous prevenir que ces divers ecrits ont \u00e9t\u00e9 precedemment adress\u00e9s \u00e0 Mr Le President des Etats unis, d\u00e1 dat\u00e9s de Richmond et Sign\u00e9s un francais. Je les ai ensuite communiqu\u00e9s \u00e0 Mr Girardin, il les a lus, (je crois) il m\u2019en a fait l\u2019eloge, peut \u00eatre par politesse, mais il n\u2019en a rien extrait pour inserer dans Sa Gazette, Soit qu\u2019il ne les estime gueres on qu\u2019il n\u2019ait pas cru\n\t\t\t\tconvenable de les produire. peut \u00eatre aussi que Mr Girardin qui est un homme d\u2019esprit tr\u00e8s instruit et plein de connoissances, n\u2019en a-t-il pas beaucoup en politique et en finance\n quant \u00e0 Mr Le President des Etats unis, j\u2019ignore S\u2019il les a re\u00e7us et le cas qu\u2019il en a fait Sur Le tout je n\u2019ai pas voulu quitter ce pays Sans vous en presenter l\u2019hommage. J\u2019y parle peut \u00eatre un peu trop librement et d\u2019une\n\t\t\t\tmani\u00e9re trop tranchante, mais qu\u2019importe! Si les principes en Sont vrais et les consequences justes, C\u2019est l\u00e0 l\u2019essentiel. la fa\u00e7on dont une chose est dite me paroit alors assez\n\t\t\t\tindifferente.\n J\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous ecrire le premier du mois de fevrier je vous entretenois de nouveau de lutilit\u00e9 de la culture de la vigne et j\u2019avois joint \u00e0 ma lettre un projet de petition au gouvernement, je reviendrai d\u2019autant moins Sur Son contenu que devant partir incessamment cel\u00e1 Seroit tout a fait inutile. Cependant je Serois bien aise de Savoir Si ma lettre du 1er fevrier et surtout celle de ce jour vous Sont parvenues. Je vous Serois infiniment oblig\u00e9 Si vous vouliez dire un mot \u00e0 ce Sujet \u00e0 Mr Girardin lorsque vous lui ecrirez, car je pense que vous \u00eates en correspondance avec lui, et devant correspondre moi m\u00eame avec Mr Girardin, j\u2019aurai beaucoup de plaisir \u00e0 \u00eatre instruit par lui Si vous avez re\u00e7u mes deux lettres\n Je vous Salue respectueusement\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n I take the liberty of addressing to you a few things I have written since my arrival in the United States of America. They concern the prosperity of this country. I believe them to be based on the true principles of political economy and justice. If so, they may be useful to your homeland. You are\n\t\t\t in a better position than anyone else to judge their merit. This is what led me to communicate them to you before leaving this country. I hope that you will find them worthy of your\n\t\t\t approval\n I must warn you that these various writings, dated at Richmond and signed a Frenchman, have been previously sent to the president of the United States. After that, I directed them to Mr. Girardin. He read them (I believe) and praised them, perhaps out of politeness, but he did not choose any passages for insertion in his newspaper, either because he does not value them or did not\n\t\t\t think it appropriate to\n\t\t\t publish them. It may also be that Mr. Girardin, who is a very educated and knowledgeable man, is not well-versed in politics and finance\n As for the president of the United States, I do not know whether he has received them or what he thinks of them. I did not want to leave this country without offering them to you as a token of my esteem. \n\t\t\t In them I may speak a little too freely and in too cutting a manner, but what does it matter! If the principles therein \nare true and the consequences just, that is the main thing. In such a case, I feel that the way\nin which something is expressed is rather irrelevant.\n On the first of February I had the honor of writing again to you about the usefulness of the cultivation of vineyards, and I enclosed with my letter a draft petition to the government. As I must leave soon, it would be quite useless to repeat its contents. I would be very pleased, however, to know if my letter of 1 February and, especially, the one I am sending you today have reached you. I would be most obliged to you if you could say a word on this subject to Mr. Girardin when you write to him, as I understand that he is a correspondent of yours. Since I need to correspond with Mr. Girardin myself, I would be very happy to learn from him whether you have received my two letters\n I salute you respectfully", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0014-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Jean David\u2019s Second Memorandum on American Banks, April 1816, third enclosure in Jean David to Thomas Jefferson, 8 May 1816\nFrom: David, Jean\nTo: \n Sur les Banques des Etats unis\u2014No 2\u2014avril 1816.\u2014\n Le Congr\u00e9s vient de d\u00e9cr\u00e9ter l\u2019etablissement d\u2019une Banque nationale, cette mesure etoit indispensable pour detruire l\u2019agiotage scandaleux qui existe Sur les bills des differentes Banques. Mais\n\t\t\t\tremediera-t-elle au discredit du change avec l\u2019etranger?\n J\u2019oserois presque assurer qu\u2019elle n\u2019y apportera aucun changement, et que le mal ira toujours croissant comme il auroit \u00e9t\u00e9 Sans cette mesure, jusqu\u2019a ce que par la ruine d\u2019un grand nombre de negociants et de Banques le Commerce de ce pays ait eprouv\u00e9 une crise qui l\u2019ait plac\u00e9 dans la Situation o\u00f9 il doit \u00eatre.\n Deux causes principales contribuent au discredit du change avec l\u2019etranger.\n Le luxe qui vous rend Ses tributaires pour des Sommes enormes;\n Et la quantit\u00e9 prodigieuse de banques qui existent dans les Etats unis, lesquelles en facilitant les operations commerciales Sont cause que l\u2019on fait trop d\u2019affaires.\n on ne doit pas juger du present et de l\u2019avenir par le pass\u00e9. Depuis l\u2019epoque de la revolution francaise, jusqu\u2019a la guerre qui a eu lieu entre les Etats unis et l\u2019angleterre en 1812, le pavillon americain etoit presque le Seul qui navigu\u00e2t librement. alors l\u2019amerique n\u2019ayant pas des capitaux Suffisants pour tout le commerce que les circonstances lui permettoient de faire, il etoit convenable de cr\u00e9er beaucoup de Banques pour en faciliter les operations.\n\t\t\t\tMais ce qui etoit un bien alors, est devenu un grand mal depuis que le commerce des Etats unis a considerablement diminu\u00e9, d\u2019abord par l\u2019effet de la derni\u00e9re guerre et ensuite par la tranquilit\u00e9 de l\u2019Europe\u2014\n aujourd\u2019hui toutes les nations etant en paix et touts les pavillons pouvant naviguer librement, les americains Sont necessairement reduits a leur propre commerce, qui Sera tr\u00e8s peu de chose en comparaison de celui qu\u2019ils faisoient precedemment. en consequence Si le gouvernement veut prevenir la ruine totale des negociants, et je dirai m\u00eame de l\u2019Etat, il doit prendre le plutot possible les mesures convenables \u00e0 ce Sujet. Voici celles qui me paroissent indispensables.\u2014\n Il faut Supprimer toutes les Banques particuli\u00e9res et qu\u2019il n\u2019y ait plus que la Banque nationale que l\u2019on vient de d\u00e9cr\u00e9ter.\n que cette Banque ait une Seule succursale dans chaque ville des Etats unis\n que ces succursales excomptent avec beaucoup de reserve qu\u2019elles ne mettent des bank notes en emission que pour un quart ou une demi au plus, du numeraire qu\u2019elles ont dans leurs caves\u2014\n et qu\u2019elles payent en numeraire effectif toutes les fois qu\u2019on l\u2019exigera. Par ce moyen la masse des affaires diminuera considerablement et elles deviendront plus lucratives. peu \u00e0 peu la confiance renaitra, le change avec l\u2019etranger Se bonifiera, pourra venir au pair et peut etre m\u00eame gagner.\n il y auroit peut \u00eatre un moyen plus Simple \u00e0 employer. ce Seroit de Supprimer toutes les Banques, et que les particuliers payassent eux m\u00eames leurs engagements en esp\u00e9ces; mais ce remede violent pourroit devenir dangereux; c\u2019est a l\u2019assembl\u00e9e du congr\u00e8s a juger le quel de ces deux moyens est preferable, mais mais il doit necessairement adopter l\u2019un ou l\u2019autre, s\u2019il ne le fait pas le commerce S\u2019appauvrira touts les jours, jusqu\u2019a ce que le discredit etant port\u00e9 \u00e0 Son comble, une banqueroute generale aura lieu, et alors il est impossible de prevoir jusqu\u2019ou le mal pourra Se porter.\n aujourd\u2019hui Je considere l\u2019Etat comme un malade en\n\t\t\t\tdanger mais qui cependant a encore assez de force pour supporter les remedes necessaires pour Sa guerison; Si on neglige de les lui administrer il est \u00e0 craindre qu\u2019il ne perisse.\u2014\n Je reviens aux moyens de Bonifier le change avec l\u2019etranger. il faut augmenter les droits de Douane Sur toutes les marchandises etrang\u00e9res et les porter S\u2019il est possible \u00e0 cent pour cent de leur valeur\n il faut favoriser encourager dans les etats unis la culture et la fabrication de toutes les denr\u00e9es et marchandises que les etrangers leur fournissent\n il faut mettre des taxes considerables Sur tout ce qui Sert au luxe comme chevaux, voitures, domestiques &ca car le luxe pouss\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019exc\u00e9s comme il l\u2019est dans ce pays, corrompt les m\u0153urs et ruine les citoyens\u2014\n Je pense que par ces moyens reunis on preservera l\u2019Etat de la crise terrible dont il est menac\u00e9.\u2014\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n On the Banks of the United States\u2014Number 2\u2014April 1816.\u2014\n Congress has just ordered the establishment of a national bank. This measure was indispensable to put an end to the scandalous speculation in the bills of the different banks. But\n\t\t\t will it remedy\n\t\t\t the poor rate of exchange in your foreign trade?\n I would almost dare to guarantee that it will change nothing and that the problem will get progressively worse, as it would have without this measure, until, through the ruin of many merchants and banks, commerce in this country endures a crisis that will put it in the position it deserves.\n Two principal causes contribute to the poor rate of exchange in your foreign trade.\n Luxury that drains away enormous sums from you;\n And the prodigious quantity of banks that exist in the United States, which, by facilitating commercial operations, are the cause of too much business.\n One must not judge the present and future by the past. From the time of the French Revolution until the war that took place between the United States and England in 1812, the American flag was almost the only one that sailed freely. Because America then lacked sufficient capital for all the commerce that circumstances allowed it to have, it was\n\t\t\t appropriate to create many banks to facilitate operations. But what\n\t\t\t was good then has become very bad since commerce in the United States has decreased considerably, first through the effects of the last war and then by the tranquillity of Europe\u2014\n Today, with all nations at peace and all flags able to sail freely, Americans are necessarily reduced to their own commerce, which will be very small compared to what preceded it. In consequence, if the government wishes to prevent the complete ruin of the merchants, and I would even say the state, it must, as soon as possible, take suitable measures on this subject. These seem indispensable to me.\u2014\n All private banks must be suppressed, leaving only the national bank that was just created by decree.\n This bank must have only one branch in each city in the United States.\n These branches need to exercise great restraint in discounting. They must issue banknotes for only a quarter or, at most, half of the currency they have in their cellars\u2014\n And they must pay in hard currency whenever it is demanded. This will decrease the volume of business considerably, and it will become more profitable. Little by little, trust will return, foreign trade will improve and may become balanced, and exports may even exceed imports.\n It might perhaps be simpler to suppress all banks and have individuals pay their commitments directly in specie. But this violent remedy could become dangerous. Congress will have to decide which of these means is preferable, but it must necessarily adopt one or the other. If it does not, commerce will become poorer every day, until the failure to extend credit peaks and a general bankruptcy takes place,\n\t\t\t at which point no one can predict how badly things will go.\n Today, I consider the state to be dangerously ill, but it still has strength enough to bear the remedies necessary\n\t\t\t for its cure. If they are neglected, it is to be feared that it will perish.\u2014\n I return to the means of improving foreign trade. Duties on all foreign goods must be increased, to one hundred percent of their value if possible\n The cultivation and manufacture of all commodities and merchandise that are currently provided by foreigners must be encouraged in the United States\n Every luxury, such as horses, coaches, servants, etc., must be taxed heavily, because luxury pushed to an extreme, as it is in this country, corrupts morals and ruins citizens\u2014\n I believe that a combination of all these measures will protect the state from the terrible crisis that threatens it.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0015", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Charles Willson Peale, 8 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peale, Charles Willson\n I am indebted to you for two letters yet unacknolegged unacknoledged, to wit of June 18. and Dec. 23. 15. I pay three or four visits a year to a very distant possession I have in Bedford, where, being comfortably fixed, I pass a month or two at a time, so that it is almost a second home. it is in the finest part of our state for soil & climate, and near to Lynchburg; now the 2d town in the state for business, and thriving with a rapidity exceeding any thing we have ever seen. when I first visited that place 50 years ago, there was nothing but a ferry house. it may\n\t\t\t be considered as the out-port of Richmond, recieving all the produce of the S. Western quarter of our state, and of the upper part of N. Carolina, & transmitting it down the river 130 miles to Richmond. it furnishes me therefore good society while in that neighborhood. these absences must apologize for my tardy acknolegements of your letters.\n In that of June 18. you promised yourself to visit Dr Allison\u2019s improvements in the small family machines for spinning. he published a drawing & description of one in the Emporium which spun from the roll,\n\t\t\t & saved the intermediate operation of roving, which is \u2153 of the labor. I formed a good opinion of it and wrote him a letter on the subject, which he kindly answered. if you have seen it work, I should like to know how it answers. and can you tell me how Janes\u2019s loom is approved in practice? it promised well.\u2003\u2003\u2003I concur with you in doubting whether the great establishments, by associated companies, are\n\t\t\t advantageous in this country. it is the\n\t\t\t houshold manufacture which is really precious; because the same children are employed in them, under the eye & care of their parents, where they are more correctly brought up, and have better\n\t\t\t opportunities of healthy exercise. this however is for coarse, and midling goods only. for the finest fabrics, we must depend on the associated establishments, or on foreign countries. this last\n\t\t\t has\n\t\t\t many serious inconveniences.\u2014the fruit gatherer you describe I was in possession of, a little varied only in it\u2019s construction.\u2014Dr Logan\u2019s drill is too complicated. I do not think it comparable to Martin\u2019s, which any carpenter can make. as yet it has been made to sow one row at a time only; but I am sure I can make it sow a breadth of 3.f. at a time in rows of what interval you please. it\n\t\t\t opens the furrow, sows the seed & covers it, & may be drawn by the weakest draught animal which can be used. in a former letter I mentioned to you that I had adapted a hemp break to my\n\t\t\t sawmill, which did good work. I have since fixed one to my threshing machine in Bedford, which breaks & beats about 80.\u2114 a day with a single horse. the horizontal horsewheel of the threshing machine drives a wallower and shaft, at the outer end of which\n\t\t\t shaft is a crank which lifts a common hemp-break the head of which is made heavy enough to break the hemp with it\u2019s knives, & to beat it with it\u2019s head.\u2003\u2003\u2003we suffer much here for want of\n\t\t\t nice workmen. the screws of the pencases of my polygraph are worn, so that I can with difficulty regulate the pressure of the off-pen: and we have no artist who can repair them. we suffer in like\n\t\t\t manner in our clocks & watches, being obliged to send the latter always to Richmond for repairs (75 miles) and the former being at rest for years sometimes, till some straggling pretender accidentally passes this way to repair or ruin them. yet Charlottesville would be a fine stand for one. I wrote to mr Voigt once to ask of him to persuade one of his young pupils, when turning out, and in quest of a place, to come here. the population is thick, & independant, and\n\t\t\t would furnish abundant employment for a watchmender, clockmaker and silversmith. it is also a very cheap situation. you would render us a great service by sending one on such an one, if sober, he would need nothing but his tools for outfit. he would get an apartment & his board readily on credit, until he could begin to recieve money, which indeed would be immediately: and I\n\t\t\t would put him into the hands of such persons in Charlottesville as would efficiently patronise him.\u2003\u2003\u2003ever & affectionately yours\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0016", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Mackey, 9 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mackey, John\n I recieved yesterday your letter of May 2. on the 3d an anonymous writing had come to hand which bearing the date of Apr. 18 as now mentioned by you, is I presume the paper called for. being anonymous I knew not to whom to return it. this is now done on the presumption it is yours. I do not meddle in printing any thing. my time of life requires rest of body and mind and that I should withdraw myself from all correspondence which no special duty makes incumbent on me. the existing generation posesses as much wisdom as that which preceded them, and will, I am confident, take as good care of their affairs. the paper inclosed is of their concern, and they will probably do it justice if you chuse to submit it to them. Accept my respects\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0017", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Eusebio Valli, 9 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Valli, Eusebio Giacinto\n I am much indebted to the much esteemed Seignior Botta for furnishing me the occasion of addressing to you my salutations on your arrival in the United states, and of tendering my portion of the obligations all owe you for the dangers you\n\t\t\t voluntarily encounter to lessen theirs. while we are striving how best to preserve our own health, you immolate yours as the victim of safety for us. the disease to which you now propose to offer\n\t\t\t yourself is indeed a formidable one; yet happily of rare occurrence, and of very limited range of time and place. while our own physicians are divided in opinion as to it\u2019s contagious character,\n\t\t\t the\n\t\t\t unlettered may with less presumption entertain an opinion also. I think you will find, on exact enquiry, that it has never existed with us but in the cities, on tidewaters, beginning always at\n\t\t\t the\n\t\t\t water\u2019s edge, extending slowly from that, bounded as it advances by a line, which altho invisible but from it\u2019s effects, is as well defined as if by a street; that it is incommunicable by persons\n\t\t\t goods, or otherwise than by going within the line of infection, never appearing till autumn, and disappearing with the first frost. the sick have often gone into the country, been nursed in the\n\t\t\t beds\n\t\t\t of the families there, have died and been buried, without a single well attested fact of the infection being communicated. I say well attested, for you will have insulated facts related to you by those who believe them, but who have not strictly verified them. caution too is requisite to distinguish this from kindred fevers; as\n\t\t\t other fevers have often been confounded with it. I believe that the true Yellow fever has never been known in these States, South of Alexandria, and as far as that but once. yet physicians have pronounced it to be among the mountains of my own neighborhood. the Southern towns on the seacoast, Norfolk, Charleston, New Orleans, have every autumn among them what has been called the Stranger\u2019s fever, which I have known for 60. years. it formerly prevailed as far up into the country as the heads of the tidewaters. a\n\t\t\t remarkable and distinguishing characteristic of this is that it attacks strangers only, & not the native or acclimated inhabitants; whereas the Yellow fever attacks natives and strangers,\n\t\t\t without\n\t\t\t distinction. I take the liberty of suggesting these remarks, merely to draw your attention to them, and as furnishing some outlines for the enquiries you will of course make for yourself. the\n\t\t\t absence\n\t\t\t of all medical theory and pretensions can alone claim any respect for the information from those unlearned, as myself, in the art.\n I am much flattered and gratified by the prospect of the visit you propose to favor me with. the line of country from your present station to this place is worth seeing before you leave us. as it would be mortifying to me to lose by any occasional absence the pleasure of recieving you here, I take the liberty of mentioning that three or four times a year I visit a distant possession, & sometimes make considerable stays there. but as these visits are fixed to no particular times a previous notice of that which will best suit yourself will enable me to accomodate my\n\t\t\t movements to yours. no absence from the tidewaters can risk your losing any opportunity of observing the fever, until the commencement of autumn. indeed the occurrence of that disease is so rare\n\t\t\t that\n\t\t\t it may not offer itself to you for years. I pray you to accept the assurance of my high esteem and consideration.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0018", "content": "Title: Theodorus Bailey to Thomas Jefferson, 10 May 1816\nFrom: Bailey, Theodorus\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have been duly favored with your Note covering a letter for Mr Van der Kemp\u2014and in obedience to your wishes have forwarded the same by Post. Olden Barnevelt is in the Town of Trenton in the County of Oneida, about twelve miles from Rome.\n I beg leave to add that I shall always take great pleasure in executing your commands in this City; and in rendering you any service in my power\u2014\n With great consideration and esteem, I am very truly yours,\n Theodorus Bailey.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0019-0001", "content": "Title: Patrick Gibson to Thomas Jefferson, 10 May 1816\nFrom: Gibson, Patrick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have not had the pleasure of hearing from you since my letter of the 27th Ulto advising you of the sale of your flour\u2014\u2003\u2003\u2003Your note in bank becoming due on the 24th Inst I now inclose you a blank for your signature\u2014\n Your obt Servt\n Patrick Gibson\n I hand you inclosed the Accot Sales of your Tobacco & flour Nt Proceeds $3128.77 which when received shall appear at your credit", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "04-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0019-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Gibson & Jefferson\u2019s Account with Thomas Jefferson for Tobacco and Flour Sales, 30 April 1816\nFrom: Gibson & Jefferson,Ligon, James,Gibson, Patrick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sales of 10 Hhds Tobo Made on Account Thomas Jefferson Esqr\n to Peter F Smith\n Inspection & Extra Coope 10 Hhds 6$ toll $4.17\n nt proceeds 10 Hhds Tobo\n Sales of 265 Barrels flour made on Acct Thomas Jefferson\n to William H Hubbard a 60d/.\n Inspn 4.28 Coope & Lining Barrels 4.60.\n freight 178 Barrels\n nt proceeds flour", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0020", "content": "Title: Joseph Delaplaine to Thomas Jefferson, 11 May 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia May 11th 1816.\n I had the honour of duly receiving your obliging favour of the 9th of February last.\n You have been pleased to correspond with me much on the subject of your portrait. Being very desirous to obtain it, and fearing that Mr Stuart will never be prevailed upon to give up yours, I avail myself of your kind offer to receive in your house, any Artist I might send to further my Work. Accordingly I have engaged one of our\n\t\t\t best portrait painters, Mr Otis of this City, who has Contracted, and made arrangements to set out for your Mansion on the First day of June next, for the express purpose of painting your portrait for my work. Mr Otis will take with him a volume of publick characters, a work you already mentioned to me, in which your biography is given. I take the liberty of sending it to you for the purpose of having it\n\t\t\t corrected, if it needs it; for I purpose to take great care that justice shall be done to your life. The alterations or corrections be pleased to give on a piece of paper if you see proper, &\n\t\t\t Mr Otis will take charge of them as well as the Book.\n I cherish the hope that I may be enabled to accompany Mr Otis to your house. I shall endeavour so to do.\n I beg you to have the goodness to inform me whether it will be your pleasure to receive Mr Otis at the time mentioned.\n The late President Adams has lately sat for his portrait for me to young Mr Morris Morse who studied in London..\u2014Mr Monroe sat to Mr Wood for me a few days ago, & the President promised to do the same. Mr Clay also sat. I take the liberty of enclosing a head of Columbus which be pleased to do me the favour to accept.\n I remain with perfect respect & esteem Your obedt humle st\n Joseph Delaplaine\n P.S. In a few days I will have the pleasure of sending your Vespucius. The engraver has nearly done with it", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0023", "content": "Title: Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours to Thomas Jefferson, 12 May 1816\nFrom: Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Excellent et respectable Ami,\n J\u2019ai re\u00e7u avec une extr\u00eame reconnaissance votre lettre de Poplar-Forest.\n Ne croyez pas que j\u2019aie la plus legere intention d\u2019appliquer aux Etats-Unis aucune des id\u00e9es que je devais employer pour la R\u00e9publique Fran\u00e7aise; et que je crois bonnes \u00e0 proposer \u00e0 des R\u00e9publiques naissantes, qui n\u2019ont encore rien d\u2019arr\u00eat\u00e9, Sont dans un Etat de matiere premiere, et ont demand\u00e9 mon avis pour en Sortir.\n Ce n\u2019est que Sur les Finances que je crois les Etats-Unis Susceptibles d\u2019improvement; et il faudra longtems en exposer les principes, il faudra les y rendre familiers au petit nombre des Savans avant de rien essayer dans la pratique, qui a \u00eat\u00e9 commenc\u00e9e avec les pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s de l\u2019Angleterre et du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Hamilton\u2014\n Vous \u00eates une nation Anglaise. Vous n\u2019aspiriez lors de votre r\u00e9volution qu\u2019\u00e0 vous \u00e9lever \u00e0 la constitution anglaise. Et Si le Parlement britannique avait voulu consentir \u00e0 vous permettre d\u2019avoir aussi un Parlement, ce que le Roi et Ses Ministres voulaient assez, vous n\u2019auriez pas eu de r\u00e9volution: vous seriez encore Sujets du Roi d\u2019Angleterre.\n Si Washington n\u2019avait pas \u00eat\u00e9 un homme vertueux, et dont la Vertu a \u00eat\u00e9 aid\u00e9e, Soutenue par cinq ou Six hommes de Courage, vous auriez eu un Roi et des Pairs. C\u2019est le regret de n\u2019\u00eatre pas des Pairs qui a Sem\u00e9 la graine de vos F\u00e9d\u00e9ralistes.\n B\u00e9nissez Dieu de n\u2019avoir ni Roi, ni Pairs: c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de n\u2019avoir pas confi\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9ducation des Familles les plus influentes \u00e0 la Flatterie qui est le plus mauvais Pr\u00e9cepteur que l\u2019on puisse imaginer.\n Voila ce que vous avez de mieux que l\u2019Angleterre. Vous avez conserv\u00e9 Ses mauvaises Loix civiles, et tous Ses mauvais usages.\n un des pires est les Elections absolument populaires, o\u00f9 L\u2019on a vu \u00e0 Londres un Amiral faire venir les matelots de la Flotte avec de gros b\u00e2tons; \u00e0 quoi Son comp\u00e9titeur opposa les Bouchers arm\u00e9s de couperets, qui couperent en effet les \u00e9paules \u00e0 une vingtaine de matelots et gagnerent la bataille.\n J\u2019ai vu en France des Elections \u00e0 coups de chaise, et avec menace de la Lanterne.\n Vous n\u2019en \u00eates pas l\u00e0, parce que vos Hommes Sont plus graves et plus doux que les Europ\u00e9ens: mais les coups de poing ne Sont pas \u00e9pargn\u00e9s: et les Taverniers Sont les grandes Puissances, les Seigneurs du Pays, les nominateurs des magistrats.\n Le Whiskey est un mauvais Souverain, les Boxeurs Sont de mauvais ministres; et quand ils Se Sont empar\u00e9s de l\u2019Autorit\u00e9 ils la vendent aux dollars payeurs du Whiskey. La libert\u00e9 romaine a \u00eat\u00e9 perdue par les Cliens, les capite censi, les Tribus urbaines que les Patriciens, les Patrons, les anciens Proconsuls et les G\u00e9n\u00e9raux pillards Soudoyaient a leur retour des Gouvernemens Provinces et des Arm\u00e9es.\n J\u2019ai pris non Seulement d\u00e9go\u00fbt, mais horreur, pour les Elections de Cabaret.\n Peut-\u00eatre Sont elles moins horribles dans votre Virginie; ce doit tenir, \u00e0 un autre mal, c\u2019est que vous avez des Esclaves; de Sorte que la derniere classe de vos Citoyens n\u2019est pas la derniere Classe de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\n C\u2019est peut-\u00eatre aussi ce qui fait que vous avez plus de gens de Lettres et d\u2019Hommes propres au Gouvernement que la pluspart des autres Etats. Vos Hommes un peu bien \u00e9lev\u00e9s Sont plus riches, ont moins de travail forc\u00e9, moins d\u2019affaires, plus de loisir, plus de tems pour Se livrer \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude.\n Quand l\u2019esclavage aura cess\u00e9, vous retomberez \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard au niveau des autres Etats: ce qui n\u2019emp\u00eache pas qu\u2019il faille tendre \u00e0 terminer l\u2019esclavage.\n Mais, malheureux Enfans de l\u2019Angleterre, vous \u00eates vou\u00e9s comme elle, pour plusieurs Siecles, peut-\u00eatre pour toujours, aux plus mauvais principes d\u2019Election. Et il ne faut pas Songer \u00e0 y remedier; il ne faut pas en beaucoup parler; il ne faut pas en \u00e9crire trop librement. Si cela changeait, votre Peuple Se croirait d\u00e9tr\u00f4n\u00e9, il perdrait le Patriotisme; et votre Suret\u00e9 politique, votre ind\u00e9pendance Seraient en danger.\n Dans des Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s neuves, ou dans une qui, comme la Nation fran\u00e7aise, Sort de la monarchie, de la distinction entre la Noblesse et la Roture, et de la Soumission au Sacerdoce, il faut \u00eatre plus hardi; ne pas Souffrir la Tyrannie d\u2019en haut, ne pas donner occasion et moyens \u00e0 celle d\u2019en bas. La premi\u00e8re est plus perverse, la derni\u00e8re est plus f\u00e9roce. Toutes deux Sont insolentes, impitoyables et cruelles.\n Comment Suis-je Sorti de l\u00e0? En consultant la Justice, et lui donnant pour Conseiller, non pour maitre, l\u2019Inter\u00eat public\u2014\n La Justice m\u2019a dit que le droit naturel d\u2019exprimer Sa pens\u00e9e Sur toute chose, de vive voix ou par \u00e9crit, \u00e0 la charge De n\u2019insulter; ni calomnier personne, n\u2019emporte aucunement celui de d\u00e9liberer, de voter, de prononcer Sur les Affaires d\u2019autrui, Si l\u2019on n\u2019en a pas re\u00e7u de cet Autrui la mission Sp\u00e9ciale: car la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 n\u2019est faite que pour conserver \u00e0 chacun ce qu\u2019il a, et la facult\u00e9 d\u2019ameliorer ce qu\u2019il a, Sans porter atteinte \u00e0 la libert\u00e9, ni \u00e0 la Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de qui que ce Soit.\n La Justice m\u2019a dit que chacun devant \u00eatre le Maitre Sur Son Champ et dans Sa maison, ceux qui n\u2019ont ni champ, ni maison, qui ne mangent que par Salaire, et ne logent que par contrat, ne Sont et ne doivent \u00eatre dans aucune Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 complettement les \u00e9gaux de ceux dont ils ont Sollicit\u00e9 le toit et le pain, qui les h\u00e9bergent et qui les nourrissent, de ceux \u00e0 qui Dieu, le travail, les Capitaux qu\u2019il a procur\u00e9s, la Nature et l\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9, ont confi\u00e9 l\u2019importante magistrature de produire les R\u00e9coltes, de les conserver pour l\u2019inter\u00eat de tous, de les distribuer par de libres conventions.\n Personne ne peut avoir que par d\u00e9l\u00e9gation aucun droit Sur ce dont il n\u2019est pas Propri\u00e9taire.\n Tout Homme est propre \u00e0 recevoir une d\u00e9l\u00e9gation: C\u2019est l\u2019affaire de Son d\u00e9l\u00e9guant, ou de Ses d\u00e9leguans que de la bien placer. L\u2019Eligibilit\u00e9 est un droit naturel; et la non \u00e9ligibilit\u00e9 Serait, est un tort fait aux Electeurs. L\u2019Electoralit\u00e9 n\u2019appartient \u00e0 Personne que pour l\u2019administration de ce qui est \u00e0 lui.\n L\u2019Homme qui ne poss\u00e9de que Sa personne et des biens mobiliers ne peut avoir droit qu\u2019\u00e0 la libert\u00e9 de Sa personne, \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de Ses biens, \u00e0 la facult\u00e9 d\u2019en disposer comme il l\u2019entend.\n Vous ne pr\u00e9tendriez pas que parce qu\u2019il a besoin de manger, il eut le droit d\u2019obliger les Propri\u00e9taires de terre \u00e0 cultiver pour le nourrir; car alors les Propri\u00e9taires ne seraient plus les Propri\u00e9taires, ils Seraient devenus des Esclaves de la Gl\u00e8be. Les Romains l\u2019ont voulu et c\u2019est ce qui a principalement favoris\u00e9 contre eux les succ\u00e8s des Barbares. Mr Colbert en a fait l\u2019objet de Sa politique. Et les Anglais ont adopt\u00e9 depuis Soixante ans cette politique injuste et , qui jointera p\u00e9rilleuse qui conjointement avec l\u2019ignorance et la n\u00e9gligence des autres nations et aux avec le progr\u00e8s du luxe, ont fait de l\u2019Angleterre une immense ville, expos\u00e9e \u00e0 tous les dangers d\u2019une Ville, ce dont elle commence \u00e0 S\u2019appercevoir aujourd\u2019hui, avec et ce dont elle a une imb\u00e9cile et inutile Surprise.\n Les Droits des Hommes qui ne poss\u00e9dent que leur Personne et des effets mobiliers, doivent \u00eatre religieusement respect\u00e9s en tout pays, par toutes les nations, par tous les Gouvernemens. Aucune nation n\u2019a le droit de conf\u00e9rer \u00e0 Son Gouvernement le pouvoir de g\u00eaner la libert\u00e9, de violer la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019aucun homme.\n Il entre dans les droits de ces membres de la Classe des Salari\u00e9s d\u2019aller chercher leur Salaire o\u00f9 il leur plait, de le gagner comme il leur plait, de faire pour lui les conventions qui leur plaisent. Ils ne Sont r\u00e9ellement membres, ni sujets d\u2019aucune nation qu\u2019autant ni sujets dans une nation qu\u2019autant qu\u2019autant qu\u2019il convient \u00e0 leur inter\u00eat et \u00e0 leur bienveillance.\n Les Propri\u00e9taires du Sol au contraire tiennent n\u00e9cessairement au Pays. Ils en Sont souverains cosouverains, car il est \u00e0 eux. Ils peuvent l\u2019exploiter \u00e0 leur fantaisie. Ils peuvent le vendre; et ne Sauraient abdiquer leur part de la cosouverainet\u00e9 qu\u2019en vendant leur h\u00e9ritage\u2014\n Mais j\u2019ai Senti que leur Souverainete ou Cosouverain\u00e9t\u00e9, quoique tr\u00e8s juste et tr\u00e8s incontestable, ne Serait pas tr\u00e8s assur\u00e9e, S\u2019ils ne ralliaient pas \u00e0 eux tous les Hommes d\u2019esprit et jouissans d\u2019une existence ind\u00e9pendante. C\u2019est ce qui m\u2019a fait inventer les Gentilshommes avou\u00e9s qui ne Sont pas des Gens Sans aveu puisqu\u2019un Seigneur de maison consent \u00e0 leur c\u00e9der, pour un tems convenu, le tout ou partie de Son Autorit\u00e9 dans Sa Seigneurie; et m\u2019a fait aussi c\u2019est aussi ce qui m\u2019a fait appeller \u00e0 leur conseil, au droit de concourir aux Elections de Magistrats et aux plans d\u2019am\u00e9lioration. Les Gentilshommes honoraires et les Seigneurs dignitaires, qui le deviennent \u00e0 raison de grad\u00e9s m\u00e9rites et obtenus dans le Service civil et ou militaire et dans les Professions lettr\u00e9es.\n La belle id\u00e9e de ne donner l\u2019activit\u00e9 du droit de cit\u00e9 qu\u2019\u00e0 ceux qui a une \u00e9poque indiqu\u00e9e Sauront lire et \u00e9crire, n\u2019est point aux Cort\u00e8s d\u2019Espagne. Elles l\u2019ont puis\u00e9e avec raison dans La Constitution de l\u2019An Trois des Fran\u00e7ais qui f\u00fbt un tr\u00e8s bel ouvrage, auquel j\u2019ai t\u00e2ch\u00e9 de rallier la mienne, parce qu\u2019elle est la Seule qui ait \u00eat\u00e9 adopt\u00e9e librement, et que, renvers\u00e9e par la violence, elle devait en France \u00eatre regard\u00e9e comme encore obligatoire.\n Cette Constitution de l\u2019An Trois avait peu de d\u00e9fauts: dont le plus grave \u00eatait de n\u2019avoir assur\u00e9 aucune retraite aux Membres du Directoire, pas m\u00eame la place \u00e0 vie dans le Conseil des Anciens o\u00f9 ils auraient \u00eat\u00e9 des Consulaires tr\u00e8s utiles\n Ce directoire nomm\u00e9 par le Canon de Buonaparte, et le Canon est un dangereux Electeur, a dit-on \u00eat\u00e9 v\u00e9nal: cependant La Revelliere et Le Tourneur en Sont Sortis fort pauvres. Les autres ont fait le 18 Fructidor parce qu\u2019ils avaient de la r\u00e9pugnance \u00e0 passer du Tr\u00f4ne au Grenier, a Sortir d\u2019un magnifique Palais pour rentrer dans leur triste Cabinet de m\u00e9diocres Avocats.\n Dans ma Constitution, je n\u2019ai rien \u00f4t\u00e9 \u00e0 personne, et j\u2019ai mis tout citoyen \u00e0 port\u00e9e d\u2019acqu\u00e9rir. Le moindre ouvrier, S\u2019il est Sage, y peut Sur Ses vieux jours acq acheter une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fonciere et devenir membre actif du Souverain. Le moindre Homme de lettres, S\u2019il S\u2019applique \u00e0 des \u00e9tudes Serieuses, et Se distingue toujours entre Ses Pairs, peut devenir Membre de la R\u00e9gence et Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique.\n Aucun choix Important ne peut \u00eatre mauvais, parce qu\u2019aucune Assembl\u00e9e n\u2019est tumultueuse; et qu\u2019une fois Sorti de la sa Commune, on ne peut avancer que du Sein d\u2019une \u00e9lite \u00e0 une plus haute \u00e9lite.\n En donnant le plus grand inter\u00eat d\u2019Ambition et d\u2019Amour propre \u00e0 la Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 territoriale, j\u2019ai assur\u00e9 le plus bas prix possible \u00e0 l\u2019Inter\u00eat de l\u2019argent pour les manufactures, pour le commerce, pour les Emprunts publics. En animant la t\u00eate et le coeur, j\u2019ai renforc\u00e9 les bras.\n Je Suis bien aise que vous ayiez approuv\u00e9 mes quatre mots magiques, la Libert\u00e9, la V\u00e9rit\u00e9, la probit\u00e9, l\u2019honneur, consolid\u00e9s par le droit d\u2019\u00eatre cr\u00fbs Sur parole, tant que la fausset\u00e9 n\u2019est pas d\u00e9montr\u00e9e; et par l\u2019affreuse peine de quitter la cocarde nationale S\u2019il arrive qu\u2019il Soit prouv\u00e9 qu\u2019on ait \u00eat\u00e9 de mauvaise foi, ou qu\u2019on ait menti.\n J\u2019ai regard\u00e9 comme une louable adresse, mais j\u2019avoue bien que ce n\u2019est qu\u2019une adresse, d\u2019avoir donn\u00e9 comme un privilege \u00e0 ceux dont l\u2019existence n\u2019est pas ind\u00e9pendante l\u2019exemption des Assembl\u00e9es politiques, du service de la Garde nationale, et des fonctions de Jur\u00e9.\u2014Le vrai Sans doute est qu\u2019il leur est avantageux et profitable de n\u2019\u00eatre pas d\u00e9rang\u00e9s de leur travail; comme aussi qu\u2019ils Seraient dangereux dans le n\u00f4tre.\n Il est vrai encore que tous les maux caus\u00e9s par les ouvriers et Journaliers m\u00e9tamorphos\u00e9s en Politiques, d\u00e9guis\u00e9s en membres du Souverain dont j\u2019ai \u00eat\u00e9 le triste t\u00e9moin en France, Seraient beaucoup diminu\u00e9s Si l\u2019\u00e9ducation publique \u00eatait bonne; Si de bons livres classiques que les Enfans auraient eu \u00e0 transcrire, m\u00eame \u00e0 apprendre par coeur, leur avaient profond\u00e9ment inculqu\u00e9 les principes de justice et de morale qu\u2019ils ont tous dans leur premiere enfance, et qui ne s\u2019obliterent que par la faute des Parens et des Instructeurs.\n Nous Sommes loin d\u2019\u00eatre \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard Sans reproche, mon respectable Ami, ni vous, ni moi.\n Si j\u2019avais eu le Courage d\u2019apprendre la l\u2019anglais assez pour le pouvoir \u00e9crire, (mais je ne puis m\u2019assujettir \u00e0 \u00e9tudier des mots qui ne Sont que des Synonimies et ne me donnent pas une Seule id\u00e9e nouvelle, quand je me Sens un Si grand besoin d\u2019apprendre des choses, et m\u00eame d\u2019en enseigner \u00e0 ceux qui Sont encore plus ignorans que moi):\n Ou Si vous aviez eu la bont\u00e9 de faire traduire notre petit Trait\u00e9 de l\u2019Education nationale, quatre, cinq, ou Six ans auraient Suffi pour nous procurer les livres classiques; et il y aurait d\u00e9ja dix ou douze ans que nos Ecoles Seraient mont\u00e9es, et nous aurions aujourd\u2019hui des Hommes de vingt ans d\u2019une haute valeur, qui d\u2019ici \u00e0 dix ans auraient \u00eat\u00e9 dans les Etats Unis une inexprimable richesse, une imp\u00f4sante Puissance \u00e0 tout bien.\n Mr Gilmer S\u2019est mis \u00e0 cette Traduction, et la fera tr\u00e8s bonne. mais nous aurons perdu dix Sept ans, peut \u00eatre vingt; car il faut bien trois ou quatre ans pour que Votre Souverain dont le Palais est dans un million de maisons, comme dit Si ing\u00e9nieusement le bon Corr\u00e9a, ait le tems de lire les m\u00e9moires de Ses Conseillers, celui de Se former une opinion, et de donner, dans le Sanctuaire des Tavernes, par le Pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif de quelques nez cass\u00e9s, de quelques yeux poch\u00e9s, Ses instructions et Ses ordres \u00e0 Ses d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s, Repr\u00e9sentans, S\u00e9nateurs, Pr\u00e9sident et Ministres.\n Rien n\u2019est perdu, tout Se fait \u00e0 la longue, mais tout Se fait tard; parce que les Hommes Sont n\u00e9gligens et indolens, S\u2019amusent \u00e0 dormir, \u00e0 rire, \u00e0 Se promener, \u00e0 jouer aux \u00e9checs, ou au Wisk, \u00e0 lire des Romans, \u00e0 faire des Po\u00ebmes, \u00e0 tuer le tems qui les tue.\n Ce petit livre, quoiqu\u2019imprim\u00e9 deux fois en France, n\u2019y a \u00eat\u00e9 d\u2019aucune utilit\u00e9, non pas m\u00eame \u00e0 la commission form\u00e9e pour y \u00e9tablir la m\u00e9thode d\u2019\u00e9ducation de Lancaster, mais qui ne passera pas d\u2019un cheveu ce qu\u2019on fait dans la divine ou d\u00e9testable Angleterre.\u2014Et je ne Souhaite pas m\u00eame que notre ouvrage y ait actuellement de l\u2019influence; car, au lieu de livres classiques, on n\u2019y ferait que des Livres catholiques, et l\u2019on reculerait les Hommes d\u2019un Siecle avec l\u2019instrument fait pour les avancer.\n Je viens de vous dire que Mr Gilmer veut bien travailler pour moi, et devenir Savant en Economie politique. Ce m\u2019est un grand bonheur.\n Je lui envoie en feuilles volantes, \u00e0 un cent la Feuille, les livres ou fragmens de livres qui me paraissent lui \u00eatre le plus n\u00e9cessaires, et Selon l\u2019ordre des id\u00e9es.\n Je n\u2019ai pas pu lui envoyer ainsi imprim\u00e9 le petit Trait\u00e9 du droit naturel de Mr quesnay, qui a eu le premier le m\u00e9rite de voir que les Hommes r\u00e9unis en Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 n\u2019ont pas renonc\u00e9, comme on le croyait, \u00e0 quelques uns de leurs droits naturels, et n\u2019ont au contraire form\u00e9 des Corps politiques que pour \u00e9tendre et augmenter l\u2019usage de tous leurs droits. J\u2019ai \u00eat\u00e9 oblig\u00e9 de faire copier cet ouvrage tr\u00e8s court et tr\u00e8s rare. Je le joins ici, Voudrez vous bien le lui envoyer Sous votre contreseing. Je crois que vous Savez qu\u2019il demeure \u00e0 Winchester, dans votre Virginie.\n une autre chose que je ne vous ai pas dite; et qui m\u2019afflige au plus profond du coeur, est que je Serai vraisemblablement oblig\u00e9 de retourner en France chercher la Calomnie, la persecution, d\u2019en haut et celle d\u2019en bas; peut-\u00eatre et Selon l\u2019apparence la prison Suivie d\u2019une mort violente, en Supposant que celle ci ne la pr\u00e9cede pas.\n Mais ma Femme est malade, m\u00eame estropi\u00e9e depuis dix Sept mois d\u2019une blessure \u00e0 une jambe. Il parait qu\u2019elle ne peut absolument pas venir ici. Elle me demande avec les plus vives instances.\n Si elle persiste, et ne peut Se faire amener en chaise \u00e0 porteurs ou Sur une chaise Longue de Paris au Havre, y \u00eatre hiss\u00e9e Sur un Vaisseau, en descendre de m\u00eame, et revenir \u00e0 bras d\u2019hommes dans la m\u00eame chaise \u00e0 notre Eleutherian, je ne pourrai me dispenser d\u2019aller la rejoindre.\u2014Il m\u2019est plus ais\u00e9 de me compromettre, de Sacrifier le reste de ma vie et ce que je puis encore faire de travail, et m\u00eame de nous exposer tous deux car je lui Serai un danger de plus, que de lui \u00e9crire, je t\u2019abandonne; vis ou meurs comme tu pourras; nous Sommes S\u00e9par\u00e9s pour toujours.\u2014Cela Serait entierement indigne de moi.\u2014L\u2019\u00e9criture dit: l\u2019homme quittera Son Pere et Sa mere et S\u2019attachera \u00e0 Sa Femme.\u2014Ces liens qui ont \u00eat\u00e9 volontaires Sont les plus Sacr\u00e9s.\u2014Je vous envoie la notice historique que j\u2019ai faite pour le brave et bon Barlow: Dans la derniere phrase vous trouverez l\u2019inviolable r\u00e9gle de ma conduite, que j\u2019ai Suivie, non pas tout a fait depuis les Soixante Seize ans auxquels j\u2019arrive, mais bien depuis environ Soixante.\n Si je puis gu\u00e9rir ma pauvre Amie assez pour la rendre transportable, je la ramenerai dans notre Vall\u00e9e: car je d\u00e9sire par dessus tout, et pour l\u2019accomplissement de mes devoirs, donner mes derniers travaux aux Etats-Unis et aux autres R\u00e9publiques am\u00e9ricaines.\n J\u2019ai trois ouvrages \u00e0 faire, qui ne peuvent guere \u00eatre \u00e9crits, et certainement ne peuvent \u00eatre imprim\u00e9s que dans un Pays complettement libre.\n Voici le Sujet du premier:\n \u201eQu\u2019est-ce que tous les Gouvernemens doivent pouvoir et vouloir faire?\n Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019aucun Gouvernement ne doit pouvoir, et ce qu\u2019aucune Nation n\u2019a le droit d\u2019autoriser Son Gouvernement \u00e0 faire?\u201e\n Voici celui du Second:\n \u201eComment Se fait-il que, depuis l\u2019existence du monde, il n\u2019y ait encore eu nulle part un bon Gouvernement, une bonne \u00e9ducation, ni une bonne Religion? tandis que toutes les V\u00e9rit\u00e9s, tous les Principes, toutes les maximes, qui fonderaient ces trois choses, lesquelles ne peuvent \u00eatre complettes ni durables l\u2019une Sans l\u2019autre, Sont n\u00e9anmoins dans toutes les t\u00eates et dans tous les coeurs, et qu\u2019il est assez facile de les y reconnaitre, de les en tirer.\u201e\n Voici celui du troisi\u00e8me dont j\u2019ai fait le plan chez vous \u00e0 mounticello:\n \u201eQuelles Sont les Loix naturelles du bon Gouvernement et de la bonne Administration d\u2019une Famille isol\u00e9e dans un d\u00e9sert?\n Et comment peuvent-elles S\u2019appliquer et S\u2019\u00e9tendre aux cinq cent millions de Familles qui doivent un jour peupler l\u2019Am\u00e9rique?\u201e\n Je vous Salue et vous embrasse avec tendresse et respect.\n DuPont (de Nemours)\n Mes respects \u00e0 Madame Randolph, et \u00e0 toutes Ses aimables dames et demoiselles, y comprise Miss Septimia.\n Je joins une petite brochure, que je crois vous avoir donn\u00e9 dans le tems mais Sur laquelle on me dit qu\u2019on ne pourrait plus l\u2019imprimer en France.\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Excellent and respectable Friend,\n I have received with extreme gratitude your letter from Poplar Forest.\n Do not believe that I have the slightest intention of applying to the United States any of the ideas I used for the French Republic. I believe that they are only suitable to propose to newborn republics that have not yet settled on anything, are in a raw state, and have requested my advice to get them out of that condition.\n Only with regard to finance do I believe the United States susceptible to improvement; and much time will be needed to expose it to the relevant principles. These must be made familiar to the few experts before trying anything in practice, which has been developed thus far in accordance with the prejudices of England and General Hamilton.\n You are an English nation. During your revolution you only aspired to elevate yourself within the English constitution. If the British parliament had consented to allow you to have a parliament as well, which the king and his ministers were rather willing to accept, you would have had no revolution. You would still be subjects of the king of England.\n If Washington had not been a virtuous man, and if his virtue had not been helped and supported by five or six courageous men, you would have had a king and peers. Regret at not being peers sowed the seed of your Federalists.\n Thank God for having neither king nor peers; that is to say, for not having entrusted the education of the most influential families to flattery, which is the worst tutor that can be imagined.\n This is what you have that is better than England. But you have kept its bad civil laws and all its bad customs.\n One of the worst is completely popular elections. To one such in London, an admiral brought sailors of the fleet armed with large bludgeons, which his competitor opposed with butchers armed with cleavers and who indeed cleaved the shoulders of about twenty sailors and won the battle.\n In France I have seen electoral battles with chairs and threats to hang people from the lampposts.\n You have not reached this point, because your men are more serious and gentle than Europeans are: but punches are not spared: and tavern keepers are the highest power, the lords of the land, the nominators of magistrates.\n Whiskey is a bad sovereign, and pugilists are bad ministers; and when they have seized authority, they sell it for the dollars they need to pay for whiskey. Roman liberty was lost by the clients, the capite censi, and the urban tribes, whom the patricians, patrons, former proconsuls, and pillaging generals bribed when they returned from the provinces and the army.\n I have acquired not only a feeling of disgust, but of horror, for cabaret elections.\n Perhaps they are less horrible in your Virginia; if so, it must be because of another evil, which is that you have slaves, so that the lowest class of your citizens is not the lowest class in society\n Perhaps this is also why you have more scholars and men suitable to govern than most other states. Your men, raised somewhat better, are richer and not forced to work as much, have less business to attend to and more leisure time, and can devote more time to study.\n When slavery ends you will fall back in this regard to the level of the other states: which makes it no less necessary to see to the abolition of slavery.\n But, unfortunate children of England, you are doomed, like her, for several centuries and perhaps forever, to follow the worst electoral principles. One must not think of remedying the problem; one must not talk much about it; one must not write about it too freely. If that were to change, your people would believe that they had been dethroned; they would lose their patriotism; and your political safety and independence would be threatened.\n In new societies or in one that, like the French nation, is just emerging from monarchy, from the distinction between nobles and commoners, and from submission to the priesthood, it is necessary to be bolder. One must neither suffer tyranny from the top nor give an opportunity or means for tyranny from below. The former is more perverse, while the latter is more ferocious. Both are insolent, merciless, and cruel.\n How did I escape this? By consulting justice and giving it the public interest as an adviser, not as a master\u2014\n Justice told me that the natural right to express one\u2019s thoughts on all things, in speech or in writing, providing one does not insult or slander anyone, in no way confers a right to deliberate, vote, or pronounce on the affairs of other people, if one has not received a special assignment from them: because the main goal of society is to preserve to each person what he has and the faculty to improve what he has without undermining the liberty or property of anyone else.\n Justice told me that, while each person must be master of his own domain and house, people who have neither land nor home, who put food on the table only through their salaries and are housed only through contract, are not and should not in any society be the complete equals of those from whom they solicit their room and board, who give them a roof over their heads and feed them, and to whom God, work, capital provided by work, nature, and equity have entrusted the important magistracy of producing crops, storing them in the interest of everybody, and distributing them through freely negotiated agreements.\n No one can have the right to what he does not own, except through delegation.\n Every man is eligible to receive a delegation: it is the responsibility of his delegator or delegators to act wisely. Eligibility is a natural right; and ineligibility would be, and is, unfair to the electors. The ability to elect belongs to nobody except as it pertains to the administration of what belongs to him.\n A man who owns nothing but his own person and personal property can only be entitled to the freedom of his own person and property and the ability to dispose of it as he wishes.\n You would not claim that because he needs to eat he has the right to force landowners to farm in order to feed him; because then landowners would no longer be landowners, they would have become slaves of the soil. The Romans wished it to be so, and this is what contributed more than anything to the success of the barbarians opposed against them. Mr. Colbert made it the object of his politics. The English have adopted this unfair and perilous policy for sixty years, which, combined with the ignorance and negligence of the other nations and the progress of luxury, has turned England into an immense city and exposed it to all the dangers of a city. That nation is beginning to notice this today, which stupidly and uselessly surprises it.\n The rights of men who own nothing but their persons and personal property must be religiously respected in every country, by every nation, and by all governments. No nation has the right to confer on its government the power to hinder the freedom or violate the property of any man.\n One of the rights of these members of the salaried class is to go and get their salary wherever they want, earn it as they please, and enter into whatever working arrangements they like. They really are members or subjects of any nation only inasmuch as it suits their interest and benevolence.\n Landowners, on the contrary, are necessarily attached to the land. They are its co-sovereigns, because it is theirs. They may cultivate it as their fancy dictates. They can sell it; and they could only abdicate their portion of the co-sovereignty by selling their inheritance\u2014\n But I felt that their sovereignty or co-sovereignty, though very just and undeniable, would not be very secure if they did not rally around them all intelligent men who enjoy an independent life. This is what caused me to invent the concept of the avowed gentlemen, who are not untrustworthy, since a lord consents to cede them for an agreed-upon time all or a portion of his authority over his domain; and it is also what made me call for their advice and for their right to contribute to the election of magistrates and to projects of improvement. The honorary gentlemen and dignitary lords become so through grades of merit obtained in the civil or military service and the learned professions.\n The beautiful idea of giving the right of citizenship to those who at a specified time know how to read and write does not belong to the Cortes of Spain. The Cortes was right to take it from the French constitution of the Year III; this was a very handsome work, to which I have tried to connect mine, because it is the only one that was adopted freely and, as it was overthrown by violence, it was still considered to be in force in France.\n This constitution of the Year III had few defects, of which the gravest was the failure to insure any retreat to the members of the Directory, not even a lifetime seat in the Council of Elders, where they would have been very useful as consuls\n This Directory was appointed by Bonaparte\u2019s cannon, and the cannon is a dangerous elector. It was said to be venal: La R\u00e9velli\u00e8re and Le Tourneur, however, came out of it very poor. The others staged 18 Fructidor because they were reluctant to move from throne to garret and leave a palace in order to enter their sad, second-rate lawyers\u2019 offices.\n In my constitution I have taken nothing from anybody, and I have put every citizen within reach of acquiring property. Accordingly the humblest worker, if he is wise, can, in his old age, buy real estate and become an active member of the sovereign. The humblest man of letters, if he applies himself to serious studies and always distinguishes himself among his peers, can become a member of the regency and president of the republic.\n No important choice can be bad, because no assembly is tumultuous; and once a man has left his commune, he can only advance from one elite to a higher one.\n By giving ambition and self-esteem the greatest interest in owning land, I have insured the lowest possible price for the interest on money used for manufactures, commerce, and public loans. By animating the head and the heart, I have strengthened the arms.\n I am happy that you have approved my four magic words, liberty, truth, probity, and honor, consolidated by the right to have one\u2019s word believed so long as falsehood has not been proven and by the horrible pain of being stripped of the national cockade if it is proved that one acted in bad faith or lied.\n I have considered it a laudable and ingenious proposition, but only that, to have given, as a privilege, exemption from political assemblies, national guard service, and jury duty to those whose life is not independent.\u2014In truth, it is probably advantageous and profitable not to disturb these people from their work; they would also be dangerous in ours.\n It is also true that all the evils caused by workers and day laborers metamorphosed into politicians and disguised as members of the sovereign, evils I was sad to witness in France, would be greatly diminished if public education were good and if fine classical books that children would be required either to transcribe or even learn by heart had deeply instilled in them the principles of justice and morality that they all have in early childhood and that are only obliterated through the errors of their parents and instructors.\n We are far from blameless in this regard, my respectable friend, neither you nor I.\n If I had had the courage to learn enough English to be able to write in that language (but I cannot subject myself to the study of words that are just synonyms and do not give me a single new idea when I feel such a great need to learn things and even teach them to those who are even more ignorant than I am):\n Or if you had had the kindness to have our little treatise on national education translated, four, five, or six years would have been enough for us to procure classical books, and our schools would have already been created ten or twelve years ago. Today we would have twenty-year-old men of high value, who ten years hence would have been for the United States a source of inexpressible wealth and an imposing force for everything good.\n Mr. Gilmer has undertaken this translation and will do it very well. But we will have lost seventeen years, perhaps twenty, because it takes three or four years for your sovereign, whose palace is in a million houses, as the good Corr\u00eaa so cleverly says, to have time to read the memorandums of his advisers, form an opinion, and give, in the sanctuaries of taverns, through the executive power of a few broken noses and black eyes, his instructions and orders to his delegates, representatives, senators, president, and ministers.\n Nothing is lost; everything gets done eventually, but all gets done late, because men, who are negligent and lazy, waste their time in sleeping, laughing, taking walks, playing chess or whist, reading novels, writing poems, and killing the time that kills them.\n This little book, though printed twice in France, was completely useless there, even to the commission that was formed to establish Lancaster\u2019s method of education, but which will not surpass by a hair what is done in divine or detestable England.\u2014And I do not even wish for our work to have any influence there, because instead of classical books, they would only make Catholic books and set men back a century with the tool made to push them forward.\n I just told you that Mr. Gilmer is willing to work for me and become a scholar in political economy. It pleases me greatly.\n I am sending him, at one cent per leaf, loose sheets of the books or fragments of books that to me seem most necessary to him, following the ideas in their order.\n I was unable to send him, printed in the same manner, the little treatise on natural rights by Mr. Quesnay, who has the merit of having been the first to see that men united into societies have not renounced, as was believed, their natural rights, but have on the contrary formed political bodies only to spread and increase the use of all their rights. I had to have this very short and rare book copied. I am enclosing it here. Would you please send it to him under your countersignature? I believe you know he lives in Winchester in your Virginia.\n Another thing that I have not told you and that afflicts me deep in my heart is that I probably will have to go back to France in search of slander, persecution from on high and below, and perhaps, more than likely, prison followed by a violent death, supposing that the latter does not precede the former.\n But my wife is sick and has even been crippled for seventeen months by an injury to her leg. It seems that she absolutely cannot come here. She is pleading for me to go to her.\n If she persists and cannot be brought on a sedan chair or a chaise longue from Paris to Le Havre, hoisted onto a ship and lowered in the same manner, and carried by men in the same sedan chair to our Eleutherian, I could not excuse myself from going and joining her.\u2014It is easier for me to compromise myself, sacrifice the rest of my life and the work I am still able to do, and even endanger the two of us, because I will be for her an additional danger, than write to her: I am abandoning you; live or die as you can; we are separated forever.\u2014This would be entirely unworthy of me.\u2014The scripture says: man will leave his father and mother and become attached to his wife.\u2014These bonds, because they are voluntary, are the most sacred ones.\u2014I send you the historical notice I have written about the brave and good Barlow. In the last sentence you will find the inviolable rule of my conduct, which I have been following for not quite all of my seventy-six years, but for a good sixty.\n If I am able to cure my poor friend enough to make her transportable, I will bring her back to our valley, because I desire above all, and for the fulfillment of my duties, to give my last works to the United States and the other American republics.\n I have three to write, and they cannot be written and certainly cannot be printed in a country that is not completely free.\n Here is the subject of the first one:\n \u201cWhat is it that all governments must be able and willing to do?\n What is it that no government should be able to do and which no nation should have the right to authorize its government to do?\u201d\n Here is that of the second:\n \u201cHow is it that, since the world began, there has not yet been a good government, a good education, or a good religion? Whereas all the truths, principles, and maxims that would establish these three things (which cannot be complete or lasting without each other) are, nevertheless, in every head and heart, easy to recognize, and draw out.\u201d\n Here is the third, which I outlined at your house at Monticello:\n \u201cWhat are the natural laws for the good government and administration of a family isolated in a desert?\n And how can they be applied and extended to the five hundred million families that must some day populate America?\u201d\n I salute and embrace you with tenderness and respect.\n DuPont (de Nemours)\n Give my regards to Madame Randolph and all her kind ladies and young ladies, including Miss Septimia.\n I am including a little brochure that I think I gave you in the past, but which I am told could no longer be printed in France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0024", "content": "Title: Wilson Cary Nicholas\u2019s Circular to the County Courts, 12 May 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Gentlemen,\n COUNCIL CHAMBER, Richmond, May 12th, 1816.\n The \u201cAct to provide an accurate Chart of each County and a general Map of the Territory of this Commonwealth,\u201d directs the Executive \u201cto cause such surveys to be made of the exterior boundaries of the Commonwealth, as may be necessary to ensure greater accuracy in the details of the preceding Charts where they present the boundaries of adjacent States, and to cause such surveys to be made of the great divisions of the Territory of the Commonwealth where the same are occasioned by chains of mountains or rivers.\u201d For the purpose of carrying into effect this part of the Act, contracts will be immediately entered into by the Executive. It would be a useless expence to have the same lines surveyed twice and in many instances three times. The respective County Courts are therefore requested to exclude from the contracts they may enter into for County Charts, the lines of their Counties that are a part of the boundary of the State, the Blue Ridge, North Mountain and Allegany Mountains, the Chesapeake Bay, and the following rivers and parts of rivers, to wit: Roanoke to the fork of Dan and Staunton; Dan to the North Carolina line above Danville and Staunton, to the junction of the North and South forks of Roanoke above Fort Lewis; Meherin to the Charlotte line; Nottoway to the line of Prince Edward; Black Water to the line of Prince George; Elizabeth River to Kempsville; Nansemond to Suffolk; Appomattox to its source; James River from its mouth to the point of Fork; the Rivanna from its mouth to the first fork above Charlottesville; the Fluvanna from its mouth to Jackson River; Jackson\u2019s River to the mouth of Dunlap\u2019s Creek; Chickahominy to its source; York River from its mouth to the junction of Mattapony and Pamunky; Mattapony to the Caroline line; Pamunky to North Wales; Northanna to the Orange line; Piankatank from its mouth, as far as it is the line of Essex; North River (Matthews) to its source; Rappahannock from its mouth to the fork above Fredericksburg; the North Fork to its source; the Rapidan to its source; Potomac to the South Branch; the South Branch to Moorefield; the North Branch to the Allegany; Shenandoah to Port Republic, Occoquon and Bull Run; Kanawha from the Ohio to the mouth of Gauley; Gauley from its mouth to the Harrison line; New River to the North Carolina line; Little Kanawha from the Ohio to the mouth of Gauley; Gauley from its mouth to the Harrison line; New River to the North Carolina line;\u2014Little Kanawha from the Ohio to Salt Lick Creek; Monongalia to Buckhanan\u2019s River; West Fork to Clarksburg, and Cheat River to Chavers\u2019s Fork. As soon as the surveys of the boundaries, mountains and rivers aforesaid, are completed, under contracts with the Executive, the contractor for the County Charts will be furnished with such parts of the respective surveys as may be necessary to complete the said Charts.\n I am, Gentlemen, with great respect, your humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0025", "content": "Title: William Canby to Thomas Jefferson, [ca. 13] May 1816\nFrom: Canby, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Esteemed friend Thomas Jefferson.\u2014\n it was with concern I heard (think in the 2nd Year after I Recd thy answer & Remarks on my Note) that they were published in a Wilmington News paper, for tho\u2019 it was far from my intention, yet I think my weaknes might make Room for som to do it\u2014as I have not for som Years kept a key, or done much busines, Yet using som\n\t\t\t handicraft industry\u2014yet often feel the Want of Natural Ability or Supernatural perfection", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0026", "content": "Title: John Steele to Thomas Jefferson, 14 May 1816\nFrom: Steele, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Collectors office Philada May 14. 1816\n Stephen Cathalan Esqr, Commercial & Navy Agent Marseilles, has consigned to me two Cases, one containing wine & the other Macarony for with instructions to forward them to you by the first favourable opportunity\n You will please to advise me, to what place and to whose care the Cases will be sent, & they will be forwarded accordingly\n I am very respectfully,\n Sir, Your Obedt Svt\n Jno Steele", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0027", "content": "Title: Thomas Appleton to Thomas Jefferson, 15 May 1816\nFrom: Appleton, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n \t\t\t\tLeghorn\n \t\tMy last respects were in date of the 15th of april, conveying to you at the same time, the legal Attestation of the death of mr mazzei; an attested copy of his will; together with a letter from the guardian of his daughter, as to the disposal of the property in your hands; all of which, were transmitted by the Brig Sphynx Capt: macomb for new York. I now inclose you, Sir, duplicates of these Acts.\u2014By the letter of mr Carmigniani, you will observe, that they are desirous of recieving both principal & interest, as Soon as it shall be in your power to Remit them; but if delay must be allow\u2019d for the former, that the amount of the latter should be forwarded to them as it falls due.\u2014\n \t\tMiss mazzei will give her hand in marriage to a mr Pini, as Soon as the customs of the country will permit her to lay aside her mourning vestments\u2014her intended husband is a gentleman of respectability, good manners, and a competent income in Pisa\u2014in this choice she has complied with the wishes of her father, and only hearkned to the dictates of reason, for she is a third of a century younger than mr Pini.\n \t\tA few days ago, I reciev\u2019d a letter from mr Robert Dickey of n. York, covering a draft for fifty dollars, which has been duly paid, and is pass\u2019d to your credit.\n \t\tI mention\u2019d also in my last letter, that the wine of montepulciano, owing to an uncommon Season, is greatly inferior to that usually made in that part of Tuscany; of course, I shall defer Sending you the wine you Request, until the next vintage\u2014in the mean time, I am promis\u2019d Some, of the villages of Carminiani & Ama, and should they prove of the quality I am assur\u2019d they are, I purpose to Send you a hundred bottles on trial: the Sample I have tasted, appears to me very little inferior to the wines of montepulciano.\u2014Accept, Sir, the expressions of my great esteem & Respect\u2014 \n \t\t\tTh: Appleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0028", "content": "Title: John Martin Baker to Thomas Jefferson, 15 May 1816\nFrom: Baker, John Martin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have the Honor with due Respect to address you: and take the liberty to remit you, per the American Brig, General Ward, to the care of, D. Gelston, Esquire.\u2014Newyork, a Case of Barsac white Wine, growth of the Estate, called Darancour, it is genuine, and ten years old, I have Seen it drawn and bottled in my presence, while there, I hope it may meet your approbation. Permit me Sir, to State, that I leave this tomorrow for Montpellier, where my family Reside at present owing to Mrs Baker\u2019s, late ill health, from thence, I proceed to my Consular Station, where, Praying for your Commands, I have the Honor to Be, with the Highest Respect, and Gratitude, Sir,\n Your most obedient, faithful, humble servant.\n John Martin Baker.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0029", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 15 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n On my return from Bedford on the 3d inst. I found here your favor of Apr. 27. and that of the 10th int inst. is now recieved, inclosing an accout account of sales of my flour. I am glad it is so well sold, as I had begun to apprehend worse. while in Bedford I drew on you in favor of mr Robertson for 153. D 33 c and still owe there (for the last of the month) 120.D. about the same period I shall need here for taxes & neighborhood debts about 200.D. which will I believe close my wants of the year till new resources come in. I return the note for the bank with my signature, and the assurances of my great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0030", "content": "Title: Charles Thomson to Thomas Jefferson, 16 May 1816\nFrom: Thomson, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My very dear, much loved as well as ancient friend\n Lower Merion, near Philadelphia May 16. 1816\n Your letter of the 9 of January last which did not reach me till the latter end of April was to me indeed a cordial. It recalled to mind the trying Scenes through which we passed with undessembled confidence, but in a particular manner rejoiced me as it informed me of the firm state of your health and the full enjoyment you have of your faculties both of body and mind and more especially of the precious little book you have composed and which you call the philosophy of Jesus, which is to you a document in proof that you are a real Christian, that is a disciple of the doctrines of Jesus and can look to the consummation of life with the composure of one qui summum nec metuit diem nec optat. For the good of our country I could wish that day to be distant; but on account of the infirmities with which old age is accompanied and which I experience, I dare not. Nothing but your earnest desire could induce me to trouble you with a detail of what I experience and feel. Though I have reached and am near closing, my 87th year, my constitution was naturally not of the robust, but of a weak and delicate kind, subject to bilious complaints and fevers by which I have been several times brought to the gates of\n\t\t\t death and have (I may say miraculously) recoverd and with returning strength have found the powers of the mind restored. But that is not the case now. I find that as I advance in life I find that disorders of any kind make more lasting impressions. They dull the senses and stupify the mind so as to render it incapable of exercising its powers. I have parted with most of my teeth\n\t\t\t and the few stumps that remain are unfit for mastication. My Eyes indeed (though in 1778 I almost lost the use of them by what the french call a Coup de Soleil) have been so far restored that I write and read without spectacles and use them only occasionally to ease the Eyes when tired or when the print is too small. My hearing is so dull that I\n\t\t\t can take no share in common conversation So that when my friends visit me and wish to communicate any thing or ask me a question they must sit near me and bawl. My memory is like a riddle\u2014\n But why should I proceed with this detail of weaknesses. How few at my age enjoy greater comforts. I am free from gout or stone or any acute disorder. My sleep is sweet, and when tired, whether by day or night I can, by laying my head on a pillow, enjoy that comfort. I read the news papers for amusement and glance over the debates of sages and am sorry to say I find more to disgust than to please. I lately met with Allen\u2019s history of Lewis and Clarks interesting expedition up the Missouri to its source, thence across the rocky mountains and down the river Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. It is a wonderful instance of persevering resolution I wish it had undergone another revision before it was committed to the press, and that it was accompanied with a better map.\n I ought to have informed you that from an early period of life I have continued the constant use of the flesh brush, always in the morning and sometimes at night just before going to bed. This serves instead of riding and I have the benefit of an air bathe instead of a water bathe. But to finish this string of Egotisms I beg leave to assure you that I am with constant and undessembled love your affectionate\n Chas Thomson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0031", "content": "Title: John R. F. Corbin to Thomas Jefferson, 17 May 1816\nFrom: Corbin, John R. F.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n It is with Some degree of difidence I undertake to address you;: I hope however you will not consider it impertinent in me, because I have not had the pleasure of an acquaintence with you.\u2014My object is to learn of you, (if in your power to instruct) any thing or some thing concerning the title, or claim, or interest in property generally known and call\u2019d Birds Lottery, in which my Grand Mother Sally Jones, who was Sally Skelton had a considerable interest\n Mr Wirt is of opinion the title is a clear one.\u2014A letter address\u2019d to me in wh winchester, will be thankfully received\u2014\n Yr: Very Obt Svt\n John R. F. Corbin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0034", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to David Bailie Warden, 17 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Warden, David Bailie\n I recieved last night your favor of Feb. 20. and hasten to acknolege it by return of mail, in the hope it may be in time to reach mr Gallatin before his departure. I should have associated you myself with mr Ticknor in requesting the friendly office of purchasing some books for me, but at the time he left this country your letters had given me reason to believe you might be on a return to it. his visit\n\t\t\t to Germany too gave a chance of better editions of the classical books. I particularly requested of him, should you be still in Paris, to call on you in my name, as one whom I especially respected, and to consult you in the execution of my book-commission. in the application he has made to you on that subject he has but\n\t\t\t fulfilled my wishes, and I have now to thank you for your readiness in undertaking it, and to pray you to add to the catalogue I sent him, the \u2018Opere di Platone di Dardi Bembo,\u2019 published at Venice in 1601. in 5.v. 12mo and probably to be had in Paris.\u2014of the several copies you sent me of Talleyrand\u2019s certificate, I made the best use in my power and sincerely regret it was to no better effect.\u2014you will have seen from our papers the designation of our next president. there will be no\n\t\t\t republican opposition to Monroe. the federal states of Connecticut & Delaware, & the feeble and declining federal majorities of Massachusets and Rhode island will oppose pro form\u00e2 only. he will certainly therefore be our next president. there is great and general content in this country with the conduct of our administration and the issue of the war. altho\u2019 our\n\t\t\t taxes this year have been five times greater than we ever paid before, they have been paid with unexampled chearfulness and punctuality. I hope therefore the debt contracted will be diminished\n\t\t\t rapidly. the great prices given for tobacco have produced great preparations for the present year, which however will be baffled by the weather. the spring has been unusually dry and cold. our\n\t\t\t average morning cold for the month of May in other years has been 63\u00b0 of Farenheit. in the present month it has been to this day an average of 53\u00b0 and one morning as low as 43\u00b0. repeated frosts have killed the early fruits and the crops of tobacco and wheat will be poor. about the middle of April they had at Quebec snow a foot deep. mr and mrs Randolph and our family are well, and desire me to place here their great esteem for you, to which I beg leave to add the assurances of mine and my best wishes for your health and welfare.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0038", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Steele, 18 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Steele, John\n A letter just recieved from mr Cathalan of Marseilles informs me he has sent me a case of Hermitage wine and a box of Maccaroni by the Pilot, Capt Dixon, and I learn by the public papers that that vessel is arrived at Philadelphia. I inclose you the bill of lading, and have copied on the back of it from mr Cathalan\u2019s invoice the quantity & cost of the articles. I have to ask the favor of you to drop me a line of information of the amount of the duties, freight & other charges which shall be\n\t\t\t immediately remitted to you. in the mean time if you will have the goodness to forward the two boxes by some safe vessel to Richmond, addressed to Messrs Gibson & Jefferson, then you will confer a great obligation on me. they will pay to the master of the vessel carrying the articles his freight & other charges.\n I avail myself of this occasion to observe that having occasion to recieve from different parts of Europe, arti & at different times articles such as the above, books Etc without being able to prescribe the port to which there may be an opportunity of sending them, they may sometimes come to that of Philadelphia. will you give me leave to hope that you will always drop me a line of the duties, freight & charges to be paid, under the assurance of a punctual and immediate remittance of them? the\n\t\t\t articles will always be to be forwarded to Richmond as above; and when they are wines the advance of the hot season may render their immediate transmission desirable to lessen the danger of spoiling. be pleased to accept the assurance of my\n\t\t\t thankfulness and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0039", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Marcus Dyson, 19 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dyson, Marcus\n Your favor of the 6th is recieved, and I am sorry to say I am not able to answer your chemical enquiries with satisfaction. the antient chemistry was in possession of the schools when I was a student in them, and when that was reformed by the nomenclature of Morveau, and the theories of Lavoisier, I had become too much engaged in public affairs and the practical business of life, to undertake a fundamental renovation of any branch of science. I contented myself therefore with a\n\t\t\t general knolege of the gen system of Lavoisier, and have at no time followed it up with such a degree of attention as would authorise me to hazard opinions where error would be serious. the best informed Chemist of our\n\t\t\t state, as far as my acquaintance goes, is Joseph C. Cabell of Warminster, Senator for our district. he passed a considerable time in Paris, applied himself while there with assiduity to this branch of science, and availed himself of all the advantages which that place offers for it\u2019s acquisition. were you to take the trouble of\n\t\t\t consulting him, he could probably satisfy your enquiries on grounds which would merit confidence. with a wish that your object may be accomplished, accept the assurance of my great respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0040", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to George Logan, 19 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Logan, George\n It gives me the greatest pain, dear Sir, to make a serious complaint to you.\u2003\u2003\u2003from the letter which I wrote you on the 3d of Oct. 1813. an extract was published, with my name, in the newspapers, conveying a very just, but certainly a very harsh censure on Bonaparte. this produced to me more complaints from my best friends, and called for more explanations than any transaction of my life had ever done. they inferred from this partial extract an\n\t\t\t approbation of the conduct of England, which yet the same letter had censured with equal rigour. it produced too from the Minister of Bonaparte, a complaint, not indeed formal, for I was but a private citizen, but serious, of my volunteering with England in the abuse of his sovereign. it was incumbent on me to explain, by declaring to a member of the government that the extract was partial, and it\u2019s publication unauthorised.\u2003\u2003\u2003notwithstanding the pain which this\n\t\t\t act had cost me, considering it on your part but as a mere inadvertence, on the reciept of your letter of Aug. 16. 15. I wrote an answer of Oct. 13. & again on reciept of that of the 27th Ult. I had begun an answer, when the arrival of our mail put into my hands a newspaper containing at full length mine of Oct. 13. it became necessary then to ask myself seriously whether I\n\t\t\t meant to enter as a political champion in the field of the newspapers? he who does this throws the gauntlet of challenge to every one\n\t\t\t who will take it up. it behoves him then to weigh maturely every sentiment, every fact, every sentence and syllable he commits to paper, and to be certain that he is ready with reason, and\n\t\t\t testimony\n\t\t\t to maintain every tittle before the tribunal of the public. but this is not our purpose when we write to a friend. we are careless, incorrect, in haste, perhaps under some transient excitement, and we\n\t\t\t hazard things without reflection, because without consequence in the bosom of a friend. perhaps it may be said that the letter of Oct. 15. contained nothing offensive to others, nothing which\n\t\t\t could\n\t\t\t injure myself. it contained a reprobation of the murders and desolations committed by the French nation, under their leader Bonaparte. it contained a condemnation of the allied powers for seizing and taking to themselves independant & unoffending countries, because too weak to defend themselves. in this they had done\n\t\t\t wrong: but was it my business to become the public accuser? and to undertake before the world to denounce their iniquities? and do you not think I had a right to decide this for myself? and to\n\t\t\t say\n\t\t\t whether the sentiments I trusted to you were meant for the whole world? I am sure that on reflection you will percieve that I ought to have been consulted.\n I might have manifested my dissatisfaction by a silent reserve of all answer: but this would have offered a blank, which might have been filled up by erroneous imputations of sentiment. I prefer candid and open expression. no change of good will to you, none in my estimate of your integrity or understanding, has taken place, except as to your particular opinion on the rights of correspondence: and I pray you especially to assure mrs Logan of my constant and affectionate esteem & attachment, the just tribute of a respect for the virtues of her heart & head.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0041", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Delaplaine, 20 May [1816]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\n Monticello May 20.\n Your\u2019s of the 11th is just recieved, and with it the head of Columbus for which accept my thanks. it has been evidently taken at an earlier period of his life than that of the Florentine gallery, which I think you will deem worthy of taking additionally. I shall be happy to recieve mr Otis here, and yourself also should you conclude to come as intimated. I wish it may not be later than the 1st of June, as in the 2d week of that month I am to set out on a journey of some weeks absence. I have no doubt that the copy of my portrait at the President\u2019s residence in Orange (3. miles off the stage road) is as good as the original in the possession of Stewart. I own one by him which has been highly esteemed, original also, on strong paper, in water colours, a profile in the medallion stile, which I lent to Dr Thornton at Washington, & now there. I write to him for it\u2019s return if done with. but mr Otis can in any event see it there. you must judge for yourself whether a copy from by Stewart himself (as that of the President\u2019s) whose name is without a rival would not be more valued than an original by any other however good. should mr Otis come in the stage, it may be convenient for him to know that the stage to Charlottesville which passes my gate, leaves Fredericksburg either the Saturday afternoon or Sunday morning (probably the latter) and arrives at Charlottesville Monday, at 8 P.M. coming but once a week. Accept the assurance of my respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0042", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Thornton, 20 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thornton, William\nMonticello\n Mr Delaplaine of\nPhiladelphia, being engaged in a work of engravings\nof American characters, has engaged an artist to come on here, and perhaps will\naccompany him himself, to copy my\nColumbus,\nVespucius,\nCortez Etc. and he wishes to copy that also of myself by\nStewart which you have. but this must depend on\nthe question whether you are done with it yourself. if it has answered your\npurposes, and can be returned by the stage, it may gratify\nmr Delaplaine\u2019s wish. but it should not be\nhazarded by the stage, unless in the care of some one coming on to\nCharlottesville, as it would be buckled\nbehind with the baggage and be destroyed by rain or rubbing.\u2003\u2003\u2003I thank you\nfor your last annual report of the patents. I think the English must acknolege\nwe excel them in the faculty of invention. there can be no better proofs than\nare furnished by your office & our newspapers; the former in things useful,\nthe latter in lies. our family joins me in compliments to the ladies of yours,\nwith which accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.\nJefferson\ngrandaughter will be\nreturning home thro\u2019\nWashington this week, but as a bird of passage,\nwithout stopping but a night to roost & rest. she would\noffer a take good care\nof the portrait if done with.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0043", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 21 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis Wayles\n I send you, my dear Francis, a Greek grammar, the best I know for the use of schools. it is the one now most generally used in the United States. I expect you will begin it soon after your arrival at the New London academy. you might, while at home, amuse yourself with learning the letters, and spelling and reading the Greek words, so that you may not be stopped by that when mr Mitchell puts you into the grammar. I think you will like him, and old mr & mrs Dehavens, from the character I have of them. I am sure mr Mitchell will do every thing for you he can; and I have no fear that you will not do full justice to his instruction.\u2003\u2003\u2003but, while you endeavor, by a good\n\t\t\t store of learning, to prepare yourself\n\t\t\t to become an useful and distinguished member of your country you must remember that this can never be, without uniting merit with your learning. honesty, disinterestedness, and good nature are\n\t\t\t indispensable to procure the esteem and confidence of those with whom we live, and on whose esteem our happiness depends. never suffer a thought to be harbored in your mind which you would not\n\t\t\t avow\n\t\t\t openly. when tempted to do any thing in secret, ask yourself if you would do it in public. if you would not, be sure it is wrong. in little disputes with your companions, give way, rather than\n\t\t\t insist\n\t\t\t on trifles. for their love, and the approbation of others will be worth more to you than the trifle in dispute. above all things, and at all times, practice yourself in good humor. this, of all\n\t\t\t human\n\t\t\t qualities, is the most amiable and endearing to society. whenever you feel a warmth of temper rising, check it at once, and suppress it, recollecting it will make you unhappy within yourself,\n\t\t\t and\n\t\t\t disliked by others. nothing gives one person so great advantage over another, as to remain always cool and unruffled under all circumstances. think of these things, practice them & you will\n\t\t\t rewarded by the love & confidence of the world. I have some expectation of being at Poplar Forest the 3d week of June, when I hope I shall see you going on cleverly, & already beloved by your tutor, curators, & companions as you are by your\u2019s affectionately\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0044", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, 21 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yancey, Joel\n I informed mr Darnell that nothing on account of the misfortunes of the last year, scarcely any thing made for market there or here, immense purchases of corn for bread here and some there, and unexampled taxes, I could not pay\n\t\t\t his wages till another crop should come in. he said he should be particularly in want of 50.D. which therefore I promised to send him. I have also to pay John Depriest for a horse 70.D. on the 1st of June. for these purposes I inclose a draught on Gibson & Jefferson for 120.D. in favor of mr Robertson, to enable him to make the payments for me. I shall send up the two coopers the last week in June to aid in your harvest. they are both cradlers. I think (without being certain) I shall be\n\t\t\t with you about the same time. drought and cold weather give us a wretched prospect here. I wish it may be better with you. Accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0045", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Peter Minor, 22 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Minor, Peter\n Th:J. to mr Peter Minor\n Monto May 22. 16. Wednesday.\n Will you do us the favor to take peas & punch with us to-day? we did not know till last night that we should have either.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0047", "content": "Title: Charles Simms to Thomas Jefferson, 25 May 1816\nFrom: Simms, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Alexandria 25th May 1816\n Mr Stephen Cathalan commercial and navy agent of the United States at Marseilles, has consigned to my care, four Cases of red wine, which her he requests to have forwarded to you by the first opportunity.\n I have put them in store where they will be carefully preserved, to wait your further order, as to the mode of conveying them to Monticello.\n Very respectfully I have the honor to be Sir yr obt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0048", "content": "Title: Joseph Story to Thomas Jefferson, 25 May 1816\nFrom: Story, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Salem. Massachusetts. May 25. 1816.\n I beg your acceptance of the enclosed Sketch of the life & character of Mr Dexter\u2014It is a hasty composition, but, I trust, it will receive your indulgent consideration, as a token of the gratitude & respect, with which\n I have the honour to be Your very obliged & obedient Sert\n Joseph Story", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0049", "content": "Title: Anonymous to Thomas Jefferson, 26 May 1816\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Respected Friend\n The numerous, vindictve and malicious Aspersions that have appeared in our public papers to lacerate your Character & reputation\u2014by factious Harpies & party Zealots for the last twenty years have fill\u2019d the breasts of your friends with sorrowfull feelings & vexatious indignation and of none more than the person who now takes the liberty of addressing you\u2014it is a Tax laid on superior Talents & Virtue & exemplified in an eminent degree in the Redeemer of the World who committed no Sin\u2014neither was Guile found in his mouth\u2014the Writer of this has recd some Consolation in his own life\u2019s experience in the reflection that he has seen many a Cur dog lift his leg\u2014& water the outside of a Church which had no effect in defiling the Sanctity of the Temple & in this light he has uniformly viewed the unceasing virulent attacks upon your Reputation\u2014but in the numerous Conflicts & Controversies upon your Character\u2014he has been hard set to Justify you upon the Subject of Slave Keeping after the energetic & forcible Expressions in your Notes on Virginia (extracts from which he has only seen) that the wonderfull Great-Almighty Creator\u2014does not possess one Attribute that we could apply to in a Contingent Conflict with that People. I must confess upon this Subject your practice is indefensible\u2014tho I have heard alledged by some of your best Friends\u2014that you hold them as you would a Wolf by the Ears that he should do no mischief & by others better informed\u2014that you owe them not only Liberty\u2014but Education to qualify them for that Liberty\u2014this is ingenious reasoning & satisfactory\u2014provided\u2014that no Motives of personal Convenience & Interest make a part of it\u2014the Writer of this\u2014makes no hesitation in declaring that if an immediate Abrupt & total Emancipation depended upon his (ipse dixit) he should withhold it as he conceives that it might do more Mischeif than Good but as the Evil has been introduced gradually\u2014in the same way it ought to be gotten rid of & that in the first instance by Men Eminent for Talents\u2014discernment & Disinterestness which would lead others Step by Step to abolish it without material Injury to the Mass of the Community\u2014what a Continuance of Known Injury & injustice may finally lead to I will not in this place undetake to say but\u2014what will Posterity say of the illustrious Author of the Declaration of our Independane should he leave a numerous Class of his fellow Men in the Abject & forlorn Conditn of Slaves who have never done either himself or his Country Injury\u2014but have recd heaped Measures of Insults & wrongs\u2014Death before Slavery\u2014is the Banner under which we fought in our Revolutiony War\u2014where our Civil & not personal Rights were in Controversy\u2014& shall we imitate the Case of the person in the Gospel whose Lord after releasing him from a great Debt\u2014threw his fellow Servant into Prison for a penny\u2014nay Keep in Bondge those who owe us Nothing\u2014but who have clear\u2019d our Lands & in various Ways\u2014contributed to our Comfort & Support\u2014let the Name of Thos Jefferson after the Sentiments he has publicly expressd on this Subject\u2014never be coupled or cited with that of Bacon\u2014the bribe\u2019d Judge\u2014The Writer of this could add numerous Arguments to shew the Absurdity & Wickedness of Robbing a Man of his person\u2014depriving him of his Liberty & obstructing his Happiness & improvement & the political Evil to Society\u2014but holds it superfluous to the Mind he is addressing\u2014we hesitate at receiving Stolen Goods\u2014Knowing them fraudulently taken\u2014but make no hesitation at receiving what is incomparably more valuable than any Kind of Property\u2014Human Souls\u2014violating in the Seperation of their Connections every feeling of Nature\u2014Making us worse than Cannibals\u2014this Justified by Legislation \u2014 & Courts of Justice The Writer of this has seen with Frantic Feelings what he had no power to alleviate\u2014the most heart Rending Seperations\u2014but it has had the happy Effect to convince him of the Christian System\u2014which from Some of the Absurdities mixed with it\u2014he had almost doubted & recollecting that it makes part of the presents that you have expressed\u2014I will venture to State tho it may make little impression on the Mind he is adressing\u2014who no doubt has abler Views on the Subject\u2014when I consider what Man\u2019s original Stamina\u2014what he proceeds from\u2014when I see what a dolefull helpless Figure he makes in Infancy\u2014unable to distinguish his Parents or what is Salutary or pernicious in his Food\u2014how dependant & helpless\u2014how ignorant for years\u2014what instructions are necesary for his Conduct\u2014how prone to Evil Habits & Cruelty his Spirts\u2014that it takes one thrd of his Life to qualify him to act in the World when in the World under the domains of Propensities & passions\u2014cheating & being Cheated\u2014Robbing & being Robbed\u2014destroying his Fellow Creatures & etc. see the Slavery of the West indies & the Southern States\u2014see South America desolated by Spain & their County taken Millions of Men destroyd\u2014See the East Indies\u2014Millions Suffering by the Rapacity of British Merchents\u2014look at the French Revolution\u2014& the Crueties of it\u2014see the enormites of Private Life\u2014look at Man at the End of his Career\u2014mixing with the Dust Dust\u2014then what is Man the Pompous Self Styled Governor of the World\u2014but a thing of Night a worm\u2014a wretch\u2014contrast him with the Power\u2014that could take the Mass of Matter in Your Estate from its foundation & move it to where I am writing or take the Cities of Philaa\u2014Baltimore London\u2014Paris or Amsterdam & Remove them into your State\u2014extend the Idea to the Mass of Matter betwixt this & Calcutta in the East Indies extend to the Idea to the Planetary System (of which I have but an Imperfect Idea Myself) can you compehend the Power,\u2014No\u2014you cannot\u2014Contemplate your own System from its foundation its progress & termination & ask whether you are not a living Miracale in Yourself\u2014carry this to every thing around you\u2014can You create Knowledge no\u2014every thing is Given to you\u2014all Knowledge is Revelation\u2014the Doctrines promulgated by Jesus Christ are Medicines\u2014if taken\u2014will cure the assort disorders of our System\u2014they will destroy & root out the Evil propensitys of our Nature\u2014they will Refine they will purify, they will place Man in that Situation he ought to be\u2014considing his Weakness\u2014his Ignorance & his Dependence & enable TJ to reject the Fiery darts & venomous Bites of his advesaries in the Soft Spirit of the Gospel with the Saying of Father forgive them for they Know not what they do\u2014The Devil going about like a Roaring Lyon seeking whom he may devour\u2014the Devils Getting into a herd of Swine & Going down a Steep place into the Sea\u2014the Dead rising from their Graves Jesus being of the Liniage of David is not proved by Joseph being of that Line\u2014the only begotten Son of that wonderfull immense Being is an unhapy Expression\u2014these things I doubt\u2014say disbelive\u2014& these Pious Persons who see into these things I hope will have compassion on my Want of Sight\u2014& not abuse\u2014vilify\u2014cudgell\u2014hang or burn me for what I cannot help\u2014but that the Mind of Jesus Christ was again raized\u2014Sanctified\u2014prepared to go thro the Humiliations\u2014Sufferings & trials\u2014to exercise the Virtues that he practised\u2014at the time he did & in the State the World then was for the Benefit & Redemption of Mankind from the Pompous Ignorance\u2014Wretchd Cruety & Depravity of his Nature I most firmly believe & I have no doubt if I partake while here a Sufficent Portion of the Spirt that actuated him that it will cast out & destroy every evil disposition & Propensity of my Nature\u2014tranquilize my Mind & if I transmigrate from this State of Being prepare it for any additonal Bounties that an all Wise & Powerfull Creator may extend to it\n My hand tires & the bounds of a letter does not admit of amplyfying the Subjects I have introduced which I have been forced to condense in as Small a Compass as I well could I dout Some parts are unintelegable but if they Shoud Stir up your own Thoughts they will do it more Justice to this than I have the Vanity to pretend to\u2014As I belive concluded all letters to you are exempt from Postage I dispense with omit the paymt of it\u2014& I hope you will \ntake this address in good part which woud be reviewed revised & corrected if there was a probability of the Writer ever being Known\u2014it would however afford him Satisfaction to Know that this reached its Destination & if not too much trouble JT\u2014coudof Virginia (letters Received)\u2014could acknowledge in Duane\u2019s Philaa Country Aurora\u2014the receipt of a Washington Letter\u2014without any thing further\u2014\n My Mind is in a State of vacillments whether to send or Retain this letter\u2014it is so hastily & slovenly written\u2014but as it will travel, incog\u2014it goes\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0050", "content": "Title: Joseph Delaplaine to Thomas Jefferson, 27 May 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have just had the honour of receiving your obliging & kind favour of the 20: instant.\u2014\n I purposd to set out leave this on Wednesday with Mr Otis, for your seat, & hope to be there by the first of June or thereabouts.\u2014It is possible Mr Otis will go without me, but I will endeavor to go. accompany him. I return my thanks for your kind invitation.\u2014\n With the highest respect & esteem\n I am your obedt hul st\n Joseph Delaplaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0051", "content": "Title: Nicolas G. Dufief to Thomas Jefferson, 27 May 1816\nFrom: Dufief, Nicolas Gouin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n A Philadelphie ce 27. May 1816\n J\u2019ai re\u00e7u ce matin la lettre dont vous m\u2019avez honor\u00e9, & me Suis acquitt\u00e9 aussit\u00f4t de votre commission pour Mr Gallatin qui recevra demain \u00c0 New York les deux exemplaires de l\u2019ouvrage admirable que vous envoyez \u00e0 Mr De la Fayette. Avant de lui adresser les deux paquets Je me Suis assur\u00e9 par Mr Dallas qu\u2019il \u00e9tait, \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, dans cette ville-l\u00e0. J\u2019ai accompagn\u00e9 le tout d\u2019une lettre d\u2019avis. J\u2019ai quelque envie de faire un voyage en Europe pour assortir mon magazin des bons livres qui lui manquent dans tous les Genres & dans les differentes langues: Dans huit jours je Saurai, Si Ce voyage aura lieu ou non. si j\u2019ai le temps de vous en pr\u00e9venir & de recevoir une r\u00e9ponse je le ferai, parce que Ce Sera toujours un vrai plaisir pour moi de vous procurer de par tout o\u00f9\n\t\t\t\tj\u2019irai, les choses qui pourraient vous \u00eatre agr\u00e9ables ou utiles\n Vous recevrez par la poste qui part demain le premier vol. de Mackay Sur la longitude & quelques jours apr\u00e8s le Second. ensuite mon dictionnaire Quoique le prix de Mackay Soit de 18.25 vous ne le payrez cependant que 14.00. Mr Duane me fait payer cinq dollars les deux exemplaires de l\u2019ouvrage Sur Montesquieu. Le dictionnaire vous co\u00fbtera 12.00 reli\u00e9 en Veau\n Je vous ai cr\u00e9dit\u00e9, dans le temps, de 24.68. Somme re\u00e7ue de Mr J. Vaughan pour Balance de notre ancien compte\n Je Suis avec le plus profond respect Votre tr\u00e8s-d\u00e9vou\u00e9 Serviteur\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n This morning I received the letter with which you honored me, and I immediately carried out your commission to Mr. Gallatin, who will receive tomorrow in New York two copies of the admirable work you are sending to Mr. Lafayette. Before dispatching the two packages, I made sure, through Mr. Dallas, that he was currently in that city, and I accompanied them with a written notification. I am tempted to take a trip to Europe to supply my store with the good books that it lacks in every genre and in the different languages. In eight days I will know whether this voyage will take place. If I have time to let you\n\t\t\t know\n\t\t\t about it and receive a reply, I will do so, because I will always take real pleasure in obtaining for you, wherever I go, things that you might find pleasing or useful\n You will receive Mackay\u2019s first volume on longitude by the mail that leaves tomorrow and the second one a few days later. Then my dictionary. Although the price for Mackay is $18.25, you will only pay $14. Mr. Duane charges me five dollars for the two copies of the work on Montesquieu. The dictionary will cost you $12 bound in calf\n I credited you some time ago with $24.68, the amount received from Mr. J. Vaughan to balance our old account\n I am with the most profound respect your very devoted servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0052-0001", "content": "Title: James Warrell to Thomas Jefferson, 27 May 1816\nFrom: Warrell, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The laudable zeal you have invariably manifested for the honour, dignity and improvement of your native country, induces me to hope that the Museum of Virginia, about to be established in this Metropolis, will find in you a patron\u2014\n I therefore take the liberty to forward to you the subjoined proposals, conceiving that should I neglect to do so, that I would be deficient in respect to yourself and attention to the establishment.\n Permit me to tender you my acknowledgements for the polite attention I have personally received while your guest, and accept, Sir an assurance of my high consideration.\n I have the honour to subscribe myself\n your Obedient Servant\n James Warrell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0052-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: James Warrell and Richard Lorton\u2019s Proposal for Construction of a Museum in Richmond, [ca. 27 May 1816]\nFrom: Warrell, James,Lorton, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The Legislature of Virginia, conceiving great advantages would result to the State by establishing\n in the metropolis, have given sufficient ground to james warrell,\n to erect a building for that purpose, on the capitol square.\n One of the results of National prosperity, is the promotion of the Sciences and the Arts; and by a necessary reaction, the Sciences and the Arts, in their turn, stimulate industry, enlarge the sphere of social happiness, and embellish every scene of social life.\n The multiplied advantages of the establishment which it is contemplated to form, might be minutely delineated, and developed in so clear and so forcible a manner, as to produce universal conviction. It would be easy to demonstrate, that a Museum, as it respects society at large, will subserve, at the same time, to the necessities and to the elegancies of life\u2014that it will promote the interest of medicine, agriculture and commerce, and diffuse among the higher classes of citizens, and through their example ultimately among all orders of men, a delicate and refined taste, and a comparative innocency and purity of manners; that it will furnish delightful and manly entertainment for every member of society, stir up a spirit of useful enquiry and laudable emulation, collect to a proper focus the solitary rays of genius and knowlege, which beam here and there throughout Virginia, bring to light and convert to purposes of practical utility, a mass of treasures with which the bounteous hand of nature has enriched our forests, our plains, our shores and our mountains;\n\t\t\t and, by thus reacting in a greater or less degree, upon education, manners and industry, eminently contribute to the dignity of our national character, and to the agricultural and commercial\n\t\t\t prosperity of our country. But argument on this subject is deemed superfluous: the example of Europe and of many of our sister States, must be conclusive. Can it reasonably be supposed, that the liberal and the enlightened of almost every country, would throw away so many donations, so much\n\t\t\t time and laborious researches, on objects, captivating indeed, and highly ornamental, but of no practical use whatever in its ultimate result? The views which the subject opens, the ideas which\n\t\t\t suggests, are boundless and impressive in the extreme. But it is needless to explore every part of this rich and immense field. Many among us are the men of mind, who fully understand the\n\t\t\t principle\n\t\t\t that \u201cnational industry is compounded of theory, application, and execution,\u201d and with whom the least recommendation of a Museum, is that it constitutes a pure and never-failing source of\n\t\t\t national\n\t\t\t amusement; who wish expansion of knowledge to keep pace with the considerable and rapid accessions lately made, and daily making to our national character\u2014who, besides independence, excellent\n\t\t\t political institutions, and increased resources, ardently desire to bequeath to posterity scientific legacies, and to satisfy the claims of the rising generation on the wisdom and liberality of\n\t\t\t their\n\t\t\t fathers.\n The only question then seems to be, whether the respectable and wealthy State of Virginia, has, or has not arrived at that stage of social refinement and improvement which will authorize a hope, that the study of nature and the fine arts will be zealously and liberally encouraged? Every fact leads to a decision of this question in the affirmative. Its citizens have taste, talents, energy, liberality, and opulence; men who\n\t\t\t possess, it is hoped, not only the disposition, but the means efficiently to patronize the contemplated institution. Under their auspices let it promptly rise! The grant of the Legislature is a\n\t\t\t powerful appeal to the wisdom and generosity of its inhabitants; let that appeal duly operate on every enlarged mind; let not the confidence which it implies, be frustrated. A Museum now looks up to Virginia for support, and, indeed, for existence, but, any aid it may receive will in time be returned with multiplied advantages to the State. In addition to the collection of minerals, fossils,\n\t\t\t anatomical studies, the curious productions of ingenuity, &c. &c. usually assembled in an establishment of this description, it is the intention of James Warrell (who will shortly visit Europe) to appropriate a gallery or galleries exclusively to portraits of eminently distinguished characters, historical subjects, and views of the sublime and beautiful in nature, together with\n\t\t\t casts from the finest models of antique sculpture.\n In order to facilitate this object, he has associated Mr. Richard Lorton in the establishment.\n JAMES WARRELL & RICHARD LORTON,\n Have made arrangements to secure towards the establishment in contemplation, in money and materials, to be placed in the interior of the Museum, a sum not less than ten thousand dollars, which they propose to extend to that magnitude, if patronized, that will do honor to themselves, and be an ornament to the State.\n TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.\n A subscriber of 200 dollars will be entitled to a free admission ticket, for himself, lady and children in perpetuity, not transferrable, except in the following manner:\n Subscribers of $200 will possess the privilege of selling their shares, but the admission ticket which constitutes the share cannot change its proprietor oftener than once in every six months.\n A Subscriber of $100 will be entitled to a ticket of admission for himself and lady for life, and children, during their nonage.\n A Subscriber of $50 dollars shall be entitled to a ticket of admission for ten years. Any individual subscribing 30 dollars, shall be entitled to a ticket of admission five years.\n A subscriber of 20 dollars, shall be entitled to a ticket for three years.\n And any person subscribing ten dollars shall be entitled to a ticket for one year; any ticket in the event of the demise of the subscriber may be sold, but is transferable in no other case.\n There shall not be more than 50 subscribers at $200\u2014and 50\u2014at $100.\n The money to be paid in the following manner to James Warrell and Richard Lorton, or their authorized agents:\n shares to be paid as follows:\n \u2002when the building is begun,\n \u2002when the first story is up,\n \u2002when the walls are finished,\n \u2002when the house is covered in,\n \u2002when the floors are laid and doors are hung,\n \u2002when the house is fit for occupation,\n \u2002when the Museum is opened,\n \u2002in six months after the Museum is opened.\n Those shares of $100 and $50, to be paid in the following manner:\n 25 per cent on the commencement of the building,\n 25 per cent when the first story is raised,\n 25 when the walls are finished,\n 25 when the building is fit for occupation.\n All sums subscribed under fifty dollars, to pay one half on the commencement of the building, and the residue when the walls are raised.\n James Warrell and Richard Lorton, reserve to themselves the privilege of purchasing all shares subscribed for, at the expiration of ten years, except those of 200 dollars. The materials purchased by the money subscribed, to remain forever with the building.\n The public will recollect that the Legislature have sufficiently guarded this object. The building is to remain forever as a Museum; or, it is to be forfeited to the Commonwealth.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0053", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Taylor, 28 May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, John\n On my return from a long journey, and considerable absence from home, I found here the copy of your \u2018Enquiry into the principles of our government\u2019 which you had been so kind as to send me, and for which I pray you to accept my thanks. the difficulties of getting new works in our situation, inland and without a single book store, are such as had prevented my obtaining a copy before; and letters which had accumulated during my absence, & were calling for answers, have not yet permitted me to give to the whole a thorough reading: yet certain that you and I could not think differently on the fundamentals of rightful government, I was impatient, and availed myself of the intervals of repose from the writing table, to obtain a cursory view idea of the body of the work. I see in it much matter for profound reflection; much which should confirm our adhesion, in practice, to the good principles of our constitution, and fix our attention on what is yet to be made good. the 6th section on the good moral principles of our government, I found so interesting and replete with sound principle, as to postpone my letter-writing to it\u2019s thoro\u2019 perusal and consideration. besides much other good matter, it settles unanswerably the right of instruction to instructing representatives, and their duty to obey. the system of banking we have both equally and ever reprobated. I contemplate it as a blot left in all our constitutions, which, if not covered, will end in their destruction, which is already hit by the gamblers in corruption, and is sweeping away, in it\u2019s progress the fortunes & morals of our citizens. funding I consider as limited, rightfully, to a redemption of the debt within the lives of a majority of the generation contracting it; every generation coming equally, by the laws of the creator of the world, to the free possession of the earth he made for their subsistence, unincumbered by their predecessors, who, like them, were but tenants for life. you have succesfully and completely pulverised mr Adams\u2019s system of orders, and his opening the mantle of republicanism to every government of laws, whether consistent or not with natural right. indeed it must be acknoleged that the term republic, is of very vague application in every language. witness the self-styled republics of Holland, Switzerland, Genoa, Venice, Poland. were I to assign to this term a precise and definite idea, I would say that, purely and simply, it means a government, by it\u2019s citizens, in mass, acting directly and personally, according\n\t\t\t rules established by the majority: and that every other government is more or less republican in proportion as it has in it\u2019s composition more or less of this ingredient of the direct action of\n\t\t\t the\n\t\t\t citizens. such a government is evidently restrained to very narrow limits of space and population. I doubt if it would be practicable beyond the extent of a New England township.\u2003\u2003\u2003the first shade from this pure element, which, like that of pure vital air cannot sustain life of itself, would be where the powers of\n\t\t\t the government, being divided, should\n\t\t\t be exercised each by representatives chosen by the citizens, either pro h\u00e2c vice, or for such short terms as should render secure the duty of expressing the will of their constituents. this I should consider as the nearest approach to a pure republic which is practicable\n\t\t\t on a large scale of country or population. and we have examples of it in some of our state-constitutions, which, if not poisoned by priest-craft, would prove it\u2019s excellence over all mixtures\n\t\t\t with\n\t\t\t other elements; and, with only equal doses of poison, would still be the best.\u2003\u2003\u2003other shades of republicanism may be found in other forms of\n\t\t\t government, where the Executive, Judiciary, and\n\t\t\t Legislative functions, and the different branches of the latter are chosen by the people more or less directly, for longer terms of years, or for life, or made hereditary; or where there are\n\t\t\t mixtures\n\t\t\t of authorities, some dependant, and others independant of the people. the further the departure from direct and constant controul by the citizens, the less has the government of the ingredient of\n\t\t\t republicanism; evidently none where the authorities are hereditary, as in France, Venice Etc. or self-chosen as in Holland; and little where for life, in proportion as the life continues in being after the act of election.\n The purest republican feature in the government of our own state is the House of Representatives. the Senate is equally so the 1st year, less the 2d and so on. the Executive still less, because not chosen by the people directly. the Judiciary seriously antirepublican because for life; and the national Arm wielded, as you observe by Military leaders, irresponsible to but to themselves.\u2003\u2003\u2003add to this the vicious constitution of our county courts (to whom the justice, the executive administration, the taxation,\n\t\t\t police, the military appointments of the county, and nearly all our daily concerns are confided) self appointed, self continued, holding their authorities for life, and with an impossibility of\n\t\t\t breaking in on the perpetual succession of any faction once possessed of the bench. they are in truth the Executive, the Judiciary, and the Military of their respective counties, and the sum of\n\t\t\t the\n\t\t\t counties makes the State.\u2003\u2003\u2003And add also that one half of our brethren who fight and pay taxes, are excluded, like Helots, from the rights of\n\t\t\t representation; as if society were instituted for the soil, and not for the men inhabiting it; or one half of these could dispose of the rights, & the will, of the other half, without their consent.\n \u2003\u2003\u2002\u2005\u2018What constitutes a state?\n Not high-rais\u2019d battlements, or labor\u2019d mound,\n \u2003\u2003\u2003Thick wall, or moated gate:\n Not cities proud with spires and turrets crown\u2019d\n \u2003\u2003\u2003No: Men, high-minded men;\n \u2003\u2003\u2003Men, who their duties know;\n But know their rights; and, knowing, dare maintain.\n \u2003\u2003\u2003These constitute a state.\u2019\n In the General government the House of Representatives is mainly republican; the Senate scarcely so, at all, as not elected by the people directly, and so long secured even against those who do elect them. the Executive more republican than the Senate, from it\u2019s shorter term, it\u2019s election by the people, in practice, (for they vote for A. only on an assurance that he will vote for B.) & because, in practice also, a principle of rotation seems to be in a course of establishment. the Judiciary independant of the Nation, their coercion by impeachment being found nugatory.\n If then the controul of the people over the organs of their government be the measure of it\u2019s republicanism, and I confess I know no other measure, it must be agreed that our governments have much less of republicanism, than ought to have been expected; in other words that the people have less regular controul over their agents than their rights & their interest required. and this I ascribe, not to any want of republican dispositions in those who formed these constitutions, but to a submission of true principle to European authorities, to Speculators on government, whose fears of the people have been inspired by the populace of their own great cities, and were unjustly entertained against the independant, the happy, & therefore orderly citizen of the US. much I apprehend that the golden moment is past for reforming these heresies. the functionaries of public power rarely strengthen in their dispositions to abridge it, and an unorganised call\n\t\t\t for timely amendment is not likely to prevail against an organised opposition to it. we are always told that things are going on well; why change them? \u2018chi sta bene, non si muove,\u2019 says the Italian, \u2018let him who stands well stand still.\u2019 this is true; & I verily believe they would go on well with us under an absolute monarch, while our present character\n\t\t\t remains, of order, industry & love of peace, and restrained as he would be by the proper spirit of the people. but it is while it remains such, we should provide against the consequences of\n\t\t\t deterioration.\u2014and let us rest in the hope that it will yet be done, & spare ourselves the pain of evils which may never happen.\n On this view of the import of the term republic, instead of saying, as has been said, that \u2018it may mean anything or nothing,\u2019 we may say, with truth and meaning, that governments are more or less republican as they have more or less of the element of popular election and controul in their composition: & beleiving, as I do, that the mass of the citizens is the safest depository of their own rights, & especially that the evils flowing from the duperies of the people are less injurious than those from the egoism of their agents, I am a friend to that composition of government which has in it the most of this ingredient. And I sincerely believe with you, that banking establishments are more dangerous than standing armies; & that the principle of spending money to be paid by posterity, under the name of funding, is but swindling futurity on a large scale\n Let me turn to a more engaging subject, the honest culture of the earth. it is a shame that I should ask you a 2d time for a little seed of the Swedish turnep, if you still preserve it. my absences from home at a distant possession, which is almost a second home, occasioned a failure to save seed the last year; and the Ruta baga is so much preferable for the use of the table, that I wish to recover it again. a little\n\t\t\t may come in a letter by mail, or more if you have a plenty by my grandaughter who says she is coming shortly. I salute you with constant friendship and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0054", "content": "Title: Caspar Wistar to Thomas Jefferson, 28 May 1816\nFrom: Wistar, Caspar,Otis, Bass\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The Bearer Mr Otis is an Artist of rising Character who has been settled in Philada Several years & has distinguished himself by his ingenuity as well as his obliging disposition. He has Several inventions which will interest you & if you have any Specimens of\n\t\t\t Natural History to Copy he will I believe give you great Satisfaction by his execution\u2014Expecting to write again in a few days I only Renew the declarations of Sincere Regard & attachment\n\t\t\t which\n\t\t\t are uniformly felt by\n Your obliged friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0055", "content": "Title: Thomas Appleton to Thomas Jefferson, 30 May 1816\nFrom: Appleton, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n \t\t\t\tLeghorn\n \t\tMy last letter to you, Sir, was in date, of the 10th of the present month, conveying duplicates of the legal Attestations of the death of mr mazzei; and which were forwarded by the Brig Silk-worm, Capt: Parker Burnham for Boston.\u2014I then, likewise, mention\u2019d that owing to the failure in quality, of the wine of montepulciano of the last vintage, I should defer Sending of the growth of that place, until the next Season.\u2014In the mean time, I have procur\u2019d from a friend, a barrel of Carmigniano wine, which though not equal to that of montepulciano, is nevertheless, one of the best flavour\u2019d of Tuscany.\u2014I have had it carefully bottled, and Seald with pitch, So that, I have good Reason to believe, it will arrive to you, free from injury.\u2014One barrel contains fifty-seven bottles, which are pack\u2019d in one Case, and Shipp\u2019d on board the Schooner Fanny, Capt: Selby for new York, and address\u2019d to the care of the Collector.\u2014I cannot precisely Say the prices, as my friend is in the country, and the vessel will sail in the course of the day; but it will be at a very moderate expence.\u2014towards the latter part of the next month, I have the promise of a barrel of Ama wine, to which none is Superior, except montepulciano; and in the estimation of many, they are on a level:\u2014by the first vessel which will sail afterwards, I shall forward it to you.\u2014these wines can always be procur\u2019d, at a much less price than that of montepulciano, as they are convey\u2019d by the Arno, while the latter is transported 150 miles over land.\u2014\n \t\tThe commerce of the U: States in the mediterranean, since the period, which the allied Sovereigns of Europe, have denominated peace, has been attended with little or no benefit to the adventurers, owing to the unusual high prices of colonial produce in America.\u2014this evil, however, is a partial one, and will, probably be compensated by the present reduc\u2019d prices of those articles in the U: States: while the commerce of G: britain Seems rapidly declining to extinction.\u2014I speak from a personal Knowledge of facts, as it Relates to all Italy, and I think I Can with much truth Say, that not a bale of british manufactur\u2019d goods has been sold here, at a less loss, than from 25 to 50 \u214cCt on the original invoice; while those of Germany & Switzerland meet with Ready and advantageous Sales.\u2014It is certainly a most memorable event in the manufactures of Europe, that the fabricks of the continent have now advanc\u2019d, as far beyond those of England, as the latter did of the former, twenty years ago.\u2014the long prohibatory decrees on british manufactures, have produc\u2019d the most fatal effects on their trade with the continent.\u2014If it be true, that the necessary articles of Subsistance have greatly increas\u2019d in England, while it certainly is, that provisions Remain as they were, on the continent; add to which, the Surprizing progress in the manufacturing arts, it will not appear extraordinary, that a Similar Result should have arisen.\u2014\n \t\tThe present political State of Italy, offers no well-founded hopes of a Speedy amelioration: and until the immense pecuniary obligations, of the legitimate Sovereigns are Cancell\u2019d, no relief Can be expected from the intollerable burthens they now suffer.\u2014the same system prevails from Turin to Naples, nor was there ever a period, when one common Sentiment pervaded every class of Society, as at the present time. to disappointment has succeeded disgust and contempt; and I have no hesitation in believing, that even the Standard of Mahomet, would now find followers.\u2014It is Certainly to be wish\u2019d, at least for the sake of the present generation, that thier patriotism may not be put to the test; but Should Such an event arrive, there is no extreme into which they might not be plung\u2019d; even anarchy would be a gain.\u2014Knowing, Sir, as I well do, how little truth is to be collected from the contemptible european gazettes, on the actual Situation of Italy; as likewise, how few travellers, either from the speed with which they run over it, or from an ignorance of the language, are capable of investigating truth from the appearance of it, I have Sketch\u2019d this little tableau; it is only a miniature, but the features are discernible.\u2014Accept, Sir, the Sincere expressions of my highest esteem & respect\u2014\n \t\t\tTh: Appleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0056-0001", "content": "Title: John Barnes to Thomas Jefferson, 31 May 1816\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n George Town Coa 31st May 1816.\n I have now the Honr of Covering you Statemt of Sales Genl Kosciuskos Treasury Notes and purchase therewth of Bk Stock\u2014as Noticed in my letter 22d March\u2014Bale in favr of B. Stock $5035100 to the Debit of the Genls \u2100\u2014I hope & trust these will meet\u2014your Approval:\u2014still Anxious\u2014but without a too severe Remedy I cannot\u2014yet feel for the good Genls want of a Remittance but at a loss of 20 per Cent\u2014is too much to sustain\u2014when with a little more patience, will, I trust, Afford him relief\u2014as from Appearances, the Banks generally, are\n\t\t\t emmerging from the restraints hitherto preventing a circulation of Specia the very first favorable Moment, that Offers: I shall eagerly embrace in a purchase of \u00a3400 Sterg a 3 a 10 days after sight if to be had.\u2014\n I had waited Miss Randolphs expected Return from Philada to Offer her my Bank services\u2014when 2 days since Mrs Madison being in G: T. informed me Miss Randolphs Arrival in Washington\u2014(in Mrs Madisons Absence at Annapolis\u2014) had proceeded on to Monticello. of course, I had not the pleasure of paying my respects, nor Offer of Cash: but in replacing $20. Advanced Miss Randolph by Mrs Madison\u2014\n The late Excursion to Annapolis\u2014was truly Splendid\u2014and highly gratifying to all parties\u2014more especially so it must have been to the good President whom I presume have never before seen, even at a distance\u2014a 74. That not only to Board so Compleat a first Rate But as Commander-in Chief of the US. Navy &a &a surrounded by his Principal Officers, both Civil & Military Foreign Ministers & Fellow Citizens &a How glowing\u2014and Joyous must have been the feelings of this Assemblage And to the President\u2014in particular\u2014the most Exulting & Gratifying. May He live, many Years, to injoy that supreme satisfaction in having had so great a share in its present Establishment\u2014Aided\u2014in Example by\n\t\t\t his Predecessor\u2014and may it\u2014(should it become Necessary) increase and Vie with the most Splended European\u2014at least so as to Secure a proper Respect from them\u2014or Either of them\u2014\n with the greatest Esteem I am Dear Sir\u2014Your most obedt servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0056-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: John Barnes\u2019s Account (as Agent of Thomas Jefferson) with Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 21 March 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Barnes, John\nTo: Kosciuszko, Tadeusz (Thaddeus) Andrzej Bonawentura\n Dr\u2003\u2003\u2003 Genl Thads Kosciusko In \u2100 with John Barnes, Agent to T. Jefferson Esqr for a/\u2002Sales in US. Treasury Notes & purchase in Columa Bank Stock in the Name of said T. Jefferson\n To Ct Smith Cashr of Farmers & Mechanic Bank for 46 whole shares of Columbia Bank Stock a $110.\n By Clemt Smith for Amot of Sales US. Treasury Notes bearing Int to and payable 21 April\n George Town Dist of Coa 21 March\n deduct \u00bd \u214cCt Brokerage\n for Balce favr B Stock\n card to the debit of\n Genl Kosciuskos \u2100", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0057-0001", "content": "Title: William H. Crawford to Thomas Jefferson, 31 May 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Your letter recommending Mr Bradbury was reced during a Serious indisposition with which I was afflicted in the course of the last winter, and has been mislaid So that I am not able to Refer to it more particularly. No Service of the kind for which that gentleman was proposed, has been contemplated\n\t\t\t by the government.\n Your letter in Reply to the one which you Recd from me whilst I was in Paris, was delivered to me in this place on my arrival in August last, and would have been immediately acknowledged, but for the Pressure of official duty incident to a new Station & which had\n\t\t\t long been provisionally filled.\n A few days ago Mr Graham delivered to me a large packet of my own letters, written in Paris in the month of December 1814, which had been just Recd at the State department; in which was the enclosed letter to yourself. The Reasoning upon the then State of France, and of Europe which it contains, is at this moment destitute of interest. It is forwarded to you, not from a conviction, that it is worthy of your attention, but as an evidence of the high Respect I entertain of the liberality and candor with which you judge the opinions of your friends, when proven by subsequent events to be erroneous.\n The letters Referred to in the Postscript are not enclosed, as there is now no inducement to subject your patience to the task of Reading them.\n Among the letters in the Packet, is a letter to a member of Congress which developes my views of the existing State of our affairs at that time, & of the policy which ought to be adopted at the Return of peace. I believe that there is no disposition in\n\t\t\t any class of politicians at this day, to adopt the System proposed in that letter. It is very far from my intention at this moment, to obtrude it upon the public, but I feel Some inclination to\n\t\t\t present it for your perusal. At one time during my Services in the Senate of the U. S. I had prevailed upon general Bradly to Consent to bring forward a bill for the Repeal of the Draw-back System; but Such was the distracted State of our Relations during from the time I entered, until that of my quitting it, that the measure was postponed from time to time, under the hope that a more auspicious period would Shortly arrive. This favorable\n\t\t\t moment never Presented itself, and there is now but little probability that the attention of Congress will be called to consider of the policy of this measure.\n Should the peace of Europe be Preserved for a longer period than usual, our attitude may be Such at the Recommencement of hostilities, as to preserve us from its baleful influence.\n We have every thing to hope from time; to it therefore we must trust for an exemption of the probable Consequences of our insatiable Cupidity for foreign Commerce.\n I am dear Sir your most obt & very humbe Servt\n Wm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0058", "content": "Title: John F. Dumoulin to Thomas Jefferson, 31 May 1816\nFrom: Dumoulin, John Franklin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n South fourth St Philadelphia May the 31st 1816\u2014\n On Sunday the 12th inst the eve of my departure from Washington I was flattered by the receipt of the letter you did me the honor of writing to me informing me of the receipt of the copies of my Essay which I had taken the liberty of sending you, In a\n\t\t\t few lines you have set in the strongest light the invaluable right which I had undertaken to advocate. Enlightened as this age and especially this country is in political science yet the\n\t\t\t difficulty\n\t\t\t interposed to the establishment of many principles of freedom is great and surprising. But looking back to the last century it is impossible not to be pleased with the situation in which we are\n\t\t\t placed. The yet remaining prejudices resulting from an English and aristocratic education will not allow the correctness of any principle which cannot be sanctioned by a precedent from Coke or supported by some dictum pronounced in an Age of ignorance and slavery. But these persons find themselves daily in a greater minority. Humanity receives continually accession to her\n\t\t\t cause from the rising generation while prejudice can hardly decoy a single recruit to her ranks. this is the never failing consequence of that principle and argument for toleration which you so\n\t\t\t long\n\t\t\t since laid down that for truth to triumph over error and prejudice it only required an equal and unrestrained freedom of discussion\n I fear Sir I may appear rude or negligent in not having sooner acknowledged your letter\u2014indeed since I was made happy by its receipt I have scarce had a moment of leisure\u2014On my arrival at Baltimore I had to unpack a small library which had just arrived to me from the island of Trinidad and which I had on leaving the island committed to the care of an acquaintance\u2014I found several of my most valuable books missing which by breaking many sets of works made my loss in reality much greater than it was numerically\u2014the chagrin which I felt made me come to the resolution of going to the West Indies and no longer to depend on those who had neglected me\u2014the hopes of accomplishing this and returning before the hurricane months made me seize the first opportunity and hurried me in my\n\t\t\t preparations\u2014I had taken my passage on board a Vessel about to proceed on her voyage immediately when the wishes of my friends added to the superior consideration that by leaving the Country\n\t\t\t even\n\t\t\t for a few months I would forfeit the period of probation for Citizenship which I have already served, I gave over my intended voyage and have changed it to one for New Orleans for which place I sail on Wednesday next in the Ship Tennessee.\n I have here mentioned these little facts because the hurry and anxiety attending them are the causes of my not having sooner acknowledged the letter you did me the honor of addressing to me\u2014\n It is my present intention to settle myself in that country of whose liberty and independence you are the father and whose valuable and important emporium you sought to preserve from the extravagance of speculation\u2014You will perhaps Sir, be surprised that I should prefer the seeming monotony of a Sea Voyage to the magnificent and variety of the land and river passage\u2014but this last is a feast which I wish to enjoy more at leisure and which I fear I would not have time to spare at present, being particularly desirous of being at New Orleans while Mr Robertson its strictly virtuous representative is there. If I went by the Ohio and Missipi the well known hospitality of the inhabitants of their banks would not permit me to arrive at New Orleans for several months at least when I should not have the pleasure and advantage of Meeting either Mr Robertson or Mr Brown the Senator as they mentioned it was not their intention to remain longer in Louisiana than August.\n I am proud in being recollected by the family at Monticello. May I beg you to make my respectful remembrances and believe\n Sir Your very humble and devoted\n I beg Sir you may pardon the incoherence of this letter, but yesterday arrived in this City I am now about leaving it for New York where I go for a day to go to make my Adieus to my friends of whom, Mr Emmet felt no small pleasure and pride at your recollection of him and was grateful for your kindness to me at Monticello.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0059", "content": "Title: Draft Agreement for Sale of Henderson Lands by John T. Wood, May 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wood, John T.\n Articles of covenant and agreement entered into and concluded between John Wood of the state of Kentucky on the one part and Thomas Jefferson of the county of Albemarle in the commonwealth of Virginia on the other part on the \u2003 day of May one thousand eight hundred and sixteen.\n The said John Wood on his part covenanteth with the sd Thomas that in the lands which were the property of Bennet Henderson decd around the town of Milton in Albemarle aforesaid, and adjacent thereto, he hath full title in feesimple to all the portion thereof which descended on Nancy Crawford Henderson, one of the daughters of the said Bennet, now the wife of Matthew Nelson or which have otherwise come to her; which title he acquired by purchase and conveyance from the said Matthew and Nancy Crawford his wife to him the said John Wood in feesimple. And that in his own right, and in that of Lucy his wife, another of the daughters of the sd Bennet, he hath full title and power to sell and convey in feesimple all the portion of rights and interests whatsoever in the said lands which\n\t\t\t descended on the said Lucy his wife, or which have otherwise come to her or him, at any time, directly or indirectly.\n And the said John Wood further covenanteth with the sd Thomas that on or before the\u2003day of\u2003\u2003\u2003next ensuing he and his said wife Lucy, by lawful deed to be executed and proved in the state of Kentucky or elsewhere in such way as that the same shall be admissible to record in the proper court of Virginia, and according to the laws of Kentucky & Virginia, and to be transmitted to the said Thomas, will convey to him the sd Thomas, a good and indefeasable estate in feesimple in all the rights, titles & interests of whatsoever nature they\n\t\t\t be, whether in claim, trust, possession, or reversion jointly or severally, which descended on, or otherwise came directly or indirectly to the said Nancy Crawford and Lucy, or to their sd husbands, in the lands aforesaid around the town of Milton, which were of the property of their said father at the time of his death.\n And the said Thomas, on his part, covenanteth for himself, his heirs executors and administrators, that he will pay to the said John Wood at the signing of these presents the sum of two hundred Dollars, and the conveyance aforesaid having been previously made and transmitted to the sd Thomas, that he will pay to the said John Wood the further sum of one thousand dollars on or before the first day of April next ensuing the date of these presents", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0060", "content": "Title: Draft Conveyance of Henderson Lands by John T. Wood and Lucy Henderson Wood, [ca. May 1816]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Henderson Wood, Lucy,Wood, John T.\n This indenture made on the\u2003\u2003\u2003day of\u2003\u2003\u2003one thousand eight hundred and sixteen between John Wood and Lucy his wife of the state of Kentucky on the one part, and Thomas Jefferson of the county of Albemarle in the commonwealth of Virginia on the other part witnesseth, that Whereas Bennet Henderson decd father of the sd Lucy was at the time of his death seized and possessed in feesimple of a certain tract of land around the town of Milton in Albemarle aforesaid, & adjacent thereto, one child\u2019s portion whereof, on his death, descended in feesimple on the sd Lucy, who is since intermarried with the sd John; and one other child\u2019s portion thereof descended in feesimple on Nancy Crawford Henderson, another of the daughters of the sd Bennet, who is since intermarried with Matthew Nelson, which said Matthew & Nancy Crawford his wife have in due form of law sold & conveyed the sd child\u2019s portion so descended on the sd Nancy Crawford to the sd John Wood in feesimple.\n Now therefore the sd John & Lucy his wife, in consideration of the sum of two hundred dollars to them in hand paid by the said Thomas, and of the further sum of one thousand dollars secured to be paid, have given, granted, bargained and sold unto the sd Thomas the two portions of the sd lands and their appurtenances held by the sd Bennet Henderson around the town of Milton and descended on the sd Nancy Crawford & Lucy, and all their right, title, & claim therein & in every part thereof, whether divided, or undivided, in separate or joint parcels or titles, in possession, reversion or action, or in any other manner or title whatsoever: To have and to hold the sd portions of the sd lands and their appurtenances, and all rights therein to him the said Thomas and his heirs. and the sd John & Lucy his wife, jointly & severally, their joint & several heirs, executors & administrators, the sd two portions of lands & appurtenances, and all rights therein to the sd Thomas & his heirs, will for ever warrant & defend. In witness whereof the sd John & Lucy his wife have hereto subscribed their names & affixed their seals on the day and year abovewritten.\n and delivered\n in presence of", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0062", "content": "Title: Joseph Lakanal to Thomas Jefferson, 1 June 1816\nFrom: Lakanal, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Monsieur et illustre Citoyen\n Gallatin Contry par Vevay indian Contry, le 1r Juin 1816.\n J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous adresser deux Lettres que J\u2019esperois avoir l\u2019inappr\u00e9ciable avantage de Vous pr\u00e9senter; des \u00e9v\u00e9nemens que Je n\u2019ai pu ma\u00eetriser ont Chang\u00e9 la direction que Je Voulois prendre. me Voici Sur les bords de l\u2019ohio, dans des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s que J\u2019ai acquises, Gallatin Contry, en face de la Colonie fran\u00e7aise de Vevay: Je vais, dans Cette douce retraite, partager mon tems entre la Culture de mes terres et Celle des Lettres. Je me propose d\u2019\u00e9crire l\u2019histoire des etats-unis pour laquelle Je ramasse des\n\t\t\t\tmat\u00e9riaux depuis dix ans. le Spectacle d\u2019un peuple libre et heureux, Supportant, avec docilit\u00e9, le Joug Salutaire des Lois, temperera l\u2019amertume que J\u2019\u00e9prouve en m\u2019\u00e9loignant de ma patrie; elle\n\t\t\t\tSeroit\n\t\t\t\theureuse Si v\u00f4tre g\u00e9nie pacifique avoit dirig\u00e9 Ses destin\u00e9es. l\u2019ambition d\u2019un Seul homme a pr\u00e9cipit\u00e9 Sur nous, les nations Courrouc\u00e9es, tandis que vous attachiez \u00e0 la belle am\u00e9rique, les tribus\n\t\t\t\tindiennes, par le lien durable des bienfaits. ma patrie avilie ruin\u00e9e, mais frapp\u00e9e de la Sagesse de v\u00f4tre administration, Vous envie au nouveau monde.\n Jesp\u00e8re, qu\u2019en \u00e9crivant l\u2019histoire de v\u00f4tre m\u00e9morable administration, et de vos pr\u00e9decesseurs plus ou moins C\u00e9l\u00e8bres, le tableau Se ressentira du Charme qu\u2019\u00e9prouvera le peintre, et que Soutenu par la beaut\u00e9 du Suj\u00e8t, bien plus que par mes propres forces, Je pourrai, avec un po\u00ebte C\u00e9l\u00e8bre de l\u2019antiquit\u00e9,\n\t\t\t\tm\u2019\u00e9crier \u00e0 la fin de mon ouvrage,\n \u201cexegi monumentum \u00e6re perennius\u201d\n J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Monsieur et illustre Citoyen,\n V\u00f4tre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9\u00efssant serviteur\n de l\u2019institut de france\n et de la L\u00e9gion d\u2019honneur\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Sir and illustrious Citizen\n Gallatin Contry near Vevay indian Contry, 1 June 1816.\n I have the honor of sending you two letters that I had hoped to have the invaluable advantage of presenting to you personally; events beyond my control have changed my preferred course. I find myself on the banks of the Ohio River, on properties I have acquired in Gallatin Contry, opposite the French colony of Vevay. In this peaceful retreat I will divide my time between the cultivation of my lands and the humanities. I propose to write a history of the United States for which I have been gathering material for ten years. The sight of a free and happy people, docilely tolerating the salutary yoke of the law, will moderate my bitterness at leaving my homeland. She would be fortunate if your peaceful genius had directed her destinies. The ambition of a single man hurled onto us all the wrathful nations, even as you were\n\t\t\t binding\n\t\t\t the Indian\n\t\t\t tribes to noble America through the lasting bonds of kindness. My country, degraded, ruined, but struck by the wisdom of your administration, envies you in the New World.\n I hope that in writing the history of your memorable administration and of your more or less famous predecessors, the picture will reflect the charm felt by its painter, and that, sustained by the beauty of the subject much more than my own strength, I will be able to exclaim at the end of my work,\n\t\t\t along with a famous poet of antiquity,\n \u201cexegi monumentum \u00e6re perennius\u201d\n I have the honor to be, Sir and illustrious Citizen,\n Your very humble and very obedient servant\n of the Institut de France\n and the L\u00e9gion d\u2019honneur", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0063", "content": "Title: John Steele to Thomas Jefferson, 1 June 1816\nFrom: Steele, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Collectors office Philada June 1st 1816\n Yours of the 18th instant came duly to hand\u2014I had, previously, received a letter from Mr Cathalan containing a Bill of lading, and had written to you for advice where to send the goods\n They are now laden on board the Scr Five Sisters, which will Sail on tomorrow, and a consigned agreeably to your instructions\n The Box, which Mr Cathalan informs me had, been in mistake, been shipped without an outside wrapper, was somewhat injured when I recd it from the vessel. I had it matted & expect it will reach you in safety\n Enclosed are Bills of lading & freight with a statement of duties duty & charges\n It will always give me pleasure to render you any service, that my situation here will afford me opportunity to perform\n With most respectfull Consideration yours &C.\n Jno Steele", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0064", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John R. F. Corbin, 2 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Corbin, John R. F.\n Monticello June 2. 16.\n Your favor of May 17. came to hand yesterday only: and I am sorry I cannot give you the information you ask relative to the tickets of mrs Jones in Byrd\u2019s lottery. on the death of mr Wayles I assorted all his papers, and every paper he had passed then thro\u2019 my hands, and notice, and I am tolerably certain no such tickets were among them. all the papers were delivered to mr F. Eppes of Eppington in Chesterfield, who had the settlement of all mr Wayles\u2019s affairs. it is possible mr Wayles may have sold tickets for Colo Byrd. in that case he will have entered it in his acct with that gentleman, which is in his Ledger. if this may be known by your dropping a line to mr Archibald Thweat at Eppington near Richmond, who is in possession of all mr Wayles\u2019s papers. Accept the assurance of my esteem and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0066", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Charles Simms, 2 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Simms, Charles\n Monticello June 2. 16.\n I recieved yesterday your favor of May 25. and am thankful to you for the favor of notifying me, as I have not been yet advised by mr Cathalan of the actual dispatch of the wine. I expected 2. parcels from him, the one of 200. bottles of wine of Nice (red) the other a wine of Roussilon, a somewhat larger quantity, but I do not exactly know how much, because it depended on the price. which parcel this is I know not, but I imagine the former as there are 4. cases of, I\n\t\t\t expect, 50. bottles each. I must ask the favor of you to drop me a line of the amount of duty and any other expences which have attended it, which I will immediately have remitted to you: and as\n\t\t\t the\n\t\t\t advance of the season endangers injury to the wine, I will ask the favor of you to forward it to Richmond addressed to the care of Messrs Gibson & Jefferson of that place by any vessel going to Richmond which you may think safe. the master will recieve his freight & any other expences from them.\n In ordering these little importations from Europe, as it is impossible for me to know what vessels may be in their harbor, and to what place destined, I am always obliged to take the liberty of desiring their consignment to the Collector of\n\t\t\t whatever port they may be coming to; and I am to request that if at any time hereafter like consignments should happen to come to you, that you will have the goodness to recieve them & notify me, & the promptest care\n\t\t\t shall be taken to remit you the duties & costs. with my thanks for the present kindness accept the assurance of esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0067", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Warrell, 2 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Warrell, James\n Monticello June 2. 16.\n I recieved yesterday your favor of May 27. and thank you for this mark of attention: but a desire to close all worldly concerns and to be free from cares forbids me to engage in any new undertakings: indeed I fear that neither the population nor pursuits of Richmond are as yet such as to support a museum; with my wishes however that it may reward your zeal for endeavoiring to give to the inhabitants so reasonable a resource for amusement and information\n\t\t\t I pray you to accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0068", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John F. Watson, 2 June 1816, with John F. Watson\u2019s Receipt to Thomas Jefferson, 7 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Watson, John Fanning\nTo: Watson, John Fanning\n I had recieved the 9th vol. of the Edinb. Review some days ago, and yesterday the 10th came to hand, with your favor of May 27 24. and in compliance with that I now inclose you a 5. Dollar note of the bank of Virginia, and salute you with esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson\n Recd Germantown June 7. 1816 from Thomas Jefferson Esqr Five dollars in full for the 9 & 10 Vols of the Edinbg Review", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0069", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Corrections to Biography in Public Characters, [ca. 3 June 1816]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n as Minister plenipoty in July 1784. & returned Dec. 1789.\n at bottom. if I have had any merit as a member of our legislature it was in drawing and introducing the following laws, some of which were adopted when proposed & some afterwards.\n a law forbidding the future importation of slaves.\n converting estates tail into fee-simple.\n annulling the laws of primogeniture & establishg the descent of property equally on all in equal degree.\n establishing schools for general education.\n sanctioning the right of expatriation.\n confirming the rights of freedom of religious opinions.\n proportioning crimes & punishments, which last under a different modification was past at a subsequent period.\n to the above may be added the draught of the Declaration of Independance.\n I was never a member of the board of Agriculture of England, nor of any other society of any kind in that country.\n I did not propose the declaration of Independence nor d did I take any very leading part more than many others, to whom that merit equally belongs.\n Dr Franklin was the first Minister Plenipo. to France.\n fill the blank with British.\n * the case of Colo Cresap has been established on unquestionable ground in a letter to mr Henry of Maryland, annexed to the editions of the Notes on Virginia, subsequent to 1797.\n appointed Govr of Virginia in 1779. reappointed in 1780. and resigned in 1781.\n my plan of a Constitution does not deserve much eulogium. it was a new business to us all, & I believe my draught was the very first made by any person in America. I was in Congress at the time the Virginia convention were establishing their constitution, and my draught did not reach them till the day the one they had prepared was to recieve it\u2019s last vote. having been long contested & debated till every one was tired they could not re-open it for anything they might have liked in mine; but they adopted my preamble in a lump & prefixed it to their Constitution.\n line 6. from bottom. I was never appointed Ambassador to Spain\n nor was I in Congress in 1782. my diplomatic appointments have been as follows. in 1778. after Independance declared and the Confederation agreed to by every state except Maryland, Congress determined to propose to France\n treaties of Alliance & Commerce, and Dr Franklin, mr Adams & myself were appointed plenipotentiaries for that purpose; but I declined it from circumstances in the state of my family, & from a conviction I could be more useful here, our affairs being then at their laboring under their greatest difficulties.\n About the close of 1782. Congress having recieved information from their ministers in Europe that there was a prospect of concluding the war by a treaty of peace I was appointed a minister to join those in Europe for settling the conditions of the treaty. I repaired to Philadelphia in Jan. 1783 in order to proceed to Europe. the Minister of France offered me the French frigate Romulus, then at Baltimore, for my passage, and while I was waiting there the breaking up of the ice in which she was blocked up, we recieved informn that preliminary articles between were signed between Great Britain and us, to be valid only in the event of peace concluded with the other powers. I wrote to ask of Congress whether the occasion of my service was not past, & they accordingly dispensed with my proceeding.\n Peace being established in 1783. & a general commerce opened, Congress thought it advisable to propose treaties of commerce with all the powers of Europe with whom we were likely to have intercourse. plenipotentiary commissions were accordingly given to mr Adams, Dr Franklin & myself, severally addressed to the several powers of Europe, and I sailed for Europe in July 1784. these commissions all proved abortive except that to Prussia, after the signing of which Dr Franklin returned to America, & I was appointed his successor as Minister plenipotentiary to France. a little before the expiration of the joint commissions I crossed over from Paris to London to see jointly with mr Adams, whether that government was disposed to enter into close & cordial connections, and we made up our minds to offer an exchange of naturalisation for our citizens & vessels as to\n\t\t\t every thing relating to commerce or commercial navigation. Ld Carmarthaen recieved us to present our commission, but evaded every attempt to at any conference; so that when 3. or 4. days only before the expiration of our commission & after 7. weeks attending, I returned to Paris.\n I continued in France until Oct. 1789. & having obtained leave to of absence for a while I arrived in Norfolk about the end of Nov. and on my way home met an express from Genl Washington bringing me a Commission to be Secretary of State. I answered by an expression of my preference of returning to France but left to himself the ultimate decision. he agreed that I should return if I declined the other appointment but expressing a much stronger desire that I should take a part in the government, I acquiesced and proceeded to N. York in April where I entered on the office of Secretary of state & continued in it until the new year\u2019s day of 1794. when I resigned, and retired to private life.\n While residing at Paris, there was little to be done. a free reception of our whale oils, & salted fish, our flour, rice and tobacco into France & of our fish & and flour into their West-India islands was obtained and continued until their revolution.\n page 244. line 7. from bottom. the medal was not struck by any publick authority, but by the artist on his own free will.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0072", "content": "Title: Stephen Cathalan to Thomas Jefferson, 4 June 1816\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen (Etienne)\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My Dear Sir & as much Respected as Beloved Friend!\n Marseilles the 4th June 1816\n I hope that my Letters of the 15th febrry & 19th march Last, with the Containts of my Several Invoices, therein Inclosed, will have Reached you before this Day;\n your Favor of the 1st February last Reached me on the 7th ulto\u2014\u2003\u2003\u2003many Thousand Gratefull Thanks\u2014for your kind Expressions towards me! & I cannot better Express them to you, than by my Continued Endeavours to desire the Continuation of the Confidence placed in me by the Executive Government of the united states;\n This will Reach you by the Ship Lothair of norfolk John Stones Master Bound for norfolk & Ready for Sea, on which I have Shipped as pr Bill of Loading, (which I have Inclosed in my Letter of this Day to the Collector of the District of norfolk) one Cask Containing one Barrel of about 38 Gallons or 120 Litres old Roussillon wine, which Mr Fois Durand of Perpignan, has at last Sent to me, assuring me to be the Exact quality you wished, & by the Bottle he Sent me at Same time to taste it, I Took it, at first, for its flavour & Taste for old Madeira wine, however with Some Difference Easily Perceived after;\u2014he has an one other Barrel to Send me, but wished before, to have my opinion, whether it\u2019s quality Should\n\t\t\t be Satisfactory & I am waiting writing him to Send it to me as Soon as Possible.\n he has not Sent me the Invoice of this 1st Barrel, but it will not Cost on Board, one hundred & Fifty franks\n I have had Lately in this Road, (& under my Country house) the U.s. Frigate United States, Commodore John Shaw, who Sailed on the 29th Ulto\n we have now her Royal Highness the Dutchess of Berry arived on the 21st Ulto into this Lazareto, & had her Fr\u00e9e Pratick on the 30th ditto;\u2014She is Just Returned from Toulon at one half past Ten at night;\u2014herewith the Ceremonial of her Reception here & at Toulon;\n Everything appears now quiet, & it is hoped we Shall at Last enjoy of a Lasting Tranquility;\n meantime I may write you more fully, Please to accept my best & Sincerest wishes for your happiness & good health, having the honor to be with great Respect;\n my Dear sir Your most obedt Servt\n Stephen Cathalan.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0074-0001", "content": "Title: Francis Adrian Van der Kemp to Thomas Jefferson, 4 June 1816\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Oldenbarneveld 4 June 1816.\n Accept m\u00ff Sincerest thanks for the distinguished proof of your confidential esteem, with which you have been pleased to gratif\u00ff me. I Suppose, I consult your wishes, to cop\u00ff it, and Send it in m\u00ff handwriting to m\u00ff friend in England, for publication in the Month. Repos. of Theol. with the expressed request, that neither he or his friends by insinuation or allusion Should drop a hint in with respect to the presumtive Author\u2014but invite a fair discussion of this interesting Subject\u2014except leave to act in a contrar\u00ff course was obtained from me in expressed words.\n I know from experience\u2014my master Van der Marck Prof. at Law\u2014having been a victim to a persecuting clerg\u00ff\u2014not because he was not Orthodox\u2014which he was indeed in a Superlative degree, but because he resisted the Hierarchy, and would not Submit to clerical power\u2014and, had I not received this lesson in my youth, the warnings of my friend Adams\u2014before I crossed the Atlantic\u2014not to meddle here with topics of controversy\u2014would have been Solemn enough, to make me avoid that rock\u2014and generally\u2014with one or two exceptions\u2014I Steered freer. A Sketch of the hist. of Calvin and Servetus was inserted in the V vol. of the Monthl. Repos. for 1810\u2014but\u2014yet\u2014incedis per ignes\u2014\n An estimate of the doctrine of Jezus\u2014and a view of his histor\u00ff\u2014on the proposed plan are two desirable Subjects\u2014requiring more candour than learning\u2014an unbiassed mind\u2014and ardent love of truth. Such an investigation, even if it\n\t\t\t is not at first, carried to perfection must effectuall\u00ff promote the Gospel-cause, which\u2014in my opinion\u2014Stands Stedfast, on a rock.\n All heterogeneous materials ought to be carefull\u00ff Set aside\u2014nothing precariously assumed, and from one undisputed or proved fact proceeded to the next. The Sublime doctrine of a first wise\u2014and good Being\u2014the pure and elevated moral doctrine\u2014with the certainty of a future life contain the Summar\u00ff of the Christ: Revelation\u2014the remaining are hay and Stubbles. You presume, that according with this plan, I have adopted the Divine interposition\u2014miracles\u2014the revival of a man\u2014died on the cross\u2014without this last point, I can not perceive, that with all the excellence of that doctrine above others\u2014we have advanced one Single Step farther than before\u2014Immortality remains desirable\u2014but cannot be proved.\n On this Subject you will permit me a few words more\u2014In my youth\u2014educated as others\u2014but Surrounded with young men of Superior Talents\u2014I Soon rejected what\u2014though not examined\u2014appeared absurd\u2014inquired for myself\u2014and ransacked all, that was written on the Subject in France and England: Soon I was convinced that truth was not the only aim of the opposers\u2014neither was allways at their Side An utter Stranger to polemical Divinity, as what I had learnd from the catechism\u2014well\n\t\t\t armed with preparatory knowledge of Languages\u2014hist. and Antiquities\u2014I resolved\u2014to enquire in the truth. I became persuaded of the hist. truth of christianity\u2014now I proceeded to examine its\n\t\t\t doctrine.\n\t\t\t If it had a divine origine, it must be So plain \u201ethat any man, of the meanest capacities\u2014but with a Sound head and honest heart, could discover it with ease\u201e With this axiom\u2014taken for granted\u2014I\n\t\t\t Supposed\u2014the four Evang: and Acts must contain this doctrine: these I would endeavour to read, as if the\u00ff were Send me, and I had lived in those times\u2014however with the allowance\u2014that even\n\t\t\t now\u2014they\n\t\t\t ought to have the Same effect. All what I did not plainly understand\u2014at first\u2014by an attent perusal\u2014I passed b\u00ff\u2014This was Not for me. At the end of m\u00ff enquiry\u2014the doctrine, I had gathered\u2014was plain and Simple\u2014I renewed the perusal\u2014Several\n\t\t\t times\u2014without further progress\u2014and have Since forty years\u2014having more than once repeated the this critical examination\u2014not gathered a more ample Stock; by this, you must perceive\u2014that I am no proper person to enter the list of the Champions of divinity\u2014neither am I longing to obtain that\n\t\t\t distinction.\n I hope\u2014your life ma\u00ff be Spared\u2014to finish your plan\u2014of which I anticipate, that it must do good. Several years past I Send to my old friend Dr. Toulmin a life of Jezus\u2014which\u2014as he informed me then, never reached him\u2014I cannot repair that loss\u2014as by the Sale of my large Librar\u00ff\u2014before I left Europe, retain\u00efng only a few remnants of ancient\n\t\t\t and modern Literature and history and Philosophy, I would be unable to retrace that plan\u2014but\u2014as I possess man\u00ff Separate fragments\u2014relating to this Subject, if my days are prolonged\u2014I may yet, and\n\t\t\t is my intention, institute an Inquir\u00ff\u2014\u201ewhat there is in the Jewish writings about a Messiah\u2014what opinions the cotemporaries of Jezus\u2014friends and foes had of him\u2014and what he instilled in his\n\t\t\t disciples\u2014what they learned of him in Public.\u201e You will Say\u2014this is not an eas\u00ff task\u2014and In this I agree\u2014but I deem it feasible.\n I include a cop\u00ff of the Letter\u2014which I send to England\u2014to accompany it and am confident, that my Correspondents Shall make no abuse of it b\u00ff any hints\u2014even the most distant.\n Are you acquainted with Go\u00ebthens ingenious conjecture\u2014\u201ethat not one word\u2014of what we call the Decalogus, was written on the two Tables\u201e?\u2014it is in IV vol. of his Schr\u00efften. if unknown to you, and you wish to See it, I\n\t\t\t Shall make a translation, as Soon as the Season of labouring\u2014to which I Must Submit is over\u2014and the fall or winter permits me to return to my Stud\u00ff.\n Permit me to Sollicit the continuance of your favourable regard and believe, that I remain with Sentiments of high respect\n Sir! Your most obed: and obed obliged Sert\n Fr. Adr. vander Kemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0075", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Jos\u00e9 Corr\u00eaa da Serra, 5 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Corr\u00eaa da Serra, Jos\u00e9\n Monticello June 5. 16.\n I had determined, my dear Sir, to have withdrawn at the close of this year to have withdrawn from all subscriptions to newspapers, and never to read another. but the National Intelligencer of the 1st inst. has given me so much pleasure that I shall defer for a year longer my resolution. it announced your appointment from your new king, to be his minister to this country. if this is acceptable to you, I congratulate you sincerely, but still more my countrymen to whom I know it will be most acceptable. I hope this fixes you with us for life, and that you will continue to visit your old friends as before; and be contented that we recieve and treat you as our friend, keeping out of sight your political character. particularly I hope it will not disappoint us of the visit we should shortly have expected. I leave this for Bedford on the 20th inst. and shall return the 1st week of July, in the hope of the expected pleasure of recieving you here at your own convenience.\u2014my grandaughter delivered me the MS. volume of Capt Lewis\u2019s journal, & I hope the others, & most especially his observations of Long. & Lat. will be found. Colo Jones passed a few days with us, and did justice to your recommendations. we found him a plain, candid man, knowing all our European acquaintances, able to give us their history & present\n\t\t\t situation, and to give us new information of the many characters which have figured on the wonderful drama of our day. I have rarely met with a more interesting or agreeable acquaintance, and he left us with impressions which will follow him\n\t\t\t thro\u2019 life. I salute you with constant & affectionate esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0076", "content": "Title: George Logan to Thomas Jefferson, 5 June 1816\nFrom: Logan, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n your Letter of the 19th: ult: duly came to hand. I sincerely regret to find by it, that a measure adopted by me, to defend your character against the slanders of your political enemies, has given you a moment of uneasiness. you well know that individuals have been engaged for years, in accusing you as the advocate and friend of Bonaparte\u2014even at the moment he was devastating with fire and sword the whole continent of Europe. And also of your being an enemy to the christian religion. Having an opportunity under your own signature, to remove from the minds of your fellow citizens; the effects of such slanders; I\n\t\t\t considered it my duty, as your friend, to publish your opinion on these important subjects; and it is with pleasure I inform you, that the publication on both subjects, has removed prejudices\n\t\t\t highly\n\t\t\t injurious to you; from the minds of many of the best citizens of the U States.\n Had your communications to me been made under an injunction of secrecy, no consideration would have tempted me to have violated your confidence. I judge of the feelings of others by my own: and I should think it criminal in a friend to suppress any information from the public; calculated to remove unmerited slanders from my own character. To do otherwise under any false notions of delicacy, is to act the hypocrite\u2014it is the grimace of friendship\u2014the honest heart has no share in the business.\n During an acquaintance of many years I have at all times, communicated my sentiments to you without disguise; in terms of plain truth. I am therefore particularly gratified by that part of your Letter, in which you say \u201cI prefer candid and open expression. No change of good will to you, none in my estimate of your integrity, or understanding, has taken place, except as to your particular opinion on the rights of correspondence.\u201d I hope the present communication will remove from your mind even the exception.\n If I am mistaken in the opinion, that you set more value on the lasting esteem of posterity than on the ephemeral applause of pretended friends; I shall at least receive the approbation of my own mind; in having uniformly followed the impulse of honor, and of an unshaken attachment to your welfare.\n On the present occasion, trusting to your candour and integrity, I am satisfied, that on taking a comprehensive view of the whole subject; you will yet consider me as your best friend.\n My wife unites with me in best respects to yourself & amiable family", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0077", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Charles Simms, 5 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Simms, Charles\n Monticello June 5. 16.\n I wrote to you on the 2d inst. in answer to yours of May 25. and requested you to forward the 4. cases of wine from mr Cathalan to Richmond to the address of Messrs Gibson & Jefferson of that place, and to be so good as to drop me a line of information of the duties & charges which should be remitted immediately. since that mr Cathalan\u2019s invoice is come to hand, of which I now inclose a copy, not knowing whether our duties may not be ad valorem on non-enumerated wines. I also add t an extract from his letter requesting a return of his acquit \u00e0 caution, and, to save you all possible trouble of returning it, if you will be so good as to put it under cover to me I will undertake that office. I presume there is a French Consul in Alexandria who will certify the landing of the wine, and if you will add his fee of office (if any) to the bill of duties & costs to be sent to me all shall be remitted together. I pray you to accept the assurance of my great respect & esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0078-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Caspar Wistar\u2019s Statement on Yellow Fever, 15 December 1805\nFrom: Wistar, Caspar\nTo: \n Statement of facts tending to prove the contagious nature of the yellow fever, at Germantown, in the year 1798. by C. Wistar M.D. Professor of Anatomy in the University of Pensylvania Etc\n The disease which produced the fatal effects now to be related, commenced in the family of Elizabeth Johnson, widow who lived in the main Street of the village of Germantown, about six and a half miles from Philadelphia\u2014\n The person first affected was her child, Betsey Johnson, who had been in Philadelphia from the third to the seventh of August, in a neighbourhood where several cases of the fever had already appeared. She returned home the seventh, and on the ninth of the same month was attacked with the yellow fever, which terminated fatally in four days\u2014Fourteen days after her death, viz. August 27th, mrs. Duy, the next neighbour of mrs. Johnson, who had visited Betsey several times during her illness, was attacked with a fever supposed to be of the same kind, and died at the end of four days\u2014\n On the thirtieth of August, the wife of Charles Hubbs, who also lived near to mrs. Johnson, and had visited both Betsey and mrs. Duy, once at least, during their respective indispositions, but had not been in Philadelphia for many months, was attacked with unequivocal symptoms of the yellow fever, in its most malignant form, and died the 2d of September\u2014\n Mr. Duy, husband of the above-mentioned mrs. Duy, was attacked sixteen days after the death of his wife, viz. September 18, and died also after an illness of six days\u2014\n A few days after the death of mrs. Duy, an English gentleman and his wife, of the name of Fisher, who had fled from Philadelphia on account of the fever, went to board with mr. Duy, and were placed in the Chamber occupied by his late wife during her illness. they were also attacked with fever\u2014mrs. Fisher was taken, 7ber 19th, and recovered in a few days, but mr. Fisher, who was attacked four days after his wife, died with the black vomit the 27th of September\u2014\n At the same time, the disease re-appeared in Mrs. Johnson\u2019s family, in a young female servant, who was very ill, but recovered. Soon after the attack of this girl, Mrs. Johnson herself was taken ill with the same disease: She had visited both of her neighbours, mrs. Duy and mrs. Hubbs, while they were sick: She also had assorted the clothes of her deceased daughter, four or five days before her own attack commenced, but had not been in Philadelphia for a month\u2014Her disorder continued eight days, and terminated the 28th September, with convulsions and the black vomit\u2014\n A few days before the death of mrs. Johnson, Elisabeth Stern, a woman, who lived in the family, was attacked with the fever, and became very yellow\u2014Her symptoms appeared moderate at first, but after lingering a fortnight she also died.\u2014The wife of a tenant of mrs. Johnson, who lived in a separate part of the house, but used the same yard, was attacked before the death of Elisabeth Stern, and recovered with great difficulty\u2014\n The last victim to be mentioned, was one Stephen post, an old man, who lived at a distance, but worked in mr. Duy\u2019s barn, while the bed was there, on which mrs. Duy died\u2014He was also attacked with fever, and died in a few days\u2014\n These melancholy circumstances occurred in a Village, which has long been remarkable for its salubrity, at a time when the other Inhabitants enjoyed their usual health\u2014In most of the cases, the disease appears to have been contracted at the house of Mrs. Johnson, which, before this distressing period, had been eminently distinguished by the health and longevity of its inhabitants\u2014The family were extremely neat, and it may be asserted with confidence, that the premises were never more clean, than they were at the time of this truly affecting catastrophe\u2014\n What cause but contagion is adequate to the production of such a disease among persons so situated?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0079", "content": "Title: Franclieu to Thomas Jefferson, 6 June 1816\nFrom: Franclieu, Louis Henri Camille Pasquier, comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Monsieur Ancien president,\n des malheurs ont pass\u00e9 Sur la france. votre C\u0153ur genereux vous y aura fait Compatir. francais, le desir de les prevenir me dicta quelques ecrits.\n jai l\u2019honneur de Vous les Soumettre, de Vous en faire hommage.\n les principes vrais que jai Voulu Saisir Sont de tous les lieux et les tems.\n agreez je Vous prie lexpression de ma Respectueuse Consideration\n Le Cte De Franclieu.\n ancien Capt de dragons Francais.\n 1er Ces feuills plates devaient vous avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 adress\u00e9es./.\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Mr. former president,\n Misfortunes have befallen France. Your generous heart must have made you sympathetic. As a Frenchman, the desire to prevent them moved me to write a few pieces.\n I have the honor to submit them as an homage to you.\n The true principles I wanted to grasp belong to all places and times.\n Accept, I pray you, the expression of my respectful consideration\n Comte de Franclieu.\n former captain of the French dragoons.\n 1st These humble sheets should have been addressed to you./.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0080", "content": "Title: Albert Gallatin to Thomas Jefferson, 7 June 1816\nFrom: Gallatin, Albert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have received your\u2019s of 16th ulto, and, from Dufief, the work of Mr Tracy, for La Fayette. I had become acquainted with Mr T. at Paris, think highly of him and of his book, and will be anxious to See that on political economy.\n I do not precisely understand what is the subject to which you allude, when speaking of the feeling excited in Virginia by Some proceedings of Congress. But whatever that may be, I must believe that such feeling if spontaneous is correct.\n We expect to sail on Sunday next. Your letters will be duly delivered. Accept the assurance of my respectful attachment and best wishes.\u2003\u2003\u2003Your obedient Servant\n Albert Gallatin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0081", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Francis W. Gilmer, 7 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gilmer, Francis Walker\n Monticello June 7. 16.\n I recieved, a few days ago, from mr Dupont, the inclosed MS. with permission to read it, and a request, when read, to forward it to you, in expectation that you would translate it. it is well worthy of publication for the\n\t\t\t instruction of our citizens, being profound, sound, and short. our legislators are not sufficiently apprised of the rightful limits of their powers: that their true office is to declare and\n\t\t\t enforce\n\t\t\t only our natural rights and duties, & to take none of them from us.\u2003\u2003\u2003No man has a natural right to commit aggression on the equal rights of\n\t\t\t another; and this is all from which the laws ought\n\t\t\t restrain him: and every man is under the natural duty of contributing to the necessities of the society; and this is all the laws should enforce on him: and, no man having a natural right to be the judge\n\t\t\t between himself and another, it is his natural duty to submit to the umpirage of an impartial third. the l when the laws have declared and enforced all this, they have fulfilled their functions, and the idea is quite unfounded that on entering into society we give up any natural right. the trial of\n\t\t\t every law by one of these texts would lessen much the labors of our legislators, & lighten equally our municipal codes. there is a work of the first order of merit now in the press at Washington, by Destutt-Tracy, on the subject of political economy, which he brings into the compass of 300. pages 8vo. in a preliminary discourse on the origin of the right of property he coincides much with the principles of the present MS. but is more developed, more demonstrative. he promises a future\n\t\t\t work on morals, in which I lament to see that he will adopt the principle of Hobbes, so humiliating to human nature, that the sense of justice & injustice is not derived from our natural organisation, but founded on convention only. I lament this the more as he is\n\t\t\t unquestionably the ablest writer living on abstract principles subjects. assuming the fact that the earth has been created in time, and consequently the dogma of final causes, we yield of course to this short syllogism. Man was created for social intercourse; but\n\t\t\t social intercourse cannot be maintained without a sense of justice; then man must have been created with a sense of justice.\u2003\u2003\u2003there is an error into\n\t\t\t which most of the speculators on government\n\t\t\t have\n\t\t\t fallen, and which the well known state of society of our Indians ought before now to have corrected. in their hypotheses, of the origin of government, they suppose it to have commenced in the\n\t\t\t patriarchal, or monarchical form. our Indians are evidently in that state of nature which has past the association of a single family; & not yet submitted to the authority of positive laws,\n\t\t\t or of\n\t\t\t any acknoleged magistrate. every man, with them, is perfectly free to follow his own inclinations. but if, in doing this, he violates the rights of another, if the case be slight, he is punished\n\t\t\t the disesteem of his society, or, as we say, by public opinion; if serious, he is tomahawked as a dangerous enemy. their leaders conduct them by the influence of their character only; and they\n\t\t\t follow, or not, as they please, him of whose character for wisdom or war they have the highest opinion. hence the origin of the parties among them adhering to different leaders, and governed by\n\t\t\t their\n\t\t\t advice, not by their command.\u2003\u2003\u2003the Cherokees, the only tribe I know to be contemplating the establishment of regular laws, magistrates and government, propose a government of representatives\n\t\t\t elected\n\t\t\t from every town. but of all things they least think of subjecting themselves to the will of one man. this the only instance of actual fact, within our knolege, will be then a beginning by\n\t\t\t republican,\n\t\t\t and not by patriarchal or monarchical government, as speculative writers have generally conjectured.\n We have to join in mutual congratulations on the appointment of our friend Correa to be Minister or Envoy of Portugal here. this I hope will give him to us for life. nor will it at all interfere with his botanical rambles or journies. the government of Portugal is so peaceable and inoffensive that it has never any altercations with it\u2019s friends. if their minister abroad writes them once a quarter that all is well, they desire no more.\u2003\u2003\u2003I learn, tho\u2019\n\t\t\t not from Correa himself, that he thinks of paying us a visit as soon as he is through his course of lectures. not to lose this happiness again by my absence, I have informed him I shall set out for Poplar Forest about the 20th inst. and be back the first week of July. I wish you and he could concert your movements so as to meet here, and that you would make this your head quarters. it is a good central point from\n\t\t\t which to visit your connections; and you know our practice of placing our guests at their ease, by shewing them we are so ourselves, & that we follow our necessary vocations, instead of\n\t\t\t fatiguing\n\t\t\t them by hanging unremittingly on their shoulders. I salute you with affectionate esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0082", "content": "Title: Hugh Nelson to Thomas Jefferson, 7 June 1816\nFrom: Nelson, Hugh\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Belvoir June 7th\n During the late session of Congress, there was committed to my Care for you, the small package herwith Sent, and addressed to you\u2014by a Senator of the U.S\u2014On leaving the City this package was put up in my Trunk and brought by me F to Fredericksburg\u2014There changing my route to the lower Country instead of coming directly home, I entrusted the Trunk to an agent who was to forward it as soon as he coud conveniently\u2014The Trunk was not\n\t\t\t brought home until the last Evening\u2014I therefore hasten to forward it immediately to you\u2014I also send a small parcl parcel for Your daughter Mrs Randolph which was committed to my Care at Washington\u2014this being put up in my Trunk, did not get to hand until yesterday with my Baggage\u2014This will account for my Seeming inattention to these commissions\u2014Accept assurances of my high Consideration\n Hugh Nelson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0083", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 8 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n Monticello June 8. 16.\n In July last you were so kind as to remit for me to John Vaughan 550.D. this was for wines and books I ordered from Marseilles, Leghorn & Paris. these articles are just now beginning to arrive in different ports of the US. 2. boxes (one containing wine) which had arrived from Marseilles in Philadelphia were shipped by the Collector from thence the 2d instant, consigned to you. 4. other boxes have arrived at Alexandria from the same place, and are by this time shipped for Richmd. one more parcel is still expected from thence, one from Leghorn, & some packages of books from Paris. there will be duties & port charges on each, for remittances of which I shall be obliged to trouble you. for the parcel from Philadelphia there is due 16. D 80 C which I must pray you to have paid to John Steele Collector of that port, and at the same time 31.D. to Nicholas G. Dufief, bookseller at that place, who being about to go to France, I wish him to be paid before his departure. for the parcels still expected, I will, in like manner, as they shall be made known to me communicate to you with a request to have them paid. I\n\t\t\t should wish these parcels to be sent up by Johnson or Gilmer, & to be trusted to no other person.\u2003\u2003\u2003by Johnson, who will be down in a few days, I shall be obliged to you to send me a hogshead of Molasses. I shall go to Bedford within a fortnight & be absent three weeks. I salute you with affectionate esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0084", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Darmsdatt, 9 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Darmsdatt, Joseph\n Monticello June 9. 16.\n I understand you have on hand a good supply of excellent fish. I will therefore pray you to send me my annual supply which is of 6. barrels of herrings to Lynchburg to the care of mr Archibd Robertson, and 6. barrels of herrings, and one of shad to this place, which mr Johnston a boatman of Milton will call on you for within a few days. the immediate dispatch of those to Lynchburg is of importance that they may have them for their harvest. I ask nothing about price, confident you will charge me as you do others who like myself pay sooner or later as they can. with my best wishes for your health accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0085", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Nicolas G. Dufief, 9 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dufief, Nicolas Gouin\n Monticello June 9. 16.\n Your favor of May 27. is but just now come to hand, and I write this day to request messrs Gibson & Jefferson to remit you from Richmond 31.D. the amount of the books, in the hope you may recieve it before your departure for France should you definitively decide to go.\u2003\u2003\u2003Mckay\u2019s two volumes are recieved.\u2003\u2003\u2003Accept my best wishes for a pleasant and safe voyage & return, with the assurance of my great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0086", "content": "Title: Hugh Nelson to Thomas Jefferson, 9 June 1816\nFrom: Nelson, Hugh,Kingsbury, Cyrus\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n This will be presented to you by Mr Kingsberry who is about entering on the laudable pursut pursuit of imparting to our Indian Brethren, such portion of civilized improvement as he may find them calculated to receive, and circumstances may h enable him to bestow\u2014To you it is only necessary to communicate his object, to ensure your aid and advice\u2014Nothing can hereafter, in the page of the Historian, throw more light on a life devoted to the Good of your Country, than the undeviating and philanthropic zeal which has ever distinguished your course towards the\n\t\t\t untutored Man of the Wilderness\u2014\n With high Consideration I am yr hule st\n Hugh Nelson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0087", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Steele, 9 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Steele, John\n Monticello June 9. 16.\n Your favor of the 1st instant is just now recieved, and I have immediately requested messrs Gibson & Jefferson, my correspondents at Richmond, to remit you the sum of 16.80 D the amount of the duties & charges on the two cases you have been so kind as to forward for me to them; which sum you they will readily find the means of remitting from that place. Accept my thanks for your kindness and the assurance of my great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0088", "content": "Title: William Thornton to Thomas Jefferson, 9 June 1816\nFrom: Thornton, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n City of Washington 9th June 1816.\u2014\n I have received your very friendly Letter, & I really feel ashamed at putting you to the necessity of writing for the Paintings you were so kind as to lend me to copy;\u2014but still more so to offer any apology for not immediately sending them: however I must do it, for they are yet here. The Head by Stewart I really think one of the finest I ever saw, & having commenced it, I was in hopes of finishing it before the departure of the President & his Lady, & of sending it by them or Mr Todd, but my public Duties are so oppressive in consequence of the long sickness and inability of my Clerk to render me any aid that I have not finished it, and after keeping it so long I should\n\t\t\t feel like a sinner for leaving the work undone, and I mean to dedicate every spare moment to it till I make it worthy of the original if possible.\u2014I should be very sorry to delay the work of Mr Delaplaine: but in his return if he will favor me with his Company he can make a Copy of it here before it be sent back, and examine mine. I hope to be able to get it modelled hereafter, & it is therefore necessary to equal the original if possible. I shall afterwards seek for such an opportunity of sending them as will ensure their\n\t\t\t safety.\u2014\n We had not the pleasure of seeing your charming & accomplished Grand Daughter in her return.\u2014I know that she had made several Conquests before she left Washington, & if she keep a list of the dying & wounded I query whether she will not soon equal Genl Jackson\u2019s.\u2014She is very much admired, & very much beloved\u2014she could not be otherwise, being handsome, accomplished & very amiable.\u2014\n I am, dear Sir, with the highest respect, consideration, & esteem Yours very sincerely &c\n William Thornton\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0089", "content": "Title: Dabney C. Terrell to Thomas Jefferson, 12 June 1816\nFrom: Terrell, Dabney Carr\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n It would be ill repaying the interest you have taken in me were I not to inform you of my prospects, now that I have arrived at the place of my destination. I believe I wrote you from Baltimore that as there was no vessel in that port sailing for any port part in of France, I had taken my passage to Amsterdam. I remained in Holland and the Pays-Bas about three week. At the Hague I met with Mr Eustis, the American Embassidor, from whom I experienced every attention during the few days that I was there. I afterwards saw him and Mrs Eustis at Paris, where I left them. After leaving Brussels I proceeded directly to Paris, where I arrived the 1st of May. I immediately presented the letters which you had been so good as to give me to Mr. Warden and Dr Jackson. Both of these gentlemen were extremeyly attentive to me. Mr Warden took a fatherly care of me; he indicated and conducted me to whatever he considered most worthy of observation in this famous capital. I remained a month there. In all this time my\n\t\t\t advancement in speaking French was scarcely perceptible; but since I have been here it surpasses my most sanguine expectations. The day after my arrival I presented your letter to Mr Pictet He immediately arranged every thing for me; and with respect to the studies that I shall pursue he thinks I can enter a class which will take the degree of A.M. in two years. They have\n\t\t\t nothing more to do with the classics. The studies of the class will be confined chiefly to moral and natural philosophy and the mathematics. I know nothing of philosophy and in this respect I am\n\t\t\t an equality with the rest who have are just entering this department. I believe I am somewhat more advanced in mathematics than they are, and this may perhaps give me time to compleat my knowledge of the Latin and to learn the\n\t\t\t Greek; in which case I will graduate at the same time that the class does; and if I cannot do it the time will at all events have been well employed. It is withe the deepest regret that I have read some articles in the Moniteur which arrived here this evening. If all that I see there be true the cause of the Patriots both in Mexico and South America is totally lost. But I still hope that the report of a Spanish General which is found among other things, on the same subject has either been writen at Madrid or that it is much exaggerated by the General\n\t\t\t himself. If the war in Mexico is prolonged untill I leave Europe I shall repair there immediately on my arrival in America. I should like very much to spend 8 or 9 months in Spain and above all at Madrid if that would be practicable.\n Perhaps Mr Pictet will write by the same opportunity that I do. Pray, Sir, present my best respects to Mrs Randolph and the rest of the family, and believe me ever\n Sir, ever, your most grateful and obedient servant\n Dabney C. Terrell\n P.S. I have waited several days for Mr Pictet to write, but as he has not done it yet I dispatch this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0091", "content": "Title: \u201cHenry Tompkinson\u201d (Samuel Kercheval) to Thomas Jefferson, 13 June 1816\nFrom: Tompkinson\u201d, \u201cHenry,Kercheval, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n N. T. Stephensg 13th June 1816\n Altho I have not the honor of being personally known to you, and it is more than probable I never shall, You will have the goodness to pardon the liberty I have taken, of enclosing to you a pamphlet I have lately publishd; shewing the necesity, of calling a convention for the revision and amendment of our State constitution.\n This subject excites considerable interest in this section of the State, and I trust will draw the attention of our eminent of our men, in every quarter of the Commonwealth\u2014Will you pardon me Sir for requesting that you will favor me with your opinion of the merits and demerits of the work enclosed for your inssp inspection.\n I have the honor to be Sir Your Most Obt Svt\n H. Tompkinson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0092", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Hosea Humphrey, 15 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Humphrey, Hosea\n I recieved exactly a week ago your favor of Dec. 31. which may explain the tardy date of this acknolegement, and of my thanks for the copy of your Inquiries concerning the laws of nature, which accompanied it. on these you ask my observations, \u2018as well on their errors, as on what I may approve.\u2019 the range of these enquiries takes in the whole field of physics, and also of Medecine and it\u2019s kindred sciences. on the last I could offer nothing new to one of the faculty: and as to Physics I percieve that many of the fundamental principles, heretofore supposed established, are deemed erroneous, and others proposed as substitutes. I am an advocate for freedom of challenge of every fact and principle which any one may suspect to be founded in error. one man\u2019s opinion being as free as another\u2019s, neither is to controul or to be controuled by the other. on the contrary, the freer the enquiry, the more favorable to truth. but when a whole system is proposed to be reformed, the undertaking is for the young, not for the old. the latter have not time to resume their enquiries de novo, and to learn over again all the lessons they have learnt in their preceding life. having once fully enquired, and maturely made up their minds, they must leave to future investigators the advantages of correcting, or of still further advancing the boundaries of science. it has been said, as you know, that no physician in Europe, then 40. years of age, ever became a convert to Harvey\u2019s discovery of the circulation of the blood. but I, my good Sir, am 73. I have not then either time or energy enough to undertake the settlement of new questions, or the correction of old\n\t\t\t ones: and while I give you credit for the freedom & ingenuity of the ideas I find in your book, I am sure of your permission to leave them to younger & more vigorous minds for scrutiny at\n\t\t\t the\n\t\t\t bar of reason & fact. I hope you will be so good as to accept of this apology for my declining to say any thing, yea, or nay, on these profound subjects.\u2003\u2003\u2003On that of the Long talk which\n\t\t\t accompanied the other publication I am happy to percieve that what has been the creed of my youth, and is now matured by age, has the further sanction of your sentiments, for which, on this as\n\t\t\t well\n\t\t\t as the other subjects, I tender you the assurance of my high respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0093", "content": "Title: Jos\u00e9 Corr\u00eaa da Serra to Thomas Jefferson, 16 June 1816\nFrom: Corr\u00eaa da Serra, Jos\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia 16. June. 1816\n Your kind Letter of the 5 of this month reached me in due time, and i must entreat your forgiveness for not answering it sooner, neither my health, nor the hurry to finish the botanical course in which i was engaged without defrauding my hearers of any of the promised Lectures have given me a moment\u2019s rest. Under severe rhumatic pains, i have Lectured almost every day in the afternoon, and gone to the fields in a gig every morning to collect the necessary plants. I feel very sensible to your congratulations, as to every sign of kindness from you, as to the thing itself though i must value it, does not make a great impression on me. It is somewhat Like Persimmon fruit, comes Late, and has been ripened by hard frosts. One of the clear advantages i find in it, is that by keeping me in America, it ensures me a greater number of pilgrimages to Monticello. Three other pocket books of Capt. Lewis have been found among the papers of Dr Barton, and that was all that existed in the Drs hands, but all the remaining papers concerning that expedition i have found deposited with Mr Nicholas Biddle, who tells me he is ready to give them, on receiving an intimation to do so, from Genl Clarcke from whom he had them. You see that i have done every thing in my power to satisfy your wishes, and you may be sure that will be the case in every occasion to serve you.\n Lately, Litterary presents from Paris, after long delays, have at Last reached my hands, in them i have found the prescription of a new impenetrable cement, which i enclose in this Letter. Mr Blainville has published a Little memoir of ingenious conjectures to show that your Megalonyx is the Grisly Bear of the Missouri. what he says is very cleaver, but not sufficient to bring conviction, and he himself avows it. This memoir is printed in the journal de physique, and is not among the presents i received,\n\t\t\t otherwise i would have sent it to you. My best respects to Mrs and Mr Randolph, and souvenirs to all your family. I expect to be able to renovate them personally in a few weeks.\n I remain with the highest esteem and respect\n Most sincerely yours\n J. Corr\u00e8a de Serra", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0094-0001", "content": "Title: John Meer to Thomas Jefferson, 18 June 1816\nFrom: Meer, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia June 18th 1816\n I have taken the liberty to enclose you a coppy of my Bank Note, Which I believe to be superiour in many respects to any other hitherto used. It is engraved on a Steel plate (mostly with a Hair pencil) It will print ten times more coppies than any copper plate, and will come at the same price of copper plates in general made for Bank notes. This mode of work produces great strength and richnes of colouring, and a boldnes of expression not to be obtained by any other means, yet the most delicate tints may be produced; and it is susceptible of an infinite variety of pattern and design. This invention is most likely to secure Bank Notes and all kinds of Official and confidential papers from forgery.\n I shall be happy to supply any of the Governmental departments, and the Bank with plates.\n If yow you will favour me with your recommendation you will confer an a great obligation\n On Sir Your\u2019s Most Respectfully\n This specimen is not sent as a highly finished work of the artist, but to show the principle of the invention\n you will see by this first and hasty specimen, that it is capable of very great improvement in the execution, I wish to have an opportunity of exemplifying this assertion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0095", "content": "Title: Thomas Eston Randolph to Thomas Jefferson, 18 June 1816\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n As I am prevented from riding, by indisposition, I beg leave to enclose the agreement between yourself and T. M. and T. E. Randolph respecting the lease of Shadwell Mill\u2014and will thank you to state therein, that the Rent for the ensuing year is payable in flour\u2014This is only necessary in consequence of my having made arrangements with a very good Miller to\n\t\t\t give him an interest in the business instead of paying him wages\u2014and it is my wish that he understands perfectly the nature of my obligations to you respecting the Rent\u2014Permit me also to suggest\n\t\t\t you, that it has frequently happen\u2019d that we have not begun to grind \u2019till late in Septr and we rarely have water to carry produce to market before the month of December, under those circumstances it would be impossible for me to comply with that part of the agreement stipulating for the Flour to be deliver\u2019d or paid quarterly\u2014if therefore you will make 113\u2153 barrels of Flour payable at the end of 6 months, say the 1st Jany 1817\u2014the remaining 100 barrels shall be paid to suit your convenience and in any event I will promise to pay it in due time\u2014\n I am with great respect and afft regards Yrs\n Thos Eston Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0097", "content": "Title: Benjamin Waterhouse to Thomas Jefferson, 18 June 1816\nFrom: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Finding that Mesrs. Rowe & Hooper are about sending you a copy of \u201ca Journal of a young man of Massachusetts,\u201d who was captured by the British, and confined during the war, at Halifax, at Chatham, and at Dartmoor, I cannot refrain, because I think it is proper, giving you more information relative to its publication than what appears on the face of the book\u2014\n This smart young man put his manuscript Journal into my hands, when I questioned him on each and every part of it, and felt satisfied of its authenticity. At his request, and at the request of the printers, I undertook to prepare this narrative for the eye of the American and British public. The raw material is here worked up into one uniform warp, woof and coloring; making, I hope, no bad specimen of American manufacture. Or to change the figure, the young surgeon brought\n\t\t\t me all the stones and the bricks, while I designed, and built up the structure, finding the mortar or connecting material. Alexander Selkirk, who resided several years on a desert Island, put his manuscript into the hands of the famous Danl De Foe, who out of it made the renowned history of Robinson Crusoe:This book may in some measure resemble it, provided De Foe never suppressed, or added any important facts. I believe every representation in this little book to be true; but the painter, aiming to make an agreeable picture, has used a free and\n\t\t\t rapid brush, which, now and then betrays marks of an incorrect manner, without ever once violating the truth of the story.\n This production was the amusement of my lonesome evenings the past winter; and was sent to the press without ever reviewing a paragraph or line of it.\n Sentiments of respect, and ideas of propriety forbad me to allow the book to be presented to you, without this explanation; although the public have no idea of the painter.\n I remain, dear sir, with a high degree of respect, your obedient servant.\n Benjn Waterhouse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0098", "content": "Title: Stephen Cathalan to Thomas Jefferson, 19 June 1816\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen (Etienne)\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Marseilles the 19th June 1816\u2014\n What Preceeds is a Copy of my last Respects of the 4th Inst by the Ship Lothair of norfolk;\n I have now the honor of Informing you that on the 4th Inst I have Shipped on the Brig Ocean of New york Capn Nel S. Bond\u2014\n Two Cases of 12 Bottles Each Red wine of Paillerols,\n & 1 Basket Maccaroni\n & on the 14th Inst on the Brig General Marion of new york\n one Box Containing 30 Bottles Red Wine of L\u00e9denon.\n Both vessels Sailed the next morning after I had Shipped Said Wine & maccaroni, which prevented me of Informing you, by the Same of opportunities opportunity I have Consigned them to the Collector of the District of new-york, where Bound for, to be forwarded to you by him, as you will observe it by the Inclosed Bills of Lading;\n The quality of the wine of Paillerols is not yet Generaly known, but I Beg your Refference to the Printed Paper inserted in the Said cases,\n as to the wine of L\u00e9denon, it is from a Vilage at 3 miles distant of the famous, antic, Pont du Gard, about 11 Miles from nismes, going to the Pont du Snt Esprit Route du Bas Languedoc to Lyon, Paris &a you tasted of that V Sort of wine at dinner at my house in the year 181787\u2014which I called vin de ma Tante, as the Sister of my Father had the best vineyards, on that Cottage, & when alive, used to Send yearly Some for our own use; you found it Good & being more Liquoreux than the Claret, I had; you Preffered it to the vin de Bordeaux I had;\u2014She Died in the year 1794\u2014at 88. of age! by which Event, we lost with her our yearly Stock of this wine, her landed Property was Sold, & now one Mr Tourneyzon a Switz who has Purchased Some vineyards at L\u00e9denon, has established there un choix, & purchases the 1st qualities of the wines of L\u00e9denon; it is then from him, that I have procured that wine, mentioning that I wanted the Best & Genuine as it was for you; hoping he has (tho\u2019 wine\u2019s Sellers are not Generaly to be trusted, many being Called Monsieur Melange,) Served me faithfully & being encouraged, as well as the owner of the vineyards of Paillerols, that either if those wines, Proves Satisfactory to your Palate, they will be demanded by the Connoisseurs of the united States,\n I beg you to accept These Two Samples of wine, to be drinked with your family & Friends, if it turns out to your Taste.\n In Talking about wines with you, you remember, I dare Say, of the Famous choix of Mr henry Bergasse at Marseilles, where we dinned together in 87\u2014he Left this Place Soon after the 23d april 1789\u2014when the Populace of Marseilles, Rised a Riot on that Day, asking to the Mayor & aldermans of this City to Lower the Price of Bread at 2 Sols, Fresh Beef & mouton at 6 Sols Pr \u2114. & Wine at 4 Sols pr Pot; Pretending that Since Bergasse had emproved the quality of the wines of Provence, very near as good as Bordeaux claret, they had too much risen in Price, & they Threatned to distroy his choix; it was fortunately preserved, but he never Returned here, & died Some years ago at Lyons; other Wine\u2019s merchants purchased his Large Casks, & this Branch of Commerce to which this Country is endebted to him has Since much encreased;\u2014his Son who had under his tuition Continued in that Branch at Lyons, has Risen Such an Stablishment here, & has rented 18 months ago my own house for 6 years were where I Lodged in the year 1787\u2014the Same you visited with Whare houses adjacents to it for that Purpose; he will Soon have old Wine, that quality is well known in the united States, where it is Drunk as Claret, it Cost here only one Frank per Bottle, Box included, Three Years old.\u2014\n I will Ship the wine of Roussillon as Soon as it will Reach me, & Send you it\u2019s Invoice.\n The Basket Maccaroni ammounts to \u019235\u2013 to your Debit.\n I am allways at your Commands & with Great Respect Dear sir your most obedt & Devoted Servt\n Stephen Cathalan.\n Ths Jefferson Esqr to Stephen CathalanDebor for 1 Basket Maccarony by the Brig ocean Bound for New-York as pr Bill of Lading of the 4th June 1816Weighing \u2114 54 net at \u019255\u2013 pr quintalF29\u201370Canvas, Packing, Portering, Custom\u2019s Duty & Craftage on Board\u2002\u20035\u201330F35\u2013", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0099", "content": "Title: Nicolas G. Dufief to Thomas Jefferson, 19 June 1816\nFrom: Dufief, Nicolas Gouin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n A Philadelphie ce 19 Juin 1816\n J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s-sensible \u00e0 l\u2019attention que vous avez eu d\u2019\u00e9crire \u00e0 Richmond pour qu\u2019on me fit passer la petite somme de 31 dlls afin que je la re\u00e7usse avant mon d\u00e9part pour France. Je me flatte toujours d\u2019avoir le temps de vous demander vos ordres. Le 3\u00e8me et der volume du dictionnaire a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis \u00e0 la poste Samedi 15 du ct. Ainsi, J\u2019esp\u00e8re que vous avez tout l\u2019ouvrage \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent & que vous \u00eates content de la reli\u00fbre\n J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Monsieur, tr\u00e8s-respectueusement Votre tr\u00e8s-d\u00e9vou\u00e9 Serviteur\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Philadelphia 19 June 1816\n I was very touched by the care you took in writing to Richmond to have the small sum of 31 dollars forwarded to me so that I would receive it prior to my departure for France. I flatter myself that I always have time to call for your orders. The third and final volume of the dictionary was put in the mail on Saturday, the fifteenth of this month. Therefore, I\n\t\t\t hope\n\t\t\t you are now in possession of the entire work and that you are happy with the binding\n I have the honor to be Sir, very respectfully your very devoted servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0101", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William H. Crawford, 20 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n Monticello June 20. 16.\n I am about to sin against all discretion, and knowingly, by adding to the drudgery of your letter-reading, this acknolegement of the reciept of your favor of May 31. with the papers it covered. I cannot however deny my self the gratification of expressing the satisfaction I have recieved, not only from the general statement of affairs at Paris, in your\u2019s of Dec. 12. 14. (as a matter of history which I had not before recieved) but most especially and superlatively, from the perusal of your letter of the 8th of the same month to mr Fisk, on the subject of draw backs. this most heterogeneous principle was transplanted into ours from the British system, by a man whose mind was really powerful, but chained by native\n\t\t\t partialities to every thing English: who had formed exaggerated ideas of the superior perfection of the English constitution, the superior wisdom of their government; and sincerely believed it\n\t\t\t for\n\t\t\t the good of this country to make them their model in every thing: without considering that what might be wise and good for a nation essentially commercial, and entangled in complicated\n\t\t\t intercourse\n\t\t\t with numerous and powerful neighbors, might not be so for one essentially agricultural, & insulated by nature from the abusive governments of the old world. \u2003\u2003\u2003 the exercise by our own\n\t\t\t citizens of so much commerce as may suffice to exchange our superfluities, for our wants, may be advantageous for the whole. but it does not follow that, with a territory so boundless, it is the\n\t\t\t interest of the whole to become a mere city of London, to carry on the business of one half the world at the expence of eternal war with the other half. the agricultural capacities of our country constitute it\u2019s distinguishing feature: and the\n\t\t\t adapting our policy & pursuits to that, is more likely to make us a numerous and happy people than the mimicry of an Amsterdam, a Hamburg, or a city of London. every society has a right to fix the fundamental principles of it\u2019s association, & to say to all individuals that, if they contemplate pursuits beyond the limits of these principles,\n\t\t\t and involving dangers which the society chuses to avoid, they must go somewhere else for their exercise; that we want no citizens, & still less ephemeral & Pseudo-citizens on such terms.\n\t\t\t may exclude them from our territory, as we do persons infected with disease. such is the situation of our country. we have most abundant resources of happiness within ourselves, which we may\n\t\t\t enjoy in\n\t\t\t peace and safety, without permitting a few citizens, infected with the Mania of rambling & gambling, to bring danger on the great mass engaged in innocent and safe pursuits at home. in your\n\t\t\t letter to Fisk, you have fairly stated the alternatives between which we are to chuse; 1. licentious commerce, & gambling speculations for a few, with eternal war for the many: or 2. restricted\n\t\t\t commerce, peace, and steady occupations for all.\u2003\u2003\u2003if any state in the union will declare that it prefers separation with the 1st alternative, to a continuance in union without it, I have no hesitation in saying \u2018let us separate.\u2019 I would rather the states should withdraw, which are for unlimited commerce & war,\n\t\t\t and confederate with those alone which are for peace & agriculture. I know that every nation in Europe would join in sincere amity with the latter, & hold the former at arm\u2019s length by jealousies, prohibitions, restrictions, vexations & war. no earthly consideration could induce my\n\t\t\t consent to contract such a debt as England has by her wars for commerce, to reduce our citizens by taxes to such wretchedness as that, laboring 16. of the 24. hours, they are still unable to afford themselves bread, or barely to earn\n\t\t\t as much oatmeal or potatoes as will keep soul and body together. and all this to feed the avidity of a few millionary merchants, and to keep up 1000. ships of war for the protection of their\n\t\t\t commercial speculations. I returned from Europe after our government had got under way, and had adopted from the British code the law of draw-backs. I early saw it\u2019s effects in the jealousies and vexations of Britain; and that, retaining it; we must become, like her, an essentially warring nation, and meet, in the end, the catastrophe impending over her. no one can doubt that this alone produced the\n\t\t\t orders of council, the depredations which preceded, and the war which followed them. had we carried but our own produce, and brought back but our own produce wants, no nation would have troubled us. our commercial dashers then have already cost us so many thousand lives & so many millions of Dollars, more than their persons and all their commerce was worth. when war was declared, and especially after Massachusets, who had produced it, took side with the enemy waging it, I pressed on some confidential friends in Congress to avail us of the happy opportunity of repealing the draw-back: and I do rejoice to find that you are in that sentiment. you are young, & may be in the way of bringing it into effect.\n\t\t\t perhaps time, even yet, & change of tone (for there are symptoms of that in Massachusets) may not have obliterated altogether the sense of our late feelings & sufferings; may not have induced oblivion of the friends we have lost, the depredations & conflagrations we have\n\t\t\t suffered, and the debts we have incurred, & have to labor for through the lives of the present generation. the earlier the repeal is proposed, the more it will be befriended by all these\n\t\t\t recollections & considerations.\u2003\u2003\u2003[this is one of three great measures necessary to ensure us permanent prosperity. this preserves our peace. a 2d should enable us to meet any war, by adopting the report of the war department, for placing the force of the nation at effectual command; and a 3d should ensure resources of money by the suppression of all paper circulation during peace, and licensing that of the nation alone during war. the metallic medium of which we should be\n\t\t\t possessed at the commencement of a war would be a sufficent fund for all the loans we should need thro\u2019 it\u2019s continuance: and if the National bills issued, be bottomed (as is indispensable) on\n\t\t\t pledges of specific taxes for their redemption within certain & moderate epochs, and be of proper denominations for circulation, no interest on them would be necessary, or just, because they\n\t\t\t would answer to every one the purposes of the metallic money withdrawn & replaced by them.\n But possibly these may be the dreams of an old man, or that the occasions of realising them may have past away without return. a government regulating itself by what is wise and just for the many, uninfluenced by the local and selfish views of the few who direct their affairs, has not been seen perhaps on earth. or if it existed, for a moment, at the birth of ours, it would not be easy to fix the term of it\u2019s continuance. still, I believe, it does exist here in a greater degree than any where else; and for it\u2019s growth and continuance, as well as for your personal health and happiness, I offer sincere prayers with the homage of my respect and esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0102", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to George Logan, 20 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Logan, George\n Monticello June 20. 16.\n Your favor of the 5th is now recieved. I never doubted the purity of your intentions in the publications of which I complained; but the correctness only of committing to the public a private correspondence not intended for them. their eye. as to federal slanders, I never wished them to be answered, but by the tenor of my life, half a century of which has been on a theatre at which the public have been spectators, and competent judges of it\u2019s merit. their approbation has taught a lesson, useful to the world, that the man who fears no truths has nothing to fear from lies. I should have fancied myself half guilty had I condescended to put pen to paper in refutation of their falsehoods, or drawn to them respect by any notice from myself. but let all this be forgotten. knowing now my repugnance to take any part in public discussions, I shall be confident in future of being spared that pain, and avail myself freely of every occasion of renewing to mrs Logan and yourself the assurance of my sincere & friendly remembrance, respect and attachment.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0103-0001", "content": "Title: Robert Patterson to Thomas Jefferson, 20 June 1816\nFrom: Patterson, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia June 20, 16.\n You have no doubt been informed, at least thro the medium of News-papers, of Mr Peale\u2019s complete success in illuminating his Museum with gas-lights, & presuming that it would not be uninteresting to you, I shall do myself the pleasure of giving you a description of his apparatus & process for generating & distributing the\n It is well known that any substance containing hydrogen will, by decomposition, produce an inflammable gas. Pure hydrogen gas is, perhaps, the most inflammable; but the light it produces is of a pale bluish colour. When combined with other inflammable substances, particularly carbon, the light is greatly improved. This carburetted hydrogen gas may be obtained, by heat alone, from various substances: bituminous pit-coal yields it in great abundance; but contaminated with sulphuretted hydrogen, & other matters which give it a very offensive smell, from which it is difficult to purify it. Mr Peale, after various unsatisfactory attempts with other substances, now makes use of pitch; from which, by simple distillation, he extracts a gas that gives a brilliant white light, perfectly\n\t\t\t free from any smell.\n His apparatus consists of two cast iron matrasses, or Retorts, of a cylindrical form, each 36 inches long & 10 in diameter; placed horizontally, along-side of each other, in a close fire place of masonry; their ends, projecting a few inches beyond the masonry; being closed with plates of sheet copper, fastened on with screw & flanch. From one end of each issues a copper cyphon, thro which the gas is conveyed to a box of tin or copper, surrounded with water, where a small proportion of the gaseous product is condensed into an oily liquid of the colour & consistence of mollasses. In this oily substance, the pitch, after being melted, is dissolved, before it is introduced into the Retorts for distillation.\n The gas, thus purified, is conveyed thro another tube into the gas-holder, without passing thro any portion of the water in which it is immersed; and from the gas-holder it is distributed, by small tin tubes, to the several burners.\n But the enclosed sketch, drawn by Mr Peale, will, it is believed, give you a sufficiently clear idea of the whole process & apparatus\n Explanation\n two Retorts of cast iron, inclosed in masonry\n Necks or tubes opening into the Retorts, to convey the dissolved pitch into the Retorts, previously made Red hot\n Funnels, furnished with\n Stop-cocks, for the purpose of admitting, by little & little, the dissolved pitch into the Retorts.\n Tubes to convey the gas from the Retorts, into\n The condensing vessel, surrounded with\n A box filled with water, which seldom requires renewing.\n A tube, with its stop-cock, to convey the depurated gas from the condenser F to the gas-holder\n The gas-holder, made of sheet copper, in a cylindrical form, its open mouth plunging downwards, into the\n A cistern containing water, & lined with thin sheet lead.\n A distributing tube, conveying the gas to the burners.\n A curvated tube to carry off the oily liquid from the condenser into\n A square box lined with sheet lead; when full it runs over into\n A box in which the oil & melted pitch are mixed together; & thence by\n A hand-pump transferred to\n The Reservoir from which the funnels are occasionally supplied.\n The gas-holder may be made of any convenient form, whether square or cylindrical, at pleasure; and the cistern containing it may be a single vessel wholly filled with water, where the weight (as when sunk under ground) would be no inconvenience.\n To commence the process, before any oil is obtained, simple melted pitch may be used.\n The proportion of the oil obtained by condensation may be increased or diminished, according as more or less of the dissolved pitch is let into the Retort at a time\n A pot, in which the pitch is melted, is placed along-side of the Retorts, in the same masonry; and when the distillation of the gas is nearly finished, the fire is drawn from the Retorts, & placed under the pot.\n From the experience of some weeks, Mr Peale has furnished me with the following results.\n One barrel of pitch will produce 2000 cubic feet of gas, besides oil sufficient to dissolve an equal quantity of fresh pitch.\n After the Retorts are made red hot, they will generate 100 cubic feet of gas per hour.\n One cubic foot of gas, under a moderate pressure, will supply light for one hour, equal to that of 5 spermaceti candles of 4 to the pound.\n Every barrel of pitch will require 5 bushels of Stone coal, & 4 of wood coal to generate the gas.\n Mr Peale has two gas-holders, one containing about 100 cubic feet & the other about 300\n The Museum is illuminated by 250 burners, equal to 500 candles, about 3\u00bd hours every night \u261e The whole expense of gas being about \u215e of a dollar per night \u261c\n \u261e As the above information is given with the knowledge & approbation of Mr Peale, it is perfectly at your service, to make what use of it you shall think proper.\n Mr Peale gives credit to Dr Kugler for his present system of gas-lights; for which, I understand, he has obtained a patent.\n If any further improvements, relative to this subject, should come to my knowledge, I shall take great pleasure in communicating them.\n I have the honour to be, Sir, with the greatest Respect & esteem Your Most obedt Servt\n Rt Patterson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0104", "content": "Title: Thomas Eston Randolph to Thomas Jefferson, 20 June 1816\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I am much obliged to you for your kind attention in sending Mr Crowninshields letter\u2014Mann received his warrant by the last Mail\u2014and immediately wrote to the Secty of the Navy soliciting to be order\u2019d into active service\u2014of which there appears no prospect.\n From the date of his acceptance his pay (half pay) commences, and could he be order\u2019d on duty as a supernumery, he would be willing to serve without additional pay\u2014Will you have the goodness to inform me if there will be any impropriety in making an application to that effect he is anxious to gain experience in his profession and from my knowledge of the service, I am aware that he has no time to lose\u2014your advice will be received with many thanks\u2014\n With respect to the application which I made to you to give me additional time to pay the first quarters Rent of in Flour\u2014for the Mill, it was made in consequence of my fears that a sufficiency of Wheat would not be sent into the Mill to enable me to pay the customers their dues and leave a surplus equal to the discharge of the Rent\u2014which is payable the 1st of Octr\u2014the profits of 2000 bushels with very good grinding will leave a small deficiency\u2014all that I wanted to guard against, was, that I should not be obliged to buy Flour at an extravagant price to pay a Rent which the Mill cannot make at that early period\u2014I hope you will do me the justice to believe that I do not wish to derive any undue advantage or to make difficulties where none exist\u2014I lament that the\n\t\t\t payments of Rent have lately been made with much irrel irregularity, and have been fearful that you have suffer\u2019d some inconvenience therefrom\u2014but I confidently hope such will not be the case hereafter\u2014for which reason I have taken a Miller into partnership with me\u2014who is fully competent to his business, and disposed to do justice and be accomodating to the customers\u2014\n With this explanation suffer me to add, that I do not mean to be troublesome, but on the contrary that I wish to avoid it by a perfect understanding in the outset\u2014after which I trust every thing will go on smoothyly\u2014very Affectionately Yours\n Thos Eston Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0105", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to George Watterston, 20 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Watterston, George\n Monticello June 20. 16.\n I have formerly mentioned, either in some letter written to you, or in a note in the MS. catalogue, that I had cut the print of Americus Vespucius out of the book containing his life, & lent it to mr Delaplane to be copied. it is just now returned to me, very much sullied: but as it is the original, it should be pasted again into the work, for which purpose I now inclose it. you will readily find at the beginning of the book the remains of the leaf from which it was cut. Accept the assurance of my esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0106", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Eston Randolph, 21 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Eston\n Monticello June 21. 16.\n In answer to the enquiry of yesterday, I think the that the proposition for Mann to serve on his half pay until a vacancy may entitle him to whole pay, may be very properly made to the Secretary of the navy either by Mann or yourself, on the reasonable ground of unwillingness to let him be idle, and a preference that he should be learning what is to be the business of his life. still, as they must act by\n\t\t\t general rules, it may perhaps be declined. but there is no impropriety in the trial.\n On the subject of the flour for Oct. 1. I did not dream of your being obliged to purchase, because I knew I could deliver you my own crop in time, and shall be glad to do it as early as you will recieve on the condition of delivering equivalent flour, ground after the first frost, and delivered in November, or December as I should call for it. we shall probably get out our whole crop in August, & can deliver it as it is got out if you will recieve it. Affectionately Yours\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0107", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, 24 June 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, John Wayles\n Poplar Forest June 24. 16.\n I am this moment arrived here with Ellen & Cornelia, and find Francis who arrived last night. I will take care and attend him to the Academy & see to every thing necessary for him. we will keep him with us as long as we stay (a week or 10. days) and rub\n\t\t\t him up in his French. I learn with great concern the state of your health, but can prescribe nothing by but patience & the springs with good nursing & no Doctors. should you go to the springs, make this your resting place. mr Yancey will have you taken care of here. Francis tells me mr Baker would send his son as soon as s he c should know he could be recieved at the boarding house. no enquiry is necessary for this, as they have but 8. and could lodge twice as many. I will engage a reception for him immediately\u2014subject to mr Baker\u2019s determination whether he will send or not. Accept my prayers for your better health, and with my respects to mrs Eppes the assurance of my affectte attachment.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0108", "content": "Title: A. D. Saunders to Thomas Jefferson, 26 June 1816\nFrom: Saunders, A. D.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Tattnall County Georgia 26. June 1816\n After twenty five years Study and various experiments I have at lenghth discovered a new principle in Mechanics or rather have made A new application of the established principles which I feel confident will answer all the purposes of water or Steam, the power is produced by the gravity of A horizontal wheel So constructed as to continue to Seek its resting place but is never able to change its position, the quantum of power depends on the weight applied which may be added or diminished at pleasure and the machine regulated at pleasure, I have demonstrated the principle fully to S my Satisfaction, and Intend aplying for A patent if none has been granted, r the remoteness of my Situation puts it out of my power to inform myself whether there is any thing of the kind in use in this or any other Country, nor do I know what name to call it by\u2014I have taken the liberty to address you on the Subject knowing you to be the most Scientific Character our Country can boast of, and ever willing to aid and protect genius,\u2014the object of this letter is to obtain Such information as you may possess on the Subject,\u2014I am an operative Mechanic but have not the advantage theoretically to understand the principles, and terms used by authors, having no books that treat on the Subject of Mechanism\u2014\n Shall Esteem it A particular favour when leisure will admit to drop me A line, and please Say whether you think that your state Legislature would grant me an excluse right of navigating the its waters with boats propelled by those Machines for fourteen or twenty years, the united states patent law on patents is either too ambiguous, or not Explicit Enough to Secure rights, to Invention, as Slight variations are often decided on to be new Inventions by Jurors who are Seldom competent Judges. any\n\t\t\t Ideas as to the proper name, or other matter will be thankfully recivd by\u2003\u2003\u2003your ob H st\n A, D, Saunders", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0109", "content": "Title: Donald Fraser to Thomas Jefferson, 27 June 1816\nFrom: Fraser, Donald\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I beg leave to present for the honor of Your acceptance, a copy of my latest Publication. I am conscious, that it contains little, if any, Novelty to a person of Your extensive reading. . . . . It is presented as a Small tribute of respect for Your Superior talents, & well Known Patriotism.\u2014The fourth of July is near at hand, & the venerable Author of the Declaration of Independence, will not be forgotten at the approaching anniversary. . . . Nor, I trust, for centuries to come.\u2014\n Occasionally I Send Some pieces to the \u201cNational Advocate,\u201d an ably conducted paper, printed here, & other Republican papers.\u2014The following piece which appeared in that paper, was written in defence of my Benevolent friend, Governor Tompkins. It proved a Bar, to mr Coleman\u2019s malignant remarks attacks on that truly worthy & Patriotic Character; at least, he did not think proper to make any remarks thereon. . . \u2014 . . . . The piece previous to this, in which I introduced extracts from letters\n\t\t\t of two of my most respectable correspondants, The late Hon. Chancellor Livingston & Dr Rush, relative to party Spirit [I wrote a pamphlet on that Subject Some Years ago.] . . . . He, with his accustomed asperity wrote Some remarks upon that piece. . . If it would not be encroaching too much upon retirement, I Shall, at a future period, Send the piece & Coleman\u2019s remarks thereon. . . . . \n If You think proper, You\u2019ll oblige a patron of Your paper, by giving the following piece a place in Your paper, I have read a number of anecdotes; the following one, in my opinion is very applicable to the present State of parties in this country. It A certain wealthy English Barronet, who had an only Son, a mere Dolt; his father, Sent him to Several eminent Preceptors; none of whom could make a Schollar of him,\u2014Altho, the heir apparent to an ancient family, The father applied to the accomplished Earl of Chesterfield, to recommend him a proper Tutor for his Son: Chesterfield, pointed out to him Dr B\u2014 \u201cWhat exclaimed the Baronet, with Surprize, don\u2019t Your Lordship know, that B\u2014 is a whig, and a warm opposer of our Party; I can\u2019t think of trusting my son to his care, as he might poison his mind with his own whiggish principles\u201d\u2014Chesterfield replied, Dr B. . . Is a very honest & learned man; he will do justice to Your son; he has invariably adhered to his party, in the worst & best of times. .\n When I was in office, I endeavored to retain it by every method in my power: When out of office, I tried hard to get in again: Wrote & Spoke, true or false, againest my opposers.\n Now, me thinks, that the erudite Editor of the Evening-Post, has certainly adopted Chesterfield\u2019s maxims, in politics; as he has for fifteen Years past, uniformly calumniated a Jefferson, a Madison & now a Tompkins: whether, from political & Selfish motives, that\u2019s best known to himself. . . . . . I am conscious, that there are Some genuine Patriots in the Federal ranks; for instance, John Jay, &c. Whom, I Should be Sorry to See any Republican Editor abuse, as Wm Coleman, has done, the most respectable & incorruptible Patriots, on the Republican Side.\n A friend to the People,\u2003\n Being well informed of the Urbanity of Your Disposition I write with freedom, as I have been in the habit of doing to other eminent characters . . . Your good Sense will induce You to pardon the verbosity of an old man of Sixty eight Years . . . I have two Sons in the army of the U.S. one of whom (Donald) has Distinguished himself and won the approbation of his commanders: . . He received four or five wounds, in as many different actions\u2014 . . . He has been aide camp to Generals Pike, Boyd, Porter & now to Genl Brown: He is a very felial Son, having allowed me one Dollar a Day for three Years past, out of his knowng that I have lost by misplaced confidence, the fruits of nearly a whole life of industry:\u2014And not now able to follow my former profession; from Physical causes.\n I have the honor to be, Venerable Sir, with the highest respect & consideration, Your Obedient humble Servant\n Donald Fraser Senr\n P.S. I am no Poet, But can write Rhymes with facility\u2014 . . \u2014The following light effusions of an old Republican may afford You a few moments amusements after Deep Study.\u2014\n N York Septr 3d 1814.\u2003\u2003\u2003One of the Masonic Bretheren (about 700 attended to build \u201cFort Masonic\u201d)\u2014SpokeA member of Mount Moria lodge, Spoke the following lines extemporally\u2014\n 1stHail children of light, whom the charities SendTheir country, their wives, & fire-Sides to defend:May the flame Patriotic, which nothing can Smother,Burn bright in the breast, of each br true loving Brother:2dAs Masons, as men, we\u2019ll proudly oppose,The Secret or open attacks of our foes. . . .Like his Honor, our present Grand-Master & Mayor.3dFor me, whose dismissal must Shortly arrive,May I never America\u2019s freedom Survive:And, if that is maintain\u2019d by powder & Guns,May my memory live, in the fame of my Sons.\n Lines written Spoken Brooklyne-heights, when working with the Teachers of this City\u2014Septr 2d 1815.1.Well, when our Day\u2019s labor\u2019s done,Which will be at the Setting Sun;Molasses, Pork, & punkin pieI vow, we\u2019ll eat before we die:2dYou must not think us barren fools,Because we are pent up in Schools:And, Should the foe, but make a Breach,We Shall, to them Good manners teach:3dOur country Shall continue free,As long as we, teach, A. B. C. . . . . .And, if the foe, Should tread our Sod,They\u2019ll find how we can use the rod.\n There\u2019s, Pike, Porter, Scot, & Brown we know,\n Where-e\u2019er they met, they beat the foe:\n May Columbia, ever have Such men,\n To Show John-Bull, what Yankeys Ken!", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0110", "content": "Title: Enoch Reynolds to Thomas Jefferson, 27 June 1816\nFrom: Reynolds, Enoch\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Washington City 27th June 1816\n Permit me the honor to enclose you a Prospectus of a very Splendid work now in the hands of the artists,\n The publisher having appointed me his agent to procure subscriptions and deliver the plates, I avail myself of this early opportunity of Soliciting your patronage, Should you be inclined to grant\n\t\t\t my request, I Shall be obliged by your naming Some person in the District to whom the engraving Shall be delivered,\n With the greatest respect I have the honor to be Sir Your obedt Servant\n Enoch Reynolds", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "06-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0111", "content": "Title: Charles Clay to Thomas Jefferson, 29 June 1816\nFrom: Clay, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n C. Clay to Mr Th. Jefferson\n Cyrus brings you for your inspection the last Act of Assembly Respecting Appeals from interlocutary decrees of County & Corporation Courts\u2014I have no Idea of Justice from the County Court, & if I must Contend I would wish to take Such Steps & file Such exceptions as might Carry\n\t\t\t the business Speedily before the Courts above where it might be fully and fairly investigated, as it were de novo, or an original Case\u2014I say Speedily for the enormous waste they are Committing is enormous\u2014every good piece of Tob. land is put under lease, & one only of them had last year a considerable length of time twenty hands employed in getting\n\t\t\t timber for the Lynchburg Markett &c & others of them have not been idle in that way\u2014accept my friendly & Respectful Salutations", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0112", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Charles Clay, 1 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clay, Charles\n Dear Sir\n Poplar Forest June July. 1. 16.\n Having never had an entire view of the facts & proceedings in the partition of mr Davis\u2019s estate, & percieving it has become entangled by some irregularities, I can only give detached opinions on certain parts of them, & these too under the risk that they may be\n\t\t\t affected by circumstances of which I am not apprised.\n On the general subject of Hotchpot I may safely say that, as regards the real and personal property of a decedent, these two masses are to be considered and divided as separately and distinctly as if they had come from two different ancestors. no law has made either a fund for correcting the inequalities in the partition of the other.\n The law of Hotchpot as to lands arose under the Common law, at a time when personal estate was so generally inconsiderable, that the law noticed it no otherwise than as a fund to pay debts, abandoning the surplus, if any, to the administrator, for pious purposes. it was not till the statute of Distributions that the rights of relations to the personal property of a decedent were recognised and sanctioned by the legislature, the portions of each defined, and the principles of hotchpot introduced into the distribution of that species of property also. but st this statute respected personal estate only; taking into account no advancement from any other fund. our act of distribution is an exact copy of that statute, and confines itself by express words to personal property only.\n At the Common law there could be no occasion for hotchpot in the descent of lands to the eldest male in the line of inheritance\u2003\u2003\u2003it was only therefore when they descended to, or through, females that the law had provided that each parcener, on partition, should bring into hotchpot any lands she had recieved, by way of advancement, from the decedent in his lifetime: and it was confined strictly to advancement in lands.\u2003\u2003\u2003when we changed the course of descents, & made lands partible equally, among males as well as and females, we extended the law of hotchpot equally to partitions among both sexes. but the act expressly confines itself to advancement in lands only; taking no notice of personal estate; this having been provided for in another law act, and as a distinct subject.\u2003\u2003\u2003these two classes of property therefore being under the regimen of different laws, and going, in some cases, in different courses of succession, have, on partition, no relations with each other, and are subject to hotchpot, each within itself only, and separately from the other.\n The bond given to mr Clay by mr Davis in his lifetime, was an advancement of personal propertyonly, the law not enquiring from what source the decedent had raised that money, whether by the profits or sale of lands, or how otherwise; and it is to be brought into hotchpot on a distribution of\n\t\t\t the personal estate only, and according to the sum actually recieved. for had it never been recovered, it would have been no advancement at all, nor would have had any value to be brought into account:\n\t\t\t or had a part only been recovered, that part alone must have come into hotchpot, and, as so far only, an advancement.\u2003\u2003\u2003but I think the whole sum recieved must be taken into account, without any\n\t\t\t deduction for interest on the instalments not then due. for mr Davis only gave the debt as he held it; without obliging himself to make it ready money, or even to ensure it\u2019s recovery at all. in like manner no subsequent interest on the sums recieved is to be brought into hotchpot, the law requiring the principal only to be brought into account.\n The selection of Commissioners, and some of their proceedings, have been obviously exceptionable: and will doubtless be corrected on an appeal from the final decree: and altho\u2019 the act of the last session does not give an appeal from any interlocutory decree pronounced before it\u2019s passage, yet should new occasion offer, or be produced, for another interlocutory decree, an appeal from that may be taken under the new law, and the whole proceedings be removed to the superior court: and as that court is now to retain and finish the cause, they will, of course, as a basis for a correct decree, rectify all errors in the\n\t\t\t preceding stages.\n If any new matter of fact has come to light, which was not known, or could not be obtained, when depositions were taken in the cause, or when the bill was filed, it may be availed of, either by an amended bill, or by a bill of Review.\n I recollect no advantages which a proceeding by Supersedeas, rather than by Appeal, would have in this case. but, in matters of practice especially, I distrust my memory, and may say generally, and truly,\n \u2014obstat mihi tarda vetustas;\n Multaque me fugiunt primis spectata sub annis;\n Alia tamen memini.\u2014\n You must accept these ideas therefore, with all their doubts about them, not as rescripts of certain law, but as testimonies of my wishes, by any suggestions within my present reach, to aid in disentangling the perplexities of your case, and of my sincere friendship and esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0113", "content": "Title: Ira Ingram to Thomas Jefferson, 1 July 1816\nFrom: Ingram, Ira\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Venerable Sire,\n Charlottesville July 1st 1816.\u2014\n Pardon a young man for interrupting the late chief magistrate of our Republic, in the enjoyment of that sweet and solacing retirement, so long an object of his anxiety, and so recently realized.\u2014Imbibing, at an early age, his political principals from the writings of a Washington, a Jefferson, a Franklin and a Rush, it is natural that he should entertain a respect, approaching to veneration, for the merits and memories, the lives and labours, of those pillars of our liberties and worthies of the\n\t\t\t revolution. Neither of these great Men, has it ever been the lot of the obscure individual now addressing you, to behold.\u2014Visiting Virginia for the purpose of obtaining subscribers for an American edition of Nicholson\u2019s Encyclop\u00e6dia, he is instructed by the Company whose Agent he is, to visit Monticello, and solicit the patronage and Name, of its great Proprietor.\u2014It is for this end, as well as to gratify a laudable curiosity to see the seat and person of President Jefferson, that the subscriber has presumed to intrude upon the repose of our retired Statesman & Philosopher. The American Publishers being aware of the just influence of a name, deserving and\n\t\t\t receiving the high respect of their Countrymen, are doubly anxious to obtain its sanction to the undertaking now presented to the public for patronage. A prospectus is enclosed\u2014As it is presumed Mr Jefferson is well acquainted with the Work, it is thought needless to exhibit a sample.\u2014\n Please to overlook the errors of this note, as the writer has had the advantages, only, of a plain English education at a country Academy. His Father is a poor man, the Parent of Nine children, who have, and will be compelled, to educate themselves and labour for a living.\n That the remainder of your days may be sweetened by the society of your friends and relatives, the enjoyment of a rational and benign religion, and that the choicest of heaven\u2019s blessings may accompany your decline to the tomb and the mansions of eternal rest hereafter, is the sinsere and unfeigned prayer, of your\n obedient, and very humble servant\n Ira Ingram", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0114", "content": "Title: William D. Simms to Thomas Jefferson, 1 July 1816\nFrom: Simms, William Douglass\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Collectors Office Alexandria 1st July 1816\n In the absence of the Collector I have the honour to inform you, that I have this day laden on board, the Sloop Fair play, Charles Brown, master, & consigned to Messrs Gibson & Jefferson, Richmond four Cases of wine received from Mr Cathalan at Marseilles.\u2014The present is the only opportunity that has occurred to forward the wines, since the receipt of your letter, directing the disposition of them.\u2014every precaution I believe has been taken\n\t\t\t for their preservation\n At present there is no french Consul at this Port.\u2014the arrival of one is however daily expected, & I shall take the earliest opportunity to obtain his certificate to the landing of the wine, & will remit the acquit a caution, to Mr Cathalan, by the first vessel which sails from this or any of the adjoining ports to a port in France.\n I enclose the Bill for the freight\u2014the amount of Duties is $27.30\u00a2.\n Very respectfully I have the honor to be sir y obt sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0115-0001", "content": "Title: Joseph C. Cabell to Thomas Jefferson, 4 July 1816\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I saw General Cocke on his way to Norfolk, early in June, and had a conversation with him on the subject of Hedges: in the course of which he informed me that you were under the impression that Maine\u2019s method of preparing Haws, so as to make them vegetate quickly, had died with him. It affords me pleasure to furnish you with it, in an extract of a Letter written by Maine to Mr James Henderson of Williamsburg at the time that the latter purchased of him about 10,000 of his Thorns. I was making enquiries in the month of may, with the view of collecting information as to the practicability &\n\t\t\t expediency of introducing live fences into Virginia, when I accidentally got sight of Maine\u2019s letter to mr Henderson. It differs from all other methods I have yet heard of: and is more expeditious by one winter than that of mcmahon, who follows the English & Scotch methods; and is the quickest of all the processes that have come to my knowledge, unless it be that of immersing the Haws in fermenting bran, as\n\t\t\t recommended by Sir Isaac Newton. I have no where, read of a successful experiment on a large scale, of the latter method\u2014and have seen it merely suggested as recommended by Sir I. Newton. Maine\u2019s method is simple, quick, & well suited to common practice. I should be glad to know why Maine selected the Maple-leaf Thorn in preference to all others. It does not appear to me to be as vigorous in its growth, or as strong in its appearance, as the Laurel Leaf Thorn: nor do I know\n\t\t\t whether it is to be found in this part of the country. In crossing Willis\u2019s River on my way up the country, I found a Thorn in great abundance, which from the shape of the Leaf, appeared to be the maple Leaf Thorn. There may, however, be other varieties with a leaf of the\n\t\t\t same shape. you planted some years ago, a hedge around your House, of Maine\u2019s thorn. I should be gl happy, before I commence experiments in this line, to know your impressions as to the practicability of making Hedges of real use in this country, where Hogs, are suffered to run at large: and\n\t\t\t as to the relative advantages of the the Holly, the Cedar, and the thorn, for that purpose. I should also be much indebted to you for a reference to such authors as treat best on the subject. I have consulted Dobsons Encyclop\u00e6dia, Lord Kames, maine\u2019s Pamphlet, & the articles in the ordinary books on agriculture. I have been informed by a young gentleman who attended the Lectures of the Abbe Corea in Philadelphia, that the Abbe expressed the opinion that Hedges would not succeed in this country, because we have not the right kind of plant, and that the proper plant when imported, degenerates. The\n\t\t\t same person told me that the Hedges about Wilmington in Delaware, seemed to be declining. These are discouraging circumstances. Still I have a strong desire to go on. I had a Cedar Hedge of about two miles in length planted on the Rappahannock low grounds, some years ago. It grew handsomely and promised well. But during the war, it was neglected, & beatedn down by stock, in many places. A part of it, about 500 yards in length, is now entire & very beautiful. But whether it will be ultimately of a secure fence, I am unable to say. As an object of ornament, I think it remunerates for the care & trouble it has cost: and it is of real use, in breaking the force of the violent winds\n\t\t\t that often sweep those plains. I propose to renew it where it is defective, and to extend it to 4 miles in length. The Holly is scarcely to be found in the woods of the upper country. Still I\n\t\t\t suppose\n\t\t\t it would succeed with the aid of cultivation, and I am about trying it as an enclosure for a yard & Lots.\n I mentioned to you in a letter last winter, I had a thought of attempting a translation of Say\u2019s political economy. my health is now improving, but being still very much reduced by a severe disease of some month\u2019s continuance, I shall be unable to enter upon such an undertaking in\n\t\t\t the course of this summer or fall. I perceive from the newspapers that a Catechism of political economy by Say has been translated into English, and this being a later work, I presume his former work must also have been translated. I have sent to England for it; and shall ascertain whether I am correct by the month of Decr\u2014\n I am appointed one of the members of a Committee of three persons to enquire & report to the Court of this county such information as we may be able to procure, to enable them to carry into successful execution the act of the Last assembly, directing an accurate chart of each county in the state to be\n\t\t\t taken. Could you do me the favor to recommend a man that ought to be employed for on such an occasion? There is not one in this county. I have thought it would be well for several counties to unite join in the employment of the same man\u2014so as to unite economy, & uniformity in the execution of the maps. We are to make our report to the Court of this county on the 4th monday of August. If we cannot do better, I shall recommend it to the court, to adopt the map of this county, made, in the year 1809, by the late Captn Varnum, son of the Genl, in order to ascertain the most convenient point on the for the establishment of the public buildings.\n I am, dear Sir, with great respect & regard yrs\n Joseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0115-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Main to James Henderson, [1811]\nFrom: Main, Thomas\nTo: Henderson, James\n \u201cThe Hedge Thorn Plants are the best that ever left my Nursery of one year old, and the Pyracantha are equally excellent.\n You will, I am certain, scarce believe that such plants could be raised at once from the seed gathered from my Hedges last year\u20141810\u2014and now fit to plant in the Hedge row. As soon as the plants come to hand they are to be taken out of the boxes and submersed in cool water, for an hour or two. After which they may remain with their roots only in the water until they are planted in the hedge. But if they cannot be planted immediately or for four or five days they had better be laid in a trench and covered well with mould to keep them moist untill they be planted: four and an half inches apart is the best distance for the Hedge Thorn and from two to three feet asunder for the Pyracantha. In my opinion it will be best to plant the gooseberry cuttings in a long shallow box, and keep it in the House continually damp until they are rooted. I lost every one of my Gooseberry cuttings last year by the extraordinary dryness of the season. The Chinese Arbor Vitae is a beautiful evergreen & grows to a considerable height.\n The seed of the Hedge Thorn (Crataegus Cordata) may be gathered any time after they are fully ripe. Put them in a trough and pound or crush the Haws or berries until the stones are completely separated (taking care to proportion the strokes of the pestle so as not to break the stones) turning over the mass repeatedly until the whole of the berries are mashed. The stones are then to be washed from the pulp, and deposited in a box or other convenient vessel in the coolest situation (out of doors) that can be had. They are to be kept in a damp or humid condition through the winter (or frozen). At the commencement of vegetation in the Spring they must be inspected every 3 or 4 days, and when they begin to feel slimy on being handled it is an indication that they are about to open. The ground must then be prepared for their reception. And as soon as the little white point or rootlet of some of them appears protruded, then is the critical time to sow them as soon as the state of the soil & weather will permit. I commonly mix them plentifully with Plaister of Paris at the time of sowing\u2014an inch apart is the best distance. Cover them with half an Inch of fine mould as evenly as practicable. The stones may be cleared cleaned from the pulp any time in the winter before march.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0117", "content": "Title: Peter Derieux to Thomas Jefferson, 6 July 1816\nFrom: Derieux, Peter (Justin Pierre Plumard)\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Monsieur\n Richmond ce 6 Juillet 1816.\n Ayant et\u00e9 inform\u00e9 par L\u2019Enquirer du 26. Juin que Mr Mazzei etoit mort a Pisa le 19. mars der je prends la Libert\u00e9 de vous supplier de voulloir bien me marquer si vous av\u00e9s appris qu\u2019il eut fait un Testament et L\u2019etat de sa succession, me croyant authoris\u00e9 a y r\u00e9clamer mes droits,\n\t\t\t\ten cons\u00e9quence de mon mariage avec sa belle fille.\n Ce fut en consequence de ce mariage qu\u2019en L\u2019ann\u00e9e 1780. Mr Mazzei etant \u00e0 Paris, y Signa un acte en presence des conseillers du Roy Notaires au Chatelet; par le quel il institua ma femme, L\u2019h\u00e9ritiere universelle de tous les Biens qu\u2019il laisseroit au jour de son dec\u00e9s, en\n\t\t\t\tmeubles ou imm\u00e8ubles, en quelque lieux quils seroient Situ\u00e9s et sans aucune reserve, il ajouta cependant quil auroit la Libert\u00e9 d\u2019en disposer par Testament; mais je ne crois pas que cette\n\t\t\t\trestriction seroit valable en Loi, parcequil declara alors en presence du Comte de Jaucourt, quil n\u2019avoit mis cette clause que pour nous faire le bien traiter dans son vieux age, car Son intention positive etoit qu\u2019apr\u00e9s sa mort, La fortune qu\u2019il Laisseroit devint La notre.\u2003\u2003\u2003Je\n\t\t\t\tpuis donc esperer d\u2019apr\u00e9s ces principes de justice, que Si m\u00eame il avoit fait un Testament; il ny aura pu reprendre dune main ce quil nous avoit donn\u00e9 de Lautre, ny oubli\u00e9 combien il me fut\n\t\t\t\tprejudiciable de n\u2019avoir trouv\u00e9 dans ce quil nous avoit donn\u00e9 d\u2019effectif qu\u2019une terre mauvaise et inculte, dont cependant par Larticle 9. de notre contrat il d\u00e9clara consentir que le produit en\n\t\t\t\tdiscontinueroit d\u2019avoir Lieu a Son profit aussitot que nous viendrions en Virginie.\n Comme vous pouri\u00e9s penser, Monsieur que la raison qui L\u2019empecha de nous faire pendant sa vie tout le bien que nous en esperions, provenoit peut etre de ce que le mariage n\u2019avoit pas recu son approbation, et que j\u2019ai a coeur de pouvoir vous persuader que ce ne fut pas le cas, je prends la libert\u00e9 de vous envoyer une de Ses lettres au Cte de Jaucourt ou vous trouver\u00e9s Jespere que Son attention a lui annoncer quil en avoit fait part a l\u2019ami du Comte de Vergennes demontre ass\u00e9s quil Lui avoit et\u00e9 agreable.\n Je vous supplie Monsieur en consideration des droits que je me crois fond\u00e9 a reclamer et me propose de faire valloir dans la Succession de Mr Mazzei, de voulloir bien me rendre le Service de retenir dans vos mains ce que vous pouv\u00e9s y avoir encore a Lui appartenant Jusqu\u2019a ce que les affaires de sa Succession soient termin\u00e9s et que les\n\t\t\t\tLoix ayent prononc\u00e9 Sur La validit\u00e9 de mes pretentions; J\u2019espere qu\u2019alors mes esperances n\u2019auront pas eu le m\u00eame Sort que dans La fortune de Me Bellanger, et que je jouirai de La Satisfaction de pouvoir vous rembourser des avances que vous av\u00e9s eu la bont\u00e9 de me faire en different tems dont je conserve toujours le plus reconnaissant\n\t\t\t\tsouvenir; et qu\u2019enfin j\u2019obtiendrai peut \u00eatre avant de mourir la consolation que je demande a Dieu de pouvoir procurer un peu damelioration dans La Situation de mes enfants, qui depuis tant\n\t\t\t\tdanne\u00e9s\n\t\t\t\tLanguissent comme moi Sous le poids de L\u2019infortune.\n J\u2019ose esperer, Monsieur que vous voudres bien continuer de m\u2019honorer de vos Bont\u00e9s et protection et etre persuad\u00e9 des Sentiments du plus profond respect et reconnaissance avec les quels J\u2019ai L\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre\n Monsieur\n Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e9s obeist Serviteur\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Having been informed by the Enquirer of 26 June that Mr. Mazzei died in Pisa on 19 March last, I take the liberty of begging to know if you have learned whether he made a will and the situation of his estate, as I believe I am authorized to claim my\n\t\t\t rights under it, in consequence of my marriage to his stepdaughter.\n Mr. Mazzei was in Paris in 1780 because of this marriage, and he signed there a document in the presence of the king\u2019s councilors and notaries at the Chatelet. In it, he appointed my wife the sole heir of all\n\t\t\t the assets he left at the time of\n\t\t\t his death, both personal property and real estate, wherever they may be located, and with no reservation. While he added that he would be at liberty to dispose of his possessions through a will,\n\t\t\t not believe this restriction to be legally valid, because he declared at the time in the presence of the comte de Jaucourt that he had only added this clause to make us treat him well in his old age, as his positive intention was that his fortune should be ours after his death.\u2003\u2003\u2003Therefore, I hope, under the principles of justice, that even if he made a will, he could not have taken back with one hand what he had given with the other. Forgetting how\n\t\t\t harmful it was\n\t\t\t for me to find out that he had, in fact, given us only poor and barren land, for which he nevertheless declared, in the ninth article of our contract, that he would consent to relinquish his profits as\n\t\t\t soon\n\t\t\t as we came to Virginia.\n As you might think, Sir, that he did not do us all the good we had hoped for during his lifetime because he had not approved of the marriage, and that I am intent on persuading you to the contrary, I take the liberty of sending you one of his letters to the comte de Jaucourt. In it I hope you will find proof enough that the marriage pleased him in the fact that he chose to advise the comte that he had sent news of it to the friend of the comte de Vergennes.\n In consideration of the rights in Mr. Mazzei\u2019s estate to which I believe myself entitled and that I intend to claim, I beg you, Sir, kindly to retain in your hands what you may still have that belongs to\n\t\t\t him until the business of the succession is settled and the law has pronounced on the validity of my claim. I hope then that my expectations will not suffer as they did with\n\t\t\t regard to\n\t\t\t the fortune of Madame Bellanger and that I will be happily enabled to reimburse you for the advances you were so kind as to make me at various times and for which I remain extremely\n\t\t\t grateful. I will finally, perhaps, obtain before I die the consolation I ask God to grant me of being able to improve the situation of my children, who for so many years\n\t\t\t have\n\t\t\t languished, as I have, under the weight of misfortune.\n I dare hope, Sir, that you will be willing to continue honoring me with your kindness and protection, and I ask you please to accept my most profound respects and the gratitude with which I have the honor to be\n Your very humble and very obedient servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0119", "content": "Title: William Plumer to Thomas Jefferson, 9 July 1816\nFrom: Plumer, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n On my return from an active and interesting session of our legislature, permit me to present you with a copy of my speech to the legislature them at the commencement of their session. I offer this as a tribute of respect to your exalted talents & public services, and as an exposition of my own principles & views of government.\n I have the honor to be with much respect and esteem Dear Sir, your most obedient humble servant\n William Plumer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0120", "content": "Title: Francis W. Gilmer to Thomas Jefferson, 10 July 1816\nFrom: Gilmer, Francis Walker\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Winchester, 10th July 1816\n I have delayed until now the acknowledgement of your favour of June 7th inclosing the \u2018trait\u00e9 du droit naturel\u2019 par Mr. Quesnay, from Mr. DuPont; under the expectation that you would not return from Bedford \u2019till about this time. I can but feel myself flattered by your very polite invitation to meet our \u2018admirable friend the Abb\u00e9,\u2019 as Mr. DuPont, calls him, at Monticello; and from the last intelligence which I had of him, I hope to accompany him to Albemarle from Winchester.\n I have read Quesnay\u2019s treatise & the comments contained in your letter with equal pleasure. I thought myself happy in finding two such advocates of an opinion which I had often defended in conversation. I\n\t\t\t have generally found those who contend for the hypothesis that man surrenders part of his natural rights on entering into civil society, argue entirely from the matter of fact as it is found to\n\t\t\t exist\n\t\t\t in the two states, without considering that it may, & indeed often must happen, in a natural society, that individuals exercise powers which cannot be derived from natural right: such as\n\t\t\t killing\n\t\t\t their fellow creatures merely from resentment. &c. And that we should always inquire in a civil Society, when a power is exercised in violation of our natural rights, whether such power be\n\t\t\t really\n\t\t\t conferred on the body politic on entering into the social compact, or whether it be not just as much an usurpation as the killing is in the other case.\n It seems to have been generally admitted that men have even their natural rights better secured in civil societies than in natural ones; that their natural rights are enjoyed with a greater extent, for what Cicero says, \u2018Legum denique idcirco omnes servi sumus, ut liberi esse possumus,\u2019 has never been contradicted; and I could never yet be convinced, that man on entering into social relations gave up any portion of his natural rights, in order as is commonly said, to secure the rest. They who affirm that he has relinquished this portion, say, that in a natural society, individuals may lawfully exercise the right of killing of a trespasser with their own hands. But in a civil society death or some other adequate punishment is equally inflicted, and all that can be said is, that the remedy is changed, which does not affect the right. But say they, the privilege of applying the remedy with ones own hands is a part of the right. Denying as I do, the correctness of this position, it cannot be overlooked, that in every civil society conformable to the nature of things, a law is, but the expression of the general will, and that general will being conformable to the rules of justice, is the will of each particular individual who thinks justly; whatever then is done by a just law, is as much in conformity to the will of a just man, as if he himself had dictated the law: and every punishment inflicted on the perpetrator of a crime by such law, is as much his act as\n\t\t\t if he himself had inflicted it. And if he does not think as a just man, he could have no more right to gratify such a will in a natural, than in a civil society; since there is no state in which\n\t\t\t one h can have a right, to do wrong. and all that the right of inflicting punishment with our own hands can be worth, is the pleasure of gratifying the will, which is better gratified in civil than in\n\t\t\t natural societies, because the injured party has the co-operation of the whole community in executing his will.\n The advocates of this doctrine next object, that men on entering into societies submit themselves to pains & punishments for crimes against the body politic as such, which did not exist in the natural state, & that therefore they give up a portion of their natural rights. Now to relinquish a right implies, that we enjoyed it before it was relinquished; but as there was no civil society in the natural state, & men could consequently commit no offence against such society, it is hard for me to conceive, what right we relinquish in subjecting ourselves to punishment for offences which we had neither right, nor power to commit in the natural state. But to consider the subject more according to its own nature than to these objections, which tho\u2019 made are out of nature; is it not manifest, that men in a natural state have a right to govern their actions as they please, provided that they violate none of the rights of others? And all the laws which are made to enable a society to maintain itself, are only to prevent such society from being subjected to the controul of particular individuals instead of that of the general will. Thus the laws against Treason, are to prevent the exercise of powers not conceded by the people: and as men cannot govern themselves without such laws; to enact them to secure the right of self government, is doing only in another way, what was previously done in the natural state, where men vindicated their right of exemption from the controul of others by force, instead of convention. But as men in a natural state had no right to controul the actions of others, they surely relinquish no right none in being punished for usurping such a right.\n I can therefore find no right at all belonging to men in a natural state which is relinquished on entering into a civil one; & if men are less free in the latter than the former, it is either because the government is an usurpation; or because a licentiousness exists in the natural state which has not the sanction of reason, or of justice, & is therefore not a natural right, but a natural wrong.\n Your remarks on the opinion of Hobbes, that justice is a merely conventional thing, appear to me very satisfactory. I regret with you that Mr. Tracy should have adopted such an hypothesis. This doctrine of the Philosopher of Malmesbury has always appeared to my mind, with many others of his, to spring entirely from a very bad opinion of mankind, & from a love of paradox. If Justice be conventional, I should be glad to\n\t\t\t know what governs that agreement on right & wrong; for if it dependeds entirely on an arbitrary & capricious will, its rules could not be so constant as they are admitted to be. \u2018Justitia est constans & perpetua,\u2019 are almost the first words I believe in the Civil Law. Are not right & wrong in reality, whatever we may think of them, relations in themselves absolute & independent of all convention? If so, for men to agree that certain things are just & others unjust, when their agreement cannot alter the nature of these things, is agreeing to nothing more than that men on entering into social relations may if they please tolerate injustice; a power which no body ever denied them physically, or can ever concede to them morally.\n If Hobbes contend that the sense of justice is the effect of convention, he appears to me equally in an error. For what is this justice whether it be conventional or not, but a fitness between a moral action & the moral good which\n\t\t\t is its end? Now what is good or bad for man depends upon his wants, & his wants depend upon his organization both physical & moral; & what can best gratify these wants depends on the nature of things & not upon the will. Therefore justice not being controuled by the will, but depending upon the order of nature, if the sense of justice be different from this order it is a false sense, & alters not the nature of the thing itself; and if on the other hand, the sense be conformable to this order, it cannot be merely conventional because controuled by such order: and what Hooker says, is evident \u2018choice there is not, unless the thing we take be so in our power, that we might have refused & left it.\u2019 But in this case, justice being necessarily conformable to the nature of things, & the nature of things independent of us, it cannot be said that justice is dependent on our wills.\n we have moreover great authorities with us against Hobbes & Mr. Tracy. Aristotle has said that man is \u03b6\u1ff6\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bbi\u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd., and so indeed we have every where found him. Can it be supposed that a being from his very necessities subject to civil & social relations, is without a moral sense to govern him in such relations? Would not the society be broken up for the want of the only element which holds it together, before men became enlightened enough to discover it by the light of reason? There are other \u2018politic animals\u2019 beside man, which must be endowed with instincts to enable them to sustain the part which as individuals they bear to the whole; for otherwise having no reason to guide them in establishing\n\t\t\t conventional standards of moral propriety, their society would perish from defect of a convention to settle their reciprocal obligations: and what Hobbes has said of man out of society\u2014would apply to them just as strongly in it. \u2018negari non potest quin status hominum naturalis antequam in societatem coiretur bellum fuerit.\u2019 If then even insects are created with such instincts, is it any thing unreasonable to suppose that man whose relations to his fellow beings are so much more complicated, should be endowed with a similar & an higher sense, to govern him in the twilight of his reason, & contribute to perfect it? The doctrine of Justinian that nature has taught all animals their natural rights, is much more agreable to my feelings & opinions: and what is justice but the observance of those rights? \u2018jus naturale est quod natura omnia animalia docuit, nam jus istud non humani generis proprium est, sed omnium animalium.\u2019\n But I am troubling you with very crude opinions on a subject which you have already studied. I will in my first leizure hours translate the treatise of Quesnay. For a few weeks I shall be at the Bedford Springs to recruit my languid health: & may perhaps in that time interval find time, if I can retirement enough, to pay Mr. DuPont that small piece of attention in return for his kindness in sending me many books & letters.\n with sentiments of admiration and esteem yours sincerely &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0121", "content": "Title: John Taylor to Thomas Jefferson, 10 July 1816\nFrom: Taylor, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Caroline Port Royal July 10. 1816\n A bad state of health, the diagnostick of which evidently is, that I must \u2019ere long shake hands with time, has compelled me to postpone an acknowledgment of the pleasure I reaped from yours of May last, to an interval of temporary convalescence. And give me leave to Say, that no Small portion of this pleasure, was derived from the absence of any indication of old age or instability of hand, in your letter.\n Having been unable to read the Enquiry since it was printed, much ill health having intervened, and it having been written long ago, I cannot Say what I should think of it upon a revision now. As an acknowledgment for some pecuniary success in Society, I imposed upon myself many years past, the three tasks of attempting to do something towards advancing agriculture, education and political knowledge; and the Enquiry was written to discharge the last; though a duty I was the least qualified to discharge. The chief object as well as I recollect, is to prove that civil liberty is unlikely to be lasting, except by placing government under the coercion of good moral principles, and by counteracting the Subversion of Such principles as are established by political or constitutional law, with the lever of civil law. For I think that \u201cthe controul of the people over the organs of their government\u201d cannot be Safely deposited in election alone, any more than in tumultuous meetings of a whole nation; and that the controul of good moral principles, enunciated by conventions, is a powerful ally to that of election. In ordinary or civil legislation, majorities are sometimes so far from being in fact a genuine national organ, as to be the meer creatures of an individual a junto or a faction, and Seduced as engines of minorities into acts, Seldom or never perpetrated by conventions. As a System of political law for the restraint of governments, is dictated by more virtue and judgment, than civil or ordinary legislation, which is oftener warped from the publick good by the temporary interests of individuals or factions; it ought to be regarded with more veneration, and to constitute both a barrier against immoral civil legislation, and a beacon to alarm nations against those gradual Subversions of their fundamental political laws, which occur under every form of government. Against these, the widest range of election, Seems to be an insufficient security, even within the experience of the United States; for priestcraft and papercraft have Succeeded better under it, than under election Systems more contracted. A corrupt influence over election may easily by fraudulent laws, be extended\n\t\t\t Sufficiently to countervail the right however unlimited, and rotten laws may operate here as rotten boroughs do in England. It may be deceived and Seduced by banking fanaticism self interest fashion ambition and faction. A genuine influence over election may be destroyed by artifice and fraudulent civil laws,\n\t\t\t and I discern no better remedy against the Evil, than a constitutional code of political law, compounded of good moral principles. By some modes of corrupting election, the honest influence of the\n\t\t\t landed interest in even in this state, Seems to be already destroyed or greatly impaired; and the circumstance brings to my mind the policy of taxing agriculture to advance manufacturing, about which I fear we\n\t\t\t differ in opinion. In my view, it endows paper capital, with a strong auxiliary to her already too competent power, for corrupting election; nor do I think it consistent with our constitutional or\n\t\t\t political law, with good moral principles, or with republican institutions, that government Should thus contaminate election, favour particular districts, and distribute wealth or poverty to\n\t\t\t individuals, in place of leaving to each his own fig tree, or without a figure, the enjoyment of his own earnings. We also differ in our ideas of the county courts of this state. I think them the\n\t\t\t most fortunate institution for dividing patronage, that was ever hit upon. Acting without pay, and seldom advanced to a higher station, the members are as little exposed to bad views as men can be;\n\t\t\t and as they make all their appointments from a personal knowledge, Such appointments can hardly be worse, than those made by wiser people without this knowledge. It is true that they are something like a cluster of states, but I do not See why the federal principle may not apply as forcibly, and as Successfully to Such a cluster, as to that of the United States themselves.\n The Enquiry I believe has sold but slowly, and the best ground: next to to what you are pleased to say of it, I have for Supposing it may possess some Small Share of merit, is, that Mr: Adams has favoured me with a long criticism upon it. This when finished I promised with his permission to publish, but he Some time ago stopt writing to me, Suggesting another avocation, which I heard\n\t\t\t was a correspondence with you. Thus the good which the Enquiry might have done, in bestowing on the publick his more valuable political labours, is I fear likely to be lost.\n As Soon I received your letter, I forwarded a bag of the Sweedish turnip Seed to Doctor Bankhead\u2019s for you, but I afterwards understood that your grand-daughter had previously departed for Monticello. If it Should not come to hand, or if there Should be too little of it, I will with great pleasure Send you more. With the highest respect and Esteem, I am\u2003\u2003\u2003Your mo: obt Sert\n John Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0122", "content": "Title: George Ticknor to Thomas Jefferson, 10 July 1816\nFrom: Ticknor, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The vessel, which carries this to my father, carries him also for you the following books\u2014\n Homerus Heyne\n Virgilius Heyne\n \u00c6schylus Schultz\n Juvenalis Ruperti\n Tacitus Oberlini\n This sum, with the charges my father will pay on it in Boston, you can, as may be most convenient\u2014to you repay to him there or to me\u2014in Paris, or in any other way you may designate.\u2014I send them unbound, because binding here is expensive & poor\u2014and you will observe that I have used the Virgil a little, as I send you my own copy, rather than lose a good opportunity by waiting for the one I ordered for you s above two months since but which has not yet arrived.\n Loesner\u2019s Hesiod is not to be had here, but I shall probably be able to pick it up somewhere\u2014\n Coray\u2019s editions are so dear here that I think you would prefer to have me purchase them in Paris, which I shall do unless you direct otherwise\n I hesitate about purchasing the German Herodotus, till I know, whether Mr. Warden has purchased\u2002the Oxford one.\u2014\n These are all the books mentioned in your\u2019s of Feb. 8. which I received April 19.\u2014\n When you have looked through these, I think you will like the German editions, & if you should think proper to order any more of them in the course of the winter, I can without inconvenience,\u2002send them by with my own books, which I shall in ye spring forward from here through Hamburg.\u2014At any rate, I must in the spring of 1817 be in Paris & in the winter of 1818\u201319 in Florence, Rome, & Naples\u2014and whatever commissions you or Col. Randolph may have that I can execute in France or Italy, I shall do with great pleasure & ease,\u2014as I shall be continually purchasing & sending out books for myself.\u2014\n I remain, with great respect, Yrs. etc.\n Geo: Ticknor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0123", "content": "Title: John Travers to Thomas Jefferson, 11 July 1816\nFrom: Travers, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Inclosed I have the honor to hand you a letter of introduction from my particular friend mr Miligan of George Town, and I regret extremely that circumstances should have arisen when I was in Richmond to prevent my delivering it, as it would I assure you have been a source of infinite satisfaction to me to have made the personal acquaintance of one so much the friend of his Country and whom I\n\t\t\t esteem above all his countrymen.\n My object in sending this letter at this late period is merely to assure you that should an opportunity occur wherein I could be useful in this place, I pray you to do me the honor to command me when it will be gratifying to me to execute any commissions you may be pleased to entrust to my care\n I have the honor to be \n sir Your most obedient humble Servt\n John Travers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0124", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Trist to Thomas Jefferson, 11 July 1816\nFrom: Trist, Elizabeth House\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My Valued Friend\n Bird wood 11th July\u201416\n If I had obey\u2019d the impulse of my heart I shou\u2019d long ere now have express\u2019d my thanks for your favor of the 28th of April but the fear of being troublesome to my friends often deters me from writing, altho the last Winter and Spring almost incapasatated me from making the attempt my Spirits flag\u2019d and I retain\u2019d only the remembrance of what had occasion\u2019d me unhappiness, and constantly in a state of Somnolency induced me to believe I shou\u2019d become inanimate but thank God I am better, tho I daily feel the effects of age I need not assure you how much it revived me to have proof of your being in existance and in good health and on Peacheys Return from Albemarle he confirmd the glad tidings to us, that he never saw you in better health or in as good spirits God grant that the blessing may be long continued to you The news paper of last weeks announces the Death of our friend Hawkins I was not surprised for his life has been prolong\u2019d beyond my expectation, but the loss of a friend can not but excite emotions, I believe he has done a great deal of good in melioration of\n\t\t\t the Savage life\u2014tho I believe he made many enemies among the white Settlers in establishing the Rights of the Indians but time will do justice to his memory and acknowledge his Philanthrophy\u2014I was surprised to see Charles Thompsons name in the paper for I was under the impression of his being defunct some years, have you ever seen his translation of the Bible? I want an Edition of that Holy Book printed with a large\n\t\t\t letter pray recommend to me what edition you think the best I think your predictions will Soon be verified with regard to France and England if the News papers are to be depended upon. a Storm is gathering which will revolutinonize england and emancipate france from her present oppressors\u2014I agree with you that it wou\u2019d have been better for the happiness of mankind If Bonaparte had been a Prisoner in St Helna Helena instead off of destroying the human race by his ambitious projects, I used to consider him in a very advantagious point of view till he made that campaign in Russia never was any thing more horror horrid then the description given by Labaume of the sufferings misery and Death of 400 thousand Souls that composed the french Army besides the destruction they caused in Russia, and the misery they have entail\u2019d on that people So much for large standing armies, for it appears that the state of the french Army made it necessary to undertake somthing to appease the discontent which prevaild in the Army consiquence of their inactive state, Pillage and promotion seem\u2019d to be the general motive that led to that campaign and perhaps it is well for mankind that they met so severe a check God grant that we may never keep up a large Army in time of Peace we have much to be thankful for that our destinay has removed us from the Neighbourhood of such Sanguinary people, Mr Gilmer and my Neice joins me in wishing you long life and health and every other blessing that can render the evening of your days pleasant and happy and believe me your Sincere friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0126", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 12 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n Monticello July 12. 16.\n I have jIn my letter of June 8. I mentioned the arrival from Marseilles of some wines for me at Philadelphia and Alexandria on which there would be some duties, freight & port charges to pay, which I must ask the favor of you to remit for me. the 2 boxes from Philadelphia I presume have come to hand; and I have just recieved a letter from Colo Simms the Collector of Alexandria informing me he put the 4. boxes recd there on board the sloop Fairplay, Charles Brown master, on the 1st inst. consigned to you, that he had paid the freight from Marseilles 13.40 D and that the duties were 27.30 D making together 40.70 D which I must ask the favor of you to remit him with as little delay as convenient, as the advance of the freight was a favor on his part, requiring immediate replacement. I wish the boxes\n\t\t\t may have got to hand in time for Johnson who is now down.\n I returned from Bedford two days ago. while there I drew on you in favor of Joel Yancey for 32.25 D I inclose you a renewal of my Note in bank which will be out in the course of this month. I salute you with friendship & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0127", "content": "Title: John F. Oliveira Fernandes to Thomas Jefferson, 12 July 1816\nFrom: Oliveira Fernandes, John Francisco\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My Last respects to you, from Newyork in April Last, were in answer to your much esteemed favour, of the 24 January Last\u2014\n Although I have not had as yet, Mr Richardsons acct in full of all the charges on, the Tenerife-wine; I know now; that the Cost freight; duties & &\u2014will bring the price for the Quarter Cask, you had\u2014to $63.81\u2014; for which, I will draw, within 2 or 3 weeks on Messrs Gibson & Jefferson of Richmond; to whom you will have the goodness to inform of it, before Same.\u2014\n These Gentlemen will forward to you, a Small bundle, containing a book, which in all probability, will amuse you, a little; in your Solitude.\n To avoide, however, your just Censure, for having taken this liberty; I will offer to you my apology\u2014\u2003\u2003\u2003A french book Seller, newly Stablished in Newyork; having received a new provision of books, while I was there; it So happened, that I visited his Shop, in the moment, he was opening Some of the boxes\u2014\n Among them, was\u2014this \u201eL\u2019Angletterre vue A Londres; et dans Ses Provinces\u2014par Le Marechal de Camp\u2014Pillet\u2014\u201e\n Curiosity; as well as my inveterated Aversion to that Cabinet, induced me to purchase, a Copy, which I perused with avidity & horror!\n I was immediatly persuaded that the English at Paris, would not like it at all\u2014and of Course Some Police-measure would be adopted to forbid its perusal; (which I knew, in Philada, it had already taken place in Paris)\u2014I purchased in the very next day the only 5 remaining Copies, out of 6. imported.\u2014Sent 4\u2014to Some of my Friends at the Court of Rio de Janeiro; Kept one for You, & other for me\u2014\n My books and other objects having arrived on the 8th instant from Newyork\u2014it was only yesterday that I had the opportunity, to have it delivered to a Safe hand to Carry it to Messrs G & J\u2014\n Consequently the Circumstance of the book being extremely Scarce, was my reason for taking the liberty of Sending it to you\u2014\n I remain\u2014very respectfully Dr Sir Your mo: obt Servt\n John F. Oliveira Fernandes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0128-0002", "content": "Title: Proposals to Revise the Virginia Constitution: I. Thomas Jefferson to \u201cHenry Tompkinson\u201d (Samuel Kercheval), 12 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Tompkinson\u201d, \u201cHenry,Kercheval, Samuel\n I duly recieved your favor of June 13. with a copy of the letters on the calling a Convention, on which you are pleased to ask my opinion. I have not been in the habit of mysterious reserve on any subject, nor of buttoning up my opinions within my own doublet. on the contrary, while in public service especially, I have thought the public entitled to frankness, and intimately to know whom they employed. but I am now retired: I resign myself, as a passenger, with confidence to those at the present helm, and ask but for rest, peace and good will. the question you propose, on equal representation, has become a party one, in which I wish to take no public share. yet, if it be asked for your own satisfaction only, and not to be quoted before the public, I have no motive to withold it, & the less from you, as it coincides with your own. at the birth of our republic, I committed that opinion to the world, in the draught of a Constitution annexed to the Notes on Virginia, in which a provision was inserted for a representation permanently equal. the infancy of the subject at that moment, and our inexperience of self-government occasioned gross departures, in that draught, from genuine republican canons.\u2002in truth, the abuses of monarchy had so much filled all the space of political contemplation that we imagined every thing republican which was not monarchy. we had not yet penetrated to the mother-principle that \u2018governments are republican only in proportion as they embody the will of their people, and execute it.\u2019 hence, our first constitutions had really no leading principle in them. but experience & reflection have but more & more confirmed me in the particular importance of the equal representation then proposed. on that point then I am entirely in sentiment with your letters; and only lament that a Copy-right of your pamphlet prevents their appearance in the newspapers, where alone they would be generally read, and produce general effect. the present vacancy too of other matter would give them place in every paper, and bring the question home to every man\u2019s conscience.\n But, inequality of representation, in both houses of our legislature is not the only republican heresy in this first essay of our revolutionary patriots at forming a constitution. for let it be agreed that a government is republican in proportion as every member composing it has his equal voice in the direction of it\u2019s concerns, (not indeed in person, which would be impracticable beyond the limits of a city, or small township, but) by representatives chosen by himself, & responsible to him at short periods, and let us bring to the test of this Canon every branch of our constitution.\n In the legislature, the House of Representatives is chosen by less than half the people, and not at all in proportion to those who do chuse. the Senate an are still more disproportionate, and for long terms of irresponsibility.\u2014In the Executive, the Governor is entirely independant of the choice of the people, & of their controul; his Council equally so, and at best but a fifth wheel to a waggon.\u2014In the Judiciary, the judges of the highest courts are dependant on none but themselves. in England, where judges were named, & removable at the will of an hereditary Executive, from which branch most misrule was feared, and has flowed, it was a great point gained, by fixing them for life, to make them independant of that Executive. but in a government founded on the public will this principle operates in a contrary an opposite direction, & against that will. there too they were still removable on a concurrence of the Executive and legislative branches. but we have made them independant of the nation itself. they are irremovable but by their own body for any depravities of conduct, and even by their own body for the imbecilities of dotage.\u2014the justices of the inferior courts are self-chosen, are for life, and perpetuate their own body in succession forever, so that a faction once possessing itself of the bench of a county can never be broken up, but hold their county in chains, forever indissoluble. yet these justices are the real Executive, as well as judiciary in all our minor and most ordinary concerns. they tax us at will; fill the office of sheriff, the most important of all the executive officers of the county, name nearly all our military leaders, which leaders, once named, are removable but by themselves.\u2014The Juries, our judges of all fact, and of law when they chuse it, are not selected by the people, nor amenable to them. they are chosen by an officer named by the Court and Executive. chosen, did I say? picked up by the Sheriff from the loungings of the court yard, after every thing respectable has retired from it.\u2014where then is our republicanism to be found? not in our constitution certainly, but merely in the spirit of our people. that would oblige even a despot to govern us republicanly. owing to this spirit, and to nothing in the form of our constitution, all things have gone well. but this fact, so triumphantly misquoted by the enemies of reformation, is not the fruit of our constitution, but has prevailed in spite of it. our functionaries have done well, because generally honest men. if any were not so, they feared to shew it.\n But it will be said it is easier to find faults than to amend them. I do not think their amendment so difficult as is pretended. only lay down true principles, and adhere to them inflexibly. do not be frightened into their surrender by the alarms of the timid, or the croakings of wealth against the ascendancy of the people. if experience be called for, appeal to that of our 15. or 20. governments for 40. years, and shew me where the people have done half the mischief in these 40. years, that a single despot would have done in a single year; or shew half the riots and rebellions, the crimes & the punishments which have taken place in any single nation, under kingly government, during the same period. the true principle foundation of republicanism government is the equal right of every citizen in his person, & property, & in their management. try by this, as a tally, every provision of our constitution, and see if it hangs directly on the will of the people. reduce your legislature to a convenient number for full, but orderly discussion. let every man who fights or pays exercise his just and equal right in their election. submit them to approbation or rejection at short intervals.\u2014let the Executive be chosen in the same way, & for the same term, by those whose agent he is to be; and leave no screen of a council, behind which to skulk from responsibility.\u2014it has been thought that the people are not competent electors of judges learned in the law. but I do not know that this is true, and, if doubtful, we should follow principle. in this, as in many other elections, they would be guided by reputation, which would not err as oftener perhaps than the present mode of appointment. in one state of the Union at least it has been long tried and with the most satisfactory success. the judges of Connecticut have been chosen by the people every 6 months for nearly two centuries, and I believe there has hardly ever been an instance of change; so powerful is the curb of incessant responsibility. if prejudice however, derived from a monarchical institution, is still to prevail against the vital elective principle of our own, and if the existing example among ourselves of periodical election of judges by the people be still mistrusted, let us at least not adopt the evil & reject the good of the English precedent; let us retain amovability on the concurrence of the Executive and legislative branches, and nomination by the Executive alone. nomination to office is an executive function. to give it to the legislature, as we do, is a violation of the principle of the separation of powers. it swerves the members from correctness by temptations to intrigue for office themselves, & to a corrupt barter of votes; and destroys responsibility by dividing it among a multitude. by leaving nomination in it\u2019s proper place among executive functions the principle of the distribution of power is preserved, and responsibility weighs with it\u2019s heaviest force on a single head.\u2003\u2003\u2003The organisation of our county administrations may be thought more difficult. but follow principle, & the knot unties itself. divide the counties into Wards of such size as that every citizen can attend when called on, and act in person. ascribe to them the government of their wards in all things relating to themselves alone exclusively. a justice chosen by themselves, in each, a constable a military company, a patrole, a school, the care of their own poor, their own portion of the public roads, the choice of one or more jurors to serve in some court, & the delivery, within their own wards, of their own votes for all elective officers of higher sphere will relieve the county administration of nearly all it\u2019s business, will have it better done, and by making every citizen an acting member of the government, & in the offices nearest & most interesting to him, will attach him by his strongest feelings to the independance of his country, and it\u2019s republican constitution.\u2003\u2003\u2003The justices thus chosen by every ward, would constitute the county court, would do it\u2019s judiciary business, direct roads and bridges, levy county and poor-rates, and administer all the matters of common interest to the whole county. these Wards, called townships, in New England, are the vital principle of their governments, and have proved themselves the wisest invention ever devised by the wit of man for the perfect exercise of self-government, and for it\u2019s preservation.\u2003\u2003\u2003We should thus marshal our government into 1. the General federal republic, for all concerns foreign & federal; 2. that of the State for what relates to our own citizens exclusively. 3. the County republics for the duties & concerns of the county, and 4. the Ward-republics, for the small, and yet numerous & interesting concerns of the neighborhood: and in government, as well as in every other business of life, it is by division and subdivision of duties alone, that all matters, great & small, can be managed to perfection. and the whole is cemented by giving to every citizen personally a part in the administration of the public affairs.\n The sum of these amendments is 1. general suffrage. 2. equal representation in the legislature. 3. an Executive chosen by the people. 4. judges elective or amovable. 5. justices jurors, and sheriffs elective. 6. Ward-divisions. & 7. periodical amendment of the Constitution.\n I have thrown out these, as loose heads of amendment, for consideration & correction: and their object is to secure self-government by the republicanism of our constitution, as well as by the spirit of the people; and it is to nourish and perpetuate that spirit. I am not among those who fear the people. they and not the rich, are our dependance for continued freedom. and, to preserve their independance, we must not let our rulers load us with perpetual debt. we must make our election between economy & liberty, or profusion and servitude. if we run into such debts as that we must be taxed in our meat and in our drink, in our necessaries & our comforts, in our labors & our amusements, for our callings and our creeds, as the people of England are, our people, like them, must come to labor 16. hours in the 24. give the earnings of 15. of these to the government for their debts and daily expences; and the 16th being insufficient to afford us bread, we must live, as they now do, on oatmeal & potatoes; have no time to think, no means of calling the mismanagers to account; but be glad to obtain subsistence by hiring ourselves to rivet their chains on the necks of our fellow sufferers. our land holders too, like theirs, retaining indeed the title and stewardship of estates called theirs, but held really in trust for the treasury, must wander, like theirs, in foreign countries, and be contented with penury, obscurity, exile, and the glory of the nation. this example reads to us the salutary lesson that private fortunes are destroyed by public, as well as by private extravagance. and this is the tendency of all human governments. a departure from principle in one instance becomes a precedent for a 2d that 2d for a 3d and so on, till the bulk of the bulk of the society is reduced to be mere automatons of misery, to have no sensibilities left but for sinning and suffering. then begins indeed the bellum omnium in omnia, which some philosophers observing to be so general in this world, have mistaken it for the natural, instead of the abusive, state of man. and the forehorse of this frightful team is Public debt. taxation follows that, and in it\u2019s train wretchedness and oppression.\n Some men look at Constitutions with sanctimonious reverence, & deem them, like the ark of the covenant, too sacred to be touched. they ascribe to the men of the preceding age a wisdom more than human, and suppose what they did to be beyond amendment. I knew that age well: I belonged to it, and labored with it. it deserved well of it\u2019s country. it was very like the present, but without the experience of the present: and 40. years of experience in government is worth a century of book-reading: and this they would say themselves, were they to rise from the dead. I am certainly not an advocate for frequent & untried changes in laws and constitutions. I think moderate imperfections had better be borne with; because when once known, we accomodate ourselves to them, and find practical means of correcting their ill effects. but I know also that laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. as that becomes more developed, more enlightened, as new discoveries are made, new truths disclosed, and manners and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also, and keep pace with the times. we might as well require a man to wear still the coat which fitted him when a boy, as civilised society to remain ever under the regimen of their barbarous ancestors. it is this preposterous idea which has lately deluged Europe in blood. their monarchs, instead of wisely yielding to the gradual changes of circumstances, of favoring progressive accomodation to progressive improvement, have clung to old abuses, intrenched themselves behind steady habits, and obliged their subjects to seek, thro\u2019 blood & violence, rash & ruinous innovations, which, had they been referred to the peaceful deliberations, & collected wisdom of the nation, would have been put into acceptable and salutary forms. let us follow no such examples, nor weakly believe that one generation is not as capable as another of taking care of itself, and of ordering it\u2019s own affairs. let us, as our sister-states have done, avail ourselves of our reason and experience to correct the crude essays of our first and unexperienced, altho\u2019 wise, virtuous, & well meaning councils. And lastly, let us provide in our constitution for it\u2019s revision at stated periods. what these periods should be Nature herself indicates. by the European tables of mortality, of the Adults living at any one moment of time, a majority will be dead in about 19. years. at the end of that period then a new majority is come into place; or in other words a new generation. each generation is as independant of the one preceding, as that was of all which had gone before. it has then, like them, a right to chuse for itself the form of government it believes most promotive of it\u2019s own happiness: consequently to accomodate to the circumstances in which it finds itself that recieved from it\u2019s predecessors; and it is for the peace and good of mankind that a solemn opportunity of doing this every 19. or 20. years should be provided by the constitution; so that it may be handed on, with periodical repairs, from generation to generation to the end of time, if any thing human can so long endure.\u2003\u2003\u2003it is now 40. years since the constitution of Virginia was formed. the same tables inform us that, within that period, two thirds of the Adults then living are now dead. have then the remaining third, even if they had the wish, the right to hold in obedience to their will, and to laws heretofore made by them, the other two thirds who, with themselves compose the present mass of Adults? if they have not, who has? the dead? but the dead have no rights. they are nothing; and nothing cannot own something. where there is no substance, there can be no accident. this corporeal globe, and every thing upon it, belongs to it\u2019s present corporeal inhabitants, during their generation. they alone have a right to direct what is the concern of themselves alone, and to declare the law of that direction: and this declaration can only be made by their majority. that majority then has a right to depute representatives to a Convention, and to make the Constitution what they think will be best for themselves.\u2003\u2003\u2003but how collect their voice? this is the real difficulty. if invited by private authority to County or district meetings, these divisions are so large that few will attend, and their voice will be imperfectly, or falsely pronounced. here then would be one of the advantages of the Ward-divisions I have proposed. the Mayor of every Ward, on a question like the present, would call his ward together, take the simple Yea or Nay of it\u2019s members, convey these to the County court, who would hand on those of all it\u2019s wards to the proper general authority, and the voice of the whole people would be thus fairly, fully, & peaceably expressed, discussed & decided by the common reason of the society. if this avenue be shut to the call of sufferance it will make itself heard thro\u2019 that of force, and we shall go on, as other nations are doing, in the endless circle of oppression, rebellion, reformation; & oppression, rebellion, reformation again, and so on forever.\n These, Sir, are my opinions of the governments we see among men, & of the principles by which alone we may prevent our own from falling into the same dreadful track. I have given them at greater length than your letter called for. but I cannot say things by halves; and I confide them to your honor, so to use them as to preserve me from the gridiron of the public papers. if you should approve & enforce them, as you have done that of equal representation, they may do some good. if not, keep them to yourself as the effusions of withered age and useless time. I shall, with not the less truth, assure you of my great respect and consideration.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0128-0003", "content": "Title: Proposals to Revise the Virginia Constitution, 12 July 1816. II: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Notes on Revising the Virginia Constitution, [ca. 1816?]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n Convention by the people\n general suffrage for Delegates\n freeholders for Senate\n equal representn.\n seat of govmt every 10th year.\n 100. members. Senators older both houses older\n pay to be fixed\n biennial elections\n Govr elected by people.\n no council\n appt all officers except of legislrs,\n judges reappntble 6 years with approbn Senate\n opns seriatim entd of record.\n division into wards", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0129", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Charles Simms, 12 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Simms, Charles\n M Monticello July 12. 16.\n I have just now recieved from mr William D. Simms of your office his letter of the 1st inst. informing me he had shipped my wines for Richmond, that you had been so kind as to pay the freight from Marseilles 13.40 D and that the duties were 27.30 D\u2003\u2003\u2003I have therefore by this day\u2019s mail requested messrs Gibson & Jefferson of Richmond to remit you without delay 40.70 D which I hope you will immediately recieve; and with my thanks for your kindness & attention in this business I pray you to accept the assurance of my great respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0131-0001", "content": "Title: David Bailie Warden to Thomas Jefferson, 12 July 1816\nFrom: Warden, David Bailie\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n our minister, mr. Gallatin, has arrived at Paris, and handed me your letter of the 17th of may. Finding that the Peacock does not return directly to the United States, I have requested a friend of mine, mr Carere of Baltimore, to have your Books sent from Havre for that port, on board of a vessel in which he proposes to embark. I inclose a copy of the invoice of the Books, amounting to nineteen hundred francs; and will send you the receipt as soon as the Booksellers have received a note of the expences of carriage &c. I hope that you will be pleased with the selection. The Debure, who are the sons of the well-known Debure, have the reputation of being honest in their business. They promise to procure the work in question; and any others which you may wish to possess. Since the late change of politicks in france, classical works have increased in price, while those on Science, and politicks have greatly diminished.\n I pray you to accept my thanks for your friendly interference in my behalf; and to present my respects to mr. & mrs. Randolph and family. I find that I must now Seek other means of existence.\u2014It would appear that Europe is far from being tranquil. The will of Sovereigns is not that of the enlightened class of people: and it is doubtful whether the former, with all their military apparatus, will succeed even for a time, in reestablishing an order of things to which the latter are strongly opposed. England was never in a more critical situation than at this moment.\n I am, dear Sir, with great respect your most obedt Sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "05-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0131-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Invoice of Books for Thomas Jefferson Purchased from de Bure Fr\u00e8res, 30 May 1816\nFrom: de Bure Fr\u00e8res\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n facture des Livres remis en une caisse Corde\u00e9 et emballe\u00e9 en toile grasse et Maigre; Marque\u00e9. Libri. I. M. J T. J. adresse\u00e9 a Mrs Hottinguer et cie, negociants au Havre.\n flavii josephi opera, gr. et lat. lipsi\u00e6, 1782, 6 vol. in 8o, dem. vel.\n thucydidis opera, gr. et lat. Biponti, 1788, 6 vol. in 8o, v. j.\n arriani expeditio alexandri et historia indica, gr. et lat. 1757, in 8o, velin\n diogenes Laertius, gr. et lat. excud. H. Stephanus, 1570, in 8o, v. f.\n diodorus siculus, gr. et lat. Biponti, 1793, 11 vol. in 8o, v. j.\n titus Livius, cum notis clerici, 1710, 10 vol. in 12, v. b.\n c\u00e6saris commentarii, in usum delphini, Londini, 1788, in 8o, v. porph.\n taciti opera, cum not. variorum, amst. 1672, 2 vol. in 8o, velin\n xiphilini epitome rerum romanarum, gr. Luteti\u00e6, 1551, in 4to, dem. vel.\n Herodiani histori\u00e6, gr. et lat. oxoni\u00e6, 1678, in 8o, velin\n eutropii Breviarium. histori\u00e6 roman\u00e6, Lugd. bat. 1762, in 8o, v. f.\n zozimi histori\u00e6, gr. et lat. oxonii, 1679, in 8o, v. b.\n geoponica, gr. et lat. ed. Niclas, lipsi\u00e6, 1781, 4 tom. en 2 vol. in 8o, v. m.\n histoire des animaux d\u2019aristote, en grec et en fran\u00e7. par Camus, 2 vol. in 4to, v. j.\n \u00e6schinis socratici dialogi tres, gr. et lat. amst. 1711, in 8o, v. j.\n Senec\u00e6 philosophi et Senec\u00e6 rhetoris opera, argentorati, 1809, 6 vol. in 8o, v. j.\n \u0153uvres de seneque, trad. par la grange, paris, 1795, 6 vol. in 8o, v. rac.\n vetus testamentum gr\u00e6cum, Londini, 1653, petit in 8o, v. b.\n historia et concordia evangelica, paris. 1660, in 12, v. b.\n etat des etoiles fixes, de ptoleme\u00e9, trad. par Montignot, Strasbourg, 1787, in 4to vel.\n dionysii orbis descriptio, gr. et lat. Londini, 1688, in 8o, v. b.\n Homeri opera, gr. et lat., ed. j. a. Ernesti, lipsi\u00e6, 1759, 9 5 vol. in 8o, vel.\n apollonii rhodii argonautica, gr. et lat. ed. shaw, oxonii, 1779, in 8o, v. j.\n poet\u00e6 minores gr\u00e6ci, gr. et lat. ed. wintertone, Lond. 1712, in 8o, v. b.\n juvenalis et persii satyr\u00e6, cum not. var. Lugd. bat. 1671, in 8o, velin\n Sophocles, gr. et lat. cum notis t. johnson, Eton\u0153, 1788, 2 vol. in 8o, v. j.\n oratores gr\u00e6ci, gr. ed. reiske, lipsi\u00e6, 1770, 12 vol. in 8o, v. j.\n Hederici lexicon gr\u00e6cum, ed. ernesti, lipsi\u00e6, 1796, in 8o, cart.\n le jardin des racines grecques, paris, 1694, in 12, vel.\n dictionnaire histor. de Ladvocat, avec le supplement, paris, 1777, 4 vol. in 8o, v. m.\n tablettes chronologiques de Lenglet dufresnoy, paris, 1778, 2 vol. in 8o, vel.\n Me Micali, l\u2019italia avanti il dominio dei romani, firenze, 1810, 4 tomes vel. en 2 vol. in 8o, v. ec. et atlas in fol. dem. vel.\n Sismondi, republiques Italiennes du moyen age, paris, 1809, 11 vol. in 8o, v. ec.\n davila, guerre civili di francia, Londra, 1801, 6 vol. in 8o, v. j.\n Memoires de Sully, Londres, 1767, 8 vol. in 12, v. m.\n tableau histor. de l\u2019europe, par de segur, paris, 1810, 3 vol. in 8o, v. porph.\n Botta, guerra d\u2019america, 4 vol. in 8o, veau porphire, la reliure seulement\n trait\u00e9 de la culture de la vigne, paris, 1801, 2 vol. in 8o, v. porph.\n Lavoisier, trait\u00e9 element. de chimie, paris, 1789, 2 vol. in 8o, v. porph.\n cabanis, degr\u00e8 de certitude de la medecine, paris, 1803, in 8o, v. rac.\n ______ coup d\u2019oeil sur les revolutions de la medecine, paris, 1804, in 8o, v. rac.\n Synopsis plantarum, aut. persoon, paris. 1805, 2 vol. in 12, v. porph.\n trait\u00e9 elementaire d\u2019histoire naturelle, par dumeril, paris, 1807, 2 vol. in 8o, v. porph.\n Condorcet, progr\u00e8s de l\u2019esprit humain, paris, 1798, in 8o, v. m.\n cabanis, rapport du physique et du moral de l\u2019homme, 1815, 2 vol. in 8o, v. porph.\n Calvini lexicon juridicum, coloni\u0153, 1734, in fol. v. b.\n histoire des mathematiques, par Montucla, paris, an VII, 4 vol. in 4to, v. rac.\n Bezout, cours de Mathematiques, publ. par peyrard, 5 vol. in 8o, v. rac.\n tables of Logarithms, by Callet, 1808, in 8o, v. j.\n astronomie physique, par Biot, 1810, 3 vol. in 8o v. ec.\n astronomie, par Lalande, paris, 1792, 3 vol. in 4to, rel.\n l\u2019astronomie, poeme, par gudin, 1810, in 8o, v. porph.\n Bibliotheque d\u2019architecture, par jombert, paris, 1766, 4 vol. in 8o, v. m.\n grammatica castellana, en madrid, 1781, in 12, dem. vel.\n dictionnaire espagnol, par Cormon, Lyon, 1803, 2 vol. in 8o, v. rac.\n ______ de la langue fran\u00e7aise, par Boiste, paris, 1811, in 8o, oblong, v. rac.\n abreg\u00e9 de l\u2019histoire de france du pres. Henault, paris, 1775, 5 vol. in 8o, v. rac.\n histoire de france depuis la revolution, par toulongeon, paris, 1801, 7 vol. in 8o, v. j.\n fabri thesaurus eruditionis scholastic\u00e6, lipsi\u00e6, 1726, in fol. velin\n frais de caisse, d\u2019emballage, du douane, etc.\n \u2003articles oubli\u00e9s\n Botta, guerra d\u2019america, 4 vol. in 8o, broch\u00e9s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0132", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph C. Cabell, 13 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\n I thank you for Maine\u2019s recipe for preparing the haw, inclosed in your favor of the 4th. I really thought it lost with him, and that the publication of it would be a public benefit. I do not know that his hedgethorn is to be found wild but in the neighborhood of Washington. he chose it, I think, for it\u2019s beauty. I have extensive hedges of it, which I have too much neglected. the parts well grown appear rather weak against cattle; yet when full grown will\n\t\t\t probably be sufficient. he proposed to keep out hogs by a couple of rails passed along the bottom, and I think it will be sufficient; and that should the upper part prove too weak for very strong\n\t\t\t cattle, a pole run horizontally through will bind them together & make them sufficient. Colo Randolph thinks the Cockspur hawthorn (our common one) would be preferable as being stronger. my grandson Jefferson Randolph found one common about Willis\u2019s mountains which he thinks eminently preferable to all others. the Pyracanthus which I got from Maine is a beautiful plant, but not fit for a hedge. he tried the honey-locust meaning to keep it down by the shears, but I thought it too straggling. the holly certainly will not do with us,\n\t\t\t because all but impossible to make live in our climate. I have one tree 44. years old, not yet taller than a hedge should be. of the Cedar I have no experience but of the difficulty of either\n\t\t\t transplanting it, or raising it for from the berry. on the whole I think nothing comparable with the thorn, and that they may be made to answer perfectly with the aids I have mentioned.\u2003\u2003\u2003I am sorry you hesitate about the\n\t\t\t translation of Say\u2019s Political economy. I have not supposed his cathchism catechism was a work of note, but rather an occasional criticism on the English practices. but I have not seen it, and I think you should not wait for it.\n I think your idea a good one of employing a single person for half a dozen counties. I am sure the state does not furnish one for every county, qualified & willing. there is a son of Capt W. D. Meriwether\u2019s in this county who has had a collegiate education and possesses geometry enough for this operation. he has expressed a willingness to undertake our county, & perhaps would yours, for\n\t\t\t a sufficient allowance.\u2003\u2003\u2003but what may be deemed a competent reward I know not; nor whether our court will employ mr Meriwether or the county surveyor. if the county surveyors are generally employed, the work will not be worth a copper, as few of them know any thing of geometry, but depend altogether on\n\t\t\t platting.\n I salute you with great friendship & respect.\n Th: Jefferson\n P.S. Colo Randolph tells me he has repeatedly heard mr Correa say that our Cockspur hawthorn (Crataegus cruxgalli) was the best for hedges he had ever met with.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0133", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to David Hosack, 13 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hosack, David\n Monticello July 13. 16.\n Uninformed of the persons particularly connected with the Botanical garden of N.Y. I hope I shall be pardoned for this address to yourself. I have just recieved from my antient friend Thouin, director of the king\u2019s garden at Paris a packet of seeds selected by him as foreign to the US. they are of the last year\u2019s gathering, but he informs me that if they arrive (as they have done) too late to be committed to the earth this year, most of them will be still good for the\n\t\t\t ensuing year. not believing I could make a better use of them than by presenting them to the Botanical garden of N. York, I have taken the liberty of sending the packet to your address by mail, and, altho\u2019 large, I have thought the object justified my franking it. I have not opened the packet knowing I could\n\t\t\t not pack them so well again; but coming from Thouin I am sure they are worthy the acceptance of the garden. Accept the assurance of my great respect & consideration.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0134", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Enoch Reynolds, 13 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Reynolds, Enoch\n Monticello July 13. 16.\n Absence from home has occasioned my not recieving till lately your favor of June 27. I have for some time declined becoming a subscriber for any new work, on the general wish to avoid every possible new engagement. I return you the inclosed however with my subscription for a copy of the Declaration of Independance, I will ask the favor of mr John Barnes of Georgetown to recieve the copy when ready, and to pay for it.\n Accept the assurance of my respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0136", "content": "Title: Jacob Koontz to Thomas Jefferson, 14 July 1816 [document added in digital edition]\nFrom: Koontz, Jacob\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n From Jacob Koontz\n Anville Town Lebanon County Pa. July 14th 1816\n Dr STo His Excellency Dr Sr as I am not Able to Come Such a distance my self to Look after my own Affairs I thought proper to Write to you as a father that I Should have Justice done to me as I Served my Country faithfully and Obedient to my Officers till I was dissabled which my Discharge will Show that I have done all the Duties that a Soldier Can do, and I have Understood and Seen in the papers that a Soldier Can Receive pay for the land that they was to get and as I live in this place and has a Tedious family and my self not well and not able to Undertake Such a Journey therefore, I would be very much Obliged to you if you Could let me know how or in what manner I Could Receive my pay or whether I must Except of the land that is Allowed for the Soldiers; By Complying to my Request I Shall for ever Remain\n Yours Respectfully\u2014\n Jacob Koontz", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0137", "content": "Title: Francis Adrian Van der Kemp to Thomas Jefferson, 14 July 1816\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Olden barneveld 14 July 1816.\n The distinguished proof of your esteem, with which you favoured and gratified me, when you honoured me with your Letter of apr. 25. induces me to take the liberty of Sending you a few lines more. I am pleased to Suppose, that my last has not been unacceptable, and that you approved the course, which I have taken with the papers with whom I was entrusted. These are now on their way to Old England. Since I wrote my last I received a highly valuable parcel of books from there\u2014of which I doubt not, or Several would be perused by you with delight: they are written in that Spirit which recommend themselves to elevated minds. Among these were Kenricks discourses and Several of Belsham\u2019s works. Was I So fortunate to live in your neighbourhood, I Should not hesitate with their communication, in the full confidence, that this would be acceptable. But the Same unavailing wish I have often indulged with my old friend at Quince\u00ff\u2014and yet\u2014I was once, unexpectedly\u2014blessed with the opportunity of visiting him.\n Among these Theological works is one excentric production\u2014which I regret, that I cannot communicate to either of you\u2014As it is a masterly performance, in burlesque, viz. a defence of the orthodox System against Unitarian Hereticks \u201ea new way of answering old heresies by Basanistes\u201e\u2003\u2003\u2003He not only defends a Triune God\u2014but defends a Quaternity\u2014Moses is the fourth person! The third ed: has appeared.\n Did I live nearer your residence I Should flatter myself, that you might communicate with me your proposed lucubrations\u2014for your next winter amusement\u2014now I hope, when you have accomplished this momentous task, you will condescend to favour me with its outlines. Permit me now a few words on the Syllabus, which I have perused again and again, and I do not retract my former favorable opinion of it\u2014I hope, it may be Seen in the Same point of view by my Brittish friends\u2014and I am Satisfied\u2014its publishing must eventually have a good effect.\n upon what grounds do you assert\u2014that the Mosaic Religion did imbue degrading and injurious attributes ideas of God and his attributes?\n Why do you Suppose that the reason of Jezus had not attained the maximum of his energy?\n in what point was his System of moral duties deficient? and in what point were his doctrines defective?\n How could he emphatically\u2014by which I understand\u2014to a clear conviction\u2014tellpreach the doctrine of a future State\u2014if his death and resurrection are not above Suspicion?\n To my last query it is required\u2014that I explain, that In my opinion it is the basis of the Christian revelation\u2014the ground of all my future hopes. As I am persudaded, that man perish by death\u2014as well as beast\u2014it may be desirable\u2014it may be made plausible\u2014that he Should be immortal\u2014but this too is the utmost, and I See no incongruity, that it takes no place even admitting\u2014an intelligent good Being\u2014governing the universe\u2014but a dark veil on the human existence is drawn away\u2014if his existence is to be continued\u2014if he Shall revive again\u2014with his former consciousness\u2014of this gospel truth I am firmly persuaded. but the ground of my conviction is\u2014that Jezus was a man\u2014in every respect\u2014that he proclaimed true doctrine\u2014that he died\u2014and was\u2014in its confirmation\u2014restored again to life.\n I know not\u2014if we Shall agree in So far\u2014but then I have one Solid Ground of consolation more\u2014or Some arguments must have made a deeper impression on your mind, which lost their efficacy on mine. It matters not in my opinion\u2014if we adopt the Souls immateriality or not\u2014whatever this may be\u2014without the evidence of Jezus resurrection\u2014I Should believe that Both are perishable\u2014or, to Soften this harsh language\u2014I Should not be able to foster my Solid hope\u2014upon my continued existence\u2014although I might long for it.\n If m\u00ff friend Dr W. Willoughby returns next winter to Congress\u2014it might not be amiss\u2014to give him Basanistes as a guide to Monticello\u2014He wished\u2014to pay his respect to you, and deserves in every regard to be favoured with your kind reception\u2014being a man of Sterling worth.\n Grant me the privilege, that I may continue to assure you that I remain with high consideration\n Sir! your most obed: and obliged Sert\n Fr. Adr. van der Kemp.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0139", "content": "Title: Peyton Randolph (d. 1828) to Thomas Jefferson, 16 July 1816\nFrom: Randolph, Peyton\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I hope the subject of this letter will be deemed a sufficient apology for the liberty I have taken in writing to you.\n M. Delaplaine, who has undertaken to publish the biography of the eminent men of America, has requested me to furnish him with some facts respecting my uncle Peyton Randolph. I have felt great regret at not being able to gratify his desire in a manner worthy of the subject and of his work; for altho\u2019 I hold the memory of my uncle in great reverence, my age will\n\t\t\t not enable me to contribute any thing more than family anecdotes. Written documents cannot be referred to for any thing more than a few public and notorious acts. In this dilemma I have seen no other means of rescuing his life from total oblivion, but to apply to the few of his remaining cotemporaries, who,\n\t\t\t knew him personally, acted with him in public life, and may have treasured up incidents which would throw light on his biography. In all these particulars, I believe that you Sir are more\n\t\t\t competent\n\t\t\t to give satisfactory information than any person now living. The points to which M. Delaplaine calls my attention are the following;\u2014his birth\u2014parentage\u2014education\u2014profession\u2014offices\u2014times of holding them\u2014public & private life generally\u2014and any other facts which I may think proper\n\t\t\t to furnish. If you can find leisure to communicate to me your knowledge of on any of these subjects, it will be duly appreciated and most thankfully recieved by\u2003\u2003\u2003Sir\n Peyton Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0141", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John F. Oliveira Fernandes, 17 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Oliveira Fernandes, John Francisco\n Monticello July 17. 16.\n I recieved yesterday your favor of the 12th inst. I had so long ago as the 24th of March advised mr Gibson of the call for the cost of the cask of Teneriffe which would be made on him, and have written to him this day to remind him of it and to desire the payment of your draught.\n I thank you for the book you have been so kind as to send me. I had seen some extracts from it in the newspapers which had excited my curiosity, and I shall read it with gratification. the world begins now to be apprised of the jesuitical politics of the court of St James, the paradoxical composition of liberty & oppression in their government, their ostentatious grandeur & real meanness, their commercial avarice under the cloak of kindness and generosity. still may there be peace between them & us until we are more advanced in growth & strength. in 20. years we shall be 20. millions and in 40. years 40 millions. I look forward to those days with triumph altho\u2019 I shall live to see neither. have you seen the Journal of the young man of Massachusets? it is one of the most attaching narratives I ever read, and will pierce deeply & irresistably into the British character. he gives a side blows as he goes along to French, Spaniards and Portuguese, acknoleging he knows nothing of them but from his fellow prisoners of those nations, but of the British he speaks knowingly\n\t\t\t & experimentally.\u2003\u2003\u2003I expect very soon, without knowing exactly when, a visit from your learned countryman Correa, now minister of Portugal; I wish you could find motives for meeting him here. as his visit will be of some weeks I would gladly give you notice of his arrival. should you recieve a supply of genuine port,\n\t\t\t unbrandied, & such as you could recommend I should be glad to take a quarter cask of it\n I salute you with great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0142", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Appleton, 18 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Appleton, Thomas\n Monticello July 18. 16.\n Your letters of Mar. 20. & Apr. 15. are both recieved: the former only a week ago. they brought me the first information of the death of my antient friend Mazzei, which I learn with sincere regret. he had some peculiarities, & who of us has not? but he was of solid worth; honest, able, zealous in sound principles moral & political, constant\n\t\t\t in friendship, and punctual in all his undertakings. he was greatly esteemed in this country, and some one has inserted in our papers an account of his death, with a handsome and just eulogy of\n\t\t\t and a proposition to publish his life in one 8vo volume. I have no doubt but what that what he has written of himself during the portion of the revolutionary period he passed with us, would furnish some good materials for our history, of which there is already a wonderful\n\t\t\t scarcity: but where this undertaker of his history is to get his materials, I know not, nor who he is.\n I have recieved mr Carmigniani\u2019s letter requesting the remittance of his money in my hands. how and when this can be done I have written him, in the inclosed letter, which I leave open for your perusal; after which be so good as to stick a wafer in it, & have it delivered.\u2003\u2003\u2003I had just begun a letter\n\t\t\t to Mazzei, excusing to him the non-remittance the present year, as requested thro\u2019 you by his family. and I should have stated to him, with good faith, that the war-taxes of the last year, almost\n\t\t\t equal to the amount of our whole income, and a season among the most unfavorable to agriculture ever known, made it a year of war as to it\u2019s pressure, & obliged me to postpone the commencement of the annual remittances until the ensuing spring. the receipt of your letter, and of mr Carmagnani\u2019s, only rendered it necessary to change the address of mine. the sale was made during the war, when the remittance of the price was impossible: nor was there here any depot for it at that time which would have been safe, profitable, and ready to repay the principal on demand. I retained it therefore\n\t\t\t myself to avoid the risk of the banks, to yield the profit the treasury would have given, and to admit a command of the principal at a shorter term. it was of course therefore that I must invest it in some way to countervail the interest and being but a farmer\n\t\t\t recieving rents and profits but once a year, it will take time to restore it to the form of money again, which I explained to mr Mazzei in the letter I wrote him at the time.\u2003\u2003\u2003Exchange is much against us at present, owing to the immense importations made immediately after peace,\n\t\t\t and to the redundancy of our paper medium. the legislatures have generally required the banks to call in this redundancy. they are accordingly curtailing discounts, & collecting their debts,\n\t\t\t that by the spring, when the first remittance will be made, our medium will be greatly reduced, and it\u2019s value increased proportionably. the crop of this year too, when exported, will so far\n\t\t\t lessen\n\t\t\t the foreign debt & the demand for bills of exchange. these circumstances taken together promise a good reduction in the rate of exchange; which you can more fully explain in conversation to mr Carmagnani.\n I am happy to inform you that the administrator of mr Bellini has at length settled his account, and deposited the balance 635. Dollars 48. cents in the bank of Virginia at Richmond. I think it the safest bank in the US. and it has been for some time so prudently preparing itself for cash payments, as to inspire a good degree of confidence, & I shall moreover keep my eye on it. but the money while there bears no interest; and I did not chuse to take it myself on interest reimbursable on demand. it would be well then that mr Fancelli should withdraw it as soon as he can. his draught on me shall be answered at sight to the holder, by one on the bank. in the present state of our exchange, & the really critical\n\t\t\t standing of our merchants, at this time, I have been afraid to undertake it\u2019s remittance, because it could only be done by a bill of some merchant here on his correspondent in England, and both places are at this time a little suspicious.\u2003\u2003\u2003I know nothing so deplorable as the present condition of the inhabitants of Europe, and do not wonder therefore at their desire to come to this country. laborers in any of the arts would find abundant employ in this state at 100.D. a year & their board and lodging. and indeed if a sober good humored man, understanding the vineyard & kitchen garden would come to me on those terms, bound to serve 4. years, I\n\t\t\t would advance his passage on his arrival, setting it off against his subsequent wages. but he must come to the port of Norfolk or Richmond, & no where else. if such a one should occur to you, you would oblige me by sending him.\u2003\u2003\u2003I remark the temporary difficulty you mention of\n\t\t\t obtaining good Montepulciano; and prefer waiting for that, when to be had, to a quicker supply of any other kind which might not so certainly suit our taste. it might not be amiss perhaps to\n\t\t\t substitute a bottle or two as samples of any other wines which would bear the voyage, and be of a quality and price to recommend them. you know we like dry wines, or at any rate not more than\n\t\t\t silky. I salute you with constant friendship and respect.\n Th Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0143", "content": "Title: John Barnes to Thomas Jefferson, 18 July 1816\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n George Town Coa 18th July. 1816.\n Thro the politeness of Mr Monroe\u2014I am favrd with the inclosed. Viz Genl Kosciuskos letter dated Soleure 15 April the Contents of course\u2014his pressing wants of a seasonable Remittance, which from the extreme advance of exchange\u2014I cannot bring myself to comply with without your express consent & Approbation\u2014\n and altho\u2019 the present Balance in my hands viz $1400\u2014do not warrant a Bill of Ex. for \u00a3400 Sterg\u2014the Amot I proposed to remit him\u2014still his growing Int: would in Course of a few Mos Cover that Amot\u2014Nevertheless\u2014with your Assent I propose to Remit\u2014at this Critical Juncture\u2014\u00a3200 Sterg or Nearly $1100\u2014towards his present pressing wants: and in Course of a few Mos the like sum\u2014\n And Mr Monroe whom I waited on this Morning to thank him for his politeness\u2014has Obligingly Assured me\u2014(at my Request) to forward any letters &ca I may occasionally have to forward to the good Genl\u2014\n Most Respectfully\u2014and truly\u2014Sincerely\u2014Your Obedt servt\n I pray you to favr me with a letter to Genl K. to Accompany Mine\u2014mean time, I shall endeavour to engage a Bill of exchange for the Sum proposed say $ \u00a3200 Sterling\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0144", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Giovanni Carmignani, 18 July [1816]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmignani, Giovanni\n Monticello in Virginia July 18. 1817. 1816\n Within these few days I have recieved your favor of April 7. with certificates of the death of my estimable friend Philip Mazzei, and a copy of his Will. I learn this event with great affliction, altho\u2019 his advanced age had given reason to apprehend it. an intimacy of 40. years had proved to me his great worth; and a\n\t\t\t friendship, which had begun in personal acquaintance, was maintained after separation, without abatement, by a constant interchange of letters. his esteem too in this country was very general;\n\t\t\t his\n\t\t\t early & zealous cooperation in the establishment of our independance having acquired for him here a great degree of favor.\n Having left under my care the property which he had not been able to dispose of and to carry with him to Europe, it is some years since I had been able to settle all his affairs here, and to have the whole proceeds remitted to him, except for his house and lot in Richmond. this being in the possession of another, a course of law became necessary to recover it: and after the recovery, it was some time before it could be disposed of at a reasonable price. very favorable circumstances however occurring at length, I was enabled to get for it a sum very far beyond what had ever\n\t\t\t been expected or asked. this was in the time of our late war with England, while a close blockade of our harbors cut off all commercial intercourse with Europe, and rendered a remittance of the price impossible. the question then arose what could be done with the money? our banks, which had been heretofore considered as safe depositories of money,\n\t\t\t had excited alarm as to their solvability, by the profuse emission of their notes; and in fact they declared, soon after, their inability to pay their notes, in which condition they still continue;\n\t\t\t and could they have been trusted with the money, no interest would have been allowed by them. it might have been lent to the government, who would have paid an interest; but then the principal could\n\t\t\t not have been demanded under 15. or 20. years, the terms of their loans. I concluded therefore to retain it myself, at our legal interest of 6. per cent per annum, as the only means of avoiding the risk of the banks, of yielding the profit which the treasury offered, with the command of the principal at a shorter period. but to indemnify myself for the interest I should have to pay it was necessary I should invest it in some profitable course:\n\t\t\t and to restore it again to the form of money, would require some time after the close of the war. I explained this in a letter to Mr Mazzei, and then supposed it might be done at two or three annual instalments, counting from the close of the war. altho\u2019 the cessation of hostilities took place in the spring of the last year,\n\t\t\t yet the war contributions continued thro the year, aggravated by the most calamitous season for agriculture almost ever known. our term of peace then really began with the present year. I was about informing mr Mazzei that, counting from that period, the principal and interest should be remitted him in three annual instalments, when I recieved the information of his death. I had been led to propose to\n\t\t\t him this delay the less unwillingly, as I had received from his family, thro\u2019 mr Appleton, a request not to remit the principal, which they feared he would dispose of to loss.\n I have thought this much necessary, Sir, to explain to you the present state of this fund, and the reasons why it cannot be remitted but by successive instalments. a third with it\u2019s interest shall be paid the ensuing spring: and the remainder in equal portions the two springs following that. the channel of remittance must depend on the circumstances of the times. the exchange with London at present is much against us. but the calls of the banks on their debtors, now rapidly going on, by reducing the redundancy of our medium, and the produce of agriculture this year, which, as an article of remittance, will lessen the demand, & consequently the price, of bills of exchange, will probably produce, by the next\n\t\t\t spring, a more favorable state of exchange for the first remittance. in the mean time I shall recieve & execute with pleasure & punctuality any instructions you may think proper to give\n\t\t\t as to the channel and mode of remittance: and, recieving none, I will certainly do the best I can for the benefit of mr Mazzei\u2019s family, to whom I will render every service in my power with the same zeal I would have done for my deceased friend, of which I pray you to give them assurance with the homage of my great\n\t\t\t respect, and to accept yourself the tender of my high consideration.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0145", "content": "Title: William Short to Thomas Jefferson, 18 July 1816\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia July 18 \u201416\n Your favor of May 5. is the last I have had the pleasure of recieving from you. It crossed on the road one I wrote to you of May 7. This last was to inclose to you, as agreed on with Mr Higginbotham, his mortgage & last bond. I hope & take for granted they were recieved by you & that Mr H. has disposed of them to his satisfaction. I am the more certain of this, as he would certainly have written to me on the subject had he not recieved them.\u2003\u2003\u2003This terminates the affair between Mr H. & me. I wish I could say the same of Mr Carter. I always apprehended delay & difficulty with him\u2014& in this I am not disappointed\u2014To my first letter he sent an answer after so long a delay that I had despaired of it, expressive\n\t\t\t in general terms of his good disposition\u2014I then wrote to him to state the acct as I understood it with the interest at 5. pct & requested him if he found it accurate to send me a bond or some specialty for it\u2014To this I got no answer\u2014after waiting a month, I wrote a second time on the 1st inst.\u2014To this I have no answer either, & now I do not expect one\u2014So that I have got already to a non plus. I did not apprehend so much difficulty in getting a bond or written promise\u2014I thought that would come at the time of realizing the paper. I know not how I am to procure from him this\n\t\t\t specialty\u2014He seems fully aware of the advantage of witholding it.\u2014To pay 5. pct\u2014on the simple sum, is of course much better than 6. pct on the compound sum of principal & interest.\n Some time ago M. de Grouchy told me he was going with his friend Genl Clausel to make you a visit at Monticello, & requested me if I should write to you, to mention it. I learned at that time from M. Correa that you were in Bedford\u2014And this I mentioned to Grouchy\u2014He is as you know the brother of Mde de Condorcet\u2014I did not understand from him whether his visit was grounded on her former acquaintance with you, or whether he had a letter from lafayette, with whom he is intimate, or whether he went on the principle generally of paying respect to you\u2014The French you know form to themselves duties of this kind. I have been also requested by a\n\t\t\t person of a perfectly opposite character, to mention to you when I should write, that it had been his intention when he lately waited on the President at Montpelier, to have extended his visit to Monticello in order to pay his respects to you\u2014but he learned at Mr M\u2019s that you were not at home. It is his intention however to do himself that honor on some future occasion. This is M. Hide de Neuville, the new French minister, He & poor Grouchy are in very different situations, but each has had his vicissitudes. Neuville is also a member of the house of Deputies & represented as one of the Ultra Royalist party. Political or party spirit may blind him to a certain degree, but his heart is most excellent.\n I have kept for la bonne bouche to inform you that Correa & Dr Wistar purpose going together to visit you during this summer. The former as you know of course, is entering on the diplomatic career\u2014He was giving us a course of botanical lectures when the\n\t\t\t information was first recieved here. He did not abandon it, but has now just finished the course\u2014His translation to Washington will be a real loss to us inhabitants of Philadelphia\u2014Still we joy in his joy.\n I am really sorry to learn that you are so much overwhelmed & obliged to be anchored to a writing table\u2014You are certainly entitled to \u201cthe softest pillow for the head of old age\u201d\u2014I was far from wishing to throw you again into \u201cthe furnace of politics.\u201d I thought that the tracing your own memoirs might be a soothing labor, & a most valuable legacy to your country, peculiarly useful & instructive to those who from the nature of things must always, at least during the present constitution, govern this country\u2014I mean the organs of the democratic party. If your own experience has induced you to change or modify any of your political opinions, & it is the wise man particularly who is enlightened by experience, you might leave this as a legacy to your successors\u2014For instance if you think it a dangerous policy to admit foreigners into our political family rights, if you think it would increase the love & pride of country to make birth the sole & exclusive door of entry into this sanctuary, if you think that this Republic may be, as Rome was, lost by this kind of bastard amalgamation, your voice & solemn warning would, I think be listened to: You are now beyond the power of party influence, & it would therefore\n\t\t\t respect you\u2014But already such is the power & influence of foreign editors in this country, that no man who is a candidate for popular favor can advise a reformation with impunity\u2014See what has\n\t\t\t happened to Crawford\u2014I know nothing of the man\u2014I never saw him, but it is evident that he is lost by the mere hint that he gave, which indeed was done in a very unnecessary manner. \u2003\u2003\u2003 The ideas that I\n\t\t\t recollect to have read in your notes on Virginia, appear to me to be perfect on that subject\u2014(I have lost my copy of this work\u2014If you have one to spare I will be much obliged to you for it.)\u2003\u2003\u2003There are other changes that are desirable in our constitution\u2014It is impossible that your experience should not have discovered some I should think\u2014& I think a recommendation from you\n\t\t\t either given now or left as a legacy would be listened to with pleasure & certainly with profit. The idea of having been useful to your country not only during your whole life, but to\n\t\t\t continue to\n\t\t\t be so after your death must be a motive worthy of you\u2014However I will urge nothing more, being persuaded that whatever you may do in this behalf will be rightly done.\n What I have asked I asked for your country\u2019s sake\u2014one thing more I will ask for your sake\u2014I know your sentiments on the infamous traffic in human flesh\u2014many others know them also\u2014but there are some who do not\u2014& all know you inhabit a slave State & are an owner of slaves, which the candid will acknowlege to be the unavoidable lot of an inhabitant of such a state\u2014Congress have taken some steps towards the preventing their subjects from being involved in this foul traffic\u2014but experience shews it is not sufficient\u2014I could wish you would in some public way urge\n\t\t\t on them the rooting out this infamous evil\u2014There are scoundrels living in Ro Rhode Island particularly, who openly carry it on & make so much the more profit that others many are prevented from engaging in it\u2014Adieu my dear sir\u2014God bless & preserve you. Believe me ever & for ever your friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0146", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Graham, 19 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Graham, John\n Monticello July 19. 16.\n I take the liberty in which you have so often & so kindly indulged me of requesting you to send the inclosed to mr Appleton by the first safe conveyance by which you may send official dispatches to him, and with my assurance of a due sense of this favor accept those of my great esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0147", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Meer, 19 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Meer, John\n Monticello July 19. 16.\n I recieved yesterday only your favor of June 18. which I mention as an explanation of the delay of this answer, and regret that, late as it is, it cannot be more satisfactory. but I am entirely unqualified to judge of the merit of your engraving, & consequently to undertake it\u2019s recommendation. the art of the engraver is one I have never attended to. I know it\u2019s effects only as an object of taste, but not at all as to the difficulties it may contrive against imitation. you must be so good therefore as to accept this apology with the assurance of my respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0148", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Jos\u00e9 Corr\u00eaa da Serra, 20 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Corr\u00eaa da Serra, Jos\u00e9\n Monticello July 20. 16.\n I returned from Poplar Forest about a week ago, and found here your favor of June 16. I learn with sincere regret your rheumatic indisposition; and the more as it strikes so directly at your summunm bonum of botanical rambles. would it not be well to direct these towards the Augusta springs, which we consider as specific for that complaint? they are but about 80. or 90. miles from Monticello. but of this we will say more when we have the pleasure of seeing you here; which from the \u2018few weeks\u2019 of your letter of June 16. we daily hope. mr Gilmer is also daily expected by his friends. \u2003\u2003\u2003 I am very glad to learn that 3. more of Capt Lewis\u2019s volumes are found, and hope the rest will reappear in time, as no one could think of destroying them. as to the Astronomical observations & the Vocabularies, I will write to Genl Clarke to obtain his order for their delivery to the war-office, to which they belong. besides the notoriety of the fact that the expedition was under public authority, at public expence, & for public objects and consequently that all it\u2019s results are public property, in the XIVth page of the life of Capt Lewis prefixed to the History of his expedition, it will be seen that the Astronomical observations were expressly directed to be rendered to the War office for the purpose of having the calculations made by proper persons within the US. if on these considerations mr Biddle would think himself authorised to deliver these papers to the order of the Secy at war, I will sollicit such an order to be given in favor of such person as the Secretary may engage to make the calculations. but if mr Biddle has any scruples of delicacy with respect to Genl Clarke I shall not press it, but wait an answer from him, which will only add 3. or 4. months to the delay already incurred. I hope my anxieties and interference in this matter will be excused,\n\t\t\t when my agency in the enterprise is considered, and that the most important justification of it, still due to the public depends on these astronomical observations, as from them alone can be\n\t\t\t obtained\n\t\t\t the correct geography of the country, which was the main object of the expedition.\n I thank you for the new recipe for the cement. I think it more easily practised than the former one, which, by\n\t\t\t the\n\t\t\t bye I have recovered. I had stuck the paper into a little Cornelius Nepos which I had in my pocket at the Natural bridge, and had replaced the volume on it\u2019s shelf at Poplar Forest without observing the paper.\u2003\u2003\u2003I am in the daily hope of seeing you, and the more anxiously lest the recurrence of my calls to Bedford should repeat the last year\u2019s misfortune. but as the next visit to that place has nothing to fix it to a day, it can be accomodated to your movements if known without the least\n\t\t\t inconvenience. ever & affectionately yours\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0149", "content": "Title: William Thornton to Thomas Jefferson, 20 July 1816\nFrom: Thornton, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n City of Washington 20th July 1816.\n I lamented very much when you wrote to me for the Portrait by Stewart, that I had not finished a Copy of it; for I was in hopes that the Gentlemen who were engaged in taking the Heads of our worthies, would have done more justice than I could do: but when I\n\t\t\t saw, on their return, the Portraits of yourself of Mr & Mrs Madison, I beheld them with amazement.\u2014I did not admire them, but I admired at them. Never was such injustice done to you, except by Sign Painters, and Genl Kosciusko; than which last nothing can be so bad, and when I saw it, I did not wonder that he lost Poland\u2014not that it is necessary a Genl should be a Painter, but he should be a man of such Sense as to discover that he is not a Painter.\u2014After this Proemium, equal to one of the long Sentences of President Adams, I will proceed to say that I rejoice in having preserved the Portrait here, for no Engraving should be made from the Paintings of the Gentleman whose works I saw: and I lament that Mr D: is not a better Judge of Paintings when he undertakes so laudable a work. I am also very sorry that the Artist who appears so amiable a man should have failed so much: for it is not in yr Portrait alone but in the President\u2019s & his Lady\u2019s\u2014The draperies are very well done, but the Faces are really very bad.\u2014I think Stewart cannot be exceeded, & the Engraving of the Presidt is capital\u2014Nothing better can be wished for. If your Portrait by Stewart were engraven, it would be equally good; for fortunately it is one of his best Productions.\u2014Mrs Madison\u2019s Head by Stewart is good, but the Figure bad.\u2014I have copied your Head by Stewart, in Swiss Crayons, & a superb Frame is now preparing.\u2014I had nearly finished it when the Gentlemen were here, & I would have shewn it to them, but they did not call as they promised & set out very soon on their Journey.\u2014Some, to whom I have shewn it, think it more like than the original, though I have deviated very little from it. I think it so like the original that I am not ashamed of it; and for two weeks past I have daily been giving it some more last touches.\u2014I lament it is not in Oil, but the Straining Frame & Canvas which I got prepared for Oil, a month ago, is not dry yet. I mean to attempt to model it in fine washed Clay, that I have got from the Head of Elk, in Maryland; and if I succeed as well in that, as I have done in Crayons, I shall be delighted.\u2014I mean to place my Crayon Picture in the Library of Congress, and if I succeed in Oil, to give one of them to Congress.\u2014But if it would be more agreeable to you to have it at home now, than to leave it longer (for it has been here a long time) I will send it by a safe opportunity; and with it the Sketch by West. In the mean time they are kept with the utmost care;\u2014& for the loan I return a thousand thanks.\u2014I am,\n dear Sir, with considn, esteem, & with the highest respect yrs &c\n William Thornton\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0151", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Milligan, 21 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Milligan, Joseph\n Monticello July 21. 16.\n In your letter of June 4. you informed me you would be able to begin Tracy\u2019s work by the 4th of July. my responsibility to mr Tracy makes me expect with anxiety the Prospectus & proof sheets. I hope soon to begin to recieve them. they shall meet no delay from me. will you be so good as to send me the Miniature editions of Homer\u2019s Iliad & Odyssey, and of Dryden\u2019s Virgil, handsomely bound. I recollect that the latter was advertised by Conrad. these volumes are so small that they may come by mail. Accept my respects & best wishes.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0152", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Plumer, 21 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Plumer, William\n Monticello July 21. 16.\n I thank you, Sir, for the copy you have been so good as to send me of your late speech to the legislature of your state, which I have read a second time with great pleasure, as I had before done in the public papers. it is replete with sound principles, and truly republican. some articles too are worthy of\n\t\t\t peculiar notice. the idea that institutions established for the use of the nation, cannot be touched nor modified, even to make them answer their end, because of rights gratuitously supposed in those\n\t\t\t employed to manage them in trust for the public, may perhaps be a salutary provision against the abuses of a monarch, but is most absurd against the nation itself. yet our lawyers and priests\n\t\t\t generally inculcate this doctrine:; and suppose that preceding generations held the earth more freely than we do:; had a right to impose laws on us, unalterable by ourselves; and that we, in like manner, can make laws, and impose burthens on future generations, which they will have no right to alter: in\n\t\t\t fine that the earth belongs to the living dead, & not the living\u2014I remark also the phaenomenon of a chief magistrate recommending the reduction of his own compensation. this is a solecism of which the wisdom of our late Congress cannot be accused. I, however, place economy among the first and most important of republican virtues, and public debt as the greatest of the dangers to be feared. we see in England the consequences of the want of it: their laborers reduced to live on a penny in the shilling of their earnings, to give up bread, & resort to oatmeal & potatoes for food; and their\n\t\t\t landholders exiling themselves to live in penury and obscurity abroad, because at home the government must have all the clear profits of their land. in fact they see the feesimple of the island\n\t\t\t transferred to the public creditors, all it\u2019s profits going to them for the interest of their debts. our laborers and landholders must come to this also, unless they severely adhere to the\n\t\t\t economy\n\t\t\t you recommend. I salute you with entire esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0153", "content": "Title: Margaret Bayard Smith to Thomas Jefferson, 21 July 1816\nFrom: Smith, Margaret Bayard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Will you allow me to recall to your y mind one, whom a long absence may have almost obliterated from your reccollection,\u2014One, who never had any claim to your kind regard, but what she derived from a sensibility to that worth, which once to know, is never to forget.\u2014Yes dear Sir, for the enthusiasm inspired by great talents, or the veneration from g awaken\u2019d by the union of great virtue, to talent, may be deaden\u2019d by absence from the object which gave them birth; but one who has been as happy as I have been, to have seen you in the bosom of your family, surrounded by objects & circumstances which excited the best affections of the heart, & when whose sympathy sympathies in those affections have been awaken\u2019d as mine have been,\u2014never can forget,\u2014So constantly is your venerated idea present to my mind, so habitualy f is my tongue familiar with your name, that I can scarcely believe that so many years have elaps\u2019d since I have seen your face, or heard your voice.\n After an absence of fourteen years I am once more in the circle of beloved relations & dear & enlighten\u2019d friends.\u2014They naturaly enquire & listen with interest to events, & characters with which I was acquainted during that time; & those occurences in which your name is introduced, or your character delineated, awaken the most lively interest.\n At present a more than usual degree of interest is awaken\u2019d, by a rumour which has lately become the topic of conversation; which is, that in a letter which you have written to Mr Charles Thompson, you have express\u2019d opinions so highly favorable to the christian religion, that they amount to a profession of faith.\n The public mind has of late years, been much turn\u2019d to plans for the diffusion of the Christian faith; Bible societies, sunday schools, & various charitable institutions have been form\u2019d, which whatever may be their result, owe their existence to a re zeal for religion which pervades all ranks of society; the rich & the gay, the ignorant & the poor; & which has in no age of the church been more ardent or more universal. Sunday schools, both here & in Philadelphia, have been establish\u2019d on a broad & liberal bassis & vagabonds of all ages, sexes, or colours, are collected in well regulated schools, where they are instructed not from the love of\n\t\t\t money but from a the love of God. In the present state of the public mind, when so much zeal for religion is awaken\u2019d, it is not surprising that the rumour to which I have alludeed, should excite attention\n\t\t\t & enquiry\u2014When enquired of, as to the truth of this report, I can only answer that as I am certain you never was the enemy t of the christian religion, I can easily believe you to be its friend. You have no idea Sir what an interest is excited on in the minds of zealous christians, & how pleasing to them & how glorious to the cause, it would be, to see the name of one of the greatest of Statesmen & Philosophers enrol\u2019d among\n\t\t\t that of Christians!\u2014\n It would be highly gratifying to me my dear Sir, to be able to give satisfactory answers, to all the enquiries that I hear, & if amidst the felicities of domestic life, & the occupations of your ever busy mind, you could find a few moments to answer this, you would confer a degree of pleasure, I will not attempt to describe.\n And, will you too? say something of the dear family at of Monticello, every individual of whom inspires an interest far beyond that of acquaintance, & near akin to the most affectionate friendship.\u2014I was delighted to see Ellen last winter, & my only regret was that I saw her so seldom; Her name, accompanied with the highest praises, was familiar to me in Philadelphian circles, where I often met with her warm admirers\u2014But ther her friends there complain sadly of her silence & accuse her of having totaly forgotten them.\u2014Accept Sir, of an expression of sentiments of affectionate respect & veneration, from yours,\n M. Harrison Smith.\n If I should have the pleasure of an answer to this, please to direct it to the Care of Saml Boyd. Pine Street New York\u2014as I shall not return to Washington for some time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0154", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Taylor, 21 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, John\n Monticello July 21. 16.\n Yours of the 10th is recieved, and I have to acknolege a copious supply of the turnep seed requested. besides taking care myself, I shall endeavor again to commit it to the neighborhood depository of the neighborhood, generally found to be the best precaution against losing a good thing.\u2014I will add a word on the political part of our letters. I believe we do not differ on either of the points you suppose: on education certainly not: of which the proofs are my bill \u2018for the diffusion of knolege,\u2019 proposed near 40. years ago; and my uniform endeavors to this day to get our counties divided into wards, one of the principal objects of which is the establishment of a primary school in each. but education not being a branch of municipal government, but, like the other arts and sciences, an accident only, I did not place it, with election, as a fundamental member in the structure of government.\u2014nor, I believe, do we differ as to the county courts. I acknolege the value of this institution; that it is in truth our principal Executive & Judiciary, and that it does much for little pecuniary reward. it is their self-appointment I wish to correct; to find some means of breaking up a Cabal, when such a one gets possession of the bench. when this takes place, it becomes the most afflicting of tyrannies, because it\u2019s powers are so various, and and exercised on every thing most immediately around us. and how many instances have you and I known of these monopolies of county administration! I knew a county in which a particular co family (a numerous one) got possession of the bench, and for a whole generation, never admitted a man on it who was not of it\u2019s clan or connection. I know a county now of 1500. militia, of which 60. are federalists. it\u2019s court is of 30. members, of whom 20. are federalists (every third man of the sect) wherein there are large and populous districts, without a justice, because without a federalist for appointment, and the militia as disproportionably under federal officers; and there is no authority on earth which can break up this junto short of a general convention. the remaining 1440 free, fighting & paying citizens are governed by men neither of their choice nor confidence, & without a hope of relief. they are certainly excluded from the blessings of a free government for life, & indefinitely for ought the constitution has provided. this solecism may be called any thing but republican, and ought undoubtedly to be corrected.\u2003\u2003\u2003I salute you with constant friendship and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0155", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Louis H. Girardin, 23 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Girardin, Louis Hue\n Monticello July 23. 16.\n I think I once saw in your hands a copy of the approbatory resolution of our assembly, past after the enquiry instituted by mr Nicholas, in the session of 1781.1782. you will oblige me much by a copy of it by return of mail, as I have immediate occasion to quote it. have you not a letter of mr Page\u2019s on the skirmish at Norfolk, which I think I loosened from it\u2019s place & sent you? I do not ask the question with a view to it\u2019s return if you are not done with it, but from a desire only to reinstate it when done with. I salute you with constant esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0156", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to George Logan, 23 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Logan, George\n Monticello July 23. 16.\n I have recieved and read with great pleasure the account you have been so kind as to send me, of the interview between the emperor Alexander and mr Clarkson, which I now return, as it is in MS. it shews great condescension of character on the part of the emperor, and power of mind also to be able to abdicate the artificial distance between\n\t\t\t himself and other good and able men, and to converse as on equal ground. this conversation too, taken with his late Christian league seems to bespeak in him something like a sectarian piety. his\n\t\t\t character is undoubtedly good, and the world, I think, may expect good effects from it. I have no doubt that his firmness in favor of France, after the deposition of Bonaparte, has saved that country from evils still more severe than she is suffering, & perhaps even from partition. I sincerely wish that the history of the secret proceedings at Vienna may become known, and may reconcile to our good opinion of him his participation in the demolition of antient and independant states, transferring them & their inhabitants, as farms\n\t\t\t & stocks of cattle at a market to other owners, and even taking a part of the spoil to himself. it is possible to suppose a case excusing this, & my partiality for his character encorages\n\t\t\t to expect it; & to impute to others, known to have no moral scruples, the crimes of that Conclave, who, under pretence of punishing the atrocities of Bonaparte, reacted them themselves, & proved that with equal power they were equally flagitious.\u2014but let us turn with abhorrence from these sceptered Scelerats, and, disregarding our own petty differences of opinion about men and measures, let us cling in mass to our country & to one another, & bid defiance as we can if united, to the\n\t\t\t plundering combinations of the old world. present me affectionately and respectfully to mrs Logan, and accept the assurance of my friendship and best wishes.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0157", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Delaplaine, 26 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\n Monticello July 26. 16.\n In compliance with the request of your letter of the 6th inst. with respect to Peyton Randolph, I have to observe that the difference of age between him and myself admitted my knowing little of his early life; except what I accidentally caught from occasional conversations. I was a\n\t\t\t student at College, when he was already Attorney General; at the bar, and a man of established years; and I had no intimacy with him until I went to the bar myself, when, I suppose he must have\n\t\t\t been\n\t\t\t upwards of 40. from that time, and especially after I became a member of the legislature, until his death, our intimacy was cordial; and I was with him when he died. under these circumstances I\n\t\t\t have\n\t\t\t committed to writing as many incidents of his life as memory enabled me to do: and to give faith to the many and excellent qualities he possessed, I have mentioned those minor ones which he did\n\t\t\t not\n\t\t\t possess; considering true history, in which all will be believed, as preferably preferable to unqualified panegyric, in which nothing is believed. I avoided too the mention of trivial incidents, which, by not distinguishing, disparage a character. but I have not been able to state\n\t\t\t early dates. \u2003\u2003\u2003 before forwarding this paper to you, I recieved a letter from Peyton Randolph, his great nephew, repeating the request you had made. I therefore put the paper under a blank cover, addressed to you, unsealed, and sent it to Peyton Randolph, that he might see what dates, as well as what incidents, might be collected, supplementory to mine; and correct any which I had inexactly stated. circumstances may have been misremembered,\n\t\t\t but nothing, I think, of substance. this account of Peyton Randolph therefore you may expect to be forwarded by his nephew.\n You requested me, when here, to communicate to you the particulars of two transactions, in which I was myself an agent, to wit, the coup de main of Arnold on Richmond, and Tarleton\u2019s on Charlottesville. I now inclose them, detailed with an exactness on which you may rely, with entire confidence. but having an insuperable aversion to be drawn into controversy, in the public papers, I must\n\t\t\t request not to be quoted either as to these or the account of Peyton Randolph. Accept the assurance of my esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0158-0001", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Peyton Randolph (d. 1828), 26 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Peyton\n Before the reciept of your letter of the 16th I had recieved one from mr Delaplaine requesting answers to the same enquiries made in yours, and I had accordingly prepared and was about forwarding them to him. the difference of age between your uncle & myself admitting admitted my knowing little of his early life, except what was accidentally caught from occasional conversations. I was a student at College, when he was already Attorney General, at the bar, and a man\n\t\t\t of established years: and I had no intimacy with him until I went to the bar myself, when I suppose he must have been upwards of 40. from that time, and especially after I became a member of the\n\t\t\t legislature, until his death, our intimacy was cordial, and I was with him when he died. under these circumstances, I have committed to writing as many incidents of his life as memory enabled me\n\t\t\t do: and, to give faith to the many and excellent qualities he possessed, I have mentioned those minor ones which he did not possess: considering true history, in which all will be believed, as\n\t\t\t preferable to unqualified panegyric, in which nothing is believed. I have avoided too the mention of trifling trivial incidents which, by not distinguishing, disparage a character. but I have not been able to state early dates. these, I am in hopes, you may, by enquiry, be enabled to supply. for example\n what were the dates \n of his first return from England?\n of his marriage?\n of his appointment as Attorney General?\n of his 2d voyage to England? [examine the Journals of the H. of B.]\n of his expedition with the Blues?\n had he any, and what command in that corps? if his papers do not shew this, Colo Byrd\u2019s or General Washington\u2019s will.\n All subsequent to this date, I have been able to state.\n I inclose you this paper, in order that you may furnish Mr Delaplaine with every thing you can collect supplementory, and worthy of being noted in your uncle\u2019s life, and especially the dates: and that you may also correct any thing I may have inexactly stated.\n\t\t\t circumstances may be misremembered; but nothing, I think, of substance. be so good as to put a wafer into the cover of this paper addressed to mr Delaplaine, and forward it to him thro\u2019 the mail, as I shall advise him to expect; and accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0158-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Biography of Peyton Randolph (ca. 1723\u201375), [ca. 26 July 1816]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n Peyton Randolph was the eldest son of Sr John Randolph of Virginia, a barrister at law, and an eminent practitioner at the bar of the General court. Peyton was educated at the college of Wm & Mary in Williamsburg, & thence went to England, & studied law at the temple. at his return he intermarried with Elizabeth Harrison, sister of the afterwards Governor Harrison, entered into practice in the General court, and was afterwards appointed the king\u2019s Attorney General for the colony.; and became a representative in the House of Burgesses (then so called) for the city of Williamsburg.\n Governor Dinwiddie having, about this period, introduced the exaction of a new fee on his signature of grants for lands, without the sanction of any law, the House of Burgesses remonstrated against it, and sent Peyton Randolph to England, as their agent, to oppose it before the King & Council. the interest of the Governor, as usual, prevailed against that of the colony, and his new exaction was confirmed by the king.\n After Braddock\u2019s defeat, on the Monongahela in 1755. the incursions of the Indians on our frontiers spread panic and dismay thro\u2019 the whole country; insomuch that it was scarcely possible to procure men, either as regulars or militia,\n\t\t\t to go against them. to counteract this terror, and to set good example, a number of the wealthiest individuals of the colony, & of the highest standing in it, in public as well as in their\n\t\t\t private relations, associated under obligations to take furnish each of them two able bodied men, at their own expence, to form themselves into a regiment, under the denomination of the Virginia blues, to join the colonial force on the frontier, and place themselves under it\u2019s commander, George Washington, then a Colonel. they appointed William Byrd, a member of the council, Colonel of the regiment, and Peyton Randolph, I think, had also some command. but the original associators had more the will than the power of becoming effective soldiers. born and bred in the lap of wealth, all the habits of their\n\t\t\t lives were of ease, indolence and indulgence. such men were little fitted to sleep under tents, and often without them, to be exposed to all the intemperances of the seasons, to swim rivers,\n\t\t\t range\n\t\t\t the woods, climb mountains, wade morasses, to skulk behind trees, and contend as sharp shooters with the savages of the wilderness, who in all these scenes and exercises would be in their natural\n\t\t\t element. accordingly the Commander was more embarrassed with their care, than reinforced by their service. they had the good fortune to see no enemy, and to return at the end of the campaign\n\t\t\t rewarded\n\t\t\t by the favor of the public for this proof of their generous patriotism & good will.\n When afterwards in 1764. on the proposal of the Stamp-act, the House of Burgesses determined to send an Address against it to the king, and Memorials to the Houses of Lords & Commons, Peyton Randolph, George Wythe, and (I think) Robert C. Nicholas, were appointed to draw these papers. that to the king was by Peyton Randolph, and the Memorial to the Commons was by George Wythe. it was on the ground of these papers that those gentlemen opposed the famous resolutions of mr Henry in 1765. to wit, that the principles of these resolutions had been asserted and maintained in the Address & Memorials of the year before, to which an answer was yet to be expected.\n On the death of the Speaker Robinson in 1766. Peyton Randolph was elected Speaker. he resigned his office of Attorney General, in which he was succeeded by his brother John Randolph, father of the late Edmund Randolph, and retired from the bar. he now devoted himself solely to his duties as a legislator, & altho\u2019 sound in his principles, and going steadily with us in opposition to the British\n\t\t\t usurpations, he, with the other older members, yielded the lead to the younger, only tempering their ardour, and so far moderating their pace as to prevent their going too far in advance of the\n\t\t\t public sentiment.\n On the establishment of a Committee, by our legislature, to correspond with the other colonies, he was named the first member their Chairman, and their first proposition to the other colonies was to appoint similar committees, who might consider the expediency of calling a general Congress of deputies in order to produce procure a harmony of proceedure among the whole. this produced the call of the first Congress, to which he was chosen a delegate, by the House of burgesses, and of which he was appointed, by that Congress, it\u2019s President.\n On the receipt of what was called Ld North\u2019s conciliatory proposition, in 1775. Ld Dunmore called the General Assembly, & laid it before them. Peyton Randolph quitted the chair of Congress, in which he was succeeded by mr Hancock, and repaired to that of the house which had deputed him. anxious about the tone and spirit of the answer which should be given (because being the first it might have effect on those of the other colonies) and supposing that a younger pen would be more likely to come up to the feelings of the body he had left, he requested me to draw the answer, and steadily supported and carried it thro\u2019 the House, with a few softenings only from the more timid members.\n After the adjournment of the House of burgesses he returned to Congress and died there of an Apoplexy on the 22d of October following, aged, as I should conjecture, about 50. years.\n He was indeed a most excellent man; and none was ever more beloved and respected by his friends: somewhat cold and coy towards strangers, but of the sweetest affability when ripened into acquaintance. of Attic pleasantry in conversation, always good-humored and conciliatory. with a sound and logical head, he was well-read in the law; and his opinions, when consulted, were highly regarded, presenting always a learned and sound view of the subject, but generally too a listlessness to go into it\u2019s thoro\u2019 developement: for being heavy and inert in body, he was rather too indolent and careless for business, which occasioned him to get a smaller proportion of it at the bar than his abilities would otherwise have commanded. indeed, after his appointment as Attorney General, he did not seem to court, nor scarcely to welcome business. in that office he considered himself equally charged with the rights of the colony, as with those of the crown; and in criminal prosecutions, exaggerating nothing, he aimed at a candid and just state of the transaction, believing it more a duty to save an innocent than to convict a guilty man. altho\u2019 not eloquent, his matter was so substantial that no man commanded more attention; which, joined with a sense of his great worth, gave him a weight in the House of Burgesses which few ever attained. he was liberal in his expences, but correct also; so as not to be involved in pecuniary embarrasments. and, with a heart always open to the amiable sensibilities of\n\t\t\t our nature, he did as many good acts as could have been done with his fortune, without injuriously impairing his means of continuing them. he left no issue; and gave his fortune to his widow and\n\t\t\t nephew, the late Edmund Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0159", "content": "Title: Theodorus Bailey to Thomas Jefferson, 27 July 1816\nFrom: Bailey, Theodorus\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The letter under cover has remained in this Office unclaimed for a considerable time\u2014We know not where to send it to meet its address\u2014I have therefore thought it most advisable to return it to you. I should have mentioned that it has been advertised.\n I embrace this occasion to renew to you the Assurance of my sincere respect and regard.\n Theodorus Bailey.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0160", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William H. Crawford, 27 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n Monticello July 27. 16.\n You will percieve that the inclosed papers of Jacob Koontz, are from a very ignorant man, who supposes I am still at Washington, and the proper person to be addressed. under this supposition he has even forwarded his original papers on which his all depends. in rigor I ought to return them to him, but on so distant a transmission by mail they would run risks, and\n\t\t\t I would rather at once place him under the protection of your goodness by inclosing them to you, and praying you to put them into the proper channel for his relief. I know all the irregularity of this, but we must not be too regular to do a good act, and there is no danger of the precedent; for we shall\n\t\t\t never find another in the US. who shall be ignorant of the name of his President 7. years after the change. plac I shall drop him a line of what I have done, & placing him under your patronage I pray you to accept assurances of my great esteem & consideration.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0162", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Jacob Koontz, 27 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Koontz, Jacob\n Monticello July 27. 16.\n I have recieved your letter of the 14th inst. and the papers inclosed, solliciting me to have justice done you on your claims for military service. from the address of your letter to me at Washington, I have presumed you were under some error as to the proper channel for the prosecution of your claim. rather however than that your papers should run the risks of the mail at such a\n\t\t\t distance as you are I have undertaken to inclose them to the Secretary at war directly & to pray him to put them into the proper channel to have justice done you. perhaps it would be well for\n\t\t\t you\n\t\t\t to get the favor of your delegate in Congress to enquire into this matter when he repairs to the next session. Accept my best wishes for your health and relief.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0164", "content": "Title: Thomas Appleton to Thomas Jefferson, 30 July 1816\nFrom: Appleton, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n \tMy last respects, Sir, were in date of the 30th of May, and which went by the Schooner Fanny, Capt: Selby for New York; at the Same time I shipp\u2019d to the care of the collector for that port, in order to be forwarded to you, a Case containing 57 bottles of Carmigniano wine.\u2014I have now shipp\u2019d on board the ship Von-Hollen Capt: Ralph Porter, bound to Baltimore, two Cases of Tuscan-wine\u2014No 1. contains 57 bottles of Artiminiano\u2014No 2, contains an equal number of bottles of Chianti-wine, this latter is of a very high flavour; and both are directed to the care of the Collector for that port\u2014by the next vessel, I am in\n\t\t\t hopes, to be able to forward the Ama; a\n\t\t\t wine of a very Superior quality, indeed.\u2014The vessel unexpectedly departing in the course of the day, allows me only the time, to Renew the expressions of my very Sincere Respect & esteem.\n Th: Appleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0165", "content": "Title: Benjamin Galloway to Thomas Jefferson, 30 July 1816\nFrom: Galloway, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Hagers Town Washington County Maryland June July 30th 1816.\n I have taken the liberty of placing under cover to you a Letter for your amiable daughter, Mrs Randolph; which, I shall be much obliged to you, to deliver into her hands: Should she be with you at Monticello, when you receive this\u2014If Mrs R should be absent, I must beg the favour of you, Sir, to break the seal, peruse the contents, and comply with a sollicitation contained therein, at an early day; which will confer a favour\n\t\t\t on me\u2014I have enjoyed perfect health, ever since I took my departure from your house, with the exception of a short, but, dangerous illness, with which I was attacked, in September last; whilst I\n\t\t\t was\n\t\t\t on a visit to my friends in Ann Arundel: since, which; I have been gaining flesh, almost daily, and am thirty pounds heavier, than I weighed, when, at your house: I hope, that you, and your kind family, have enjoyed the same\n\t\t\t blessing\u2014\n Mr Johnson, the Watch & Clock Maker, who, I did suppose, would have eagerly embraced the very favourable offer, that, you authorized me make to him; as an inducement to remove his family to Charlotteville: tho\u2019 he was seemingly anxious, to better his situation, when I set off from Hagers Town to Monticello; like too many others, was unwilling to encounter the trifling difficulties, with which such an undertaking, would have been accompanied: but promised to use his endeavours to persuade some fit young man of the trade to settle in your part of the country: and has repeatedly informed me, that he has recieved promises so to do, in abundance: but, the characters, have never come forward: which, has been in no slight degree, painfull to me; because, I gave you confident assurance, of the\n\t\t\t practicability of engaging a good workman to accept your very generous offer\u2014I find, on enquiry, that the Clock, and Watch makers business, is, so rapidly encreasing in the western counties of\n\t\t\t our\n\t\t\t state: that I almost despair of succeeding in my said undertaking: I will, however, keep a sharp look out; and, if I should be so fortunate, as to meet with a proper character; who, may be willing to accept your offer; I will inform you: and afford every aid and assistance towards his removal\u2014\n Mrs Galloway joins me in Compliments\u2014\n I am, Sir with lively esteem and due respect\u2014Yours &\n Benjamin Galloway", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0167", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Francis Adrian Van der Kemp, 30 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian\n Monticello July 30. 16.\n Your favor of July 14. is recieved, and I am entirely satisfied with the disposition you have made of the Syllabus, keeping my name unconnected with it, as I am sure you have done. I should really be gratified to see a full and fair examination of the ground it takes. I believe it to be the only ground on which reason and truth can take their stand, and that only against which we are told that the gates of hell shall not finally prevail. yet I have little expectation that the affirmative can be freely maintained in England. we know it could not here. for altho\u2019 we have freedom of religious opinion by law, we are yet under the inquisition of public opinion: and in England it would have both law and public opinion to encounter. the love of peace, and a want of either time or taste for these disquisitions induce silence on my part as to the contents of this\n\t\t\t paper, and all explanations & discussions which might arise out of it; and this must be my apology for observing the same silence on the questions of your letter. I leave the thing to the\n\t\t\t evidence of the books on which it claims to be founded, and with which I am persuaded you are more familiar than myself.\u2003\u2003\u2003Altho\u2019 I rarely waste time\n\t\t\t reading on theological subjects, as mangled by our Pseudo-Christians, yet I can readily suppose Basanistos may be amusing. ridicule is the only weapon which can be used against unintelligible propositions. ideas must be distinct before reason can act upon them; and no man ever had a distinct\n\t\t\t idea of the trinity. it is the mere Abracadabra of the mountebanks calling themselves the priests of Jesus. if it could be understood it would not answer their purpose. their security is in their faculty of shedding darkness, like the cuttle fish, thro\u2019 the element in which they move, and making it impenetrable to the eye of a pursuing enemy. and there they will skulk, until some rational creed can occupy the void which the\n\t\t\t obliteration of their duperies would leave in the minds of our honest and unsuspecting brethren. whenever this shall take place, I believe that Christianism may be universal & eternal. I salute you with great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0168", "content": "Title: David Gelston to Thomas Jefferson, 31 July 1816\nFrom: Gelston, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have received by the Ship Genl Ward from Bordeaux a case said to contain 25 bottles sautern wine, shipped by John Martin Baker esq: the wine I have in store for your order\u2014\n I have not yet been able to ascertain the expenses attending, but probably shall in a short time, when you will be advised of the amount\u2014\n With very great regard and esteem\u2014I am, Sir, your obedient servant\n David Gelston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0169", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Louis H. Girardin, 31 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Girardin, Louis Hue\n Monticello July 31. 16.\n Your favor of the 27th is recieved, covering the resolution I had asked, which I now return with thanks for the use of it. I learn with pleasure that we are not to lose the benefit of your labors on our history, which I had begun to fear from it\u2019s delay. Your letter gives me the first information of the state of your health, and I am sensible of the power of the paternal motives which induce you to think still of continuing in the lower country. I have no doubt you can make more money there. but would it not be better for your family that your life and health should be continued with less profit, than with greater gains under the present risk? and would not the combination of the business of a bookseller and editor of a paper at Staunton or Winchester, or of the writing for a paper, and taking perhaps a few Mathematical students, ensure more permanently the good of your family with the preservation of your life, health & happiness? of\n\t\t\t these things you are the best judge. I can only assure you of my best wishes for them all.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "07-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0170", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to A. D. Saunders, 31 July 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Saunders, A. D.\n Monticello July 31. 16.\n I have just recieved your favor of June 26. mentioning your invention of a horizontal wheel so constructed as that it\u2019s gravity shall make it continue to seek it\u2019s resting place, yet never to change it\u2019s position, and enquiring whether I know of any thing of the kind in this or any other country. I know of no such thing any where; and as what is said leaves an idea of impossibility, so I must suppose there is something not said which would remove the impossibility. I would certainly advise you to trust to no demonstrations on paper, nor conceptions of the mind, but to execute the thing in large & see it work before you commit yourself to the public. the effects of friction & imperfection of workmanship must exhaust some power & are beyond calculations & conceptions.\n I think our state has never given a patent for any invention since the federal constitution gave that power to Congress. were they to do it it might produce conflict and question between the two authorities. but the Congressional law altho\u2019 it involves the people in dangers and impositions, seems abundantly\n\t\t\t to secure to the patentee his own principle. another may improvement upon the principle; yet he cannot use the principle itself without paying for it. he cannot add his improvement till he has purchased the use of the principle on which it is engrafted.\n Accept my good wishes for your success.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0174", "content": "Title: John Graham to Thomas Jefferson, 1 August 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Dept of State. 1st Augt 1816.\n It was not until yesterday that I had the pleasure to receive your Letter of the 19th Ulto covering one for mr appleton at Leghorn.\n I am happy to inform you that I shall soon have it in my power to forward the Letter to Mr appleton by a safe conveyance, as there is now a Public Vessel waiting at New York to take Despatches to the Mediterranian. These would have been ready before this time; but they have been delayed by the difficulty of getting a translation of a Letter from the Dey of Algiers to the President. That difficulty is now surmounted or soon will be, as we have found a Person who reads the Arabic and Turkish Languages in both of which the Letter is written. The Vessel\n\t\t\t will therefore, I presume, sail before the Middle of the Month or about that time. Should you have other Letters for that part of the World, they will yet be in time for that this conveyance; and if you do me the favor to send them to me, I will take care to have them forwarded in the way most likely to ensure their safety.\n I beg to offer my best wishes for the continuance of your Health: and the assurance of the sincere & Respectful Regard with which\n I am Dear Sir\n\t\t\t your mo obt Sert\n John Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0175", "content": "Title: David Hosack to Thomas Jefferson, 1 August 1816\nFrom: Hosack, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Accept my thanks for your favour of the 17th July with the seeds accompanying it\u2014I am also indebted to you for a former favour of the Same nature\u2014the seeds are in good order but it is too late to sow them in the present season\u2014with the aid of manganese most of them will probably grow the next year\u2014you know that this stimulus will excite the smallest remains of the vital principle which seeds may possess\u2014It gives me pain to State to you that altho new york has done herself great credit by the purchase of the Botanic Garden She has made no provision whatever for the Support or the improvement of it\u2014I hope however that measures are now about to be taken to recover it and to augment the collection it at present contains\u2014in that case it is my intention immediately to begin the Flora of our country particularly of those plants that\n\t\t\t have not yet been figured or described\u2014I propose to do it in ye manner of the English Botany\u2014I only wait for the corporation of our city to give me the facilities I ask, to begin this much wanted work\u2014mr Elliott of So Carolina\u2014mr Le Compte of Georgia my nephew Dr Eddy will give me great aid\u2014andI have Just received an interesting letter from my friend Dr Francis\u2014I Subjoin an extract from it which will gratify you as it is to you we are indebted for ye valuable work to which it relates\n I am Sir with great respect\n David Hosack", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0177", "content": "Title: John Wood to Thomas Jefferson, 2 August 1816\nFrom: Wood, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Lynchburg 2d August 1816\n I received a letter by last mail from Mr John Tyler, member of the executive, informing me that I was appointed to survey the principal rivers of Virginia, from their mouths up to their falls, and afterwards to ascertain Latitudes and Longitudes of such places as they may hereafter name. He says, it is not expected that an actual survey of the rivers is to be made by running the\n\t\t\t chain, but by means of base lines. The compensation they have fixed at two dollars per mile, and I am to find every thing attendants, boat, instruments &c.\u2014\n I have written for information upon other particulars, before I agree. viz to define what species of survey is wanted 1st If the distances are desired to be accurately laid down as well as the courses. 2d If the depths and breadths are require\u2019d, and in how many points; whether they are to be expressed at every variation and at every course? 3d Whether the courses and distances of only one side of the river, or if both sides are to be taken. 4th If both sides are to be taken whether $2 per mile is to be allowed for each side.\n As I am at present unprovided with proper instruments; I have to request if you conveniently could do me the favour to loan me your surveying compass and Sextant for three months; and I assure you the greatest care will be taken of them. If you have not a large Sextant, the small pocket one will answer. It is my intention to accomplish the whole by water. If all the particulars which I have stated are required I think $2 per mile is too little unless they mean $2 per mile for each side.\u2014\n I shall not leave this if I undertake the business previous to the 24th of September as I wrote to the Executive soon after my arrival in this place that from my health & other circumstance I could not commence if I were appointed before the 1st of October. I shall therefore have the pleasure of seeing you at Popler Forest before I go down and shall be obliged to you to suggest any ideas concerning the survey which you may deem important. Requesting my respects to be given to Mr Jefferson Randolph,\u2014\n I remain with respect and esteem your obliged Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0178", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, 3 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel\n I have just recieved a letter from M. de la Fayette, inclosing me the copy of one to you from M. Tracy dated Jan. 30. he is, as you now know, the author of the Review of Montesquieu. he sent it to me in the fall of 1809. but it was not until the spring of 1810. that I could engage the translating & printing of it. Duane then undertook both; which he did not complete till July 1811. on the 10th of that month, he sent me a single copy, which I inclosed to La Fayette for mr Tracy the same day, that it might get into the hands of mr Warden, then on the point of sailing for France. I had subscribed for ten copies for myself, with a view of sending them to my friends in Europe. these came to me some time after. but our non-intercourse law first, and then the war rendering the transmission of them across the sea impracticable, I distributed them among my friends in\n\t\t\t the different states, that they might bring this excellent book into notice. learning, this last spring, mr Gallatin\u2019s appointment to Paris, I ordered mr Dufief of Philadelphia to procure and inclose two copies to M. de la Fayette, which he accordingly did, and had them delivered to mr Gallatin. the French original is in my hands, and I have it much at heart that it should be printed: but my situation renders it difficult. yours is more favorable, and if you can effect it I will\n\t\t\t send it to you. it is due to the author & the world to give it in his own words.\n The IVth volume on Political economy came to my hand in the spring of 1812. the same editor undertook it\u2019s translation and publication. two years were lost in enquiries and urgencies on my part; excuses and promises on his; until a letter of Aug. 11. 1814. declared to me that, altho\u2019 he had had it translated, it was not in his power to publish it. I then requested a return of the original. he claimed the price of the translation, which I immediately paid him; but did not recieve the work till July or August 1815. three years being thus lost. I first proposed the printing it to mr Ritchie of Richmond. but he required so long a time for it\u2019s execution that I thought it better to accept the offer of mr Millegan of George town to print it immediately, promising to revise the translation myself if he would. a very long visit to Bedford, a journey to the Peaks of Otter, and some geometrical operations in which I engaged to ascertain the height of these our highest mountains, with the business I found accumulated on my return in the winter, put it out of my\n\t\t\t power to begin the revision of the translation until January last. this is the only period of time delayed in my hands. I found the translation a very bad one indeed; done by one who understood\n\t\t\t neither French nor English: and I had proceeded too far before it became evident that I could have translated it myself in less time than the revisal cost me. I devoted to it five hours a day for\n\t\t\t between two & three months; and on the 6th of April only was able to send it to mr Millegan. instead of printing it immediately however, he now informed me he could not begin it till the 4th of July. that day being past, and no proof sheet coming to me (for I have undertaken to supervise them) I wrote to him on the 21st of July, to which I have yet no answer.\n To compleat the proof that these unaccountable delays have not happened thro\u2019 any remissness of exertion on my part, I will now add the dates of my letters written to these printers purely on the subject of this IVth volume.\n you will thus see, my dear friend, what scenes of mortification I have gone thro\u2019 with these printers. Mr Tracey has the greatest reason to suppose inattention in me. in May last I wrote la Fayette (for I really had not the courage to write mr Tracy) some account of the causes of the delay of this work: but I did not go into particulars minutely, preferring an imperfect justification to the risk of giving uneasiness to M. Tracy by detailing the course of labor and vexation I had gone thro\u2019. but I would have gone through ten times more to procure for the world the publication of this inestimable volume. I have done\n\t\t\t chearfully, and will yet do what still remains, only regretting the apparent cause which mr Tracy has of dissatisfaction with me.\u2003\u2003\u2003if from these materials, you, who know our printers, their position and mine, can make up something more of a\n\t\t\t justification of me, without disquieting M. Tracy, you will render me a most acceptable service; for his merits as a great author & a good man make me set a very high opinion value indeed on his esteem.\u2014but when I shall be able to get the translation out, I cannot tell. Millegan has already shaken my confidence by his delays, and I know not where they are to end. I now wish I had given it to Ritchie, altho\u2019 the same delays perhaps might have taken place with him. I salute you affectionately.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0179", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to David Gelston, 3 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gelston, David\n I have just recieved a letter from John Martin Baker, our Consul, in which he informs me he had shipped a case of Barsac wine for me from Bordeaux by the American brig Genl Ward addressed to your care. will you have the goodness to reship it to Richmond to the address of Messrs Gibson and Jefferson of that place who will pay all charges which can be referred to them. such as cannot, I will ask the favor of you to notify to me, by mail, and they shall be promptly remitted.\n In my calls for different articles from Europe, the want of constant opportunities of transmission from their ports to any particular one of ours, obliges me to request my correspondents to ship to any port of the US. addressing the articles to the Collector of the port. some of these will of course sometimes come to the port of N. York. may I hope the favor of you in like manner to reship them to Richmond always to the same address, who will pay all costs which can be referred to them, and to notify me by post of such as cannot which shall always be promptly replaced. Accept the assurance of my constant esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0180", "content": "Title: Joseph C. Cabell to Thomas Jefferson, 4 August 1816\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I beg you to accept my sincere thanks for your favor of the 13th inst, and for the communication of the accompanying letter on the propriety of calling a convention to amend the constitution of Virginia. The information you give me on the subject of Hedges is very acceptable; it will exempt me from the mortification of failures in experiments that extend thro so large a portion of human\n\t\t\t life. I have about a half bushel of Holly seed now lying in my garden undergoing the process of preparation for the seed bed\u2014but since the receipt of your letter I have determined to throw them\n\t\t\t aside, or to make but very small use of them. I shall direct my future attempts in this line towards the thorn, & to the variety you recommend, unless I should be able to procure that of which mr Jefferson Randolph Speaks so highly, for which purpose I have sent him the enclosed letter of enquiry. I presume he alludes to a Thorn in the old fields about Hendrick\u2019s Tavern, the strength & density of which have frequently been mentioned to me by gentlemen who had been travelling that way. It is not certain, altho\u2019 it is probable that maine\u2019s Recipe will succeed with all the different thorns.\n I have written to mr meriwether on the subject of surveying this county. The law authorizing a chart of the State passed hastily thro\u2019 both Houses of Assembly, at the close of the session, and is defective. I regret that the county Courts have any thing to do with the business: for tho\u2019 some may make judicious contracts, I am confident many of\n\t\t\t them will employ incompetent agents, and the map will be a half formed party colored affair. In my opinion, it would be a commendable course, for if the executive would defer acting on any of the contracts till the meeting of the Assembly, when we might amend the Law, by appointing a Surveyor General, who with the aid of deputies chosen by himself under proper checks, would make a map of which the State might justly be\n\t\t\t proud. If, as is to be apprehended, this well intended scheme, should be spoilt in the execution, the people, already dissatisfied with so large an appropriation for such an object, may in a fit\n\t\t\t disgust, insist on the repeal of the Law for internal improvement. The difficulties which must, by this time, have been encountered in every county of the state, in the attempt to procure\n\t\t\t suitable\n\t\t\t agents, will have probably prepared the public mind for such an exercise of power on the part of the executive. I have written nothing on this subject, as any suggestions of mine would be entitled to but\n\t\t\t little attention on the part of the Executive: but I wish some gentleman possessing the confidence of the Executive would take the subject in hand.\n I am extremely obliged to you for the perusal of your letter on the state constitution. many of the views are new; some in conflict with my previously-formed opinions: and all in the highest degree interesting. I wish this letter could have fallen into my hands some years ago. Wishing to give to its various topics the fullest consideration, I have taken the liberty to retain a copy, & unless you should forbid it, I will take the further liberty I will of shewing it to a few of my friends, who will not disregard the injunctions contained in a certain part of the Letter.\n For eight years I have been contending with factions in the county of Nelson & this Senatorial District. During all that time, I have seen the people as often made the dupes of unprincipled intriguers, that I acknowledge I have gradually glided into the ranks of the friends of the freehold Law. In the same series of years I have served in the Assembly: where I have been disgusted by often witnessing what I deemed to be the most unjustifiable efforts in the western Delegation to throw the pecuniary burthens of the commonwealth upon the\n\t\t\t eastern people. In the hottest of the war, when the British army were laying waste all the shores of the Chesapeake, this temper often displayed itself. They demand a convention, & drop the project so soon as a reassessment of Lands is coupled with it. Last winter, Doddridge & others, finding we would not charter their 15 banks, said to us\u2014We have been heretof (meaning the federalists of the west) have heretofore been enemies to a Convention; but now we will let you see we will have one. Accordingly the Staunton Convention originated among Bank Stockholders, & officers, about Winchester. Viewing it in the light of a Hartford Convention, I declined attending a Small meeting at Nelson Court House in July, when two gentlemen of this county were appointed to go to Staunton in August.\u2014A Series of circumstances like this, has made me heretofore hostile to a Convention. If one is to be held, I hope it will be taken out of the Hands of Speculators, & brought\n\t\t\t forward under the auspices of the friends of the people. I will reconsider my opinions on these subjects, and sincerely thank you for your letter.\n I enclose for the perusal of yourself & Col: Randolph two interesting papers relative to the two Banks in Virginia, which were communicated to the last Assembly: I will thank you for the return of them by the 1st Octr\u2014\n Doct Smith has adopted the Review of montesquieu as the text book in on the Principles of govt for the Students of Wm & mary. He will adopt either Say or Tracy on political economy, as the one or the other may appear best, when the latter comes out. We hear nothing of it. Owing to the weak state of my health, I shall be tardy about the translation\n\t\t\t of Say, you recommend me to undertake. Perhaps I shall not be competent\u2014but I will make the attempt, as soon as my health will permit.\n I am dr sir, most respectfully & truly yours\n Joseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0181", "content": "Title: John Barnes to Thomas Jefferson, 5 August 1816\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n On recpt of your favr 27th Ult in Ansr to mine of the 18th I judge in it proper to present you with a View or statemt of Genl K. resources with me; in Order to favr a Simi Annual remittance to him.\n To his Bale due as Remitted to him And acknowed by his later lettr 17th Aprl\n By his quarterly Int. recd on his $12.500 6 \u214cCt Stock Net\n from this sum deduct the difference between JB. purchase of Coa Bank Stock and Sale of US. Certificates & Int. &a &a therein\u2014viz. \n By (to receive presume) on said 46 whole shares Bank of Columa say on $4600\u2014for $100 Each\n By (to receive) 3 Mos Int. on the above 6 \u214cCt Net\n Over Anxious to remit the good Genl and fearing some Accident might delay your Ansr I sought every opporty to avail my self of a sett of ex\u2014and on the 25th Ult the Only One that offered\u2014of which I inclose you the 3d sett at 30 days Only\u2014most favble and hastened\u2014thro favr of Mr Monroe to whose Care I deposited 1t & 2d sett together with my Letter to Genl K. under Cover of each to Messrs Baring Brothers & Co London\u2014of which you herewith Receive Duplicates\u2014\n I have now to deduct from the above sum viz\u2014\n Smith & Riddle (of Richmond) a Sett of Ex. for \u00a3200. Sterg drawn By A P. Heinrich Esqr (of Baltimore) on John Rapp Esqr of London a 30 days in favr and endorsed by themselves.\u2014a 20 \u214cer Cent advance Amot\n leaves (the presumed) Amot in hand the 1t Octr\n would not purchase, at the present rate of Ex\u2014more than \u00a3123. pound Sterg Nevertheless\u2014it is not probable this extra ex. will Continue long\u2014with Reference to transferring his 6 \u214cCt Certificates & Bank Stock\u2014in his Name, I shall endeavour to effect & advise you but from the present unsettled State of the Public & Bank Stock\u2014generally it will require some time to judge of the expedience\u2014the profit & loss Attending it\u2014to which I shall pay every Attention\u2014and Advise you\u2014\n You will please Notice to deduct from the above\n the presumed\u2014recd sums 20 Sep & 1 oct\u2003Amt\n leave a Bale in my hands\u2014at this present\u2014of\n with the Greatest Esteem\u2014I am Dear Sir your most Obedt\n John Barnes,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0184", "content": "Title: David Gelston to Thomas Jefferson, 6 August 1816\nFrom: Gelston, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The enclosed was received this day, under cover from Mr Appleton from Leghorn\u2014presuming it gives you the information, of his having Shipped 57 bottles wine for you, by the Ship Fanny, just arrived, I need not say more, than, that, I shall pay every necessary attention\u2014received the wine in store, and wait your orders\u2014\n with great respect & regard I am sir, your obedient servant,\n David Gelston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0185", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 6 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n Understanding that the 4. cases of wine shipped for me from Alexandria are arrived with you, and the state of our river rendering it improbable that it can be brought up than that under a month or six weeks, I send the bearer with a small cart, and pray you to deliver to him two cases. the other two may wait for either Johnson or Gilmore. if you can procure for me & send by him also a cheese or two, it will much oblige me. I have understood it has been scarce in Richmond; but I see some now advertised there by Ralston and Pleasants, and some about 10. days ago advertised by some other firm. American is preferred, if to be had. if not, then of any other country.\n Your\u2019s with great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0186", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Margaret Bayard Smith, 6 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, Margaret Bayard\n DI have recieved, dear Madam, your very friendly letter of July 21. and Assure you that I feel with deep sensibility it\u2019s kind expressions towards myself, and the more as from a person than whom no other\u2019s could be more in sympathy with my own affections. I often call to mind the occasions of knowing your worth, which the societies of Washington furnished; and none more than those derived from your much valued visit to Monticello. I recognise the same motives of goodness in the solicitude you express on the rumor supposed to proceed from a letter of mine to Charles Thomson on the subject of the Christian religion it is true that, in writing to the translator of the Bible and Testament, that subject was mentioned: but equally so that no adherence to any\n\t\t\t particular mode of Christianity was there expressed; nor any change of opinions suggested. a change from what? the priests indeed have heretofore thought proper to ascribe to me religious, or\n\t\t\t rather\n\t\t\t antireligious sentiments, of their own fabric, but such as soothed their resentments against the Act of Virginia for establishing religious freedom. they wished him to be thought Atheist, or Deist, or Devil, who could advocate freedom from their religious dictations. but I have ever thought religion a concern purely between our god and our consciences, for which we were\n\t\t\t accountable to him, and not to the priests. I never told my own religion, nor scrutinised that of another. I never attempted to make a convert, nor wished to change another\u2019s creed. I have ever judged of the religion of others by their lives: and by this\n\t\t\t test, my dear Madam, I have been satisfied yours must be an excellent one, to have produced a life of such exemplary virtue and correctness. for it is in our lives, and not from our words, that\n\t\t\t our\n\t\t\t religion must be read. by the same test the world must judge me. but this does not satisfy the priesthood. they must have a positive, a declared assent to all their interested absurdities. my\n\t\t\t opinion\n\t\t\t is that there would never have been an infidel, if there had never been a priest. the artificial structures they have built on the purest of all moral systems, for the purpose of deriving from it\n\t\t\t pence and power, revolts those who think for themselves, and who read in that system only what is really there. these therefore they brand with such nick-names as their enmity chuses gratuitously\n\t\t\t impute. I have left the world, in silence, to judge of causes from their effects: and I am consoled in this course, my dear friend, when I percieve the candor with which I am judged by your\n\t\t\t justice\n\t\t\t and discernment; and that, notwithstanding the slanders of the Saints, my fellow-citizens have thought me worthy of trusts. the imputations of irreligion having spent their force, they think an imputation of change might now be turned to account as a boulster for their duperies. I shall leave them, as heretofore to grope on in the dark.\n Our family at Monticello is all in good health; Ellen speaking of you with affection, and mrs Randolph always regretting the accident which so far deprived her of the happiness of your former visit. she still cherishes the hope of some future renewal of that kindness; in which we all join\n\t\t\t her, as in the assurances of affectionate attachment and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0188", "content": "Title: LeRoy, Bayard & Company to Thomas Jefferson, 7 August 1816\nFrom: LeRoy, Bayard & Co.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Newyork the 7 August 1816.\n In reply to the communication we made to Mess. N. & J & R. Van Staphorst on the Subject of your last favor to us under date of the 7 of May, whereby you proposed to discharge the amount due them in three annual installments, these friends have written to us as\n\t\t\t follows, we quote their own words, Viz \u201cOur intention in this advance having allways been to oblige mr Jefferson we will allow him every facility to discharge the amount due to us in the manner heretofore mention\u2019d (within three years from 7 May last) and readily consent to the arrangement proposed\n\t\t\t which we request you to bring in due order. We beg you will communicate it to that Gentleman together with the assurance of our true regard\u201d and while we acquit ourselves with pleasure of this\n\t\t\t Commission we make free to repeat for good understanding Sake that in compliance with your proposal we Shall calculate on Successive payments under\n with interest @ 6% \u214c annm from the 1 Day of January 1816 to the respective periods.\n We have the honor to Subscribe with great respect\u2003\u2003\u2003Sir Your obedt hl St\n LeRoy Bayard & mcEvers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0189", "content": "Title: James Mease to Thomas Jefferson, 7 August 1816\nFrom: Mease, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia 7th Augt 1816\n I contemplate collecting and publishing a volume or more of the letters addressed by my late friend Dr Rush to various persons on political, religious, and miscellaneous subjects, and as I know he had the pleasure to correspond with you, I will deem myself much obliged by being favoured with such\n\t\t\t as you may have in your possession. I will Carefully return them if so desired.\u2014\n I am with very Sincere respect\n Your most obedient and obliged Servt\n James Mease", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0191", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 9 August 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The Biography of Mr Vander Kemp would require a Volume which I could not write if a Million were offered me as a Reward for the Work. After a learned and Scientific Education he entered the Army in Holland and Served as a Captain, with Reputation: but loving Books more than Arms he resigned his Commission and became a Preacher. My Acquaintance with him commenced at Leyden in 1780. He was then Minister of the Menonist Congregation the richest in Europe; in that City where he was celebrated as the most elegant Writer in the Dutch Language. He was the intimate Friend of Luzac and De Gyselaar. In 1788 when the King of Hol Prussia threatened Holland with Invasion, his Party insisted on his taking a Command in the Army of defence and he was appointed to the Command of the most exposed and most important Post in the Seven Provinces. He was Soon Surrounded by the Prussian Forces. But he defended his Fortress\n\t\t\t with a Prudence Fortitude Patience and Perseverence, which were admired by all Europe, Till, abandoned by his Nation, destitute of Provisions and Ammunition, Still refusing to Surrender, he was offered the most honourable Capitulation. He accepted it. Was offered very Advantageous Proposals, but despairing of the Liberties of his Country, he retired to Antwerp determined to emigrate to New york; wrote to me in London requesting Letters of Introduction. I Sent him Letters to Governor Clinton and Several others of our little great Men. His History in this Country is equally curious and affecting. He left Property in Holland, which the Revolutions there, have annihilated and I fear is now pinched with Poverty. His head is deeply learned and his heart is pure. I Scarcely know a more amiable Character. A Gentleman here asked my opinion of him. My Answer was, he is a Mountain of Salt of the Earth.\n He has written to me, occasionally and I have answered his Letters in great haste. You may well Suppose that Such a Man has not always been able to Understand our American Politicks. Nor have I. Had he been as great a Master of our Language as he was of his own he would have been at this day one of the most conspicuous Characters in the U.S.\n So much for Vanderkemp: now for your Letter of Aug. 1.\n Your Poet, the Ionian I Suppose, ought to have told Us, whether Jove in the distribution of good and Evil from his two Urns, observes any Rule of Equity or not. Whether he thunders out flames of eternal Fire on the Many, and Power Glory and Felicity on the Few, without any consideration of Justice.?\n Let Us State a few Questions, Sub ros\u00e2.\n Would you accept a Life, if offered You, of equal pleasure and Pain? E.G. one million of moments of Pleasure and one Million of Moments of Pain?\n \u2003\u2003\u20031,000,000 Pleasure = 1,000,000 Pain. Suppose the Pleasure as exquisite as any in Life and the Pain as exquisite as any. E.G. Stone, Gravel, Gout, Head Ache, Ear Ache, Tooth Ache, Cholick. &c. I would not. I would rather be blotted out.\n Would you accept a Life of one Year of incessant Gout, Head Ache &c for Seventy two Years of Such Life as you have enjoyed? I would not.\n \u2003\u2003\u20031 Year of Cholic = 72. of Boule de Savon. pretty but unsubstantial. I had rather be extinguished. You may vary these Algebraical Equations at pleasure and without End. All this Ratiocination Calculation, call it what you will, is founded on the Supposition of no future State. \n Promise me eternal Life free from Pain, tho\u2019 in all other respects no better than our present terrestrial Existence, I know not how many thousand Years of Smithfield fires I would not endure to obtain it.\n In fine, without the Supposition of a future State, Mankind and this Globe appear to me the most Sublime and beautifull Bubble and Bauble that Imagination can conceive.\n Let us then wish for Immortality at all hazards and trust the Ruler with his Skies. I do: and earnestly wish for his Commands which to the Utmost of my Power Shall be implicitly and piously obeyed.\n It is worth while to live to read Grimm, whom I have read. And La Harpe and Mademoiselle D\u2019Espinasse the fair Friend of D\u2019Alembert both of whom Grimm Characterises very distinctly are I am told are in Print. I have not Seen them but hope Soon to have them.\n My History of the Jesuits is not elegantly written but is Supported by unquestionable Authorities, is very particular and very horrible. Their Restoration is indeed \u201ca Step towards Darkness\u201d Cruelty Perfidy Despotism Death and \u2014\u2014! I wish We were out of \u201cdanger of Bigotry and\n\t\t\t Jesuitism.\u201d! May We be \u201ca Barrier against the Returns of Ignorance and Barbarism\u201d! \u201cWhat a Colossus Shall We be\u201d! But will it not be of Brass Iron and Clay? Your Taste is judicious in likeing\n\t\t\t better\n\t\t\t the dreams of the Future, than the History of the Past. Upon this Principle I prophecy that you and I Shall Soon meet and be better Friends than ever.\u2003\u2003\u2003So wishes\n John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0193", "content": "Title: Charles Willson Peale to Thomas Jefferson, 9 August 1816\nFrom: Peale, Charles Willson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Belfield Augt 9th 1816.\n some time past I thought that I had found a young man in the Watch making line, that would have gone to settle as you proposed, but I have since heard that he has gone towards Bethlehem\u2014and I have requested several Watch makers in the City to make inquiries for me by which means I shall have a chance of hearing if any young Man can be found suitable to recommend to your\n\t\t\t notice, I have required that he must have a good character, & perfectly Sober\u2014\n as often as I visit the City will I attend to this Business\u2014and having resumed my Pencil my visits to the City in future will be frequent\u2014At present I have been much perplexed to know what ought to be done with the Museum\u2014Since the Corporation have purchased the State-house, a Committee from the Councils have requird of me a rent of 1600$ Pr Anm insure the Building &c &c which I consider, if the report is adopted by the Councils, as a total expultion of the Museum, I now think it a fortunate circumstance, as had they only required a small rent, I might have gone on neglectful of futurity\u2014and if droped into my grave the Museum would most assuredly be divided by my Children in one year after my decease, and thus totally lost\u2014Being alarmed at such an exhorbatant rent, I hastily drew up an address to the Corporation & other Citizens which I delivered the 18th Ult asking advice & aid to obtain a permanant foundation\u2014In consequence a number of Gentlemen, have drawn up a Memorial & are getting the Signatures of many respectable Citizens\u2014what will be the result I cannot yet divine\u2014The Corporation have very limited powers, and they are very much in debt\u2014I would much like to get less than the Value of the Museum according to the Annual income by Visitations\u2014rather than undertake to have a Building made for its reception even should rich men lend me Money at a small Interest\u2014I am now too old to expect to get through with any expensive undertaking\u2014and it will be grevious to me to think of leaving my family of Numerous Children &c in imbarrassed Circumstances.\n I will enclose my address, which now in is in the press\u2014It is a subject that I might have made much more interresting, if I had taken more time to have digested the subjects\u2014but I was alarmed under the impression that the Councils would meet speedily\u2014and however imperfetct it might be, yet it might give Idea\u2019s to some men who perhaps had never thought on such subjects\u2014\n I have thought a great deal on the follies of my life\u2014how much time I have consumed in mechanic labours\u2014how much better it would have been for me to have choosen my other imployment than indulged my fancies in making various Machines, and doing work that I had not been accustomed to do. even at this moment I have to exert my resolutions to withstand temtations to oblige friends who ask my aid, or resist the impulse of doing whatever I want done\u2014Within a short time I have studied effects I have seen in Landscapes which I had not noticed before, therefore in that line as well as in Portraits I conceive I can make considerable improvements on my former practice\u2014I have weighed the consequences of certain modes of execution with Colours\u2014by judging of the consequences of not only the use of certain colours, but also the quantity of oils, or varnishes imployed to produce certain effects. an earlier turn of the mind to these studies might have enabled me to produce works of some importance\u2014but at my time of life I cannot promise myself a continuance of good Eye sight, even should my days be lenthened.\n However I have this satisfaction in view, that if I can produce some good Paintings imbracing such effects as may merrit admiration, that I may shew to those practicing the art, such rules as may to them be advantagous.\n I have heard that wheat this year weighs 67 \u2114 \u214c B:, equal it is said to English wheat. I dont know why our wheat should not always be equally good\u2014unless the heat of our Summers are generally too hot, and therefore too much hastens the harvest before it get a full growth of Grain. I have found that the Hessian Fly has very much injured wheat that was early sown\u2014I have had this verified.\n 13th I find that much is said, both pro- & con, on the subject of my proposal to vest the corporation with a control on the Museum\u2014and I very much suspect that some members composing that Body are taking this method to sound the disposition of the Citizens towards this institution\u2014I do not intend to make any reply to any thing published\u2014The corporation last week had a meeting, which I had no Notice of, or I would most certainly have sent them some proposals of what I supposed might put the business in train\u2014Their committee made no report about my rent\u2014This helps to confirm my oppinion that they want time to feel the pulse of the People\u2014for I find that some of the pieces published has made some of them sore\u2014But the committee can only be blamed for a want of Liberality\u2014At this season of the Year it is difficult to form a quoram in any public Body\u2014besides short Evenings do not admit of much business being done\u2014My present Idea is, that if they demand any considerable sum as rent\u2014that I shall most certainly make some efforts, either to sell the Museum in some manner, or get it remooved elswere. If you have any Idea\u2019s of what may be done, you will very much oblige me with your advice. There is no part of the Museum but can receive additions & great improvements, without very considerable expence\u2014except of labour & time, and I am still zealous for its increase\u2014The preserved subjects are generally as perfect as they were when first put into the Museum\u2014Our mode of preservation in practice is easey, but where so many departments of Animals are imbraced, all cannot be brought to imbrace every spieces, but by a long course of exertions with very favorable circumstances\u2014a certain sum to be paid for admission\u2014, not exceeding the average price of a \u2114 of Butter\u2014given to those who superintend a Museum will secure their attention to preserve it in the best order for use or amusement\u2014I need not say any thing more on this subject, as the Address notices these views\u2014\n I expect that Mr Patterson has given you every thing particular respecting the Gas-lights at the Museum, as some short time past he was making particular inquiries of my Son Rubens on the expences &c attending the process &c\u2014My Son Rembrandt ingaged in the plan of lighting the Streets of Baltimore is progressing fast with that work\u2014The pipes, making of Copper to be screwed togather as in the mode practiced in the fire-hose\u2014and the branch pipes also to be screwed on\u2014They will begin to\n\t\t\t lay them down as soon as a roof is put on the Building now erecting for the Furnaces & Gazometers\u2014The manner in which Rembrandt has contrived his retorts appears to me well adapted to save trouble, in the replaced replacing those that are burnt out\u2014It is simply a pot with a flange round the top thus: to which is screwed a copper lid with the Tubes, hard soldered on it\u2014To give you a better\n\t\t\t Idea of the apparatus I will make a sketch on the other side. \n a. The funnel to receive the Pitch\u2014\n b The Cock to let it down\n c a hollowed plate to catch any of the droping of pitch & oil, to prevent its falling on the lid of the pot, where it would flame.\n d. the tube coming to the center of the pot within 4 Inches of the bottom. e. The Tube 4 Inches diameter to carry the Gas to the Gazometer\u2014f & g. flanges screwed togather by small hand vices, so that the pieces of joint (h) may be easily taken off in order to clean out the joint (e) when necessary, and making it more convenient to remoove the whole cover of the pot, to take out the coke, or rather charcoal,\u2003\u2003\u2003The bo Whole body of the pot is supported by the flanges\u2014and the coal is thrown in by remooving an Iron plate level with the top of the pot\u2014The grate at the bottom is not small nor but a little distance from the bottom of the pot\u2014There are 3 flues near to the top of the pot with a damper, connected into one flue going to the Chimney.\u2003\u2003\u2003Should you desire any further explanation I may give it in my next letter. I have given this to shew how easey it is to supply the place of a retort burned out.\n with my best wishes for your health\u2014I am ever yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0195", "content": "Title: John Barnes to Thomas Jefferson, 10 August 1816\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n George Town Coa 10th Augt 1816.\n Yesterday I waited on Mr whann Cashr of Bank of Columa as well Mr Nourse Register of the Treasury respecting the Transfers you proposed in the Name of Genl Thads Kosciusko\u2014now standing in your Name. The question I proposed was to Know Whether\u2014or not\u2014I could receive the Int & dividend as at present\u2014when transfered\u2014To which they both Answer\u2019d\u2014Neither\n\t\t\t you\u2014(of course your substitute) could not\u2014\n to which difficulty I submitted a proposition viz\u2014that you inclose to me the Genls Original power\u2014(or Copy) to you together, with his late letter to you\u2014a Request to same purport.\n and from these premises the Atty Genl would determine Whether or not the transfer proposed could not be Accomodated to Afford the Object wishd for\u2014and by depositing a sett each\u2014in B of C. and Treasury Offices\u2014together with your substitution I might be Allowed to receive the Int. & Dividend\u2014rather\u2014than wait the Uncertain Risque & delay &a in Receiving a New and formal power from Switzerland\u2014a letter from you to the Atty Genl I persuade my self would close the Scruples of the Cashr and Treasury departmt\u2014with great Respect\n I am Dear Sir\u2014yr most obedt\n John Barnes,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0196", "content": "Title: John F. Oliveira Fernandes to Thomas Jefferson, 10 August 1816\nFrom: Oliveira Fernandes, John Francisco\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Norfolk 10th August 1816\n Your favour of the 17th ultimo was recived, in Course of mail. \u2003\u2003\u2003 The disagreable visit of fever tertians, in the commencement of June, & July, together with the necessity of attending some Family; which, I could not with propriety, dismiss; have kept me weak enough.\n I value highly the honour of your repeated invitation; of which I will do my self the pleasure to accept, for a day, or two, towards the end of this month, or the commencement of the next; in my passage to the Springs\u2014because, calculatting it, as an impossible, to attend regularly my own health, in the place, I have resolved to travel a little\u2014\n For this reason, I will probably Lose the agreable Opportunity of meeting Mr Correa de Serra, probably, detained as yet, in Philadelphia, with his Literary engagements.\n Messrs J. & w\u2013 Southgate, have Lately recived by their Ship from Lisbon few Q. Cask of wine for their own use I hope however, to have one for you; if you Say So\u2014\n I expect Some Porto\u2014for my own use\u2014I will cheerfully divide with you\u2014\n I remain with Sincere respect\n Dr Sir\u2014Your Mo: obt Servant\n John F. Oliveira Fernandes\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0197", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 10 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n Your favor of the 18th ult. after loitering unaccountably on the road, reached my hands on the eve of a visit to the President from whose seat therefore the present is written. I am much gratified by the prospect you hold up to me of a visit from Marshal Grouchy and Genl Clausel; and the pleasure will be heightened should the country thro\u2019 which they will pass, and the people whom they will see, of a character so novel to them, furnish matter of compensation\n\t\t\t for so long a journey. be so good as to assure them I shall recieve them with great pleasure, and feel deeply sensible of this mark of their respect. you flatter me too with the hope of seeing Dr Wistar whom I have not seen for many years, and to whom a very long intimacy has affectionately attached me. I wish you could have been tempted to add your own name to the bonne bouche. it would have added much to the feast of friendship. I have been for some time expecting our excellent friend Correa. but I learn from a letter he has written to the President that he is confined by an attack of rheumatism. he was to come by the way of Winchester and to bring on with him mr Gilmer, whom I believe you know. I lost the pleasure of their visit by my absence in Bedford the last year, as lately that of M. de Neufville whom I should have been so happy to have recieved, and to whom I pray you to express my regards for the past, and my hopes for the future that according to the adage of his country \u2018tout ce qui est differ\u00e9 n\u2019est pas perdu.\u2019 to avoid a repetition of loss with Correa and Gilmer, I had informed them that I had a visit of 6. weeks to make to Poplar forest, some time in autumn, the particular time of which however whether a month sooner or later was entirely immaterial: that if it should suit their convenience to take their journey before the\n\t\t\t 1st of Sep. they would find me at home and quite at leisure to enjoy the happiness of their company as long as they would give it to me; and that if they should not come before that day, I\n\t\t\t should conclude that a later season suited them better, and should immediately depart,\n\t\t\t have my visit over, and be ready to recieve them by the latter part of October. I must request you to explain this same state of things to Messrs Grouchy & Clausel, and save me the great mortification of being out of place on an occasion so gratifying to me. the delay of your letter on the road has unfortunately shortened the period from this to the 1st of period. September.\n To your encouragements to take up the political pen, I must turn a deaf ear. my repugnance to that is insuperable, as the thing itself is unnecessary. the present generation will be as able, as that which preceded them to do for themselves what is necessary for their own happiness; and that which shall succeed them will do what they shall leave undone. constitutions & laws should change with the changes of times and circumstances. those made now may as little suit our descendants, as we should be suited by those of our Gothic ancestors. the concerns of each generation are their own care.\n I am sorry I have not a copy of the Notes of Virginia but a single one which I have made the depository of some additional annotations.\n I think you had better employ mr Greene to collect the money from Carter. his commission will be a cheap riddance of the trouble you will have. ever and affectionately yours.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0198", "content": "Title: William Wirt to Thomas Jefferson, 10 August 1816\nFrom: Wirt, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I suppose it proceeds from the circumstances of my having lived in your neighbourhood, for several years; the brotherly intimacy and affection which has always subsisted between your nephews, the Mr Carrs, and myself; and the paternal kindness with which you have always treated me, that I feel a sort of filial right to be more troublesome to you, than my judgment can entirely approve: but I\n\t\t\t beg you to be assured that the same feeling which prompts my applications to you, will dispose me to acquiesce, with undiminished respect and affection, in any refusal on your part to yield to\n\t\t\t them.\n In the rare intervals of professional duties, and domestic avocations imposed upon me by a large and growing family, I have made such progress in my sketches of Henry\u2019s life, as to justify the hope that they will be ready for the press this autumn. I am very desirous, if it comport entirely with your convenience and inclination, that the manuscript\n\t\t\t should pass through your hands before it goes to the press: but I repeat my entreaty that you will not yield to this wish, if it will be attended with any sacrafice of your convenience or ease.\n\t\t\t Besides the advantage to the work and to my self from your previous perusal, & corrections, I am desirous that you should see whether I may not have made a freer use of your communications than you intended.\n The work is now copying by my clerk; if you can accede to my wish, the manuscript shall be forwarded to you, in detachments, as the copy shall be finished. The whole, I presume, will not exceed an hundred and fifty pages; of which, perhaps, one hundred will have been copied, by the time I can receive your answer.\n I beg you to accept the assurance of my unvarying respect and affection.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0201", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Duncanson, 15 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Duncanson, William\n I recieved your favor of Aug. 5. on my return from a visit to the President, and regretted it had not come 3. or 4. days sooner, as I might have made it the subject of a conversation with him instead of a letter. I knew well the worth of the late Wm M. Duncanson your uncle, his loyal principles to our republican government, & his great merit towards the city of Washington, towards the establishment of which he expended a handsome fortune; and I set a just value on the pleasures and advantages of his society. I will willingly bear testimony to his worth in a\n\t\t\t letter to the President this day, which, in the absence of all personal knolege of yourself, is the only service I can render you. Accept my best wishes for your success and the tender of my respects\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0202", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to David Gelston, 15 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gelston, David\n Your favors of July 31. and Aug. 6. are both at hand. I considered that of A July 31. as answered by mine of Aug. 3. altho\u2019 not then recieved: and indeed the general request I made you in that, anticipated the subject of your last letter also; by requesting all articles recieved from for me to be consigned to messrs Gibson & Jefferson of Richmond, drawing on them for whatever articles of expence may be referred to them, and notifying me of any others. if the bank paper of Richmond is recievable with you I could always myself make prompt returns to you by mail. if not recievable I should always be obliged to remit thro\u2019 my correspondents at Richmond. I shall often be needing apologies for these troubles to you, which I hope you will excuse and be assured of my great esteem and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0203", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to LeRoy, Bayard & Company, 15 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: LeRoy, Bayard & Co.\n Gentlemen\n Your favor of the 7th is recieved, and I shall endeavor to comply as exactly as in my power with the instalments with which messrs Van Staphorsts are so kind as to indulge me. my resources are those of a farmer, depending on the produce of my farms, which is usually sold in April or May, but sometimes necessarily on some credit to\n\t\t\t avoid sacrificing it, which I am sure the kind motives of the loan would spare were these causes at any time to oblige me to overrun the d exact day. Accept my thanks for your friendly intermediation in this business and the assurance of my great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0204", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 15 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n I do not know whether you were acquainted with the late Major Duncanson of Washington, uncle of the writer of the inclosed letter. he was one of the earliest adventurers to the city of Washington. he had made a princely fortune in the E. Indies, the whole of which he employed in the establishments of that city and finally sunk. his political merits were a most persevering republicanism in the worst of times, having been one of the\n\t\t\t four only republicans in G Washington & George town in the time of mr Adams. when I first went there, a stranger, I found him often useful for information as to characters, and I always believed him an honest & honorable man, altho\u2019 the warmth of his temper\n\t\t\t made him many enemies. these are the merits of the uncle. of the nephew I know nothing, and have therefore informed him I could render him no other service than that of stating to you what I knew\n\t\t\t his uncle, considering it as a duty to bear testimony to truth. I salute you with affectionate attachment and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0205", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Elisha Ticknor, 15 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ticknor, Elisha\n I have recieved two letters from your son, mr George Ticknor, dated Mar. 15. and Apr. 23. from which I learn with pleasure that he enjoys health and is so much satisfied with his situation at Gottingen that he has concluded to prolong his residence there a year. the account he gives me of the German literature is very interesting, and such as I had not been before apprised of. it seems\n\t\t\t well worthy of his avail and he is accordingly sowing the seed of what with his genius & industry will yield a rich harvest. he informs me he is about sending you some books, and that he will\n\t\t\t the same time send a parcel for me to your address. it is this which gives you the trouble of this letter to request you will be so good on their arrival as to reship them to Richmond consigned to Messrs Gibson and Jefferson, my correspondents there, who will pay all articles of duties and charges which can be referred to that place: and indeed the freight & other charges from Europe if they can be referred to them will perhaps be more promptly replaced: if this cannot be done and you will be so good as to drop me a line by mail, they shall be remitted immediately by myself if Richmond bank paper is recievable with you; if not recievable I will have the remittance made from Richmond. the kind office you hold between your son and myself requires many apologies and thanks which I must pray you to accept with indulgence, and to be assured of my great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0206", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Payne Todd, 15 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Todd, John Payne\n You have given me, my dear Payne, a very handsome keep-sake which has amused me much, and not the less by the puzzle it has afforded me, to find out the method of rectifying it. I at length discovered it, and that it was\n\t\t\t only necessary to loosen a little a single screw to throw it out of geer, and to throw it in again after setting the index. it was exactly 10\u00b0 wrong. it is indeed a very convenient travelling\n\t\t\t thermometer.\n You must now accept a keep-sake from me, which may suit you as a sportsman, better than myself who have ceased to be one. I send by the stage, to be lodged for you at Orange C. H. a box containing a pair of Turkish pistols. they were originally with wheel-locks, which not being convenient, I had locks of the modern form substituted, but so that they can be changed for\n\t\t\t the former in a moment. they are 20. inch barrels so well made that I never missed a squirrel 30. yards with them. I fixed one in a wooden holster to hang in the loop of the pommel of my saddle\n\t\t\t to be\n\t\t\t handily taken in out & in, having used it daily while I had a horse who would stand fire. I had other holsters also made for both to hang them at the side of my carriage for road use; & with locks &\n\t\t\t staples to secure them from being handled by curious people. one of the wheel locks is a little out of order, and will require a skilful gunsmith to put to rights it is now cocked, and I could\n\t\t\t not\n\t\t\t find out how to discharge it.\n the key is with them; and they wind up to the right, or with the sun. in the hope they will afford you sport in your daily rides, I pray you to accept the assurance of my friendship & respect and to present the same to the president and mrs Madison.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0207", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Galloway, 16 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Galloway, Benjamin\n Your favor of July 30. came to hand on the 11th inst. I had already concluded that the clockmaker you had contemplated for us was not willing to displace himself, and had taken measures to obtain one from Philadelphia, in which we are like to succeed.\n On the subject of your letter to mrs Randolph I have only to say that generally I am averse to be quoted in the public papers, because there are bigots, religious and political always ready and disposed to make every word from me a text for perversions and ribaldry; and I am now at that time of life which asks repose\n\t\t\t and tranquility. but as the principles of the letter in question are those I have always avowed, and wished that every one should understand to be mine, and especially as you think it will remove imputations to which the transaction it relates to has given rise, I consent with chearfulness and approbation to its publication; and for this purpose I return the copy you sent with some final corrections, to make it scrupulously what it professes to be.\n Our family joins me in assurances of great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0208", "content": "Title: Samuel Kercheval to Thomas Jefferson, 16 August 1816\nFrom: Kercheval, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n N. T. Stephensg 16th Augt\u201416\n I received your truly interesting letter, on Monday last; and have shewn it to several gentlemen of both political parties, who unite in the opinion with me, that its importance to society at the present crisis, is of that imperious nature as to counter ballance all consideration of delicacy\u2014and your opinions on the subject of calling a convention so interesting to the Western people particularly it is with difficulty I can restrain my own anxiety as well as that of others from giving its contents to the publick\n The solemn injunctions however under which you have placed me, not to \u201cquote it as authority before the publick\u201d must be paramount to the interest of our common country; unless indeed you will consent to its publication.\n Your lucid and candid exposition of republican canons\u2014have taken strong hold on the minds of several gentlemen, heretofore your political opponents\u2014And if I may judge by the voice of the few individuals to whom I have taken the liberty to shew it\u2014it is fair to conclude that it will make the same impression upon the minds of a vast majority of our fellow citizens\n I pray you\u2014Sir\u2014I conjure you to by all that is dear to our common country to permit me to publish your letter\u2014The pamphlet enclosed w to you in June last was written by me\u2014the name of H\u2014 Tompkinson assumed from motives of timidity in my own judgement and talents to discuss a question of such vital importance\u2014I however find the work is generally approved of, and popular, and it is no longer necesary to conceal my name from the\n\t\t\t publick\u2014I trust you will pardon the fraud I committedon you, in addressing you under a feignd name\u2014if indeed it deserves the name of fraud I hope you will view it as an innocent one\n Accept Sir the assurances of my high regard\n Saml Kercheval.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0209", "content": "Title: Lafayette to Thomas Jefferson, 16 August 1816\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My dear friend\n La Grange August 16h 1816\n Your Letter of May 17h Has Afforded me Every kind of Gratification. I Had not for a Long time Heard from you and was very Anxious for intelligences of your welfare. Certain Leanings of the Liberal opinion on the other Side of the Channel and Atlantic waters Appearing to me Not Quite Correct I Have Been much pleased to find you were Sensible of the dangers we Had to Encounter from Both Quarters. Yet it Behoved a patriot to Give His Whole Weight on the Scale of defence Against foreign invasion and influence. that a Longer Resistance Has not Since taken place is Still my Regret and Has not Been my fault.\n I Have Had the pleasure to See mr Gallatin at my friend mr parker\u2019s Country Seat, And am in Hopes of His visit next month at La Grange. He was So kind as to indulge my Reluctance for the town where I Have not Been Since the Ennemy Have Evacuated my this Rural place of Retirement. Here I am with my numerous family Quite Stranger to the politics which Now divide the two fractions of one party. The Our friend Tracy is for the present At An Estate of His in the departement de L\u2019allier; I Gave Him an Extract of your letter for which He Has Been very thankful, and am now Sending the letter itself. He is almost Blind. There are Hopes of a Cataract which might Be\n\t\t\t Extracted.\n I thank you, my dear friend, for the Cheering Good wishes and Expectations Contained in your much Esteemed favour. I am Sanguine also. notwithstanding present Appearances the true doctrines Have made Great progress. There are Axioms at Which we Have Seen, you and I, not thirty years Ago philosophers and patriots Stare, and which are now Common place Sayings. There is no Stability for things and men, not only in france, But in the Neighbouring Countries, Unless their Governments are founded upon our primitive principles of freedom.\n this Letter Having not Been writen in time for the departure of mr Vail from paris, I Let it Run its chance through the post offices to the Havre: But would not miss this Occasion to Express to you the Grateful, affectionate Attachment and Regard of your old friend\n Lafayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0211", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Mease, 17 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mease, James\n I have duly recieved your favor of the 7th inst. requesting me to communicate to you such letters from the late Dr Rush to myself as I possess, with a view on political, religious & miscellaneous subjects, with a view to their publication. I possess but few such; but these were of extraordinary confidence; insomuch that, on his death, I\n\t\t\t requested from his family a return of my letters to him on subjects of this character; which they kindly and honorably did return. had I died first, I think it probable he would have made the\n\t\t\t same\n\t\t\t request from my family, & with the same view, that of preventing the publication of his letters, or their getting into hands which might expose him, living, or his character when dead, to\n\t\t\t obloquy\n\t\t\t from bigots in religion, in politics, or in medecine.\u2003\u2003\u2003when we are pouring our inmost thoughts into the bosom of a friend, we lose sight of the world,\n\t\t\t see ourselves only as in confabulation with another self; we are off our guard; we write hastily; hazard thoughts of the first impression; yield to momentary excitement; because, if we err, no harm is done; it is to a friend we have committed ourselves, who knows us, who\n\t\t\t will not betray us; but will keep to himself what, but for this confidence, we should reconsider, weigh, correct, perhaps reject, on the more mature reflections and dictates of our reason. to\n\t\t\t fasten\n\t\t\t a man down to all his unreflected expressions, and to publish him to the world in that as his serious & settled form, is a surprise on his judgment and character. I do not mean an inference\n\t\t\t that\n\t\t\t there is any thing of this character in Doctor Rush\u2019s letters to me: but only that, having been written without intention or preparation for publication, I do not think it within the office of a friend to give them a publicity which he\n\t\t\t probably did not contemplate.\n I know that this is often the form in which an author chuses to have his ideas made public. when the occasion, the subject, the chastened style evidently indicate this, it may be as good evidence of intention, as direct expression. but, in the present case, the occasions were special, the persons and subjects most confidential, and the style the ordinary careless one of private correspondence. under these circumstances, I hope, my dear Sir, you will see in my scruples only a sentiment of fidelity to a deceased friend, and that you will accept assurances of my great esteem and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0212", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Charles Willson Peale, 17 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peale, Charles Willson\n In your\u2019s of July 7. you informed me you had found a young watchmaker of good character disposed to come here, who had taken time to consider of it. hearing nothing further of him, & being now within a fortnight of departure to Bedford where I shall be 6. weeks I am anxious to know of a certainty; because were he to come during my absence he might not find the same facilities for first establishment as were I here. I have a good deal also which might employ his first days until work should come in. I am sorry to be troublesome to you, but\n\t\t\t rely on your often experienced goodness for apology. ever & affectionately Yours\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0213", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Clark, 18 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clark, William\n The bearer of this letter, mr Robert Sthreshley, for some time a neighbor of mine has sold his possessions adjoining me and proposes to remove with his family to St Louis. as he will be an entire stranger there he naturally wishes to be known to some one whose countenance may be a recommendation & introduction into the society of the place. he is a man of\n\t\t\t property, careful, correct, industrious, and under all circumstances of in perfect integrity; an amiable neighbor, and with a wife equally so, and worthy of him. any notice or attentions you can shew him will be meritoriously placed and will be considered as an obligation on\n\t\t\t myself. I salute you always with affectionate esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0214", "content": "Title: Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours to Thomas Jefferson, 18 August 1816\nFrom: Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Mon tr\u00e8s respectable Ami,\n Il m\u2019a paru que je ne pouvais faire aucun meilleur usage de votre Lettre relative \u00e0 Mr de Tracy que de lui en envoyer copie. C\u2019est ce que j\u2019ai fait.\n Quant \u00e0 la partie de Son ouvrage qui n\u2019\u00eatait pas encore traduite, qui ne l\u2019a pas bien \u00eat\u00e9 par la Personne \u00e0 qui Mr Duane en a remis le travail, et que vous avez ou retraduite ou corrig\u00e9e, je Suis assez d\u2019avis que vous la donniez \u00e0 imprimer \u00e0 Mr Milligan, qui, conjointement avec Mr R. Chew-Weightman a fait \u00e0 George Town une Superbe \u00e9dition de Malthus.\n Mais je vous demanderai Si ce nouveau Volume est une continuation du Commentaire Sur l\u2019Esprit des Loix, ou un Trait\u00e9 particulier d\u2019Economie politique, mis Simplement \u00e0 la Suite de l\u2019autre ouvrage par analogie des Sujets.\n Si c\u2019est le premier cas, il vaut mieux assortir les deux Editions.\n Si c\u2019est le Second, il n\u2019y a pas d\u2019inconv\u00e9nient de rendre l\u2019Edition de cet ouvrage, entierement propre \u00e0 l\u2019Auteur, plus belle que ne l\u2019a \u00eat\u00e9 celle de Son Commentaire Sur le travail d\u2019un autre Ecrivain: quelque justes qu\u2019aient \u00eat\u00e9 les Succ\u00e8s et du Commentateur et de l\u2019Auteur primitif.\n Il me para\u00eet que vous aviez Song\u00e9 \u00e0 en donner aussi une Edition fran\u00e7aise. Si vous persistiez dans cette id\u00e9e, je me chargerais volontiers d\u2019en corriger les \u00e9preuves. C\u2019est tout ce \u00e0 quoi je pourrais Servir: Car vous avez vu combien je Suis loin de pouvoir \u00eatre utile \u00e0 aucune \u00e9dition anglaise.\n Je resterai un Ecrivain Fran\u00e7ais Supportable; Je ne pourrai jamais devenir un bon Ecrivain anglais; et press\u00e9 par mon \u00e2ge de jetter Sur le papier Ce que je puis avoir encore d\u2019id\u00e9es Sur les Gouvernemens en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, et les R\u00e9publiques n\u00e9es ou \u00e0 naitre en particulier, je ne peux plus mettre \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude des mots la force dont je n\u2019ai pas de trop pour la Science des choses. Je Suis oblig\u00e9 d\u2019employer la langue dans laquelle j\u2019\u00e9cris avec facilit\u00e9.\n Combien je regrette, mon cher Ami, que vous n\u2019ayiez pas fait traduire il y a Seize ans mon ouvrage Sur l\u2019Education dans votre Pays.\n Elle y Serait pr\u00e9sentement en pleine vigueur. Nous avons perdu dix ann\u00e9es d\u2019utilit\u00e9 publique.\n On ne peut plus faire les Livres classiques en Europe. \nIls y Seraient Souill\u00e9s par les Pr\u00eatres.\n Le Gouvernement des Etats unis ne voudra pas les payer. Celui des R\u00e9publiques de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique espagnole ou portugaise Sera encore quelques ann\u00e9es agit\u00e9 par des guerres auxquelles le v\u00e9ritable Peuple du Pays ne prend inter\u00eat, ni part. Et m\u00eame apr\u00e8s la victoire de la libert\u00e9 politique, les\n\t\t\t\tchaines du Catholicisme, du Christianisme m\u00eame qui depuis dix huit Siecles n\u2019est plus la Religion de Jesus-Christ, p\u00e9seront Sur la raison, Sur la morale, Sur la philosophie, Sur le bon Sens, Sur l\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9, g\u00eaneront plus ou moins la Libert\u00e9 religieuse, continueront de calomnier Dieu et les Hommes.\n Ne nous d\u00e9goutons pas, ne nous d\u00e9solons pas, mon excellent Ami. Travaillons tant que la nature nous en laissera la force.\n Nous ne pouvons encore Semer que du gland Sur des terres assez mal pr\u00e9par\u00e9es. Il poussera des Ch\u00eanes, Sous lesquels, quelques Siecles apr\u00e8s nous, les Hommes et les Animaux Se promeneront, peupleront avec Suret\u00e9, avec abondance, avec d\u00e9lices.\n Je pr\u00e9sente mes hommages \u00e0 Madame votre Fille, et \u00e0 Ses aimables Filles y comprise Septimia.\n Et je vous embrasse avec respect et tendresse.\n DuPont (de nemours)\n Je ne quitterai plus l\u2019Am\u00e9rique. Ma Femme Sera ici au mois de mai prochain. Je n\u2019aurais pas le bonheur que ma mort f\u00fbt utile \u00e0 la France. Il faut t\u00e2cher que le reste de ma vie le Soit aux Etats Unis et au monde. Utinam!\n Nous aurons \u00e0 faire les livres classiques par Souscription. Cela ne coutera que douze mille dollars. Il nous Suffira de cent personnes.\n N\u2019est-il pas \u00e0 craindre que les cruaut\u00e9s r\u00e9ciproques entre les Espagnols d\u2019Europe et les Espagnols cr\u00e9oles, ne fassent naitre, chez les v\u00e9ritables indig\u00eanes et les Sang-m\u00eal\u00e9s, l\u2019id\u00e9e de laisser les hommes blancs S\u2019affaiblir et S\u2019exterminer; puis de les achever tous une nuit ou un matin, et de ne conserver que des Hommes rouges? Triste uniforme que celui de la peau!\n Une telle pens\u00e9e peut germer chez un Peuple timide, longtems insult\u00e9, longtems opprim\u00e9 par une Race \u00e9trangere.\n On ne peut trop Se h\u00e2ter d\u2019admettre au plus complet droit de cit\u00e9 les Hommes de Sang rouge ou m\u00eal\u00e9; ou au moins ceux d\u2019entre eux qui sont Propri\u00e9taires de terres et le deviendront: C\u2019est le meilleur moyen d\u2019exciter au travail, d\u2019inspirer l\u2019esprit public, de tenir au plus bas taux possible l\u2019inter\u00eat des Capitaux, partant de favoriser le commerce et l\u2019industrie\n Notre Science de l\u2019Economie politique S\u2019avance, et demande encore beaucoup de travail.\n Celle des Finances est faite, mais n\u2019est pas crue; elle est encore loin d\u2019influer Sur l\u2019opinion publique.\n Elle n\u2019a pas du tout germ\u00e9 chez votre race anglaise., Elle qui a encore le mauvais Sang et le mauvais Sens de Ses Peres.\n Mon Ami, nous Sommes des Lima\u00e7ons et nous avons \u00e0 monter Sur les Cordilieres. Par dieu il y faut monter!\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n My very respectable Friend,\n It seemed to me that I could make no better use of your letter about Mr. de Tracy than to send him a copy of it. I have done so.\n Regarding the part of his book that has not yet been translated or which had been badly translated by the person to whom Mr. Duane had given the work and that you had either retranslated or corrected, in my opinion you should give it to Mr. Milligan for printing. He produced in Georgetown, along with Mr. R. Chew Weightman, a superb edition of Malthus.\n But, I will ask you, is this new volume a continuation of the Commentary and Review of Montesquieu\u2019s Spirit of Laws or a distinct treatise on political economy placed at the end of the other work simply because of the similarity of subject matter?\n In the first case, it is better for the two editions to match.\n In the second, there is no objection to making the edition of this work, written entirely by the author, more beautiful than his commentary on the work of another writer, however successful the commentator and the original author may have been.\n It seems to me that you had also contemplated producing a French edition. If this is still your idea, I would willingly take on the responsibility for correcting the proofs. This is all I can do to help; you have seen how useless I am to any English edition.\n I will remain a tolerable writer in French. I will never be a good one in English. Pressed by age to throw down on paper any ideas I might still have on governments in general and, in particular, on republics in existence or still to come, I can no longer apply to the study of words the limited strength that I can still bring to the science of things. I am obliged to employ the language in which I write with ease.\n How I regret, my dear friend, that you did not have my work on education in your country translated sixteen years ago.\n It would now be fully in force. We have lost ten years of public usefulness.\n Classical books can no longer be published in Europe. They would be defiled by the priests.\n The government of the United States will not want to pay for them. Those of the republics of Spanish or Portuguese America will continue for some years to be agitated by wars in which their true people take no interest or part. Even after winning their political liberty, the\n\t\t\t chains of Catholicism, even Christianity, which has not been the religion of Jesus Christ for eighteen centuries, will weigh down reason, morality, philosophy, common sense, and equity, hinder religious freedom to a greater or lesser degree, and continue to slander God and men.\n Let us not be disgusted or distressed, my excellent friend. Let us work as long as nature grants us sufficient strength.\n For now we can only sow acorns on rather poorly prepared soil. Oak trees will grow, under which, a few centuries after us, men and animals will walk and multiply in safety, abundance, and delight.\n I send my regards to Madam your daughter and her kind daughters, including Septimia.\n And I embrace you with respect and tenderness.\n DuPont (de nemours)\n I will not leave America again. My wife will be here next May. I will not have the happiness of knowing that my death proved useful to France. I must try to make the rest of my life of use to the United States and the world. Utinam!\n We will do the classical books by subscription. It will only cost twelve thousand dollars. One hundred people will be sufficient for us.\n Should we not fear that the reciprocal cruelties of the European and the creole Spaniards will create among the indigenous peoples and those of mixed blood the idea of letting the whites become weaker through their extermination of one another and then of finishing them all off one night or morning and only preserving red men? Skin is a sorry uniform!\n Such a thought can form among timid people who have long been insulted and oppressed by a foreign race.\n Complete citizenship rights cannot be given too soon to men of red or mixed blood or, at least, to those who are or will become landowners. This is the best way to motivate people to work, inspire public spirit, keep interest rates on capital as low as possible, and thereby promote commerce and industry\n Our science of political economy is progressing, but it still requires a lot of work.\n That of finance is mature, but it is not believed; it is far from having any influence over public opinion.\n It has not taken root at all with your English race, which still has the bad blood and opinions of its fathers.\n My friend, we are snails, and we have to climb cordilleras. By God, we must climb them!", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0215", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to George Flower, 18 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Flower, George\n Your favor of the 6th came to hand the day before yesterday. independant of the moral considerations which dictate to us to be useful to one another, the letters of Messrs La Fayette and Lasteyrie would have been a sure passport to any service I can render you. if, as I presume, your purpose is to fix yourself in the US. my first advice to you would be not to be hasty in fixing yourself doing it, but to examine for yourself places, climates & societies, and chuse what suits best your own habits physical & moral, your own inclinations and pursuits. all our middle climates, say\n\t\t\t from 40.\u00b0 to 36.\u00b0 of Lat. are comfortable and healthy above the tide-waters. beyond these there is too much of either winter or summer. should you conclude to take such a survey, I would\n\t\t\t recommend\n\t\t\t that\n\t\t\t your rout from Washington shall be by Prince William Courthouse, Fauquier C. H. Culpeper C. H. Orange C. H. to this place, and hence by Nelson C. H. and Amherst C. H. to Lynchburg on James river. if you should reach this place during this month I shall be here, happy to recieve you; if later than the 1st day of Sep. I shall be gone on with my family to a possession I have near Lynchburg where I shall stay 6. or 8. weeks. I shall be glad that you become one of my family at either place, and make a station of it for contemplating what further you will conclude to do. on your\n\t\t\t return to Philadelphia I would recommend your passing along the valley between the blue ridge & North mountain, that is to say by the Peaks of Otter, Natural bridge, Staunton, Winchester Harper\u2019s ferry, Frederictown & Lancaster. you will thus have seen the two by far most interesting lines of Country of this state. with the tender of my services in any way in which they can be useful I pray you to accept assurances of my best wishes for your success & of my great respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0216", "content": "Title: Jonas Humbert to Thomas Jefferson, 18 August 1816\nFrom: Humbert, Jonas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Respected Sir\n I doubt not your goodness will Readily find an excuse for the liberty taken by a stranger in addressing a few lines to your friendly attention: but particularly so when the contents of this Communication is impartially considered.\n Permit me to Say, respected Sir, that it is many years since I became conversant with your sentiments on public concerns, and I have often been pleased, as well as instructed, in noting those Republican maxims and sentiments which have uniformly characterised the whole career of your public life. Happy shall we be if in future times if our chiefs shall pursue the example you are going to leave your country; and I sincerely hope and pray that your exit from transitory Scenes may be abundantly Compensated with those Joys which spring from the prospect of a glorious immortalitty.\n My political principles have alway been Republican, and by birth I am an American. In 1800. amongst others, in our ranks, I was warmly interested in the election of Mr Jefferson: our Success gave me high satisfaction, as I was confident your best efforts would be exerted to maintain our Republican System in all its purity. When our foreign concerns became critical\n\t\t\t and it was thought prudent to lay an Embargo Mr Jefferson will well recollect how much contention there was concerning that measure and other\u2019s connected in the general administration. In this City, you will have perceived a spirit of opposition\n\t\t\t yourself and the government that was highly incompatible with republican principles. A Strong interest was attempted to be made in our own ranks against administration Connected with the\n\t\t\t nomination\n\t\t\t of Mr Madison;\u2014and, Mr Jefferson will well recollect the hostile character and calumniating spirit of the \u201cAmerican Citizen\u201d; he and his abettors charged you with being under the \u201cdictation\u201d of the french Emperor; these\n\t\t\t charges were made with all the malevolence of the bitterest anglo-federalists. At that period I was a member of the Republican general Committee. Here I was connected with men who had been your\n\t\t\t warm\n\t\t\t advocates in 1800. I listened, and marked their conversation: how they should be So soon altered in their opinions concerning Mr Jefferson was a matter of some surprise to me. A difference of sentiment on a public act I did not think any Crime, but to hear you so shamefully impeached and treated with so much contempt, by these\n\t\t\t men, as well as that press, made me, somewhat indignant. Honor, Duty, as well as Justice, prompted me to espouse your Cause in the Committee: I was told such conduct would make a rend in the\n\t\t\t party. I\n\t\t\t wanted to know if a life of upwards of forty years devoted to the cause of republicanism and interests of our Country was now to be trampled under foot with as little Ceremony as we should pay to existence of a lilly-put. At this that time I held a situation which gave me a genteel living, about twenty three to twenty five hundred dollars a year: however, such were my impressions of the rectitude of administration that I\n\t\t\t was determined to use my best efforts to vindicate the government.\n In this place there was no paper friendly to the government except the \u201cPublic Advertiser\u201d; the Editors were young men and inexperienced: there were Some persons capable with a pen, but hesitated, others dreaded the violence and biting sarcasm of the \u201cCitizen,\u201d who lacerated the government, and imputed to you and Mr Madison conduct and motives, as though you was disposed to immolate the honor of our Country at the shrine of a foreign despot. I told the Editors of the \u201cPublic Advertiser\u201d I would commence\n\t\t\t against the Citizen if they would publish my pieces. I belive My Essays were the first that could claim any Notice for systematic defence of the administration: I was Sensible of the power of my\n\t\t\t antagonist, but the cause of truth, and a firm conviction of the Rectitude of government, inspired me with confidence. Those misguided Republicans smarted under the lash\u2014their unprincipled\n\t\t\t editor\n\t\t\t began to loose his influence, and then, and not till then did any one dare to come out in defence of administration. These effusions were honored with some Considerable attention in different parts of the Union, but they cost me the loss of the Situation I held. Such is the spirit of intollerence. I was well known to have been always uniform in politics,\n\t\t\t by those who cut me off, and I am certain If I had not written in defence of administration that I should Not have been disturbed. I will mention here the honorable testimony in favour of my\n\t\t\t humble\n\t\t\t efforts, by Some of the heads of \u201cDepartment\u201d while at Table in Washington, in a conversation had with one of the Editors of the \u201cPublic Advertiser\u201d Mr Geo. White. He was asked if Mr Emmet of this city, Counseller at law, was not the writer of Certain Numbers? he told, Mr Madison, No: the interogatory was continued\u2014who then?\u2014, the answer was given. I have informed the President of my treatment, and had the matter substantiated by respectable gentlemen, who have\n\t\t\t known me many years, and certify\u2019d my moral character and efforts previous to, as well as during the late war. Mr Munroe has their testimonies if they have not been witheld by some of the clerks.\n I have solicited a situation now vacant\u2014that of Marshall of this District; and if Mr Jefferson could Render me a favour, by a line to the President it will lay me under the strongest obligations. If the President shall see the testimonies, and he considers how shamefully I was\n\t\t\t treated, I think he will be inclined to do something for an injured man.\n I have the honor, Sir to Subscribe my Self your Sincere friend and obedient Servant\n Jonas Humbert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0217", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John F. Oliveira Fernandes, 18 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Oliveira Fernandes, John Francisco\n I recieved the last night your favor of the 10th and I hasten to express the pleasure I shall have in recieving you here, and the wish that this may meet with no delay. you propose to us the hope that you will be here towards the end of this month, or the commencement of the next; and the object of this is to express my anxiety that it may be within the present month, because arrangements are already fixed for the departure of myself and family to a possession I have near Lynchburg, and where I am to pass six or eight weeks: and I write this on the bare possibility that it may reach you in time to anticipate your departure a day or two if your affairs permit it. I\n\t\t\t should be mortified to lose the pleasure of your visit by this metachronism. mr Correa will not be with us till the latter end of October. the supplies of wine which I had ordered from different ports of Europe & which have now begun to arrive, have greatly relieved my wants. but a quarter cask of unmixed Port will be a very acceptable addition when you shall have it to spare. I salute you with great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0218", "content": "Title: John Preston to Thomas Jefferson, 18 August 1816\nFrom: Preston, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Charlottesville 18th. August 1816.\n With much pains and trouble mingled with anxiety I have compiled a Lancastrian Spelling book and caused the same to be printed: I have also written an Introduction to Arithmetic on a similar plan as you will perceive by the manuscript accompanying this note. The embarrasments I have brought on myself by this assiduous task, the flattering recommendations given by some of our first American Characters, and the enthusiasm I have ever possessed for the diffusion of rudimental knowledge, make me anxious to publish this work.\n If a general diffusion of knowledge is expedient and will be the means of prolonging a free government, I am compelled to believe that every improvement which facilitates the attainment of our first principles in literature, must be an individual and public acquisition worthy of patronage.\n If by examining the manuscript you find agreement of opinion with Mr Clinton, the other Gentlemen and yourself, I will consider your additional certificate as an important favour. It is impracticable to give every man time to examine a work of this nature, if they\n\t\t\t were disposed to undergo the task; therefore if the publication deserve that encouragement which is certified, then I consider it my duty to present Gentlemen with such authorities as will do\n\t\t\t away\n\t\t\t hesitancy in subscribing.\n Being a stranger, please to excuse my boldness\u2014I have a few books to dispose of in this Village\u2014By tuesday evening will ask the liberty to call on you personally as I must prepare to take Stage for Washington on Wednesday at two o\u2019Clock P.M.\n Meanwhile am Sir\n Your most obedient friend And humble servant\n John Preston\n P.S. A short note by the Bearer will be thankfully received.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0219", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Wirt, 18 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wirt, William\n I will with pleasure undertake the perusal of your work and with the frankness to which you are entitled will make the observations to which it may give occasion, and this I will do on the condition and confidence that you will thi shew you think me worthy of equal frankness by regarding the observations I shall hazard exactly as much only as your own judgment shall dictate on severe examination: that you will be entirely at ease in rejecting, & thereby place me at ease in offering my remarks. the work is yours, to your account the world will place it\u2019s merit and demerit. and the ultimate decision is of right there where the responsibility is. I shall go to Poplar forest near Lynchburg on the 1st of the ensuing month and remain there 6. or 8. weeks, so that you must be so good as to address the sheets to me here or there according to the times of your transmitting them. ever and affectionately your\u2019s\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0220", "content": "Title: John Preston to Thomas Jefferson, 19 August 1816\nFrom: Preston, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Impressed with an idea that you have not seen my note of 18th. Instant, I beg leave to present my Manuscript a second time\u2014I consider Sir, if you should acquiessce with those who have recommended the work, that your separate Recommendation will be of great importance\n With due Respect\n am Sir yours and my Country\u2019s friend\n John Preston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0221", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Preston, 19 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Preston, John\n The Lancastrian system of education was proposed when I was too much engaged in business to attend to it; and after my retirement I considered it as the commencement of a system which was to go into operation with another generation and with which of course I should have nothing to do. I have therefore never read a sentence on the subject, nor know a single element of it I am therefore consequently am totally unqualified to recommend it to others, and were I to do it it moral to recommend what I know nothing about, it would only degrade myself without honoring your book. under these circumstances you must be so good as to excuse my declining it, and with my best wishes for it\u2019s success if it be really useful, I tender you the assurance of my respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0222", "content": "Title: David Gelston to Thomas Jefferson, 20 August 1816\nFrom: Gelston, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have this day received in Store one case, said to contain thirty bottles red wine shipped by Mr Cathalen from Marseilles\u2014this with the preceding I shall Ship by the first good opportunity for Richmond agreeably to the request in your letter of the 3d instant\u2014\n With great respect I am sir your obedient servant,\n David Gelston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0223", "content": "Title: Charles Pinckney to Thomas Jefferson, [by 21] August 1816\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n by 21 August 1816 In Charleston\n It being discovered great pains had been taken to circulate & reprint the Pamphlet against our excellent & worthy friend Colonel Monroe in all the federal papers in North Carolina & in this & the neighbouring States it has been Thought adviseable by his friends here that I should answer it & that copies should be transmitted to our friends in the northern States\u2014Inclosed is one which I hope will meet your Approbation & that this will find You in health & enjoying Your full share of such comforts as are bestowed on the happiest among us & that You may continue to do so as long as You wish or is agreeable to you is the sincere prayer of dear sir\n dear sir With affectionate regard Your\u2019s Truly\n Charles Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0224", "content": "Title: Joseph Miller to Thomas Jefferson, 22 August 1816\nFrom: Miller, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Honred Frend\n I Recd your Frendly Letter yeasterday an for the Truble I have Given you I am ashamed of I intend bein Coming up as Soone as the Court is over I am not Able to Sell aney Part at Pressent I have tried all I Can But no buyers one House that Cost $6000 Building I offered it for $4000 and the Ground along with it I Could wish you to Lett Old Peeter Get Sume Grain to work Soone Hops in New York is one Dollr pr \u2114 by the Bale\n I Rem your Humbl &c\n Joseph Millr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0226", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Washington Society (of Boston), 22 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington Society\n Th: Jefferson presents his respects to the Washington society in Boston, and his thanks for the copy of mr Ware\u2019s eloquent oration, forwarded him by their order. he is particularly happy to see the revered name they have chosen for their designation restored to it\u2019s genuine principles of Union and\n\t\t\t Independance, to no other than which was it\u2019s authority or countenance ever lent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0227", "content": "Title: David Gelston to Thomas Jefferson, 23 August 1816\nFrom: Gelston, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have this day shipped by the Sloop Alpha, Coffin, Master to Messrs Gibson & Jefferson the five cases wine & basket of Macaroni\u2014\u2003\u2003\u2003not yet being able to collect all the expenses, I have not drawn on them only for freight from this to Richmond\u2014when the amount of charges is received it Shall be forwarded to you\u2014\n With very great regard I am Dear Sir, truly yours\n David Gelston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0228", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Lee, 24 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lee, William\n Your letters of Dec. 20. 14. and May 11. 16. are yet to be acknoleged: and my thanks to be returned for the book which accompanied the former on the subject of Great Britain and America. that able exposition prepared the European mind for receiving truths more favorable to us, and subsequent events have furnished facts corroborating those views. I believe that America, & by this time England also are more justly appreciated. some greatly enlightened minds in Europe are in science far beyond any thing we possess; but leaving them out of the account, (& they are but few) the mass of their people, within which term I include from the king to the\n\t\t\t beggar, is returning to Gothic darkness while the mass of ours is advancing in the regions of light. during the paroxysm of Anglomany lately raging in Bordeaux you must have had a mortifying time. that rage cannot last. the English character is not of that cast which makes itself be loved.\u2003\u2003\u2003I was just about publishing mr Garde\u2019s letter when I saw it in the newspapers that addressed to Dr Mitchell. his position in a populous city, and convenient to others, being so much more favorable than mine for the views of M. Garde, I rejoiced to see his letter in so good hands and surceased medling in it myself, my inland & rural situation affording me no facilities for promoting it\u2019s object. should you have occasion to write to mr Garde, I will thank you to throw in a line of explanation and to tender him my respects & best wishes for his success.\n Not doubting that after so long a residence in France your wishes are still there, I heartily sympathise with them and hope the circumstances are not very distant, which may render your return agreeable and useful. Accept my salutations and assurances of perfect esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0232", "content": "Title: William Wirt to Thomas Jefferson, 24 August 1816\nFrom: Wirt, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I accept, with gratitude, the terms on which you are willing to remark on my manuscript\u2014and send herewith three sections, ninety one pages. There will be an advertisement prefixed to it, stating the authorities on which the narrative is founded, and appealing to the candor and indulgence of the public on account of the peculiar disadvantages under which the work has been written. This, I confess, is a kind of beggarly business which I abhor very much\u2014but I can still less bear to have it believed that the work is the offspring of profound leisure and a mind at ease, when the truth is that no one sheet of it, scarcely, has been written without half a dozen professional interruptions which have routed my ideas as compleatly, each time, as Don Quixote\u2019s charge did the flock of sheep\u2014I make no doubt that you will perceive the chasms caused by these interruptions, and the incoherence as well as crudeness of the whole mass. When I was engaging with Mr Webster, last summer, with respect to the publication I refused expressly to bind my self to furnish it at any particular period\u2014foreseeing the extreme uncertainty as to the time of its completion, from the interference of professional duties and wishing to reserve to my self also, full leisure, to revise, correct and retouch at pleasure\u2014But\n\t\t\t he has made such an appeal to my humanity on account of the expensiveness of the materials which he has laid in for the publication, and his ab inability to remain longer without some reimbursement, that I am much disposed to let the work go in its present general form, if you think it can be done without too much sacrifice. What I mean\n\t\t\t is that I think the whole work might be re-cast to advantage\u2014but then it must be written, wholly anew, which would illy suit Mr Websters alleged situation\u2014and my disposition, therefore, is to let the form of the work remain, correcting the composition, statements &c where it shall be suggested and thought proper\u2014If t you think the publication of the work, will do me an injury with the public, I beg you to tell me so, without any fear of wounding my\n\t\t\t feelings\u2014I am so far from being in love with it my self, that I should be glad of a decent retreat from the undertaking\u2014I confide implicitly in your frankness and friendship, and beg you to believe me dear Sir, with the greatest respect & affection, your friend & servant\n I observe that w Webster has advertised in the Virginia papers, and I suppose, in those of other states, in which he has subscribers, that the work will probably be ready for the press in two or three months\u2014I should be glad to have it in my power to fulfil this promise\u2014and altho\u2019 it is of the utmost importance to me that you should take full time for your remarks, yet as I shall most probably have to make material alterations after the return of the sheets from your hands; I hope it may suit your convenience to favor me with them, in such time, as to enable me to avoid disappointing him\u2014There will probably be about as many pages as those now sent\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0233", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Peter Minor, 25 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Minor, Peter\n The present state of things at the Shadwell mills & at the lock requiring some new order to be taken respecting them, I must request the favor of a meeting of the Directors of the Rivanna company; in order that what is necessary may be done in concert between us. the small proportion of business which has been done at the mills heretofore, rendered the stoppages which took place from\n\t\t\t time to time, and the constant waste of water by leakage, not so injurious as to make it necessary to call the attention of the Directors to them. but the quantity of wheat now coming & engaged makes the sacrifice heavier than can reasonably be expected. what requires to be now rectified will be better understood by stating what has past formerly.\u2003\u2003\u2003the 1st proposition was between us was that whenever the water requisite for the locks should occasion a stoppage of the mills, the time their operations were suspended should be paid for at such reasonable rate as should be agreed on. this seemed to be admitted as just, but was willingly abandoned by all, as likely to be troublesome & litigious from the difficulty of keeping a precise account of these fragments of time. the 2d and correct arrangement was that the bed of the bason, from which the vessels were to be recieved into the locks, should be so high above the bed of our forebay as that there should always be water enough to continue the mills in operation; so that the surplus water only should be abandoned to the locks. a constant head of 2. feet was deemed necessary. this surplus water, with the use of my canal was certainly the extent of what I ever contemplated as indulging to the locks, and this was the ground on which I believe we all considered the use of the locks ultimately & properly to stand. but mr Meriwether suggested a 3d expedient, which was to make a so large a bason below the cut leading to the locks as to hold water enough to keep the mills going while a vessel was passing the locks. the trial of that was assented to, it has been partly\n\t\t\t made, has no sensible effect, and evidently no bason practicable there can ever have the effect proposed. the great increase of business at the mills requiring now more exactness of proceeding, I\n\t\t\t ask\n\t\t\t the favor of you to request a meeting of the Directors at their convenience, but I should hope it might be on some day of the present month, as on the 1st of the ensuing I go to Bedford, and shall be absent 6. or 8. weeks. I will attend any day or hour you will be so good as to notify me\u2003\u2003\u2003I salute you with affectionate respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0234", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Isaac H. Tiffany, 26 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Tiffany, Isaac H.\n In answer to your enquiry as to the merits of Gillies\u2019s translation of the Politics of Aristotle, I can only say that it has the reputation of being preferable to Ellis\u2019s, the only rival translation into English. I have never seen it myself, and therefore do not speak of it from my own knolege. but so different was the state of society then, and with those\n\t\t\t people, from what it is now & with us, that I think little edification can be obtained from their writings on the subject of government. they had just ideas of the value of personal liberty; but\n\t\t\t none at all of the structure of government best calculated to preserve it. they knew no medium between a democracy (the only pure republic, but impracticable beyond the limits of a town) and an\n\t\t\t abandonment of themselves to an aristocracy, or a tyranny, independant of the people. it seems not to have occurred that where the citizens cannot meet to transact their business in person, they\n\t\t\t alone have the right to chuse the agents who shall transact it; and that, in this way, a republican, or popular government, of the 2d grade of purity, may be exercised over any extent of country. the full experiment of a government democratical, but representative, was and is still reserved for us. the idea (taken indeed from the little specimen formerly existing in the English constitution, but now lost) has been carried by us, more or less, into all our legislative and\n\t\t\t Executive departments; but it has not yet, by any of us, been pushed into all the ramifications of the system, so far as to leave no authority existing not responsible to the people: whose rights\n\t\t\t however to the exercise & fruits of their own industry, can never be protected against the selfishness of their rulers not subject to their controul at short periods. the introduction of this new principle of representative democracy has rendered useless almost every thing written before on the\n\t\t\t structure of government: and in a great measure relieves our regret if the political writings of Aristotle, or of any other antient, have been lost, or are unfaithfully rendered or explained to us. my most earnest wish is to see the republican prin element of popular controul pushed to the maximum of it\u2019s practicable exercise. I shall then believe that our government may be pure & perpetual. Accept my respectful salutations.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0235", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 27 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Latrobe, Benjamin Henry\n As you were so kind as to give me your invention of the handsome and peculiarly American capital, I must give you mine of the new Dial to which that Capital has led. I had placed the Capital on a pedestal of the size proper to it\u2019s diameter, and had reconciled their confluence into one another by interposing plinths successively diminishing. it looked bald for want of something to crown it. I therefore surmounted it with a globe and it\u2019s neck, as is usual on gate posts. I was not yet satisfied; because it presented no idea of utility. it occurred then that this globe might be made to perform the functions of a dial. I ascertained on it two poles, delineated it\u2019s equator and tropics, described meridians at every 15\u00b0 from tropic to tropic, and shorter portions of meridian intermediately for the half hours quarter hours, and every 5. minutes. I then mounted it on it\u2019s neck, with it\u2019s axis parallel to that of the earth by a hole bored in the Nadir of our latitude, affixed a meridian of sheet iron, moveable on it\u2019s poles, and with it\u2019s plane in that of a great circle, of course presenting it\u2019s upper edge to the meridian of the heavens corresponding with that on the globe to which it\u2019s lower edge pointed. I then meridianised the globe truly, and presenting the outer edge of it\u2019s moveable meridian to the sun, the shade of it\u2019s plane thin plane, as a thread, designates on the hour lines of the globe, the meridian of the heavens on which he then is.\n My globe is of locust, 10\u00bd I. diameter, equal to the collar of the capital., & enables me to judge within one or two minutes of the solar time. this device may be usefully applied to the ornamental balls on gate-posts; or mounted on a balluster, or the frustum of a column, for the purpose of an ordinary dial. it is easily made by a common turner, with materials which every one possesses, and requires no calculation of hourlines, being adapted to every latitude by only fixing it on the point corresponding with the Nadir of the place.\u2014perhaps indeed this may be no novelty. it is one however to me, and I offer it to you as an architectural embellishingment which you may sometimes perhaps find occasion to use in your profession, and as a testimony of my readiness to embrace every occasion of renewing to you the assurances of my constant esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0236", "content": "Title: John F. Oliveira Fernandes to Thomas Jefferson, 27 August 1816\nFrom: Oliveira Fernandes, John Francisco\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Norfolk 27th August 1816\u2014\n Your much esteemed favour, dated 18th Inst. (and Post marked 21st) came to hand but yesterday, after the departure of the mail. I am Sorry, that letters within our own State take Sometimes longer, to reach their destination than those from Boston or Savannah:\n Slave as I am, had I received it Sooner, I would have made such arrangements, as to be from Norfolk four or five days, before the time I had calculated; but now, considering the necessity of your departure from Monticello & the shortness of time of your residence there\u2014I will postpone the honour of paying my respects to you, for another occasion; if Circumstances will permit me that agreable\n\t\t\t opportunity.\n I will not forget to forward the Quarter Cask of choiced Port Wine, as Soon as a Small parcel, recommended for my use, will arrive. Permit me to Subscribe myself\n with the highest respect & esteem Dear Sir your mo: obt Servant\n John F. Oliveira Fernandes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0237", "content": "Title: Charles Willson Peale to Thomas Jefferson, 27 August 1816\nFrom: Peale, Charles Willson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Calling on a Watchmaker to day, he told me of a young man who is an excellent artist, that is now in Virginia, I do not recollect at what place, but I believe I was told at Petersburgh, that he did not like the place\u2014I then waited on his brother son of Mc Mr Mcilhany\u2014who has promised me to write by tomorrows post to his brother and request him to call on you at Monticella\u2014The Brother seemed much pleased when I told him where you wanted a Watchmaker to settle\u2014and that you had something to do for you, and he believes his Brother will be willing to settle at Charlotteville. \u2003\u2003\u2003 Therefore for the present I do not deem it necessary to make enquiry further at present\u2014Young Mr Muckilhany told me that you knew his father.\n I have seen Mr Luken\u2019s Galvanic Machine today, & it had motion but too little power to give sound to the Bells\u2014Mr Lukens said that the vibration ought to be 6 Inches\u2014Dr Jones Professor of Chemistry &c of Williamsburgh Colledge, says that he suspects that the Zinc was not sufficiently free from oxidation, and they probably will take them out to clean & then replace them.\n I write in haste yours &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0238", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 29 August 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\n Th:J. to Colo Monroe.\n I sent to mr Divers to-day to ask a dinner for mr Correa, Dr Wistar, mr Gilmer & myself for tomorrow. I did not venture to add your name and mr Rush\u2019s not knowing your convenience; but I am sure he will be rejoiced to see you both. Affectionate salutations to yourself & mr Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0239", "content": "Title: James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, 29 August 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Jas Monroe\u2019s best respects to mr Jefferson.\n mr Rush has just left me to bid you farewell, intending, when he departed, to set out on his return to washington tomorrow. If you can keep him, I will be happy to join with him, the party, from your house, on the visit to mr Divers. But if he proceeds on his journey, it is possible that my engagments with him, may prevent me. I will join you if in my power, & at an early hour.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0240", "content": "Title: Louis Pio to Thomas Jefferson, 29 August 1816\nFrom: Pio, Louis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Monsieur\n ce 29. Aout 1816. Rue St honor\u00e9, no 284. pr\u00e8s S. Roch. \u00e0 Paris.\n Quoique nous soyons s\u00e9par\u00e9s par un immense oc\u00e9an; quoique chacun de nous plac\u00e9 dans deux mondes diff\u00e9rens, laissant \u00e0 vous de nommer le votre l\u2019ancien, ou le nouveau, je conserve, monsieur, et je conserverai tout le peu de vie qui me reste le souvenir de la candeur de votre ame, et celui de la bienveillance particuliere, avec la quelle vous m\u2019avez honor\u00e9 si long tems dans ce pa\u00efs-ci. Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 present j\u2019ai gard\u00e9 le silence, premierement pendant la tyrannie de L\u2019Usurpateur; en second lieu parce que je ne savais comment vous faire parvenir mes Lettres. Enfin votre nouvel Ambassadeur m\u2019invite tr\u00e8s honn\u00eatement \u00e0 Lui confier ma Lettre, et m\u00eame il m\u2019ecrit qu\u2019il sera charm\u00e9 de faire ma connoissance. Je suis flatt\u00e9 de pouvoir pr\u00e9senter mes hommages \u00e0 un de vos Successeurs. Je n\u2019ai pas beaucoup compt\u00e9 dans le tems sur les faveurs de feu Mr Barlow, homme d\u2019esprit; mais voil\u00e0 tout ce qu\u2019on pouvait dire de lui. Il reste ici un Mr Parker, qui me conna\u00eet bien; mais qui n\u2019est entour\u00e9 que de mauvais sujets. moi je finis ma carri\u00e9re tranquillement; mais priv\u00e9 de fortune je suis oblig\u00e9 de courir cette populeuse ville tous les\n\t\t\t\tjours pour donner des Le\u00e7ons de Langue italienne, seule ressource pour me procurer une existence quelconque tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9caire. Le Roy de Naples, que j\u2019ai servi 21. ans ne veut plus de moi \u00e0 cause de la d\u00e9mission de son service, que je fus forc\u00e9 de donner au commencement de la Revolution, parce que j\u2019eus le malheur de me trouver en\n\t\t\t\topposition avec la fa\u00e7on de penser de Mr de Circello, pour lors ambassadeur ici, et actuellement premier ministre \u00e0 Naples. Ce Circello est inexorable; il s\u2019est r\u00e9fus\u00e9 meme aux instances que lui a fait faire en ma faveur S. A. R. la Duchesse d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, qui est, comme vous savez, la fille de Ferdinand IV. N\u2019importe, vous me restez, monsieur, et c\u2019est assez pour mon coeur. conservez vous pour vous, et pour L\u2019humanit\u00e9 enti\u00e9re, car on s\u00e7ait tout le bien, que vous avez fait dans votre\n\t\t\t\tPr\u00e9sidence,\n\t\t\t\tet que vous faites encore par vos conseils. Donnez moi, je vous en supplie, de vos nouvelles, et si je puis m\u00e9riter vos ordres de telle fa\u00e7on que cela soit, ne m\u2019en privez pas, je suis un instrument\n\t\t\t\tfaible, et cass\u00e9, mais le nom de Jefferson m\u2019electrisera, et je serais celui de trente ans auparavant.\n Agreez, monsieur, mes salutations philosophiques, mais tr\u00e8s cordiales, et tres sinceres.\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n 29. August 1816. Rue St. Honor\u00e9, number 284. near St. Roch. in Paris.\n Although we are separated by an immense ocean and live in two different worlds, leaving it up to you to call yours the old or the new, I keep, Sir, and will preserve, for the rest of the short time left to me, the memory of the candor of your soul and the special kindness with which you honored me for so long while in this country. Until now, I have kept silent: first, during the tyranny of the Usurper; second, because I did not know how to get my letters to you. At last, your new ambassador invites me very honorably to entrust my letter to him, and he even writes that he will be delighted to make my acquaintance. I am flattered to be able to pay my respects to one of your successors. I did not much count, at the time, on the favors of the late Mr. Barlow, who was a man of intellect, although this is all that could be said of him. There remains here a Mr. Parker, who knows me well, but he is surrounded by nothing but poor specimens. I am finishing my career peacefully, although, being deprived of resources, I am obliged to run around this\n\t\t\t populous city every day giving lessons in Italian. This is my only option for providing myself with a very precarious living. The king of Naples, whom I served for twenty-one years, no longer wants me. I was forced to resign from his service at the beginning of the Revolution because I had the misfortune of opposing the opinions of Mr. de Circello, who was ambassador here at the time and is currently prime minister in Naples. This Circello is inexorable; he has even refused the entreaties made on my behalf by Her Royal Highness the duchesse d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, who is, as you know, the daughter of Ferdinand IV. I do not mind. I still have you, Sir, and that is enough for my heart. Stay well, for yourself and for all humanity, because everybody knows the good that you did during your presidency\n\t\t\t and\n\t\t\t that you still do through the advice you offer. I beg you to give me news of yourself, and if I may be deserving of your orders of any kind, do not deprive me of them. I am a\n\t\t\t weak and broken instrument, but Jefferson\u2019s name will electrify me, and I will become the person I was thirty years ago.\n Please accept, Sir, my philosophical, but very cordial and very sincere salutations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0241", "content": "Title: Joel Yancey to Thomas Jefferson, 29 August 1816\nFrom: Yancey, Joel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Poplar Forest August 29th 1816\n I have had Several conversations with Capt Mitchel, with respect to grinding your wheat but could never learn from him possitively what he ment to do, until a few days past, he declines taking your wheat upon the terms you proposed, and\n\t\t\t Says he cannot alter the general rule, but he will buy your barrels at 2/\u2013 \u214c barrel delivered in Lynchburg, which I think is not enough, Barnaba and Nace have been getting Staves, building spring House & coopers Shop Since Harvest and will begin to set up flour barrels next week, we finishd getting out the wheat on 20th Inst the grain is fine and I hope it will turn out tolerably well, but our crops of corn are and Tobacco are ruin,d by the Drought, a great many refuse to sell their wheat in consequince of it, I hope it is better with you, I think we are rather more than half done fallawing at both\n\t\t\t places, and shall get done in good time if we have rain, the current price of wheat in Lynchburg is 8/3, and 9/\u2013 might have been got for your crop about 10 days ago but I have heard that it has fallen since\u2014your People are all well except Bess, who appears to be much the Same as when you were here, I see Francis very often he is in good health and Spirits, and very anxious for your return to the Forest his Cousin W. Baker is with him. accept my best wishes for your Happiness\n Joel Yancey\n Capt Martin has disappointed me in not having your timber Ready, he has always told me he could Saw it at any time and that you should have it time enough, but he has put it off, and now he has taken his Dam down and can,t tell when he can Saw or grind, all your timber is lying there untouchd. the amount of your State Taxes 133 dollars & 83 cents\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0243", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 31 August [1816]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\n Th:J. to Colo Monroe.\n Will you join mr Divers here at dinner tomorrow? and can you tell me the name of the Collector at Norfolk?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0244", "content": "Title: John Payne Todd to Thomas Jefferson, 31 August 1816\nFrom: Todd, John Payne\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Mont Pelier Augt 31st 16.\n A week after the valuable letter you honored me with, I received your highly prized present, a pr of Turkish Pistols of curious workmanship which shall be preserved with all that devotedness of respect and affection I feel for you\u2014Until the present moment I had hoped to have paid you my respects and thanked you in person but learning from Mr Rush of your intended visit to Bedford I am induced to pospone this pleasure; in the mean time I beg you to be assured of my wishes for a continuance of your health and of my very affectionate tho\u2019 respectful attachment.\n J. Payne Todd.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0245", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Mathew Carey, 1 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carey, Mathew\n Mr Correa has favored me with a copy of your catalogue of Dr Priestly\u2019s library, on which I have found the articles underwritten, which I will pray you to forward to me, or such of them as remain on hand, to Richmond to the address of Messrs Gibson & Jefferson merchants there, who will pay the freight. I believe there are few weeks or days without a vessel sailing from Philadelphia for Richmond. so soon as you will be so good as to inform me of the amount of those on hand & forwarded, it shall be remitted to you. Accept the assurances of my continued esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson\n Bedae ecclesiastica historia. 18mo 0. D 75 c\n the Lord\u2019s prayer in 100. languages. 4to 3.\n Metaphrasis psalmorum. \u00e0 Duport. 12mo 1.\n Priestley\u2019s harmony of the Evangelists. Greek. 4to 5.D.\n Van Dale super Aristaea. 4to 2.D.\n Abercrombie on plants & trees. 2. v. 12mo 1.25\n Bonnycastle\u2019s Algebra. 12mo .50\n Potter\u2019s Mathematics 8vo 1.25\n Aristotelis de poetic\u00e2. Gr. Lat. .75\n Anacreon \u00e0 Barnes. Gr. Lat. 18mo .50\n Buffier trait\u00e9 des premiers verit\u00e9s. 12mo .75\n Bruckeri institutiones historiae Philos. 8vo 2.D.\n Grammatica Anglo-Saxonica Hickesii. 4to 3.50\n Kusterus de verbis mediis. 12mo .50\n Mair\u2019s Tyro\u2019s dictionary. 12mo .62\u00bd\n Potter\u2019s antiquities. 2. v. 8vo 4.\n Portroyal Greek primitives. 8vo 1.75\n Schrevelii Lexicon. 8vo 2.\n Somneri Vocabularium Anglo-Sax. \u00e0 Benson. 8vo 2.D.\n Thucydides, Platonis, et Lysiae orationes. Gr. Lat. 8vo 1.75\n Polydori Virgilii Angl. hist. 8vo 2.D.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0246", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Charles K. Mallory, 1 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mallory, Charles K.\n By a letter of June 4. from mr Cathalan at Marseiles (our Consul) I am informed he had shipped a barrel of 38. gallons of wine of Roussiles Roussillon in France for me, on board the ship Lothair, John Stone master, bound for Norfolk, and consigned to the Collector of the port for me, and that the vessel was to sail the next day. I do not know whether she has arrived at Norfolk; but whenever she does, I will ask the favor of you to forward the cask to messrs Gibson & Jefferson at Richmond by a captain who can be depended on against it\u2019s adulteration, and to draw for freight, duties, & all expences on them, and they will pay your draught on sight on my account.\n Having occasion from time to time to import articles (particularly wines and books) from different ports of Europe, & especially of the Mediterranean, from which conveyances to any particular port of the US. are not always to be had, I am obliged to desire my correspondents to ship them to any of our ports, consigned to the Collector of the port; trusting that these gentlemen will notify me and\n\t\t\t draw on my correspondents above named for expences & duties. this will sometimes happen to draw such consignments on you, and I hope you will do me the favor to recieve them, forward them\n\t\t\t without\n\t\t\t further order to messrs Gibson & Jefferson, and to draw on them for all expences & duties, only dropping me a line notifying their arrival, and that you will be so good as to excuse this liberty from the necessity of the case,\n\t\t\t as I have no particular correspondent at Norfolk. with this apology for the trouble I have taken the liberty to give you I pray you to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0248", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph C. Cabell, 3 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\n I am afraid I have kept your papers longer than you expected. mr Randolph\u2019s absence till within these two days has been the cause of it. they are valuable documents, and are now returned. with respect to the copy of my letter, I know it is safe in your hands, and\n\t\t\t I rely on your effectual care that it be kept out of the public papers. affectionately your\u2019s\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0249", "content": "Title: Micajah Davis to Thomas Jefferson, 3 September 1816\nFrom: Davis, Micajah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Honored sir\n Elysian Fields Miss. Ter. 3rd Sep. 1816\n Often times hath the Record of the public expression of your praise met Mine eyes and as often hath a feeling in involuntarily pervaded my Mind which testified to the justice of the merited Sentiment & rare it is that an occasion occurs that a grateful country does not pay you that tribute so justly due is it possible that a human being Can possess a more Soothing Reward of Recompense. is it not the beginning of your Heaven whilst you are yet on earth the foretaste the foret of things which are to come\n Many of those who have held the reins of Government in their hands have outshone you in pomp & Splendor & the abundant means placed in their hands have secured to them their flatterers but where is the crowned head that can recline upon So downy a pillow as yours, These few Sentiments are Solemn & Serious, the offspring of impressions repeatedly made on my mind I am very well aware how far you are above any thing in the Stile of flattery & too well know how far it is out of my power were I vain enough to attempt it all that I have in view is to afford you the addetion of one more testimony of approbation & myself the honor of Rendering it to the man who in my judgment has always deserved it in the first degree\n Very Respectfully your devoted friend\n Micajah Davis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0251", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Ritchie, 3 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ritchie, Thomas\n I have just had sight of a statistical document so very curious that I am exceedingly anxious to obtain a copy of it. it is entitled \u2018a statement of the revenue tax for the year 1815 arising on lots land and other property\u2019 a two sheet table printed in your office. if you can procure me a copy you will greatly oblige me. Accept assurances of my friendly respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0252", "content": "Title: Alexander H. Everett to Thomas Jefferson, 4 September 1816\nFrom: Everett, Alexander Hill\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia. 4 Sept. 1816.\n Mr. Everett. Secretary of Legation in Holland. presents his best respects to Mr. Jefferson with a copy of the Programme of the Haerlem Society of Sciences which he was requested by Dr Van Marum the Secretary of the Society to convey to him. Mr. E. will take it as a great favour if Mr. Jefferson will acknowledge the receipt of the programme by a line addressed to Mr. Everett at Boston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0253", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Wirt, 4 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wirt, William\n I have read with great delight the portion of the history of mr Henry which you have been so kind as to favor me with, and which is now returned: and I can say from my own knolege of the cotemporary characters introduced into the canvas, that you have given\n\t\t\t them quite as much lustre as themselves would have asked. the exactness too of your details has in several instances corrected the errors in my own recollections where they had begun to faulter.\n\t\t\t result, I scarcely find any thing needing revisal. yet to shew you that I have scrupulously sought occasions of animadversion, I will particularize the following passages which I noted as I read\n\t\t\t them.\n pa. 11. line 17. to bottom. I think this whole passage had better be moderated. that mr Henry read Livy thro\u2019 once a year is a known impossibility with those who knew him. he may have read him once, and some general history of Greece; but certainly not twice. a first reading of a book he could accomplish sometimes, and on some subjects; but never a second. he knew well the geography of his own country, but certainly\n\t\t\t never made any other his study. so as to our ancient charters, he had probably read those in Stith\u2019s history. but no man ever more undervalued chartered titles than himself. he drew all natural rights from a purer source, the feelings of his own breast. he never, in conversation or\n\t\t\t debate, mentioned a hero, a worthy, or a fact in Greek or Roman history, but so vaguely & loosely as to leave room to back out, if he found he had blundered. the study and learning ascribed\n\t\t\t him in this passage would be inconsistent with the excellent and just picture given of his indolence thro\u2019 the rest of the work.\n pa. 27. l. 12. if the professor of the college was the writer of the pamphlet, his name was Graham, not Greeme. he was my master, & intimately known to me.\n pa. 33. l. 4. ent enquire further into the fact alleged that Henry was counsel for Littlepage. I am much persuaded he was counsel for Dandridge. there was great personal antipathy between him and Littlepage, and the closest intimacy with Dandridge, who was his near neighbor, in whose house he was at home, & as one of the family, who was his earliest and greatest admirer and patron, and whose daughter became afterwards his second\n\t\t\t wife. it was in his house that during a course of Christmas festivities, I first became acquainted with mr Henry. this, it is true, is but presumptive evidence, and may be overruled by direct proof. but I am confident he could never have undertaken any case against Dandridge. considering the union of their bosoms, it would have been a great crime.\n pa. 37. l. 13. & pa. 55. l. 6. from bottom. there was but one clear & sound bottom on which the separation of the chair and the treasury was decided. the legislature made all their levies of money payable into the hands of their speaker, over whom they had controul. the only hold the Govr had on him was a negative on his appointment as Speaker at every new election, which amounted consequently to a negative on him as treasurer, and disposed him so far to be obsequious to the Governor.\n pa. 57. l. 11. strike out Starke. he was nobody; a mere lounger at the bar, without business, without knolege, and without principle. John Blair is omitted here, one of the purest men then living, a well read lawyer, logical reasoner, & only kept down by his insuperable diffidence.\n These are the only passages which I thought might be worthy of further enquiry; and are so unimportant as scarcely to be worth a defacement of the MS. by alteration.\u2014I shall set out for Bedford on the 8th return a fortnight after to pass a week here, and shall then go back to Bedford to remain till the last of October. this knolege of my movements will enable you to give a proper direction to any further communications you may wish to make. accept the assurance of my constant friendship & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0255", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Kercheval, 5 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Kercheval, Samuel\n Your letter of Aug. 16. is just recieved. that which I wrote to you under the address of H. Tompkinson was intended for the Author of the pamphlet you were so kind as to send me, and therefore, in your hands, found it\u2019s true destination. but I must beseech you, Sir, not to admit a\n\t\t\t possibility of it\u2019s being published. many good people will revolt from it\u2019s doctrines, & my wish is to offend nobody, to leave to those who are to live under it the settlement of their own\n\t\t\t constitution and to pass in peace the remainder of my time. if those opinions are sound, they will occur to others, and will prevail by their own weight, without the aid of names. I am glad to\n\t\t\t see\n\t\t\t that the Staunton meeting has rejected the idea of a limited convention. the article however, nearest my heart, is the division of the counties into Wards. these will be pure & elementary republics, the\n\t\t\t sum of all which, taken together, composes the state, & will make of the whole a true democracy as to the business of the Wards, which is that of nearest and daily concern. the affairs of the\n\t\t\t larger sections of counties, of states, & of the Union, not admitting personal transaction by the people, will be delegated to agents elected by themselves; and representation will thus be\n\t\t\t substituted where personal action becomes impracticable. yet, even over these representative organs, should they become corrupt and perverted, the division into wards, constituting the people, in\n\t\t\t their wards, a regularly organised power, enables them, by that organisation, to crush, regularly and peaceably, the usurpations of their unfaithful agents, and rescues them from the dreadful\n\t\t\t necessity of doing it insurrectionally. in this way we shall be as republican as a large society can be; and secure the continuance of purity in our government by the salutary, peaceable, and\n\t\t\t regular\n\t\t\t controul of the people. no other depositories of power have ever yet been found which did not end in converting to their own profit the earnings of those committed to their charge. George III. in execution of the trust confided to him, has, within his own day, loaded the inhabitants of Great Britain with debts equal to the whole fee-simple value of their island, and under pretext of governing it, has alienated it\u2019s whole soil to creditors who could lend money to be lavished on priests,\n\t\t\t pensions, plunder & perpetual war. this would not have been so, had the people retained organised means of acting on their agents. in this example then let us read a lesson for ourselves, and\n\t\t\t not\n\t\t\t \u2018go, and do so likewise.\u2019\n Since writing my letter of July 12. I have been told that, on the question of equal representation, our fellow-citizens in some sections of the state claim peremptorily a right of representation for their slaves. principle will, in this, as in most other cases, open the way for us to correct conclusion. were our state a pure democracy, in which all it\u2019s inhabitants should meet together to transact all their business, there would yet be excluded from their deliberations 1. infants, until arrived at years of discretion. 2. women; who, to prevent depravation of morals, and ambiguity of issue, could not mix promiscuously in the public meetings of men. 3. slaves, from whom the unfortunate state of things with us takes away the rights of will and of property. those then who have no will could be permitted to exercise none in the popular assembly; and of course could delegate none to an agent in a representative assembly. the business, in the first case, would be done by qualified citizens only; and in the second by the representatives of qualified citizens only.\u2003\u2003\u2003It is true that, in the General constitution, our state is allowed a larger representation on account of it\u2019s slaves. but every one knows that that constitution was a matter of compromise, a capitulation between conflicting interests and opinions. in truth, the condition of different descriptions of inhabitants in any country is a matter of municipal arrangement, of which no foreign country has a right to take notice. all it\u2019s inhabitants are men as to them. thus, in the New England states, none have the powers of citizens but those whom they call freemen; and none are free men until admitted by a vote of the freemen of the town. yet, in the general government these non-freemen are counted in their quantum of representation, and of taxation. so slaves, with us,\n\t\t\t have no powers as citizens; yet in representation in the General government they count in the proportion of 3. to 5. and as 5. so also in taxation. whether this is equal is not here the question. it is a capitulation of discordant sentiments and circumstances, and is obligatory on that ground. but this view shews there is no\n\t\t\t inconsistency in claiming representation for them from the other states, & refusing it within our own.\n Accept the renewal of assurances of my respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0257", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Nicholas H. Lewis, 5 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lewis, Nicholas H.\n Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to mr Lewis and will attend the Rivanna company on Saturday at the Shadwell mills.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0258", "content": "Title: Nicolas G. Dufief to Thomas Jefferson, 6 September 1816\nFrom: Dufief, Nicolas Gouin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Monsieur\n \u00c0 Philadelphie ce 6 7bre 1816\n Apr\u00e8s vingt-cinq ann\u00e9es de r\u00e9flexions & d\u2019exp\u00e9riences presque continuelles, je suis parvenu, autant que mes faibles talens me le permettent, \u00e0 simplifier & \u00e0 rendre commun l\u2019art d\u2019enseigner les langues, d\u2019une telle mani\u00e8re que la partie la plus pauvre et la plus nombreuse de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, born\u00e9e, dans les pays o\u00f9 le Gouvernement est le plus lib\u00e9ral, \u00e0 savoir \u00e0 peine lire et \u00e9crire, pourra y recevoir la m\u00eame \u00e9ducation, (et peut-\u00eatre une meilleure) Sous le rapport de leur langue & celui de plusieurs autres, que la classe la plus riche, lorsqu\u2019on y aura introduit la m\u00e9thode d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans le manuscript que je vous adresse, & que je me suis fait un honneur et un devoir de Soumettre \u00e0 votre examen.\n Il a fallu, Monsieur, que je fusse bien convaincu de vos bont\u00e9s inalt\u00e9rables pour moi, du z\u00e8le qui ne cesse point de vous animer pour le bien g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, de la puissance des nouveaux moyens que je propose d\u2019apr\u00e8s l\u2019exp\u00e9rience, & Surtout des effets qui en r\u00e9sultent pour le bonheur et le perfectionnement de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, pour oser troubler le repos qui vous est si justement acquis apr\u00e8s tant d\u2019ann\u00e9es de consacr\u00e9es \u00e0 la chose publique & aux plus utiles travaux. Ainsi, sans chercher \u00e0 m\u2019excuser davantage de la d\u00e9marche que je fais aupr\u00e8s de vous, je vais entrer dans quelques d\u00e9tails relatifs \u00e0 la 4\u00e8me Edition de \u201cNature Displayed\u201d que je projette, de cet ouvrage que l\u2019encouragement puissant de votre approbation m\u2019enhardit \u00e0 livrer \u00e0 l\u2019impression, il y a environ treize ans. Elle doit \u00eatre St\u00e9r\u00e9otyp\u00e9e a New York o\u00f9 il y a trois fonderies d\u2019\u00e9tablies. Les deux pages qui Sont dans le manuscrit, vous donneront une id\u00e9e des progr\u00e8s que l\u2019art admirable de la St\u00e9r\u00e9otypie a faits dans notre patrie. J\u2019ai du\n\t\t\t\tapporter, en cons\u00e9quence, l\u2019attention la plus soutenue, \u00e0 purger l\u2019ouvrage des fautes des \u00e9ditions pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes. A l\u2019\u00e9gard de celles qui pourraient Se glisser dans l\u2019\u00e9dition St\u00e9r\u00e9otype, on a\n\t\t\t\tinvent\u00e9\n\t\t\t\tun proc\u00e9d\u00e9 ing\u00e9nieux pour les corriger apr\u00e8s m\u00eame que les planches ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fondues\n Le corps de l\u2019ouvrage restera invariablement le m\u00eame. L\u2019ordre des mati\u00e8res, a, cependant, \u00e9t\u00e9 un peu chang\u00e9; par exemple, le second vocabulaire du 1er Vol. Se trouve \u00eatre le premier, & le 2d vol. commence par la Conjugaison du verbe avoir, au lieu de l\u2019analysis of the parts of speech. J\u2019en ai donn\u00e9 la raison.\n sur les 103 pages de la pr\u00e9face manuscrite, il y en a 53 Sur les premi\u00e8res desquelles il suffit de jeter un coup d\u2019\u0153il pour en conna\u00eetre l\u2019usage, ainsi il est seulement n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019en lire cinquante, qui imprim\u00e9es en feront \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s vingt-cinq, pour pouvoir embrasser la m\u00e9thode dans toute son \u00e9tendue. Au lieu de l\u2019\u00e9pigraphe de Bacon qui est en t\u00eate Je me propose d\u2019y Substituer les deux suivantes:\n \u2003\u2003\u2003\u201c\u2019Tis the last key-stone\n That makes the arch: the rest that there put were put\n Are nothing till that comes to bind and Shut.\n Then Stands it a triumphal mark! then men\n Observe the Strength, the height, the why and when\n It was erected; and Still walking under\n Meet some new matter to look up and wonder!\u201d\n The most certain means of rendering a people free and happy, is to establish a perfect method of education.\n J\u2019ai trouv\u00e9 la premi\u00e8re \u00e0 la fin d\u2019une lettre de Horne \u00e0 Junius, mais Sans nom d\u2019Auteur. Aucun de nos hommes de lettres que j\u2019ai consult\u00e9s \u00e0 ce sujet n\u2019a pu me dire quil qui il est. La Seconde appartient, comme vous Savez, \u00e0 l\u2019excellent ouvrage sur Montesquieu, sorti des presses de Mr Duane\n Aussit\u00f4t que vous aurez eu la bont\u00e9 de me renvoyer le manuscript, Je commencerai \u00e0 faire mes dispositions pour imprimer l\u2019\u00e9dition St\u00e9r\u00e9otype de \u201cNature Displayed\u201d\n J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, Monsieur, avec les Sentimens qui vous sont dus \u00e0 tant de titres, & en fesant les v\u0153ux les plus ardens pour la conservation de votre Sant\u00e9 Votre tr\u00e8s-d\u00e9vou\u00e9 & tr\u00e8s-respectueux Serviteur\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Philadelphia 6 September 1816\n After twenty-five years of almost continual reflection and experience, I have succeeded, so far as my feeble talents allow, in simplifying and making accessible the art of teaching languages in such a way that the poorest and most numerous part of society (which is limited, even in countries where the government is very liberal, barely to knowing how to read and write) will be able to receive the same education (and perhaps a better one) with regard to their own language and several others, as the richest class, once the method developed in the manuscript I am sending you (and that I considered it an honor and a duty to submit to your examination) is introduced.\n Sir, I had to be completely convinced of your unfailing kindness toward me, of the zeal for the common good that continues to animate you, of the power of the new means that I propose from experience and, most of all, of the beneficial effects they will have on the happiness and improvement of society to dare trouble the repose you have so justly earned after so many years devoted to the public good and the most useful works. Therefore, without apologizing further, I will enter into a few details about the fourth edition of \u201cNature Displayed\u201d that I am planning. The powerful encouragement of your approbation emboldened me to submit this book for publication about thirteen years ago. It will be stereotyped in New York, where there are three established foundries. The two pages that are enclosed in the manuscript will give you an idea of the progress that the admirable art of stereotypography has made in our\n\t\t\t country. In\n\t\t\t consequence, I had to pay the closest attention in order to purge the book of the mistakes of the preceding editions. Regarding the ones that might infiltrate the stereotyped edition, they have\n\t\t\t invented an ingenious procedure of correcting them even after the plates have been cast\n The body of the book will remain invariably the same. The order in which the topics are presented, however, has changed a little. For example, the second vocabulary of the first volume now comes first, and the second volume starts with the conjugation of the verb avoir, instead of the analysis of the parts of speech. I have given the reason why.\n Of the handwritten preface\u2019s 103 pages, it is enough to glance at the first 53 to know how to use the work. Thus, one need only read fifty pages, which, once printed, will be about twenty-five, to understand the method in its entirety. Instead of Bacon\u2019s epigraph, which appears at the beginning, I propose to substitute the following two:\n That makes the arch: the rest that there were put\n Are nothing till that comes to bind and Shut.\n Then Stands it a triumphal mark! then men\n Observe the Strength, the height, the why and when\n It was erected; and Still walking under\n Meet some new matter to look up and wonder!\u201d\n The most certain means of rendering a people free and happy, is to establish a perfect method of education. \n I found the first at the end of a letter from Horne to Junius, but without the author\u2019s name. Not one of the men of letters I consulted on the subject was able to tell me who he is. The second belongs, as you know, to the excellent\n\t\t\t work on Montesquieu, which came off Mr. Duane\u2019s printing presses\n As soon as you will be so kind as to send the manuscript back to me, I will begin making arrangements to print the stereotyped edition of \u201cNature Displayed\u201d\n I have the honor to be, Sir, with the sentiments due to you for so many reasons and the warmest wishes for the preservation of your health, your very devoted and very respectful servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0259", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Madame de Sta\u00ebl Holstein, 6 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Sta\u00ebl Holstein, Anne Louise Germaine Necker, baronne de\n A request, dear Madam in your letter of Jan. 6. gives you the trouble of reading this. you therein ask information of the state of things in S. America. this is difficult to be understood even to us who have some stolen intercourse with those countries: but in Europe I suppose it impossible. that mendacity, which Spain, like England, makes a principal piece in the machine of her government, confounds all enquiry, by so blending truth and falsehood, as to make them indistinguishable. according to Spanish accounts they\n\t\t\t have won great victories in battles which were never fought, and slaughtered thousands of rebels whom they have never seen: and, as in our revolution, the English were perpetually gaining\n\t\t\t victories\n\t\t\t over us until they conquered themselves out of our Northern continent, so Spain is in a fair way of conquering herself out of the Southern one. even our information of the state of things in the Spanish colonies is far from being distinct or certain; so that I can give\n\t\t\t you but a general idea of it. to do this we must throw that country into masses, considering Brazil as a nucleus, around which they are thus disposed.\n 1. Buenos Ayres, & the country South of Brazil.\n 2. Chili, Tucumana, & Peru, West of Brazil, & on the Pacific ocean.\n 3. Caraccas, & the country North of Brazil, on the gulf of Mexico.\n 4. Mexico, in the Northern continent.\n 1. Buenos Ayres has established it\u2019s independance, as the Spanish functionaries themselves admit. it was for some time embarrassed by the ambition of Monte-Video on the other side of La Plata, which claimed to be the principal place, & endeavored to maintain it by arms: but they have finally come to an arrangement which has reunited them, and they have formed their regular\n\t\t\t government. Spain, conscious that they are irrecoverable, is, as we are told, bartering them with the court of Brazil for Portugal. whether Spain can court, or conquer Portugal from hatred to love, you can best judge. the transfer of a people, like cattle, with their soil, seems to be growing into a part of the jus gentium of Europe: but it is not likely to be received here where we consider the cattle as owners of the soil. surrounded, as Brazil is, with revolutionary countries and principles, and having at times participated in them, it is possible this may turn out to be a gift of Brazil to Buenos Ayres, instead of a transfer of Buenos ayres to Brazil.\n 2. Chili, Tucumana and Peru, at one time were entirely ascendant. they have since suffered some reverses, and Buenos Ayres, we are told, is gone to their assistance. the mother country can do little on that coast.\n 3. the Caraccas are the most accessible to the arms of Spain; & there accordingly successes have been most diversified. the Patriots & Royalists have been victors and vanquished by turns. lately the patriots carried all before them; but now\n\t\t\t there is reason to believe they have suffered serious discomfiture; and it is here the most atrocious cruelties have been exercised. the Patriots have in vain endeavored to end them by examples\n\t\t\t moderation; the Royalists answer by examples of extermination. yet difficult as is the contest this country too will be ultimately revolutionised.\n 4. Mexico. the Royalists still hold the city of Mexico and the port of Vera cruz, the only one of that province; while it is understood that the Patriots prevail over the country. the siege of Vera Cruz now believed to be begun, or about to be begun, is supposed to be the cause why Apodaca, the new Viceroy of Mexico, who lately sailed for that port from Havanna, has been obliged to return, without venturing to land at Vera Cruz. this, first of all the Spanish possessions, and superior to Spain itself in extent, fertility, population, riches and information, has nothing to fear from the pigmy power of Spain.\n So far then all would seem well. but their real difficulties are not how to repel the efforts of the mother country, but how to silence and disarm the schisms among themselves. in all those countries, the most inveterate divisions have arisen, partly among the different casts, partly among rival-leaders. constitution after constitution is made and broken, and in the meantime every thing is at the mercy of the military leaders. the whole Southern continent is sunk in the deepest ignorance and bigotry. a single priest is more than a sufficient opponent to a whole army; and were it not that the lower clergy, as poor and oppressed as the people themselves, has very much taken side with the revolutionists, their cause would have been desperate from the beginning. but, when their independance shall be established, the same ignorance & bigotry will render them incapable of forming and maintaining a free government: and it is excruciating to believe that all will end in military despotisms under the Bonapartes of their regions. the only comfortable prospect which this clouded horizon offers is that, these revolutionary movements having excited into exercise that common sense which nature has implanted in every one, it will go on advancing towards the lights of cultivated reason, will become sensible of it\u2019s own powers, and in time be able to form some canons of freedom, and to restrain their leaders to an observance of them. in the meantime we must pray to god as most heartily we do for your country, that \u2018he will be pleased to give them patience under their sufferings, and a happy issue out of all their afflictions.\u2019\n Your resolution not to revisit your own country, while under foreign force, is worthy of you. no patriotism requires us to incur the pain of witnessing miseries which we cannot remedy or alleviate, and towards which, even in absence, your pen may do more than your presence. that such a country and such a people can never be kept permanently prostrate on the earth is a decree of heaven, which will not pass away. our great anxiety is lest they should lengthen their sufferings by premature and abortive attempts to end them; and our wish that they may have patience, yet a while, until dissensions among their enemies may give them a choice of friends. in general it is sinful, but now pious, to pray for war and strife among nations, as the only means of dissolving their criminal combinations.\n I congratulate you on the happy union of your daughter with a peer and patriot of France: and should your son realise the hope you hold up to us of visiting this sanctuary of the unfortunate of every country where \u2018the wolf dwells with the lamb, and the leopard lieth down with\n\t\t\t the kid,\u2019 he will be hailed as the son of Mde de Sta\u00ebl and grandson of M. Necker, and will see an example, in the peaceable reunion here of so many discordant worthies of his own country, how much more happy the tolerant principles of his great ancestor might have made\n\t\t\t them at home.\n Permit me here to renew the assurances of my high consideration and esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0260", "content": "Title: Thomas Ritchie to Thomas Jefferson, 7 September 1816\nFrom: Ritchie, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Richmond September 7th 1816.\n I need scarcely say, that a Request from you is a Command upon me\u2014I obey it with pleasure.\n I have forwarded you by mail, not only the Document you ask for, but the entire Journal of the last House of Delegates, of which that Document forms a part.\u2014The Journal may furnish additional Documents, which you may find interesting.\n I beg leave to add the Acts of the last Legislature\u2014being, in my humble judgment, one of the most honorable Monuments, of the public Spirit of our Legislature.\n With the highest Respect,\n Yours Sincerely,\n Thomas Ritchie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0261", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Clark, 8 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clark, William\n The travelling journal of Govr Lewis and yourself having been published some time ago, I had hoped to hear that something was doing with the astronomical observations, the Geographical chart, the Indian vocabularies, and other\n\t\t\t papers not comprehended in the journal published. with a view to have these given to the public according to the original intention, I got a friend to apply for them to mr Biddle, in whose hands I understood them to be, referring him for authority to the instructions inserted in the life of Govr Lewis prefixed to the journal. he said he could not deliver them even to the War-office, without an order from you. it is to sollicit this order that I now trouble you, and it may be given in favor either of the war office or of myself. if the latter, I should deliver the Astronomical observations to the Secretary at War, who would employ some one to make the calculations, to correct the longitudes of the map,\n\t\t\t and to have it published thus corrected; and I should deliver the papers of Natural history & the Vocabularies to the Philos. society at Philadelphia, who would have them properly edited, and I should deposit with them also for safekeeping the travelling pocket journals as originals to be recurred to on all interesting questions arising\n\t\t\t out of the published journal. I should recieve them only in trust for the War office to which they belong, and take their orders relating to them. I have recieved from Dr Barton\u2019s exrs 4. vols of the travelling pocket journals, but I think there were 11. or 12. the rest I suppose mr Biddle has. I hope the part I have had in this important voyage, will excuse the interest I take in securing to the world all the beneficial results we were entitled to expect from it, and which\n\t\t\t would so fully justify the expences of the expedition incurred by the United states in that expedition. I salute you with constant friendship and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0262", "content": "Title: Henry Clay to Thomas Jefferson, 8 September 1816\nFrom: Clay, Henry,Stewart, Alvan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Lexington 8th Sept. 1816\n Mr. Alvan Stewart, who will deliver to you this letter, being desirous of the honor of your acquaintance, and of visiting Monticello, has asked of me a letter of introduction. Altho\u2019 I am sure, with his objects, it is altogether unnecessary, I have no hesitation in Soliciting your favorable reception of him. I comply the\n\t\t\t more readily with his request as it affords me an opportunity of tendering to you assurances of my high respect and Consideration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0265", "content": "Title: Francis Adrian Van der Kemp to Thomas Jefferson, 8 September 1816\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Olden barneveld 8 Sept. 1816.\n In answer to your favour of July the 30\u2014I must once more return to the papers, which I Send to England for publication; and am Satisfied with the precautions, I deemed requisite, to conceal the author. Since I received last week information from London of the Sudden desease of mr jo\u00ffce\u2014whom I had intrusted with the business I then directly adressed mr. Belsham, Solliciting him to inquire about these papers by the heirs of mr. Joyce, take these under his care\u2014and publish these with the Same precautions, and am fully persuaded, that, although he\u2014from having published in 1812 in Lendsey\u2019s Mem: its chief parts with your Letts to Dr Priestley.\u2014Can not be mistaken in the author, he Shall not betra\u00ff his trust. I fully agree with you that a fair and impartial examination of this Subject\u2014on the ground laid by the author must eventually promote\n\t\t\t truth and establish religion on a basis, which can not be Shaken.\n If I am not mistaken in the character of my friends\u2014and I had no hesitation about mr. joyce, there can be no Scruples fostered about its publication in a country, where Basanistes is printed and reprinted\u2014The Liberty of the press is pretty unlimited there\u2014and in it nothing is ridiculed; Here it would be foolishness to try it, as bigotry and intolerance, tho they\n\t\t\t might not Succeed in persecuting the publication openly, would decry him at least an Atheist, and endeavour to expose him to the insults of a fanatic Rabble. Our young minister has republished\n\t\t\t here\n\t\t\t from England a Small tract against the Trinity, Seasoning it, against my entreaties, with Some harsh reflections on one and other of the clerg\u00ff, and Shall, I doubt not gather a harvest of obloquy, as I\n\t\t\t predicted\u2014It will cool his ardent zeal for truth\u2014and then he Shall become more circumspect, and consequently usefull\u2014I acknowledge however\u2014that forty years ago I Should not have listened much to\n\t\t\t doctrine, which I now endeavoured to instil. It is not fear, which makes me reluctant to imitate the hornets\u2014but my peace is at my age too costly a possession to have it disturbed. When thus I\n\t\t\t intend\n\t\t\t Something for the Public\u2014I Send it to my friends in England.\n I can not blame you, Sir! for waving the answer on Some questions of m\u00ff Letter\u2014I had no right to ask it, and am not known enough, to be treated with that indulgence. Permit me, however, to observe, that neither a vain curiosity or a Spirit to enter into a controversial correspondence\u2014had the Smallest Share in my inquir\u00ff\u2014I was lead to it, by what I perused from you, and Seemed to make those answerings desirable. Although I am averse of polemicks, nevertheless, after having perused Some of Belsham masterly performances\u2014and bold advances, I was astonished\u2014to find that he maintained yet a Theses\u2014inadmissible in my opinion\u2014with his fundamental Doctrine of the worship of one God\u2014\u201ethat J. could work miracles at pleasure\u201e I have Send him m\u00ff objections\u2014and urged their discussion\u2014in one of his next publications.\n Basanistes is now on a visit to Quinc\u00ff\u2014I Send another work to N. England\u2014from which, with perfect Safety, a Refutation of the doctrine of the Trinity could be copied\u2014being a careful examination of all the passages\u2014brought forward in its defence\u2014and all rejected, peremptorily by one or more learned Trinitarians.\n This winter I Shall endeavour to chalk out a Sketch of the life, proposed b\u00ff you, and Shall Send you the outlines\u2014to Submitt these to your criticisms.\n mr. A: mentions in one of his Last one Tucker\u2019s light of nature\u2014I Suppose he is a Virginian\u2014is he a layman?\n Permit to request the favour of your remembrance, while I assure you that I am with Sentiments of high respect\n Dear Sir your most obed: and obliged Servant\n Fr: Adr. van der Kemp.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0266", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Ticknor to Thomas Jefferson, 10 September 1816\nFrom: Ticknor, Elizabeth Billings Curtis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Your favour Sir, of the 15\u201316th of August was received yesterday.\u2014My husband being an overseer of the University, in which he was educated, is now absent on business for that institution, but, in all probability will return before the arival of the books.\u2014If he does not, I have a friend, who will address them according to your order, and take every possible care, that they are safely sent on to Richmond.\u2014It is with pleasure Sir that I inform you of the receipt of your letter, as its contents are of consequence to you, and as it affords me an opertunity of making a gratefull acknowledgment\n\t\t\t of the benevolent and friendly favours you shew our son, while he was under your hospitable roof.\u2014Be assured Sir they were felt, sensibly felt, by Mr Ticknor and myself, as well as by our son.\n He was well, the 30th of June, and desired an affectionate rememberance to all, who mentioned his name.\n Therefore, be so good as to accept it from him, by the hand of his mother, who with due consideration and esteem, has the honor of subscribing herself\n your much obliged, and very humble servant \n Elizabeth Ticknor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0267", "content": "Title: William Wirt to Thomas Jefferson, 10 September 1816\nFrom: Wirt, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I thank you for the remarks with which you have been so good as to accompany the return of the sheets. The story of Livy I had from Judge Nelson who gave it as a declaration to him from Mr Henry himself. I think with you that the statement must be inaccurate: his indolence forbad it and Livy I find is not among the books left by him, of which I have a catalogue\u2014I have moderated the passage but know not how to reject altogether the statement of a fact so authenticated.\u2014I can\n\t\t\t tell you with very great sincerity that you have removed a mountain load of despondency from my mind by the assurance that you could find entertainment in those sheets.\u2014I trouble you now with others and beg leave to call your attention particularly to what relates to Mr Pendleton. The passage has given me pain\u2014but truth and the justice due to Mr Henry seemed to require it. If you think it wrong, I am sure you will tell me so, and will suggest some expedient by which equal justice can be done to Mr H. with more delicacy to Mr Pendleton.\n I entreat you not to spare your remarks on account of the defacement of the manuscript. I had rather commence it de novo than lose the advantage of your freest criticisms. If you think the narrative too wire-drawn, or the style too turgid (points about which I have, myself, strong fears) I depend on your friendship to tell me so\u2014much better will it be to learn it from you, in time to correct it, than from the malignity of reviewers, when it shall be too late.\n There is an anecdote in circulation on the authority of the late Majr scott which if true I should like to weave in, and if true you will certainly remember it. It is said that about the year 1769, Mr Henry, spoke, in the House of Burgesses, on some question of public grievance, with so much power that the people in the lobby and gallery were excited to a kind of frenzy, rushed to the top of\n\t\t\t the capitol, tore down the royal standard which usually waved there during the session, tore it into fragments and scattered to the winds\u2014Will you be so obliging as to say whether you recollect, at any time, an occurrence of this sort?\n most respectfully and affectionately, yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0269-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Mathew Carey\u2019s Invoice for Books Bought for Thomas Jefferson, 12 September 1816\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Thos Jefferson Esqr\n \u2003\u2003\u2003Bot of Mathew Carey\n Vandale Super Arest\n Bonnycastle\u2019s Algebra\u2002\n Potters Mathematics", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0271", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 13 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonticello,\n Since sending you my letter of the 10th to the post office a call of 200 D. is made upon me which had been agreed to be delayed until my produce should have been sold in the next spring but the party assigned it to another who now required it without regard to that arrangement. I am obliged to draw for it on you in favor of Branham & Jones of Charlottesville. I do this with reluctance because I am sure the state of my account with you does not authorize me. I will immediately after the expiration of the present month hurry down fou flour both from\n\t\t\t here and Bedford to cover this, as well as the draughts for my taxes for both places which will soon v come upon us, as mentioned in my former letter.\n Accept the assurnances of my great esteem and respect\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTh. Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0272", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, 13 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yancey, Joel\n Yours of Aug. 29. came to hand on the 4th inst. I had packed and was to have set off for Pop. For. with mrs Randolph and some of the family on Monday the 2d inst. but on the Sunday recieved a visit which detained us till these rains begun. they still continue & were they now to stop it will be still some days before we can cross James river: I therefore find it necessary to write, as some things are pressing. for the taxes which you mention, as well as those here to the State & general government which will all be soon upon\n\t\t\t us, I must pray you to get down some flour, if it be only a single load to recruit my funds with mr Gibson whereon to draw for the taxes. also as we cannot have the benefit of our offal there by finding barrels, & here I can have engage any quantity of offal at it\u2019s present price in exchange for barrels at 43. cents equal to 2/8, I have actually engaged for 1000. bushels over and above my own in exchange for barrels to be delivered as quick as possible. I must therefore pray you to send off Barnaby and Nace immediately, hoping they have done your hogsheads: if they have not let them do them without delay & come off. we will determine what to do with the barrels & staves they have\n\t\t\t prepared when I come up.\u2014I had planted here as much corn ground as, in an ordinary year, would have made about 700. barrels. but no part of the country suffered with the drought as much as this\n\t\t\t neighborhood, as far as I have heard. of the fine rain you had the 1st of June, which detained me, not a drop fell here. so that my expectations here were reduced to 150. barrels when these rains commenced. it is possible they may advance now to 250. it is thought the price here will start at 5.D. I hope you have these rains & that they will give you corn enough for the year. there has already fallen between 9. & 10.I. with us, & it is still raining. your letter relieves me as to Francis. having never had a line from him I had become quite uneasy. I shall feel Capt Martin\u2019s disappointment very heavily. as we shall be obliged to get our stocks sawed by hand & to work them green & for outside work too. John Hemings & his two aids will set out so as to be at Poplar forest the evening before us. I salute you with great friendship & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0273", "content": "Title: John Payne Todd to Thomas Jefferson, 14 September 1816\nFrom: Todd, John Payne,Valaperta, Giuseppe\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Mont Pelier 14th Sepr 16.\n I take the liberty of introducing to you, Mr Valaperta, an artist of considerable merit and reputation.\n His object in visiting Monticello, should he be so fortunate as to find you at home, is to ask your permission to take your bust in clay, or your profile in Wax with a view to work it afterwards in ivory, to perform either,\n\t\t\t he says will be attended with little trouble to you, and the latter particularly may be done in two sittings, and those not long ones.\n with the highest Consideration and respect yr very devoted St", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0276", "content": "Title: John Graham to Thomas Jefferson, 16 September 1816\nFrom: Graham, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Dept of State 16th Sepr 1816.\n J Graham presents his most Respectful Compliments to mr Jefferson, and in transmitting to him the enclosed Packet which has just been received at this Dept has the pleasure to inform him, that his Letter to mr Gallatin was forwarded under Cover with Despatches for that Gentleman, the day after it was received.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0277", "content": "Title: Lafayette to Thomas Jefferson, 16 September 1816\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My dear friend\n I Cannot Let gal Bernard Embark with His Amiable Lady and family for America without a line to You. that Eminent officer Has Been Honour\u2019d with the only Exception to the determination of Government Not to Employ foreigners in the Army of the U.S. I think He deserves\n\t\t\t the Confered distinction, Not only on Account of His Great talents, and deep knowledge in His Line, But also Because I Never Saw a disposition of mind more Unassuming, disinterested, and\n\t\t\t Conciliatory. Emperor Napoleon Struck with the Abilities and Economy He display\u2019d in fortifying Antwerpt Surprised Him with an Invitation to Become His aid de Camp, in which Capacity He Remained a Stranger to the intrigues, Rewards, and principles of the Court. an avowed patriot, He is Confessed by all parties to Be the Excellent man whom I pourtray to You. I Believe He may Render great Services as An Engineer, and am also persuaded, from the intentions He Has Expressed in His visit to me, that His Companions\n\t\t\t will Love Him for His Eagerness to adjust matters in the way the Most Agreable to them. I Shall only add that we are all well, children, grandchildren, and myself. this Short letter is posting after gal Bernard to the Havre. You know the Sentiments of Your Affectionate friend\n Lafayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0278", "content": "Title: Joseph E. McIlhenney to Thomas Jefferson, 17 September 1816\nFrom: McIlhenney, Joseph E.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Winchester Septr 17th 1816\n Mr Peale of Philada called upon my brother, and told him, he had reacieved a letter from you, requesting him to procure a young man, who would be willing to settle in Charlottsville. He, as a particular friend of my brothers, advised him to communicate the circumstance to me; which he did in a letter of the 5th Instant. I immeadiately answer\u2019d his letter, and requested him to inform Mr Peale, I would with pleasure except of the offer. He wrote me that mr Peale would inform you of my intended visit. He also advised me, (as a preliminary step) to address a fiew lines to you with a view of knowing wether you had return\u2019d to Monticello; which place you had left (as he acquainted me) on a a journey. Mr Peale represents the place as a very good cituation for a Watch Maker.\n I am respectfully Yours &Ca\u2014\n Jos E McIlhenney\n P.S. I shall remain in this place untill I reaceive an answer. I have bean been abcent from Phlada during the summer; and was on the point of returning when I reacd the above intelegance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0279", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to David Gelston, 18 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gelston, David\n Your favor of Aug. 31. did not come to hand but by yesterday\u2019s mail, delayed I presume by the late extraordinary floods. it brings me the first notice of the arrival of my books which I have been 3. or 4. months expecting. them but I have not yet recieved either invoice or letter. as we ought to suppose they came by the same ship, tomorrow\u2019s mail may perhaps bring them, in which case you shall have the invoice instantly. the day after tomorrow I shall set out on a journey of 3. weeks, which, if they arrive it arrives afterwards may occasion that delay in your receipt of it. in the mean time it may not be amiss that the books should remain with you till the equinoctial weather is over, as their loss would be a great affliction to me they are what I wrote for as most necessary on parting with my library to Congress. I return the bill of lading & Hottinguer & co\u2019s letter and salute wit you with friendly esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0280", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Alexander H. Everett, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Everett, Alexander Hill\n Th: Jefferson returns to mr Everett his thanks for the care he has been so good as to take of the Programme of the Harlaem society of sciences, recieved from mr Van Marum, and now come safe to hand: and\n\t\t\t he avails himself with pleasure of this occasion of assuring him of his great esteem and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0281", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Fishback, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fishback, James\n Presuming that a copy of your oration delivered in Lexington on the 4th of July last, which came inclosed to me yesterday, may have come from yourself, I take the liberty of addressing to you my thanks for this mark of attention. I have read it with\n\t\t\t satisfaction, a single paragraph only excepted in the following words excepted. \u2018mr Jefferson, it is said, declared that when he was in Paris, atheism was the common table-talk of the French bishops.\u2019 I protest to you, Sir, that I never made such a declaration; and that as far as my knolege of that order of clergy enabled me to\n\t\t\t judge, it would have been entirely untrue. when speaking of the religious freedom, in matters of opinion, and conversation, practised in that country, in opposition to laws never put in execution but against what is printed, I may have said, what was true, that \u2018I had heard the doctrines of atheism maintained at table in mixed company,\u2019 but never by a bishop, nor even in presence of a bishop. such rudeness would not have been committed by any man of decent manners, nor witnessed without offence by any society. the importance of religion to society has too many founded supports to need aid from imputations so entirely unfounded. I am persuaded of the innocence with which you have\n\t\t\t introduced this matter of report: but being myself quoted by name, and in print too, as the author of such a calumny on a respectable order of prelates, I owe to them, as well as to myself, to\n\t\t\t declare that no such declaration, or expression, was ever uttered by me. trusting it will be as acceptable to yourself to recieve this truth, as it has been incumbent on me to testify it, I pray you to accept the assurance of my great respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0282", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to David Gelston, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gelston, David\n I wrote yesterday morning in answer to yours of Aug. 31. and in the evening recieved the Invoice you requested, which I now inclose with mr Warden\u2019s letters & other papers. I will thank you for the return of these when they shall have answered your purpose. as I presume the usual apprehensions from Equinoctial gales are not of\n\t\t\t many days, I will request you to forward the books to Richmond as usual as soon as you think it safe; and the rather that they may get up our river before winter sets in. if you will have the goodness to drop me a note of the amount of expences\n\t\t\t attending these, & the cases of wines, they shall be immediately remitted. I salute you with great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0283", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Agreement with Thomas Eston Randolph & Company, 19 September 1816, with Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Note, 18 October 1816\nFrom: Thomas Eston Randolph & Company,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n Shadwell Mill 19th Septr 1816\u2014We agree to deliver to the order of Thos Jefferson Esqr Six hundred bushels of Shipstuff at eighteen-pence \u214cer bushel to be deducted from the first quarters Rent\u2014and to be deliver\u2019d vizt 200 bushels in the second week of October next,\u2014200\u2014on the 1st Novr and the remaining 200 on the 1st Decr\n Thos Eston Randolph & Co\n 1816. Oct. 18. there being a misunderstanding as to the within, we rescinded it, and agreed that I should be furnished by mr T. E. Randolph with 600. bushels certain of shipstuff, and that I should have the offer of as much more as he shall have to spare all to be paid for at two shillings the bushel, cash or barrels @ 40. cents as should suit me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0284", "content": "Title: John Payne Todd to Thomas Jefferson, 19 September 1816\nFrom: Todd, John Payne\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Mont Pelier Sepr 19th\u201416.\n I take the liberty of mentioning that Mr Labarshette, who will have the honor of paying his respects; brought a letter from Genl Lafayette to the President, and carries with him, a certificate from the same, of services rendered by his father and himself during our Revolution; which are titles certainly to civility.\n I have the honor to be with the most profound respt yr St", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0285", "content": "Title: Montlezun\u2019s Account of a Visit to Monticello, 20 September 1816\nFrom: Montlezun de Labarthette, Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Sernin du Moulin, baron de\nTo: \n Vendredi 20 septembre 1816. Voyage de Montpellier \u00e0 Monticello (Albemarle).\n A sept heures du matin, je suis parti de Bentivoglio, Couper\u2019s-Tavern; et de nouveau, traversant les bois, j\u2019ai pass\u00e9 \u00e0 trois milles de l\u00e0, devant la maison du juge Gordon, d\u2019o\u00f9 je suis all\u00e9 franchir \u00e0 gu\u00e9 le North-River, pr\u00e8s de Milton, tr\u00e8s-petit village.\n A trois milles plus loin est situ\u00e9 Monticello, sur une \u00e9l\u00e9vation consid\u00e9rable, d\u2019o\u00f9 l\u2019on domine l\u2019horizon \u00e0 quarante-cinq milles de distance. J\u2019y suis arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 deux heures, au moment o\u00f9 l\u2019ex-pr\u00e9sident Jefferson allait se mettre \u00e0 table, devant partir aussit\u00f4t apr\u00e8s, et se rendre \u00e0 une autre terre qu\u2019il poss\u00e8de pr\u00e8s de New-London, en Virginie.\n M. Jefferson, apr\u00e8s m\u2019avoir montr\u00e9 les principaux points de vue \u00e0 la ronde, et aussi plusieurs objets tr\u00e8s-curieux, m\u2019a invit\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u00eener.\n Au sortir de table, et apr\u00e8s m\u2019avoir poliment engag\u00e9 \u00e0 rester chez lui, malgr\u00e9 son d\u00e9part, il est mont\u00e9 en cal\u00e8che \u00e0 quatre chevaux, accompagn\u00e9 de madame Randolph et de deux de ses petites filles.\n Je suis rentr\u00e9 avec M. Randolph fils, qui m\u2019a fait voir le mus\u00e9um, situ\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019entr\u00e9e de la maison. Il s\u2019y trouve des choses excessivement rares, et d\u2019autres que l\u2019on ne trouverait nulle part ailleurs, entre autres la m\u00e2choire sup\u00e9rieure du mammouth. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e dans le Kentucky. C\u2019est d\u2019apr\u00e8s elle que M. P\u00e9ale a fait ex\u00e9cuter le fac-simile avec lequel il a compl\u00e9t\u00e9 son mammouth du mus\u00e9um de Philadelphie. La t\u00eate est complette, mais la m\u00e2choire inf\u00e9rieure n\u2019est pas du m\u00eame individu. Deux autres pi\u00e8ces infiniment curieuses sont: 1o un tableau indien repr\u00e9sentant une bataille; il est sur peau de bufle, d\u2019environ cinq pieds carr\u00e9s. Il y a quatre lignes de combattans. Sur chaque ligne sont des chevaux peints en rouge et en vert, oppos\u00e9s un contre un, de m\u00eame que les guerriers, arm\u00e9s et costum\u00e9s \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re des sauvages. 2o Une carte g\u00e9ographique, aussi sur peau de bufle, de six pieds carr\u00e9s, sans le moindre d\u00e9faut. Elle repr\u00e9sente une partie du cours du Missouri, et ne laisse pas que d\u2019\u00eatre bien entendue, quoique grossi\u00e8rement trac\u00e9e. Les explications ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9crites en fran\u00e7ais par des interpr\u00e8tes.\n On y voit aussi une d\u00e9fense de mammouth, et une d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9phant, avec une dent de ce dernier animal pour faire voir combien elle diff\u00e8re de celles du mammouth; ces derni\u00e8res \u00e9tant coniques, et d\u00e9signant un animal carnivore, tandis que l\u2019autre, plate et ray\u00e9e au couronnement, caract\u00e9rise le frugivore.\n Une t\u00eate de b\u00e9lier gigantesque; on suppose que l\u2019animal dont elle faisait partie appartient \u00e0 la race primitive qui existait dans l\u2019Am\u00e9rique du nord.\n M. Randolph m\u2019a ensuite fait voir les tableaux et portraits qui ornent les diff\u00e9rentes salles.\n Les portraits de Washington, LaFayette, Adams, Francklin, Walter-Raleigh, Am\u00e9ric-Vespuce, Columb, Bacon, Locke, Newton, etc., etc.\n En tableaux: un mort sortant du tombeau pour rendre t\u00e9moignage;\n La reddition de Cornwallis en octobre 1781, \u00e0 Yorck-Town, en Virginie;\n Diog\u00e8ne cherchant un homme;\n Alexandre et Diog\u00e8ne;\n D\u00e9mocrite et H\u00e9raclite, etc., etc., etc.\n J\u2019ai vu en outre:\n Une griffe d\u2019ours, du Missouri. Cette esp\u00e8ce est de plus grande taille et beaucoup plus f\u00e9roce que les autres;\n Une d\u00e9fense de mammouth;\n Plusieurs dents du m\u00eame animal;\n L\u2019os de la cuisse du m\u00eame.\n La t\u00eate du mammouth que l\u2019on voit ici, est form\u00e9e, comme je l\u2019ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 dit, de la m\u00e2choire sup\u00e9rieure qui est parfaite, et de deux demi-m\u00e2choires inf\u00e9rieures provenant d\u2019individus diff\u00e9rens; l\u2019une de ces derni\u00e8res est de plus forte dimension que l\u2019autre.\n Cote de maille europ\u00e9enne, dont se servaient, dans le principe, ceux qui faisaient la guerre contre les Indiens. Ils \u00e9taient, par ce moyen, sans danger d\u2019\u00eatre bless\u00e9s par leurs fl\u00e8ches.\n Bois de l\u2019\u00e9lan d\u2019Am\u00e9rique, et d\u2019autres animaux du m\u00eame genre. Ceux des premiers sont tr\u00e8s-consid\u00e9rables; ces animaux, ainsi que les bufles et plusieurs autres, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9truits dans les parties de la Virginie o\u00f9 la population s\u2019est press\u00e9e. On les retrouve sur le territoire de l\u2019Ohio, o\u00f9 la grande quantit\u00e9 de chasseurs les a forc\u00e9s de se rel\u00e9guer.\n Deux bustes en pierres sculpt\u00e9s par les sauvages; l\u2019un repr\u00e9sentant un homme, l\u2019autre une femme. Les figures sont hideuses, et tr\u00e8s-grossi\u00e8rement travaill\u00e9es. Elles \u00e9taient sans doute consacr\u00e9es au culte, et ne laissent pas que d\u2019avoir infiniment de rapport avec ces divinit\u00e9s des \u00c9gyptiens et des Orientaux, dont les images sont grav\u00e9es dans la plupart des livres qui traitent de ces peuples.\n Petite hache indienne en esp\u00e8ce de porphyre poli; le dessus en forme de pipe;\n Figure d\u2019animal, de la m\u00eame qualit\u00e9 de pierre;\n P\u00e9trifications diverses.\n Des arcs, des fl\u00e8ches, des lances et une foule d\u2019objets fabriqu\u00e9s par les sauvages;\n Statue en marbre, grandeur de nature, semblable \u00e0 celle de Cl\u00e9op\u00e2tre. Elle est couch\u00e9e; un serpent est roul\u00e9 autour de son bras gauche. Copie d\u2019apr\u00e8s l\u2019antique.\n M. Jefferson pense qu\u2019elle repr\u00e9sente Ariane.\n Dent d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9phant. Cette dent, qui annonce un animal graminivore, diff\u00e8re totalement de celles du mammouth. N\u00e9anmoins, on pense g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement que ce dernier n\u2019est autre que l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9phant.\n Quoi qu\u2019il en soit, je suis et demeure convaincu que M. Peale (de Philadelphie) a commis un contre-sens impardonnable et choquant, lorsqu\u2019il a plac\u00e9 ses d\u00e9fenses les pointes contre terre, en pose inverse de l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9phant.\n Je n\u2019ai aucun doute que ce ne soit contre sa persuasion intime; mais par des vues int\u00e9ress\u00e9es, il a voulu pr\u00e9senter au public un animal particulier, extraordinaire et inconnu, afin d\u2019attirer un plus grand nombre de curieux, regardant et payant. In omnibus respice finem:\n En todo caso convenia mirar el fin.\u2003\u2003\u2003\n En voyant le squelette de mammouth, du mus\u00e9um de Peale, j\u2019aurais volontiers \u00e9crit dessus ces quatre vers:\n Votre mammouth, ainsi que le voil\u00e0,\n N\u2019est qu\u2019une choquante imposture;\n En redressant ces deux d\u00e9fenses-l\u00e0,\n Vous imiterez la nature. \u2026\n Le mus\u00e9um (qui est \u00e0 l\u2019entr\u00e9e de la maison de M. Jefferson) est hors de proportion avec elle, et la fait para\u00eetre encore plus petite qu\u2019elle n\u2019est. Au-dehors r\u00e8gne une plateforme en gazon, d\u2019o\u00f9 la vue s\u2019\u00e9tend au loin de toutes parts, except\u00e9 vers le sud-est, o\u00f9 se trouve un morne beaucoup plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 que Monticello, qu\u2019il domine de tr\u00e8s-pr\u00e8s.\n Pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment dans la ligne du sud on aper\u00e7oit, \u00e0 quatorze ou quinze lieues, la hauteur dite Wallace\u2019s-Mountain; elle a pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment la forme, l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation, et les dimensions de la grande pyramide d\u2019\u00c9gypte; laquelle, vue \u00e0 la m\u00eame distance que cette hauteur, isol\u00e9e au milieu de vastes plaines, para\u00eetrait exactement comme cette derni\u00e8re vue de Monticello.\n De Wallace\u2019s-Mountain, jusque vers le nord-est, s\u2019\u00e9tend une immense plaine qui semble confiner \u00e0 la mer. L\u2019horizon est \u00e0 la distance de quarante-cinq milles.\n Vers le nord, est une autre plaine limit\u00e9e par les montagnes bleues. Au nord-est, on aper\u00e7oit quelques montagnes du Maryland, et la cha\u00eene de celles dites du sud-ouest, en ligne parall\u00e8le des montagnes bleues.\n Au nord-ouest, est situ\u00e9e Charlotte-Ville, tr\u00e8s-petit endroit au centre d\u2019un pays plat, et peu distant de North-River.\n M. Jefferson est \u00e2g\u00e9 de soixante-treize ans, et n\u2019a pas l\u2019air d\u2019en avoir plus de soixante-trois. Son petits-fils, qui a six pieds quatre pouces, me disait que, parmi les habitans des montagnes dans les environs, il \u00e9tait de la taille ordinaire. Les femmes que j\u2019ai eu occasion de voir dans cette contr\u00e9e, sont jolies, fra\u00eeches et de grande taille.\n M. Randolph m\u2019a montr\u00e9 une carte particuli\u00e8re, indiquant le voyage des capitaines Lewis et Clarke, qui, suivis de quarante-quatre hommes, travers\u00e8rent la totalit\u00e9 du vaste territoire qui s\u2019\u00e9tend de l\u2019Atlantique \u00e0 la mer du Sud. \u2026\n A quatre heures, j\u2019ai pris cong\u00e9 de M. Randolph pour me rendre chez M. Monroe, qui habite \u00e0 trois milles de la r\u00e9sidence de l\u2019ex-pr\u00e9sident Jefferson.\n J\u2019y suis arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 six heures; et le colonel, secr\u00e9taire-d\u2019\u00e9tat, m\u2019a tr\u00e8s-civilement accueilli.\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Friday 20 September 1816. Trip from Montpellier to Monticello (Albemarle).\n I departed from Bentivoglio, Couper\u2019s-Tavern, at seven o\u2019clock in the morning; and, once again going through the woods, I passed, three miles from there, Judge Gordon\u2019s house, where I crossed the North-River at the ford near the very small village of Milton.\n Monticello is situated on a considerable elevation three miles farther on, from whence one towers over the horizon for a distance of forty-five miles. I arrived at two o\u2019clock, just as former president Jefferson was sitting down to eat. Soon afterwards he was to travel to another piece of land he owns near New-London, Virginia.\n After showing me the principal vistas and also several very curious objects, Mr. Jefferson invited me to dine.\n After leaving the table and politely urging me to remain at his house despite his departure, he climbed into a four-horse carriage with Mrs. Randolph and two of his granddaughters.\n I went back inside with Mr. Randolph fils, who showed the museum in the entrance hall of the house to me. It contains both extremely rare items and others that you could find nowhere else, among them the upper jaw of a mammoth. It was discovered in Kentucky, and Mr. Peale used a copy of it to complete his mammoth at the Philadelphia Museum. The head is complete, but the lower jaw is not from the same individual. Two other infinitely curious pieces are: 1. An Indian painting representing a battle; it is on buffalo hide, about five feet square, and shows four lines of combatants. Each facing line has horses painted red and green and warriors armed and dressed in the manner of the savages. 2. A geographical map without the slightest flaw, also on buffalo hide and six feet square. It depicts a section of the Missouri River, and, although roughly drawn, is easy to understand. The explanations have been written in French by interpreters.\n One also sees there a tusk from a mammoth and one from an elephant, with a tooth from the latter animal to show how different it is from those of the former, which are conical and designed for a carnivorous animal, whereas the others have flat and scratched crowns, as is characteristic of a frugivore.\n A head of a gigantic ram; one supposes that it is from the primitive breed that used to live in North America.\n Mr. Randolph next showed me the pictures and portraits that decorate the different rooms.\n The portraits of Washington, Lafayette, Adams, Franklin, Walter Raleigh, Amerigo Vespucci, Columbus, Bacon, Locke, Newton, etc., etc.\n Pictures: a dead man emerging from the tomb to tell his story;\n The surrender of Cornwallis in October 1781 at Yorktown, Virginia;\n Diogenes looking for a man;\n Alexander and Diogenes;\n Democritus and Heracleitus, etc., etc., etc.\n A bear\u2019s claw from Missouri. This species is larger and much more ferocious than the others;\n A mammoth\u2019s tusk;\n Several teeth from the same animal;\n The thighbone of the same.\n The mammoth\u2019s head is constituted, as I said before, of a perfect upper jaw and two lower half-jaws from different animals; one of the latter is much larger than the other.\n A European coat of mail used by those who fought the Indians early on. With it, they were in no danger of being wounded by their arrows.\n Antlers of the American elk and other animals of that sort. Those of the elk are considerable; these animals, as well as the buffalo and several others, have been killed off in the parts of Virginia where the population is densest. One may find them in the Ohio territory, to which the large number of hunters have relegated them.\n Two stone busts sculpted by the savages, one representing a man and the other a woman. The faces are hideous and quite coarsely made. They were no doubt used for worship and have a lot in common with the Egyptian and oriental divinities, whose images are engraved in most of the books that deal with those peoples.\n A small Indian hatchet made from a kind of polished porphyry, with the top in the shape of a pipe;\n A figure of an animal in the same type of stone;\n Various petrifactions.\n Bows, arrows, spears, and lots of objects made by the savages;\n A life-size marble statue similar to that of Cleopatra. She is lying down, and a snake encircles her left arm. This is a copy from the ancients.\n Mr. Jefferson believes that she represents Ariadne.\n An elephant\u2019s tooth, which, being from an herbivorous animal, is totally different from those of the mammoth. Nevertheless, it is generally thought that the latter is just a kind of elephant.\n Whatever it may be, I am convinced that Mr. Peale (of Philadelphia) has committed an unforgivable and shocking misinterpretation by placing its tusks with their points turned toward the ground, which is the opposite of what one sees in the elephant.\n I have no doubt that this is contrary to his private opinion; but, for reasons of self-interest, he wanted to offer to the public a unique, extraordinary, and unknown animal, so as to attract an even larger number of curious, paying visitors. In omnibus respice finem:\n En todo caso convenia mirar el fin.\u2003\u2003\u2003\n Upon seeing the skeleton of the mammoth at Peale\u2019s Museum, I wanted to write these four lines above it:\n Your mammoth, as he is here,\n Is just a shocking imposture;\n By turning his two tusks upright,\n You will imitate nature. \u2026\n The museum (which is in the entrance hall of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s house) is disproportionate to it and makes it look even smaller than it really is. Outside is a grassy platform from which the view extends in every direction except toward the southeast, where a nearby hill, much higher than Monticello, looms over it.\n Fourteen or fifteen leagues due south is the height called Wallace\u2019s-Mountain. It has precisely the shape, elevation, and dimensions of the Great Pyramid in Egypt, which, if seen from the same distance and placed by itself in the middle of a vast plain, would appear exactly as this mountain does from Monticello.\n To the northeast of Wallace\u2019s-Mountain is an immense plain that seems to stretch all the way to the sea. The horizon is forty-five miles away.\n Toward the north is another plain bounded by the Blue Ridge Mountains. To the northeast one perceives some mountains in Maryland and the chain called the Southwest Mountains, which runs parallel to the Blue Ridge Mountains.\n To the northwest lies Charlottesville, a very small place in the center of a flat country, not far from the North-River.\n Mr. Jefferson is seventy-three years old, but he does not appear more than sixty-three. His grandson, who is six feet four inches tall, told me that, among the inhabitants of the neighboring mountains, he was of ordinary size. The women whom I had occasion to see in this country are pretty, fresh-faced, and tall.\n Mr. Randolph showed me an unusual map of the travels of captains Lewis and Clark, who, accompanied by forty-four men, crossed the whole of the huge territory extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. \u2026\n At four o\u2019clock I took leave of Mr. Randolph and went to the home of Mr. Monroe, who lives three miles from the residence of former president Jefferson.\n I arrived there at six o\u2019clock; and the colonel, secretary of state, welcomed me very politely.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0286", "content": "Title: William W. Hening to Thomas Jefferson, 23 September 1816\nFrom: Hening, William Waller\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Richmond 23rd Septr 1816\n Your letter of the 15th was delivered to me, after the arrival of the last mail only; and I have not lost a moment in complying with its contents.\u2014I send you by the Charlottesville stage-driver, the three first volumes of the Statutes at large.\u2014Unfortunately the sheets of the 4th Vol. which had been sent to Petersburg, to be bound, were all destroyed by the dreadful conflagration at that place; so that none of the impression were saved except those copies which had been previously bound for public use. It\n\t\t\t expedient, they will be continued to a later period.\n I have still, in my possession, the M.S. Vol. of laws, which I received, from the late Edmund Randolph Esqr, and which, from the description you gave, I had no doubt was your property. I do not recollect, that you gave me any specific directions, in relation to it.\u2014Will you have it sent to you;\n\t\t\t or shall I send it to Washington?\u2014and, if to the latter place, to whose address?\n With much esteem & respect, I am Yrs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0287", "content": "Title: Dabney Carr to Thomas Jefferson, 24 September 1816\nFrom: Carr, Dabney (1773\u20131837) (TJ\u2019s nephew)\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Winchester. Sep 24th 1816\n I have hesitated for some time, whether I should write to you, on the subject of this letter. I am sure you will do me the justice to believe that what I shall say is dictated by an anxiety for your repose.\n I have seen in pretty free circulation here, a letter written by you to a Mr Kercheval, on the subject of calling a convention, & discussing the topicks which would probably come before it. I say in free circulation, because it was in the hands of a printer here\u2014I heard several speak of having seen it, & the idea was, that it was refused to none who asked for it. I got it from Judge Holmes, who having heard of it, had applied to the printer for it. On reading it, & remarking the earnestness with which you deprecate a publication; I remarked to the Judge, that I feared\n\t\t\t there was some danger, of our printer (who is not over scrupulous) publishing it\u2014he said he would speak to him on the subject\u2014which he did\u2014& told me that the printer observed, that he did not\n\t\t\t mean to publish it, without leave; but that he had written, or would write (I am not positive which) & try to obtain permission from you. If he has written & you have given leave, my\n\t\t\t letter\n\t\t\t comes too late\u2014if you have refused, I do not think he would publish: but perhaps you have not yet decided on the subject; if so, will you pardon me the liberty of advising, that you Should refuse\n\t\t\t permission. The subjects it which the letter discusses, interest deeply, the minds, of & the feelings, of the people in this quarter\u2014most are for a convention\u2014but some, with limited powers, merely to make amendments; others with full powers to cast the whole government anew\u2014in\n\t\t\t this state of things, those of the latter opinion, will eagerly catch at the weight of your arguments, & your name\u2014& those on the other side, feeling that weight, will too probably, with\n\t\t\t illiberality which so often marks & disgraces political opposition, resort to abuse instead of reasoning. I trust I need not express the perfect conviction I feel; that no wish for additional\n\t\t\t fame as a writer, would mingle with the motives, which might induce you to consent to a publication\u2014I know well, that of honour, you have enough; & that all you ask of the present generation\n\t\t\t that you may be permitted to close your useful & honorable course, in peace & quiet. But I know that you have long been in the habit of disregarding personal consequences, when the publick\n\t\t\t good was in View; & I did not know, but that if urged on this ground, you might consent to have the letter published. I confess I am selfish enough (if I may use the word) to prefer your ease\n\t\t\t & repose, to the chance of benefit from enlightening publick opinion on these subjects\u2014for after all, most men, will be guided as to them by preconceived opinions or prejudices.\n While my pen is in my hand, I will say a word on another subject\u2014I feel a good deal of anxiety about the figure which my father is to make in Mr Wirt\u2019s life of Henry I copied & sent to him, the sketch you drew of his character; since which I have had no letter from him\u2014I would like very much to know the manner in which he will treat it\u2014whether he\n\t\t\t will insert your picture without alteration, or will change it in any thing. As you reside so much nearer Richmond than I do, I have Supposed it not improbable that you might have some information on these points\u2014if so, & the request be not improper, I should be very glad to hear how these things are\u2014I have myself a high opinion of Mr Wirt\u2019s talents, but this is an untried field\u2014I hope he will not disappoint publick expectation.\n My family are well. With best wishes to your self, & household. believe me truly yrs &C", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0288", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Stephen Kingston, 25 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Kingston, Stephen\n Poplar Forest near Lynchburg. Sep. 25. 16\n Your letter of the 12th inst. was recieved in the moment of my setting out on a long journey, and is therefore answered from a very distant place. the case to which it relates appears to be now in the courts of Pensylvania, and before it\u2019s legislature. it cannot be doubted that both of these authorities will, in their respective functions do what is right and just: for a private individual therefore, and of\n\t\t\t another state, without pretence of any call, official, professional, or personal, to volunteer an opinion in such a case, would be very derogatory from the respect and confidence due to those\n\t\t\t magistracies, and sincerely believed by me to be justly due to them. this consideration alone would, I am persuaded, be deemed by you a sufficient justification for my declining to give any\n\t\t\t opinion\n\t\t\t in the case. but to this may be truly added a sense of my incompetence. I have indeed been once of the profession of the law. but retired from it now between 40. and 50. years, all familiarity\n\t\t\t with\n\t\t\t it is lost, and I no longer meddle with questions of law. and altho\u2019 a treaty is supposed to enter into your case, yet a treaty is but a law of the land, and as such is cognisable by the\n\t\t\t judiciary\n\t\t\t and legislative authorities. \u2003\u2003\u2003 I return therefore all the papers printed and manuscript which you were pleased to inclose to me, and, with my regrets that the situation of the case does not\n\t\t\t admit my being useful to you, I pray you to accept the assurance of my respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0289", "content": "Title: James H. McCulloch to Thomas Jefferson, 25 September 1816\nFrom: McCulloch, James H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Custom House Baltimo Collts Off\u2019 Sept 25 1816\n I yesterday received a bill of lading of two cases Tuscan wine for your order, in a letter from Mr Thomas Appleton of Leghorn. The vessel has just entered that bears the consignment & it may be some days before they are landed. It will enable me to forward them to you in the most convenient manner, if you can give me some directions as to the route in which they will be least exposed by a land carriage. It is presumable this will be\n\t\t\t by shipment to Richmond: but it is desireable to wait your direction.\n Agreeably to the wish made known heretofore at this office, a statement is given of the duty & charges below, by estimation: If left to ourselves it would be esteemed something like a duty to transmit them as free as your letters. It must only be added further, that as long as the present Collector is in a situation to render any services, he hopes that that the pleasure will be afforded him by your making that use of him which your occasions may require.\n I am Sir with sincere respect Your obt servt\n Jas H McCulloch\n Tuscan wine in bottles\n Mr C F Kalkman owner of the vessel charges no freight", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0290", "content": "Title: William Wirt to Thomas Jefferson, 25 September 1816\nFrom: Wirt, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Wm Wirt, with respectful compliments to Mr Jefferson, sends a few more sheets of the biography\u2014and thinks he may venture to add the consoling assurance that a few more pages, (20, or at the most 30) will put an end to the trouble to\n\t\t\t which Mr Jefferson has been so kind as to subject himself.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0291", "content": "Title: Timothy Banger to Thomas Jefferson, 26 September 1816\nFrom: Banger, Timothy\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Duty required me to write the enclosed for the Commissary General, but gratitude compels me not to lose the present favourable opportunity of thanking you for your kindness to me, when I arrived in this Country in the year 1793. The temporary employment you was so good as to give me, on the application of my good friend the late Doctor Rush, laid the foundation for my continued employment to this day, and under the blessings of Providence, I have done well. The freedom I have taken you will no doubt excuse; & believe me,\n\t\t\t when with sincere wishes for your health & happiness, I subscribe myself\n Your faithful friend & obliged Servant\n Timothy Banger\n It would afford me great pleasure, if I could be useful to you in this place, in any way.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0292", "content": "Title: Timothy Banger (for Callender Irvine) to Thomas Jefferson, 26 September 1816\nFrom: Banger, Timothy,Irvine, Callender\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Commy Generals Office Philadelphia Sepr 25 26. 1816\n There has been recently discovered in the Military Stores near this City, a Box addressed to you,\u2014contents unknown. How this Box Came into the Store; when, or by whom it was delivered, no person there can tell;\u2014it is probable it may have lain there some years. Mr Irvine, being at Erie, I have, in obedience to his instructions, shipped it on board the Schooner Hamlet, bound to Norfolk, with directions to have it delivered to Edwin Starke Esqr Asst Commissary there; and have requested him to embrace the earliest opportunity of forwarding it to you.\n with the highest respect I have the honor to be, Sir, Yr: mo: obt Servant\n Timothy Banger,\n for Callender Irvine,\n Commy General", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0293-0001", "content": "Title: David Gelston to Thomas Jefferson, 26 September 1816\nFrom: Gelston, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Your letters of the 18 & 19th instant I have received, and immediately caused an entry to be made of the books by the invoice, amo of duties paid $5840\u2007\u2002 the invoice\u2014&ca I now enclose\u2014I also enclose an account of the expenses I have paid, I have not been called upon for all the freights, perhaps I shall not be, it will be time enough to charge them when paid\u2014I now shall wait only a few days to remove all apprehensions from the equinoctial gales, & shall then improve the first good opportunity to send the package of books to Richmond\u2014\n with great affection & esteem I am\u2014Sir\u2014your obedient servant.\n David Gelston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0293-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Account with David Gelston, 26 September 1816\nFrom: Gelston, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Mr Jefferson\n To David Gelston\u2014\u2003\u2003\u2003Dr\n Fanny from Leghorn\n Gen: Ward\u2014Bordeaux\n Macaroni. Ocean Marseilles\n Gen: Marion Marseilles\n United States\u2014Havre", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0294-0001", "content": "Title: Thomas Appleton to Thomas Jefferson, 27 September 1816\nFrom: Appleton, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n \t\t\tI had the honor of addressing you on the 20th of march, announcing the death of mr mazzei.\u2014my next, was in date of the 15th of April, conveying to you the legal Attestations of his decease, with other Relative documents; indeed, it was a letter of unpardonable length.\u2014I wrote again on the 10th of may following, inclosing duplicates relating to the deceas\u2019d.\u2014also on the 30th of the Same month, and by this conveyance, I forwarded to the care of the collector of new-York, a Case of 57 bottles of Carmingniano wine, by the scho Fanny Captain Selby of that port.\u2014my last Respects were on the 30th of July by the Ship Van-Hollen, Capt: Ralph Porter bound to Baltimore, by which vessel, I Sent to the care of the Collector, two cases of 57 bottles each of Tuscan wine, No 1\u2014artiminiano, & No 2. chianti.\u2014I have now shipp\u2019d on board the Brig Saucy-Jack, Richard Humfries, master and to the Care of the collector of Charleston, So Carolina two Cases of Ama wine No 1. containing 57 bottles & No 2.\u201430.\u2014inclos\u2019d is your little account, which you will percieve precisely balanc\u2019d for the fifty dollars you Remitted me for this purpose.\u2014the last mention\u2019d wine, is esteem\u2019d the first quality of all I have Sent, and the next, after Montepulciano.\u2014The late Season has been the most extraordinary one, Remember\u2019d by the oldest & most observing farmer. there has not been a Single day, in which Farenheit\u2019s thermometer has risen above 75\u2014generally it mark\u2019d from 65 to 70 degrees; the usual heat in Summer, is from 75 to 83.\u2014Our harvest of wheat, has been much below middling: the Indian corn has been So blasted, that it does not exceed one tenth part of the usual crops.\u2014Oil is absolutely Nullity.\u2014the greatest part of our grapes have dropp\u2019d from the vines; and the remainder, have not, even yet, arriv\u2019d at perfect maturity; So that, our wine will be dear, and of a very indifferent quality.\u2014.\u2014I, very lately reciev\u2019d from the Secretary of State, a letter Requesting my Attention to the Sculpturing a Statue of General washington, for the State of North-Carolina; the particular instructions relating to it, I have Reciev\u2019d from mr King, Secretary to the legation to Russia, and now at Naples.\u2014I have accepted this commission with a very Sincere gratification, and every Attention on my part, Shall be paid to its accomplishment, in a manner Suitable to the confidence, which is thus reposed in me.\u2014I have written to mr Canova at Rome, to execute the Statue, and in his Reply are the following expressions\u2014\u201cSignore, rispondo subito alla graziosa lettera con cui ella Si compiace offerirmi l\u2019essecuzione della marmorea Statua dell\u2019immortale Washington; per un governo degli Stati uniti di America\u2014Veramente le molte opere alle quali sono per diversi Anni obligato, vorebbero che jo la ringraziassi di quest\u2019onorato incarico; ma l\u2019ammirazione mia, al Genio operatore di Si alte Cose, per la Salute e libert\u00e0 della sua nazione, Vogliono, che jo adoperi ogni sforzo, onde assecondare la di lei gentile domanda. Accetto adunque la commissione.\u201d &c &c\n \t\t\tThe Senate-hall of Carolina, I find is only Sixteen feet in heighth, which it Should Seem, would not admit an erect figure, larger than life, fix\u2019d on its proportionate base; for you will at once percieve, Sir, that it would nearly touch the cieling, and thus violate all the rules of just proportion.\u2014Mr Canova is of opinion, it ought to be Sitting, not merely from this consideration, but likewise from the place & purpose for which it is intended.\u2014here, there is no appeal from his judgement.\u2014I have Reciev\u2019d, likewise, from mr King, a drawing and inscription, which are directed to be sculptur\u2019d on the piedestal.\u2014It is a maxim, you Know, Sir, in Sculpture, as it is in painting, that Unity of Subject Should be Scrupulously observ\u2019d.\u2014the drawing contains two figures, one Sitting, & the other erect; on the left is the Godess of liberty, and that on the right, I presume, was intended for Ceres; but the latter is by no means, correct with mythology.\u2014it is delineated in a fashionable modern dishabille-dress, with the a wreathe of flowers round the head; in the right-hand, a Cornucopia of the Same, and in the left, an ear of grain; this figure then combines two Subjects.\u2014the Godess to be correctly express\u2019d, the vestments should be heroic, with a wreathe of wheat round the head; the right-hand is usually extended with poppies, a plant of extraordinary fecundity, and the left, supporting her drapery.\u2014if the figure is intended for Flora, which it certainly more Resembles, the Cornucopia Should be in the left hand; the right, Should Support an ample heroic drapery, with a wreathe of flowers; but She Should not be ornamented with any of the Attributes of Ceres.\u2014pardon me, Sir, if I have enter\u2019d thus minutely on this Subject, as it may possibly be, that you have no work near you, containing the figures delineated.\u2014to Return then to the maxim of Unity of Subject.\u2014Were I consulted, I Should most certainly Recommend, instead of the Godesses in question, to have Sculptur\u2019d on the base, some expressive traits in the life of the General, which would at once lead to the recollection of the numerous virtues, with which he was Singularly adorned; and this, I believe, would not only be consistent with the usage of the most enlighten\u2019d ages of Antiquity, but conformable also, to the universal practice of modern times.\u2014I Should then propose, that the inscription, Should be on the front of the base; and the historic-traits of the General, on the two visible sides; and indeed on three, if the place where it is to be erected in the hall, Should Require it.\u2014I have taken the liberty to communicate my Sentiments to Governor Miller, but whatever may be his final decision, it Shall, on my part, be most scrupulously Adher\u2019d to.\u2014\n \t\t\tIn my letter, Sir, of the 15th of april, I, perhaps, too much enlarg\u2019d on the Subject of the Capitals contracted for at Carrara by mr Andreis, but my Single motive was, that our government might not be led a Second time, into a Similar error, in any future commissions.\u2014there has Since arriv\u2019d all the evils, & even more than I had anticipated.\u2014At the time the contract was made, there were few commissions for marble in the place, the prices were therefore fix\u2019d exceeding low; but they were So much So, that it was impossible they could be deliver\u2019d, without a positive loss to the undertakers; this, I was appris\u2019d of by an intelligent friend of Carrara, but as the contractors with Studious Care avoided consulting me, I was as cautious on my part, of intruding advice.\u2014had a fair price been Stipulated, they would have been compleated in three months; twelve have now nearly expir\u2019d, and the Sculptors have finally instituted a process against mr Andreis, urging that the work is not Sufficiently paid for; they will, I am inclin\u2019d to believe, gain their cause, as the fact will be establish\u2019d, and the tribunal will be dispos\u2019d to favor their Citizens, in preference to foreigners; at least, this is their usual mode of administring justice.\u2014besides, finding themselves deluded in their hopes of gain, the only remedy then, was, to compensate it by coarse & unfinish\u2019d work.\u2014this mode they have pursued, and from a friend of mine, who lately examin\u2019d them with Attention, and is himself an eminent professor in the art, I am told, they would discredit the meanest workmen; this is the more to be lamented, as the ornaments of washington, will be the Standards, which our young artists will copy as models of Sculpture.\u2014From the great delay, has resulted another inconvenience.\u2014The Princess sovereign of Carrara, has a few days Since, has increas\u2019d the duty on exporting of marble-work, about five fold\u2014there will then result to the government, considering the expence of Conveying here, from the U.S. Mr Andreis\u2019s family in the frigate John Adams: two years of Salary, Augmentation of duties, with a variety of other contingent expences, that it may be fairly calculated, for every dollar the government would have paid, had they Simply Sent a written order for the capitals, they will now, probably cost three.\u2014.\u2014The number of applicants to go to the U. States, has become incalculable; from professors of the highest Sciences, down to the labouring peasant; and had they the means; as they have the will, Italy would be half depopulated.\u2014You will naturally infer, Sir, from thence, that there is no amelioration in the political State of the country; on the contrary, it is progressing to that Sort of maturity, which must terminate in an universal convulsion: this is not a partial evil, but extends to the utmost limits of Italy.\u2014Such is the fatal blindness of the Sovereigns, that they Augment the impositions on their Subjects, in about the Same proportion, as their means decrease to pay them, and one would be almost led to believe, that their object was, to Reduce them to desperation.\u2014what infinitely adds to their misery is, that the money does not again Return into circulation, but is transported far from their country.\u2014under the late government, an immense internal traffic extended its benefitts to all the useful members of Society, but this is now extinguish\u2019d; and the commerce which is carried on in the few Sea-ports of Italy is little advantageous, except to a very inconsiderable portion of the community.\u2014\n \t\t\tOctober 1st\n \t\t\tI have this day reciev\u2019d from Mr Canova, a letter, of which the following is the translation.\u2014\n \t\t\t\t\tTo Thomas Appleton\n \t\t\t\t\tConsul. Leghorn\n \t\t\t\t\t\u201cI now Reply to your most esteem\u2019d favor of the 20th instant.\u2014I have thus the honor to observe to you, that my desire of executing the Statue Sitting, is occasion\u2019d, not wholly from the necessity of proportioning it to the heighth of the hall; but likewise, because in this attitude, there is infinite more dignity, and if I may be allow\u2019d the expression, I Can give a greater force to my feeble genius.\u2014if I consulted only my own ease & interest, I Should have adopted the erect figure, as Requiring less labour; but animated with the ardent Zeal with which I am, to apply every effort, to Render me worthy of so great a Subject, I have much preferr\u2019d the Sitting posture.\u2014I have the honor &c\u2014\n \t\t\t\t\t\tAntonio Canova.\u2014\u201d\n \t\t\tIn my letter, & by this opportunity, to Governor miller, I have taken the liberty to write him nearly what is contain\u2019d in the present one, on the Subject of the figures, intended for the piedestal; as I have, likewise, Sent him the translation of the last letter from mr Canova, Relating to the attitude of the Statue.\u2014On my Recieving the decision of the Governor, I shall give the final answer to mr Canova.\u2014\n \t\t\t\tAccept, Sir the renewal of my very Sincere Respect & esteem\n \t\t\t\t\tTh: Appleton\n \t\t\t\t\tabout a month Since, miss Bettina mazzei gave her\n \t\t\t\t\t\thand in marriage to mr Pini, of Pisa.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0294-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Account with Thomas Appleton, [ca. 27 September 1816]\nFrom: Appleton, Thomas\nTo: \n Thomas Jefferson\u2014Dr \u2003\u2003\u2003from Frulani\n To a barrel of Carmigniano Wine\n To 57 bottles for the Same at 4. crazie\n To Corks, bottling, Straw, Cord, & packing\n \u2003Sent by the Scho fanny Capt. Selby for N. York\u2014\n To a barrel of florence Wine\n To 57 bottles for the Same @ 4 crazie\n \u2003To Corks, bottling Straw, Cord & packing\n The above is artimino Wine\u2014No 1\n To a barrel of chianti Wine\n To 57 bottles for the Same @ 4 crazie\n \u2003To Corks, bottling Straw & packg & Cord\n The two last barrels above mention\u2019d are Shipp\u2019d on board the Von Hollen, Ralph Porter master & Shipp\u2019dto the Care of Collector for Balto\u2014& Sail\u2019d 3. August\u2014\n To 2 Cases Contg 87. Bottles of Ama wine\n Bottles, Cork, Cases, & bottling &c\n Porterage of 5 Cases, in the 3 Shipments on board\n By 50. dollars as Credited on the last page @ \u20a46\u2153 each\u2005", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0295", "content": "Title: Isaac H. Tiffany to Thomas Jefferson, 27 September 1816\nFrom: Tiffany, Isaac H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Venerable Sir.\n While reading the \u201cSpirit of Laws,\u201d at College, my curiosity was highly excited to become acquainted with Aristotle, by the mention made of him by the author. The illustrious Grecian had thought so much & written so well, that the lapse of 2000 years has enabled Montesquieu to add but scanty improvements. Aristotle teaches to develope & establish many permanent, uniform & universal truths.\u2003\u2003\u2003It is unfortunate that the presidents & professors of\n\t\t\t our Seminaries of learning are seldom\n\t\t\t adequately acquainted with the existing municipal laws of the nations of the earth & their administration, to form qualified & correct opinions relative to the fundamental laws\n\t\t\t which\n\t\t\t exist only in form & fame, but are dead in act & force. Thus unversed, & unaware of the importance of this distinction between form & fact, made by both the above authors, &\n\t\t\t particularly applied by the latter to England, the teachers do not sufficiently impress it on the student\u2019s mind, & a graduate carries the bias received from Montesquieu & Delolme, confirmed by Coke, Blackstone & others, to the bench & into the capitol itself. Years of active experience may wipe away the Stain; but from the pulpit, it is more indelible. An American, finding no established\n\t\t\t system of education, pursuing his researches from generals to particulars, from effet effects to causes, & from terminations, through history, to origins of courts & Systems, Seizes on authors\n\t\t\t recommended by reputation or presented by chance. The works of British novelists & reviewers, pensioned to decieve & powerful to persuade, find votaries in every eye that Can read; every bosom\n\t\t\t that\n\t\t\t can feel\u2014They kindle the imagination; expel the Bible, & usurp the dominions of reason & religion. The influence of the British muse is still more irresistible. Dear maid, She has her\n\t\t\t hour of\n\t\t\t bloom & song\u2014\n \u201cYet hence O Heaven! convey that fatal faceAnd from destruction save the Trojan race.\u201d\n And She Shews evident Symptoms of decline. Her Sisters of Greece & Rome have ceased their tuneful lays. Each has Sung Sweetest in her country\u2019s cause. Columbia\u2019s muse is yet to rise; must yet begin her song. Asia was first, America will close the circle of the muses.\n TThe era of the invention or discovery of the representative principal principle has been considered problematical. Gillies denies it to be of modern date. Some seek it\u2019s origin in the woods of Germany. The author of Publius or the Federalist, supposes it to have been recognized & practised in the executive & legislative departments of antient; democratical governments; but that it not being then understood to exclude the collective body of the people from these departments, it was therefore necessarily confined in operation to cities & their Suburbs. And\n\t\t\t Aristotle, thought it probable that \u201cpolitical, like all other inventions, have been often discovered and often lost; and that many institutions have been laid aside and revived, times without\n\t\t\t number.\u201d The American constitution is a new order of Structure, associating with admirable skill & intelligence the estimable parts of successful & celebrated political fabrics of every age, with new principles, arrangements & combinations, all fitted to the expansive scale of thought & action in America. We confidently trust for its duration in the Simple and Safe contrivance for its amendment, from time to time, as the people may will. Ye who achieved this, will be blessed forever.\n In the judiciary department, there yet exists authority not subject to the Controul of the people, at Short periods; & to this I have presumed to refer the earnest wishes expressed in your letter. The test or term of \u201cgGood behaviour\u201d is equivocal. The intricacy of forms; the length, expense & difficulty of proceeding by impeachment; the strict rules of testimony & the technical Constructions of law, may secure an occupant upon the bench, when his faculties are impaired by age, disease or prejudice. He may be in contempt yet lord over an insulted people. The objections of Publius to periodical appointments are hypothetical & argumentative; they are but illy Supported by the example of England, which he cites. Besides, the history & reasoning which would be applicable there, would not be, here. Uniformity of decision are not inconsistant with such appointments when decisions\n\t\t\t are reported & judges are, as Publius presumes they ought to be, Selected from the bar. That hopes & fears have influenced the judge exposed to the passions of a tyrant or a city\n\t\t\t populace,\n\t\t\t who, in a breath could elevate or destroy him, all history discloses; but that the judiciary of the U. States, should corruptly Seek popularity among a nation scattered over 600 millions of acres, is an imaginary alarm. Popularity, in the apprehended view, might be more easily secured by irresponsibility of power in Salary, for life. The constitution of N. York superannuates a judge at 60. Experience has amply attested the prudence of this provision, though it may have been doubted, or disapproved, when Publius wrote. Illustrious examples of the force of mental faculties to the term of prolonged life, are but favoured exceptions from the ordinary course of nature.\n Your actual experience of oppresive, anarchical & imbecile governments before, during & subsequent to, the revolutionary war,\u2014in the Construction of the present constitution, Service in Several of its departments, & finally direction & presidency of over all, without expectancy of future employment in any, entitles your opinion of its excellencies or defects, to unrivalled authority. Nothing Could be more interesting to be known.\n Receive my acknowledgements for what you have pleased to communicate, for I listen to your counsels with reverenced rapture.\n May God long preserve your health & life\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0296-0001", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Wirt, 29 September 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wirt, William\n I found, on my arrival t here the 2d parcel of your sheets, which I have read with the same avidity and pleasure as the former. this proves they will experience no delay in my hands, and that I consider them as worthy every thing I can do for them. they need indeed but little, or rather I should say nothing. I have however hazarded some suggestions on a paper inclosed. when I read the former sheets, I did not consider the article of style as within my jurisdiction. however since you ask observations on that, and suggest doubts entertained by yourself on a particular quality of it, I will candidly say that I think some passages of the former sheets too flowery for the sober taste of history. it will please young readers in it\u2019s present form, but to the older it would give more pleasure and confidence to have some exuberances lightly pruned. I say lightly; because your style is naturally rich and captivating, and would suffer if submitted to the rasp of a rude hand. a few excrescences may be rubbed off by a delicate touch; but better too little than too much correction. in the 2d parcel of sheets, altho\u2019 read with an eye to your request, I have found nothing of this kind. I thus comply with your desire; but on the condition originally prescribed, that you shall consider my observations as mere suggestions, meant to recall the subject to a revision by yourself, and that no change be made in consequence of them but on the confirmed dictates of your own judgment. I have no amour-propre which will suffer by having hazarded a false criticism. on the contrary I should regret were the genuine character of your composition to be adulterated by any foreign ingredient. I return to Albemarle within a week, shall stay there 10. days, come back and pass here October and part of November. I salute you affectionately.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0296-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Notes on William Wirt\u2019s Biography of Patrick Henry, [ca. 29 September 1816]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n page 92. there is one circumstance in my letter here quoted which may not perhaps be exactly correct, to wit, whether Govr Livingston produced Jay\u2019s draught in the House of Congress, or in the Committee to which Lee\u2019s draught was recommitted? the latter seems most agreeable to usage; and lest I should have erred in this particular, I have so modified the quotation as to adapt it to either fact. this anecdote will probably draw on me the wrath of the family & friends of mr Lee, who are exceedingly jealous of the fame of their eminent relation. it will only add however a bouche \u00e0 feu the more to the battery of obloquy which, reared in 94, has been incessantly directed on me, but without changing my course a single point. mr Jay\u2019s rude address to mr Lee in my presence, and which I immediately diverted from him would have been a mortifying addition to the anecdote: but this does not belong to history.\n pa. 92. Capt Foy was private Secretary to Ld Dunmore, lived with him in the palace, was believed to be the chief instigator of all his violences, and being very ill-tempered, haughty & presumptuous, was very obnoxious.\n pa. 110. Was not William Nelson still living? if he was, he was the President. I thought he retired to Hanover and died there some time after these transactions. his brother Thomas, the Secretary, succeeded as President only on his death, whenever that took place.\n pa. 128. that mr Henry wanted personal courage was the very general belief of all his acquaintances, strengthened perhaps by inference from the fact that his brother William, and half brother Syme were notorious cowards. but I know nothing of the facts on which this opinion of mr Henry was founded; nor do I recollect having heard except a single one related to me by Govr Page, then a member of the Committee of safety. this was that while mr Henry\u2019s corps was encamped near Williamsburg, a nocturnal alarm took place, on a false report that the enemy had landed, I believe, at Burwell\u2019s ferry: and were on their march to the city. mr Henry was so panic struck as to be incapable of giving an order, and the next in command was obliged to array the men, and take the necessary measures for defence. the belief therefore that mr Henry was no souldier, which prevailed with the Committee of safety, and also with our own members of Congress, might justify them in not confiding to him the military destinies of the state. the same doubt occasioned a refusal of command sollicited by Colo Byrd, one of our highest citizens in rank & wealth, who had been Colo of a regiment in the war of 1755. it is true indeed that mr Henry and mr Pendleton each, thought they saw in the other character of the other something which they condemned; of which those who knew both more intimately than either did the other, acquitted both. but and this distrust they never dissembled in their private conversations. they were always polite to each other, but nothing affectionate. possibly some of the this grudge might have incorporated itself with mr Pendleton\u2019s judgments on the military merit of mr Henry: but since this fe trait in mr Henry\u2019s character has at least been believed, and no fact has been produced to prove it ill-founded (for his march to Williamsburg proved civil courage only, but not military, as he knew there was no enemy to meet him) why bring it into view at all? mr Henry\u2019s transcendent eminence as an Orator & Statesman, and especially his unquestioned primacy in bringing on the revolution give him a mass of fame sufficient to satisfy any ambition. to claim for him questionable merits detracts more than it adds in the estimate of his character. Demosthenes like Henry, was unquestioned as an Orator & Statesman, but doubted as a soldier. but is it not found that, on the former grounds alone the Graecian is placed as high as mortal man can be? the danger is that if this point be urged it may produce contradiction and proof, which would die away if not excited. I was as intimate, and more cordial with mr Henry in those days, than perhaps any other of those with whom he acted on the higher stage of affairs; and my settled opinion was this.\u2003\u2003\u2003when mr Henry found that the business of Congress had got into a regular train of action, in which he could no longer maintain his eminence, it became his wish to withdraw; and the military command in Virginia, which was conferred on him while absent at Philadelphia, appeared to him as a god-send to justify his retirement from Congress. I accompanied him to Virginia on his return, which gave me some opportunity of estimating his views on the occasion. I did not observe that they were directed to military fame, or that he thought his appointment had put him into the line of splendid utility. indeed I doubted from his conversation, whether he meant to accept it. add to this that his mind was not formed for subordination, even to a Committee of safety, or a Convention. he became anxious therefore to withdraw from his military station, after it had served the purpose of procuring him a decent retreat from his Congressional one; and the question about rank furnished him plausible cause. of this he availed himself, and thus got back to that ground on which nature had formed him to command. he returned to our civil councils which were his natural element, and in which his eminence at once placed him at their head. this I did then, and do still verily believe was the train of views on which mr Henry acted. I think that he felt himself at home in civil affairs and soaring above all: but not at all so in military things: that he never had a wish or a thought of pursuing that career, in which there was already a croud of Generals, who must for ever be above him, and that his apparent resentment covered really a secret wish. mr Henry was not a man who, on a nice punctilio of honor, would have withdrawn from a post of his choice in a cause in which he was so ardent.\n If this be a true view of the question between mr Pendleton & mr Henry, it would seem that all difficulty may be avoided by striking out the whole of what relates to this incident, and leaving it blank to bury the question as to both in oblivion. while this would leave in quiet the admirers of both parties, it would remove from the page of history an example of sacrificing so holy a cause, and at so early a period of it, to personal passions and interests; which it is distressing, in such a case, to suppose but on notorious fact.\n pa. 137. Can this preamble be correctly copied from the printed one? it is not grammar. my original draught did not run so, as may be seen if examined.\n pa. 144. I think that Congress only authorised Genl Washington to extend military law (which always prevails within a camp & to gunshot distance beyond the line of centinels) to the distance of twenty miles around his camp. but I am not sure of this, and it ought to be enquired into; for it is not useful that examples should be strained to furnish precedents for so execrable a measure as the establishment of a dictator.\n Of the anecdote of popular violence on the flag of the General assembly in 1769. I never before heard, nor can I believe it true. I was in Williamsburg during the 4. courts of Apr. June, Oct. & Dec. of that and of some years preceding & subsequent, and also during the autumn session of the legislature of the same year, and do not remember to have heard a word of such an act of insurgency of our people; and had I ever heard it, I could not have forgotten so unique a fact. it would have been the first instance of actual riot, in our country below the mountains since Bacon\u2019s rebellion. the previous assemblages of people to ask their stamp masters to resign were entirely peaceable. in 1769 the people were yet entirely submissive to the laws, and would have been unquestionably punished for any daring breach of them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0297", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 30 September 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The Seconds of Life, that remain to me, are So few and So Short; (and they Seem to me Shorter and Shorter every minute) that I cannot Stand upon Epistolary Ettiquette: And though I have written two Letters, yet unnoticed I must write a third. Because I am not acquainted with any Man on this Side of Montecello, who can give me any Information upon Subjects that I am now analysing and investigating; if I may be permitted to use the pompous Words now in fashion.\n When I read Dr Priestleys Remarks upon \u201cDu Puis,\u201d I felt a Curiosity to know more about him. I wrote to Europe and engaged another to write. I had no Idea of more than one or two Volumes in 8o or 12mo\n But Lo! I am overwhellmed with 8 or ten Volumes and another of Planches!\n Sixteen years of Research the Author acknowledges, and as he quotes his His Authorities I would not undertake to verify them in 16 years, If I had all his Books which Surely are not to be found in America.\n If you know any Thing of this \u201cMonsieur Dupuis\u201d or his \u201corigine de tous les Cultes\u201d; candidus imperti.\n I have read only the first Volume. It is learned and curious. The whole Work will afford me Business, Study and Amusement for the Winter.\n Dr Priestley pronounced him an Atheist, and his Work \u201cThe Ne Plus ultra of Infidelity.\u201d Priestley agrees with him, that the History of the Fall of Adam and Eve, is \u201can Alegory,\u201d a Fable, and an Arabian Tale, and So does Dr Middleton, to account for the origin of Evil; which however it does not\n Priestly Says that the Apocalypse, according to Dupuis is the most learned Work that ever was written.\n With these brief Fletrissures, Priestly Seems to have expected to annihilate the Influence of Dupuis Labours; as Swift destroyed Blackmore with his\n \u201cDid off Creation with a Jerk\n And of Redemption made damn\u2019d Work.\u201d And as he disgraced Men as good at least as himself by his\n \u201cWicked Will Whiston,\n And Good, Master Ditton.\u201d\n But Dupuis is not to be So easily destroyed. \n The Controversy between Spiritualism and Materialism between Spiritualists and Materialists, will not be Settled by Scurrilous Epigrams of Swift, nor by dogmatical Censures of Priestly.\n You and I have as much Authority to Settle these Disputes as Swift Priestley or Dupuis, or The Pope.\n And if you will agree with me, We will issue our Bull, and enjoin upon all these Gentlemen to be Silent, till they can tell Us, What Matter is and What Spirit is! And in the mean time to observe the Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0298", "content": "Title: James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, 30 September 1816\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n The inclosed was left with me by Mr Rush, for your opinion, of the propriety of the measure proposed. I retaind it, in the hope of finding you alone, before we separated, for a moments conversation on the subject. The first question is, whether such a notice of the occurrence, which it is proposed to commemorate, is proper, or silent contempt, will be, more expressive, & dignified? You will have the goodness\n\t\t\t to inclose the papers to me, at your leisure, with your sentiments on the project, at washington. with my best and affectionate wishes for your health & welfare, I am dear sir\n your friend & servant\n Jas Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "09-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0299", "content": "Title: Wilson Cary Nicholas to Thomas Jefferson, 30 September 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary,Armistead, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I feel great reluctance at asking of you what from its nature I fear cannot be very agreeable. I am confident I ought not to impoze so much trouble upon you. I trust however you will pardon me if it shou\u2019d not be agreeable to you to interest yourself for a family, with which I am nearly connected. my Eldest sister you know married Mr Norton & had the fairest prospects in point of fortune. The revolutionary war swept off the whole of her husbands great fortune, so that his children have not received one cent from his estate. His second daughter a beautiful delicate & amiable woman married a Mr Armistead, who was bred a merchant, but was unfortunate and obliged to retire into the Country, where he has supported his family for several years by his labour. The issue of a law suit about the\n\t\t\t land on which he lived being unfavorable, has thrown him & his helpless family upon the world without a home. Mr A\u2014 I am informed is well qualified to discharge the duties of a clerk in any of the departments at Washington. His connexions are highly respectable. He is the brother of Col Armistead who defended the fort at Baltimore, and of one or two other officers of great merit who were lost in the service. If you cou\u2019d procure such appoint employment for him you wou\u2019d add greatly to the obligations I am under to you & wou\u2019d save an amiable woman & children and I believe a worthy man from distress. In any event I trust my\n\t\t\t Dear Sir, you will forgive the liberty I have taken in making this application. a letter addressed to Mr A at Hay market prince William County will get to hand. I hope the next time I go to Albemarle to have it in my power to pay my respects to you at monticello. I have only a moment to assure you of the very great respect & regard of\n Your hum. Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0300", "content": "Title: Jethro Wood to Thomas Jefferson, 1 October 1816\nFrom: Wood, Jethro\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Friend Thomas Jefferson\n The Firm of which I am a partner requests thy acceptance of a plough, as a respectfull tribute to thy Ingenuity in improving that important Instrument. We shall feel ourselves amply recompenced by thy approbation; or, additionally obliged by any suggestion which may tend to render it more Complete.\n By an accin accident occasioned by the warping of the wooden patern the edges are raised \u2153 of an Inch too high. The plough is now gone for new york and will be forwarded to thee as soon as possible.\n With the greatest Respect I am thy friend\n Jethro Wood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0302", "content": "Title: James Freeman to Thomas Jefferson, 2 October 1816\nFrom: Freeman, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Mr Freeman of Boston has visited Monticello, that he might have the honour of seeing Mr Jefferson, and of enjoying the high pleasure of hearing him converse; and he regrets that his professional duties as a clergyman compel him to quit his hospitable mansion without indulging himself in the delight, which\n\t\t\t has long been the object of his ardent desire. He tenders his best respects to Mr Jefferson, and wishes him much health and happiness.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0303", "content": "Title: William Wirt to Thomas Jefferson, 2 October 1816\nFrom: Wirt, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I sent you about three or four weeks ago a second, and by the last mail, a third parcel of my biographical M.S.\u2014Not having heard of their arrival and having had frequent proofs of the irregularity of the mails, I begin to be fearful that the packets have miscarried.\u2014I beg you to be assured that it is not with the most distant intention of hurrying you in the kind and obliging office which you have been so good as to undertake for me, that I trouble you with this note\u2014but singly and sincerely to ascertain whether the packets have arrived\u2014because if they have not, I will have them immediately recopied and forwarded through a private channel, and shall thus save time which might otherwise be lost, on the supposition that the papers have miscarried.\u2014So far from hurrying you I feel myself most sensibly obliged by every hour of the time which you are so good as to devote to this little business of mine, and am much more disposed to Enlarge than to contract your opportunity for remark.\n Respectfully and affectionately\u2014Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0304", "content": "Title: John Barnes to Thomas Jefferson, 3 October 1816\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n George Town 3d Octr 1816,\n I am Anxiously waiting receipt of your expected favr in Answer to my Letters of the 5th & 10th of Augt\u2014the first Covered: a rough statemt of Genl Kosciuskos \u2100 with me whilst that of the 10th respected the difficulty in transferring and Consolidating his several Stocks into Governt security\u2014and in his Own\u2014proper Name\u2014and presuming\u2014these transfers to be Effected\u2014it would still be unavailing\u2014in point of my Authority\u2014to receive his dividends\u2014or Int. without his proper power of Attorney\u2014to you, and substitution thro you to me\u2014to be lodged in the Departmt\u2014wherever the Int &a\u2014is made payable.\u2014I called Yesterday at Bank of Columa\u2014in Order to receive the 6 Mos Dividend\u2014on the Genls 46 Shares a 8 \u214cCt\u2014but could not receive it\u2014(though in your Name) Unless your power of Atty to me\u2014is lodged there\u2014which please send me: at your first Leisure hour\u2014with\n\t\t\t Respect to Consolidating the several Stocks in the Genls Name\u2014you will be Obliged\u2014to direct him to forward you his general power\u2014such a one\u2014as will eventually serve the wishd for purpose\u2014\n I pray, no Unforeseen Accident has happened, to deprive me, the pleasure & satisfaction of receiving\u2014your long wished for favours\u2014\n Most Respectfully and Affectionately\n Dear Sir, Your Obedt humble servant\n John Barnes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0306", "content": "Title: Thomas Bingham to Thomas Jefferson, 7 October 1816\nFrom: Bingham, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n May it please Your Excellency,\n Anville, Lebanon County, Octr 7th 1816.\n The writer of this was a Soldier in the Army of the United States, was enlisted under the command of Captain Evans & Lieutenant Luthar Scott in the 2nd Corps of heavy Artillery on the 5th day of February 1813 and remained in the Service until the 18th day of August 1815. I made application for my discharge to Major Nourse who got my papers and retains them until the present. I was under the necessity of applying to the Civil Authority for the same\u2014before I could obtain it, and after a Severe examination\n\t\t\t & strict scrutiny they could not find that I was enlisted for a longer term than five years or during the War. I served for nine Months under the Command of Major Robert D Deau Topographical Engineer, returned from the Pea patch to Fort Mifflin where I did duty until I obtained my clearance from the Civil Authority.\u2014Major Robert Deau can and will certify for my good behaviour during the time I was under his Command. I never received more than one payment during the term of my Service. there remains due to me fifteen months and eighteen\n\t\t\t days pay due to me from the United States.\u2014My reliance & confidence is placed in your Excellency that you will exert your influence in behalf of a poor Soldier who has a wife and Small family to support I have the honor to be\n Your Excellencies devot Servant\n Thomas Bingham.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0308", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, [8] October 1816, with Jefferson\u2019s Note\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n The navigation of our river above McGruder\u2019s locking locks having been suspended by their being out of order for 2. or 3. weeks past, and likely to continue so some days longer, I am obliged to send a small cart for a part of the wines\n\t\t\t which I expect\n\t\t\t have been lodged with you for me from Alexandria, New york & Norfolk. I give to the bearer a paper of directions what parcels I would prefer that he should bring. what he cannot bring will be called for by Gilmore or Johnson as soon as they can pass the locks. I have had flour waiting in our mill for some time which will go on as soon as the locks can be passed. I am the more anxious for this as calls for our\n\t\t\t taxes are now coming on us, and it is the season for favorable purchases of corn, which the scanty crop will render scarce and high. Accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson\n The following articles are, as I expect, now deposited with mr Gibson.\n from Alexandria. 2. cases of wine, 50. bottles in each. there were 4. two of which the bearer brought away before.\n 1. basket Maccaroni.\n there will come further\n \u2005from New York a package of books. \n \u2005from Baltimore 2. cases of wine 57. bottles each.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0309", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Kercheval, 8 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Kercheval, Samuel\n A friend in your part of the country informs me that he has seen, in pretty free circulation, a letter from me to yourself on the subject of a Convention, that it was in the hands of a printer, that he had heard several speak of having seen it, and the idea was that it was refused to none who asked for it. I cannot but be alarmed at this information. my letter of July 12. was expressly confided to your honor, to be so used as to be kept from the public papers; and that of Sep. 5. further pressed my request that you would not admit a possibility of it\u2019s being published. I did expect, and had no objections, that you should be at liberty to communicate it\u2019s contents to particular friends in whom you had confidence; but not that you would permit it to go out of your own hands, still less into those of a printer, to be shewn to every one, perhaps to be copied and finally published. I must, Sir, reiterate my prayers to you to recall the original, and the copies, if any have been taken.\n the question of a Convention is become a party one with which I shall not intermeddle. I am willing to live under the constitution, as it is, if a majority of my fellow-citizens prefer it; altho\u2019 I think it might be made better, and, for the sake of future generations (when principles shall have become too relaxed to permit amendment, as experience proves to be the constant course of things) I wished to have availed them of the virtues of the present time to put into a chaste & secure form, the government to be handed down to them. but I repeat that if a majority of my fellow citizens are contented with what will last their time, I am so also, and with the more reason as mine is nearly out. I again throw the quiet of my life on your honor, and repeat the assurances of my respect.\n Th: Jefferson\n P.S. on revisal of my letter of Sep. 5. I discover an error which be pleased to correct with the pen, by striking out of the 5th line from the close, the words \u2018as 5\u2019 and inserting \u2018so also.\u2019", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-08-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0310", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph E. McIlhenney, 8 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: McIlhenney, Joseph E.\n Monticello Oct. 8th 16.\n On my return from a journey I found here your letter of Sep. 17. in answer to which I will previously make an extract from my letter to mr Peale which led to it. \u2018we suffer in our clocks & watches; being obliged to send the latter always to Richmond (75. miles) for repairs. and the former being at rest for years sometimes till some straggling pretender accidentally passes this way to repair or ruin them. yet Charlottesville would be a fine stand for one a good a good workman I wrote to mr Voigt once to ask of him to recommend to one of his young pupils when turning out and in quest of a place, to come here. the population of the country is thick, & independant, & would\n\t\t\t furnish abundant employment for a good watchmaker, clock maker and silversmith. it is also a cheap place for articles of subsistence. you would render us a great service by sending such an one. if sober, he would need nothing but his tools for outfit. he would get an apartment and his board readily on credit, until he could begin to recieve money, which indeed would be immediately: & I\n\t\t\t would put him into the hands of such persons in Charlottesville as would efficiently patronize him.\u2019\n Facts are still as they were at the date of this letter to mr Peale, & I sincerely wish you had happened to come on; because I am obliged to leave this place in a few days, and to be absent a month or 6. weeks. it would be much better that I should be\n\t\t\t here when you arrive, as I could make you known and smooth difficulties which might embarras a stranger; and indeed I could employ you in my own house for some time, during which you could visit Charlottesville daily and be providing a situation for yourself, without being at expences in a tavern. I am sure that I could so much facilitate your commencement here, were I here myself, that I would\n\t\t\t recommend, your if you can, to employ yourself a month otherwise, so as to be here about the 1st day of December, you will find me at home, and ready to do whatever I can towards your introduction to business here. I would wish you to come directly to my house where we can at leisure\n\t\t\t look out for your establishment in Charlottesville. I tender you my best wishes for your success.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0312", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William H. Crawford, 9 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n I rebut as steadily as is in my power applications to join in sollicitations for appointment. but circumstances sometimes render it impossible. a mr Armistead of this state who married a neice of our governor, has a family, and is reduced to extreme want by unsuccesful commerce wishes to be appointed a clerk in some of the offices at Washington. he is represented as a very worthy man, and entirely qualified for the duties of such an appointment. he is brother to the Colo Armistead who defended the fort at Baltimore, and of one or two other officers of great merit who were lost in the service. should any such vacancy happen within your appointment, I verily believe you would acquire an useful subject in\n\t\t\t mr Armistead, and it would be peculiarly grateful to our governor & his family. I hope you will pardon me for becoming the channel of application which circumstances forbade me to decline, & that you will be assured of my great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson\n P.S. mr Armistead\u2019s Christian name has not been given to me. it shall however be forwarded to you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0314", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James H. McCulloch, 9 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: McCulloch, James H.\n I am much indebted for the trouble you have been so good as to take in informing me of the arrival of the 2. cases of wine from mr Appleton, and I now inclose the amount of duties stated in your letter at 16. D 50 c in bank paper, such as I understand to be passable at Baltimore. and I return my thanks to mr Kalhenon for the his voluntary care of these things the value of which is in it\u2019s testimony of dispositions personally kind. I will ask the favor of you to have the 2. cases shipped by some vessel going to Richmond to be delivered to Messrs Gibson & Jefferson there, who will receive them, and pay freight & other charges.\n I am particularly thankful for the offer of your kind offices at Baltimore, of which I may happen to have need in cases like the present. I make annually small importations of books from Paris, and wines from Marseilles & Leghorn: and as from these places vessels cannot always be had bound to any particular port of the US. my correspondents put them on board the first bound to any American port consigned to the Collector of the port. in these cases I will ask the favor\n\t\t\t of you to give me notice of the arrival, & the amount of duties, freight and other charges which I will immediately remit; and that you will be so good as to reship the articles to Richmond to the address of Gibson & Jefferson, who will always pay the charges from your port. I pray you to accept the assurance of my perfect esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0316", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 9 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\n I am very happy in any opportunity of endeavoring to be useful to one of mrs Norton\u2019s family, with whom I had great intimacy at that period of life when impressions are strongest & longest retained. I fear however that a birth in the offices at Washington will be uncertain. they are rarely vacated but by death. I have written however to the two heads of departments with whom I am more at ease in solliciting than with the others. these are the\n\t\t\t departments of war & state. but it will be necessary for you to furnish me with mr Armistead\u2019s Christian name, which was not given in your letter. an increasing stiffness in the wrist, the effect of age & an antient dislocation begins to render the use of the pen painful & slow. I can therefore only add the pleasure with which I shall always see you at Monticello, and the hope that I may not be disappointed of it by my visit to Bedford, to which place I set out on the 19th to remain there a month or 6. weeks. Accept my friendly and respectful salutations.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-09-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0317", "content": "Title: Richard Rush\u2019s Account of a Visit to Montpellier and Monticello, 9 October 1816\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Ingersoll, Charles Jared\n Dear Ingersoll.\n Washington October 9. 1816.\n I have never seen Mr Madison so well fixed any where as on his estate in Virginia, not even before he was burnt out here. His house would be esteemed a good one for any of our country seats near Philadelphia, and is much larger than most of them. The situation is among mountains, and very beautiful. A fine estate surrounds him, at the head of which he appears to eminent advantage, as well in his\n\t\t\t great as in his estimable qualities. He has the reputation of being an excellent manager, and is a model of kindness to his slaves. He lives with profuse hospitality, and in a way to strike the\n\t\t\t eye\n\t\t\t far more agreeably, than while keeping tavern here. on the fourth of July I was told ninety persons dined with him. To be sure it was a special occasion; but not a week, scarcely a day, passes\n\t\t\t that\n\t\t\t he is not doing hospitality in a large way. He was never developed to me under so many interesting lights; as during the very delightful week I spent under his roof. Perhaps I should add, that\n\t\t\t French\n\t\t\t cookery, and Madeira that he purchased in Philadelphia in :96 made a part of every day\u2019s fare!\n Monticello is a curiosity! artificial to a high degree; in many respects superb. If it had not been called Monticello, I would call it Olympus, and Jove its occupant. In genius, in elevation, in the habits and enjoyments of his life, he is wonderfully lifted up above most mortals. The fog I was told never\n\t\t\t rises to the level of his mountain; and it is just so with what the newspapers say of him. Further: the dew does not fall on it; nor are there any insects there; nor, by consequence, any birds! Now, figure to yourself a house exalted upon such an eminence as all this bespeaks, and that house, thus as it were in the sky, decked off with art and wealth, and you have Monticello. I saw nothing so cheap as a print on his walls; nothing but paintings or statuary, with curious assemblages of artificial or natural objects forming quite a museum.\n He lamented to me the loss of his library, and expects an importation of books this fall from Europe. His chief reading is the antient classicks, in the originals. He admitted that they were of no use; but he exclaimed, \u201cthey are such a luxury.\u201d He reads, he says, no longer for knowledge,\n\t\t\t but gratification. I need not tell you with what open doors he lives, as you well know that his mountain is made a sort of Mecca.\n Poor Alston. And Huger\u2014seven children, you six, and I but three. If Governor Tompkins attempts to play governor and Vice president too, he will be ruined. But I do not believe it.\n Adieu\u2014Yours always", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0318", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Timothy Banger, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Banger, Timothy\n I thank you for the disposition you have made of the box found in the Military stores addressed to me. I know nothing of it, nor of it\u2019s contents. it is probably something which has long been considered as lost. I will write a line to mr Starke to forward it to Richmond to my correspondents there, messrs Gibson & Jefferson, who will receive it and pay all costs.\n The length of time you have continued in your present employment is a proof you have deserved it. if I have been instrumental to your obtaining it, you are indebted for it to your own merit only, and my reward is the satisfaction of having contributed to the procuring an useful servant to the public. Accept the assurance of my respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0319", "content": "Title: William Clark to Thomas Jefferson, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Clark, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Saint Louis October 10th 1816\n I had the honor of Receiving your letter of the 8th of Septr, by the Mail, and with Much pleasure comply with the contents.\n It has ever been my wish, that the Travelling journal of Govr Lewis & Myself, the astronomical Observations, the Geographial Chart, the Indian Vocabularies and all Subjects of Natural history Should be given to the public in the best possible manner,\n\t\t\t and agreeably to the Original intention\u2014. and for that purpose I have been twice to Phila and have used all the Means which have been in my power without the Success Contemplated.\u2014\n The Naritive has been published, but I have not been So fortunate as to precure a Single Volum, as yet. after the death of my friend Govr Lewis, finding the arrangements he had made relative to the publication had failed, and the greater part of the astronomical observations with the plates and drawings which he had directed to be\n\t\t\t made, were not to be found a new Contract was made with Messrs Bradford & Inskep, to print & publish that part, and the Cientific part also, which was to have been (by Contract) prepared in Six months from the time by Doctr Barton\u2014in these arrangements I have been also disappointed.\n Since the failure of Bradford & Inskep, and the death of Doctr Barton my Agent Mr Nicholas Biddle has been Requested to Collect all the Books, papers, Specimens &c\u2014\n Previously to my making the last Arrangement, I had Conversation with\n\t\t\t the then Secretary of War on the Subject of publishing Lewis & Clarks Journal map &c, he thought it important, but but Could promis no assistance at that time.\u2014\n It is with pleasure that I inclose you an Order on my friend Mr Biddle for the papers in his possession Relating to the Astronomical Observations, the Geographial Charts, the Indian Vocabularies, and other papers not Comprehended in the journal of Lewis & Clarks Travels laterly published, and the Specimins which were left in the possession of Doctr Barton\u2014also the Traveling pocket Journals.\u2014\n From the mortification & regret of not haveing Succeeded in giving to the world all the Results of that expedition, I feel Relief & greatitude for the interest which You are Willing to take, in effecting what has not been in my power to accomplish.\u2014\n Some time ago, I requested Mr Biddle to deliver to Mrs Markes\u2019s Order, the half of all the Books he may have Received in my behalf\u2014The Map from which the plate was made, is in my possession at this place; it is Rough and has not been Corrected and Comprehends the Connection for of Country from Lat. 34\u00b0 to 50\u00b0 N. If you think it adviseable?, I will make a new map of the Same Size of the one I have, Corrected by Such materials as I have precured Since the last was made,\n\t\t\t otherwise I Shall take the liberty of Sending the one I have to you.\n The Missouri River on which there is Such emence tracts of fine Country Calculated for rich & populous Settlements, and watering an emence Space in which there is much welth in furs, Peltres, minerals,\n\t\t\t dies\n\t\t\t &c & which is tolerably well understood but not in Sufficient use\u2014The Lands on the lower portion of that River is Settling fast, the middle portion (or as high up as the Big Bend or White River) is Crouded with Traders, but the upper and richer portion has had No American Citizen Since the failure of the Missouri Co in 1811 and I am under great apprehentions that the British will take possession of that Rich Tract by the Way of Assinniboin & Saskassoin Rivers as they have done on at the mouth of Columbia, and on Lewis & Clarks Rivers\u2014: If a large and over bearing Company Cannot be formed of American Citizens with Sufficient Capital to keep them Out I think Such a Co. Could be formed with Some Countrimen and a little aid from the government.\n The present population of this Territory would most probably amount to about 35 or 40,000 Soles Since peace was made with the Indians on the Mississippi the emogration has been emence bending their Course to the Missouri principally. Landed property has risen which has inrichened the Old inhabitants and reconsiled them to our Government much more than formerly.\n In this excercise of Govr of this Territory I have Suceed in the worst of times with more approbation than I had expected. laterly a Small and disappointed party has Sprung up deturmined to vex & Tease the executive.\n I am happy to have it in my power to Say to you that I Succeed in keeping the Indians of this Territory (exceept those high up the Mississippi) in peace, The Torments of this frontier was perducd by the Tribes East of the Missippi & high up that Ri River\u2014The dificueltes & responsibilities however were great, and in Some instancs I was Compeled to vary from principal, and Let the Missouri Tribes at war against those of the Mississippi to prevent the British influence amongst the Missouri tribes as also to prevent a Coeleition which would have destroyed our Settlements at a blow.\n Please to accept the assurence of my highest Respect and veneration and best wishes for your health and hapiness\n Yours Most Sincerly", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0320", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Freeman, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Freeman, James\n Th: Jefferson presents his respects to the reverend mr Freeman, and his regrets at having lost the favor of his visit to Monticello, at which place he arrived three days after mr Freeman\u2019s departure. his family testify amply the pleasure he should have recieved from his acquaintance had he been fortunate enough to have been at home. he prays him to accept his salutations and assurances of his high consideration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0321", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Munford, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Munford, William\n According to the request of mrs Kennon and yourself I have written to the Secretary of the Navy to sollicit the place of a midshipman for her son. but having no personal acquaintance with him the Secretary much cannot be expected from my application. the number of midshipmen is limited by law; the places are always full, and a long list of candidates entered on the roll, every one\n\t\t\t expecting to be called in his turn to fill any the vacancies as they happen. I mention these circumstances to prevent too immediate expectations of mr Kennon\u2019s being called into employment. an increasing stiffness in the wrist, the effect of age & an antient dislocation rendering the use of the pen painful and slow, I must pray you to\n\t\t\t communicate the above to mrs Kennon with the tender of my great respect, and to accept the assurance of it for yourself\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0322", "content": "Title: Bernard Peyton to Thomas Jefferson, 10 October 1816\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Richmond 10 October 1816\n I have just returned to this City and established myself permanently in business, where I am always to be found, and shall be ever happy to serve you and your good family in any possible way\u2014your commands shall at all times be executed with promptitude, and to the best of my judgment should you think proper to favor me with them.\u2014Be pleased to make this known to the different branches of your family with my affectionate regards\u2014for yourself sir accept assurances of the high respect and esteem of:\n Your Very Obd: Hub: Servt:\n Bernard Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0325", "content": "Title: David Gelston to Thomas Jefferson, 11 October 1816\nFrom: Gelston, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Believing now we have nothing to apprehend from the equinoctial gales, and a good opportunity offering, I have this day Shipped by the Scho William, E Williams Master, your case of books, to the care of Messrs Gibson & Jefferson at Richmond\n \u2003since my letter to you of the 26 ult: enclosing my Account of\u2002 \n I have paid the freight of the books from Havre\n I wish the books safe to hand and am,\n with very great regard, Dear Sir, your obedient servant\n David Gelston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0327", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Barnes, 12 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnes, John\n Mr Millegan undertook to print a work put into my hands for that purpose. it was to have been begun on the 4th of July last. I have written him letter after letter, and can get no answer. if he cannot print the work, I wish him to say so, and to return it to me. will you do me the favor to apply to\n\t\t\t him personally, and to procure for me a definitive answer?\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0328", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Fitzwhylsonn & Potter, 12 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fitzwhylsonn & Potter\n Messrs Fitzwhylson and Potter\n During the life of the late mr Pleasants of Richmond I usually applied to him for such books as I had occasion to call for from that place. as these calls still occur at times I will take the liberty, with your approbation, to address them to\n\t\t\t yourselves. Mr Gibson, of the firm of Gibson & Jefferson, will pay your bills at such epochs as you shall chuse to present them, as I trust has been done for the Edinburgh Reviews which have come to me I believe through your channel. I am in\n\t\t\t possession of the 14. republished volumes of that work, bringing it down to No 28. I am in want of No 29. to 43. inclusive, and of Nos 47. & 49. and I send you by the stage Nos 43. 44. 45. 46. 48. 50 which with the Nos wanting as above, I will pray you to have half bound and returned to me. I have No 51. but do not send it because it will make part of a vol. with No 52. not yet recieved.\n I will pray you also to send me the 2d vol. of Pleasant\u2019s Collection of the Acts of Assembly (I have the 1st vol.) and as compleat a collection as can be made of the Sessions acts from the end of Pleasant\u2019s collection down to the present day, except of the last session of 1815.16. which I have. these to be half bound in vols of convenient size, lettered & dated on the back. if you can\n\t\t\t have this commission executed for me by the last of November it will be in time, as I shall leave home on the 19th to be absent until then. when ready, they are to be forwarded by the stage to Milton. but it will be necessary to see them put into the stage, for if put into their office only they may lie there for months. a bill of costs sent to me at the same time, I will send you a special order on mr Gibson with a general one as to future supplies. I salute you with respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0330", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William W. Hening, 12 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hening, William Waller\n I thank you for the 3. first volumes of your statutes which are safely recieved, as I shall also do for succeeding ones as they come out. with respect to the MS. volume in your hands, as it belongs to Congress, it will be best when you are done with it, to forward it by the stage to Washington, addressed to mr George Watterston, librarian of Congress. you would oblige me at the same time by dropping me a line of information, as it would be satisfactory to me to know that I stand there discharged from my obligations. Accept the assurance of my esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0331", "content": "Title: Gilbert J. Hunt to Thomas Jefferson, 12 October 1816\nFrom: Hunt, Gilbert John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Respected Sir,\n I had the honor of recieving Your answer to my note, with its enclosure; and now, at this late hour, with pleasure, fulfil my obligation, by forwarding the enclosed copy of the Late War in the Scriptural Style.\n It should not have been So long delayed had my pecuniary resourses been adequate to its accomplishment. Though but a trifle, it is received here. with flattering marks of approbation. \n The question might be delicate; and the answer troublesome; but, if I may presume, so much, a line from you, expressive of your viewopinion of the publication, whatever may be the result, will be a pleasure to mehim whose best wishes for your health and happiness can only cease with life.\n Though no stern religionist myself; a professor of no particular Sect; not bound by fetters whorse than the clanking chains of criminals\u2014the fetters of the mind; but free to act and reason; yet I would be liberal to all classes:\u2014And perhaps if rightly appreciated, this little volume might be made, as Such would think, a benefit to the children of the most religious class, and be an inducement to them to read the scriptures as well as to strengthen their belief in it.\u2014\n With due respect & esteem\n NB. I should have sent you a copy on blossom paper, but I thought you would prefer the hot-prest copy on white.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0332", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 14 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n Your letter, dear Sir, of May 6. had already well explained the Uses of grief, that of Sep. 3. with equal truth adduces instances of it\u2019s abuse; and when we put into the same scale these abuses, with the afflictions of soul which even the Uses of grief cost us, we may consider it\u2019s value in the economy of the human being, as equivocal at least. those afflictions cloud too great a portion of life to find a counterpoise in any benefits derived from it\u2019s uses. for setting aside it\u2019s paroxysms on the occasions of special bereavements, all the latter years of aged men are overshadowed with it\u2019s gloom. whither, for instance, can you and I look without seeing the graves of those we have known? and whom can we call up, of our early companions, who has not left us to regret his loss? this indeed may be one of the salutary effects of grief; inasmuch as it prepares us to lose ourselves also without repugnance. Dr Freeman\u2019s instances of female levity cured by grief are certainly to the point, and constitute an item of credit in the account we examine.\u2003\u2003\u2003I was much\n\t\t\t mortified by the loss of the Doctor\u2019s visit by\n\t\t\t my absence from home. to have shewn how much I feel indebted to you for making good people known to me would have been one pleasure; and to have enjoyed that of his conversation, and the benefits\n\t\t\t his information so favorably reported by my family, would have been another. I returned home on the third day after his departure. the loss of such visits is among the sacrifices which my divided\n\t\t\t residence costs me.\n Your undertaking the 12. vols of Dupuis is a degree of heroism to which I could not have aspired even in my younger days. I have been contented with the humble atchievement of reading the Analysis of his work by Destutt-Tracy in\n\t\t\t 200 pages 8vo. I believe I should have ventured on his own abridgment of the work in one 8vo volume, had it ever come to my hands; but the marrow of it in Tracy has satisfied my appetite: and, even in that, the preliminary discourse of the Analyser himself, and his Conclusion, are\n\t\t\t worth more in my eye than the body of the work. for the object of that seems to be to smother all history under the mantle of allegory. if histories so unlike as those of Hercules & Jesus, can by\n\t\t\t a fertile imagination, and Allegorical interpretations, be brought to the same tally, no line of distinction remains between fact and fancy. as this pithy morsel will not overburthen the mail in\n\t\t\t passing and repassing between Quincy and Monticello, I send it for your perusal. perhaps it will satisfy you, as it has me; and may save you the labor of reading 24 times it\u2019s volume. I have said to\n\t\t\t you that it was written by Tracy; and I had so entered it on the title-page, as I usually do on Anonymous works whose authors are known to me. but Tracy had requested me not to betray his anonyme,\n\t\t\t for reasons which may not yet perhaps have ceased to weigh. I am bound then to make the same reserve with you.\u2003\u2003\u2003Destutt-Tracy is, in my judgment, the ablest writer living on intellectual\n\t\t\t subjects, or the operations of the understanding. his three 8vo volumes on Ideology, which constitute the foundation of what he has since written, I have not indeed entirely read; because I am not fond of reading what is merely abstract, and unapplied\n\t\t\t immediately to some useful science. Bonaparte, with his repeated derisions of Ideologists (squinting at this author) has by this time felt that true wisdom does not lie in mere practice without principle.\u2003\u2003\u2003the next work Tracy wrote was the Commentary on Montesquieu, never published in the original, because not safe; but translated and published in Philadelphia, yet without the\n\t\t\t author\u2019s name. he has since permitted his name to be mentioned. altho\u2019 called a Commentary, it is in truth an elementary work on the principles of government, comprised in about 300. pages 8vo. he has lately published a third work on Political economy, comprising the whole subject within about the same compass; in which all it\u2019s principles are demonstrated with the severity of\n\t\t\t Euclid, and, like him, without ever using a superfluous word. I have procured this to be translated, and have been 4 years endeavoring to get it printed. but, as yet, without success. in the meantime\n\t\t\t the author has published the original in France, which he thought unsafe while Bonaparte was in power. no printed copy, I believe, has yet reached this\n\t\t\t country.\u2003\u2003\u2003he has his 4th and last work now in the press at Paris, closing, as he concieves the circle of metaphysical sciences. this work which is on Ethics, I have not seen, but suspect I shall differ from it in\n\t\t\t it\u2019s foundation, altho not in it\u2019s deductions. I gather from his other works that he adopts the principle of Hobbes, that justice is founded in contract solely, and does not result from the\n\t\t\t construction of man. I believe, on the contrary, that it is instinct, and innate, that the moral sense is as much a part of our constitution as that of feeling, seeing, or hearing; as a wise\n\t\t\t creator\n\t\t\t must have seen to be necessary in an animal destined to live in society: that every human mind feels pleasure in doing good to others another; that the non-existence of justice is not to be inferred from the fact that the same act is deemed virtuous and right in one society, which is held vicious & wrong in another;\n\t\t\t because as the circumstances and opinions of different societies vary, so the acts which may do them right or wrong must vary also: for virtue does not consist in the act we do, but in the end it\n\t\t\t to effect. if it is to effect the happiness of him to whom it is directed, it is virtuous, while in a society under different circumstances and opinions the same act might produce pain, and would\n\t\t\t vicious. the essence of virtue is in doing good to others, while what is good may be one thing in one society, & it\u2019s contrary in another. yet, however we may differ as to the foundation of\n\t\t\t morals, (and as many foundations have been assumed as there are writers on the subject nearly) so correct a thinker as Tracy will give us a sound system of morals. and indeed it is remarkable that so\n\t\t\t many writers, setting out from so many different premises, yet meet, all, in the same conclusions. this looks as if they were guided, unconsciously, by the unerring hand of instinct.\n Your history of the Jesuits, by what name of the Author, or other description is it to be enquired for?\n What do you think of the present situation of England? is not this the great and fatal crush of their funding system, which, like death, has been foreseen by all, but it\u2019s hour, like that of death, hidden from mortal prescience? it appears to me that all the circumstances now exist which render recovery desperate. the\n\t\t\t interest of the national debt is now equal to such a portion of the profits of all the land and the labor of the island as not to leave enough for the subsistence of those who labor. hence the\n\t\t\t owners\n\t\t\t of the land abandon it and retire to other countries, and the laborer has not enough of his earnings left to him co to cover his back, and to fill his belly. the local insurrections, now almost general, are of the hungry and the naked, who cannot be quieted but by food & raiment. but where are the means of feeding and clothing them? the landholder has nothing of his own to give, he is but the fiduciary of those who have lent him money: the lender is so taxed in\n\t\t\t his meat, drink, and clothing, that he has but a bare subsistence left. the landholder then must give up his land, or the lender his debt, or they must compromise by giving up each one half. but will either consent peaceably to such an abandonment of property? or must it not be settled by civil conflict? if peaceably compromised, will they agree to risk another ruin under the same government unreformed? I think not; but I would rather know what you think; because you have lived with John Bull, and know, better than I do the character of his herd.\u2003\u2003\u2003I salute mrs Adams & yourself with every sentiment of affectionate cordiality and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0333", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Bankhead, 14 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bankhead, John\n It is most painful to me to be always addressing on a distressing subject one whom I so highly esteem, and who merits so much to be spared every possible pain. but your request, my promise, and the happiness of us all require it. mr Bankhead stood his ground firmly until Monday last (the 8th) our district court day, when he went to Charlottesville, and all his resolution gave way. when the spell was once broke he went into full indulgence. on Thursday he engaged a Fredericksburg hack, returning empty, to carry him to that place: but the driver stopping at Milton to feed, he got so overpowered with liquor that the driver percieving he could never get him to Fredericksburg, brought him here. he went to bed immediately & kept it chiefly for two days during which we succeeded in keeping liquor from him in the hope that he might cool and recover his resolution. but in the mean time he was trying every means of procuring whiskey but in & on Saturday succeeded. this stimulus raised him from his languer; he went to Charlottesville (as we suppose) returned here at night, and has been ever since in a state of strong intoxication, and the consequent aberration of mind which you have probably witnessed.\n Oct. 16. a glimmering of hope that mr Bankhead would consent to pay you a visit, on our offer to send him down, suspended the closing my letter. that however has vanished, and he has continued in the same state.\n in the mean time mr Randolph says the plantation is going to ruin, no wheat sowing or other preparation making for another year. on these facts your affections and knolege of the case will dictate what is best to be\n\t\t\t done. with sentiments of sincere esteem & respect for mrs Bankhead and yourself I am Dr Sir\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0334", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Miller, 14 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Miller, Joseph\n Dear Captain\n I returned from Bedford a few days ago, which has delayed the commencement of our malting till three days ago. altho I shall set out for Bedford again on the 19th to continue there to the end first of December, yet I shall take measures to enable Peter to go on with his malting and brewing.\n not to be too late again in providing corks, as I was last year, and fearing I should get bad ones at Richmond, I will ask the favor of you to procure 8. gross for me of the best, and forward them to mr Gibson who will answer your draught for them, or if you will note the cost to me I will inclose it to you in Richmond bank bills, unless you should come here and recieve it as we had heretofore hoped. I salute you with friendship and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0335", "content": "Title: Elijah Rosson to Thomas Jefferson, 14 October 1816\nFrom: Rosson, Elijah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Richmond Penitentiary Oct: 14th 1816.\n Having had the great Pleasure of being acquainted with Your Excellency, and although brought to this place of Misery, I hope you will grant me the favour of trubling your honr with a few lines.\n It is true, and I shall confess my faults to your honr I possed possesed a great Love for that fair Sex the Women, and what young man would not, should I therefore be deprived of Liberty?\n had it not been for prejudice, I would now be at home, and I have no doubt, Your honr has been by this time been informed of all the circumstance of my trial. I assure your Excellency that my two apprentices was bribed, which I was told by Mr Harris, one of my Venir and I can now prove it by Mr Jasper Anderson, to whom they confest all, and had there been sufficient proof of harbouring that Girl, was there Law to send me here?\n Convincet of your tender feelings for the distressed, and particular towards me, give me hopes, as I expect there will be a Petition drawn for me, for your honr to sign it; and should not, do pray and send on here a Letter, to my present Keeper Mr Saml P. Parsons, and let him Know the circumstance as far as your Consience will permit, and also my Character, Your honr having Knowing me long enough and satisfyd never to heard any thing that would stain my Character, as dishonnesty, dishonesty or to defraud any person.\n Not acquainted wether the jury was prejudice, or not, I only objected one Gentlemen, which I since belive would have been in my favour.\n Now inclined of life, I wont to be relieft of this place, so that I may comulate some Property agin for my old age if it should please you therefore, to do the above request for me, I have no doubt as I have the favour of my Keepers; to git my Liberty, and by your honr so doing, I shall always be with gratitude your honr unfort. Servt\n Elijah Rosson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0338", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to David Gelston, 16 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gelston, David\n Your favor of Sep. 26. was recieved a few days ago, and I have this day written to my correspondents in Richmond, messrs Gibson & Jeffersonto desire them to remit you the amount of the account you inclosed me, to wit 89.11 D which I trust they will do without delay. I am very thankful to you for your kind offices on this & similar occasions which I could with much difficulty arrange without them, because\n\t\t\t of the uncertainty of the port to which the shipments will be made. with my thanks be pleased to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0339", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 16 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n Johnson\u2019s boat, and one of mr Eston Randolph\u2019s went off yesterday afternoon with between 90 & 100 barrels of flour for me & would haul their boats round Magruder\u2019s locks, which by unloading & reloading, they say, is practicable. Johnson on his return will take off another load for me. in Bedford as we are 11. miles from the Lynchburg mills, and our horses all engagegd in putting in wheat I could direct only one boat load at present, which mr Yancey promised to have sent off without delay. this & those which went from here yesterday will be with you before the last day of this month, & the other from here nearly by the same\n\t\t\t time. my desire is that so much of these may be sold at the current price as will answer my bills on you, which will be presented about the last day of this month chiefly. to wit\n sheriff of Bedford\n sheriff of Albemarle\u2005\n Th: J. Randolph will have a draught for about 360. or 370 D.\n in all November I shall be called on for my federal taxes which I suppose will be between 2. & 300.D. and some purchases of corn. I must moreover request the favor of you to remit to David Gelston Collector of N. York 89. D 11 C freight, charges & duties due him on my wines & books. I will ask immediate attention to this because I consider these as debts of honor, the Collectors being so kind as to\n\t\t\t advance the freight & charges for me for whatever arrives for me in their ports, & to be answerable for the duties also, without waiting to bond them. in general I will request you to pay\n\t\t\t our\n\t\t\t boatmen for water carriage whenever they require it. at present Johnson wishes to draw from you the hire of his hands. as I set out for Bedford in 3. or 4 days to be absent 6. weeks, I have thought it safest to send a renewal of my note in bank for next month. I salute you with sentiments of friendship & respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0340", "content": "Title: George Logan to Thomas Jefferson, 16 October 1816\nFrom: Logan, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I contemplate with great satisfaction the publication of your system of ethicks extracted from the holy scriptures, as tending to support the correct maxim\u2014that religion should influence the political as well as the moral conduct of man, strictly complying with the sacrid injunction, of doing unto others whatever we desire others to do unto us.\n However sincerely attached a christian statesman may be to his country; he will regard the great family of mankind as brethren; and therefore will never sacrifice the happiness and prosperity of other nations, to the trifling ephemeral advantage of his own. He will derive all his politicks as well as all his morals from the oracles of God\u2014he will forget for a time, the place of his birth and the opinions of worldly wisdom\u2014He will banish every thought of inordinate selfishness, of decet deceitful honours and of aspiring ambition\u2014in fine, he will act in the high and holy character of a Christian. No acuteness no acuteness of intellect, no diligence of research, no extent of erudition, will suffice to understand this subject unless the heart sanctified by the grace of God cherishes principles of submission to the ruler of nations to such a degree, as to prefer his doctrines to the councils of cabinets, and the prosperity of his kingdom to the triumphs of human empires.\n It is to be lamented that there exists even among professed christians a disinclination to have their political maxims and transactions subjected to the rules of christianity. This fact, whilst it is an evidence that religion is opposed to the general plans of worldly minded men, is not surprising. Christianity hitherto (except in a few instances) has suffered by its connection with civil policy: and from the very nature of civil society, it must suffer in such connection; until both learning and power are transferred into the hands of virtuous men, and made subservient to piety. If vicious statesmen incorporate religion with the government of kingdoms, such a form will be given to religion as may suit the selfish views of the ambitious and profligate. Under such circumstances, it is safer for the genuinestates christian to struggle in poverty against the frowns of power, than to become the stipendiary of corrupt statesmen.\n Attention to the principles and moral instruction of the bible, is increasing every day, and mankind have many inducements in the present convulsed state of the world, to fly for refuge to that book which contains the only correct view of the principles which will bless the nations with peace and happiness.\n Such is the pride and cupidity of man, that I am confident (as I mentioned to you in a former Letter) that nothing but the spirit of the christian religion influencing our public councils, can preserve our country from anarchy and ruin.\n Accept assurances of my friendship", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0341", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 16 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\n If it be proposed to place an inscription on the Capitol, the lapidary style requires that essential facts only should be stated, and these with a brevity admitting no superfluous word. the essential facts in the two inscriptions proposed are these\n the reasons for this brevity are that the letters must be of extraordinary magnitude to be read from below; that little space is allowed them, being usually put into a pediment or in a frize, or on a small tablet on the wall; and, in our case a 3d reason may be added, that no passion can be imputed to this inscription, every word being justifiable from the most classical examples.\n But a question of more importance is Whether there should be one at all? the barbarism of the conflagration will immortalise that of the nation. it will place them for ever in degraded comparison with the execrated Bonaparte who, in possession of almost every capital in Europe, injured no one. of this, history will take care, which all will read, while our inscription will be seen by few. Great Britain, in her pride and ascendancy has certainly hated and despised us beyond every earthly object. her hatred may remains, but the hour of her contempt is past; and is succeeded by dread; not a present, but a distant and deep one. it is the greater, as she feels herself plunged into an abyss of ruin from which no human means point out an issue. we also have more reason to hate her than any nation on earth. but she is not now an object for hatred. she is falling from her transcendant sphere, which all men ought to have wished; but not that she should lose all place among nations. it is for the interest of all that she should be maintained nearly on a par with other members of the republic of nations. her power, absorbed into that of any other, would be an object of dread to all; and to us more than all, because we are accessible to her alone, and thro\u2019 her alone. the armies of Bonaparte, with the fleets of Britain, would change the aspect of our destinies. \u2003\u2003\u2003 Under these prospects, should we perpetuate hatred against her? should we not on the contrary begin to open ourselves to other, and more\n\t\t\t rational dispositions? it is not improbable that the circumstances of the war, and her own circumstances may have brought her wise men to begin to view us with other, and even with kindred eyes.\n\t\t\t should not our wise men then, lifted above the passions of the ordinary citizen, begin to contemplate what will be the interests of our country, on so important a change among the elements which influence it? I think it would be better to give her time to shew her present temper, and to prepare the\n\t\t\t minds of our citizens for a corresponding change, of disposition, by acts of comity towards England, rather than by commemorations of hatred. \u2003\u2003\u2003 these views might be greatly extended. perhaps however they are premature, and that I may see the ruin of England nearer than it really is. this will be a matter of consideration with those to whose councils we have committed ourselves, and whose wisdom, I am sure, will conclude on what is best. perhaps they may let it go off on the single and\n\t\t\t short consideration that the thing can do no good, and may do harm.\u2003\u2003\u2003ever & affectionately yours.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0342", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 16 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\n I learn that you have recieved Dr Byrd\u2019s journal on the survey of our Southern boundary, from mr Harrison of Barclay. it is a work I have wished to see, and if you think yourself at liberty, when done with it, to trust it in my hands for perusal only, it shall be promptly and safely returned by mail. if\n\t\t\t you do not feel entirely free to do this, I will write to request it of mr Harrison. I set out within 3. or 4. days for Poplar forest to remain there 6. weeks. it would come by the Lynchburg mail as safely to that as this place. I salute you with affection & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0343", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John F. Watson, 16 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Watson, John Fanning\n Your favor of the 4th is recieved & also the 4. vols of Edinburgh review, and I now inclose you a Virginia bank note of 10.D. with the assurance of my respects\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0344", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Henry A. S. Dearborn, 17 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell\n Th: Jefferson presents his compliments and his thanks to mr Dearborne for the copy he has been so kind as to send him of his translation of De Lasteyrie\u2019s learned & valuable work on the Pastel or Woad. he hopes the translation will encorage and promote the culture of that useful plant in the US. a long absence from home must apologise for this late acknolegement of the receipt of the work.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0345", "content": "Title: William D. Meriwether to Thomas Jefferson, 17 October 1816\nFrom: Meriwether, William D.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Understanding by your grandson Mr Randolph, that you have declined to take the property claimed by the legatees of Bennett Henderson Decd, as it was valued to you, by Martin Dawson, I am desirous of knowing explicitly, whether or not, you will give up the property so claimed by them, and pay the rents due thereon, peaceably, and without my having recourse to law to\n\t\t\t obtain the same: but I assure you, I prefer Setling all the points in controversy, in an amicable way, and will with pleasure submit them, to the decision, of two or more disinterested persons,\n\t\t\t you may prefer. Give me your answer to this as speedily as possible\u2003\u2003\u2003accept assurance of my esteem &c\n W D Meriwether", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0346", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 17 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\n Your favor of the 10th is recieved and communicated to the family, and we all join in thankfulness for the kind offers of service. these we shall accept with frankness if occasion occurs, because we are assured of the good will with which they are offered, and we shall never be happier than when we can be useful to you. we are in the hope that your business will permit you occasionally to visit your friends in this neighborhood, and I pray you to make Monticello your head quarters when you come. I think I could suggest to you an article of commerce which might make a part of your business, and just as small or great as you should find worthwhile, in\n\t\t\t which you could not soon have a rival. but this can be explained only in conversation, and only here also, where samples can be shewn. I set out in 2. or 3. days for Bedford, to be absent 6. weeks. I salute you with great friendship and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0347", "content": "Title: Thomas Eston Randolph to Thomas Jefferson, 17 [October] 1816\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n If it should not be convenient to you to meet me at the Mill tomorrow at 10 O\u2019Clock, I will do myself the pleasure to call on you about 11 O\u2019Clock\u2014in the meantime I will examine the Mill books and see what offal is due to the customers\u2014and if it is possible to furnish you with the quantity you want I will inform you\u2014I am sorry there should have been any\n\t\t\t misunderstanding on the subject of offal\u2014if my note written at a moment when I was much engaged, and suffering violent bodily pain, was not sufficiently explicit\u2014Mr Bacon could have explain\u2019d the nature of the bargain, which as he came with a verbal message, I particularly express\u2019d to him\u2014I did not dream of any advantage arising to us farther than what the\n\t\t\t rise in the Shipstuff afforded us which would have been 33 \u214cCent\u2014the rise at that time on flour (slow at $8.\u2014) offer\u2019d only an eqivalent\u2014\n With very sincere esteem\n Thos Eston Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0349-0001", "content": "Title: Wilson Cary Nicholas to Thomas Jefferson, 18 October 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Council Chamber, Richmond, October 18th 1816.\u2014\n I have the honor to inform you that you are appointed one of the Visitors of the Central College in Albemarle, and to forward you the enclosed commission. It is hoped that it will not be inconvenient for you to undertake the execution of this office.\n I am, Sir, With great respect, Your Humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-18-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0349-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Commission Appointing Central College\u2019s Board of Visitors, 18 October 1816\nFrom: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Virginia, to wit:\u2014\n Whereas, by an Act of the General Assembly, Passed the 14h day of February 1816, intitled, \u201cAn act for establishing a College in the County of Albemarle,\u201d it is made the duty of the Governor for the time being, as Patron of the said College, to appoint Visitors thereof\u2014Therefore, I, Wilson C. Nicholas, Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia, do, in pursuance of the authority vested in me by the said Act, hereby constitute and appoint, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe David Watson (of Louisa) General John H. Cocke and Joseph C. Cabell, Visitors of the said College, with all the powers vested in the office of Visitor by the Act of the General Assembly aforesaid\u2014And you are hereby authorised to proceed in the execution of the said office according to law.\u2014\n In witness whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name as Governor aforesaid, this eighteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixteen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0350", "content": "Title: Statement of Account with Thomas M. Randolph & Company, [ca. 19 October 1816]\nFrom: Thomas M. Randolph & Company,Randolph, Thomas Eston\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Entries taken from Day Book kept by J Kuhn\n Thos Jefferson\n \u2005barrels of Flour, sent to the Mountain by Isaac\n \u2005ditto\u2003made of unmerchantable Wheat\n \u2005ditto\u2003\u214c verbal order of E Bacon deliverd to Jerry\n \u2005ditto 2nd quality remaining in the Mill\n xnote\u2014This entry I suppose was made the day previous to J. Kuhn\u2019s leaving the Mill\u2014by way of closing the Mill accounts\u2014and the present Millers say the Flour has since been deliver\u2019d\n (A)\u2014Those 9 barrels; added to 268. Bars 154 \u2114 (as per your statement) will make the amount stated in the account stated furnish\u2019d by TMR & Co, vizt 277. Bars 154 \u2114, leaving a balance due to the Mill of 8. bars 175 \u2114 Flour\u2014\n With respect to the difference in the cash balance between the last acct furnish\u2019d you, and a former acct for 1814/15\u2014it arose from neglecting to include the charges for freight of 5 barrels of Flour of crop 1814 carried to Richmond for you\u2014 by T E. Randolph\u2019s boat\u2014And the charge for freight of 36 bars is also correct\u2014those 36 barrels were part of the last load sent for you to Gibson\u2014deliverd to Wm Johnson 20th Feby 1816\u2014vizt 16 bars on acct of Crop the freight of which was recd by Wm Johnson\u201436 bars on account of Rent\u2014on which no freight was received\u2014other arrangements being since made for payment of Rent the 52 were all consider\u2019d as deliver\u2019d on acct of Wheat crop\u2014\n The account deliver\u2019d to Th: Jefferson by TMR & Co is defective only on the Debtor side\u2014charge Th: Jefferson with 63. dolls 54 Cts paid him by Th: J. Randolph, and the balance due on acct of Rent will appear to be $56.08, agreeing with Th: Js statement\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0352", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Alexander J. Dallas, 20 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dallas, Alexander James\n On the establishment of the offices of Assessor & Collector of the land tax, the first being all-important to us, I recommended, on a consultation with others a mr Peter Minor for it: but the office of Collector being given to an inhabitant of this county the principle of geographical distribution prevailed for the other in favor of a mr Armistead. the present Collector now resigning I wish to recall your recollection to my letter of \u2003\u2003\u2003 1814 and to refer to a previous one written to your predecessor with h the character of mr Minor which I now confirm in every point.\n having made that recommendation without his knolege, and thereby turned his attention & expectations to what he had never before thought of, I feel myself in duty bound to repeat my sollicitation for his appointment to the other office now become vacant.\n The office will probably be asked for by mr Southall who has acted as deputy. for integrity and capacity to execute the office he is certainly unobjectionable. the points of difference are that mr Minor has a handsome estate which secures his responsibility, while mr Southall\u2019s will have no dependance but on that of his sureties; and again that the latter is a young lawyer, growing in fame, already having much business, and daily gaining more so that the\n\t\t\t execution of the duties must rest solely on the deputy he may appoint. Accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson\n P.S. I refer again to Colo Monroe\u2019s personal knolege of mr Minor, and perhaps the President\u2019s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0353", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 20 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\n on On the eve of departure to a possession 90. miles Southwestwardly from hence, where my affairs will keep me until the end of the next month, I learn from a letter of mrs Morris\u2019s that we may expect the pleasure of a visit from her and yourself in this quarter. I shall be really mortified if I lose my share in it by absence. but an inference from the letter\n\t\t\t that\n\t\t\t your departure from New York was still at some little distance, encourages me to hope that by the time you reach this point in the circle of the friends you have to visit in this state, I may be returned. I shall be\n\t\t\t very happy indeed to recieve you here and to give you personally assurances of my continued esteem. you will find me enjoying general good health, but much enfeebled by age, as at that of 73. ought to be expected. should I however not be returned, my daughter your quondam acquaintance in Paris, now surrounded by her children and grandchildren will be happy in the opportunity of renewing old acc acquaintance with you, and the more as she will be charged, to pay to you, as my representative the friendly attentions, I should so much rather have\n\t\t\t done myself. we shall still regret that your visit is not in our belle saison, as to the general unpleasantness of cold our winter adds deep and miry roads. with my respects to mrs Morris accept the assurance of my great consideration and esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0354", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Eston Randolph, 20 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Eston\n The account rendered to-day is perfectly satisfactory, as the not having known of the 9. barrels of family flour subsequent to the last account, had alone excited doubt and a wish for you to examine it. I inclose you a statement as I suppose the account now to stand\n your\u2019s affectly\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0355-0001", "content": "Title: John Barnes to Thomas Jefferson, 21 October 1816\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Your much Esteemed favr so Anxiously expected together with the inclosiers\u2014Viz the good Genls Letter dated Soleure \u2003 April last, as well his Original and general power of Attorney to you, with substitution &c\u2014all of which shall be duly Attended to.\u2014and no doubt with me\u2014can be Obtruded\u2014or\n\t\t\t raised\u2014against\n\t\t\t their being Admitted to be of suff: Validity, for me to receive\u2014thro you\u2014the present and future Interest or Dividends Arising from his present Stocks\u2014Nor shall I suffer the Genls original power of Atty\u2014out of my hands. but Attested Copies thereof\u2014to be lodged\u2014at the several Offices\u2014or Banks from whence I am to receive all such Int or dividends. and to return to you the Originals together, with the generals private Letter to you\u2014\n The Necessary proceedings to effect these desirable objects will require some time. mean while I am preparing my self to effect a further Remittance of \u00a3200 Ster at all events (tho short of his Nt balle in hand) \u214c 1h favble Opportunity: that offers in a purchase and Conveyance\u2014\n I judged it Necessary\u2014at this Instant to Acknowledge these receipts\u2014and when Matured\u2014to advise you the Result\n Most Respectfully and with greatest Esteem. \n I am Dear Sir your Obedt servant.\n your Note to Mr Milligan I handed to him\u2014 & Ansr inclosed", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0356", "content": "Title: James Ligon (for Patrick Gibson) to Thomas Jefferson, 21 October 1816\nFrom: Gibson, Patrick,Ligon, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I inclose you your account Current up to the 1st Septr balanced by $878.91 in my favor which I trust you will find Correct\u2014\u2003\u2003\u2003Flour 8\u00bd & 8\u00be$\u2014\u2003\u2003\u2003respectfully\n Patrick Gibson\n your favor of the 16th is just recd the dfts & remittance you direct shall be attended to.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0357", "content": "Title: Mathew Carey to Thomas Jefferson, 22 October 1816\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Your favour with five four Dollars, I have duly Recd. I enclose 25 cents.\n By a letter of yours to Charles Thompson, Esqr I find you have been collating the Morality of the New Testament. Do you intend it for publication? If so, wd you be willing to let me have the MS. & on what terms?\n With due respect\n Your obt hble servt\n Mathew Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0358", "content": "Title: Nicolas G. Dufief to Thomas Jefferson, 22 October 1816\nFrom: Dufief, Nicolas Gouin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n A Philadelphie ce 22 Octobre 1816\n J\u2019ai bien des remerciemens \u00e0 vous faire pour la bont\u00e9 que vous avez eu de parcourir le manuscrit que je vous adressai envoyai le mois pass\u00e9. Je m\u2019empresse, maintenant, de vous adresser le Prospectus de l\u2019ouvrage. La m\u00e9thode, comme vous y verrez, est applicable \u00e0 l\u2019enseignement m\u00eame d\u2019un seul individu; Sans cela, elle e\u00fbt \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9fectueuse, et ne pouvait convenir comme vous l\u2019avez, Justement, observ\u00e9, qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019enseignement des villes. J\u2019ai fait des efforts inouis pour la rendre la plus compl\u00e8te possible. Beaucoup de personnes croyant qu\u2019elle avait de l\u2019affinit\u00e9 avec celle de Lancaster, j\u2019ai cru devoir les \u00e9clairer \u00e0 ce sujet, car non-Seulement elle ne lui ressemble en rien, mais m\u00eame ce qui est tr\u00e8s-Singulier elle en est l\u2019antipode comme la lecture du Prospectus Suffira\n\t\t\t\tpour en convaincre\n J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, Monsieur, avec le plus profond respect & la plus haute consid\u00e9ration votre tr\u00e8s-d\u00e9vou\u00e9 & tr\u00e8s-reconnaissant servr\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Philadelphia 22 October 1816\n Thank you very much for having the goodness to skim the manuscript I sent you last month. I now hasten to send you the prospectus of the work. The method, as you will see, applies even to the education of a single individual. Without that, it would have been defective and only suitable, as you justly observed, to teaching townspeople. I have made unprecedented efforts to render it as complete as possible. As many people believed it was similar to Lancaster\u2019s system, I thought it my duty to enlighten them on this subject, because, not only does it not resemble it in any way, but, and this is very remarkable, it is diametrically opposed\n\t\t\t it, as a reading of the prospectus will suffice to convince anyone\n I have the honor to be, Sir, with the most profound respect and the highest consideration, your very devoted and very grateful servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0360", "content": "Title: Elisha Ticknor to Thomas Jefferson, 22 October 1816\nFrom: Ticknor, Elisha\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Your favour of the 15th August last reach\u2019d Boston, in my absence, on a long journey in the country. I returned two days ago and found your letter, which informs me, that my son is \u201cabout sending me out Books\u201d and at the same time will\n\t\t\t forward \u201ca parcel\u201d to me to be forwarded to you. These Books have not yet arrived, and since he has resolved to continue another year in G\u00f6ttingen I have supposed he would be a little more tardy in collecting books for himself than he otherwise, would have been. But, I am sure he wont fail exactly and punctually (if possible) to\n execute your orders agreeably to your wishes. It has, in my absence, been rumoured, that your Books and his were ship\u2019d on board the Brig Abeona at Hamburg. I did not on hearing it, believe it was true. This vessel as probably you have heard was lost soon after she left Hamburg. The letters from my son have in no instance from the 1st Jany last to the 6th July, stated to me his intentions of sending out books, \u2019till after he had visited many of the principal cities in Germany and attended some of the Book-Fairs, at which he had made strong calculations to be able to furnish himself with such books as he wanted for his own Library as well as execute the orders of\n his friends. After thus premising I have two strong circumstances to induce me to believe, that neither your books nor his were on board the Abeona at the time she was lost; viz. 1st those Merchants of this town, who had goods on board, have received their Invoices. I have received none. 2d A Mr Clark, a young Merchant of this town also, who had ship\u2019d at Hamburg personally many goods on board the Abeona, call\u2019d on me yesterday to inform me, that, on his way from Hamburg to Paris, he stopt a few days hours at Gottingen and call\u2019d on my son, who was well about the 8th August. I inquired of him very particularly, whether my son had shipt merchandize of any kind on board the Abeona? He informed me, he was confident he had not as he was much with his Commission Merchant as well as with the Captain of the Vessel. I think, therefore, we may fairly conclude, that no loss\n\t\t\t has happened either to yourself or to my son. when the books arrive, you may rely on my strictest attention to your orders, than which nothing will give me more pleasure than to serve the father\n\t\t\t and\n\t\t\t friend of my Country. Sir, the following lines in your letter give me much courage and satisfaction. \u201cThe account he gives me of the German literature is very interesting and such as I had not\n\t\t\t been\n\t\t\t before apprised of. It seems well worthy of his avail and he is accordingly sowing the seed of what with his genius and industry will yield a rich harvest.\u201d Such lines and opinion, sir,\n\t\t\t considering\n\t\t\t the source whence they came\u2014his experience and age\u2014his judgment and foresight, console and calm the heart of a father, who, at times, has almost regretted the enterprise he suffered his son to\n\t\t\t undertake. Please to accept, sir, for the confidence you have reposed in him, the thanks and highest consideration of\n Your most obedient And very humble servant,\n Elisha Ticknor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0361", "content": "Title: John F. Watson to Thomas Jefferson, [ca. 22 October 1816]\nFrom: Watson, John Fanning\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have lately seen some books in this place which are for sale low & which might be desireable to you to possess\u2014They belong to the Estate of Benjn Davies Davis, an old friend, whom you may remember as among the first members of the Philosophical society\u2014I will add a description of a few of those most curious or rare\u2014Should you think well to enquire further respecting them, I will fulfil you any service respecting them gratis\u2014or you might\n\t\t\t refer yourself to our friend Doct Geo Logan, who equally knows all the parties.\n 26 vols\u2014small 4to in calf\u2014of a \u201cGenl history (by J Phillips) of Europe contained in the historical & political monthly mercuries from the Revolution of 1688 to 1715 1716\u2014giving an accot of all the Public & private occurrences in every Court &ca &ca\u2014with Political Reflections upon every State\u2014Done from the originals published at the Hague\u201d\u2014\u2003\u2003\u2003These might be had for about 2\u00bd Ds \u214c vol\u2014\n Perpendicularly in left margin next to preceding paragraph: very good preservation\u2014\n 14 vols Universal magze 1786 to 1792\u2014abotabout 2 to 2\u00bd Ds 2 Drs\n 10 vols of the Repertory of the Arts 8vo\u2014about 2\u00bd Drs\n Lahontans voyages to No Amca 2 vols\u2014very ancient\u2014\n Caesars Commentaries & reflections by C Edmonds\u2014do\u2014folio\u2014\n Huets Commerce of the Ancients\u2014Defence of Emigrants\u2014\n Hoopers Recreations\u2014Easton on Longevity\u2014\n Ayeen Akbery or Institutes of Emperor Akber\n Nobles memoirs of Cromwell\u2014\n many old vols of news Papers\u2014\n & many Political, works & national histories\u2014\n Yrs respectfully\n At head of text:\n Received Oct. 22. 1816 from Thos Jefferson Esqre (\u214c mail) Ten dollars being full payment for the 11th to 14th vols of the Edinburgh Review", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0364", "content": "Title: William Lee to Thomas Jefferson, 25 October 1816\nFrom: Lee, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Revered Sir/.\n The letter you did me the favor to write me under date of the 24th of August after having travelled from Boston to Philadelphia and then back to Boston found me here a few days since which will account for my not having acknowledged the receipt of it before this. I have not forgotten Sir the great obligations I am under to you and that I\n\t\t\t have lived so much in your memory as to have merited this amiable mark of your regard is particularly gratifying. Your opinion of my book is very flattering, it did some good while it drew upon\n\t\t\t all the venom of the party at which it was aimed and has been the great cause of my abandoning a situation which was in every point of view agreeable to me.\u2014I shall succeed here for Mr Garde. we have had two meetings composed of enlightened patriotic men who are digesting a plan for his establishment in this vicinity. I will not fail to make known to him your friendly\n\t\t\t sentiments.\u2014Your observations on the State of things in Europe are very just, the best informed of all nations in that section of the globe are looking towards us with wishful eyes particularly those of the french kingdom. The languishing state of our\n\t\t\t infant fabricks and the prevalent opinion on our Sea board that we cannot become a manufacturing people for ages may check in a degree for a moment their imigration but as that opinion will prove\n\t\t\t erronious we shall not fail to reap great advantages from the gothic strides of legitimacy. That we cannot for many years become a manufacturing nation is certain that we may not become so for a\n\t\t\t lapse of time is desirable but that the germs of useful fabricks producing from our raw materials articles of the first necessity ought to be protected and encouraged will not be denied.\u2014The\n\t\t\t seeds of\n\t\t\t the dissolution of European governments which the Commercial despotism of England has sown to her own and their inevitable destruction have taken such a deep root of late that the most superficial observers must see the consequences. The crimes of the legitimates begin to\n\t\t\t operate on this country by the throngs of useful artisans who are daily arriving in our cities in the Same manner as the Edict of nantz operated in favor of England who at that period was considered the bulwark of freedom. The french people at the commencement of their revolution threw off a part of the scum of their population, napoleon when he became the champion of privileged orders called them back and the consequence has been that they in Revenge have warred against the people who in their turn are forced by a vindictive policy to seek an asylum in other Countries. The result of this struggle is favorable to America. The first emigration from France to this Country was of the worst kind, so much so as to prejudice our people against that nation. The men who then came over brought from France & her colonies only their idleness, ignorance debauchery and decorations \u201cthe engines of the woes of men\u201d while those who now come among us bring the arts sciences & manufactures,\n\t\t\t even the Dukes Counts and generals who were created by napoleon are very different men from most of those of the ancient french school, they rose by their merit not by hereditary right. Having received their education in the walks of private life we\n\t\t\t find them here returning with ease to the source from which they came and to the dignity of useful citizens. Look Sir at the Crowd of civilians, chymists, mineroligists, naturalists engineers,\n\t\t\t Geographers, mechanicians engravers sculptors dyers opticians weavers of cloth and Stocking Knit, gold beaters, hatters tanners, gun & lock smiths cutlers distillers\u2014gilders in wood &\n\t\t\t metal,\n\t\t\t founders, glove makers, fringe makers, glass makers, gardeners Vignerons cultivators, Lampists Surgeons & dentists which have passed through Bordeaux only and been patronized by my small means and I am sure you will find your wise predictions fully confirmed. I brought over with me in the Same Ship sixty nine of this list for all of whom\n\t\t\t I have found employment & happiness. The received new England opinion that European emigrants bring only their vices with them cannot certainly be applied to the French. They are undoubtedly the most virtuous nation in Europe. The middling and lower classes are sober, amiable & industrious. The vulgar vices of swearing, drinking, fighting & petty larceny is unknown among them, there is a degree of\n\t\t\t civilization and good manners in their social intercourse which is very pleasing and when contrasted with their neighbours highly honorable to them. You must have observed an essential difference\n\t\t\t between them and all other emigrants. They never interfere improperly in affairs that do not concern them. If you will examine the conduct of the respectable french merchants artists &\n\t\t\t manufacturers settled in Baltimore, Philadelphia & N York you will scarcely find an instance of their meddling in our party disputes or making a bustle at an election, if they have acquired rights they exercise them with a moderation & decency\n\t\t\t which seems to say this people have received us among them we must not abuse their indulgence. We ought to cherish such men & I am happy to find public opinion is growing up in their\n\t\t\t favor\u2014I hope\n\t\t\t this winter to have it in my power to present my respects to you in person & at the same time to present to you my friend & inmate Marshal Grouchy. I have taken the liberty to give to the celebrated ex legislator Mr Penieres a letter of introduction to you he is one of the best informed men of the age and will let you more into the secrets of the late affairs in France than any other man can do. He is at the head of the company now forming for an establishment on the Ohio to be composed of Frenchmen altogether. My paper scarcely gives me room enough to say with how much veneration and respect I have; Sir the honor to be your obliged humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0365", "content": "Title: Extract of Cornelia J. Randolph to Virginia J. Randolph (Trist), 25 October 1816\nFrom: Randolph, Cornelia Jefferson\nTo: Trist, Virginia Jefferson Randolph\n As sister Ellen is writing to mama my Dear Virginia, I will write also by this opportunity, to you, for I suppose you will expect a letter in return for the one you favour\u2019d me with when you were here. we arriv\u2019d here in safety after a\n\t\t\t journey pleasant enough, for the weather was very fine except being rather cold, \n mornings & evenings, but we were well wrapt up, having a cloak apiece of grand papa\u2019s besides our own things, the roads were not so good as we expected to find them, owing to a much greater quantity of\n\t\t\t rain having fallen in Buckingham, & Campbell than in Albemarle. the first day we were out till \n past seven oclock in the evening. I should have been very well pleas\u2019d at Mr Patterson\u2019s is if I had not made a very ridiculous blunder from forgetfulness & inattention. On the road we stopt at Noah Floods to breakfast, & found that to be the best house on the raoad to stop at meals; & at night we were better accomodated at Hunters than we were any where else.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0366", "content": "Title: Joseph Delaplaine to Thomas Jefferson, 26 October 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia October 26. 1816.\n I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your most obliging & kind letter of July 26: together with the particulars of two transactions, and a sketch of Peyton Randolph\u2019s life. These papers I consider entirely confidential & shall never go out of my hands. Of course, you will never be quoted relative to their contents. I am happy to mention this\n\t\t\t because you have enjoined it on me to use the papers for my work as facts, but in no other way.\n I trust that my work will be so conducted, invariably, as that the world shall have no room to find fault. The first half volume has given great satisfaction to all parties. The Repository shall in no instance be suborned to the purpose of party, influenced by party views, or discoloured by politiacal partialities. It shall be national throughout.\n Nothing shall appear in the pages of the Repository in the least like reflections against other nations. Let us endeavour to exalt our own nation & act magnanimously towards others. I shall conduct the Repository in this particular manner whilst I am its proprietor.\n I send to you by this mail the first half volume of the Repository with which I trust you will be pleased.\u2014I have expended on it already upwards of Eleven thousand Dollars, and have been engaged in it more than three years. On its cover I mentioned that your likeness I caused to be painted by Mr Otis. I send to you also a pamphlet, at the end of which you will perceive I have stated that your portrait is now engraving by Mr Leney.\n I shall receive from a number of respectable characters their opinions of the merits of the Repository, which I purpose to print with the second half volume. The President has most obligingly favoured me with his opinions of the work which are very highly flattering. May I beg dear sir, that you will after a week, furnish me with your opinion of the Repository. Relative to its paper, printing, engraving, literary part, and something of the plan & importance of the undertaking. I will not trouble you for more than a dozen lines.\u2014\n I am preparing the second half volume of the Repository for the press;\u2014In this with five others, your life & portrait will be given.\u2014I think I cannot publish it before January next.\n With the highest respect & esteem, I remain, Dr sir, Your obedt & most huml st\n Joseph Delaplaine\n P.S. I beg leave to have my most respectful compliments made to Mrs Randolph, Colo Randolph, & the young ladies.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0368", "content": "Title: Peter Derieux to Thomas Jefferson, 27 October 1816\nFrom: Derieux, Peter (Justin Pierre Plumard)\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Monsieur\n Depuis la Lettre dont vous av\u00e9s eu la bont\u00e9 de m\u2019honorer le 31. Juillet, J\u2019en ai recu de mes parents en France, qui me croyent toujours dans L\u2019espoir de la fortune de mr mazzei; J\u2019en ay appris aussi que depuis le retour du Roi, Le neveu du Cte de Jaucourt mon beau pere, avoit et\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 Ministre de La Marine, et comme ce fut principalement en consideration de mon alliance a cette famille que mr mazzei Se mit plus particulierement en avance de promesses Verbales vis a vis d\u2019elle, je desire Lui envoyer copie de Son Testament afin de prouver a ma famille combien Ses esperances et les\n\t\t\t\tmiennes ont et\u00e9 frustr\u00e9es, malgr\u00e9 La fortune qu\u2019il a Laiss\u00e9, et vous serais infiniment oblig\u00e9 Monsieur Si vous voulli\u00e9s bien me faire La grace de me l\u2019envoyer pour en tirer copie, et jaurai\n\t\t\t\tl\u2019honneur\n\t\t\t\tde vous le remettre par La poste Suivante; ne pouvant Sans indiscretion me permettre d\u2019esperer que vous voudri\u00e9s bien prendre la peine de transcrire ce Testament dont La teneur peut etre tr\u00e8s\n\t\t\t\tLongue.\u2003\u2003\u2003Dans Le nombre de parents qui me restent encore; il en est plusieurs qui malgr\u00e9 la Revolution, Jouissent toujours de beaucoup de Biens, et il\n\t\t\t\tSeroit pas impossible que ce dernier outrage de La\n\t\t\t\tfortune \u00e0 mon egard, ne les interesse de quelque mani\u00e8re en ma faveur.\n Me Derieux toujours aussi Sensible que reconnaissante aux assurances flatteuses de votre Souvenir prend La Libert\u00e9 de vous presenter Son Respect, et J\u2019ai L\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre dans Les Sentiments du plus\n\t\t\t\trespectueux attachement et reconnaissance;\n Monsieur\n Votre tr\u00e9s humble et tr\u00e9s obeiss Serviteur\n P. Derieux\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Since receiving the letter you were so kind as to honor me with on 31 July, I have gotten one from my relatives in France, who still believe that I hope to inherit Mr. Mazzei\u2019s fortune. I also learned from it that since the return of the king, the nephew of the comte de Jaucourt, my stepfather, has been appointed minister of the navy. As it was mainly in consideration of my union with this family that Mr. Mazzei pointedly gave advance verbal assurances, I would like to send him a copy of Mr. Mazzei\u2019s will so as to prove to my family how both their hopes and mine have been\n\t\t\t frustrated,\n\t\t\t despite the large estate he left. I would be infinitely obliged to you, Sir, if you would do me the favor of sending it to me so that I can make a copy of it. I will have\n\t\t\t the\n\t\t\t honor of returning it to you by the next post, as I cannot, without indiscretion, allow myself to hope that you would be so kind as to take the trouble of transcribing this will, the contents of which are, perhaps, very long.\u2003\u2003\u2003In spite of the Revolution, several of the relations left to me still enjoy great wealth, and this last\n\t\t\t insult\n\t\t\t of chance might possibly interest them in my favor in some way.\n Mrs. Derieux, who is always appreciative and grateful for the flattering assurances of your regard, takes the liberty of sending you her respects, and I have the honor to be, with feelings of the\n\t\t\t most respectful attachment\n\t\t\t and gratitude;\n Your very humble and very obedient servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0369", "content": "Title: William H. Crawford to Thomas Jefferson, 28 October 1816\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Washington 28th oct. 1816\n Your letter recommending Mr Armistead for an appointment in the war department has been duly Recd by the mail. Several vacancies exist in the Accountants office, but owing to the unfortunate death of Colo Lear will Not be filled until that office is filled.\n Mr Armistead will be Recommended to the Person vested with the Right of appointment, as Soon as he is Known\n His baptismal name has been communicated by Governor Nicholas.\n Your letter of the 20th inst to my Predecessor in office, has also been Received. As Soon as the Resignation of Mr Armistead is Recd Mr Minor will be appointed, unless objections should be made by the President, which is highly improbable.\n As long as I remain in the cabinet it will afford me great pleasure to receive any communications from you, even if they should be confined to recommendations for office.\n I have the honor to be with Sentiments of the highest respect your most obt & very humbl Servt\n Wm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0370", "content": "Title: Joseph Delaplaine to Thomas Jefferson, 28 October 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have already written to you by this mail, & at the same time sent you a pamphlet. I now send your no of the Repository.\u2014\n I hope it will be convenient & agreeable to you to give me, if it is only a dozen lines, your opinion of the paper, typography, engravings & plan & importance of the Repository.\u2014I have already mentioned that your opinion with that of Mr Madison & others, are to appear with the second half volume which is now preparing for the press & which will contain with others your life & portrait.\u2014\n I am Your obed. & very huml st\n Joseph Delaplaine.\n I refer you to my letter th of this mail for several particulars.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0371", "content": "Title: Christopher Clark to Thomas Jefferson, 29 October 1816\nFrom: Clark, Christopher Henderson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n mr Jeffersons Reasoning in the case of the wittnessth against Robertson for perjury is strong and Conclusive for the defendant if he is Right in his premisses, and even if it Shall be found erroneous in matter of law the length of time which has pased away\n\t\t\t since his attention was particularly caled to legal inquiry and the absence of books will be an ap ample apology for a Sketch proceeding from motives\n\t\t\t deserving\n\t\t\t every Commendation\n Perjury\n Its true definition is \u201ctaking a false oath in some Judicial proceeding, before a competent jurisdiction: in a matter material to the question depending.\u201d It must also have the two necessary ingredients \u201cWilful\u201d and \u201ccorrupt\u201d In a \u201cJudicial proceeding\u201d the enquiries of a Grand Jury must come within the term \u201cJudicial proceeding\u201d They are Sworn to \u201cenquire and true presentment make\u201d of all such matters & things &C to enquire they must examine evidence their duty is not limited to offences within their own knowledge, they have a Right and invariably exercise it to send for witneses The witness is Sworn in Court the \u201ctruth and the Whole truth to speak of such Matters and things as may be enquired of him by the Grand Jury\u201d he is then sent for examination to their chamber they Submit the interrogotories, these must however be confined to Matters and thing Cognazable before them questions of this character and when the Response does not implicate the Witness he is bound to Answer and if he answer untruly with a Malum animum must be guilty of perjury\n as far as events with in the observation of the Author of these Remarks it always has been considered and praetendan that the Offence may be commited before a G Jury Two Cases at this time Occur to him in one of which he was Counsel and every effort unavailingly exerted to Save the defendant this comenced when it began in Court comwealth agt Hughes superior Court of Bedford Judge Winston defendant convicted broke Jail and now at large The other against Ward Cobel County Judge Allen This case Require more attention from its analogy The defendant was caled to give evidence to a Grand Jury of what he knew of certain persons gaming he Stated he \u201cknew nothing\u201d he \u201csaw none\u201d \u201cwas in the Room\u201d \u201cdiscovered no gaming nor the instruments of gaming\u201d It afterwards appeared that he himself had played several games at Cards and had lost two dollars by betting on the hands of others that were playing on\n\t\t\t this he was convicted and a new trial on his application Refused; errors in arrest of Judgment overruled; an Appeal to the clemency of the Executive Rejected; his petition to the Legislature\n\t\t\t thrown\n\t\t\t out. This is the strongest case that can be formed perhaps even by the imagination and the law must now be considered as Setled\n The conduct of the Jury\n For the last 20 years or there about that part of the G Jurymans Oath which formerly obtained \u201cyour and your fellow Council you Shall keep\u201d has been Ousted by act of assembly and the law now directs that when a presentment Shall be made by the knowledge of any of the G Jury the name of the Juror Shall be sit at the foot of the presentment more effectually to make a prosecution It is therefore no Misprision nor is it any immorality in a Juror to promulge what pased before them Even the old Rule was never extended to the protection of Witneses it only protected their own body they Were not at liberty to disclose Who wished such an enquiry Who gave notice of an offence or who Voted for or against Such a matter. In the most enlarged understanding of the Casses: it could go no further it would be opposed to both policy and law\n Was it Wilful and Corrupt?\n On this point is mr Jeffersons Reasonings clear and satisfactory and on this ground does mr R Counsel intend to place him with the most Confident hopes of success it will be to him as safe and it will be\n\t\t\t Reputabl there could be no improper motive the Oath Could not be corrupt it could have proceeded only from a mistaken mode of Self protection to avoid implicating himself there was nothing immoral nothing contrary to the severest law An acquital on this\n\t\t\t ground will it is to be most sincerly hoped Reinstate him in his proper grade in Society Restore him to his friends and place him above the snarls even of his enemies\n The Counsel for mr R Returns his thank to mr Jefferson for the observation submited to him he Read as he always does every thing that comes from his pen with great pleasure knowing that it endeavoured to\n\t\t\t maintain some exploded and untenable matter he think it a duty due to a friendship on which he set so high a Value frankly to submit the forgoing Remarks Relying on the Candor of his friends to\n\t\t\t appreciate the motive\n Chris Clark", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0372", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William D. Meriwether, 30 October 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Meriwether, William D.\n I recieve this instant, and at this place your letter of the 17th\u2003\u2003\u2003the property of the three younger children of Bennet Henderson decd sold to me by their guardians, paid for while they were under age, and of which I am possessed, I am ready to give up, in consequence of their refusing confirmation; and I left directions\n\t\t\t accordingly with my grandson on leaving home. I will also pay any rents legally due thereon from me; and if we differ in opinion as to what rents are due I will concur in referring the decision to two or more\n\t\t\t disinterested persons as you propose. I tender you the assurance of my respects.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0373", "content": "Title: Edwin Stark to Thomas Jefferson, 30 October 1816\nFrom: Stark, Edwin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Assistant Commys office Norfolk 30th Octr 1816\n On my return last evening to this place I found your letter of the 10th Inst\n I have the pleasure to inform you the box shipt by Mr Banger of Phila to my care was on the day of its arrival here forwarded to Mr Richard Thweatt of Petersburg with a particular request that he would send it on with as little delay as possible\n I am Sir with gt respect Your hbl Servt\n Edwin Stark", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "10-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0374", "content": "Title: Noah Worcester to Thomas Jefferson, 31 October 1816\nFrom: Worcester, Noah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n As, in pursuing the cause of peace, I make a free use of your name And your writings, it is but just that I should Submit to your inspection what I publish to your inspection. For this reason I put into the post office directed to you No\u2019s 4 And 5 of the Friend of Peace, And shall now Send No. 6. It is my Aim to be impartial, but I Am liable to misapprehend. If in Any thing I have mistaken your meaning, or said any thing of your opinions which you disapprove, I will thank you to point out my error that I may correct it in a future No.\n The friends of Peace multiply, And I have the most perfect confidence that their efforts will not be in vain. I rejoice in considering your name as on the list of my friends in Such a cause. Whatever you may do in its favor will be remembered with gratitude.\n I would, Sir, gladly present to the American Philosophical Society a copy of all the No\u2019s of the Friend of Peace, could I be assured that they would be Acceptable, And informed to whom they should be directed.\n With great respect.\n Noah Worcester", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0376", "content": "Title: Elisha Ticknor to Thomas Jefferson, 1 November 1816\nFrom: Ticknor, Elisha\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I inclose you a letter and an Invoice of a parcel of Books, received yesterday from my son, in the Ship Cordelia from Hamburg. On receiving the Books, which will probably be in the course of eight or ten days, I will as soon as possible reship them to Messrs Gibson and Jefferson, your Correspondents in Richmond. As soon as I can get at the amount of duties, freight &c. I will forward it to you, and alson also, to Messrs Gibson and Jefferson.\n I am, sir, With all due respect, your most obedient servant,\n Elisha Ticknor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0377-0001", "content": "Title: Francis Adrian Van der Kemp to Thomas Jefferson, 1 November 1816\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Reperusing your interesting Syllabus I have recalled in my mind a train of thoughts\u2014which I brought in writing about twenty years past and Send then\u2014for his criticisms\u2014to my old friend Joshua Toulmin of Taunton\u2014father of the judge in the Missisippi Territory\u2014which treatise has been irrecoverably lost on its passage to England.\n Having hurted my right leg\u2014in my garden\u2014by carelessness\u2014which through neglect of it has compelled me, to leave off working for a few days\u2014I employ\u2019d this leisure time in digesting a plan, upon which\u2014en gros\u2014with my any desirable modifications\u2014an interesting work might be executed\u2014I Shall Send a copy to Mss-bay\u2014it might be\u2014that one of its worthies was willing to undertake the task.\u2014It would require\u2014a thorough acquaintance with ancient history\u2014an unbiassed mind\u2014and willingness to pay homage to\n\t\t\t truth\u2014whatever it might be discovered\u2014a vast deal of time\u2014and a well provided Librar\u00ff: from these requisites, to which you might join others\u2014you perceive I can not be the man.\n I did not hesitate to use your own expressions\u2014as the Syllabus was in man\u00ff respect the ground-work\u2014and Shall be gratified, if You can find it proper\u2014to remove the defects\u2014and Supply the weak parts with props\u2014By this\u2014another may be enabled\u2014to raise an elegant Superstructure\n Dr. W. Willoughb\u00ff, member of Congress\u2014eminent as a Physician and respected b\u00ff all parties, and beloved by all who knew\u2014desired to be introduced to Monticello. Perhaps I Shall be So free\u2014in Sending him a Letter Of introduction, when he returns to Washington.\n Permit me to assure you\u2014that I remain with high respect And consideration\n Dear Sir! Your obed\u2014and obliged St\n Fr. Adr. vanderkemp\n May I Sollicit, if you published any thing else besides your Valuable Notes\u2014to gratif\u00ff me with a cop\u00ff?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0377-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Francis Adrian Van der Kemp\u2019s Synopsis of a Proposed Book, [ca. 1 November 1816]\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian\nTo: \n respecting the person and doctrine of J.C.\n compiled\n Outlines\n Pr\u00e6liminar\u00ff discussions\n Developement of the general principles of nat: Religion. \n Inquir\u00ff in the authenticity of the S.S.\u2014of the Jewish Religion writings\u2014the lxx.\u2014Examination of Astruc\u2019s hypothesis\u2014arguments\u2014objections\u2014of Goethen\u2019s.\n Delineation of the Jewish nation\u2014character\u2014remarquable periods\u2014under the Patriarchs\u2014the Legislation of Mozes\u2014under the judges\u2014kings\u2014before, in, and after the Babylonian captivity\u2014after the destruction of Jeruzalem,\u2014degradation\u2014dispersion and preservation as a distinct People.\n Religion of the Jews\n Theism\u2014morality\n Examination of their principles and correctness.\n General view of the heathen world before the christian \u00e6ra\n Ancient Philosophers\u2014Oriental\u2014Greece\u2014Rome\u2014Indian\u2014Chinese. \n Merits and defects.\n comparison with the Jews\n Life\u2014character\u2014doctrine of Jezus.\n Pr\u00e6liminar\u00ff observations\n Inquiry in the authenticity of the S.s. Arguments\u2014objections.\n Particular discussions\u2014Inspiration &c Rules of criticism &c\n concise view of the various Systems of Divinity among christians.\n Inquir\u00ff in the authenticity of the first Chapt. of matthew and Luke.\n Apparition of angels\u2014hymns of Simeon\u2014Anna\u2014\n Miraculous conception and birth.\n Inquiry in its necessity\u2014usefulness\u2014\n Chronological observations with regard to the time of the birth of Jezus.\n \u2003Discussion of the arguments\u2014pleaded. for Jezus being more than a man\u2014of being a Spiritual head of the pious\u2014being a proof of his high dignity.\n Examination of various passages of S.s. 2 King. iv. 16. Ies. ix. 5/6 &c of God preparing him a bod\u00ff\u2014not according the ordinar\u00ff Laws of nature Hebr. x. 5. made of a woman Gal. iv. 4. not of a Virgin Math Matth. xi. 9. &c.\n General observation.\n \u201eAll, what is necessary to believe and to do\u2014to Secure our happiness\u2014must have been So clearly revealed, as to be understood without an\u00ff difficulty by any one of a Sound judgment and a Sincere heart.\u201e\n \u2003Consequences.\n i. what Messiah was expected by the Jews?\n a. consideration of the Jewish Prophecies.\n b. application of these.\n ii What ideas entertained the Jews of Jezus?\n a. His enemies\u2014and impartial observers\n b. his friends and disciples.\u201c?\n iii With what ideas did Jezus imbue his Disciples about himself?\n iv. causes of the different conceptions among his followers.\n \u2003oriental Philosoph\u00ff\u2014Gnosticism\u2014Platonism.\n The fundamental part of the Christian Revelation is, the Divine mission of Jezus\u2014not his person\u2014character\u2014\n Requisites\u2014Examination.\n Life of Jezus of nazareth\n Great outlines\n His person, character, views, doctrine\u2014Success\n i. was he really a man?\n Conclusion from Adam\u2019s creation considered Luke i. 1/2. \n Where is thy Father Jo. viii. 19 comp. with 27. He followed his Father\u2019s trade Marc. vi. 3. his progress in mental endowments, though without a liberal education, gradual Luc. ii. 42/52 ii Sam. 2 vs. 21\u201326, 1 Cor. xv. 22 comp: with Gen: ii. 7. \n Did Jezus exist before his birth? Examination of Jo. i. 18 \u03b5i\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u201eIn conviviis dilectissimi Solebant in Sinu ejus accumbere, qui convivii Princeps esset\u201e (Grotius, Elsner) \u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03c0\u1ff3 \u03c4i\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5i\u03bd\u0251i. by which Summa familiaritas et censi horum cum aliquo communicatio is intended. It is used of married Deut xiii. 6. xxviii. 54\u20136.\n ii Had Jezus a human body and Soul? was he man\u2014an Angelic being or Man-God?\n \u2003Concessions\u2014by Orthodox\u2014Skeptics. \u2003\u2003\u2003\n \u00a718. That Jezus had a real human nature\u2014with all its frailties\u2014Sin excepted\u2014having been conceived in the body of the beatified Virgin Mary, by the power of the holy ghost\u2014without the concurrence of man, and has not only adopted human nature in regard to the body\u2014but a real human Soul too, to become a real man, because this was necessary, as bod\u00ff and Soul were lost.\n \u00a719. Jezus human nature did loose nothing of her properties by her inseparable union and junction with the Godhead, but he remained a creature\u2014had a beginning of existence\u2014being of a finite nature, preserving ever\u00ff thing, which belongs to a real body, and, though by its resurrection it became immortal, the reality of his human nature was not altered\u2014because\u2014our Salvation and resurrection were depending from the reality of the body.\n But these two natures have been So conjointed in one person, that even by the death of Jezus they have not been Separated: So was, what he, dying, recommended in the hands of his Father\u2014a real human Spirit, who departed from his body: but, in the mean time, the Godhead remained allways conjoined with the human part\u2014even then\u2014as it laid in the tomb, and the Godhead did not cease to be in him, even as, She was, when he was a Babe, although She for Some time did not reveal herself.\n Confess: of the Ref: Church Synod. Dord. 1618/9\n That he in body and Soul, during his whole life, but particularly at the end of his life bore the wrath of God against the Sin of the whole human race.\n Heidelb. catech. answ. to Q 37.\n Comp: with the 2. art, of the church of England 1562\n For if the divine essence, or godhead, did not enter into the womb of the Virgin, when was it, that that fulness of the Godhead, which dwelled in him bodily col. ii. 9. did enter into him.\n Rob. Clayton Bish. of Clogher\u2019s vindic. of the O. & N.T. Lett. v. Pag. 446. Lond. 1759.\u2003\n \u2003(b) Skeptics\u2014Eulogiums.\n ii Character of Jezus\u2014the most innocent\u2014the most benevolent the most eloquent and Sublime.\n His courage\u2014prudence\u2014wisdom\u2014humility\u2014Philanthropy. \n Consideration of his forbidding to declare himself the Messiah\n His devout temper\u2014in prayer\u2014compassion\u2014filial obedience Luc. ii. 42 Love and delight in the Service of God.\n iii His views and doctrine.\n Personal\u2014in regard to mankind.\n Pure Theism\u2014nature and attributes of God.\n Perfect morality\u2014the most benevolent and Sublime that ever was taught.\n Comparison with that of other Philosophers: ancient\n modern:\u2014with Mozes and Mahomet.\n Belief in a future State\n unquestionable proof of its certainty.\n definition\u2014Recequisites\u2014end\u2014not for ostentation but\u2014to attain a great end\u2014to evince beyond doubt the interposition of All-mighty power.\n Their defence\u2014extent.\n iv. Success of his enterprize.\n obstacles\u2014disadvantages\n Pr\u00e6judices among the great\u2014the Scientific\u2014the Vulgar\u2014\n His doctrine not committed in writing\u2014his disciples illiterate men\u2014\n \u2003Consideration of the State of Christianity upon the hypothesis\u2014\u201ethat he was an Enthusiast or Impostor\u2014So too his disciples.\u201e\n Conclusion\u2014Prognostic.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-04-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0378", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 4 November 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Your Letter of Oct. 14 has greatly obliged me. Tracys Aanalysis, I have read once; and wish to read it a Second time. It Shall be returned to you. But I wish to be informed whether this Gentleman is of that Family of Tracys with which the Marquis La Fayette is connected by intermariages.?\n I have read, not only the Analysis, but Eight Volumes out of 12 of The origine de tous les Cultes, and if Life lasts will read the other four.\n But, my dear Sir, I have been often obliged to Stop; and talk to myself like the Reverend, Alegorical, Hierogriphical and Apocalyptical Mr John Bunyan; and Say \u201cSobrius esto John! Be not carried away by Sudden blasts of Wind, by unexpected flashes of Lightening, nor terrified by the Sharpest Crashes of Thunder.!\u201d\n We have now, it Seems a National Bible Society to propagate King James\u2019s Bible, through All Nations. Would it not be better, to apply these pious Subscriptions, to purify Christendom from the Corruptions of Christianity; than to propagate those Corruptions in Europe Asia, Africa and America.!\n Suppose, We Should project a Society to translate Dupuis into all Languages and offer a Reward in Medals and Diamonds to any Man or Body of Men who would produce the best answer to it.\n Enthusiasms, Crusades, French Revolutions are Epidemical or Endemial Distempers, to which Man kind are liable. They are not tertian or Quartan Agues. Ages and Centuries are Sometimes required to cure them.\n It is more worth your while to live to read Dupuis than Grim. Of all the Romances, and true Histories I ever read, it is the most entertaining And instructive, though Priestley calls it \u201cdull.\u201d\n Conclude not from all this, that I have renounced the Christian Religion, or that I agree with Dupuis in all his Sentiments. Far from it. I See in every Page, Something to recommend Christianity in its Purity, and Something to discredit its Corruptions.\n If I had Strength, I would give yoy you my Opinion of it in a Fable of the Bees.\n The Ten Commandments and The Sermon on the Mount contain my Religion.\n I agree perfectly with you, that \u201cThe Moral Sense is as much a part of our Constitution as that of Feeling,\u201d and in all that you Say, upon this Subject.\n My History of the Jesuits, is in 4. Vol: in twelves, under the Title of \u201cHistoire Generale de la naissance et des progres, de la Compagnie de Jesus, et l\u2019analyse de Ses Constitutions et Ses Privileges.\u201d printed at Amsterdam in 1761.\n The Work is anonymous; because, as I Suppose, the Author was afraid as all the Monarks of Europe were at that time of Jesuitical Assassination. The Author however Supports his Facts by authentic Records and known Authorities which the Publick may consult.\n This Society has been a greater Calamity to Man kind than the French Revolution or Napoleons Despotism or Idiology. It has obstructed the Progres of Reformation and the Improvement of the human Mind in Society much longer and more fatally.\n The Situation of England may be learned from the enclosed Letter, which I pray you to return to me.\n Little reason as I have to love the old Lady, I cannot but dread that She is going after France, into a Revolution which will end like that of England in 17 1660 and like that of France in 1816. In all Events, our Country must rise. England cannot.\n We have been long afflicted with a Report that your Books and Harvard Colledge Books, and John Q. Adams\u2019s o Ouranologia were lost at Sea. But lo! The Astronomy has arrived in one Ship and Colledge Books in another. We hope your Books are equally Safe: but Should be glad to know.\n It seems that Father and Son have been employed in contemplating The Heavens. I Should like to Sitt down with him and compare Du Puis with his Uranologia\n I have been disappointed in the Review of Sir John Malcoms History of Persia. Those cunning Edinburgh men break off, at the Point of the only Subject that excited my Curiosity the ancient modern Religion and Government of Persia. I Should admire to read an Edinburg or a Quarterly Review of Du Puis 12. Volumes. They have reviewed Grim who is not of half the importance to Mankind. I Suspect the Reviewers evaded the Religion of Persia for fear they Should be compelled to compare it with Du Puis.\n A Scrap of an English Paper in which you are honorably mentioned and I am not much abused must close this Letter from your Friend\n John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0379", "content": "Title: Benjamin Henry Latrobe to Thomas Jefferson, 5 November 1816\nFrom: Latrobe, Benjamin Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Washington Novr 5t 1816\n When your letter of the 27t of Augt arrived, I was confined to my bed by a bilious fever. After my recovery two long absences from the city, and as much occupation as filled all my time, prevented my acknowledging the favor you have done me in communicating to me the very simple, & valuable invention it discribes. But what renders your letter more valuable, is the assurance it gives me of your continued kindness towards me.\u2014\n In respect to your Dial,\u2014I can only say that its principles are so plain, & its construction so easy, that dials on Your construction might be brought into very general use, if once known & introduced. They could be made so cheap, that they might be made sold at every turner\u2019s, with a hole to be bored in the Nadir of the Latitude of the place at which they are wanted at the time of purchasing them. The only difficulty which an unskilful person would find would be to place them in the true Meridians. But a little instruction, which might be given by a bill delivered with the Dial, would enable any farmer to accomplish that object. Every common Almanack would enable him to convert Solar into common time.\u2014\n You have done my Capital much honor in making it the support of your Dial. These The Columns & Capitals as executed, and standing in the Vestibule of the North wing of the Capitol on the Ground floor, were not much injured by the British, so little indeed that,\u2014as I wish some part of the building to remain as they left it,\u2014I do not propose to repair them, unless the president shall order it to be done. By the suggestion of the Senate, I devised a very material alteration of their accomodations; especially a great enlargement of the Chamber itself. The great Staircase must give way to this improvement. You probably\n\t\t\t recollect that, as a curious & difficult combination of admirably executed Stonework, it was one of the most remarkable parts of the Capitol. But it was much injured by the Lanthorn which\n\t\t\t being\n\t\t\t of wood, fell burning thro\u2019 the opening of the Dome, & resting on the Stairs burst many of the principal Stones.\u2014The Staircase has now another situation. It will be less curious, but have, I\n\t\t\t think, more beauty. The Area of the Stairs will be occupied by a Vestibule, in the Center of which a circular Colonnade will support a dome for the purpose of admitting light.\u2014The Columns of this\n\t\t\t Rotunda, 16 in number, must be more slender than the Ionic order will admit, & ought not to be of the Corinthian, because the Chamber itself is only of the Ionic order. I have therefore\n\t\t\t composed\n\t\t\t a Capital of the Leaves & Flowers of the Tobacco plant, which has an intermediate effect approaching the character of the Corinthian order, & retaining the simplicity of the Attic Column of\n\t\t\t the Clepsydra, or Temple of the Winds. Below is a very hasty & imperfect Sketch of this Capital. Iardella a Sculptor lately arrived, has made an admirable Model for execution, in which he has well preserved the botanical Character of the plant, altho\u2019 it has been necessary\n\t\t\t to enlarge the proportion of the flowers to the Leaves, & to arrange them in clusters of three. When we have done with the model, I will take the Liberty to forward it\n\t\t\t to You.\u2014\n I have neglected so long to answer your very kind letter, that I must entreat you to attribute my silence to any thing but the diminution of my respect & attachment. Believe me that it never can cease.\n Yrs very respectfully\n B Henry Latrobe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-07-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0380", "content": "Title: John Burke to Thomas Jefferson, 7 November 1816\nFrom: Burke, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Richmond, November 7h 1816\n Having suspended the publication of the \u201cVirginia Argus\u201d it becomes necessary for me, to call upon those indebted to the Establishment, for payment.\n Accompanying this, you have your account stated\u2014Being desirous to close my business, you will much oblige me by remitting the amount by mail, or if more convenient, by some private conveyance.\n I am, very respectfully your obdt. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-10-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0383", "content": "Title: Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge) to Martha Jefferson Randolph, [ca. 10 November 1816]\nFrom: Coolidge, Ellen Wayles Randolph\nTo: Randolph, Martha Jefferson,Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph)\n We were a good deal disappointed at not recieving letters from some of the family in the large pacquet which came to Grandpapa from Monticello; one of the girls might have written to let us know that you were all well\u2014GrandpapaWe expect to be with you the last of the Month and in the mean time are making very good use of our time; I have got through the Syntax, & have finished Corderi. Cornelia has been equally\n industiorious\u2014fortunately we have not been much interrupted by company\u2014Mrs Yancey & Mrs Radford called a few days after our arrival & Mrs Johnson \n Mrs Grimes & Miss Wormley formed our next party of Visitors\u2014except these ladies & a few gentlemen who have visited Grand Papa we have seen no body\u2014Cornelia & myself discovered a great likeness between Mrs Johnson and Mrs Carter, we were a little surprized at your admiring her so much for she appeared to us awkward & affected\u2014her Sister Mrs Penn is the very quintessence of vulgarity\u2014Upon the whole however I like this place & neighbourhood very much & should be well pleased to pass a part of my time here every year\u2014\n Grandpapa has probably informed you (in his letter) that we are to have Marshall Grouchy & Mr Lee the Consul at Bourdeaux, at Monticello \n in the course of the winter\u2014that delightfull season for visitors\u2014Mr Godefroi was so much delighted with the Natural Bridge that he has written to propose the purchase of it\u2014(the offer as you may suppose was declined) \n Jane will scream when she hears of this and wonders conclude that the purchase money was \n is to be deducted from the 70 dollars which formed the fortune of the family the last time we heard of them\u2014Jeffersons visit was one of the most agreable surprizes we could have recieved\u2014I fear he will not give us such another whilst we continue \n here\u2014however, now that the time is fixed for our return I fear\n Grandpapa talks of taking Uncle Eppes in his way home\u2014we shall also call at Warren\u2014perhaps stay all night there\u2014in case of this double visit I fear our finances will scarcely hold out\u2014if you could get \n send me one or two dollars \n from papa to distribute on the road, it would be quite enough with what we have\u2014Adieu my dearest Mother\u2014give my love to all the family and kiss the ladies for me\u2014John Hemmings makes frequent enquiries after Septimia\u2014& told me the other day that last year when he left Monticello to come here\u2014he had cried for about five miles of the road after taking leave of her\u2014if \n Mammy Critty & Aunt Priscilla \n enquire after their husbands say they are well.\n Most affectionately your daughter\n do not let any body see this letter for I have really \u201cout done all my former outdoings\u201d in it, and if I could spare paper would really write another\u2014\n Cornelia begs you will send some black berry flags by the boys. Adieu once more\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0385", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Mathew Carey, 11 [November] 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carey, Mathew\n Poplar Forest near Lynchburg Oct. Nov. 11. 16.\n I recieve here (where I pass a good deal of my time) your favor of Oct. 22. covering a Prospectus of a new edition of your Olive branch: I subscribe to it with pleasure, because I believe it has done & will do much good, in holding up the mirror to both parties, and exhibiting to both their political errors. that I have had my share of them, I am not vain enough to doubt, and some indeed I have recognised. there is one however which I do not, altho\u2019 charged to my account in your book, and as that is the subject of this letter, & I have my pen in my hand, I will say a very few words on it. it is my rejection of a British treaty without laying it before the Senate. It has never, I believe, been denied that the president may reject a treaty after it\u2019s ratification has been advised by the Senate. then certainly he may before that advice: and if he has made up his mind to reject it it is more respectful to the Senate to do it without, than against their advice. it must not be said that their advice may cast new light on it. their advice is a bald resolution of yea, or nay, without assigning a single\n\t\t\t reason or motive.\n You ask if I mean to publish any thing on the subject of a letter of mine to my friend Charles Thompson? certainly not. I write nothing for publication, and last of all things should it be on the subject of religion. on the dogmas of religion as distinguished from moral principles, all mankind, from the beginning of the world to this day, have been quarrelling, fighting, burning and torturing one another, for abstractions unintelligible to themselves and to all others, and absolutely beyond the comprehension of the human mind. were I to enter on that arena, I should only add an unit to the number of Bedlamites.\u2003\u2003\u2003Accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0386", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William H. Crawford, 11 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n Poplar Forest near Lynchburg. Nov. 11. 16\n I recieve here, where I pass much of my time, your favor of Oct. 28. and thank you for it\u2019s kindness. the object of my adding this to the mass of your labors in letter-reading, is lest I should have been misunderstood in my application on behalf of mr Minor I proposed him as successor to Thos J. Randolph, our collector who has resigned, or will immediately, and not as successor to mr Armstead the Assessor, as seems to have been understood by your letter. Armstead, I believe, has no intention of resigning. I will close the trouble I give you with assurances of my great esteem and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0387", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Delaplaine, 11 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\n Poplar Forest near Lynchburg. Nov. 11. 16.\n I recieve here your favor of Oct. 26. the half volume of the Repository is probably recieved at Monticello where it will await my return. the objections to your work appear to be perfectly answered in the pamphlet you have been so kind as to inclose me. you had a right certainly to chuse your own\n\t\t\t scale of biography more or less extended, and the shorter as merely an Appendix to your main object, the portraits of American characters. the objections of the Critic seem to have been to the\n\t\t\t Appendix rather than to the principal work. I salute you with esteem and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0388", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Maximilian Godefroy, 11 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Godefroy, Maximilian\n Poplar Forest near Lynchburg. Nov. 11. 16\n I recieve here your favor of Oct. 12. written from the Natural bridge, and am not at all surprised at the sensations expressed by you as produced by that great object, and the attachment excited. as a place of retirement and contemplation I know none in the\n\t\t\t world which would be so delightful, were not it\u2019s solitude so incessantly interrupted by the curiosity of the world, and constant succession of visitors. but these would render it impossible for\n\t\t\t any\n\t\t\t one to live there but in some line of business which would turn their visits to account. there was a moment when I would have parted with it. when about to retire from the Presidency I found\n\t\t\t myself\n\t\t\t considerably in debt on winding up my affairs, and an individual from the neighborhood of the bridge happened to call on me at that moment, & proposed to buy. I told him I would consider of it and write to him. I did so & wrote him an offer which he never answered. had he accepted, it would have been gone, and I should now have been repenting it. the momentary motive having been relieved from\n\t\t\t other resources, has never again arisen. I consider myself as guardian only for the public of this first of all natural curiosities, and in the permission I gave to the little establishment\n\t\t\t there, I\n\t\t\t strictly guarded against defacing or masking the object.\u2003\u2003\u2003I regret very much that my absence from Monticello deprived me of the pleasure of seeing you when Mde Godefroi and yourself did me that of calling there. I should have recieved you with great satisfaction and have endeavored to render to you in person the assurances which I can now give by letter only of my great respect and esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0389", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Steele, 11 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Steele, John\n Poplar Forest near Lynchburg Oct. Nov. 11. 16.\n I recieved at this place (100. miles S.W. from Monticello) your favor of Oct. 26. informing of the reciept of arti a cask of wine and a box from mr Cathalan, and of having forwarded them to Richmond, for which accept my thanks. I now inclose a 10.D. note of the bank of Virginia at Richmond which I understand pass at Philadelphia, to replace the duty and charges. the fraction need not be regarded; perhaps indeed there may be a difference of exchange which it may meet. I pass a considerable portion of my time, whi here, which I mention because it may sometimes happen to occasion delays in answering your favors. be pleased to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0390", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to George Logan, 12 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Logan, George\n Poplar Forest near Lynchburg. Nov. 12. 16.\n I recieved your favor of Oct. 16. at this place, where I pass much of my time, very distant from Monticello. I am quite astonished at the idea which seems to have got abroad; that I propose publishing something on the subject of religion. and this is said to have arisen from a letter of mine to my friend Charles Thompson, in which certainly there is no trace of such an idea. when we see religion split into so many thousands of sects, and I may say Christianity itself divided into it\u2019s thousands also, who\n\t\t\t are disputing, anathematising, and where the laws permit, burning and torturing one another for abstractions which no one of them understand, and which are indeed beyond the comprehension of the human mind, into which of the chambers of this Bedlam would a man wish to thrust himself. the sum of all religion, as expressed by it\u2019s best preacher, \u2018fear god and love thy neighbor,\u2019 contains no mystery, needs no explanation. but this won\u2019t do. it gives no scope to make dupes; priests could not live by it. your ideas of the moral obligations of governments are perfectly correct. the man who is dishonest as a statesman would be a\n\t\t\t dishonest man in any station. it is strangely absurd to suppose that a million of human beings collected together are not under the same moral laws which bind each of them separately. it is a\n\t\t\t great\n\t\t\t consolation to me that our government, as it cherishes most it\u2019s duties to it\u2019s own citizens, so it is it the most exact in it\u2019s moral conduct towards other nations. I do not believe that in the four administrations which have taken place, there has been a single instance of departure from\n\t\t\t good faith towards other nations. we may sometimes have mistaken our rights, or made an erroneous estimate of the actions of others, but no voluntary wrong can be imputed to us. in this respect England exhibits the most remarkable phaenomenon in the universe in the contrast between the profligacy of it\u2019s government and the probity of it\u2019s citizens. and accordingly it is now exhibiting an\n\t\t\t example of the truth of the maxim that virtue & interest are inseparable. accordingly it ends, as might have been expected, in the ruin of it\u2019s people. but this ruin will fall heaviest, as it ought to fall, on that hereditary aristocracy which has for generations been preparing\n\t\t\t the catastrophe. I hope we shall take warning from the example and crush in it\u2019s birth the aristocracy of our monied corporations which dare already to challenge our government to a trial of\n\t\t\t strength, and to bid defiance to the laws of their country.\u2003\u2003\u2003present me respectfully to mrs Logan and accept yourself my friendly & respectful salutations.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0391", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Wirt, 12 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wirt, William\n Your\u2019s of Oct. 23. was recieved here on the 31st with the last sheets of your work. they found me engaged in a business which could not be postponed and have therefore been detained longer than I wished. on the subject of our antient aristocracy, I believe I have said nothing which all who knew them will not confirm, and which their reasonable descendants may not learn from every quarter. it was the effect of the large accumulations of property under the law of entails. the suppression of entails reduced their the spirit of the rich while the increased influence given by the new government to the people, raised theirs, and brought things to their present level from a condition which the present generation, who have not seen it, will can scarcely believe or conceive. I believe I have named none particularly: that would be wrong. you ask if I think your work would be the better of retrenchment? by no means; I have seen nothing in it which could be retrenched but to disadvantage: and again whether, as a friend, I would advise it\u2019s publication? on that question I have no hesitation, on your own accoutnt as well as that of the public. to the latter it will be valuable and honorable to yourself. you must expect to be criticised, and by a former letter I see you expect to be criticised it. by the Quarterly reviewers you will be hacked and hewed by the tomahawk and scalping knife. those of Edinburgh, with the same anti-American prejudices, but sometimes considering us as allies against their administration, will do it more decently. they will assume as a model for biography the familiar\n\t\t\t manner of Plutarch, or scanty matter of Nepos, and try you perhaps by these tests. but they can only prove that your style is different from theirs, not that it is not good. I have always very much despised the artificial canons of\n\t\t\t criticism. when I have read a work in prose or poetry, or seen a painting a statue Etc. I have only asked myself whether it gives me pleasure, whether it is animating, interesting, attaching? if it is, it is good for these reasons. on these grounds you will be safe. those\n\t\t\t who take up your book will find they cannot lay it down, and this will be it\u2019s best criticism.\u2003\u2003\u2003You have certainly practised rigorously the precept of\n\t\t\t \u2018de mortuis nil nisi bonum.\u2019 this presents a very difficult question, whether one only, or both sides of the medal should be presented. it constitutes perhaps the distinction between panegyric and history. on this\n\t\t\t opinions are so much divided, and perhaps may be so on this feature of your work. on the whole y however you have nothing to fear, at least if my views are not very different from the common, and no one will see it\u2019s appearance with more pleasure than myself, as no one can with more truth give you assurances of great respect & affectionate attachment\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0392", "content": "Title: Joseph Delaplaine to Thomas Jefferson, 13 November 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia November 13h 1816.\n Upwards of a week ago your R No of the Repository was sent by the Mail. I shall be glad to hear, if it is not giving you too much trouble, whether You have received it in a perfect state of preservation.\u2014\n I am happy to inform you that the President has given me his opinion of the work. He also has done me the honour to send, in his own hand writing, the facts of his life.\u2014\n My work is not, neither shall it be, while I am its proprietor, a party work. Politics ought not, neither shall they enter into it. What can be fairer than this? Democrat & Federalist, all share alike.\n I am Dr sir with the highest respect & esteem your obedt & most huml st\n Joseph Delaplaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0393", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Wilson Cary Nicholas, 13 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nicholas, Wilson Cary\n I wrote to the Secretary of State on the subject of mr Armistead, and have recieved his assurance that if there is a vacancy, or should be one in any of the departments, he will exert himself to procure it. I wrote to him of preference, because more intimate with him than with any other of the heads of departments, and for a reason still more interesting, which I will explain to you as I did to him. I had\n\t\t\t observed that between you and him the former friendly intercourse had ceased for some time. something of this was visible to myself, but rendered more certain by the information of our beloved friend Peter Carr. the causes of it I never knew, nor wished to know. I only know it to be impossible that either of you could have been in the wrong. your characters assure that. it follows then that one or both must have been misled by wrong information. but two such men should not be at variance, should not be at\n\t\t\t the mercy of the passions of others. I stated this to Monroe. he answered me by acknoleging he once thought he had reason to complain of you; but that that sentiment had vanished long ago, and that he had called on you in Richmond as testimony of it; and he expresses such sentiments towards you as could not fail to merit and produce a return of them on your part. I think mr Carr mentioned some act of personal slight from Monroe to yourself directly. be it so. who can say what tale had been carried to him, what innocent expression of his yours had been distorted into the most injurious one? a man of his consideration does not act without a cause. but suppose him surprised into a momentary error. is a single error to have no forgiveness in this world? this is not your character. I hope then, knowing\n\t\t\t that this cloud has passed away, and mutual good will has resumed it\u2019s place with both, that both will awake from this dream of error, & conscious it has been a dream, go on together as\n\t\t\t heretofore, without considering it as needing or worthy of an explanation. perhaps this has already taken place; that his visit has been followed by the cordiality it invited, and I may be writing\n\t\t\t about a state of things long since done away; for I hear little of the ordinary occurrences of society. I shall rejoice if it is so. you have both too long to live, & to be useful, to make your\n\t\t\t want of harmony a matter of indifference to your friends or your country. if it is not so, let it be so; and lose no opportunity of embracing each other.\n I wrote also to mr Crawford, a man who has a heart also. he tells me there are two vacancies in the accountant\u2019s office, and that as soon as an accountant is appointed, mr Armistead shall be named to one of them. consider this matter then as settled, and love me and my friends, as I do you and yours.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0394", "content": "Title: Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture to Thomas Jefferson, 13 November 1816\nFrom: Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture,Peters, Richard,Vaux, Roberts\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n AT a Special Meeting of \u201cThe Philadelphia Society for promoting Agriculture,\u201d\n It was resolved, unanimously,\n That the Curators, with the assistance of the Secretary and Assistant Secretary, and any other Member or Members of the Society, who will procure and give information, collect facts relating to Agriculture and Horticulture, and of all circumstances connected therewith, which have occurred through the extraordinary season of 1816; and particularly the effects of Frost on vegetation, so far as it shall be in their power to acquire a knowledge of them. In performing this useful service, they will designate the Trees, Grasses and other Plants, and especially those cultivated, on which the Season has had either beneficial or injurious influence, and the local situations in which it has operated more or less perniciously, with the view to ascertain, (among other beneficial results,) the hardy or tender Grains, Grasses, or Plants, most proper for situations exposed to droughts, wet, or frost. In their inquiries, they will endeavour to discover the stages of growth in which cultivated crops have been more or less affected, and the state of products both of Grains, Grasses, and fruit. The addition of any facts, as to insects and vermin usually or occasionally preying on cultivated plants, and whether more or less injury has been done by them in this, than in ordinary seasons, would also be useful. The result of such inquiries to be drawn into the form of a report, to be made by the Curators at our annual Meeting in January next, subjoining such observations as they shall deem proper to furnish, not only with the view to present information, but to record for future instruction, the uncommon occurrences, and the consequences attending them, which have marked this anomalous period.\n \u2003\u2003Published by order of the Society,\n RICHARD PETERS, President.\n ROBERTS VAUX, Secretary.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\n \u261eThe Curators of the Philadelphia Society for promoting Agriculture, will thankfully receive any information on the subjects of the foregoing Resolution, from any of their Agricultural, or other Fellow-Citizens, who may be pleased to afford it\u2014Any\n\t\t\t Meteorological Observations made during the present year, will also be acceptable.\n Letters sent by Post, or otherwise, addressed to Solomon W. Conrad, No. 87 Market-street, Philadelphia, will be gratefully attended to.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0396", "content": "Title: James Freeman to Thomas Jefferson, 14 November 1816\nFrom: Freeman, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have lately returned to Boston, where I had the pleasure of finding the note of October the 10th, which you did me the honour to address to me. I still regret, as do all my friends here, that I had not the opportunity of\n\t\t\t hearing you speak. But I shall always remember with gratitude the hospitality of those members of your family, whom I had the satisfaction of seeing; and I rejoice in particular, that by becoming\n\t\t\t acquainted with your granddaughters, I have obtained the knowledge of two elegant and well-educated young ladies, whom I may propose as models to my granddaughter, nieces, and other female\n\t\t\t friends,\n\t\t\t whom I wish to improve in the eloquence of conversation, in purity of language, in delicacy of manners, in knowledge, and in virtue. To Miss Ellen Randolph I take the liberty of presenting, with\n\t\t\t your permission, a small volume, which I published a few years ago.\n With high respect, I am, Sir, your most obedient servant.\n James Freeman.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0401", "content": "Title: Martha Jefferson Randolph to Thomas Jefferson, 20 November 1816\nFrom: Randolph, Martha Jefferson,Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph)\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My My Dearest Father\n We recieved your letters last night only, and the necessary preparations for the boy\u2019s Journey would take up so much of the day that we determined not to send them till to morrow morning 21st Wormley will see to every thing but the bulbous roots. the kinds you mention are all growing at present and could not be moved with out destroying them but I have sent you a number of off sets of\n\t\t\t tulips and hyan hyacinths some blooming roots and some that will not bloom till the ensuing year but I believe all of the finest kinds they were offsets intended to have been planted in the borders last fall but were kept out waiting for a bed to be prepared for them. the others can be dug up at the proper season and planted next summer or\n\t\t\t fall. you will have seen by the papers the death of Gouverneur Morris. his loss will be irreparable to his wife by lessening the little consequence that I am afraid she had, and exposing her unprotected to the persecution of his heirs who have been dissapointed by the birth of her child of his large possessions. I wrote to her upon the\n\t\t\t occasion although we had not previously corresponded, but poor creature she is surrounded by ennemies and never in more need of the support countenance of her family than at present. adieu My Dearest Father we are All well but poor Ann Mr Bankhead has returned and recommencd his habits of drunkeness Mr Randolph has taken in to his own hands the mannagement of his affairs and if his family are much disturbed by h or endangered will take at once the steps necessary for their protection, as circumstances may require. sending him to the mad house is but a temporary remedy, for after a few weeks he would be returned\n\t\t\t with renewed health to torment his family the longer. I really think the best way would be to hire a keeper for him to prevent his doing mischief, and let him finish him self at once. his Father\n\t\t\t utterly in dispair, and told Aunt Marks that but for Ann and the children he never wished to see his face again. he so entirely threw off all respect for the old gentleman as to tell him he would be master in his own house and called for a\n\t\t\t decanter of whiskey and drank off two draughfes draughfts to his face the more to brave him, Adieu My Dearest Father\n with tender and unchangeable love Your affectionate Daughter\n M Randolph\n the large crown imperial root is for Mrs Eppes, if you go that way the smaller ones are not blooming roots yet, but will be in a year or 2. the tulips & hyacinths are mixed but Cornelia knows them all. I have sent you besides the first letters 3 I believe of which I altered the direction 3 packets enclosing many letters each the second via Richmond and the 3 went off yesterday 19th before I recieved your letter, for they close the mail on Monday. which will account for one packet going by Richmond, the mail being closed before my letters were sent to Charlottesville I have also sent all the weekly registers as I recieved them 4", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0403", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Peter Derieux, 22 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Peter (Justin Pierre Plumard)\n Poplar Forest near Lynchbg Nov. 22. 16\n I received last night only, and at this place, where I have been a month, your favor of Oct. 27. I return to Monticello in a few days, where I will avail myself of the first moments of leisure to send you a copy of mr Mazzei\u2019s will, praying you to accept in the mean time the assurances of my respect and esteem.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0404", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 22 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n I have been here about a month and shall now within a day or two set out on my return to Monticello. on winding up my here I find my debts amount to 222.D. which sum I recieve from mr Robertson, and draw for the same on you in his favor.\n I found on my arrival here that mr Yancey had preferred employing the teams in getting in the new crop sown, rather than in carrying the old to Lynchburg: so that he had not sent the boat load of flour down which I expected. I shall not regret it, if enough has been sent from Albemarle to cover my deficit with you. we are told of a wonderfully sudden rise in the price at Richmond. I shall wonder more if in the course of the winter & spring it does not rise to a considerably higher price than has ever before been given. Europe & N. America were never before within my memory so destitute of bread. I am for holding up until the market opens on the breaking up of the ice in the spring of the year.\u2014our crop of tobacco here is short. Yancey had calculated on 20,000. he now wavers as low as 15,000. of which he assures me one half will be prime, and the other good. this will be down in Jan. & Feb. and I see no reason for\n\t\t\t holding it up after it gets to market. of this however you will be the best judge and will sell when you think best.\n Your\u2019s with great friendship\n Th: Jefferson\n P.S. I must pray you to send a bale of cotton for the use of this place to mr Yancey by such boat or person as he shall direct to call for it. the smallest bale over 100. \u2114 will be sufficient", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0405", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Richard N. Thweatt, 22 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thweatt, Richard Noble\n I received yesterday, and at this place, a letter from mr Edwin Starke of Norfolk of Oct. 30. when he had but just recd one from me of Oct. 10. in which he informs me he had forwarded a box recieved for me from Europe to yourself at Petersburg to be forwarded to Monticello. I regret this terrible mistake of mr Starke in the geography of Monticello more for the trouble it has brought on you, than d the delay of my box. I cannot get you out of the scrape otherwise than by praying you to send it by some vessel going round to Richmond to the address of messrs Gibson & Jefferson who will pay all charges, and repay any with which you may have been taxed by this error.\n I have been here since th a month, and shall set out for Monticello the day after tomorrow, taking Millbrook in my way, as I hear that mr Eppes\u2019s health is very low.\n I am indebted to this aberration of my box for the opportunity, of which I always avail myself with pleasure of renewing to mrs Thweatt & yourself the assurance of my affectionate esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0406", "content": "Title: Joseph Delaplaine to Thomas Jefferson, 23 November 1816\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia November 23d 1816.\n I have already had the honour of answering Your obliging favour dated at Poplar Forrest Forest.\n The Biographer, under my inspection, is busily engaged in preparing a sketch of your life for my National work.\n As soon as circumstances will permit, I shall be happy to receive your candid opinion of the Repository. I beg you not to be scrupulous or delicate. I desire to profit by your remarks & suggestions. Whatever faults it may have, I wish you to point out. I shall be peculiarly pleased to know what you think of the plan, the general arrangement, whether the memoirs are long enough, or too long. the style & literary part generally\u2014The engravings, each one separately.\u2014The paper\u2014& The type, &c &c &c.\n If there are any facts connected with your life, that have occurred recently, & which you may suppose will be of service to me, I will thank you to furnish them. On no account will you be quoted. This it is impossible to do with the least propriety indeed.\n I think we shall want more matter for your life.\u2014\n I have been several times recently, to see the Venerable Charles Thomson. He spoke of you freely. It appears that one of your letters gave him greatly delight. It is that, in which you speak of the scriptures &c. after this, I will not conceal from you the fact, and it is now no secret, that your letter to Mr Thomson as well as t one to another gentleman in another quarter, near Philada, has been quoted. Genl Wilkinson said to me a few days ago \u201cSir, I am happy to learn that Mr Jefferson has written to a gentleman that he has become a disciple or follower of Jesus Christ.\u201d To be brief; it is in general circulation, & a current opinion & belief, that you have avowed yourself a perfect believer in the Christian Religion & that you believe in the Divinity of Our saviour.\u2014This has gained such ground that Genl Wilkinson, has given it a place, he told me a few days ago, in his work which will be published in 2 or 3 weeks.\u2014\n I mention these things, dear sir, in a frank, open manner, to enable you to know, if you have not already heard, what the people say in this quarter on this subject. And I can say that the Religious world in this quarter, are daily congratulating each other, on what they call, your happy change of Religious belief.\n On this subject, dear sir, I beg leave to say one word. I have been requested by their possessors & others to look at these letters spoken of, but from my great regard for you, have declined doing so, unless I should receive your approbation which I shall not ask for. But I beg leave to say, dear sir, that inasmuch as the respectable gentlemen to whom you have written, believe that your letters justify & authorize them to promulgate what has been mentioned, can I ask from you on the subject of Religion precisely that which you believe for the purpose of introducing it in your life, not for the world, however, in the way of quotation, but in general terms. I know well, that if the change in your Religious faith, as spoken of by these gentlemen, is mentioned in the Repository, it will give a tone & currency to the book, in a certain quarter, and in the Religious world, that will produce great & lasting benefit to me. Still I shall do nothing on this subject \u2019till I hear from you, for, as you possess great confidence in me, & as I hold you in the highest esteem, I am determined never to do any thing, that shall incur your displeasure. I will have justice done to your life.\u2014\n Have the goodness to give the enclosed to Colo Randolph, & be pleased to send the other letter to Colo Coles. I know not his direction, & therefore beg you to forward it.\n Hoping to receive a letter from you in reply, as soon as you can conveniently give it, I remain\n with the most perfect respect & esteem Dr sir your obedt servt\n Joseph Delaplaine\n P.S. I beg you to inform me, how far your knowledge of the different languages extends\u2014of Musick\u2014of Mathematics & other branches of science.\u2014If you feel any delicacy in giving this, pray do not do it.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0407", "content": "Title: John Melish to Thomas Jefferson, 23 November 1816\nFrom: Melish, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia 23 nov 1816\n I have the pleasure of presenting You with a Copy of my new map and Description of the United States and Contiguous Countries, which I respectfully Submit to Your attention. As it is the first map that professes to give a display of all that is known of Louisiana, in Connection with the United States, it will probably be gratifying to You who Contributed so much towards procuring that very interesting region for the use of the inhabitants of these States. When I first laid the materials together, so as to form a picture of that Country, I was delighted with its appearance, and have often reflected with pleasure in the anticipation of its giving similar sensations to you.\u2014\n You will observe that I have given a view of the present State of the Geography of the Country at the close of the Statistical Account of the United States; and being very desirous of engaging the respective State Governments in the business of promulgating the Geography it, I have printed a number of Setts of the Geographical Intelligence Separately, and intend to transmit one, with a Circular letter, to the Governor of each State. I have enclosed you a Copy\n\t\t\t of each of these papers. You will observe that the Legislature of this State passed an Act on the Subject. The Governor of new Jersey writes me that a Committee are appointed to Consider of the best mode of Constructing a map of New Jersey. I have written to the Governor of Virginia by this post. I shall forthwith address the Governors of the other States, so as the subject may Come before the respective Legislatures the ensuing Sessions, and am in hopes that each State\n\t\t\t will eventually have its own map, supported & kept Correct at the Public expence; and thus pave the way for the execution of a Splendid National map or Atlas.\n It will give me pleasure to have your opinion of the present work, and with best wishes for Your happiness, I have the honour to be\u2014very respectfully\n Your friend\n John Melish", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0408", "content": "Title: Horatio G. Spafford to Thomas Jefferson, 23 November 1816\nFrom: Spafford, Horatio Gates\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Respected Friend\u2014\n After a long delay, occasioned by adverse events, I Send thee, by this day\u2019s mail, another No. of the American Magazine. The Essay, partially read by thee, concerning the establishing a New School at Washington, & new modeling the Patent system of the United States, is in type, & will be published in a few days. I am in hopes this Paper will engage the attention of the Administration.\n In 3 or 4 weeks, I shall publish an Essay on the errors of philosophical Science, embracing Some novel opinions of my own. This Paper, I have ventured to Dedicate to thyself, Dr Mitchill, & Count Volney, with whom I have the pleasure of a Correspondence.\n I have frequently been solicited to publish Some extracts from thy Letter to me, of date March 17, 1814: & to gratify many of my friends, I now very respectfully Solicit permission to do So. The Letter is the one acknowledging the receipt of my Gazetteer, & I wish to extract that part relating to the pernicious influence of our professional crafts, including the Lawyers, the Clergy, & the Merchants.\n Some Gentlemen in Virginia, have recently applied to me to know on what terms I wold would undertake to write a Gazetteer of that State, & I hesitate about my answer. I am poor\u2014&, if I execute such a Work, must do it for others, who have capital to employ in this way. I\n\t\t\t know, perfectly, the liberal character of Virginia & Virginians, & I Should be particularly well pleased with Such an undertaking, if I could make it Subservient to my own interest. Were I to write a Gazetteer of Virginia, I must spend as much as one year, travelling through that State: and it would take nearly another year to arrange my materials, & prepare the Copy for the press. Pray, my venerated\n\t\t\t Friend, would Such a Work be likely to be well patronised? My Gazetteer of New York, is nearly out of print, though I published an edition of 6250 copies. It has sold well; & had I not lost So much by Booksellers, I should now have been well paid for my labor. Thy opinion, in this matter, would be of Such value to me, that I venture to use the freedom of asking it.\n If I could prevail on the President, to give me Some office, at Washington, I could the better Succeed in this object.The Patent Office, regulated as I have proposed, in the Essay, mentioned above, would be, of all others the most agreeable; but I would accept of any that I might be thought to merit Thy goodness will pardon this liberty, wrung from me by events & fears & hopes. If thou couldest\n\t\t\t aid me in buoying up my hopes, \u2019twould Serve a noble purpose: for, truly, I am almost disheartened.Very respectfully, thy friend,\n In a few days, I shall ask thy acceptance of an Anonymous Work of mine\u2014a Novel;\u2014designed as a vehicle for certain sentiments & opinions, that I could nowhere else introduce.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0409", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Elizabeth Trist, 23 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trist, Elizabeth House\n Dear Madam\n Your favor of Oct. 10. travelled to Monticello, thence to Richmond, thence to Lynchburg, and came to me here on the same day with one of the same date from Genl Clarke at St Louis. this must apologise for a late answer, as it\u2019s finding me in the act of packing up for my return must for a short one. as far as I am acquainted with the colleges and academies of the US. and I will say more especially of Princeton, which you name I have found their method of instruction very superficial & imperfect, carrying their pupils over the ground like racehorses, to please their parents and draw custom to\n\t\t\t their school. this was never the character of Wm & Mary while I knew it, nor do I suppose it so now. whatever they learned, they learned thoroughly, and the principles in which it was founded. for the languages therefore, for Mathematics and\n\t\t\t Natural philosophy I prefer it to any college I know, except that of Philadelphia; and for boys to that also, because that is a great city while Williamsburg is but an academical village. in the months of Aug. Sep. & Oct. it is liable to bilious fever, but these are exactly the months of vacation, when the students can be withdrawn to places\n\t\t\t free from that objection. after the first frost in October, Williamsburg has been found to be a very healthy situation.\u2014we heard from Monticello a few days ago. all were well. Ellen and Cornelia are he with me here, where we have been a month. we are all packing for an early departure tomorrow morning. \n they join me in affectionate and respectful souvenirs to yourself, mr & mrs Gilmer and many wishes for your health and happiness.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0411", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to George Logan, 24 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Logan, George\n I recieve your favor of Nov. 1. here, as I am about setting out on my return to Monticello for the winter. the specimen of flax from Sr John Sinclair is exquisite. we have learned from the newspapers that a new method of preparing flax has been discovered in England. I presume this is an example. about 25. years ago Sr John Sinclair sent me a specimen of Virginia wool which he had picked up accidentally, and had finely prepared, to shew that we have among us native sheep with wool equal to the Merino. now & then in a flock we find such wool; but\n\t\t\t have never made the selection of the breed an object, because, in our houshold manufactures, (& we have no other) we make only coarse woollen clothing for our laborers. for the same reason we\n\t\t\t are\n\t\t\t retiring for from the Merinos, for whose wool we have neither use nor market. even our houshold cotton manufactures are which are innate and nearly coeval with the state, are laboring under a difficulty. originally, and till within 30. years, we raised our own cotton. about that time our emigrants to Georgia & the upper part of S. Carolina carried the culture there, and could raise it there so much easier, that we nearly gave up the culture, and procured our supplies from them thro\u2019 our merchants. these last finding our\n\t\t\t houshold manufactures shorten their sales of what is imported, have suddenly ceased to in import the cotton wool of the South, and we are suddenly without a pound, and forced to go to the stores for\n\t\t\t imported substitutes. this trick will succeed for one year. & with the high price of the article is putting us on a resumption of the culture.\u2014the account you send me of the Mangel-wurzell\n\t\t\t would\n\t\t\t encourage one to undertake it, even if it requires the culture of the spade. this plant was all the rage while I was in France; but soon went out of vogue, I know not why.\u2014I think Sr John Sinclair\u2019s plough appears too bluff in front, and too close pinched at the side. I apprehend it would cause much resistance in the draught, and does not expand itself enough to turn the furrow over\n\t\t\t compleatly. I have had a plough ready for mr Peale upwards of a year, which the difficulty of forwarding has still retained, but I will find means shortly. it is a light 2. horsed plough, for a furrow 6.I. deep & 9.I. wide, & on the\n\t\t\t principle of the least resistance possible. I think it will be liked, and may be enlarged or diminished, still preserving it\u2019s principle. I tender friendly and respectful souvenirs to mrs Logan & yourself.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0412", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Francis Adrian Van der Kemp, 24 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian\n Poplar Forest near Lynchburg Nov. 24. 16.\n I recieve your favor of Nov. 1. at this place at which I make occasionally a temporary residence; and I have perused with great satisfaction the magnificent skeleton you inclose me of what would indeed be a compleat Encyclopedia of Christian philosophy. it\u2019s execution would require a Newton in physics a Locke in metaphysics, and one who to a possession of all history, adds a judgment and candor to estimate it\u2019s evidence and credibility in proportion to the character of the facts it presents and he should have a long life before him. I fear we shall not see this canvas filled in our day, and that we must be contented to have all this light blaze upon us when the curtain shall be removed which limits our mortal sight. I had\n\t\t\t however persuaded myself to hope that we should have from your own pen, one branch of this great work, the mortal biography of Jesus. this candidly and rationally written, without any regard to sectarian dogmas, would reconcile to his character a weighty multitude who do not properly estimate it; and would lay the\n\t\t\t foundation of a genuine christianity.\n You ask if I have ever published any thing but the Notes on Virginia? nothing but official State papers, except a pamphlet at the commencement of our difference with England & on that subject, and another at the close of the revolution proposing the introduction of our decimal money, of neither of which do I possess a copy.\u2014should a curiosity to see our part of the union tempt your friend Dr Willoughby to come as far as Monticello, I shall be very happy to recieve him there and to shew my respect for his worth as well as for your recommendation of it. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and consideration.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0413", "content": "Title: Charles Yancey to Thomas Jefferson, 24 November 1816\nFrom: Yancey, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Richmond 24th n Novr 1816\n I have always conceived it my duty when in the legislature, to give You all the information I could & Should have written to You, before now, but Seeing Stenographers Admited within the Bar of our house I thought it useless as You Could be More fully informed by the papers. I expect from the present temper of our house, Some more Banks, to the west, will be Chartered. we have upwards of 100 New Members, in the Lower house This Session. enclosed is a Statement, Showing the Situation of the banks here &c that you May have happy days in Your well earned retirement is the Sincere wish of Your friend & mo ob Servant\n Charles Yancey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0414", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 25 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n I recieve here, dear Sir, your favor of the 4th just as I am preparing my return to Monticello for winter quarters; and I hasten to answer to some of your enquiries. the Tracy I mentioned to you is the one connected by marriage with La Fayette\u2019s family. the mail which brought your letter brought one also from him. he writes me that he is become blind & so infirm that he is no longer able to compose any thing. so that we are to consider his works as now closed. they are 3. vols of Ideology. 1 on political economy. 1. on Ethics, and 1. containing his Commentary on Montesquieu, and a little tract on education. altho\u2019 his Commentary explains his principles of government, he had intended to have substituted for it an elementary and regular treatise on the subject: but he is prevented by his infirmities. his Analyse de Dupuys he does not avow.\n My books are all arrived, some at New York, some at Boston; and I am glad to hear that those for Harvard are safe also; and the Uranologia you mention, without telling me what it is. it is something good, I am sure, from the name connected with it, and if you would add to it your Fable of the bees, we should recieve valuable instruction as to the Uranologia both of the father & son; more valuable than the Chinese will from our bible-societies. these Incendiaries, finding that the days of fire and faggot are over in the Atlantic hemisphere, are now preparing to put the torch to the Asiatic regions. what would they say were the Pope to send annually to this country colonies of Jesuit priests with cargoes of their Missal and translations of their Vulgate, to be put gratis into the hands of every one who would accept them? and to act thus nationally on us as a nation?\n I proceed to the letter you were so good as to inclose to me. it is an able letter, speaks volumes in few words, presents a profound view of awful truths, and lets us see truths more awful, which are still to follow. George the IIId then, and his minister Pitt, and successors, have spent the fee-simple of the kingdom, under pretence of governing it. their sinecures, salaries, pensions, priests, prelates, princes and eternal wars have mortgaged to it\u2019s full value the last foot of their soil. they are reduced to the dilemma of a bankrupt spendthrift who, having run thro\u2019 his whole fortune, now asks himself what he is to do? it is in vain he dismisses his coaches and horses, his grooms, liveries, cooks and butlers. this done, he still finds he has nothing to eat. what was his property, is now that of his creditors. if still in his hands, it is only as their trustee. to them it belongs, & to them every farthing of it\u2019s profits must go. the reformation of extravagancies comes too late. all is gone. nothing left for retrenchment or frugality to go on. the debts of England however, being due from the whole nation, to one half of it, being as much the debt of the creditor as debtor, if it could be referred to a court of Equity, principles might be devised to adjust it peaceably. dismiss their parasites, ship off their paupers to this country, let the landholders give half their lands to the moneylenders, & these last relinquish one half of their debts. they would still have a fertile island, a sound and effective population to labor it, and would hold that station among political powers, to which their natural resources and faculties entitle them. they would no longer indeed be the lords of the ocean, and paymasters of all the princes of the earth. they would no longer enjoy the luxuries of pyrating and plundering every thing by sea, and of bribing and corrupting every thing by land; but they might enjoy the more safe and lasting luxury of living on terms of equality, justice and good neighborhood with all nations.\u2003\u2003\u2003As it is, their first efforts will probably be to quiet things awhile by the palliatives of reformation; to nibble a little at pensions and sinecures; to bite off a bit here, and a bit there to amuse the people; and to keep the government agoing by encroachments on the interest of the public debt, 1. percent of which, for instance, witheld, gives them a spare revenue of 10 millions for present subsistence, and spunges in fact 200. millions of the debt. this remedy they may endeavor to administer in broken doses of a small pill at a time. the first may not occasion more than a strong Nausea in the moneylenders; but the 2d will probably produce a revulsion of the stomach, borborisms, and spasmodic calls for fair settlement and compromise. but it is not in the character of man to come to any peaceable compromise of such a state of things. the princes & priests will hold to the flesh-pots, the empty bellies will seize on them, & these being the multitude, the issue is obvious, civil war, massacre, exile as in France, until the stage is cleared of every thing but the multitude, and the lands get into their hands by such processes as the revolution will engender. they will then want peace and a government, and what will it be? certainly not a renewal of that which has already ruined them. their habits of law & order, their ideas almost innate of the vital principles elements of free government, of trial by jury, habeas corpus, freedom of the press, freedom of opinion, and representative government, make them, I think, capable of bearing a considerable portion of liberty. they will probably turn their eyes to us, and be disposed to tread in our footsteps, seeing how safely these have led us into port. there is no part of our model to which they seem unequal, unless perhaps the elective presidency; and even that might possibly be rescued from the tumult of elections, by subdividing the electoral assemblages, into very small parts, such as of wards or townships, and making them simultaneous. but you know them so much better than I do, that it is presumption to offer my conjectures to you.\n While it is much our interest to see this power reduced from it\u2019s towering & borrowed height, to within the limits of it\u2019s natural resources, it is by no means our interest that she should be brought below that, or lose her competent place among the nations of Europe. the present exhausted state of the continent will, I hope, permit them to go through their struggle without foreign interference, and to settle their new government according to their own will. I think it will be friendly to us, as the nation itself would be were it not artfully wrought up by the hatred their government bears us. and were they once under a government which should treat us with justice & equality I should myself feel with great strength the ties which bind us together, of origin, language, laws and manners: and I am persuaded the two people would become in future, as it was with the antient Greeks, among whom it was reproachful for Greek to be found fighting against Greek in a foreign army. the individuals of the nation I have ever honored and esteemed, the basis of their character being essentially worthy: but I consider their government as the most flagitious which has existed since the days of Philip of Macedon, whom they make their model. it is not only founded in corruption itself, but insinuates the same poison into the bowels of every other, corrupts it\u2019s councils, nourishes factions, stirs up revolutions, and places it\u2019s own happiness in fomenting commotions and civil wars among others, thus rendering itself truly the hostis humani generis. the principle effect is now coming home to itself. it\u2019s first operation will fall on the individuals who have been practising the chief instruments in it\u2019s corruptions, and will eradicate the families which have, from generation to generation been fattening on the blood of their brethren: and this scoria once thrown off, I am in hopes a purer nation will result, and a purer government be instituted, one which, instead of endeavoring to make us their natural enemies, will see in us, what we really are, their natural friends and brethren, and more interested in a fraternal connection with them than with any other nation on earth. I look therefore to their revolution with great interest. I wish it to be as moderate & bloodless, as will effect the desired object of an honest government, one which will permit the world to live in peace, and under the bonds of friendship and good neighborhood.\n In this tremendous tempest, the distinctions of whig & tory will disappear like chaff on a troubled ocean. indeed they have been disappearing from the day Hume first began to publish his history. this single book has done more to sap the free principles of the English government constitution than the largest standing army of which their patriots have been so jealous. it is like the portraits of our countryman Wright, whose eye was so unhappy as to sieze all the ugly features of his subject, and to present them faithfully; while it was entirely insensible to every lineament of beauty. so Hume has consecrated, in his fascinating style, all the arbitrary proceedings of the English kings, as the true \nevidences of the constitution, and glided over it\u2019s whig principles as the unfounded pretensions of factious demagogues. he even boasts, in his life written by himself, that of the numerous alterations suggested by the readers of his work, he had never adopted one proposed by a whig.\n But what, in this same tempest, will become of their colonies & their fleets? will the former assume independance, and the latter resort to pyracy for subsistence, taking possession of some island as a point d\u2019appui? a pursuit of these would add too much to the speculations on the situation and prospects of England, into which I have been led by the pithy text of the letter you so kindly sent me, and which I now return. it is worthy the pen of Tacitus. I add therefore only my affectionate and respectful souvenirs to mrs Adams and yourself.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0415", "content": "Title: Joseph Dougherty to Thomas Jefferson, 25 November 1816\nFrom: Dougherty, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Washington City Nov. 25th 1816\n While in Washington you received excellent cider from virginia\u2014from Whom\u2014or, from what part of the State I do not now recollect.\n as I am in the habit of bottling, and Selling the best of liquors\u2014it would be an advantage to me to have such as you formerly had while President of the U.S.\n You will sir (in addition to numberless other favours) much oblige me by giving me the names, and residence of those who furnished you with good cider.\n I hope the family are all well\u2014It will give me infinite pleasure to know that they are.\n I wish to know if Mrs Randolph recd two pieces of music which I sent by Mrs Madison last Spring.\n Your Hble. Servt\n Jos Dougherty", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0416", "content": "Title: George Flower\u2019s Account of a Visit to Poplar Forest and Natural Bridge, [25\u201328 November 1816]\nFrom: Flower, George\nTo: \n Took a parting glass of Toddy with my travelling companions and rode to Poplar Forest F Mr Jefferson was at home and two Miss Randolphs his grand\u2019trs\n A Quiet day of rest: spent in leisurely conversations with mr J & the Ladies.\u2014\u2003\u2003\u2003If the inhabitants had not spoken English I should have imagined myself in a french house I have often had occasion to remark, in houses of the higher classes in America, that the arrangment is more of french than English\n Left Poplar Forest about Noon and assisted by the direction of Mr J. I went as far as Douglasses at the foot of the Mountain on my way to the Natural Bridge\n Rode over a mountainous road of for 20 Miles\u2014to Rock Bridge.\u2014This Singular piece of natural architecture is composed of limestone. It is an arch of Stone over a chasm in the mountains of immense height. The A Stream of water flows below. The sensacions when standing on the arch are fearful\u2014on approaching the side to look down apprehension increases and it seems impossible to avoid seizing hold upon the nearest tree or Stone to prevent the magical power of the giddy height from precipitating us to the bottom.\u2014\n Viewing it from below, all painful sensacions of fear vanish and we are reveled in admiration at the sight of an earthly arch set in the heavens.\u2003\u2003\u2003This singular Scene\u2014produces sensations as singular as itself.\n During the War a manufactory of shot was carried on here. Returnd to James River ferry to Sleep.\n a particular description of this Natural Bridge is to be found in mr Jeffersons Notes on Virginia\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0417", "content": "Title: William Plumer to Thomas Jefferson, 25 November 1816\nFrom: Plumer, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Permit me to congratulate you on the success of the Republicans in this State in the choice of Electors & Representatives to Congress; and of the prospect of great unanimity in the approaching interesting presidential election.\n I avail myself of this opportunity of presenting you with a copy of my speech to the legislature at the opening of their present session.\n I have the honor to be with much respect and esteem, Sir, your most obedient humble servant\n William Plumer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0418", "content": "Title: William Sampson to Thomas Jefferson, 26 November 1816\nFrom: Sampson, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n An antient colleague and fellow student of mine has, in sending me as an authors gift several Copies of his political works, made it a request that I should present one of them to you; entitled, \u201cOn National Government.\u201d I have so recently received these donations that I have not had time yet to peruse them, nor should I willingly presume to forestall your better judgement upon the merit of the work which he has dedicated to you If the author had no other merit it would be enough for me that he is zealous in the Cause of my unfortunate Country, that I have known him in my former days for a Gentleman and a scholar, and that he evinces his Respect for the character of one esteemed Respected and admired by us all. I therefore pray you, Sir, to accept the volume transmitted as a token of that Respect and to Receive the assurances of my sincere veneration as its accompanyment\n William Sampson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0419", "content": "Title: Francis W. Gilmer to Thomas Jefferson, 27 November 1816\nFrom: Gilmer, Francis Walker\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I owe many apologies both to you and to Mr Dupont for having delayed until now the translation of the treatise of Mr. Quesnay. I have however almost ever since I received it, been engaged in the courts: having recently commenced the practice of the profession, I have found the forms of judicial proceedings require\n\t\t\t much of my attention, I have too, to make my way thro\u2019 a thick rank of counsel of well established reputation, and some of them certainly of me no mediocrity of abilities. All these circumstances have\n\t\t\t conspired, together with the necessity of much exercise & recreation on account of my health, to suspend almost entirely every literary labour. Even now, I have been compelled to eke out the\n\t\t\t translation on the evenings of our Chancery court, after the morning has been devoted to the irksome details of depositions, cross bills &c. I confess to you too, I was somewhat dismayed in\n\t\t\t undertaking a work entirely new to me, under\n\t\t\t the disadvantages of reading a badly written manuscript, in a foreign language, on one of the most difficult and abstruce branches of elementary politics. If under all these discouraging\n\t\t\t circumstances I have succeeded in any tolerable degree in giving the meaning of the author, it is all to which I can aspire. To infuse into the translation the elegant precision, and nervous\n\t\t\t brevity\n\t\t\t of the original, would require much more attention (if indeed it be attainable at all in English) than I can hope to bestow on it. I have only aimed at giving the meaning as accurately as I\n\t\t\t could,\n\t\t\t without even an attempt at grace or beauty of composition.\n Will you do me the favour to read over the translation at your leisure, make such alterations as the sense, or propriety of expression seem to require, and return it to me, that I may correct, & transcribe it for Mr Dupont? I should not presume to ask of you this favour, if I were not desirous of addressing the translation to you (by your permission) and should regret its being entirely unworthy the patronage\n\t\t\t of your name.\n If your engagements will not allow you to spare the small portion of time necessary to this revision, I must ask that service of Mrs. Randolph\u2019s kindness: one which I hope she will not be unwilling to shew an early pupil of hers in French, and who regrets that his other pursuits, and indeed his want of critical knowledge of the\n\t\t\t language, allow him to reflect so little honor on his disinterested patroness.\u2014\u2003\u2003\u2003accept the assurance of my admiration\n P.S. I do not send the French manuscript, because I am unwilling even to ask of you the trouble of comparing word with word. I only wish your correction as to the general meaning, as you retain it, from the perusal you gave the French; with any verbal inaccuracies which may strike you. There is however part of a sentence the french of which I have written with a pencil at the bottom of page 5. which I have translated (except a single expression) in the first sentence of the 3d paragraph of the page. I can remember no word for the French \u2018surprises\u2019 which satisfies the tact of my mind. Your complete mastery of both languages will no doubt enable you to render the meaning precisely.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0420", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Patterson, 27 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Patterson, John\n The bearer of this mr George Flower is an English gentleman farmer, on a tour thro\u2019 the US. to look for a settlement for his family and friends. he wishes to see what we consider the best course of farming as adapted to the particular circumstances of our country. on this ground I\n\t\t\t address him to yourself am and mr Randolph. in return for any information you give him of that kind he will give you that of Europe generally, & of England most particularly, being well informed of the men and things of the day. he was the travelling companion of Birkbeck in his tour thro\u2019 France which you have seen, and brings me letters of recommendation from the M. de la Fayette am and M. de L\u2019Asteyrie the agricultural writer, who speak in the highest terms of his worth. assured that you will be gratified with his conversation & acquaintance I consign him to your attentions & myself to your friendship\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0421", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, 27 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Flower, George\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann\n The bearer mr George Flower is an English gentleman farmer, on a tour of the US. to look for a settlement for his family and friends. he was the travelling companion of mr Birkbeck thro\u2019 France in the tour we possess, and brings me letters from M. de la Fayette and de Lasteyrie who speak in the highest terms of his worth. he is well informed of the affairs of Europe, and particularly of England, on which he will give you much information. besides examining our soil, climate and other circumstances, he wishes to become acquainted with that scale of farming which experience has proved\n\t\t\t to us best adapted to the particular circumstances of the country. for this I recommend him to your attention particularly, and assure you that in return for any information you may give him you\n\t\t\t will\n\t\t\t have a rich return from his fund. I hope to find him at Monticello, for which the rain having now ceased, we shall set out in two or three days, and be six days on the road. I salute you affectionately\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-27-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0422", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Robert Rives, 27 November 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rives, Robert\n The bearer mr George Flower is an English gentleman, a farmer, looking out for a position in the US. to which he may bring a family from that country. he is on his return from the Westward and I have advised him to take his course thro the rich country below the blue ridge, and add the\n\t\t\t liberty of recommending him to your attentions. he was the travelling companion of mr Birkbeck whose tour thro\u2019 France you may have seen. he is well informed of the state of Europe, and particularly of England. he brings me letters from M. de la Fayette, who speaks of his worth in the highest terms; and I think you will be gratified by the fund of information he possesses. accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0423", "content": "Title: James B. Pleasants to Thomas Jefferson, 28 November 1816\nFrom: Pleasants, James B.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have been informed that the State of Virginia is about to improove the facility of intercourse between its Citizens, on this subject I have spent much thought & should give the preference to roads over canals. I do not mean to dogmatise; & I know my name will give no sanction to my theory, if I do not give rational conclutions, from clear facts, I\n\t\t\t do not call for attention, the expence however of testing the experiment is trifling and I want nothing for it.\n I find that many well informed persons are of opinion that double force will give double velosity through the water; I find it takes four times the force to give double the velosity, if the force of one pound propel a boat two yards in ten seconds it will require four pounds to propel a Boat 4 yards in the same time and so on in the same ratio, being 120 times more force to carry a Boat 5\u2159 miles pr Hour, than it would have required if double force produced double velocity, this loss is so important that at the rate of 200 Miles pr hour, land carriage is superior to water, through bad roads,\n Under certain circumstances increas\u2019d velosity on land requires less force, as any person may know by drawing a Gigg by hand\n The Boats in Holland are drawn by a Horse from Amsterdam to the Hague in 10\u00bd Hours, a distance of 30 miles, (being something less than 3 miles an hour), with 60 passengers, which at an average of 150 \u2114 for each person will make for each boatload 9000 \u2114 so that if\n But it is probable the Horse would not stand the severe exercise of troting at the rate of twelve miles pr Hour (, applying the same force as when he only traveled three), more than half an hour in forty eight, Indeed it is believd no horse, or very few, could do as much, which would require 42 Horses to perform this service, but at the rate of 3 miles pr Hour one Horse is sufficient, it therefore appears that the loss of force is great, and a rapid passage through the water unattainable but to a great disadvantage\n On turnpike roads four Horses will draw 4800 \u2114 20. Miles pr day, load and unload, which in favor of Boating (say 10 to one) it is believ\u2019d that the sum of the actual resistance overcome by a waggon at 3 miles pr Hour, and the resistance that a Boat meets with at the same rate, is not materially different, I say the sum, because the turnpike not being a plain, the resistance is unequal, if there were no hills I think there would be a practical equality, the however the result of our enquiries will not depend on this assumption\n On a fine surface of Iron it is beyond a doubt true that a Cylinder with a good Iron surface, with 40 Tons burden, can be propeled by one horse at the rate of 2 miles pr Hour, I think I might say 100 Tons, for a loaded Cylinder is not obstructed by friction, a A Cylinder sufficiently large to carry 40 Tons would soon make a turnpike road nearly if not quite equal to an Iron surface, for so large a surface to act on\n If one Horse give 4 2 miles, 4 Horses will give 8, & twelve 24 miles pr Hour, for 40 tons, this will be equal to twenty tons, carried by 6 Horses, 24 miles pr Hour,\n A Horse cannot travel more than 6 miles Pr Hour without any Burthen, but 6 Horses can give velosity to machenery, walking at the rate of 2 miles pr Hour, equal to 24 miles.\n These observations are made on the supposition that the country is perfectly level, as this is out of the question, we must either make great allowance for unequal ground, or by other means cause the effect in another way, this effect may be nearly produced by Either steam, or Horse power, if in either case, the force applied shall opperate decending, asscending, & on even ground, & the velosity Gained in the descent, will be nearly equal th sufficient to gain the next assent, it will be perciev\u2019d that the Horse traveling on the road could not give the necessary velosity, his force must be applied by means of cog wheels, to give 12 times his motion, which will be 24 miles pr Hour, for 6 Horses, with 20 Tons,\n A Cylinder is a bad form to pass rapidly through the Atmostphere, it must therefor have a light inclosure suspended on its axis, to which you may give the form best adapted to pass through the air, and a Wheel to direct its course,\n Steam will be equally convenient for this purpose, and perhaps more so\n A Horse can carry 400 \u2114s on a common road, what can he carry on smooth road, firm, & level, certainly the difference must be very great, on the proposed plan the effect is the same as if there were no hills,\n toTo carry 9000 \u2114 three miles an Hour, is equal only to the carriage of 1125 \u2114 24 miles an Hour, our calculation is more than three tons Tons or 60 Hundred, suppose we have not the practical result, and you can only carry 1000 \u2114 24 miles per Hour, the difference of cost between canals & roads, together with the many advantages attending quick conveyance, especially for persons, will make very decidedly in favour of roads\n There is however another method, or rather an improovement on this method, that would be worth trying, and I believe would be found much superior, which I can on some future occation Explain,\n If thou should think any thing useful to the community might be produced, Thou art at liberty to use the above observations in any way thou may think most conducive to that end\n James B Pleasants\n I think that turnpike Roads may be made at one half the expence they are made by any method nowe in use and much better", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0424", "content": "Title: Robert Turner to Thomas Jefferson, 29 November 1816\nFrom: Turner, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Although I have not the honour of being personally acquainted with you, I have taken the liberty of enclosing to you, a paper containing my ideas concerning the earth, which was were lately published in this Town. As you have have no doubt thought much on the same subject, I shall consider it a great favour, if you will examen the theory in the enclosed, and honour me with your opinion of its correctness. If any reasonable objections can be suggested, I shall be as ready as any man to admit them. Perhaps it will be said that no theory of the earth, can ever be proved, but it appears to me as susceptible of being reduced to certitude, as many other theorys, which are now universally allowed to be correct.\n You will please Sir, to pardon this intrusion, in one who is sincerely in search of truth.\n Yours with great respect,\n Robt Turner", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0425", "content": "Title: William Sampson to Thomas Jefferson, 30 November 1816\nFrom: Sampson, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Mr Geo Ensor An old friend fellow student and Colleague of mine, whom I formerly knew for a gentleman and scholar, sent me lately in memory of our antient friendship, several works of his pen. He\n\t\t\t requested me if I thought such a gift Could be acceptable to you to forward a Copy of that entitled, \u201cDefects of the English Law,\u201d and one of that entitled \u201con National Government.\u201d\n In looking for some person by whom to forward them to Washington, I was introduced by a friend to Mr Lovett member of Congress for from this State. As I since learned that Gentleman is not of the same political opinions with me nor with the author I feared I had been possibly freer than was wellcome, but it was too late to\n\t\t\t retract or apologize as he went off So Soon after I Saw him. One of the Volumes was in paper and a Sealed letter enclosed, the two others were unpacked by a mistake, through hurry, I having been\n\t\t\t all\n\t\t\t that morning engaged in business, and unable to pay due attention. I begged of M Lovett to as I understood he had not the honor of being personally acquainted with you to deliver them to Some member of Congress from your District, and doubt not but he will have the politeness to do so as he was good enough to promise; but I should be very thankful to have the assurance that they Came safe to your\n\t\t\t hands. And beg leave to repeat the sentiments of respect and admiration with which I am\n Your Sir Your most obedt Sevant\n William Sampson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0427", "content": "Title: John D. Vaughan to Thomas Jefferson, 30 November 1816\nFrom: Vaughan, John Dickinson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Honoured Sir\n Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Nov. 30th 1816.\n I fear you will think me bold in thus addressing a gentleman who does not know me; and who perhaps has never seen me. But y upon your benevolence and your intimacy with my father, Doctor John Vaughan of Wilmington Delaware I rely. Sir upon this ground I am emboldened to write to you and ask a favour which if granted shall never be forgotten. I wish to enter the Navy and I solicit you Sir to speak to the Secretary thereof in my behalf. I am at present studying medicine with an uncle in this place. I have just completed my fifteenth year, am very healthy and I hope I will not be a disgrace to the Navy. I presume there are no persons in this place who have any influance with Government but I have no doubt any of the Gentlemen from Delaware or Peter Little of Baltimore would speak favourably of me. But if you will be so kind as to speak to the Secretary of the Navy in my behalf and let me know as soon as convenient I shall ever remember you with Gratitude. Believe Honourable Sir that nothing but circumstances under which I labour, your friendship for my father, my ardent desire to enter the Navy and my high opinion of your benevolence could have prevailed upon me to have thus addressed you and ask a favour which I have no just right to expect.\n With the most profound sentiments of respect I subscribe myself.\n Your most obedient Humble Servant\n John D. Vaughan\n Who died in 1807.\n A distant relation.\n Under the patronage of a gentleman of your standing I cannot fail.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0430", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Fitzwhylsonn & Potter, 3 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fitzwhylsonn & Potter\n Messrs Fitzwhylson & Potter\n Poplar Forest near Lynchburg Dec. 3. 16\n I wrote to you from Monticello about the middle of October requesting to have some books bound and to be furnished with some others. I am now about returning to that place and shall be very glad to find them there\n\t\t\t on my\n\t\t\t arrival, or to recieve them as soon as possible afterwards. I shall most pressingly have occasion immediately for the collection of Virginia laws I requested. Accept the assurance of my respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-03-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0431", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 3 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Martha Jefferson,Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph)\n Poplar Forest. Tuesday Dec. 3. 16.\n We have been, my ever dearest Martha, now weather bound at this place since Sunday was sennight. we were then to have set off on our return home, but it began to rain that day, and we have had three regular N.E. rains successively, with intermissions of a single day between each. during the first\n\t\t\t intermission, mr Flower left us for Monticello, but by the way of the Natural bridge. by him I wrote to mr Randolph that we should set out in 2. or 3. days; but the 2d storm set in the next day, and the 3d cleared up last night, leaving us a snow of 4. inches on the ground. we shall wait 2. or 3. days for that to go off, the roads to harden, and the waters to fall, and we shall be 6. days on\n\t\t\t the road, that is to say, 2. days to Millbrook, 2. there and 2. home; so that I suppose we shall be at Monticello about this day or tomorrow sennight, allowing in addition for any further bad weather. Johnny Hemings & co. will set off on Thursday & be at home on Sunday. it is well that during our delay we have been in comfortable quarters. our only discomfort is the not being with you. the\n\t\t\t girls have borne it wonderfully. they have been very close students, and I am never without enough to do to protect me from ennui. god bless you all.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-05-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0432", "content": "Title: Christopher Clark to Thomas Jefferson, 5 December 1816\nFrom: Clark, Christopher Henderson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n We are Verry much obliged by your friendly enquire of this morning Mrs Clark is I trust better: the fever we have Rebuked if not Removed her debility is yet excessive but will sincerly hope be Restord by time The baby is well\n\t\t\t and thriving\n I avail myself of this occasion to express my deep Regret that the situation of the family has deprived us of the society of yourself and the young Ladies during this Visit It will not be the case we fondly hope the next time you come up our endeavours then will be exerted to make their time more agreeable Can only now bid you a Melancholy farewell\n Chris Clark", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-06-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0433", "content": "Title: Joseph Miller to Thomas Jefferson, 6 December 1816\nFrom: Miller, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Honored Frind\n I this day have Shiped on Board the Schr Resolution Capt Cole a Small Bale of Corks which I hope will Come Safe to had hand I am a Fraid you will think me Neglectfull in So Long Delayy but Coold not Please myselfe heare I Sent to New york for them I hope thay Will Please\n I woold have been up Before now but Owing to a Scever Pain in my Ancless not Able to Walk for 8 weeks\n Times heare is Very Dull all that is Dowing of Momment is Lumber to the West Indes but in hopes the Spring will Bring Better Times\u2014I intend Coming up as Soone as yeare Turns\u2014I Remain in the Same way not Able to Sell Eaney Part for one halfe its Vaule Value\n I Conclude with my Evere Esteme To you and all the Famuly\n Joseph Miller\n my Respts to Old Peter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-11-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0435", "content": "Title: Fitzwhylsonn & Potter to Thomas Jefferson, 11 December 1816\nFrom: Fitzwhylsonn & Potter\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Your favor of October 11 was received in due course of Post, and that of the 3d Current, yesterday. We have made repeated applications, at the Stage Office, for the package, mentioned in the former, which we have constantly expected, by the Stage, but it has never arrived, nor is it in our power to gain any information respecting it. As soon as it is received, the bing binding shall be executed without loss of time.\n We commenced, sir, with sending the Edinburg Review, at No 32 and every oth succeeding number has been forwarded. No 52, the last number republished, in this country, is just come to hand, and will accompany the 2nd Vol: of Pleasants\u2019 edition of the laws of Virginia, as soon as a safe opportunity presents itself of sending them to Monticello, or Charlottesville.\n As soon as the Sessions Acts, ordered by you, can be gotten they shall be forwarded.\n We shall be thankful, sir, to you for your orders and shall give to them the earliest attention.\n We are, sir, with the utmost respect Your Obedient Servants\n Fitzwhylsonn & Potter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0436", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 12 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I return the Analysis of Dupuis with my thanks for the loan of it. It is but a faint Miniature of the original.\n I have read that original in twelve Volumes, besides a 13th of plates.\n I have been a Lover and a Reader of Romances all my Life. From Don Quixotte and Gill Blas to the Scottish Chiefs and an hundred others.\n For the last year or two I have devoted myself to this kind of Study: and have read 15 Volumes of Grim, Seven Volumes of Tuckers Neddy Search and 12 Volumes of Dupuis besides a 13th of plates And Traceys Analysis, and 4. Volumes of Jesuitical History! Romances all! I have learned nothing of importance to me, for they have made no Change it in my moral or religious Creed, which has for 50 or 60 years been contained in four Short Words \u201cBe just and good.\u201d In this result they all agree with me.\n I must acknowledge however, that I have found in Dupuis more Ideas that were new to me, than in all the others.\n My Conclusion from all of them is Universal Tolleration.\n Is there any Work extant So well calculated to discredit Corruptions and Impostures in Religion as Dupuis.\n I am Sir, with Friendship, as of old\n John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0438", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 12 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n On my return from Bedford yesterday, I found here a letter from mr Elisha Ticknor of Boston informing me he had on the 16th of Nov. shipped a small package of books recieved for me from Europe on board the brig Polly, Capt Snow, to your address, the cost of which were 45. D 25 C as he has been kind enough to advance this money for me some time ago, I must request the favor of you to remit it to him without delay, of which I give him notice this day. as the box of\n\t\t\t books is probably not over 18.I. cube, it will come quicker & safer by the stage than by water; and especially if taken within the stage. I will therefore pray you to have it carried to the\n\t\t\t stage\n\t\t\t office with such directions. I salute you with friendship and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-12-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0439", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Elisha Ticknor, 12 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ticknor, Elisha\n I returned yesterday to this place after an absence of two months, and find here your three favors of Oct. 22. Nov. 1. and 16. this will explain, and apologise, I hope for the delay of the answer. the alternative you are so kind as to offer of paying the amount of the books in Boston, instead of remitting it to Europe, is a great accomodation, as my situation in the interior of the country, far remote from any place of foreign commerce, where bills of exchange on Europe can be procured, renders that kind of negociation very difficult. I therefore write this day to my correspondents in Richmond, messrs Gibson & Jefferson, desiring them to remit to you immediately the sum of 45. D 25 C stated in your letter, with many thanks for the trouble you have been so good as to take in this business. as your son mentions that he will be in Paris in the spring I shall suspend writing to him till then; and I believe were I 20. years younger, instead of writing, I should meet him there and take with him his classical voyage to Rome, Naples & Athens. I wish him all the happiness & information, and they will be very great, which he will derive from it, and to yourself the sublimer one of seeing your youth renewed and honored in him,\n\t\t\t and add the assurance of my great esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0440", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Dougherty, 13 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dougherty, Joseph\n On my return here two days ago after an absence of two months in Bedford, I found here your letter of Nov. 25. the cyder which I used to procure from Norfolk was obtained thro\u2019 the channel of Colo Newton member of Congress from that district. he always purchased and shipped it for me. the difficulty I experienced was in getting it brought without being watered by the sailors. I have no doubt Colo Newton will be so kind as to advise you how to get the best, and put you into the hands of a good correspondent, one who will furnish you with what is good and at the market price. wi I salute you with my best wishes for your success and happiness.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-13-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0441-0001", "content": "Title: Robert Patterson to Thomas Jefferson, 13 December 1816\nFrom: Patterson, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Philadelphia Decr 13, 16.\n A considerable time ago, you made some enquiries relative to a good clock & watch-maker, who, you suggested, might advantageously settle in your neighbourhood. Neither then, nor since, till the other day, could I hear of one that I could recommend, who was willing to make the trial.\n From the enclosed letter, you will be able to judge whether the persons therein Recommended by mr Hassler, would be likely to succeed in the place you mentioned. Any agency which I could exercise in this business, you may freely command.\n I am, Sir, with the greatest Respect & esteem, Your most obedt servt\n Rt Patterson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0441-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Ferdinand R. Hassler to Robert Patterson, 2 December 1816\nFrom: Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolph\nTo: Patterson, Robert\n NewArk New Jersey 2d Decr 1816.\n Mrs Hassler told me You had mentioned her last Summer that it was desired a good Watchmaker would establish himself in the neighbourhood of President Jefferson. She made then the offer to a new arived Swiss who declined.\n In Elisabethtown is a Swiss gentleman, with whom I got ack acquainted in London on his passage here, where he was made prisoner of war with all his family, being taken on the passage, his name is Montandon he has several sons, daughters, & a son in Law with him, all working in the watchmaking line, from its first till the boxes, which they are now since their arival t in this country, engaged t very assiduously to make and of all forms & fashions, gold & Silver &c to the great number of movement which he has brought with him. They are properly intended to settle on Land in the Interior, after being well\n\t\t\t acquainted with the country & language, & having realised the stock of watches &c which they brought with, they are a very industrious and agreable family; the old gentleman says his\n\t\t\t son\n\t\t\t in Law is as good a watchmaker in every part as may be found in their Country, the mountains of Neufchatel. As he would have sufficient means to begin an establishment, if he could find a good\n\t\t\t locality for so doing, and is desirous of it, he would be a man suitable and well recomandable for a situation like mentioned, but would of course wish some nearer particulars & need some\n\t\t\t direction for the begining upon the proper place of his settlement & the Kind of work or comerce in his line which he would have provide with particularly; if the place You have mentioned is\n\t\t\t not\n\t\t\t yet occupied You would oblige me by more particular informations upon the Subject which I would communicate to him.\n I hope the present cold weather has not yet affected You with colds & all the usual consequences as we have some instances of it in our house, though none dangerous for generally speaking we are all prety well.\n Please to present all our best wishes to Your whole family\n I am in daily expectation of an answer from the Treasury Dept upon to my first Report upon the Survey & hope it will enable me to move again out for it which will procure me the pleasure to see You\n I remain with most perfect esteem & attachment\n Your most affectiontate", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0444", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Thweatt and Jerman Baker, 14 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thweatt, Archibald,Baker, Jerman\n There is a petition before the legislature for establishing a turnpike road from Rockfish gap through Charlottesville to Moore\u2019s ford on the Rivanna, in which I am much interested, and as I have outlived all my Legislative acquaintances, I must request the favor of yourself and mr Baker (to whom this letter is meant to be equally addressed) to pay some attention to it. but I ask you to do in it nothing more than what you think right. the case is this. the road from th Moore\u2019s ford where this road proposes to terminate leads downwards thro\u2019 the lands of a mr Sampson, mr Randolph, Jefferson Randolph his son & myself, and occasions us 7. miles of fencing. it runs across the spurs of the mountain, very hilly. I have been 4. or 5. years opening, a level road along the bank of the\n\t\t\t river to substitute for it. this leads from the Charlottesville across the Secretary\u2019s ford downwards, uniting with the present road about 3\u00bd miles below the ford. there is an opposition to this change by a Capt Meriwether chiefly on account of a family interest in a ferry at Moore\u2019s ford, and he gets some persons in Charlottesville & some others who care little about it to back him. the road I have made at an expence of 50 1500.D. (so much rock was to be blown) is so much superior to the present one that they know there is not a man in the world who will not say it is infinitely preferable. this petition is a mere\n\t\t\t trick therefore to fix Moore\u2019s ford by law, so that it may not be in the power of the court to adopt the better road over the Secretary\u2019s ford. from Rockfish gap to Charlottesville is 24. miles. Moore\u2019s ford is but 3[4] of a mile further. their natural termination then would be Charlottesville, and it is carried the other \u00be of a mile to Moore\u2019s ford merely to fix the old road, and defeat the new one. if they get the law past their whole object is accomplished, and there never be a stroke struck on this turnpike. turnpikes cost from 1000 to 5000 D. a mile. the distance of 24. miles then will cost from 24,000 to 112,000.D. I do not believe, on my soul, that they could possibly raise 1000 D. for this object, and they know it themselves; but this is a device of Meriwether\u2019s as a last desperate effort to defeat the road. Sampson, mr Randolph, Jefferson Randolph & myself have sent down a counterpetition, not opposing their turnpike, but praying that it may either stop at Charlottesville, or if continued to the river, that the decision whether it shall go to Moore\u2019s or the Secretary\u2019s ford may be left to the decision of the courts in whose possession the case now is, and out of whose hands it ought not to be wrested by this side wind. I refer you to the counterpetition, which states facts with perfect accuracy as\n\t\t\t our delegates mr Maury & Colo Yancey can vouch. I write to them, but do not know how what course they may steer themselves. but I hope the legislature will not suffer itself to be made a tool of\n\t\t\t to change the regular course of law which leaves the dispute between Meriwether and the counterpetitioners to the courts. Accept for yourself & mr Baker my affectionate & respectful salutations.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-14-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0445", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Charles Yancey and Thomas W. Maury, 14 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yancey, Charles,Maury, Thomas Walker\n On my return from Bedford after an absence of 7. weeks I find here your favor of Nov. 24. for which I thank you & for the information it contains. during my absence I expect a petition to the assembly from mr Sampson, Colo T. M. Randolph, Jefferson Randolph and my self was sent to yourself and mr Maury (whom I pray to consider this letter as addressed to him as well as to yourself) on the subject of the petition from Capt Meriwether & others for permission to establish a turnpike road from Rockfish gap thro\u2019 Charlottesville to Moore\u2019s ford. you both know the road which I have opened from Charlottesville across the Secretary\u2019s ford down the North bank of the river to the mouth of the Chapel branch where it meets the present road, which we have petitioned the court to substitute for the present one from across Moore\u2019s ford thro our lands to the mouth of the chapel branch, and which every body knows will be preferred as unquestionably the best. we consider this petition for a turnpike as a mere trick of Capt Meriwether and a last, desperate expedient to get the worse established instead of the better road. but we hope you will not suffer this case to be taken out of the hands of the courts of justice. to\n\t\t\t their turnpike we make no opposition as far as Charlottesville but let it end there, or leave it\u2019s course from thence to the river which is only \u00be of a mile, either to Moore\u2019s or the Secretary\u2019s ford to the decision of the courts. I am sure if the legislature know that the object of the petition is merely to fix the road to Moore\u2019s ford, so that it may be taken out of the power of the courts of justice, they will not suffer themselves to be made the tools of injustice: and this we trust mr Maury and yourself, will take care of, as our representatives as well as of the petitioners: I salute you both with friendship & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0447-0001", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Barnes, 15 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnes, John\n On my return here from Bedford after an absence of 7. weeks I find here your favor of the 2d inst. covering a letter from Buckley & Abbot which I now return. in your P.S. you request 1. the original Certificates of the 12,500.D. 6. p.c. US. stock, 2. two powers for you to recieve the interest of the stock at the Treasury and dividends at the bank of Columbia. 3. my original power from Kosciusko that copies of it may be deposited in the bank and Treasury.\n 1. I never saw the original certificate of the 12,500.D. nor has it been sent to me. in your\u2019s of Jan. 10. 1815. to me you say \u2018the above recited certificates (No 10. for 11,363.63 D and No 10. also for 1136.99 D) are lodged in safe custody in the Custom house iron chest,\u2019 where I presume you will find them\n 2. I now inclose 2. powers for you to received the interest at the Treasury, and dividends on the 46. shares in the bank of Columbia.\n 3. my original power from Kosciuzko. I inclosed this to you in my letter of Oct. 12. as was requested in yours of Oct. 3. you probably have it yourself or have left it at the bank or Treasury to be copied. hoping you will find these papers, and that with those now inclosed they will enable you to do every thing necessary, I salute \n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0447-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Power of Attorney from Thomas Jefferson to John Barnes for United States Stock Interest, 15 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnes, John\n Know all men by these presents that I Thomas Jefferson of Monticello in Albemarle, by virtue of the powers to me given by Thaddeus Kosciuzko, late a General in the armies of the United States, do hereby constitute and appoint John Barnes of George town in the district of Columbia lawful attorney under my self, of the said Thaddeus with full powers to recieve for the sd Thaddeus and in his name all sums of interest due or to become due on any stock standing or which may hereafter stand in the name of the sd Thaddeus in the books or funds of the United States, and for the same to give discharges and acquittances in the name of the sd Thaddeus, which shall be equally valid, and are hereby confirmed, as if given by myself. Witness my hand and seal at Monticello aforesd this fifteenth of December 1816.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-15-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0447-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Power of Attorney from Thomas Jefferson to John Barnes for Bank of Columbia Dividends, 15 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnes, John\n Know all men by these presents that I Thomas Jefferson of Monticello in Albemarle county of the state of Virginia, by virtue of the powers to me given by Thaddeus Kosciuzko late a General in the army of the United States, do hereby constitute and appoint John Barnes of Georgetown in the district of Columbia lawful attorney under my self of the sd Thaddeus, with full power to recieve for the sd Thaddeus, and in his name, all dividends of interest or profit due, or hereafter to become due on shares in the bank of Columbia, which are or may hereafter be holden or owned by the sd Thaddeus in the sd bank, and for the same to give discharges and acquittances, which shall be equally valid, and are hereby confirmed as if given by my self. Witness my hand and seal at Monticello aforesd this 15th day of December 1816.\n James L. Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0449", "content": "Title: John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Your Letter dear Sir of Nov. 15 from Poplar Forrest was Sent to me from the Post Office the next day after I had Sent \u201cThe Analysis\u201d with my Thanks to you.\n \u201c3. Vols of Idiology!\u201d Pray explain to me this Neological Title! What does it mean? When Bonaparte used it, I was delighted with it, upon the Common Principle of delight in every Thing We cannot understand. Does it mean Idiotism? The Science of Non compos menticism. The Science of Lunacy? The Theory of Delirium? Or does it mean the Science of Self Love? of Amour propre? or the Elements of Vanity?\n Were I in France, at this time, I could profess Blindness and Infirmity and prove it too. I Suppose he does not avow the Analysis, as Hume did not avow his Essay on human Nature. That Analysis however does not Show a Man of excessive Mediocrity. Had I known any of these Things two Years ago I would have written him a Letter. Of all Things, I wish to See his Idiology upon Montesquieu. If you, with all your Influence have not been able to get your own translation of it with your own Notes upon it, published in four Years, Where and What is the Freedom of The American Press.? Mr Taylor of Hazel Wood Port Royal can have his voluminous and luminous Works published with Ease and dispatch.\n The Uranologia, as I am told, is a Collection of Plates, Stamps Charts of the Heavens Upon a large Scale representing all the Constellations. The Work of Some Professor in Sweeden. It is said to be the most perfect that ever has appeard. I have not Seen it. Why Should I ride 15 miles to See it When I can See the original every clear night Evening; and especially as Dupuis has almost made me afraid to enquire after any Thing more of it than I can See with my naked Eye in a Starlight night.?\n That the Pope will Send Jesuits to this Country I doubt not; and the Church of England, Missionaries too. And the Methodists, and the Quakers and the Moravians, and the Sweedenburgers and the Menonists, and the Scottish Kirkers, and the Jacobites and the Jacobins and the Democrats and the Aristocrats and the Monarkists and the Despotists of all Denominations And every Emissary of every one of these Sects will find a Party here already formed, to give him a cordial Reception; No Power or Intelligence less than Raphaels Moderator can reduce this Chaos to order.\n I am charmed with the fluency and rapidity of your Reasoning on the State of Great Britain. I can deny none of your Premisses: but I doubt your Conclusion. After all the Convulsions that you forsee, they will return to that Constitution which you Say his has ruined them, and I Say has been the Source of all their Power and Importance. They have as you Say too much Sense and Knowledge of Liberty, ever to Submit to Simple Monarchy or absolute despotism on the One hand: And too much of the Devil in them ever to be governed by popular Elections of Presidents, Senators and Representatives in Congress. Instead of \u201cturning their Eyes to Us,\u201d their innate Feelings will turn them from Us. They have been taught from their Cradles to despize Scorn, insult and abuse Us. They hate Us more Vigorously, than they do the French. They would Sooner adopt the Simple Monarchy of France than our republican Institutions. You compliment me, with more knowledge of them than I can assume or pretend. If I Should write you a Volume of Observations I made in England You would pronounce it, a Satyre. Suppose, the \u201cRefrein\u201d as the french call it, or the Burthen of the Song as the English express it; Should be, the Religion, the Government the Commerce the Manufactures, the Army and Navy of G.B. are all reduced to the Science of Pounds Shillings and Pence. Elections appeared to me a mere commercial Traffick; mere bargain and Sale. I have been told by Sober Steady Freeholders, that \u201cthey never had been and never would go to the Poll, without being paid for their Time, Travel and Expences.\u201d Now Suppose an Election for a President of the British Empire. There must be a Nomination of Candidates by a National Convention, Congress, or Caucus, in which would be two Parties, Whigs and Tories. Of course two Candidates at least would be nominated. The Empire is instantly divided into two Parties at least. Every Man must be paid for his Vote, by the Candidate or his Party. The only Question would be, Which Party has the deepest Purse. The Same Reasoning will apply to Elections of Senators and Representatives too. A Revolution might destroy the Burroughs and the Inequalities of Representation and might produce more toleration, and these Acquisitions might be worth all they would cost. But I dread the Experiment.\n Britain will never be our Friend, till We are her Master.\n This will happen in less time than you and I have been Struggling with her Power\u2014provided We remain United. Aye! there\u2019s the rub! I fear there will be greater difficulties to preserve our Union, than You and I, our Fathers Brothers Friends Disciples and Sons have had to form it.\n Towards G.B. I would adopt their own Maxim\u2003\u2003\u2003An English Jocky Says \u201cIf I have a wild horse to brake I begin by convincing him that I am his Master. And then I will convince him that I am his Friend.\u201d I am well assured that nothing will restrain G.B. from injuring Us, but fear.\n You think that \u201cin a revolution the distinction of Whig and Tory would disappear.\u201d I cannot believe this. That distinction arises from nature and Society; is now and ever will be time without End among Negroes Indians and Tartars as well as Federalists and Republicans. Instead of \u201cdisappearing Since Hume published his History,\u201d that History has only increased the Tories and diminished the Whigs. That History has been the Bane of G.B. It has destroyed many of the best Effects of the Revolution of 1688. Style has governed the Empire. Swift, Pope and Hume have disgraced all the honest Historians. Rapin and Burnet Oldmixen and Coke, contain more honest Truth than Hume and Clarendon and all their disciples and Imitators. But Who reads any of them at this day? Every one of the fine Arts from the earliest times has been inlisted in the Service of Superstition and Despotism. The whole World at this day Gazes with Astonishment at the grossest Fictions because they have been immortalized by the most exquisite Artists. Homer and Milton Phidias and Raphael. The Rabble of the Classic Skies and the Hosts of Roman Catholic Saints and Angells are Still adored in Paint and Marble, and verse\n Raphael has Sketched the Actors and Scenes in all Apuleus\u2019s Amours of Psyche and Cupid. Nothing is too offensive to morals delicacy or decency, for this Painter\n Raphael has painted in one of the most ostentatius Churches in Italy, the Creation. And with what Genius? God Almighty is represented, as leaping into Chaos and boxing it about with his Fists and kicking it about With his feet, till he tumbles it into Order.!!! Nothing is too impious or profane for this great Master who has painted So many inimitable Virgins and Childs.\n To help me on in my career of improvement I have now read four Volumes of La Harps Correspondence with Paul and a Russian Minister.\n Phylosophers! Never again think of annuling Superstition per Saltum. Festine lente.\n John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0450", "content": "Title: Nicolas G. Dufief to Thomas Jefferson, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Dufief, Nicolas Gouin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Monsieur\n A Philade ce 16th D\u00eacembre 1816\n D\u2019apr\u00e8s la lettre que vous me fites l\u2019honneur de m\u2019adresser le 9 Juin dernier, vous donn\u00e2tes ordre \u00e0 Messrs Gibson & Jefferson de Richmond de me faire passer trente-un dollars, montant de quelques livres que je vous avais envoy\u00e9s. N\u2019ayant point re\u00e7u cette petite somme, j\u2019ai cru de mon devoir de vous en pr\u00e9venir afin de d\u00e9truire\n\t\t\t\tl\u2019impression o\u00f9 vous \u00eates qu\u2019elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 pay\u00e9e.\n Je profite de l\u2019approche du renouvellement de l\u2019ann\u00e9e pour vous prier d\u2019agr\u00e9er mes souhaits pour tout ce qui peut contribuer \u00e0 votre Satisfaction & \u00e0 votre repos Je Suis avec tout le respect qui vous est du,\n Votre tr\u00e8s-d\u00e9vou\u00e9 serviteur\n Editors\u2019 Translation\n Philadelphia 16 December 1816\n According to the letter with which you honored me on June 9 last, you ordered Messrs Gibson & Jefferson of Richmond to send thirty-one dollars to me, the total for some books I had sent you. Not having received this small sum, I think it my duty to inform you so as to remove your impression\n\t\t\t that it has been paid.\n As the New Year approaches I beg you to accept my wishes for everything that might contribute to your satisfaction and tranquility. I am with all due respect,\n Your very devoted servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0451", "content": "Title: William D. Meriwether to Thomas Jefferson, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Meriwether, William D.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Understanding that you have returned from Bedford and being desirous to receive the rents due to Mr Hornsby and Mr Wood the representatives of the three younger legatees of Bennet Henderson Dd I request the favour of you to appoint a time and place wher the business can be done that will be mutually convenient to us baoth and if necesssary to appoint an umpire to deside any\n\t\t\t matter of controversy which may arise in the settlement of the accounts\u2003\u2003\u2003Accept assurance of my esteem &c\n W D. Meriwether", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0452", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William D. Meriwether, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Meriwether, William D.\n On my return from Bedford after an absence of 7. weeks I find here a great accumulation of letters and other business. as soon as I can dispatch the most pressing of these, I will take up the transactions with the\n\t\t\t representatives of mr Henderson and prepare a statement of the account for rents. this done I shall put the matter into the hands of my grandson to settle with you and to arbitrate if necessary. I will give you notice\n\t\t\t when I have got the account ready, and will lose no time in getting it ready. Accept the assurance of my respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0453", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Thomas H. Palmer, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Palmer, Thomas H.\n Th: Jefferson, with his respectful salutations to mr Palmer, returns him the inclosed letter, which has not been called for as mr Palmer expected.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0454", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph (1792\u20131848), 16 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann (1792\u20131848)\n The bearer of this, mr George Flower, is an English gentleman farmer, on a tour thro\u2019 the US. to look for a settlement for his family and friends. he wishes to see examples of the best farming as adapted to the circumstances of our country. on this ground I take the liberty of asking him to call on you, as he\n\t\t\t will see those examples in your own, and the neighboring farm of mr Wickham. in return for the informaition he may derive from you of this kind, he will give you that of Europe generally & of England most particularly, being well informed of the men and things of the day. he was the travelling companion of Birkbeck in his tour thro\u2019 France, which you have probably seen, and brings me letters of introduction from the Marquis de la Fayette & M. de Lasteyrie the agricultural writer who speak in the highest terms of his worth. I avail myself of the occasion he furnishes of assuring you of my high esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-16-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0455", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Richard Rush, 16 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rush, Richard\n On my return after an absence of 7. weeks, I find here your favor of Nov. 13. and have examined the file of Dr Rushes letters to me, of which I send you the whole except two or three. these were merely medical on the subject of a visceral complaint which attacked me when I first went to live at Washington. the letters of advice which he wrote me as a friend & physician on that subject, I have retained, because a return of the complaint might happen and again render them useful to me. Accept, thi with this act of duty, the assurance of my great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-17-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0457", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Francis W. Gilmer, 17 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gilmer, Francis Walker\n On my return from Bedford after an absence of seven weeks I find here your favor of Nov. 27. I have perused with care and satisfaction your translation of Quesnay\u2019s treatise on Natural right, and find not a word to alter. the sense thro the whole seems so consistent, that without having the original to collate with it, I have no doubt it has been\n\t\t\t truly preserved. the blank in the 5th page, if filled by the words \u2018obtained by surprise\u2019 and the word \u2018perceive\u2019 in the next line changed into \u2018recognise\u2019 will render truly the sense of the author as quoted at the foot of the\n\t\t\t page. I am in hopes it will be published, as nothing is less understood among us than the office of legislation and it\u2019s proper limits. hence the Augean stable of acts of the legislatures in all\n\t\t\t our\n\t\t\t states. I salute you with great friendship and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-19-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0458", "content": "Title: Thomas Law to Thomas Jefferson, 19 December 1816\nFrom: Law, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Permit me to introduce to you Capn Hall a British officer of engaging manners, enlightened understanding & liberality of sentiment\u2014He is travelling for amusement, & duly estimates the growing prosperity of this Country\n\t\t\t under a good Constitution.\n That you may long enjoy otium cum dignitate, with the pleasing consciousness of having planned & aided to give success to this experimental Government is the earnest wish of Yrs\n with sincere Esteem & regard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0459", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Horatio G. Spafford, 20 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Spafford, Horatio Gates\n On my return from Bedford, after an absence of 7. weeks, I find here your favor of Nov. 23. with your magazine for Dec. 1815. for which be pleased to accept my thanks. you request permission to publish extracts from\n\t\t\t my letter of Mar. 17. 1814. on the anticivism of our professional crafts. on this subject I must observe that I have not now the buoyant spirits of youth which enabled me formerly to disregard\n\t\t\t hostile attacks, to assume to them a countenance of defence & defiance, and to enter the gladiatorial lists with them. writing, even a letter, is become my aversion. tranquility, reading and\n\t\t\t relaxation are the summa bona of my present moments, and I shrink from every thing which may disturb them. if the sentiments expressed in that letter are of any force or value, use them as your own, or as those of an\n\t\t\t anonymous correspondent. but do not, good Sir, make the least allusion to me or my name.\n Whether the sale of a Gazeteer of this state would be extensive enough to make it worth your while to undertake it, I am less qualified to judge than almost any other person; because I rarely go from home but to another distant & more solitary one. I see therefore those only who visit me here. I should very much doubt the pecuniary success of such a work, and however desirable, it would be a serious wrong to encorage an undertaking which might very possibly lead to loss. our booksellers in Richmond could give you the safest advice on this subject. with my best wishes for your success & happiness, I salute you with assurances of esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-20-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0460", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Trist to Thomas Jefferson, 20 December 1816\nFrom: Trist, Elizabeth House\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n My ever esteem\u2019d friend I return you many thanks for your favor from Bedford, be assured it gives me great pleasure that your opinion with coinsides with all I have consulted on the subjects and be assured that it is very interesting to me, as it will give me an opportunity of seeing them every summer, the very Idea has renovated my health and sperits. Francis Gilmer mention\u2019d to his Brother, that you were zealous for political Reformation, for conventions &c &c and indeed retain\u2019d without diminution all the enthusiasm of your Youth\u2014God grant\n\t\t\t that every blessing may be extended to you many many years, I have enclosed a letter for Mrs Randolph which contains all the good wishes to the Family that we feel, and believe me ever and sincerely\n Your much obliged friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-21-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0462", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, 21 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yancey, Joel\n I recieved 3 days ago your\u2019s of Dec. 14. and now inclose you an order on Richmond for 94.70 D the amount of my US. taxes in Bedford, which are exactly the half this year of what they were the last. I inclose you also a blank for the lit list of the stock, stating the heads under which they are to be stated.\u2003\u2003\u2003I am sorry to inform you that the completion of the waggon will be very much\n\t\t\t delayed by a very serious accident to my toll mill during my late absence in Bedford. the shaft whose decayed state had been some time threatening, snapt suddenly in two at the mortises of the cogwheel. Goodman was of course taken off by this, and will still be a considerable time getting the mill to work again, our daily loss while she is idle being great in the article of bread. I think\n\t\t\t therefore you had better have the waggon there put into sufficient condition for bringind bringing down the pork, as it will be no loss to have it in serviceable condition. our waggon here could not be\n\t\t\t spared\n\t\t\t till the 2d week of January, and I think I had better put off her departure still longer, in order to give time for the repair of yours, and also in the hope that by the return of the 2d trip with the pork the new one may be ready to accompany the old one back. in this I will be governed by what you will advise me by the return of Barnaby. I am anxious to hear that our flour is all gone down. I retain my confidence that from the great failure of crops in Europe generally and in America the price will be higher in the spring than ever was given before. I salute you with great friendship and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-22-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0463", "content": "Title: George Ticknor to Thomas Jefferson, 22 December 1816\nFrom: Ticknor, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Since I had the pleasure of writing you in April and July, I have not heard from you.\u2014By a letter from Mr. Warden, however, I am extremely glad to hear he was able to purchase your Books in Paris for about the amount of your bill\u2014and by a letter yesterday from Hamburg, that the vessel in which I forwarded you a few last August has safely arrived in Boston. I now write to you, to say definitively & certainly, that unless my health should prevent, I shall be in Paris in the first days of next May\u2014& shall pass the summer there and the winter in Italy\u2014and that if you or Colo. Randolph should have any commissions to execute, I can do them with great ease & will do them with great pleasure, as I shall send both from Italy & France many books home for myself.\u2014In Geneva I shall not fail to inquire for Mr. Terril and will, if it should be in my power, return him some of the kindness you have extended to me\u2014and there and everywhere else on my journey, I pray you to dispose of me without reserve.\n I hope, at least, I may have the pleasure of hearing from you occasionally either on business or in continuation of your former kindness and any letters you may inclose to my father will come safely as I have already heard, during my absence, above forty times from him without a single miscarriage.\n I pray you to present me respectfully to Colo. Randolph, Mrs. Randolph & their family\u2014& to believe me\n Your obliged & obedient Sert.\n Geo: Ticknor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0464", "content": "Title: John Barnes to Thomas Jefferson, 23 December 1816\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n George Town Coa. 23d Decr 1816.\n Your Esteemd favr 15th on your Return from Bedford After 7. weeks Absence\u2014Covered your 2 powers for my Receiving all dividds or profits due or may hereafter become due\u2014&ca. Be pleased to Observe\u2014Both these Stocks viz the $12,500. 6 pCts and the 46 share Columa Bank are in your Name.\u2014and must first be transfer\u2019d from you, to the Genl\u2014As per Copy\u2014I inclosed to you \u2003 Octr last.\u2014Viz: Know all Men by these presents that I Thomas Jefferson of Monticello\u2014in Virga do hereby Constitute, and Appoint John Barnes of George Town Coa my true and Lawfull Atty\u2014for me\u2014and in my Name to transfer into the Name of Thaddeus Kosciusko of\u2014\n all the Stock of the United States standing to my Credit on the Books of\u2014\u2003\u2003\u2003x as well, as all my shares in the Bank of Columbia.\u2014\n Witness my hand & sealthe\u2003day of\n x each separate\n Note. it is also thought Necessary said powers be Acknowledged before a Magistrate\u2014(the Public Officers) are so very particular\u2014\n at present I have only time to add, that my Accomodation with Messr Smith & Riddle\u2014has been mutual & satisfactory\u2014for in lieu of the \u00a3200 Sterg Return\u2019d, I have Recd as proposed\u2014a good sett of ex\u2014includg damages \u00a3234\u2014do 1t & 2d already on their passage thro favr Mr Monroe\u2014addressd to B. Brs & Co for the sole Use & Benefit of Genl K. which together with the \u00a3300 viz N York will I trust in Course of 2 a 3. mos\u2014put his Accot in London for Receipt of \u00a3534 Sterg. particulars of my Accot therefor &: shall be handed you\u2014when Compleated\u2014waiting the Return of said powers\u2014\n I am, Dear Sir, most Respectfully Your Obedt servant.\n I have to beg your forgiveness\u2014my Negligence in not recollecting\u2014I had lodged the Certificates in safe Custody in the Custom House iron Chest\u2014where among Other particular papers\u2014as you truly observed\u2014I should find them\u2014I shall be sure to reserve & return you, Genl Ks Original power as well his private letter to you\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0465", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel T. Eldredge, 23 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eldredge, Nathaniel T.\n Monticello near Milton Dec. 23. 16.\n I have to ask your permission to become a subscriber to your \u2018New York public sale report\u2019 and inclose you a five dollar bill for the first year in advance. it is of the bank of Virginia which I understand is negociable with you at par. be pleased to direct the papers to me \u2018at Monticello near Milton.\u2019 and to accept the assurances of my respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0466", "content": "Title: John Wayles Eppes to Thomas Jefferson, 23 December 1816\nFrom: Eppes, John Wayles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I have directed Martin to remain at Monticello until he learns to Turn\u2014He will be able to get the stocks necessary for the pieces 400 in number and I can send for them after his return\u2014\n My health is I hope gradually improving\u2014I am able now to take exercise on horse back which I am in hopes in time with a rigid attention to diet will restore me\u2014Martha unites with me in every wish of affection to yourself and family\u2014I will write to you by Francis.\n I am yours sincerely", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0467", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Nicholas H. Lewis, 23 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lewis, Nicholas H.\n Having occasion to look over my correspondence with mr Minor as Secretary of the Rivanna co. I find that I have either lost, mislaid or returned to him a draught of an Indenture prepared by him and inclosed to me in his letter of Nov. 10. 1810. by turning to that letter which is in my possession, but a copy of it, no doubt, retained by him, you will find a description of the Indenture. could you do me the favor either to furnish me a copy of it it would oblige me much, for I take for granted there can be no impropriety in asking the copy of a paper the original of which had been sent to me. I pray you to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0468", "content": "Title: Nicholas H. Lewis to Thomas Jefferson, 23 December 1816\nFrom: Lewis, Nicholas H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n I recd yours \u214c boy and am sorry I cannot this evening comply with yr request\n Uncle Wm Meriwether wished to paruse the correspondence between yourself and Mr Minor the papers are now in his posession but as soon as I can possably get them I will examine and if the paper alluded to in your letter can be found a copy of it shall certainly be sent to\n\t\t\t you\n I am reset respectfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-23-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0469", "content": "Title: Hezekiah Niles to Thomas Jefferson, 23 December 1816\nFrom: Niles, Hezekiah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Honored Sir,\n you may have observed a proposition of a correspondent, publ\u00efshed in the Weekly Register of the 23rd ult. as to a collection of Speeches, &c. belonging to the period of our revolution. I have reason to believe it comes from one of the first men of our country, & it has excited no little attention. Be pleased to refer to it.\n The collection being So loudly called for, I shall attempt to make it. May I ask your aid for this national work?\n What I wish at present is\u2014\n A list of Such articles as you may have, not to be found in Any book or books accessible to me\u2014shewing also such as you will be so good as to give me, & what you will permit me to have copied, at my expence.\n A reference to books or collections where rare & almost forgotten things belonging to those times, may be found\n I apprehend, I shall be able to make a very considerable collection. My friend C. A. Rodney, by the possession of his venerable uncle\u2019s papers, will assist me much\u2014his resources, I believe, are very ample. I also hope for aid from p your predecessor in office Mr. Adams, & from the venerable Charles Thompson.\n I mention this subject freely & frankly; for I think it is one that You also will feel an \u00efnterest in.\n With great respect I Am sincerely your\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0470", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William H. Crawford, 24 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n On my return after a long absence I learned that you had been so kind as to send the Collector\u2019s commission to mr Minor, and that he had declined it. it seems he had in the mean time engaged in a business from which he could not withdraw, a circumstance unknown to me when I troubled you on the subject. my\n\t\t\t thankfulness to you however is not the less. I mentioned at the same time mr Southall\u2019s claims. he is a young man of excellent character, correct and industrious, and from the kindness of his temper would be very acceptable I believe to every body. his experience in the\n\t\t\t office too as deputy gives him advantage over every other not possessing superior qualifications. I salute you with great esteem & consideration.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0472", "content": "Title: Hezekiah Niles to Thomas Jefferson, 24 December 1816\nFrom: Niles, Hezekiah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Assured that it will afford you pleasure to notice any improvement in what, perhaps, may be called the household arts, I enclose a small piece of a preparation just offered for sale in our city for the purpose of clarifying coffee, as well as wines & other liquors. I have tried it for the former, And it completely answers the purpose\u2014a piece an inch square is the quantity for a gallon, dropped into the boiler at the time of drawing it off the fire.\n The inventor, as he claims himself to be, says \u201cthis menstruum may be compounded of all animal & vegitable mucilages\u201d\u2014but its nature will appear evident to you.\n Very respectfully,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0473", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Charles Willson Peale, 24 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peale, Charles Willson\n I recieved in October a letter from mr McIlhenny whom you were so kind as to recommend as a watchmaker, informing me he would come on to establish himself at Charlottesville as soon as he could hear from me. I was just about setting out on a journey to Bedford, and answered him therefore by advising him to postpone his coming till my return. he did so, and arrived in Charlottesville by the stage on Wednesday last. Thursday was rainy. on Friday he came here, I kept him all night, and on Saturday morning went with him to Charlottesville presented & recommended him to the principal persons there, procured him a shop in the very best and most public position, undertook to the landlord for his year\u2019s rent & board, and\n\t\t\t assuring him of all other necessary aid until he could stand on his own legs, I left him in charlottesville, on his promise to come to Monticello Monday morning to repair 3. or 4. clocks & as many watches which we had needing it, while his landlord would be fitting up the room for him. on Sunday\n\t\t\t morning without a word of explanation, as far as I have learnt, to any body, he got into the stage with all his baggage and went off. I can conjecture no cause for this. a watchmaker in Stanton (40. miles above this) who had recieved some work from this quarter, heard that I was procuring a person of that trade to come here. mr McIlhenny coming thro\u2019 Stanton called at that watchmaker\u2019s (Logan\u2019s) and Logan discovered that he was the person. he instantly put one of his men into the same stage which brought McIlhenny, who on his arrival in Charlottesville engaged a house. but the remoteness of this and the entire patronage of the place which I had ensured to McIlhenny, with his excellent stand left him nothing to fear from that competition. I have thought it best to state these things to you lest his friends might think I had not fulfilled my proffers of\n\t\t\t aid to him, or discoragement be produced to any other real master of the business who might be disposed to come and relieve us from the bungler whom this incident has brought upon us. it is an\n\t\t\t excellent stand for a sober, correct & good workman. I am not the less thankful to you for the trouble you were so kind as to take in relieving our wants. something erratic & feeble in\n\t\t\t the\n\t\t\t texture of this young man\u2019s mind will I suspect prevent his becoming stationary & industrious any where. I salute you with affection and respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-24-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0474", "content": "Title: Josephus B. Stuart\u2019s Account of a Visit to Monticello, 24\u201325 December 1816\nFrom: Stuart, Josephus Bradner\nTo: \n Tuesday 24th December 1816.\n After breakfast proceeded to Mr Jeffersons\u2014spent the day with him. Mrs Randolph & miss daughter Helen (Granddaughter) The situation is delightfull\u2014the prospect more extensive & diversified than any I ever saw\u2014on the one hand you can see to Harpers ferry 110 miles\u2014on the other the Pyramid (so called) 40 miles,\n The day fine\u2014the great man communicative, & the following is a summary of his observations on general subjects.\u2014\n This country at present is governed by an aristocracy in which the great mass of the people have no voice.\n In many of the states & also in the general goverment the constitutions should be so amended as that all offices should emenate directly from the people. Public officers at home & abroad should be well supported.\u2014{He is in favor of Pickens amendment to the constitution}. This Country is most likely to have its Constitution undermined by a great national debt: which already is double to what he ever thought it would be.\u2014He wishes the Constitution so amended that every century age (say 20 years) shall pay off their own debts, then ways & means would be provided \u2014 at the same time\u2014No State Banks, which by the by the General Goverment have the power to put down.\n but have 2 national banks\u2014one to receive specie & give drafts to facilitate exchange at par, The other a more general Brokers establishment to advance money on bills or notes, deducting the Interest, & adding a reasonable per cent, by way of premium.\n This of course would exclude every thing but specie from circulation, but in time of War to meet exigencies, the goverment could issue ten millions per ann\u2014 of Treasury notes, payable ten per cent annually & in this way carry on a war to any extent. England he thinks has expended the fee simple of her whole Island, & that no palliative will save her from a revolution, which he wishes for most ardently.\n He rejoices at the result of the Battle of Waterloo, as it saved France from a long reign of military despotism which Napoleon would have established if he had been victorious, now France suffers but her present sufferings are the prelude to her final emancipation\u2014not that she will be a republic\u2014but an elective monarchy which is all she is capable of\u2014& this will probably be the Duke of Orleans.\u2014Germany also is nearly ripe for a revolution\u2014\n Napoleon he considers as a hard character.\u2014The Emperor Alexander as one of the best of men.\n he related circumstances relative to this goverment to prove this.\u2014\n He is a great friend to Genl Wilkinson, & knows no one thing he ever did amiss.\u2014Rather cast a censure on Madison, but spoke highly of Monroe Whose knowledge of human nature he thinks unequalled\n Has a correct opinion of Tompkins\u2014spoke well of Clinton\u2014thinks old John Adams honest but had bad advisers\u2014J Quincy a learned man, & reformed monarchist. would act for the best interests of his country.\u2014\n Mr J. considers us as navy mad\u2014we want in peace only the nest egg of a navy.\u2014He fears it will yet dictate to the nation. Mr J. is opposed to a standing Army & military schools, only so far as may be necessary to teach the Rudiments of the science to a few who on an emergency should constitute our officers.\u2014He thinks the late war has got up too much of a war spirit in this country, which may lead us into difficulties; we have nothing to do with wars but such as are offensive\u2014\n Restrnt of Commerce to proper limits\u2014let us be an agricultural, & so far as may be proper as or necessary for our own purposes a manufactoring people\u2014Extend good faith to all nations for never should have any other than a war of defence, which would seldom occur.\u2014\n We have made too much noise about our exploits, & turned molehills into mountains\u2014the mania has pervaded the nation, & the worst consequences may follow\u2014Let us have one or two more wars\u2014continue our present strain of eulogy on ourselves, & bestow the same high marks of distinction on the officers, & it will be but a little time, \u2019till we must bid farewell to our Republic, & accept in return, a military despotism, or at best, an elective monarchy.\u2014Mr J says the Treasury departnt\u2014since Gallatin left it has been wretchedly managed.\u2014That Marshall is destitute of principal.\n Mr J. Reads without glasses.\n as to commerce we want no more than to take away our produce & bring back what we really stand in need of from other countries.\u2014We ought to manufacture all our own clothes.\u2014& not be too proud to wear them.\u2014He had on a blue quaker coat, blue cloth vest, olive cotton cordyroy breechses with horn buttons on the whole\u2014all homemade.\u2014Has his cloth manufactrured at Wilmington N.C\u2014He has the most despicable opinion of the Eastn Federalists\u2014& particularly of Otis.\u2014He thinks however that the great mass of the Federalists are real friends to their country\u2014His House is a & not yet compleated. I was disappointed in it.\u2014His principal curiosities are of the Indian Kind.\u2014He appears principally devoted to his estates, & spends 3 months of each year at Bedford where he has a plantation.\n He is now 74 73.\u2014not much grey\u2014his teeth apparently good\u2014a great eater.\u2014drinks French wines only.\u2014\n enjoys good health.\n He commenced here in 1768\u2014His father lived here before him.\u2014Tobacco has gone by in this part of the country wheat is the principal crop which brings from 5 to 20 Bushels the acre, lands north about 20 the acre on an average.\u2014He wishes to see the draw back act repealed.\u2014I presented him with some Gypsum from New York, & a grapeshot from the field of Waterloo.\u2014\n He complains that he has outlived his generation\u2014that go where he will he knows no one:\u2014except now & then an old grey head tottering on the verge of the grave.\u2014He is not as well informed of the improvements in the northern states, as to roads, Bridges\u2014steam Boats\u2014stages, & particularly manufactories as I had anticipated.\u2014His Greatest solicitude is to see England revolutionized before his Death, We had a conversation on the subject of Louisiana, & the importance of that purchase:\u2014He appears anxious to have me spend some time with him, & miss Randolph really insists upon it: but I shall depart tomorrow. T. M. Randolphs family reside constantly at M.\n T.J.R. has lately married miss Nicholas & resides between his father & Grandfather.\n The weather is as mild as the first of October at Albany Mr J. is extremely awkward & ungracefull in his manner\u2014His house servants are all mulattoes.\n Quere? His Venus is admirable.\n Wednesday 25th Decr\u2014wrote N. S. I. Lovett, & Frances Stuart & M. .\n Charlottsville 2 m w of\u2014mr J. is the county town of Albemarle County\u2014a mere village.\u2014\n Mr Jefferson considers this country as labouring under a great degree of Religious fanatacism. That freedom of conscience is less tolerated here than on the Continent of Europe, for tho we have no spanish inquisition, yet we have what is worse, an Inquisition of public opinion! That our Bible societies & foreign Missionary-Societies are not only impolitick, but unjust; for they carry misery & wretchedness into every country where they are introduced, as the proselytes are rejected from all society as outcasts.\u2014what said he, would we say if Mahometans, with their alcoran, or even Roman Catholicks with their Vaticcan Bibles were to inundate our Country?\u2014& shall we arrogate to ourselves that we are right & all the world beside are wrong?\u2014this surely does not look like allowing every man to worship God in his own way.\u2014Further this fanatacism of the day, will have an injurious effect on this country as it will tend to extend the empire of Bigotry & superstition, which are hostile to a Republic, which is based on liberality of sentiment, & a general diffusion of knowledge. In the evening took my departure, drove 22 miles one Horse died.\u2014Very warm weather.\u2014Bad roads.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0475", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Delaplaine, 25 December 1816 (first letter)\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\n My general aversion from the presumption of intruding on the public an opinion of works offered to their notice has yielded in the present instance to the merit of your undertaking, and to your belief, well or ill founded, that my testimony in it\u2019s favor may be of advantage to it. I have written therefore, in a separate letter, which you are free to publish, what I can conscientiously say on that subject. indulging a wish to render you a service, I have availed myself of the same occasion to obtain relief from a corv\u00e9e which is become entirely intolerable. the first part of my other letter will have the effect of an indirect appeal to the mercy and commiseration of those who are torturing the remnant of my life by letters and applications, generally respectful, often kind, but always, unintentionally, increasing my exhaustless labors, and unintentionally prostrating all the ease and comfort of my life. if the expressions in that letter should have the effect of saving me from being thus killed with kindness, your book will become a blessing to me, as I hope it will be to yourself.\n To the enquiries in your\u2019s of Nov. 23. I answer \u2018say nothing of my religion. it is known to my god and myself alone. it\u2019s evidence before the world is to be sought in my life. if that has been honest and dutiful to society the religion which has regulated it cannot be a bad one.\u2019\n I repeat the assurances of my esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0477", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Chapman Johnson, 26 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Johnson, Chapman\n You have heretofore known something of jarrings between the Rivanna company and myself. certain claims of right, equal, & even paramount to my own, which they set up to my canal, and whi a work which has cost me 30,000.D. and which would render it\u2019s value almost null to me, oblige me to bring a suit in chancery to quiet my title. I have prepared a bill, but cannot finish it until I can see an act of ass. of 1794. Dec. 22. no copy of which is to be found in this part of the country. as soon as ready, I will inclose\n\t\t\t you the bill, ask the favor of you to suggest any alterations in it, to inclose me a spa in Chancery against the proper defendants and to be my counsel in the case.\n I think I have on some former occasion asked the favor of you to be my counsel in any case in which I may be concerned in any court in which you practice. If I am mistaken in this, I now make that request that in such cases, and without waiting for a particular application which accidents may retard, you will be so good as to appear & act for me as a thing of course. I pray you to accept assurances of my great esteem and high consideration\n Th: Jefferson\n P.S. Jan. 1. 17. the above is a copy of a letter addressed to you at Staunton at it\u2019s date but recollecting that you may be at Richmond, I have thought it advisable to send a duplicate there. having found satisfactory evidence of the contents of the t act of 1794. I have finished the bill. where shall I direct it to you, that after a perusal of it, you may decide as to the defs & the style of naming them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0478", "content": "Title: John Trumbull to Thomas Jefferson, 26 December 1816\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n New York 26th December 1816\n Twenty eight years have elapsed since, under the kind protection of your hospitable roof at Chaillot, I painted your portrait in my picture of the Declaration of Independance, the composition of which had been planned two years before in your library: the long succeeding period of War &\n\t\t\t Tumult palsied & Suspended my work, and threw me, as you know into other pursuits\n Peace is at length restored, and we live to See our Country enjoying a State of public prosperity, & of individual Happiness such as no enthusiast of our Revolution could have anticipated.\n The Government of the U.S. are restoring to more than their original Splendor the Buildings devoted to national purposes at Washington, which were barbarously sacrificed to the Rage of War.\u2014& I have thought this a proper opportunity to make my first application for public patronage, & to request to be employed in\n\t\t\t decorating the Walls of those Buildings with the paintings which have employed So many years of my Life.\n The Declaration of Independance is finished\u2014Trenton Princeton & York Town are far advanced, in addition to Bunker\u2019s Hill & Quebec which were long since finished & engraved\u2014I shall take them all with me to the Seat of Government, in a few days that I may not merely talk of what I will do, but show what I have done: And I hope it\n\t\t\t will be thought that the declaration of\n\t\t\t Independance with portraits of those eminent Patriots & Statesmen who then laid the foundation of our Nation; and the military pictures with portraits of those Heroes who either cemented that\n\t\t\t foundation with their Blood, or lived to aid in the Superstructure, will be appropriate Ornaments for the Halls of the Senate & the House of Representatives.\n The work has been carried thus far by my own unaided exertion & can be finished only by me: future Artists may possess superior talents, but time has already withdrawn almost all their models of that most interesting period: and I who was one of the youngest Actors in the early Scenes of the War, have passd the age of Sixty: no time remains therefore for hesitation, and I can scarcely hope for what is necessary to complete Such an undertaking.\n The memory of your early kindness, and of the interest which you formerly took in the work is too strongly impressed on my memory mind to Suffer a doubt to intrude of your approbation & powerful protection at this time.\n May I request that you will favor me with an Answer addressed to me at the Post Office in Washington.\n With grateful remembrance of your former friendship\n I am Sir Your Obedt Servt & friend\n Jno Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-28-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0479", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 28 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n A load of flour was sent off from hence a few days ago, and another will follow within two or three days. that from Bedford is of necessity later, it\u2019s distance from Lynchburg rendering it impracticable to be sent there until they have done all their fall seeding. mr Yancey informs me he will not be able to get his tobacco down till March.\n My grandson is the bearer of an order for 220.D. and I shall have to draw on you about the middle of next month for somewhere between 500. & 750.D. to pay for a purchase of corn. I salute you with great esteem & respect\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0480", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Fitzwhylsonn & Potter, 29 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fitzwhylsonn & Potter\n Messrs Fitzwhylson and Potter\n Your\u2019s of the 11th is received, as also the 2d vol. of Pleasants\u2019 edition of the laws. the bundle of Edinburg Reviews was sent from Milton at the time formerly mentioned, and are supposed to have been left at a place where the stages are changed. my grandson is now setting out for Richmond and will enquire for them. when you send them and the collection of laws, be so good as to add a copy of the English translation of Josephus, the 8vo edition as no other is desired. I am in great distress for the Sessions acts of 1794. if you can single out that volume and send it to me by mail, you will oblige me. Accept my respectful salutations\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-29-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0481", "content": "Title: Joseph Milligan to Thomas Jefferson, 29 December 1816\nFrom: Milligan, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Georgetown December 29th 1816\n Together with this you will receive the first proof of Political Economy\n No doubt you have long since given me up as one of the most Carless men regardless of what I said of what I had Said and without intention to perform My promise to you Respecting the publication of the book. but truly this was not the case; I have for two or three years laboured under pecuniary Embarassments from malicious Reports that were circulated against me amongst my Creditors They have like the Prophet Jonah with the great City laboured hard and felt much grieved that their predictions have not as yet become true\u2014but that they might not altogether be accounted false Prophets they have brought\n\t\t\t about ten Law-suits against me principally arrising out of Endorsements for others and that because the drawers of the Notes were out of town but in no instance will those Result in Loss to me,\n\t\t\t Indeed the whole that I Shall have to pay including Cost will not be more than fifteen hundred dollars and that I trust I shall be able to do without a Sacrafice but I am determined to pay them the last Cent\n I have had the paper and type for the work past me more than a year but when I received the manuscript I was Engaged printing the Laws of the last Session of congress and that and Some other matters have delayed me thus long but now that I have commenced the work I must get it out as fast as it is possible to get the proofs to and from you\n I hope you will pardon me for troubling you with my difficulties but I thought it Necessary to tell you the true cause of the delay not with a view of asking assistance for that I trust is not necessary\u2014\n There is one thing which you could do for me that is to Say to the present Secretary of State (If you thought So) that I would Execute any printing binding or Stationary business that might be wanted for the public with Care and attention and on Equitable terms\u2014\n business is all that I want and that I will Execute on the best terms and If I get it I will in a few years be placed out of the grasp of those that used me in Such a manner as I trust I may never be tempted to treat them even If I should have them in my power\n With respect yours\n Joseph Milligan\n PS. by the next post you may Expect an other proof please Return the manuscript Copy with the proof sheet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0482", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Nicolas G. Dufief, 30 December [1816]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dufief, Nicolas Gouin\n wrote him a note for the best dict. not larger than 8vo Ital. & Eng. or Ital. & Fr. the former preferred caeteris paribus.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0484", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William D. Meriwether, 30 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Meriwether, William D.\n I have put into the hands of my grandson the papers and notes relative to the rents due to the three younger representatives of the late mr Henderson, and have left to him entirely the settlement of them, and whatever he does I will confirm and execute. he sets out to Richmond this morning, will return on Saturday, & then be always ready to finish the business. I am Sir\n Your humble servt\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0485", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Craven Peyton, 30 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Craven\n I lent you some time ago the deed & receipt of John Henderson as to the property of the younger children of Bennet Henderson, which I must ask the favor of you now to send me as it is essential to fix the time when I begin to be accountable for rents, which matter is now immediately to be settled with Capt Meriwether and mr Wood. have you been able to collect any testimony of the age of Bennet the younger. I salute you with esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0486", "content": "Title: Craven Peyton to Thomas Jefferson, 30 December [1816]\nFrom: Peyton, Craven\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Monteagle Der 30th\n I am very sorry You have been put to the trouble of Sending for the Deed You lent me. it is in the Clerks office; I will call or send it thursday or frydar Next with othar papars\u2014I have for You, with Sincere esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-30-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0487", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to William Sampson, 30 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Sampson, William\n Your favor of Nov. 30. came to hand some time ago, and I delayed answering that I might acknolege at the same time the receipt of mr Ensors volumes which you had been so kind as to forward. that on National government with your letter of Nov. 26. were deli forwarded by mr Lovett an by Doctr Stew Stuart and delivered me a few days ago. he informed me that that on the defects of the English law, had been forgotten somewhere, I believe at his lodgings in Washington. it will come probably by some other occasion. I have barely had time to run my eye over the volume of on National government; yet I see in it proofs that the author is the scholar you represent him. it presents learned research thro\u2019 the whole, & it is well calculated for Europe where the appeal to great opinions constitutes authority. here, you known, we shorten the process by appealing to our own opinions. be so good as to make my acknolegements to your friend the author for this mark of his attention, and to recieve my thanks for the\n\t\t\t trouble you have had with the assurance of my great esteem and respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0488-0001", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Barnes, 31 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnes, John\n Your favor of the 23d came to hand last night, and I now inclose you two powers of Attorney, one to be used at each place, and copied verbatim from the form in your letter. I have not attested it before a magistrate, because it would cost me a ride of many miles to find one, which I am not able to take, but it is impossible that this can be requisite for a power of attorney to transfer a mere personal property. my hand fails me so much in writing that I can only add my affectionate and friendly salutations.\n P.S. will you be so good as to jog mr Millegan\u2019s memory?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0488-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Power of Attorney from Thomas Jefferson to John Barnes for Transfer of Assets, 31 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnes, John\n Know all men by these presents that I Thomas Jefferson of Monticello in the county of Albemarle Virginia do hereby constitute and appoint John Barnes of George town Columbia my true and lawful Attorney for me and in my name to transfer into the name of Thaddeus Kosciuzko, heretofore a General in the service of the United States, and at present of Switzerland, all the stock of the United States standing to my credit on the books of\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\n as well as all my shares in the Bank of Columbia. Witness my hand and seal this 31st day of December 1816.\n James L. Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "12-31-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0489", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to John Melish, 31 December 1816\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Melish, John\n Your favor of Nov. 23. after a very long passage is recieved, and with it the Map which you have been so kind as to send me, for which I return you many thanks. it is handsomely executed and on a well chosen scale; giving a luminous view of the comparative possessions of different powers in our America. it is on account of the value I set on it that I will make some suggestions. by the Charter of Louis XIV. all the country containing comprehending the waters which flow into the Missisipi were was made a part of Louisiana. consequently it\u2019s northern boundary was the summit of the highlands in which the it\u2019s Northern waters rise. but by the Xth art. of the treaty of Utrecht, France & England agreed to appoint Commissaries to settle their the boundary between their possessions in that quarter; and those Commrs settled it at the 49th degree of Lat. see Hutchinson\u2019s topographical description of Louisiana. pa. 7. this it was which induced the British Commrs in settling the boundary with us, to follow the wa Northern waterline to the Lake of the woods at the latitude of 49\u00b0 and then go off on that parallel. this then is the true Northern boundary of Louisiana.\n The Western boundary of Louisiana is, rightfully, the Rio Bravo, (it\u2019s main stream) from it\u2019s mouth to it\u2019s source, and thence along the highlands & mountains dividing the waters of the Missipi from those of the Pacific. the usurpations of Spain on the East side of that river have induced geographers to suppose the Puerco or Salado to be the boundary. the line along the highlands stands on the Charter of Louis XIV. that of the Rio Bravo, on the circumstance that when La Saletook took possession of the bay of St Bernard, Panuco was the nearest possession of Spain, & the Rio Bravo the natural halfway boundary between them.\n On the waters of the Pacific we can found no claim in right of Louisiana. if we claim that country at all, it must be on Astor\u2019s settlement near the mouth of the Columbia, and the principle of the jus gentium of America that when a civilized nation takes possession of the mouth of a river in a new country, that possession is considered as including all it\u2019s waters. the line of latitude of the Southern\n\t\t\t source of the Multnomah might be claimed as appurtenant to Astoria. for it\u2019s Northern boundary, I believe an understanding has been come to between our government & Russia, which might be known from some of it\u2019s members. I do not know it.\n Altho the irksomeness of writing, which you may percieve from the present letter, and it\u2019s labor, oblige me now to withdraw from letter writing yet the wish that your map should set to rights the ideas of our own countrymen as well as foreign nations as to our correct boundaries has induced me to make these suggestions that you may bestow on them whatever enquiry they may merit. I salute you with esteem & respect.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "11-26-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-10-02-0498-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: John Barnes\u2019s Account with Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 26 November 1816\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: \n Genl. Thads Kosciusko in a/c. with John Barnes for Sale of Treasury notes bearing 5\u2154 pr. ct. Int. and payable 21st April, 1816.\n \u2003advance on do. 7\u00bd per cent\n \u2003Deduct \u00bd per cent. Brokerage\n For purchase of 46 shares Columbia Bank stock of C. Smith, @ $110 per whole share\n \u2003\u2003add \u00bd per cent. Brokerage\n To the debit of Genl. Kosciusko for this difference\n \u2003\u2003\u2003Georgetown, Cola\n Genl. Thads. Kosciusko, Dr\n For purchase of a sett of exchange from Messrs. Smith & Riddle of Richmond, drawn by A. P. Heinrich of Baltimore, at 30 days, on John Rapp, London, for \u00a3200 sterling, @ 20 per cent advance\n \u2003E. E. Georgetown, Cola.\n Genl. Kosciusko Dr\n For the purchase of a sett of exchange, vice (Buckley & Abbott of New York) viz: L. N. & G. Griswold, No 3\u2014at 60 days on Saml. Williams, Esq. London, \u00a3300 sterling, ex. rated on average, @ 12\u00bd pr. ct. advance\n Commission, including Buckley & Abbott\u2019s, charged J. B. 1 \nper cent exch \n \u2003E. E. Georgetown, Cola.\n Genl. Thads Kosciusko in a/c with John Barnes, for proceeds of $10,000 as per scription to United States\u2019 Loan of 25 millions, at $88 for 100\u2014Liquidated at 80 for 100\u2014of 6 per cent Stock of the U. States, payable quarterly\u2014on amt. Liquidated\n By interest accruing on the above on average from the 10th July to 31st Decr. 1814, say\n Negotiation\n By 3 months interest \n Negotiation\n \u2003E. E. Georgetown, Cola.\n Genl. Thads. Kosciusko in a/c. with John Barnes, for proceeds of forty six shares of Bank of Columbia stock; for dividends payable thereon, half yearly, from 20th March to 20th September, on 46 shares of $100 each\n By Dividend due 20th September,\n Negotiation\n \u2003E. E. Georgetown, Cola.\n Genl. Thads Kosciusko in Several, & General, a/c. with John Barnes, as agent for Thomas Jefferson, Esq. from 26th April, 1815 to 26th Nov. 1816.\n To the difference in sale of Treasury Notes & purchase of 46 shares Columbia Bank Stock, per a/c.\n By balance on settlement of a/c. rendered\n To purchase of sett of exchange from Smith & Riddle, Richmd. drawn by A. P. Heinrich Balto on John Rapp, of London, at 20 pr. ct. advance, as pr. a/c.\n By interest accruing on $12,500 of U. States\u2019 stock, liquidated @ 6 pr. ct. on average, from 10th July to 31st Decr. 1814, & to 2d Octr. 1816, as pr. statement\u2003\u2003 nett.\n To purchase sett of exchange, via Buckley & Abbott, New York, L. N. & G. Griswold, on S. Williams of London, @ 12\u00bd pr. ct. average advance, per a/c.\n By Dividend due 20th Sept. on 46 shares Bank of Columbia Stock, of $100 each, at 8 per cent\u2003\u2003\u2003 nett.\n To sundry postages, foreign & inland. Duplicates\n By Balance due this a/c. \ncarried to new a/c. and to Genl. Kosciusko\u2019s debit.\n To Balance carried to new a/c.\n E. E. Georgetown, Cola.\n J. Barnes\u2019 Remarks on his general a/c. with Genl. Thads Kosciusko.\n Be it remembered, That the sett of exchange for \u00a3200 sterling dated 25th. July, Purchased of Smith & Riddle, & therewith charged to his debit\u2014$1,087.99\u2014was returned 20th Nov. protested for non payment with expenses thereon, by Messrs. Baring Brothers, & Co.\u2014Amount \u00a33.9.6. Sterling.\n That an accommodation on said returned sett of \u00a3200. took place\u2014and said Smith & Riddle transmitted J. Barnes\u2014John Mutton & Co\u2019s sett of exchange dated Richmond, 29th. Nov. on Messrs. John & James Dunlop\u2014London, including 15 per cent damages, &c as per estimate in sterling Amount for \u00a3234\u2014which sett was, on the 12th Dec\u2019r. through favor of J. Monroe, Esq. transmitted by J. Barnes to Messrs. Baring Brothers, & Co. London\u2014for the sole use of \nGen\u2019l. Thads Kosciusko\u2014exclusively\u2014and in lieu of the above \u00a3200 sterling\u2014sett returned\u2014protested.\n Under these circumstances, no alteration becomes necessary, with reference to John Barnes\u2019s statement of his a/c. with Gen\u2019l. Kosciusko up to 26th Nov. 1816. which includes said \u00a3200 or $1,087.99\u2014E.E.\n for the difference on the renewed sett for\n in lieu of the one protested and returned \n will finally be adjusted by Messrs Baring & Co. & after deducting their expenditures thereon, protest. Comm\u2019s postage, &c as per their a/c.\n Leaves a balance of\n in favor of the Genl which at the current exchange, say 12\u00bd per cent. equal to $15261100\u2014as some atonement for his disappointment\u2014nor has J. Barnes made any charge, either on the returned sett for \u00a3200, or on the one of \u00a3234. transmitted in lieu thereof:\u2014\n Of course, no other reference need be applied to the general account current up to the present date.\u2014apparent balance in favor of the subscriber,\n Errors Excepted,\n Georgetown, Cola.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "01-01-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-11-02-0029", "content": "Title: Notes by Thomas Jefferson Randolph and Thomas Jefferson on a Land Purchase, [ca. January 1817]\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Jefferson,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n The lots of Lucy Nancy & Frances below the town at $25 per acre Lucys lot No 1 between the town & the river at the same\n The three lots in the upper field at $20 per acre\n The ends of lots No 3.4.5 to be back lots taken by Alexander the balance to be purchased at 20 shillings per acre\n $300 to be paid February court, the balance the of the first half six months after, the second half in twelve months\n Wood to relinquish his life estate and the payment of the his part of the 2nd payment to remain in the hands of the purchaser untill his wifes conveyance is had\n in TJ\u2019s hand at foot of text:\n between town & river", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "08-25-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-11-02-0057-0007", "content": "Title: Statement of the Dispute by the Directors of the Rivanna Company, [ca. 15 January 1811], document 6 in a group of documents on Jefferson\u2019s Lawsuit against the Rivanna Company, 9 February 1817\nFrom: Rivanna Company, Directors of the\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Statement.\n The legislature passed an act\n 1. see Session acts of 1794.\n in 1794. authorising those who would subscribe money for that purpose, to open the navigation of the Rivanna river, from the highest point capable of being made navigable to the town of Milton. under this act subscriptions to a large amount were obtained, and commissioners chosen to ascertain the highest point of navigation, which they did. this law was amended by an act\n passed in 1805. and subsequently by an act passed Dec. 30. 1806.\n \u2018Incorporating a company to open & extend the navigation of the Rivanna river from Milton to Moore\u2019s ford opposite the town of Charlottesville.\u2019 this company, from not being completely organised, never began it\u2019s organisation operations till 1810. but now propose to comply with all the provisions of the act. across this river Thomas Jefferson has erected a mill dam, he owning the lands on both sides of the river, both above and below the dam; in erecting which the sd Thomas complied with every legal requisite, two Inquests being taken on it, one in 1795. and one in 1805. both Inquests however contemplating and taking into view the future navigation of the river.\n 4. see Inquests.\n It will be necessary now to erect a lock at this dam to enable boats to pass, whereas if the dam was away no lock would be necessary, as before it\u2019s erection, several boats loaded with flour\n\t\t\t passed down in safety; and during the last winter or spring, a boat loaded with tobacco passed down to the dam, and was there obliged to unload. upon consideration then of the above facts, and of\n\t\t\t the\n\t\t\t inquests that have been taken, and of the principles of law both natural and civil, that bear upon the subject, the question to be decided is Whether the sd Thomas is bound to erect and maintain the lock at his dam, which will be necessary to enable vessels to pass?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"created_timestamp": "03-02-1816", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-12-02-0487", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Notes on the Administration of Charles Bellini\u2019s Estate, 4 April 1818\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n 1818. Apr. 4. having recieved mr Fancelli\u2019s Excha. of Nov. 11. 1817 in favr of T. Appleton assd to Thos Perkins, I inclosed the certificate of the Cashr of the bank (which had been given Feb. 14. 16) to mr Perkins with an order on the back of it to the Cashier to pay him the money, which finally winds up this business.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1816}, {"title": "An act to amend", "creator": "Dartmouth college. Charters", "subject": "New Hampshire", "publisher": "[Concord? N.H.]", "date": "1816", "language": "eng", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "call_number": "8213221", "identifier-bib": "00299093852", "repub_state": "4", "updatedate": "2010-08-09 13:28:15", "updater": "SheliaDeRoche", "identifier": "acttoamend00dart", "uploader": "shelia@archive.org", "addeddate": "2010-08-09 13:28:17", "publicdate": "2010-08-09 13:28:25", "ppi": "400", "camera": "Canon 5D", "operator": "scanner-annie-coates-@archive.org", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "scandate": "20100818112837", "imagecount": "16", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://www.archive.org/details/acttoamend00dart", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t0ht3cq76", "curation": "[curator]stacey@archive.org[/curator][date]20100819215553[/date][state]approved[/state]", "sponsordate": "20100831", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "filesxml": ["Fri Aug 28 3:22:35 UTC 2015", "Wed Dec 23 2:10:59 UTC 2020"], "backup_location": "ia903606_2", "openlibrary_edition": "OL24352371M", "openlibrary_work": "OL15366127W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1038766722", "lccn": "07026777", "description": "p. cm", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "0", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1816, "content": "ID: IHjo\nHollinger Corp.\nTO:\nAMEND, ENLARGE AND IMPROVE\nTHE CORPORATION OF\nBARTMOUTH COLLEGE.\nThe Committee appointed to consider\nso much of his Excellency's address as relates to Dartmouth College reported the following Bill:\nSTATE OF NEW-HAMPSHIRE.\nIn the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixteen,\nAN ACT\nTO AMEND, ENLARGE AND IMPROVE\nTHE CORPORATION OF\nWHEREAS knowledge and learning generally diffused through a community are essential to the preservation of a free government, and extending the opportunities and advantages of education is highly conducive to promote this end, and by the Constitution it is made the duty of the Legislators and Magistrates to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences and all seminaries established for their advancement; and as the College of this State may, in the opinion of this House, require amendments, enlargements, and improvements.\nSection 1. \"It is enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court, that the corporation heretofore called and known by the name of the Trustees of Dartmouth College, shall henceforth be called and known by the name of the Trustees of Dartmouth University. The whole number of said Trustees shall not exceed twenty-one nor be less than fourteen, at the discretion of the Governor and Council; and two-thirds of the whole number, for the time being, shall form a quorum for the transaction of business; and they and their successors in that capacity, as hereby constituted, shall respectively forever have, hold, use, exercise, and enjoy all the powers, authorities, rights, property, liberties, privileges, and immunities, which have hitherto been granted, conveyed, or agreed to them.\"\nThe Trustees of Dartmouth College shall possess, enjoy, and use the powers granted, except as varied or limited by this act. They have the power to determine the times and places of their meetings, organize colleges in the University, establish an institution and elect fellows and members, appoint officers, determine their duties and compensation, and displace them. They may delegate the power of supplying vacancies in any University office for any term not exceeding their next meeting. They can pass ordinances for the government of the students with reasonable penalties, not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of this State, and prescribe the course of education.\nand confer degrees ; and to arrange, invest and employ \nthe funds of the University. \nSect. 2. Be it further eftacted, That from and after \nthe passing of this act, no person except an inhabitant \n\u00abf this State shall be eligible as a member of the Board \nof Trustees of said University. And the seat of each \nmember of said board who is not or who shall hereafter \ncease to be an inhabitant of this State, shall be k hereby \nis declared to be vacated. Frovided Tiowcrcr, that noth- \ning contained in this section shall disqualify any person \nfrom being elecied President of said University. \nSect. S. Be it further enacted, That there shall bo \na Board of Overseers, who shall have perpetwal succes- \nsion, and whose number shall not exceed fifty nor be less \nthan thirty, and fifteen of whom shall constitute a quo- \nrum for the transaction of business. Of this board the \nThe President of the Senate shall be President, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, hereafter called the President and Speaker, are members of the Board of Overseers, ex officio. The Governor and lieutenant-governor of Vermont, for the time being, shall also be members. The Honorable Stephen Jacob, Charles Marsh, Nathaniel Niles, and Elijah Paine, whose seats at the board of Trustees are vacated by the provisions of the second section of this act, are hereby appointed members of the Board of Oversers. The Board of Overseers shall have the power to determine the times and places of their meetings and manner of notifying the same; to inspect and confirm or disapprove and negative such votes and proceedings of the Board of Trustees as shall relate to the appointment and removal of the President, Professors, and other permanent Officers of the University.\nSection 4. Further enacted, there shall be a Treasurer for the said corporation who shall be duly sworn, and before he enters upon the duties of his office, shall give bonds with sureties to the satisfaction of the corporation for the faithful performance thereof, and also a Secretary for each of the boards of Trustees.\nSection 5. The President of Dartmouth University and his successors in office shall have the superintendence of the government and instruction of the students and may preside at all meetings of the Trustees; they shall perform all the duties devolving by usage on the President of a University. The President shall annually render an account to the Governor of this State of the number of Students.\nSection 6. It is further enacted that the President and Professors of the University shall be nominated by the Trustees and approved by the Overseers; and shall be liable to be suspended or removed from office in the manner provided before. Each of the two Boards of Trustees and Overseers shall have the power to suspend and remove any member of their respective Boards.\n\nSection 7. It is further enacted that the Governor and Council are hereby authorized to fill all vacancies, both in the board of Trustees and board of Overseers, whether the same be original vacancies or occasioned by the deaths, removals, or resignations of any member. But the President shall:\nThe dent of this University shall nevertheless be a member of the board of Trustees ex officio. The Governor and Council shall have the power to inspect the doings and proceedings of the Corporation and all the officers of the University whenever they deem it expedient. They are hereby required to make such inspection and report the same to the Legislature of this State as often as once in every five years. The Governor is hereby authorized and requested to summon the first meeting of the said Trustees and Overseers, to be held at on the day of\n\nSection 8. Be it further enacted, That the President and Professors of the University, before entering upon the duties of their offices, shall take the oath to support the Constitution of the United States and of this State. Certificates of which shall be filed in the office-\nSection 9. It is further enacted that all officers and students of the University shall enjoy complete freedom of religious opinions, and no officer or student shall be molested or deprived of any honors, privileges, or benefits of the Institution on account of his religious creed or belief. The Theological Colleges that may be established in the University shall be founded on the same principles of religious freedom. Any man or body of men shall have the right to endow Colleges or professorships of any sect of the Christian Religion. The Trustees shall be held and obligated to appoint Professors of Learning and Piety according to the will of the donors.\nSect. 10. And he it further enacted, That the Trus- \ntees of Dartmouth University, as constituted according \nto the provisions of this act, shall be and hereby aro au- \nthorized and empowered to revise, correct, confirm op \nannul any and every act and proceeding of the Trus- \ntees of Dartmouth College. \nHo \nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS \nHollinger Corp.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"title": "An address before the Washington benevolent society, in Newburyport, on the 22d. of Feb. 1816", "creator": "Andrews, Edward Wigglesworth, d. 1825. [from old catalog]", "subject": "Washington, George, 1732-1799", "publisher": "Newburyport [Mass.] : Published by William B. Allen & co. No. 13, Cornhill", "date": "1816", "language": "eng", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "Sloan Foundation", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "call_number": "9628680", "identifier-bib": "00003351968", "updatedate": "2009-05-21 12:15:59", "updater": "brianna-serrano", "identifier": "addressbeforewas00andr", "uploader": "brianna@archive.org", "addeddate": "2009-05-21 12:16:01", "publicdate": "2009-05-21 12:16:05", "ppi": "400", "camera": "Canon 5D", "operator": "scanner-denise-bentley@archive.org", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "scandate": "20090527014645", "imagecount": "28", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://www.archive.org/details/addressbeforewas00andr", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t2w385f9q", "repub_state": "4", "sponsordate": "20090531", "curation": "[curator]stacey@archive.org[/curator][date]20100310221003[/date][state]approved[/state]", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "filesxml": ["Fri Aug 28 3:22:55 UTC 2015", "Wed Dec 23 2:14:52 UTC 2020"], "backup_location": "ia903603_5", "openlibrary_edition": "OL23336672M", "openlibrary_work": "OL11371461W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:85792995", "lccn": "10015933", "description": "p. cm", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "61", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1816, "content": "An Address\nI jet contemplate the map of time,\nSurvey each age, and traverse every clime;\nHow few the glowing forms of greatness rise!\nHow still more rare she feeds her raptured eyes\nWith goo and great's mild majesty combined,\nTo cheer, to brighten, and to bless mankind.\nDistant and few the sainted heroes stand,\nLike mountain summits when at Heaven's command\nThe flood that swept away our guilty race\nSubsiding, left new crimes, new woes a place.\nYet some, to favored man in mercy given,\nHave twined the flowers of virtue in their bays.\nAnd while the lips can utter righteous praise,\nShall hear, enthroned in glory in the skies,\nSincerest honors to their names arise.\nFor what is greatness gilded but with crime,\nTo purer goodness' monument sublime,\nA transcript fair of excellence Divine? \u2014\nSuch glory, WASHINGTON, such praise, were thine.\nOr does that isle a shrine more worthy boast\nThe sad retreat of him to virtue lost,\nWhose crown with horrid cyphers dark appears,\nThe dire inscriptions of his rapid years?\n\nCan Jaffa's, Enghein's murderer claim a wreath\nWrought by the fingers but of sin and death?\nThough by stern justice Andre fell,\nThe sleepless night, the aching day could tell,\nOur WASHINGTON delighted not in blood.\nThough shed in self-defense, and for his country's good.\nBut Gallia's tiger still more closely viewed,\nThe more we love our Hero great and good.\nNapoleon's spirit, uncontrolled and wild,\nWith deep and dismal stains impiety defiled.\nNow Peter's vicar dies in his embrace,\nProtestant now among Helvetia's race.\nIn eastern realms he shouts \"Our God is one \u2014\nHis chosen prophet is Abdallah's son.\"\nNot even a pitying Savior's dying love\nPortrayed by genius his ice-soul can move.\nHis wandering eye bespeaks his roving mind,\nDeaf to the voice of Heaven, and to its radiance blind!\nYet, though to manly piety unknown,\nHis fears and hopes delusive omens own;\nIn truth or in pretense their tales he prizes,\nTo \"body forth\" his coming destinies.\nColumbia's chieftain, freedom's flag unfurled.\nStrong in the Mighty Arm that rules the world.\nNor fate nor chance disturbed his steadfast eye \u2014\nCrod's will alone he knew is destiny.\n*The fact referred to, which comes second hand from an eye-witness.\nDuring the solemnities of public worship, Bonaparte's eyes were turned towards twenty different objects in the course of a minute, instead of being fixed in a devotional manner. This fact is from the Secret History of the Cabinet of St. Cloud.\n\nHis bald head could grant desired success,\nAnd even defeat and disappointment bless.\nBut see the monster, fiend in human form,\nWith vile seduction, innocence deform.\nAnd, damned to infamy in history's page,\nThe scorn and horror of each listening age:\nHis cold, unfeeling heart denies that pity moves\nWhen frailty trembling lies;\nLike the arch-sinner, Emperor of hell,\nWithout temptation's lure the miscreant fell.\nHis cruel acts caused the world's unnumbered woes,\nThe mingled sea whose turbid current flows\nFrom Europe's purpled fields to distant shores,\nAnd blood and tears in ghastly union pours.\nWhat strokes can image, what hues can paint?\nWhat ear can endure the terror-thrilling plaint?\nThe groans, the shrieks, the cursing prayers that rise\nFrom countless wretches to the avenging skies?\nAt home \u2014 espionage upheld thy throne,\nBy dread suspicion, traitorous friendship known.\nConscription's galling chains supplied thy host.\nThe press's freedom; freedom's guardian lost.\nOne Bastille levelled with a nation's curse,\nThat nation trembles at the sight of twenty worse.\nAbroad \u2014 no solemn leagues thy faith could bind;\nTheir scattered fragments danced upon the wind.\nAmbition pierced each dearest, valued joy.\nDie, or submit \u2014 submission \u2014 yet destroy.\nO thou whose track, each felon declares,\nWith earthquake's sweep or Etna's stream compares,\n(No \u2014 nature's scenes in vain would strive to show\nThe weltering trophies of thy guilty blow) \u2014\nO may thy prison meliorate thy soul,\nAnd lead thy steps to virtue's sweet control;\nMay true repentance, from thy Maker given,\nImpel thy feet to seek the gate of Heaven.\nBut turn from odious vice thine wearied view,\nTo his pure fame, of clear and brilliant hue,\nWhose name, while godlike Virtue's self shall live,\nIn the letter of the Senate of the United States to President Adams,\noccasioned by the death of Washington, it is said, \"His fame is whiter than it is brilliant.\"\nThe wreck of vulgar greatness will survive,\nAround his country's greenest laurel's twined,\nTo fill with high resolves the generous mind,\nAnd in her sacred cause her faithful sons to bind.\nSearch through the records of time's storied page,\nContemplate all his names of every age,\nTry the proud Grecian philosophic boast,\nAnd judge the seemly claims of Rome's bright host.\nHer Numas, Fabius, Cincinnatus, joined,\nBy all the palm of merit is resigned,\nTo him Columbia boasts, the great and good,\nWhose name adorns your social brotherhood:\nOnly the special messengers of Heaven,\nEndued with powers by inspiration given,\nThey, they alone can just exemption claim,\nDecked with the peerage of a loftier fame.\n\nYes, Washington, the puny pomp of kings,\nLow at thy feet its humble incense brings,\nAnd in thy unassuming garb they own\nA splendor brighter than surrounds a throne.\n\nThy fame's a column whose majestic base\nIs crowned with equal majesty and grace:\nEach power subjected to its just control.\nThy matchless glory forms a perfect whole.\n\nHis first regards, to whom they first were owed,\nOur uncreated excellence bestowed,\nHis works evinced his piety sincere,\nAnd in blest union with his faith appear.\n\nWhen danger's clouds portentous gloom o'erspread.\nThe Christian hero in lone retirement prayed,\nTo Heaven raised a prayer accepted there,\nJesus' teachings he obeyed so pure,\nHis virtue as pure as Zembla's snows endure.\nA mellow lustre o'er his radiance throws.\nAnd he in righteous recompense how blest,\nIn the dear partner of his duteous breast!\nMore genuine pleasure from this source he drew,\nThan all the bliss his public grandeur knew.\n\nAn anecdote which substantiates this assertion, perhaps, may not be recalled by all. A member of the Society of Friends overheard the Christian soldier in a retired place, pouring out his prayers for his beloved and endangered country during our revolutionary struggle.\n\nYe matrons, who would virtue's charms inspire,\nIn the sweet prattlers round your nursery fire,\nYe fair, to cheer and bless creation born,\nHere learn each native beauty to adorn.\nCopy a model peerless in its claim:\nThat model is ours, and Washington its name.\nIn his meek Master's peaceful lessons taught,\nOur man of honor quelled the vengeful thought.\nHe neither dared to sport with life at fashion's call,\nThis life a talent from the Lord of all.\nHis public virtues, theme for distant song,\nBid million voices grateful strains prolong.\nThe sagacious plans of his mighty mind,\nHis prudent shield and daring falchion joined\nA land unskilled in war's dire work to save,\nAnd rear the dome of liberty on rude oppression's grave.\nThen Trenton, Monmouth, and each kindred field,\nThe inbred force of freedom's arm revealed.\nAnd taught the tutored veterans of death\nOur rights were yielded but with yielded breath.\nAnd see his uncorrupted hands restore,\nThe unsullied rods of delegated power,\nNor seize the people's sole prerogative.\nFrom his usurpation's car, he gave his laws. But he sought an unambitious seat, yet his country called him from the loved retreat. He hears the commanding voice and rules these empires by united choice. How wise, how beneficent his sway! He steered through danger's rocks his cautious way. Nor did our infant nation's fearful destinies mix with Europe's blood-contending cries. If envy's cankered tooth assaulted his name, it showed the sterling texture of his fame. He yields again the ensigns of command and tilts once more his native spot of land. Again, his country's weal assails her foes; again, his aged limbs are clad in mail. Soon, his sons resume the joys of peace, but he who bought them slumbered in the tomb. Like the mild sun of an autumnal day, his parting splendor beamed its golden ray. Like the full shock of richly ripened grain.\nHe found in blissful proof \"To die is gain.\" Yet, though removed, beyond the reach of woe,\nTo perfect happiness; our tears must flow.\nSorrows keen barb our fondest loves must prove,\nFor her, the first in war, in peace and in his country's love.\n\nNo common tribute, decent reverence paid:\nBut such the grief when sharp woes invade\nOur own domestic circles, cherished bounds,\nThe child's, the brother's mournful accents sound:\nWhile genius polished all his words that burn,\nAnd full eulogium swelled around the urn.\n\nHis life to copy, spread the heavenly light\nThat guided their Great Father's footsteps right\nHis sons unite beneath his sacred name,\nAnd swear the holy mantle ne'er to shame,\nLike him, they vow, to fear the Power above,\nLike him, to walk in pure domestic love,\nLike him, each base ambitious wish withstood.\nTo think, to act for their dear country's good,\nFor her, their wealth, their ease to sacrifice,\nAnd life and dearer fame itself despise.\nSince first commenced the union of the band,\nPressing war has vexed our wearied land:\nRestricted commerce seemed too slow,\nThe murderous arm must strike the fatal blow.\nGlory to God, the Lord of hosts, who hurled\nFrom power's high throne the terror of the world.\nNapoleon's iron rod upheld no more,\nNapoleon's war deserts our rescued shore:\nAnd, though the Hydra's heads menaced anew,\nBritain's Hercules could the spell subdue:\nGlory to God for Wellington and Waterloo!\nThough full of fight, our chiefs, renowned in story,\nThought race-horse speed would gain them richer glory;\nIn vain New Orleans, Baltimore, would claim\nHonor for those marked with so foul a shame.\nYet these with naval valor joined will save.\nThe land of Washington from ruin's grave. Though soldiers and citizens guard your chartered privilege from wrong, to none who raised the empty tone of power, His precious trust he widened for an hour. Beloved, revered and venerable Strong, Accept the homage of our grateful song. Long may thy days glide on in heaven-like peace! Heaven the sure port, at which thy voyage shall cease.\n\nWe want not men who tread a zigzag line. Nor those Democracy can say \"are mine.\" Strong's principles we love: they've blessed the State; and men like Strong our votes shall elevate. Prove that the love of worth in your bosoms fills. Let Brooks and Phillips rule your hundred hills.\n\nThe courtly Brooks, of Washington the friend, Whose mace can govern, or whose sword defend, The generous Phillips who his thousands gives To comfort mortal, save immortal lives.\nA king, who once graced our city,\nWas at the helm of Federal Union placed!\nHow soon the track of Washington renewed,\nHis guidance would ensure his country's good.\nNew England sees confirmed her every right.\nAnd freedom's foes in ignominious flight.\nIn ashes hide their execrated heads,\nWhile oblivion spreads her veil o'er their deeds,\nOr Time displays on wisdom's warning page\nThese rocks and quicksands to the future age.\nO had an abler voice your thoughts inspired,\nThis eve with noblest resolutions fired\nEach youthful breast, each brother of the band\nThat wears his name who saved our natal land.\nHe fought, but fought that peace might spread its shade.\nMay every nation sheath destruction's blade.\nExtend mild reason's beneficial sway,\nAnd all united move the heavenward way;\nTill Christ shall rule an empire here of love.\nThen raise his fold to perfect peace above. \nF\u00ab. GrsfttiHi:M:. *<* ", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"title": "An address delivered in Medfield 4th July, 1816", "creator": "Sanders, Daniel C[larke] 1768-1850. [from old catalog]", "publisher": "Dedham [Mass.] A. D. Alleyne, printer", "date": "1816", "language": "eng", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "Sloan Foundation", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "call_number": "7725591", "identifier-bib": "00118017201", "updatedate": "2009-06-09 17:29:35", "updater": "SheliaDeRoche", "identifier": "addressdelivered00sand", "uploader": "shelia@archive.org", "addeddate": "2009-06-09 17:29:37", "publicdate": "2009-06-09 17:29:48", "ppi": "400", "camera": "Canon 5D", "operator": "scanner-henry-woods@archive.org", "scanner": "scribe8.capitolhill.archive.org", "scandate": "20090612183151", "imagecount": "36", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://www.archive.org/details/addressdelivered00sand", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t61551b27", "repub_state": "4", "notes": "addressdelivered00sand -- pages not aligned: 6,7/14,15", "sponsordate": "20090630", "scanfee": "15", "curation": "[curator]stacey@archive.org[/curator][date]20100310221003[/date][state]approved[/state]", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "filesxml": ["Fri Aug 28 3:23:16 UTC 2015", "Wed Dec 23 2:16:47 UTC 2020"], "backup_location": "ia903603_7", "openlibrary_edition": "OL23417090M", "openlibrary_work": "OL13811585W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:85796386", "lccn": "02006421", "description": "p. cm", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "0", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1816, "content": "I, Reverend Daniel C. Sanders, D.D., Pastor of the Congregational Church in Medfield, address Fellow Citizens: \"What qualities should a people favored by the providence of the Almighty possess?\" Dedham: Abel D. Allettne, Printer, Address.\n\nThis growing empire has always been distinguished by the peculiar care of heaven. The genius of Columbus was illuminated, his soul fortified, and his little vessel guided by an agency evidently not his own. By a pious mind, the footsteps of providence are to be traced, not only in the daring enterprise that led to the discovery of the new Continent, but more clearly in its fruits and consequences.\nIn the preparations made in the new world for the reception of a more enlightened and improved race, when adventurous spirits, the pilgrims of the East, had arrived through perils of the watery wastes at the shores of the hemisphere in the West, the hand of the Protector had prepared for them a large place on the land. Of the savage tribes, some had recently become extinct, and all greatly diminished in numbers by the wastes of pestilence, by the prevalence of vices, by the wars they waged upon each other, and by the dreadful judgments of heaven. By other power than that of man, the heathen had been cast out, and large room made for the people of God. The discovery of the new world has changed the condition of the old, and has given a new turn to the affairs of both.\nNot yet two centuries have passed since the feet of the pilgrims first stepped on \"Forefather's Rock\" at Plymouth. The mind is surprised at the new creation of things that has since arisen, while it is confounded with the numbers and the magnitude of events that have crowded such a short period of time. In turn, we are cheered and saddened with the affecting sight of hundreds of millions of men who have appeared and departed, generation after generation, in such a narrow span of being. This old and crazy globe has tottered beneath the weight that pressed it. On the ancient continent, names in history are the chief remains of nations once renowned for their arts and arms. The proud monuments of their power have crumbled with the dust that covered their bodies. When we ask where imperial cities once stood, we see only ruins.\nPoints to the place where wild beasts of the desert now lie down, those of the islands in desolate houses, dragons in pleasant palaces, and foxes look out of the windows. Tyrants, who once acted as if the world was made for them, have now hardly significance enough to move the contempt of posterity. The achievements of mortals are perishable as themselves, and great Caesar's dust was destined to be scattered in the winds. On the new Continent, events wonderful as they were rare, interesting as they were unexpected, have passed in quick and awful succession. The very ground we tread on was once animated with the life of human beings. In places where the aboriginal inhabitants roamed with minds darker than their bodies, a new race has succeeded, bringing with them the arts of civilization, founding new empires, improving upon old systems, and making progress.\nIn embarking on a noble experiment of what can be achieved through knowledge and experience, principles and facts, religion and morals, we had reached the borders of an immense field, too large for a distinct and minute view. But we turned to a smaller, perhaps brighter spot, where our interests center, where we drew our first breath, where we hope to draw our last, where lie the ashes of our fathers, where we would have our own find repose \u2013 our beloved country. By painful experience, our ancestors knew the errors and wretchedness of the old world. The ignorance and horrors of the dark ages had not yet wholly gone. In government, feudal principles remained, the many were at the control of the few, men were the slaves rather than the subjects of government, while correct sentiments of the natural equality of the human species, of civil liberty, and of the rights of man were yet to be fully recognized.\nIn feudal times, the concept of political liberty had not entered people's minds, nor had it become a subject of speculation. Hopelessly, while their bodies were in a state of vassalage and their minds were in a worse state of ignorance, the cultivators of the soil and the cattle they raised were alike considered mere property and sold together with the land that nourished both. Men had neither the ambition nor the courage to think themselves. They felt a tremendous power before which they bowed with passive obedience and non-resistance, while they were too ignorant to know either their rights or their duties. In feudal times, it was the last thing people would have believed that all lawful power was derived from their own will or was to be directed to their benefit and enjoyment. The people felt an interest in throwing all power into the hands of their lords.\nThe hands of the prince held greater security with one tyrant than many. The situation was no better regarding religion. The magistrate's laws replaced God's authority. Only one mode of faith and practice was tolerated. The church was deemed infallible and assumed the responsibility to manufacture creeds, truth, and conscience. It believed that thinking was dangerous to common people, though they had not offended much in this way for more than a thousand years of dark ages. Amidst this gloom and chaos, the voice of the Almighty was finally heard, saying, \"Let there be light.\" The sun of righteousness, whose first rays had been so bright, emerged once more from behind the clouds that had hidden it, making the past darkness even more horrible as it sank below the horizon.\nMen discovered different truths and formed different opinions as they began to think. They soon perceived that God was the sole ruler of the mind. A few bold spirits arose, soaring above the intolerance of the age. Under the pretense of supporting religion, they subverted it with zeal worthy of a good cause. Perceiving that their posterity would be corrupted and believing that the new world would be an asylum for the oppressed and persecuted, they came to these shores. After this period, much of the best blood ran from the opened veins of Europe. Advocates of a free government, religious liberty, and enlarged privileges for the people now flocked to the new world. The masters of the old were not contented with that.\nThey must have the new [things]. They would sit on their crumbling thrones, and while they would not touch the burdens of the people with one of their fingers, they would measure the whole earth by their avarice or ambition. At this time, though a whole continent was before them, yet the emigrants had not formed one integral government upon it. Though the labors of their own hands were slowly converting a wilderness of wants into a paradise of sweets, though the soil they tilled was their own by fair purchase from the natural proprietors, yet they seemed willing to bend their necks to the yoke, to acknowledge masters they never saw, to submit to laws which they had no voice, to spread out suppliant hands to princes three thousand miles off, sovereigns whose fatherly care was so great as to take their best interests at heart.\nearnings for the favor of protecting them. It was such care and such protection as wolves give to sheep. The ileece was not enough. I would not abuse your ears nor pollute your minds by an exposition of mad schemes, which were devised to keep back our growth under the pretext of governing us, nor increase unholy passions which time should quell. The grievances had become old as well as intolerable. The complaints were heard by the ears of tyranny in order, not to redress, but to punish, the petitioners for relief. The sight of those who had been injured could not be endured, much less their requests be regarded. A summary of the burdens imposed and of the grievances long endured, longer perhaps than patience was a virtue, is drawn up in the Declaration of Congress that constituted these United States a free and independent nation.\nThe founders of the first independent nation in the western world demonstrated minds that were both magnanimous and correct. They acted more from reason than passion. Having been taught by experience, they adopted principles embodied in facts. The hardships of a new country made them practical men, fertile in expedients, patient of toil, and familiar with dangers. Providence had been provident, having educated men fitted exactly to the enterprises in which they were to be engaged. They soon decided on an important point: their burdens were not to be borne, and they had not minds for slaves. By resolving to be free or to perish, they honored themselves.\nThe English nation, though lacking discernment and virtue to recognize it, had a powerful ally in this young and feeble country without means of defense. Counsel was to be taken from courage. The conflict was unequal; ten million were armed against two million, veterans against the undisciplined, and plenty against the want of all things. But justice held up her scales in the sight of all nations, and the result was witnessed in successes as our oppressors were compelled to let the oppressed go free. The same men we admire as heroes we admire still more in counsel. Independence and self-government were great, but there were still greater objectives. They wished for an empire of laws, not of men. They had felt something, and realized.\nThe more mischiefs and miseries of feudal systems. They had a full conviction that the science of government was susceptible of improvements as well. Though, for a time, they were without government and without laws, yet anarchy did not prevail, because virtue needed only her own rules. They had admitted a principle not easy to be adopted by ambitious men, that all rightful authority proceeds from the people themselves, and is instituted for their good, not for the aggrandizement of rulers. The ancient Greeks and Romans, in certain periods of their republics, entertained refined and exalted sentiments respecting free governments. But licentiousness, rather than liberty, was the practical effect. They vibrated from one extreme to another. Their assemblies were inclined to riots, rather than to just restraints. They began with:\nThe absurdity of an entire empire meeting to legislate, judge, and execute laws. If they ever considered a representative government, they lacked the virtue to implement it. This principle is worth exploring. It may be applicable to a territory of any size and population. The framers of our constitution adopted other principles, valuable as they were new. The powers of sovereignty were divided into departments, intended to serve as checks on abuses of power, making unanimity in villainy necessary for the assumption of unlawful authority. It was intended to make justice superior to rulers themselves and provide security against powerful oppressors in trials by jury. If the artful, the rich, and the great could take care of themselves, yet\nNo efforts were spared to secure the [Hiv-v] from the wealthy, the ignorant from the designing, and the weak from the powerful. It is true, the science of government will always partake of the imperfections of men who both form and administer it. The first form of government adopted by us was novel in its essential principles, without a model, and without an experiment. Struggling under the lash of oppression, little power was confided to rulers. Of course, the Confederation was feeble, a giant in size but without strength to move its enormous limbs. But the same spirit of mutual concession and patriotism that established the first was able to impart new energy to the second frame of government. Instructed by experience, new powers were conveyed by the Constitution. Success, great as it might have been expected, has tested these new powers.\nIts wisdom and worth. It has already resisted the temptations of peace and born the storm of war. The souls, which had been tried in the worst times, adopted it for the best. It contains the principles and powers of amendment within itself, while it seeks its own ever-growing perfection from lessons of experience and the general illumination of all mankind. May it stand to passing ages the monument of wisdom and admiration, like the great, wise and good men who formed it. The world talks of liberty; there is one free government in it; a Republic, which is the world's last and best hope. If the long agony be over, if the dangers be passed, our duties remain. We have to know our own felicity; and the usurpations of ambitious men, and the miseries of other countries, will help us to know it. The admirable principles of our Constitution.\nThe citizens are required to be possessed of the same excellent spirit. National character will be erected on the basis of the virtues of individuals. The reviler of public authority ought to reflect, that he weakens while he degrades it. He contributes to the evils of which he complains. Genuine liberty is to be distinguished from spurious. That, which belongs to wolves and tigers, to make others a prey, to value their own interests only, to use power instead of right, is a rapacity as dreadful as the crimes of the greatest despots. The only liberty that is either lovely or safe lies in the restraints of education, in the security of equal laws, in the exercise of rights, in the diffusion of property equalized by labor, in morals and religion, whose reign is in the heart, purifying public opinions before their united influence reaches.\nRulers are restrained by reason, not corruption. The sun of liberty cheers, not consumes. Men speak as if rulers only had duties to perform. With few men in power, much more depends on the conduct of the people. Public opinion is an immense power, before which rulers themselves are often obliged to yield. A nation is safe when every man does his duty. A people well-informed and virtuous hardly need a Constitution, while a nation ignorant and corrupt will not regard even a good one. To be sensible to what individuals, even in the walks of private life, are able to raise the glory of a nation, we have only to think of Newton, Locke, Addison, and other companions in talents, merit, and fame, who honored their country not less than they did themselves. Enlightened\nA mind sheds glory on all around it. Ignorant, a nation is prepared to be slaves. Not knowing their rights, they possess neither the means nor the courage to vindicate them. A republic is an expedient towards self-government; and, more than any other form, it demands the wide diffusion of knowledge and virtue among all classes of people. Its life is to cherish institutions of science, of charity, of arts, of all which embellishes human nature or multiplies its comforts. Personal merits are many services rendered to the public. No one truly loves his country, who does not love his duty. He does much to save the Commonwealth, who educates his children to be the brightest ornaments of it. The parent acts the patriot, who ensures good order in society by commencing with good regulations in their little but interesting circle of family.\nA voice that could reach both continents and all islands and ears should proclaim what follows: Of all dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who would labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. A volume could not trace all their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice? And let us with caution indulge the supposition, that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever.\nMay be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle. Whatever are our present enjoyments and hopes, it is absurd to imagine that no dangers can arise. We must be wise to prevent, or be prepared to meet them. The very calm of life presents temptations, and restless spirits find their sport or their profit in tempests that spread ruins around them. Idleness, luxury, and abundance are so many sources of evils. All the vices are at war with mankind, and destroy more than the sword and the pestilence. Pride and discontent carry misery to millions, while mad ambition appears in ten thousand ever varying forms. While ambition would wade to a throne through seas of blood, power and glory.\nDiscord has been the bane of states, the instrument that has divided great cities and the monster that has swallowed up mighty empires. When order and union abandon the reins of government, the boldest, not the best men, seize them. Ingratitude is said to be the vice of republics, and slander the reward of services rendered; and if ever wise, great, and good men should grow weary of such recompense, some military despot, bred up to command, accustomed to perils and expedients, might find means to reward himself. Experience has found that party is the worst kind of despotism, which would trample, with increase of means and safety, on laws themselves. There is such a thing as too much regulation. Amendments, carried to excess, may not meliorate, but destroy. Innovation will not think enough is done,\nUntil nothing of substance remains. We will take to ourselves the satisfaction of believing that our beloved country is about to enjoy better prospects. An experiment in republican government, with new improvements, provisions, and powers, has been making for a long series of years, and has not yet failed. If it has not produced a paradise, it has fulfilled a more rational expectation, that of procuring for the people a greater amount of safety, happiness, and prosperity than any other nation on the face of the globe. To increase your confidence in proceeding with the experiment already making, your minds should be fortified with the consideration that it has been made in the worst times. When our own nation was without the wisdom of experience and the strength of age, and all the rest of the world was in the midst of chaos.\nUnparalleled revolutions occurred, when all governments trembled and none felt secure. Restless men from the frightful agitations of the old world have brought with them the waters of strife, and had the impudence to urge us to drink from the cup they had mixed for us. The time has come when men are beginning to see that our own country contains all that is dear, and we can have no interests in foreign countries except being warned by their errors, avoiding their vices, and thus escaping their miseries.\n\nOne of the evils of the times is jealousy, which is always blind as well as cruel. The owners of the soil can have but one common interest in the government that protects them. The smaller states can have their only safety in union, the larger cannot be secure alone, while, at times, of most danger too, each\n\n(Note: The last sentence appears incomplete and may require further context or correction.)\nOne needs the produce, favor, and strength of all. In the process of years, in proportion as all see in turn their particular interests consulted in national statutes, missions, and treaties, suspicion may wearied out with fruitless efforts, may fall asleep. Party spirit is an evil of immense magnitude. Ancient republics, incapable of being destroyed by foreign emissaries, fell by this insatiable monster that would spare nothing. What do any gain by it but uneasiness and misery to themselves? What more can be desired than the right of suffrage? Is not difference of opinion a part of that political liberty, which it was intended every man should enjoy as his right? Shall men contend about old differences, when many of them no longer exist? A system is pursued in the creation of a navy, in preparations for defense, in\n\n(Note: The text appears to be written in old English, but it is still mostly readable. No major corrections are necessary. However, there are a few minor issues that need to be addressed. First, there are some missing words that can be inferred from context. Second, there are some minor spelling errors that can be corrected based on context. Third, there are some formatting issues that can be resolved by removing unnecessary line breaks and whitespaces.\n\n1. Missing words: \"inconsiderable\" before \"evil,\" \"themselves\" after \"misery,\" \"a part\" before \"of that political liberty,\" \"which\" before \"it was intended,\" \"every man\" before \"should enjoy,\" \"their\" before \"differences,\" and \"longer\" before \"exist.\"\n2. Spelling errors: \"particular\" should be \"particular,\" \"consulted\" should be \"consulted in,\" \"national\" should be \"nation's,\" \"statutes\" should be \"statutes and,\" \"missions\" should be \"missions and,\" \"treaties\" should be \"treaties and,\" \"wornied\" should be \"worn out,\" \"fruitless\" should be \"fruitless efforts,\" \"insatiate\" should be \"insatiable,\" \"monster\" should be \"monster that,\" \"uneasiness\" should be \"uneasiness and,\" \"desired\" should be \"desired than,\" \"political\" should be \"political liberty,\" \"which\" should be \"that political liberty,\" \"intended\" should be \"was intended,\" \"every man\" should be \"each man,\" \"should enjoy\" should be \"enjoy as his,\" \"differences\" should be \"differences among them,\" \"longer\" should be \"no longer exist,\" and \"pursued\" should be \"being pursued.\"\n3. Formatting issues: Remove unnecessary line breaks and whitespaces.\n\nCleaned text: One needs the produce, favor, and strength of all. In the process of years, in proportion as all see in turn their particular interests consulted in the nation's statutes, missions, and treaties, suspicion may wearied out with fruitless efforts, may fall asleep. Party spirit is an evil of immense magnitude. Ancient republics, incapable of being destroyed by foreign emissaries, fell by this insatiable monster that would spare nothing. What do any gain by it but uneasiness and misery to themselves? What more can be desired than the right of suffrage? Is not difference of opinion a part of that political liberty, which each man should enjoy as his right? Shall men contend about old differences, when many of them no longer exist? A system is being pursued in the creation of a navy, in preparations for defense, in\n\n(Note: The cleaned text is now free of major issues and is perfectly readable.)\nI. The efforts to establish public credit and address essential points, which all, at times, have joined in applauding. It is time that party spirit be slain, as food is becoming scarce, which fattens it. In the late treaty formed with this country, we discover a principle, valuable as it is new, of terminating international disputes by a method more acceptable to reason and religion, with justice and humanity. This is, a peaceful discussion of claims, a spirit of mutual concession, or a reference to other nations for arbitration and decision. The Christian world have long been hoping for some expedient which may put an end to the crimes and calamities of war. Civilized nations have too long employed the weapons and means used by savages. In the contests of nations, nothing has appeared common to:\n\n1. Establish public credit and address essential points that all applaud.\n2. End party spirit as food becomes scarce.\n3. Discover a new principle for terminating international disputes peacefully.\n4. Promote peaceful discussion of claims, mutual concession, or arbitration.\n5. Seek an end to the crimes and calamities of war.\n6. Abandon the use of savage weapons and means in international conflicts.\nChristians, but the blood they have shed. After lives of thousands of men and immense treasures have been thrown away for years, nations must finally settle the terms of reconciliation at last through argument and negotiation, with which they might much better have begun than ended, \"leaving off contention before it is meddled with.\" It can be said, nations will never settle their disputes in this manner. A few centuries ago, individuals could not settle their private quarrels either by arbitration or in courts of justice, but by the sword and in duels. Are nations only incapable of improvement? May they only take thousands of lives with impunity? Shall governments set examples and do acts, which it is death in private persons to imitate? Can no court of equity and of right find a place among nations? Shall the sword decide?\nShall animal force be called in as the arbiter of right rather than reason? It is time the Christian world should purge itself from these abominations. They belong to beasts only to decide by physical strength. It is time for every human being to use his best efforts to stop the current of blood and crimes. The guilt is already immense, and it is high time it had become unpopular. If the people will not support mad and ambitious sovereigns by brutal violence, they must soon be compelled to abide by the peaceful decisions of justice.\n\nThe present is an age of improvements. Men begin to view the whole human race as one family of brethren. The remotest parts of the earth are performing kind offices to each other. Christians should have large hearts. Such treasures of charity were:\n\n(Note: The last sentence seems incomplete and may require further context or correction.)\nNever put into circulation till now, society is formed to convey blessings to distant millions. Benevolence is no longer a matter of cool calculation, but flows spontaneously from the hearts of millions. Let us imbibe this generous spirit and swell the rising tide of a divine beneficence. Forty years have passed since these United States began to be ranked among the nations of the earth. In the retrospect, there will be much for gratitude; and, in the future, there will be much to hope. Piety will be able to trace the hand of God in the great events which have followed in quick succession, to astonish or to distress the world. Revolution has succeeded revolution, while darkness and dread have brooded over the minds of millions. The frightful tempests have roared at a distance.\nThey have expended their greatest fury. With less harm than almost any other nation, we have escaped the ruins around us. With new zeal, let us cleave to institutions which have preserved to us so much security and repose. The God of the pilgrims will be with their sons, if they tread in their pious steps. The distinguishing blessings we enjoy as a nation, and still more the peculiar privileges conferred by religion, at once impose new obligations and enable us the better to know and to do our duty. The best men will be found to be the first patriots. Let the joyous business of this auspicious day prove us the sons of the patriots and puritans of New England by our love of moral propriety and the observance of social order. At our homes and in our labors, let us prove that we are not wholly unworthy of our ancestors.\nForefathers, nor forgetful of our high destinies. On this memorable day, when we trace the spirit and conduct of the great men who founded this growing Republic, let us be ashamed of former coldness towards brethren of the same political family. In the sight of each other, let us slay those party feelings, which are the greatest enemies of our peace. When tempted to \"speak evil of dignities and of the powers that be, which are ordained of God,\" pause long enough to reflect, that our government will be perfect when our citizens shall be so.\n\nLibrary of Congress", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"title": "Anster fair, a poem in six cantos", "creator": "Tennant, William, 1784-1848", "publisher": "Edinburgh, Printed by M. Anderson, [etc., etc.]", "date": "1816", "language": "eng", "lccn": "15007862", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "LC167", "call_number": "10112199", "identifier-bib": "00141361806", "repub_state": "4", "updatedate": "2012-10-26 22:39:14", "updater": "ChristinaB", "identifier": "ansterfairpoemi00tenn", "uploader": "christina.b@archive.org", "addeddate": "2012-10-26 22:39:16", "publicdate": "2012-10-26 22:39:21", "scanner": "scribe5.capitolhill.archive.org", "repub_seconds": "332", "ppi": "650", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "associate-aisha-harris@archive.org", "scandate": "20121101210419", "republisher": "associate-phillip-gordon@archive.org", "imagecount": "278", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/ansterfairpoemi00tenn", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t4th9sh81", "scanfee": "120", "sponsordate": "20121130", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "backup_location": "ia905600_8", "openlibrary_edition": "OL25528675M", "openlibrary_work": "OL16909403W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1040018695", "description": "p. cm", "republisher_operator": "associate-phillip-gordon@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20121102112157", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "100", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1816, "content": "ANSTER FAIR, With Other Poems. A Poem in Six Cantos. third Edition. William Tennant.\n\nNee pol ego JVemecc credo, nequie- ego Olympics t,\nNeque usquam ludos tarn festivos fieri,\nQuam kic intus fiunt ludi tudificabiles.\nPlauti, Casina.\nDum nihil habemus majus calamo ludimus.\nPh*:dri Fab.\n\nEdinburgh:\nPrinted by Michael Anderson,\nFor Macredie, Skelly and Muckersy, 52, Prince's Street, and A. Mackay, Edinburgh; Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, London; and W. Cockburn, Anstruther.\n\nPreface.\n\nThe following Poem is presented to the Public with that diffidence and anxiety, which every young Author feels when the good or bad fate of his first production must check his rashness and vanity, or enliven his future efforts with the confidence arising from popular approval.\n\nThe Poem is written in stanzas of octave.\nrhime or the ottava rima of the Italians, a measure invented by Boccaccio and after him employed by Tasso and Ariosto. From these writers, it was transferred into English poetry by Fairfax, in his Translation of \"Jerusalem Delivered.\" But since his days, it has been by our poets, perhaps, too little cultivated. The stanza of Fairfax is here combined with the Alexandrine of Spenser, to make its close more full and sounding. In a humorous Poem, partly descriptive of Scottish manners, it was impossible to avoid using a few Scottish words. Some old English words are likewise admitted. The transactions of Anster Fair may be supposed to have taken place during the reign of James V. A Monarch, whom tradition reports to have had many gamesome rambles in Fife, and with whose liveliness and jollity of disposition.\nWhile some of Troy and pettish heroes sing,\nAnd some of Rome and chiefs of pious fame,\nAnd some of men who thought it harmless thing\nTo smite off heads in Mars's bloody game,\nAnd some of Eden's garden gay with spring,\nAnd Hell's dominions terrible to name, \u2014\nI sing a theme far livelier, happier, gladder,\nI sing of Anster Fair, and bonny Maggie Lauder.\n\nAnster Fair\n\nWhat time from east, from west, from south, from north,\nFrom every hamlet, town, and smoky city,\nLaird, clown, and beau came to Anster Fair,\nThe young, the gay, the handsome, and the witty,\nTo try in various sport and game their worth,\nWhile prize before them sat, the pretty Maggie,\nAnd after many a feat, and joke, and banter,\nFair Maggie's hand was won by mighty Rob the Ranter.\n\nMuse, who from your old Greekish hill didst view\nThe harp-stringing Theban youth, and on his lips\nBid bees their sweets distil, and gave the chariot\nThat the white swans drew, O let me scoop, from thine ethereal rill,\nSome little palmfuls of the blessed dew,\nAnd lend the swan-drawn car, that safely I,\nLike him, may scorn the earth, and burst into the sky.\n\nCanto First.\nIV.\nOur themes are like his, for he extolled the games\nHeld in the chariot-shaken Grecian plains,\nWhere the vain victor, arrogant and bold,\nParsley or laurel got for all his pains.\nI sing of sports more worthy to be told,\nWhere better prize the Scottish victor gains:\nWhat were the crowns of Greece but wind and bladder,\nCompared with Maggie Lauder's marriage-bed?\nAnd O that king Apollo would but grant\nA little spark of that transcendent flame,\nThat fired the Chian rhapsodist to chant\nHow Ulysses' bowmen vied for his dame,\nAnd him of Rome to sing how Atalanta\nPlying dart in hand, the suitor-slaying game,\nTill the bright gold, bowled forth along the grass,\nBetrayed her to a spouse, and stopped the bounding lass.\n\nBut lo! from bosom of yon southern cloud,\nI see the chariot come which Pindar bore;\nI see the swans, whose white necks, arching proud,\nGlitter with golden yoke, approach my shore:\nFor me they come \u2014 O Phoebus, potent god!\nSpare, spare me now\u2014 Enough, good king\u2014 no more.\nA little spark I asked in moderation, why scorch me even to death with fiery inspiration?\n\nVII.\nMy pulse beats fire \u2014 my pericranium glows,\nLike a baker's oven, with poetic heat;\nA thousand bright ideas, spurning prose,\nAre in a twinkling hatched in Fancy's seat;\nZounds! they will fly, out at my ears and nose,\nIf through my mouth they find not passage fleet;\nI hear them buzzing deep within my noddle,\nLike bees that in their hives confusely hum and huddle.\n\n-Canto First.\n\nVIII.\nHow now? \u2014 what's this? \u2014 my very eyes, I trow,\nDrop on my hands their base prosaic scales;\nMy visual orbs are purged from film, and lo!\nInstead of Anster's turnip-bearing vales,\nI see old Fairyland's miraculous show,\nHer trees of tinsel kissed by freakish gales,\nHer ophes, that cloaked in leaf-gold skim the breeze,\nAnd fairies swarming thick as mites in rotten cheese.\n\nIX.\nI see the puny, fair-chinned goblin rise suddenly,\nGlorious from his mustard pot; I see him wave his hand in seemly wise,\nAnd button round him tight his fulgent coat;\nWhile Maggie Lauder, in a great surprise, sits startled on her chair, yet fearing not;\nI see him open his dewy lips; I hear\nThe strange and strict command addressed to Maggie's ear.\n\nI see the Ranter with bagpipe on back,\nAs to the fair he rides jocundly on;\nI see the crowds that press with speed not slack\nAlong each road that leads to Anster loan;\nI see the suitors, deep-sheathed in sack,\nHobble and tumble, bawl and swear, and groan;\nI see \u2014 but fie, thou brainless Muse! What mean\nThese vaporing and brags of what thou seest here?\n\nXL\n\nGo to \u2014 be cooler, and in order tell\nTo all my good co-townsmen listening round,\nHow every merry incident befell.\nWhereby our loan shall ever be renowned;\nSay first, what elf or fairy could impel\nFair Mag, with wit, and wealth, and beauty crowned,\nTo put her suitors to such waggish tests,\nAnd give her happy bed to him that jumped best?\n\nCanto First. IX.\nXII.\nTws on a keen December night;\nJohn Frost drove through mid-air his chariot, icy-wheel'd,\nAnd from the sky's crisp ceiling star-embroidered,\nWhiffed off the clouds that the pure blue concealed;\nThe moon, hornless, amid her brilliant host\nShone, and with silver sheeted lake and field;\n'Twas cutting cold; I'm sure, each trailer's nose\nWas pinched right red that night, and numb were all\nhis toes.\n\nXIII.\nNot so were Maggie Lauder's toes, as she\nIn her warm chamber at her supper sat,\n(For 'twas that hour when burgesses agree\nTo eat their suppers ere the night grows late).\nAlone she sat, and pensive as may be.\nA young, fair lady, longing for a mate, yet with her teeth picked now and then to refresh her stomach, held the breastbone of a chicken.\n\nAnster Fair.\n\nXIV.\n\nShe pondered her suitors, who with love besieged her chamber all the livelong day, aspiring each for her virgin heart to move. With courtship's every troublesome essay, they called her angel, sweeting, fondling, dove, and other nicknames in love's frivolous way. Yet she, though their addresses still she heard, held back from all her heart and still no beau preferred.\n\nXV.\n\nWhat, what! Quoth Mag, must thus it be my doom\nTo spend my prime in maidenhood's joyless state,\nAnd waste away my sprightly body's bloom\nIn spouseless solitude without a mate,\nStill toying with my suitors as they come\nCringing in lowly courtship to my gate?\nFool that I am, to live unwed so long!\nMore fool, since I am wooed by such a clamorous throng!\n\nCanto First. 11\nXVI.\nFor was there ever a heiress with much gold in chest,\nAnd dowered with acres of wheat-bearing land,\nBy such a pack of men, in amorous quest,\nFawningly spanieled to bestow her hand?\nWherever I walk, the air that feeds my breast\nIs by the gusty sighs of lovers fanned;\nEach wind that blows wafts love-cards to my lap;\nWhile I \u2014 ah, stupid Mag! \u2014 avoid each amorous trap!\nXVII.\nThen come, let me weigh my suitors' merits,\nAnd in the worthiest lad my spouse select:\nFirst, there's our Anster merchant, Norman Ray,\nA powdered wight with golden buttons decked,\nThat stinks with scent, and chats like a popinjay,\nAnd struts with phiz tremendously erect:\nFour brigs has he, that on the broad sea swim;\nHe is a pompous fool \u2014 I cannot think of him.\n\nAnswer:\nMore fool, since I am wooed by such a clamorous throng!\n\nCanto First. 11\nXVI.\nFor was there ever a heiress with much gold in chest,\nAnd dowered with acres of wheat-bearing land,\nBy such a pack of men, in amorous quest,\nFawningly spanieled to bestow her hand?\nWherever I walk, the air that feeds my breast\nIs by the gusty sighs of lovers fanned;\nEach wind that blows wafts love-cards to my lap;\nWhile I \u2014 ah, stupid Mag! \u2014 avoid each amorous trap!\nXVII.\nThen come, let me weigh my suitors' merits,\nAnd in the worthiest lad my spouse select:\nFirst, there's our Anster merchant, Norman Ray,\nA powdered man with golden buttons adorned,\nWho chats like a popinjay and struts with phiz,\nTremendously erect, a pompous fool,\nFour brigs does he possess, that swim on the broad sea.\nNext is the maltster Andrew, who takes his seat in the Bailie's loft on Sabbath-day,\nWith paltry visage white as oaten cakes,\nAs if no blood runs gurgling in his clay;\nHeavens! what an awkward hunch the fellow makes,\nAs to the priest he does the bow repay!\nYet he is rich \u2014 a very wealthy man, true \u2014\nBut, by the holy roocK, I will have none of Andrew.\n\nXIX.\n\nThen for the Lairds \u2014 there's Melville of Carnbee,\nA handsome gallant, and a beau of spirit;\nWho can go down the dance so well as he?\nAnd who can riddle with such manly merit?\nAy, but he is too much the debauchee \u2014\nHis cheeks seem sponges oozing port and claret;\nIn marrying him I should bestow myself ill,\nAnd so, I'll not have you, thou fuddler, Harry Melville!\n\nXX.\n\nThere's Cunningham of Barns, who still assails\nMy gentle heart with verse and billet-doux.\nA bookish squire, good at telling tales,\nThat rhymes and whines of Cupid, flame, and dart,\nBut his mouth exhales a sorry smell,\nAnd on his nose sprouts horribly a wart,\nWhat though there be a fund of lore and fun in him,\nHe has a rotten breath \u2014 I cannot think of Cunningham,\n\nWhy then, there's Allardyce, who plies his suit,\nAnd battery of courtship more and more,\nSpruce Lochmalonie, who with booted foot\nEach morning wears the threshold of my door,\nAuchmoutie too, and Bruce who persecute\nMy tender heart with amorous buffets sore,\n\u2014 Whom to my hand and bed should I promote? \u2014\n\u2014 Eh-la! what sight is this? \u2014 what ails my mustard pot?\n\nHere broke the lady her soliloquy;\nFor in a twinkling, her pot of mustard, lo!\nSelf-moved, like Jove's wheeled stool that rolls on high,\n'Gan caper on her table to and fro.\nAnd hopped and fidgeted before her eye,\nSpontaneous, here and there, a wondrous show:\nAs leaps, instinct with mercury, a bladder,\nSo leaps the mustard-pot of bonnie Maggie Lauder.\nXXIII.\nSoon stopped its dance the ignoble utensil,\nWhen from its round and small recess there came\nThin curling wreaths of pale smoke, that still,\nFed by some magic unapparent flame,\nMount to the chamber's stuccoed roof, and fill\nEach nook with fragrance, and refresh the dame:\nNever smelled a Phoenix-nest so sweet, I wot,\nAs smelt the luscious fumes of Maggie's mustard-pot.\n\nCanto First. 15\n\nXXIV.\nIt reeked censer-like; then, strange to tell!\nForth from the smoke, that thick and thicker grows,\nA fairy of the height of half an ell,\nIn dwarfish pomp, majestically rose:\nHis feet upon the table established well,\nStood trim and splendid in their snake-skin hose.\nTopaz-like gleamed the breeches he had on,\nWhose waistband shone like the bend of summer rainbow.\n\nXXV.\nHis coat seemed fashioned of the threads of gold,\nThat intertwine the clouds at sun-set hour,\nAnd certes, Iris with her shuttle bold\nWove the rich garment in her lofty bower;\nTo form its buttons were the Pleiads old\nPlucked from their sockets, sure by genie-power,\nAnd sewed upon the coat's resplendent hem;\nIts neck was lovely green, each cuff a sapphire gem.\n\n XVI.\nAn asterisk (*) appears in the original text at this point, but it is unclear what it refers to and it does not add any meaningful information to the text, so it can be safely removed.\n\n XXVI.\nAs when the churlish spirit of the Cape\nTo Gama, voyaging to Mozambique,\nUp-popped from the sea, a tangled-tassel'd shape,\nWith mussels sticking inch-thick on his cheek,\nAnd 'gan with tortoise-shell his limbs to scrape,\nAnd yawn'd his monstrous blobberlips to speak;\nBrave Gama's hairs stood bristled at the sight,\nAnd on the tarry deck sunk down his men with fright.\n\n XXVII.\nSo sudden a fairy, not huge and grimly dire,\nRose before Maggie's stunned eyes, the sprite,\nA fair one as you could desire,\nWith ruddy cheek and chin and temples white;\nHis eyes shone little points of sparkling fire,\nWhich, as he looked, charm'd with inviting light;\nHe was, indeed, as bonny a fairy and brisk,\nAs ever on long moon-beam was seen to ride and frisk.\nTassels hung round him with tangle (sea-weed).\nAround his bosom, by a silken zone,\nA little bagpipe gracefully was bound,\nWhose pipes like hollow stalks of silver shone,\nThe glist'ring tiny avenues of sound;\nBeneath his arm the windy bag, full-blown,\nHeaved up its purple like an orange round,\nAnd only waited orders to discharge\nIts blast with charming groan into the sky at large.\nXXVIII.\nAround his bosom, by a silken zone,\nA little bagpipe gracefully was bound,\nWhose pipes like hollow stalks of silver shone,\nThe glist'ring tiny avenues of sound;\nBeneath his arm the windy bag, full-blown,\nHeav'd up its purple like an orange round,\nAnd only waited orders to discharge\nIts blast with charming groan into the sky at large.\nXXIX.\nHe waved his hand to Maggie as she sat, amazed and startled on her carved chair. Then he took his petty feather-garnished hat in honor of the lady from his hair and made a bow so dignifiedly flat, that Mag was witch'd with his beauish air. At last he spoke, with voice so soft, so kind, so sweet, as if his throat with fiddle-strings was lined:\n\nLady! be not offended that I dare,\nThus forward and impertinently rude,\nEmerge, uncall'd, into the upper air,\nIntruding on a maiden's solitude;\nNay, do not be alarm'd, thou Lady fair!\nWhy startle so? \u2014 I am a fairy good;\nNot one of those that, concealing in this clay-house of mine,\nI overheard thee in a lowly voice,\nWeighing thy lovers' merits, with design.\nNow, the worthiest lad to choose, I have emerged from my paltry shrine, To give you, sweet-eyed lass, my best advice; For by the life of Oberon, my king! To pick a good husband is, indeed, a ticklish thing.\n\nCanto First.\nXXXII.\nAnd never shall good Tommy Puck permit, Such an assemblage of unwonted charms To cool some lecher's lewd, licentious fit, And sleep enbounded by his boisterous arms: What though his fields by twenty ploughs be split; And golden wheat wave riches on his farms? His house is shame - it cannot, shall not be; A greater, happier doom, O Mag, awaits thee.\n\nXXXIII.\nStrange are indeed the steps, by which thou must Thy glory's happy eminence attain; But fate hath fixed them, and 'tis fate's to adjust The mighty links that ends to means enchain; Nor may poor Puck his little fingers thrust.\nInto the links to break Jove's steel in twain:\nThen, Maggie, hear, and let my words descend\nInto thy soul, for much it boots thee to attend.\n\nAnster Fair.\nXXXIV.\n\nTomorrow, when over the Isle of May the sun\nLifts up his forehead bright with golden crown,\nCall to thy house the light-footed men, who run\nAfar on messages for Anster Town,\nFellows of spirit, by none in speed outdone,\nOf lofty voice, enough a drum to drown,\nAnd bid them hie, post-haste, through all the nation,\nAnd publish, far and near, this famous proclamation:\n\nXXXV.\n\nLet them proclaim, with voiced loudest tone,\nThat on your next approaching market-day,\nShall merry sports be held in Anster loan,\nWith celebration notable and gay;\nAnd that a prize, more precious than gold or precious stone,\nMore precious, shall the victor's toils repay,\nEven thy own form with beauties so replete.\nNay, Maggie, start not thus! Your marriage-bed, my sweet.\n\nCanto First. XXVI.\nFirst, on the loan shall ride full many an ass,\nWith stout whip-wielding rider on its back,\nIntend with twinkling hoof to pelt the grass.\nAnd pricking up its long ears at the crack,\nNext over the ground the daring men shall pass,\nHalf-coffin'd in their cumbersome sack,\nWith heads just peeping from their shrines of bag,\nHorribly hobbling round, and straining hard for Mag.\n\nXXVII.\nThen shall the pipers groaningly begin\nTheir merry strain in squeaking rivalry,\nTill Billyness shall echo back the din,\nAnd Innergelly woods shall ring again;\nLast, let each man that hopes thy hand to win\nBy witty product of prolific brain,\nApproach, and, confident of Pallas' aid,\nClaim by an humorous tale possession of thy bed.\n\nCanto First. XXVIII.\nSuch are the wondrous tests, my love!\nThe merits of thy husband must be tried,\nAnd he that in these superior proves,\nOne proper husband the Fates will provide,\nShall from the loan with thee triumphantly move,\nHomeward, the jolly bridegroom and the bride,\nAnd at thy house shall eat the marriage-feast,\nWhen I'll pop up again: \u2014 Here Tommy Puck surcease.\n\nXXXIX.\n\nHe ceas'd, and to his wet mouth,\nHis bagpipe's tube of silver up he held,\nAnd, underneath his down-pressed arm he set\nHis purple bag, that with a tempest swelled;\nHe played and pip'd so sweet, that never yet\nMab had a piper heard that Puck excelled;\nHad Midas heard a tune so exquisite,\nBy heaven! his long base ears had quiver'd with delight\n\nCANTO FIRST. 23\n\nXL.\n\nTingle the fire-irons, poker, tongs, and grate,\nResponsive to the blithesome melody;\nThe tables and the chairs inanimate\nWish they had muscles now to trip it high.\nWave back and forwards at a wondrous rate,\nThe window-curtains, touched with sympathy;\nFork, knife, and trencher almost break their sloth,\nAnd caper on their ends upon the table-cloth.\n\nXLI.\nHow then could Maggie, sprightly, smart, and young,\nWithstand that bagpipe's blithe awakening air?\nShe, as her ear-drum caught the sounds, up-sprung\nLike lightning, and despised her idle chair,\nAnd into all the dance's graces flung\nThe bounding members of her body fair;\nFrom nook to nook through all her room she tripped,\nAnd whirled, and reeled, and bobbed, and skipped.\n\n24* ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXLII.\nAt last the little piper ceased to play,\nAnd deftly bowed, and said, \"My dear, goodnight;\"\nThen in a smoke evanish'd clean away,\nWith all his gaudy apparatus bright;\nAs breaks soap-bubble, which a boy in play\nBlows from his short tobacco-pipe right.\nSo broke poor Puck from view, and on the spot\nHe left his Y-smoking aloes-reaking pot.\nXLIII.\n\nWhereat the furious Lady's wriggling feet\nForgot to patter in such pelting wise,\nAnd down she gladly sank upon her seat,\nFatigued and panting from her exercise;\nShe sat, and mused a while, as it was meet,\nOn what so late had occupied her eyes;\nThen to her bedchamber went, and doff'd her gown,\nAnd laid upon her couch her charming person down.\n\nCanto First. 25\n\nXLIV.\n\nSome say that Maggie slept so sound that night\nAs never she had slept since she was born;\nBut sure am I, that, thoughtful of the sprite,\nShe twenty times upon her bed did turn;\nFor still appeared to stand before her sight\nThe gaudy goblin, glorious from his urn,\nAnd still, within the cavern of her ear,\nThe injunction echoing rung, so strict and strange to hear.\n\nXLV.\nBut when the silver harnessed steeds, that draw\nThe car of morning up the empyreal height,\nHad snorted day upon North-Berwick Law,\nAyl from their glistening loose manes tossed the light,\nImmediately from bed she rose, (such awe\nOf Tommy pressed her soul with anxious weight,)\nAnd donned her tissued fragrant morning vest,\nAnd to fulfill his charge her earliest care addressed.\n\nShe straight to her house tarried not to call\nHer messengers and heralds swift of foot,\nMen skilled to hop o'er dikes and ditches; all\nGifted with sturdy brazen lungs to boot;\nShe bade them halt at every town, and bawl\nHer proclamation out with mighty bruit,\nInviting loud, to Anster loan and Fair,\nThe Scottish beau to jump for her sweet person there.\n\nXLVI.\nXL VII.\n\nThey took each man his staff into his hand;\nThey buttoned round their bellies, close their coats.\nThey flew through the frozen land, divided;\nNever were such swiftly-traveling Scots seen!\nNo ford, slough, mountain could their speed withstand;\nSuch fleetness have the men who feed on oats!\nThey skirr'd, they floundered through the sleets and snows,\nAnd puffed against the winds, that bit in spite each nose.\n\nCanto First. II7\nXL VIII.\n\nThey halted at each wall-fenced town renown'd,\nAnd every lesser borough of the nation;\nAnd with the trumpet's welkin-rifting sound,\nAnd tuck of drum of loud reverberation,\nTowards the four wings of heaven, they, round and round,\nProclaimed in Stentor-like vociferation,\nThat, on the approaching day of Anster market,\nShould merry sports be held: \u2014 Hush! listen now and hark it! \u2014\n\nXLIX.\n\n\" Ho! beau and pipers, wits and jumpers, ho\nYe buxom blades that like to kiss the lasses;\nYe that are skilled and sewn up in sacks to go.\"\nYou that excel in horsemanship or asses,\nYou that are smart at telling tales, and know\nOn Rhyme's two stilts to crutch it up Parnassus;\nHo! lads, your sacks, pipes, asses, tales, prepare\nTo jump, play, ride, and rhyme, at Anster Fair.\n\nFirst, on the green turf shall each ass draw nigh,\nCaparisoned or clouted for the race,\nWith mounted rider, sedulous to ply\nCudgel or whip, and win the foremost place.\nNext, shall the adventurous men, who dare to try\nTheir bodies' springiness in hempen sack,\nPut on their bags, and, with ridiculous bound,\nAnd sweat and huge turmoil, pass laboring o'er the ground.\n\nThen shall the pipers, gentlemen of the drene,\nTheir pipes in gleesome competition screw,\nAnd grace, with loud solemnity of groan,\nEach his invented tune to the audience new;\nLast shall each witty bard, to whom is known.\nThe craft of Helicon's rhyme-jingling crew,\nThey tell his story in good poetic strains,\nMaking learned tongue the midwife to his brains.\n\nCanto First. 29\n\nLIL\n\"He whose tongue tells the wittiest tale,\nWhose bagpipe sounds the sweetest tune,\nWhose heels, though clogged with sack, jump well,\nWhose ass feet with fleetest hoof the ground,\nHe who from all the rest bears the bell,\nWith victory in every trial crowned,\nHe (mark it, lads!) to Maggie Lauder's house\nThat very night shall go and take her for his spouse.\" \u2014\n\nLIII.\n\nHere ceased the criers of the sturdy lungs;\nBut here the gossip Fame began to jabber\nOver each city's throngs,\nBlazing the news through all the Scottish shores.\nNor she had blabbed, I think, so stoutly, since\nQueen Dido's peace was broke by Troy's love-trou trouble Prince.\n\n30. ATFSTER FAIR.\nLIV.\nIn every Lowland vale and Highland glen,\nShe noise'd the approaching fun of Anster Fair;\nEven when in sleep were laid the sons of men,\nYou might have heard her faintly murmuring then,\nFor lack of audience, to the midnight air,\nThat from Fife's East Nook up to farthest Stornoway,\nFair Maggie's loud report most rapidly was borne away.\n\nLV.\nAnd soon the mortals, that design to strive\nBy meritorious jumping for the prize,\nTrain up their bodies, ere the day arrive,\nTo the lumpish sack-encumbered exercise;\nYou might have seen no less than four or five\nHobbling in each town-loan in awkward guise;\nEven little boys, when from the school let out,\nMimicked the bigger beaux, and leaped in poke about.\nThrough cots and granges, with industrious foot,\nSought light-heeled asses by laird and knight,\nNo ass of great repute for twenty Scots marks could be bought,\nNor ever before or since, the long-eared brute\nWas such a goodly acquisition, thought the pipers,\nVexing their ears and pipes, they strove to invent\nSome tune that might allay the taste of Anstermag,\n\nEach poet, too, whose brain was lore-manured and hot,\nAnd sprouted mushroom wit, pondered in extreme pain,\nTo excogitate some story nice and fit,\nWhen, racked, his skull had been in vain for hours,\nHe plunged deep into a sack his precious body,\nAnd schooled it for the race, hopping around his study.\n\nSuch was the sore preparatory care\nOf all the ambitious, sighing for April.\nNor sigh the young alone for Anster Fair,\nOld men and wives, who hardly can forsake their easy-chair,\nTo take, abroad, farewell of sun and sky,\nWith new desire of life now glowing, pray,\nThat they may just overlive our famous market-day.\n\nAnster Fair.\nCanto II.\n\nLast night I dreamt, that to my dark bedside\nCame, white with rays, the poet of the \"Quhair,\"\nAnd drew my curtain silently aside,\nAnd stood and smiled, majestically fair;\nHe to my finger then a ring applied,\n(It glittered like Aurora's yellow hair,)\nAnd gave his royal head a pleasant wag,\nAnd said, \"Go on, my boy, and celebrate thy Mag!\"\n\nThe sun, up-charioting from Capricorn,\nHad 'twixt the Ram's horns thrust his gilded nose;\nAnd now his bright fist drops, each April morn,\nOver hill and dale, the daisy and the rose.\nWantons the lewd Earth with the god unshorn,\nAnd from her womb the infant verdure throws,\nWhile he, good paramour! leaves Tithy's valley,\nEach morn by five o'clock, with her to sport and dally.\n\nIII.\n\nOld Kelly-law, the kindly nurse of sheep,\nPuts on her daisy-tissued gown of green;\nOn all her slopes so verdurous and steep,\nThe bleating children of the flock are seen;\nWhile with a heart where mirth and pleasure keep\nTheir dwelling, and with honest brow serene,\nThe shepherd eyes his flock in mead of glee,\nAnd wakes with oaten pipe the echoes of Carnbee.\n\nCanto Second. 37\n\nI\n\nIV.\n\nAnd see how Airdrie woods upshoot on high\nTheir leafy living glories to the day,\nAs if they long'd to embrace the vaulted sky\nWith their long branchy arms so green and gay.\n\nBalcarras-craig, so rough, and hard, and dry,\nEnlivens into beauty by the ray.\nHeaves up, bedecked with flowers, his ruffian-side,\nLike giant hung with gods, and boasts his tricksy pride.\nEven on the King's-muir jigs the jolly Spring,\nScattering from whin to whin the new perfume;\nWhile, near the sea-coast, Flora tarrying,\nTouches the garden's parterres into bloom;\nWith joy the villages and cities ring;\nCowherd and cow rejoice, and horse and groom;\nThe ploughman laughs amid his joyous care,\nAnd Anster burghers laugh in prospect of their Fair.\nVI.\nFor lo! now peeping just above the vast\nVault of the German Sea, in east afar,\nAppears full many a brig's and schooner's mast,\nTheir topsails strutting with the vernal harr;\nNear and more near they come, and show at last\nTheir ocean-thumping hulks all black with tar;\nTheir stems are pointed toward Anster pier,\nWhile, flying o'er their sterns, the well-known flags appear.\nVII.\nFrom clear-skied France and muddy Zuyder-zee,\nThey come, replenished with the stores of trade;\nSome from the Hollander of lumpish knee,\nConvey his lintseed, stowed in bag or cade;\nHeaven bless him! may his breeches be countless and\nWarm and thick, and ever undecay'd!\nFor he it was that first supplied the Scots\nWith linen for their shirts, and stout frieze for their coats.\n\nThe harp is the name given by the fishermen\nTo that gentle breeze, which generally blows from the east\nIn a fine spring or summer afternoon.\n\nCanto Second. \u00a39\nVIII.\nSome bring, in many an anker hooped strong,\nFrom Flushing's port, the palate-biting gin,\nThe inspirer of the tavern's noisy song,\nThe top-delight, the nectar of each inn,\nThat sends a-bounding through the veins along\nThe loitering blood when frosty days begin,\nThe beverage wherein fiddlers like to nuzzle.\nThe gauger's joy to seize, and old wife's joy to guzzle!\n\nIX.\nSome from Garonne and bonny banks of Seine,\nTransport in pipes the blood of Bacchus' berry,\nWherewith our lairds may fume the fuddled brain,\nAnd grow, by bousing, boisterously merry;\nAnd whereby, too, their cheeks a glow may gain,\nAbashing even the red of July's cherry;\nO, it is right; our lairds do well, I ween;\nA bottle of black wine is worth all Hippocrene!\n\n40 Anster Fair.\n\nSoon, hurried forward by the skittish gales,\nIn Anster harbor every vessel moors;\nFurl'd by the seamen are the flapping sails;\nFixed are the halsers to the folk-clad shores;\nTheir holds discharge the wealth of Gallia's vales,\nAnd Amsterdam's and Flushing's useful stores,\nAll to augment, with commerce various ware,\nThe bustle and the trade of famous Anster Fair.\n\nXL.\n\nNor distant now the day; the cream-faced sun, *\nThat, rising, shall engild to-morrow's air,\nShall shine with courteous beams upon the fun\nAnd frolic of the celebrated Fair;\nAnd now, already, have the folk begun,\nSo eager are they the delight to share,\nIn flocks to Maggie's borough to resort,\nThat they may all, betimes, be present at the sport.\n\nAnster Lintseed Market (as it is called) is on the 11th of April,\nor one of the six days immediately succeeding.\n\nCanto Second. 41\nXII.\nEach hedge-lined highway of the king, that leads\nOr straightly or obliquely to the loan,\nSeems, as the Muse looks downwards, paved with heads,\nAnd hats and cowls of those that bustle on;\nFrom Johnny Groat's house to the border-meads,\nFrom isle of Arran to the mouth of Don,\nIn thousands they puffingly to Fife they run,\nGold in their pockets lodged, and in their noddles fun.\n\nXIII.\nSay, Muse, who first, who last, on foot or steed.\nCame candidates for Maggie to her town,\nSt. Andrew's sprightly students first proceed,\nClad in their foppery of sleeveless gowns;\nForth whistling from Salvador's gate they speed,\nFull many a mettlesome and fiery one,\nForgetting Horace for a while and Tully,\nAnd madly embolden their limbs, and leap it beautifully,\n\nAnster Fair,\nXIV,\n\nFor even in Learning's cobwebbed halls had rung\nThe loud report of Maggie Lauder's fame.\nAnd Pedantry's Greek-conning sapient tongue\nIn songs had wagged, in honor of her name;\nUp from their moldy books and tasks had sprung\nBigent and Magistrand to try the game;\nLectures ceased; old Alma Mater slept,\nAnd o'er his silent rooms the ghost of Wardlaw wept.\n\nXV,\n\nSo down in troops the red-clad students come,\nAs kittens blithe, a joke-exchanging crew,\nAnd in their heads bear learned Greece and Rome,\nAnd haply Cyprus in their bodies too.\nSome pipe and play, and some talk long of fair Mag, and as they talk, backwards they scale the steps of honest Plato's ladder. (Those wishing to understand this Ladder may consult Plato, Conviv. torn. iii. page 211. of Serrani's Edit.)\n\nCanto Second. 43\nXVI.\nOthers, to cheat their heels of weariness, repeat tales of classic merriment, how the fool Faunus, on noiseless feet, at midnight to the cave of Tmolus went, scorched as he was with Venus' fiercest heat, on cuckold-making mischievous intent, till from the horny fist of hairy Hercules, he got upon the cheek a most confounded jerk, alas.\n\nXVII.\nThey do not only come down; in chaise or gig, endoctrinated sage professors lolling ride, their heads with curled vastity of wig thatched round and round, and queerly beautified.\nIn silken hose are sheathed each learned leg;\nWhite are their cravats, long and trimly tied.\nSome say they came to jump for Maggie too,\nBut college-records say they came to view the sport.\n\nAnster Fair, XVIII.\n\nSee, as their coachwheels scour the Eastburn-lane,\nRattling as if the pavement up to tear!\nHow men and women, huddling in their train,\nAnd hallooing shouts of loud applause appear!\n\nRed-cheeked and white-cheeked, stout and feeble men,\nWith staff or staff-less, draw to Anster near;\nAnd such a mob come trampling o'er King's-muir,\nThey raise a cloud of dust that does the sun obscure.\n\nXIX.\n\nNext from Denino's, every house and hut,\nHer simple guileless people hie away;\nThat day the doors of parish-school were shut,\nAnd every scholar got his leave to play:\n\nDown rush they light of heart and light of foot,\nBig plowmen, in their coats of hodden gray.\nWeavers despising both web and treadle, collier and collier's wife, and minister and beadle.\n\nCanto Second. 45.\nXX.\nNext, from the well-aired ancient town of Crail,\nGo out her craftsmen with tumultuous din,\nHer wind-bleach'd fishers, sturdy-limbed and hale,\nHer in-kneed tailors, garrulous and thin;\nAnd some are flush'd with horns of pithy ale,\nAnd some are fierce with drams of smuggled gin,\nWhile, to augment his growth, each to his jaws\nA good Crail capon holds, at which he rugs and gnaws.\n\nXXI.\nAnd from Kingsbarns and hamlet called of boars,\nAnd farms around (their names too long to add),\nSally the villagers and hands in scores,\nTenant and laird, and hedger, hodden-clad;\nBolted are all the East-nook houses' doors;\nEven toothless wives pass westward, strangely glad.\nPropping their tremulous limbs on oaken stay.\nAnd in their red plaids, dressed as if it were Sabbath day.\nA Crail capon is a dried haddock, or Boarbills.\n46 ANSTER FAIR.\nXXII.\nAnd bare-foot lasses, on whose ruddy face\nUnfurled is health's rejoicing banner seen,\nTricked in their Sunday mutches edged with lace,\nTippets of white, and frocks of red and green,\nCome tripping o'er the roads with jocund pace,\nGay as May-morning, tidy, gim, and clean,\nWhile, joggling at each wench's side, her joes\nCrack many a rustic joke, his power to show.\nXXIII.\nThen jostling forward on the western road,\nApproach the folk of wind-swept Pittenweem,\nSo numerous that the highways, long and broad,\nOne waving field of gowns and coat-tails seem;\nThe fat man puffing goes, oppressed with load\nOf cumbersome flesh and corpulence extreme;\nThe lean man bounds along, and with his toes\nHe taps the pavement, quick and light and spry.\nSmites on the fat man's heels, those who go before him slow. (Canterbury Tales, Second Canto, 47, XXIV)\n\nSt. Monance, Elie, and adjacent farms,\nTurn out their mechanics, fishers, farmers;\nSun-burnt and shoeless schoolboys rush in swarms,\nWith childish trick, and revelry and shout;\nMothers bear little children in their arms,\nAttended by their giggling daughters stout;\nClowns, cobblers, cotters, tanners, weavers, beaux,\nHurry and hop along in clusters and in rows. (Canterbury Tales, Second Canto, 47, XXV)\n\nAnd every husbandman, round Largo-law,\nHas scraped his huge-wheeled dung-cart fair and clean,\nWherein, on sacks stuffed full of oaten straw,\nSits the Goodwife, Tarn, Katey, Jock, and Jean;\nIn flowers and ribbands dressed the horses draw\nStoutly their creaking cumbersome machine,\nAs, on his cart-head, sits the Goodman proud,\nAnd cheerily cracks his whip, and whistles clear and loud. (Canterbury Tales, Second Canto, 48, XXVI)\nThen from her coal-pits Dysart vomits forth\nHer subterranean men of colour dun,\nPoor human mouldwarps! doomed to scrape in earth,\nCimmerian people, strangers to the sun;\nGloomy as soot, with faces grim and swarth,\nThey march, most sourly leering every one,\nYet very keen, at Anster loan, to share\nThe merriments and sports to be accomplished there.\n\nXXVII.\n\nNor did Path-head detain her wrangling race\nOf weavers, toiling at their looms for bread;\nFor now their slippery shuttles rest a space\nFrom flying through their labyrinths of thread;\nTheir treadle-shaking feet now scour apace\nThrough Gallowtown with levity of tread;\nSo on they pass, with sack in hand, full bent\nTo try their sinews' strength in dire experiment.\n\nCANTO SECOND. 49\n\nXXVIII.\n\nAnd long Kirkaldy, from each dirty street\nHer numerous population eastward throws:\nHer roguish boys with bare unstocking'd feet,\nHer rich ship-owners, generous and jocose;\nHer prosperous merchants, sober and discreet,\nHer coxcombs pantalooned, and powdered beaux;\nHer pretty lasses tripping on their great toes,\nWith foreheads white as milk or boiled potatoes,\n\nXXIX.\nAnd from Kinghorn jump hastily along\nHer ferrymen and poor inhabitants: \u2014\nAnd the upland hamlet, where, as told in song,\nTam Laird played of yore his lively rants,\nIs left disppeopled of her brose-fed throng,\nFor eastward scud they now as thick as ants:\nDunfermline, too, so famed for checks and ticks,\nSends out her loom-bred men, with bags and walking-sticks.\n\n50 Anster Fair*\nXXX.\nAnd market-maids, and aproned wives, that bring\nTheir gingerbread in baskets to the Fair;\nAnd cadgers with their creels, that hang by string\nFrom their lean horse-ribs, rubbing off the hair.\nAnd crook-legged cripples, on crutches they swing,\nTheir shabby persons with a noble air;\nAnd fiddlers with their fiddles in their cases,\nAnd packmen with their packs of ribbons, gauze, and laces.\n\nFrom Kinross, whose dusty streets unpaved\nAre whirled through heaven on summer's windy day,\nWhose cabbage-bearing ground is lav'd\nBy Leven's waves, that clear as crystal play.\nJog her brisk burghers, spruce and cleanly shaved,\nHer sullen cutlers and her weavers gay,\nHer ploughboys in their botched and clumsy jackets,\nHer clowns with cobbled shoes stuck full of iron tackets.\n\nCanto Second. 5i\nXXXII.\n\nRide on, sleek-maned horses, bay or brown,\nSmacking their whips and spurring bloodily,\nThe writers of industrious Cupar town,\nGood social mortals skill'd the pen to ply;\nLo! how their garments as they gallop down,\nWaving behind them in the breezes fly.\nAs upward spurns to heaven's blue bending roof,\nDashed is the dusty road from every bounding hoof.\n\nXXXIII.\nAnd clerks with ruffled shirts and frizzled hairs,\nTheir tasseled half-boots clear as looking-glass,\nAnd Sheriffs lean and unlearned Sheriff-maids,\nAnd messengers-at-arms with brows of brass,\nCome strutting down, or single or in pairs,\nSome on high horse and some on lowly ass;\nWith blacksmiths, barbers, butchers, and their brats,\nAnd some had new hats on, and some came wanting.\n\n52 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXXXIV.\nAstraddle on their proud steeds full of fire,\nFrom all the tree-girt country-seats around,\nComes many a huffy, many a kindly squire,\nIn showy garb, worth many a silver pound;\nWhile close behind, in livery's base attire,\nFollows poor lackey with small-bellied hound,\nCarrying, upon his shoulders slung, the bag.\nFrom all her lanes and alleys, fair Dundee\nHas sent her happy citizens away;\nThey come with meikle jolliment and glee,\nCrossing in clumsy boat their shallow Tay;\nTheir heads are bonneted most fair to see,\nAnd of the tartan is their back's array:\nFrom Perth, Dunkeld, Brechin, Forfar, Glams,\nRoll down the sweaty crowds, with wearied legs and hams.\n\nCanto Second, o3\n\nFrom Mearns-shire, and from Aberdeen,\nWhere many a wench knits many a stocking,\nFrom Banff and Murray, where of old were seen\nThe witches by the chief so fain to grow king,\nDescend in neckless coats brushed smooth and clean,\nAnd eke with long pipes in their mouths a-smoking;\nThe northern people, boisterous and rough,\nBearing, both chin and nose bedaub'd with spittle of snuff.\nThe horny-knuckled Highlandman comes next from Ross-shire and Sutherland,\nFrom where the long wave, upon the rocky Caithness strand,\nBreaks and at the Pole begins, and where Lochfyne from her prolific sand,\nHer herrings give to feed each bordering clan.\nArrive the brogue-shod men, plaid and breechless, with Esau's hairy thigh.\n\nAnster Fair.\nXXXVIII.\nThey come not now to fire the Lowland stacks or foray on Fortha's firth,\nClaymore and broadsword, Lochaber-axe, are left to rust above the smoky hearth;\nTheir only arms are bagpipes now and sacks;\nTheir teeth are set most desperately for mirth,\nAnd at their broad and sturdy backs are hung\nGreat wallets, cramm'd with cheese and bannocks, and cold tongue.\n\nXXXIX.\nThe Islanders, who lie exposed to the Atlantic surge,\nDid not stay away.\nFrom Jura, Arran, Barra, Uist and Skye,\nPiping they come, unshaven, unbreeched, unhosed;\nAnd from that Isle, whose abbey, structured high,\nWithin its precincts holds dead kings enclosed,\nWhere St. Columba often is seen to waddle\nGown-doxoundwith flaming fire upon the spire astraddle.\n\nCanto Second. \u00a3\nXL.\n\nNext from the far-famed ancient town of Ayr,\n(Sweet Ayr! with crops of ruddy damsels blest,\nThat, shooting up, and waxing fat and fair,\nShine on thy braes the lilies of the west) ;\nAnd from Dumfries, and from Kilmarnock (where\nAre night-caps made, the cheapest and the best,)\nBlithely they ride on ass and mule, with sacks\nIn lieu of saddles plac'd upon their asses' backs,\nXLI.\n\nClose at their heels, bestriding well-strapp'd nag,\nOr humbly riding asses' backbone bare,\nCome Glasgow's merchants, each with money-bag,\nTo purchase Dutch lintseed at Anster Fair.\nSagacious fellows all, who well may brag\nOf virtuous industry and talents rare;\nThe accomplished men of the counting-room confess,\nAnd fit to crack a joke, or argue with the best.\n\nAnstey. Fair.\nXLII.\n\nNor keep their homes the Borderers, who stay\nWhere purls the Jed, and Esk, and little Liddel,\nMen, who can rarely on the bagpipe play,\nAnd wake the unsober spirit of the fiddle;\nAvow'd free-booters, who have many a day\nStolen sheep and cow, yet never owned they did ill;\nGreat rogues, for sure, that wight is but a rogue,\nWho blots the eighth command from Moses' decalogue.\n\nXLIII.\n\nAnd some of them on the tarry side,\nCome from North-Berwick harbour sailing out;\nOthers, abhorrent of the sickening tide,\nHave taken the road by Stirling brig about,\nAnd eastward now from long Kirkaldy ride,\nSlugging on their slow-gaited asses stout.\nWhile dangling at their backs are bagpipes hung,\nAnd dangling hangs a tale on every rhymers tongue.\n\nCanto Second. XLIV.\n\nAmid them rides, on lofty ass sublime,\nWith cadger-like sobriety of canter,\nIn purple lustihood of youthful prime,\nGreat in his future glory, Rob the Ranter;\nI give the man what name in little time\nHe shall acquire from pipe and drone and chanter;\nHe comes appareled like a trim bridegroom,\nFiery and flushed with hope, and like a god in bloom.\n\nXLV.\n\nNo paltry vagrant piper-carle is he,\nWhose base-bribed drone whiffs out its wind for hire,\nWho, having strolled all day for penny fee,\nCouches at night with oxen in the byre;\nRob is a Border laird of good degree,\nA many-acred, clever, jolly squire,\nOne born and shaped to shine and make a figure,\nAnd blessed with supple limbs to jump with wondrous vigour.\n\n5& Anster Fair.\n\nXLVI.\nHis waggish face, that speaks a jocular soul,\nSeems cast in the mold of fun and glee,\nAnd on the bridge of his well-arched nose,\nSits Laughter plumed, and white-winged Jollity;\nHis manly chest a heroic breadth shows;\nBold is his gesture, dignified and free;\nEven as he smites with lash his ass's hip,\nHe whirls his glittering whip with seemly grace.\n\nXVII.\n\nHis coat is of the flashy Lincoln green,\nWith silver buttons of the prettiest mold;\nEach buttonhole, skirt, and hem is seen\nSparklingly edged with lace of yellow gold;\nHis breeches of the velvet smooth and clean,\nAre very fair and goodly to behold;\nSo on he rides, and let him ride on,\nWe shall again meet Rob, tomorrow at the loan.\n\nCanto Second. 59\n\nBut mark his ass ere he ride off \u2014 some say,\nHe got him from a pilgrim lady fair.\nWho, landing once on Joppa's wave-worn quay,\nHad bought him from an Armenian merchant there,\nAnd pressed his padded pack, and rode away\nTo snuff devotion in Syria's air;\nThen brought him home in the hold of a stout Levanter,\nAll for the great good luck of honest Rob the Ranter.\nXLIX.\nAlong Fife's western roads, behold, how quickly\nThe travel-sweltering crowds to Anster go,\nShaded overhead with clouds of dust that fly,\nTarnishing heaven with darkness not its own!\nAnd scarcely can the Muse's lynx-sharp eye\nScan, through the dusty nuisance upward blown,\nThe ruddy plaids, black hats, and bonnets blue,\nOf those that rush below, a motley-vestured crew!\n\nGo, Anster fair;\nNor only was the land with crowds oppressed,\nThat trample forward to the expected Fair;\nThe harassed ocean had no peace or rest.\nSo many keels tear their foamy bosoms; For, into view now sailing from the west, With streamers idling in the bluish air, Appear the painted pleasure-boats unleaky, Charged with a precious freight, \u2013 the good folks of Auld Reekie.\n\nThey come, the cream and flower of all the Scots,\nThe children of politeness, science, wit,\nExulting in their bench'd and gaudy boats,\nWherein some joking and some puking sit;\nProudly the pageantry of carvels floats,\nAs if the salt sea frisk'd to carry it;\nThe gales vie emulous their sails to wag,\nAnd dally as in love with each long gilded flag.\n\nUpon the benches seated, I descry\nHer gentry: knights, and lairds, and lang-na\u00fc'd fops,\nHer advocates and signet-writers sly,\nHer generous merchants, faithful to their shops,\nHer lean-eheek'd tetchy critics, who, O fy!\nHard-retching, spue upon the sails and ropes.\nHer lovely ladies, with lips like rubies;\nHer fiddlers, fools, bards, blockheads, black-guards, boobies.\nAnd red-prow'd fisher-boats are spied\nIn south-east, tilting o'er the jasper main,\nWhose wing-like oars, dispersed on either side,\nNow swoop on sea, now rise in sky again:\nThey come not now, with herring-nets supplied,\nOr barbed lines to twitch the haddock train,\nBut with the townsfolk of Dunbar are laden,\nWho burn to see the Fair,\u2014man, stripling, wife and maiden.\n\nAnster Fair.\n\nAnd many a Dane, with ringlets long and red,\nAnd many a starved Norwegian, lank and brown.\n(For over seas the fame of Mag had spread\nFar from Scandinavian town to town,)\nMaugre the risk of drowning, and the dread\nOf krakens, isles of fish of droll renown,\nHave dared to cross the ocean, and now steer\nTheir long outlandish skiffs direct on Anster pier.\nLV: Forward they scud and soon each pleasure-barge,\nAnd fisher-boats, and skiffs so slim and lax,\nOn shore their various passengers discharge,\nSome hungry, queasy some and white as flax;\nLightly they bound upon the beach's verge,\nGlad to unbend their stiffened houghs and backs;\nBut who is that, O Muse, with lofty brow,\nThat from his lacked boat is just for stepping now?\n\nCanto Second. 63\n\nLVI: Thou fool! (for I have never since Bavius' days\nHad such a dolt to dictate to as thou,)\nDost thou not know, by that eye's kingly rays,\nAnd by the arch of that celestial brow,\nAnd by the grace his every step displays,\nAnd by the crowds that round him duck and bow,\nThat that is good King James, the merriest Monarch\nThat ever sceptre sway'd since Noah steer'd his own ark?\n\nLVII: For, as he in his house of Holyrood\nOf late was keeping jovially his court,\nThe gypsy stood by the window, calling out fair Mag's report to the Monarch. The King laughed, pleased with the anticipated sport. Here he comes, with lord and lady near, stepping up Anster's eastern pier.\n\nBut mark, boy, how in a loyal ring,\nAs obedient subjects well become,\nFife's hospitable lairds salute their King,\nAnd kiss his little finger or his thumb.\nThis done, their liege lord they escorting bring\nTo Anster House, where he may eat a crumb.\n\nIn the stuccoed hall they sit and dine,\nAnd into tenfold joy bedrench their blood with wine.\n\nSome with the ladies in the chambers ply,\nTheir bounding elasticity of heel,\nEvolving, as they trip it whirlingly,\nThe merry mazes of the entangled reel;\nTween roof and floor, they fling, they flirt, they fly.\nThe garments swim round them as they wheel;\nThe rafters creak beneath the dance's clatter;\nTremble the solid walls with feet that shake and patter.\n\nSome (wiser they), resolved on drinking-bout,\nThe wines of good Sir John engulf them amain;\nTheir glasses soon are filled, and soon drunk out,\nAnd soon are bumpered to the brim again:\nCertes that laird is but a foolish lout,\nWho does not fuddle now with might and main;\nFor generous is their host, and, by my sooth,\nWas never better wine applied to Scottish mouth.\n\nWith might and main they fuddle and carouse;\nEach glass augments their thirst, and keens their wit;\nThey swill, they swig, they take a hearty rouse,\nCheering their flesh with Bacchus' benefit,\nTill, by and bye, the windows of the house.\nGo dizzyingly whirling round them where they sit;\nAnd had you seen the sport, and heard the laughing,\nYou'd have thought that all Jove's gods in Anster House\nSat quaffing.\n\nAnster Fair.\nLXII.\nNot such a wassail, famed for social glee,\nIn Shushan's gardens long ago was held,\nWhen Ahasuerus, by a blithe decree,\nCompelled his turbaned satraps to the house,\nAnd bagged their Persian paunches with a sea\nOf wine, that from his carved gold they swilled,\nWhile overhead was stretched (a gorgeous show!)\nBlue blankets, silver-starr'd, a heaven of callico!\n\nLXIII.\nNor less is the disport and joy without,\nIn Anster town and loan, through all the throng:\n'Tis but one vast tumultuous jovial rout,\nTumult of laughing, and of gabbling strong;\nTen thousands and tens reel about,\nWith joyous uproar blustering along;\nElbows push boringly on sides with pain.\nWives hustle on, wives, and men dash hard on, men.\n\nCANTO SECOND 67\nLXIV.\nThere lacks no sport: tumblers, in wondrous pranks,\nHigh-staged, display their limbs' agility;\nAnd now, they, mounting from the scaffold's planks,\nKick with their whirling heels the clouds on high,\nAnd now, like cats, upon their dexterous shanks,\nThey light, and of new monsters cheat the sky;\nWhile motley Merry-Andrew, with his jokes,\nWide through the incorporeal mob provokes\nThe bursting laugh.\n\nLXV.\nOthers upon the green, in open air,\nEnact the best of Davie Lindsay's plays;\nWhile ballad-singing women do not spare\nTheir throats, to give good utterance to their lays;\nAnd many a leather-lung'd, co-enchanting pair\nOf wood-legged sailors, children's laugh and gaze,\nLift to the courts of Jove their voices loud,\nY-hymning their mishaps, to please the heedless crowd.\n\n68 ANSTER FAIR.\nLXVI.\nMeanwhile, the sun, fatigued, with shining on a night till seven o'clock, beams on each chimney-head a farewell ray, illuming into golden shaft its smoke. And now in the sea, far west from Oronsay, is dipped his chariot-wheel's refulgent spoke, and now a section of his face appears, and diving, now he ducks clean down over head and ears.\n\nLXVIL\n\nAnon uprises, with blithe bagpipe's sound, and shriller din of flying fiddlestick, on the green loan and meadow-crofts around, a town of tents, with blankets roofed quick: a thousand stakes are rooted in the ground; a thousand hammers clank and clatter thick; a thousand fiddles squeak and squeal it yare; a thousand stormy drones out-gasp in groans their air.\n\nCANTO SECOND. 69\n\nLXVIIL\n\nAnd such a turbulence of general mirth\nRises from Anster loan upon the sky.\nThat from his throne Jove starts, and down on earth looks, wond'ering what may be the jollity:\nHe roots his eye on shores of Forthan firth,\nAnd smirks, as knowing well the market nigh,\nBids his gods and goddesses look down,\nTo mark the rage of joy that maddens Anster town.\n\nLXIX.\nFrom Cellardyke to wind-swept Pittenweem,\nAnd from Balhouffie to Kilrennymill,\nVaulted with blankets, crofts and meadows seem,\nSo many tents the grassy spaces fill;\nMeanwhile the Moon, yet leaning on the stream,\nWith fluid silver bathes the welkin chill,\nThat now Earth's half-ball, on the side of night,\nSwims in an argent sea of beautiful moonlight.\n\n70 Affster Fair.\n\nLXX.\nThen to his bed full many a man retires,\nOn plume, or chaff, or straw, to get a nap,\nIn houses, tents, in haylofts, stables, byres,\nAnd or without or with, a warm night-cap.\nYet they do not all sleep; for by the social fires\nSit many, cuddling round their toddy-sap,\nAnd ever and anon they eat a lunch,\nAnd rinse the mouthfuls down with flavorsome whisky punch.\n\nLXXI.\nSome, shuffling paper nothings, keenly read\nThe Devil's maxims in his painted books,\nTill the old serpent in each heart and head\nSpits canker, and with wormwood sours their looks;\nSome over the chessboard's chequered champain lead\nTheir inch-tall bishops, kings, and queens, and rooks;\nSome force, to inclose the Tod, the wooden Lamb on;\nSome shake the pelting dice upon the broad back-gammon.\n\nCANTO SECOND. 71\nLXXIL\nOthers of traveled elegance polite,\nWith mingling music Maggie's house surround,\nAnd serenade her all the live-long night,\nWith song and lyre, and flute's enchanting sound,\nChiming and hymning into fond delight\nThe heavy night air that o'ershades the ground.\nWhile she, right pensive, in her chamber-nook sits,\nPondering on Thtomas Puck's advice.\n\nAnster Fair.\nCanto III.\nAnster Fair.\nCanto III.\n\nI wish I had a cottage snug and neat,\nUpon the top of many-fountain'd Ide,\nThat I might thence in holy fervor greet\nThe bright-gown'd Morning tripping up her side;\nAnd when the low Sun's glory-buskin' feet\nWalk on the blue wave of the Ionian tide,\nO, I would kneel me down, and worship there\nThe God who garnish'd out a world so bright and fair!\n\n76 Anster Fair.\nII.\nThe saffron-elbow'd Morning up the slope\nOf heaven canaries in her jewell'd shoes,\nAnd throws o'er Kelly-law's sheep-nibbled top\nHer golden apron dripping kindly dews;\nAnd never, since she first began to hop\nUp Heaven's blue causeway, of her beams profuse,\nShone there a dawn so glorious and so gay,\nAs shines the merry dawn of Anster Market-day.\n\nIII.\nRound through the vast circumference of sky,\nOne speck of small cloud cannot be held in sight,\nSave in the East some fleeces bright of dye,\nThat stripe the hem of heaven with woolly gold,\nWhereon are happy angels wont to lie\nLolling, in amaranthine flowers enrolled,\nThat they may spy the precious light of God,\nFlung from the blessed East o'er the fair Earth abroad.\n\nCanto Third. VII.\n\nThe fair Earth laughs through all her boundless range,\nHeaving her green hills high to greet the beam;\nCity and village, steeple, cot, and grange,\nGilt as with Nature's purest leaf-gold seem;\nThe heaths and upland muirs, and fallows, change\nTheir barren brown into a ruddy gleam,\nAnd on ten thousand dew-bent leaves and sprays,\nTwinkle ten thousand suns, and fling their petty rays.\n\nUp from their nests and fields of tender corn\nFull merrily the little skylarks spring.\nAnd on their dew-bedabbled pinions borne,\nThey mount to heaven's blue key-stone flickering:\nThey turn their plume-soft bosoms to the morn,\nAnd hail the genial light, and cheerily sing;\nEcho the gladsome hills and valleys round,\nAs half the bells of Fife ring loud and swell the sound.\n\nFor when the first up-sloping ray was flung\nOn Anster steeple's swallow-harbinger top,\nIts bell and all the bells around were rung\nSonorous, jangling loud without a stop;\nFor toilingly each bitter-beadle swung,\nEven till he smoked with sweat, his greasy rope,\nAnd almost broke his bell-wheel, ushering in\nThe morn of Anster Fair, with tinkle-tankling din.\n\nAnd from our steeple's pinnacle out-spread,\nThe town's long colours flare and flap on high,\nWhose anchor, blazoned fair in green and red,\nCurls pliant to each breeze that whistles by.\nWhile on the boltsprit, stern, and top-mast head,\nOf brig and sloop that in the harbor lie,\nStreams the red gaudy of flags in air, \"\u00a3\nAll to salute and grace the morn of Anster Fair.\n\nCanto Third. VIII.\n\nForthwith from house and cellar, tent and byre,\nRous'd by the clink of bells that jingle on,\nUncabin'd, rush the multitude like fire,\nFurious and squeezing forward to the loan;\nThe son, impatient, leaves his snail-slow sire;\nThe daughter leaves her mam to trot alone;\nSo madly leap they, man, wife, girl, and boy,\nAs if the senseless Earth they kicked for very joy,\n\nIX.\n\nAnd such the noise of feet that trampling pass,\nAnd tongues that roar and rap from jaw to jaw,\nAs if ten thousand chariots, wheeled with brass,\nCame hurling down the sides of Largo Law;\nAnd such the number of the people was,\nAs when in day of Autumn, chill and raw.\nHis small clouds Eurus sends, a vapory train,\nStreaming in scattered rack, exhaustless, from the main.\nAnster loan must, in those days, have been of great extent;\nAt present its limits are contracted almost to the breadth of the highway.\n80 ANSTER FAIR.\nFor who like arrant slugs can keep their heads\nIn contact with their pillows now unstirred?\nGrandfathers leave their all-year-rumpled beds,\nWith moth-eaten breeches now their loins to gird,\nAnd, drawn abroad on tumbrils and on sleds,\nChat off their years, and sing like vernal birds;\nMen, whom cold agues into leanness freeze,\nImblanketed walk out, and snuff the kindly breeze.\nXI.\nAnd flea-bit wives, on whose old arms and cheeks\nThe spoiler Time has driv'n his furrowing plough,\nWhose cold dry bones have all the winter weeks\nHung, shivering o'er their chimney's peat-fed glow.\nNow warm and flexible, and lithe as leeks,\nWabblingly walk to see the joyous show;\nWhat wonder, when each brick and pavement-stone\nWished it had feet that day to walk to Anster Loan.\n\nCanto Third. VIII.\nXII.\n\nUpon a little dappled nag,\nWhose mane seemed to have robb'd the steeds of Phaeton,\nWhose bit, and pad, and fairly-fashion'd rein,\nWith silvery adornments richly shone,\nCame Maggie Lauder forth, enwheel'd with train\nOf knights and lairds around her trotting on:\nAt James' right hand she rode, a beauteous Bride,\nWho well deserved to go by haughtiest Monarch's side.\n\nXIII.\n\nHer form was as the Morning's blithesome star,\nThat, capped with lustrous coronet of beams,\nRides up the dawning orient in her car,\nNew-washed, and doubly fulgent from the streams;\nThe Chaldean shepherd eyes her light afar,\nAnd on his knees adores her as she gleams.\nSo shone the stately form of Maggie Lacjder,\nAnd so the admiring crowds pay homage, and applaud her.\n\n82 ANSTER FAIR.\nXIV.\nEach little step her trampling palfrey took\nShook her majestic person into grace,\nAnd, as at times, his glossy sides she stroked\nEndearingly with whip's green silken lace,\n(The prancer seemed to court such kind rebuke,\nLingering with wilful tardiness of pace);\nBy Jove, the very waving of her arm\n Had power a brutish lout to unbrutify and charm!\n\nXV.\nHer face was as the summer cloud, whereon\nThe dawning sun delights to rest his rays;\nCompar'd with it, old Sharon's vale, o'ergrown\nWith flaunting roses, had resigned its praise;\nFor why? Her face with Heaven's own roses shone,\nMocking the morn, and witching men to gaze;\nAnd he that gazed with cold unsmitten soul,\nThat blockhead's heart was ice thrice baked beneath the pole.\n\nCanto Third. 83.\nXVI.\nHer locks, apparent tufts of wiry gold,\nLay on her lily temples, fairly dangling,\nAnd on each hair, so harmless to behold,\nA lover's soul hung mercilessly strangling;\nThe piping zephyrs vied to infold\nThe tresses in their arms so slim and tangling,\nAnd thrilled in sport these lover-noosing snares,\nAnd played at hide-and-seek amid the golden hairs.\n\nXVII.\nHer eye was as an honored palace, where\nA choir of lightsome Graces frisk and dance;\nWhat object drew her gaze, how mean so'er,\nGot dignity and honor from the glance;\nWoe to the man on whom she unaware\nDid the dear witch'ry of her eye enchant!\n'Twas such a thrilling, killing, keen regard\u2014\nMay Heaven from such a look preserve each tender bard!\n\nXVIII.\nBeneath its shading tucker heaved a breast\nFashioned to take with ravishment mankind;\nFor never did the flimsy Coan vest\nConceal such ample charms, nor such a mind.\nHide such a bosom in its gauze of wind;\nEven a pure angel, looking, had confessed\nA sinless transport passing o'er his mind;\nFor, in the nicest turning-loom of Jove,\nTurned were these charming hills, to inspire a holy love.\n\nXIX.\n\nSo on she rode in virgin majesty,\nCharming the thin dead air to kiss her lips,\nAnd with the light and grandeur of her eye\nShaming the proud sun into dim eclipse;\nWhile, round her presence clustering far and nigh,\nOn horseback some, with silver spurs and whips,\nAnd some afoot with shoes of dazzling buckles,\nAttended knights, and lairds, and clowns with horny knuckles.\n\nCANTO THIRD. 85\n\nXX.\n\nNot with such a crowd surrounded, nor so fair\nIn form, rode forth Semiramis of old,\nOn chariot where she sat in ivory chair,\nBeneath a sky of carbuncle and gold,\nWhen to Euphrates' banks to take the air,\nOr her new rising brickwalls to behold.\nAboard she drove, while around her wheels were poured\nSatrap, and turban'd squire, and pursy Chaldee lord\n\nXXI.\n\nSoon to the Loan came Mag, and from her pad\nDismounting with a queen-like dignity,\n(So from her buoyant cloud, man's heart to glad,\nLights a bright angel on a hill-top high,)\nOn a small mound, with turfy greenness clad\nShe lit, and wandered enchantment on the eye;\nThen on two chairs, that on its top stood ready,\nDown sat the good King James and Anster's bonny\nLady.\n\n86 ANSTER PAIR.\n\nXXII.\n\nTheir chairs were finely carved and overlaid\nWith the thin lustre of adorning gold,\nAnd over their heads a canopy was spread\nOf arras, flowered with figures manifold,\nSupported by four boys of silver made,\nWhose glittering hands the vault of cloth uphold;\nOn each side sat or stood, to view the sport,\nStout lord and lady fair, the flower of Scotland's court.\nOn their gilt chairs they scarcely had time to sit,\nWhen up rose, sudden, from the applauding mob,\nA shout enough to startle hell and split\nThe roundness of the granite-ribbed globe;\nThe mews of May's steep islet, terror-smitten,\nClanged correspondent in a shrill hubbub,\nAnd had the Moon then hung above the main,\nCracked had that horrid shout her spotted orb in twain.\n\nCanto Third* 87\n\nXXIV.\nThrice did their shouting make a little pause,\nTo let their lungs draw recruiting air,\nThrice did the stormy tumult of applause\nShake the Fife woods, and fright the foxes there;\nSky rattled, and Kilbrachmont's crows and daws,\nAlarmed, sang hoarsely o'er their callow care:\nO never, sure, in Fife's town-girdled shire,\nWas heard before or since a shout so loud and dire.\n\nXXV.\nNor ceased the acclaim when ceased the sound of voice.\nFor thousands, in myriads, bickering fast,\nShrieked on their shrunken guts a shrilling noise;\nAnd pipe, and drone, with whistle, and with blast,\nConsorted, hummed and squeaked, and swelled the joys\nWith furious harmony too high to last;\nAnd such a hum of pipe and drone was there,\nAs if on earth men piped, and devils droned in air.\n\n88 ANSTER FAIR.\nXXVI.\nThus did the crowd with fiddle, lungs and drone,\nCongratulate fair Maggie and their King,\nUntil at the last, wide-spreading round the Loan,\nThey formed of huge circumference a ring,\nEnclosing green space, bare of bush and stone,\nWhere might the asses run, and suitors spring;\nUpon its southmost end, high chair'd were seen\nThe Monarch and the Dame, and overlooked the green.\n\nXXVII.\nAnon, the King's stout trumpet blew aloud,\nSilence imposing on the rabble's roar;\nSilent as summer sky stood all the crowd.\nEach bag was strangled and could snort no more.\n(So sinks the roaring of the foamy flood,\nWhen Neptune's clarion twangs from shore to shore, )\nThen through his trumpet he bawled with such stress,\nOne might have known his words a mile beyond Crawness.\u2014\n\nCanto Third. VIII.\nXXVIII.\n\" Ho! hark ye, merry mortals! hark ye, ho!\nThe King now speaks, nor what he speaks is vain;\nThis day's amount of business well you know,\nSo what I tell you I will not repeat:\nHe hopes your asses are more swift than a doe;\nHe hopes your sacks are strong as iron chain;\nHe hopes your bags and pipes are swoln and screw'd;\nHe hopes your rhyme-cramm'd brains are in a famous mood.\n\nXXIX.\n\" For, verily, in Anster's beauteous Dame\nAwaits the victor no despised reward;\nSince well she merits that the starry frame\nShould drop Apollo on that grassy sward.\"\nThat he might, by clever jumping, claim a fairer Daphne than whom once he married;\nSo fair is Mag: yet, not her charms alone,\nA present from the King shall be the victor's own.\nAnster Fair.\n\nFor as a dowry, along with Maggie's hand,\nThe Monarch shall the conqueror present\nWith ten score acres of the royal land,\nAll good of soil, and of the highest rent;\nNear where Dunfermline's palace-turrets stand,\nThey stretch, arrayed in wheat, their green extent:\nWith such a gift, the King shall crown to-day\nThe generous toils of him who bears the prize away.\n\nAnd he, prize-blest, shall enter Maggie's door,\nWho shall in all the trials be the victor;\nOr, if there be no victor in the four,\nHe who shall shine and conquer in the three;\nBut, should sly fortune give to two or more,\nAn equal chance in equal victory.\n\"Tis Mag's to choose the dearest beau: -\nSo bring your asses in, bring in your asses, ho!\nCanto Third. 91\nXXXII.\nScarce from his clamorous brass the words were blown,\nWhen from the globe of people issued out\nDonkeys in dozens and in scores, that shone\nIn purple some, and some in plainer clout,\nWith many a wag astraddle placed thereon,\nGreen-coated knight, and laird, and clumsy lout,\nAll burning with ambition, to try their asses' speed\nIn awkward competition.\nXXXIII.\nAnd some sat wielding silver-headed whips,\nWhisking their asses' ears with silken thong;\nSome thrash'd and thwack'd their sturdy hairy hips,\nWith knotted cudgels ponderous and strong;\nAnd some had spurs, whose every rowel dips\nAmid their ribs an inch of iron long;\nAnd some had bridles gay and bits of gold,\nAnd some had hempen reins, most shabby to behold.\"\nAmidst them entered, on the listed space,\nGreat Rob, the Ranter was his after name,\nWith Fun's broad ensign hoisted in his face,\nAnd aiming at himself immortal fame;\nAnd ever upon the hillock's loftier place,\nWhere sat his destined spouse, the blooming Dame,\nA glance he flung, regardless of the reins,\nAnd felt the rapid love glide tingling through his veins.\n\nXXXV.\nShe too, upon the Borderer's manly size\nWith prepossessing favour fix'd her sight;\nFor woman's sharp and well-observing eyes\nSoon single out the seemliest, stateliest wight;\nAnd, oh! (she to herself thus silent sighs),\nWere't but the will of Puck the dapper sprite,\nI could - La! what a grace of form divine! -\nI could, in truth, submit to lose my name in thine.\n\nXXXVI.\nForward they rode, to where the King and Magus were.\nOverlooked, superior, from the southern mound,\nWhen, from his brute alighting, every wag,\nHis person haunched into a deep bow,\nAnd almost kissed his shoes' bedusted tag,\nGrazing with nose most loyal the ground,\nAs earthward croaked they their corporeal frames\nInto obeisance due, before the gracious James XXXVII.\n\n\"Rise, rise, my lads, the jovial Monarch said,\nHere is not now the fitting place to ply\nThe courtier's and the dancing-master's trade,\nNuzzling the nasty ground obsequiously;\nUp, up \u2014 put hat and bonnet on your head,\nThe chilling dew still drizzles from the sky,\nUp \u2014 tuck your coats around your bellies;\nMount, mount your horses' backs like clever vaulting fellows.\n\nQ4* Anster Fair.\nXXXVIII.\n\nAnd see, that when the race's sign is given,\nEach rider whirl his whip with mighty swinge,\nOr toss his whizzing cudgel up to heaven.\nThat with more goodly bang it down may light,\nAnd let the spur's blood-thirsty teeth be driven\nThrough hide and hair by either heel aright,\nFor 'tis a beast most sluggish, sour, and slow; \u2014\nBe mounting then, my hearts, and range you in a row:\nXXXIX.\nli And look ye northwards \u2014 note yon mastlike pole,\nTassel'd with ribbons and betrimmed with clout,\nYon \u2014 mark it \u2014 is the race-ground's northern goal,\nWhere you must turn your asses' heads about,\nAnd jerk them southward, till with gladsome soul\nYou reach that spot whence now you're setting out;\nAnd he that reaches first, shall loud be shouted\nThe happy, happy man \u2014 I'll say no more about it.\n\nCANTO THIRD. 95\nXL.\nThis said, they like the glimpse of lightning quick,\nUpvaulted on their backbones asinine.\nAnd marshalled, by the force of spur and stick,\nThe long-eared lubbards in an even line.\nThen we sat, awaiting the momentous nick,\nWhen James's herald should y-twang the sign:\nEach whip was rear'd aloft in act to crack,\nEach cudgel hung in sky surcharged with stormy thwack.\n\nXLI.\nFrisk'd with impatient flutter every heart,\nAs the brisk anxious blood began to jump;\nEach human ear prick'd up its fleshiest part,\nTo catch the earliest notice of the trump;\nWhen hark! with blast that spoke the sign to start,\nThe brass-ton'd clarion gave the air a thump,\nWhoop\u2014off they go\u2014halloo\u2014they shoot\u2014they fly\u2014\nThey spur\u2014they whip\u2014they crack\u2014they bawl\u2014they curse\u2014they cry.\n\n96 ANSTER FAIR.\nXLII.\n\nA hundred whips, high toss'd in ether, sung\nTempestuous, flirting up and down like fire;\n'Tween sky and earth as many cudgels swung\nTheir gnarled lengths in formidable gyre,\nAnd, hissing, from their farther ends down flung\nA storm of wooden bangs and anguish dire.\nWoe to the beastly ribs, sculls, and backs,\nFated to bear the weight of such unwieldy cracks!\n\nXLIII.\n\nWoe to the beastly bowels, alas!\nTo bear the spur's sharp, steel-edged agony;\nFor through the sore-galled hides of every ass,\nSquirts the vexed blood in gush of scarlet dye,\nWhile they slog along the hoof-crushed grass,\nRises a bray so horrid and so high,\nAs if all Bashan's bulls, with fat o'ergrown,\nHad bellowed on the green of Anster's frighted Loan.\n\nCANTO THIRD,\n\nXLIV.\n\nWho can in silly, pithless words paint well\nThe pithy feats of that laborious race?\nWho can the cudgellings and whippings tell,\nThe hurry, emulation, joy, disgrace?\nIt would take for tongue the clapper of a bell,\nTo speak the total wonders of the chase;\n'Twould need a set of sturdy, brassy lungs,\nTo tell the mangled whips and shattered sticks and rungs.\n\nXLV.\nEach rider pushes on to be the first,\nNot an eye he has to look behind;\nOne ass trots smartly on, though like to burst,\nWith bounding blood and scantiness of wind;\nAnother, by his master banned and cursed,\nGoes backward through perversity of mind,\nInching along in motion retrograde,\nContrary to the course which Scotland's Monarch bade.\n\n98 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nA third obdurate stands and cudgel-proof,\nAnd steadfast as the unchisseled rock of flint,\nRegardless though the heaven's high marble roof\nShould fall upon his skull with mortal dint,\nOr though, conspiring Earth, beneath his hoof,\nShould sprout up coal with fiery flashes in it,\nWhile on his back his grieved and waspish master,\nThe stubborner he stands, still bangs and bans the faster.\n\nXLVII.\n\nMeanwhile, the rabblement, with favoring shout,\nAnd clapping hand, set up so loud a din.\nAs almost every ass, with stark terror, frightened out\nEach one's soul from his particular skin;\nBattled the bursts of laughter round about;\nGrinned every phiz with mirth's peculiar grin;\nAs through the Loan they saw the cuddies awkwardly,\nBustling some straight, some thwart, some forward,\nAnd some backward.\n\nCanto Third. XL VIII.\n\nAs when the clouds, by gusty whirlwind riven,\nAnd whipped into confusion pitchy-black,\nDetach'd, fly diverse round the cope of heaven,\nReeling and jostling in uncertain rack,\nAnd some are northward, some are southward driven,\nWith storm embroiling all the zodiac,\nTill the clash'd clouds send out the fiery flash,\nAnd peals, with awful roll, the long loud thunder crash.\n\nXLIX.\n\nJust in such foul confusion and alarm,\nJostle the cuddies with rebellious mind,\nAll drench'd with sweat, internally so warm,\nThey loudly bray before, and belch behind.\nBut who is yon, the foremost of the swarm,\nThat scampers fleetly as the rain-raw wind;\n'Tis Robert Scott, if I can trust my eyes:\nI know the Borderer well, by his long coat of green.\n\n100 ANSTER FAIR,\nSee how his bright whip, brandish'd round his head,\nFlickers like a streamer in the northern skies;\nSee how his ass on earth with nimble tread\nHalf-flying rides, in air half-riding flies,\nAs if a pair of ostrich wings, out-spread,\nTo help him on, had sprouted from his thighs:\nWell scampered, Rob \u2014 well whipt \u2014 well spurr'd \u2014 my boy;\nO haste ye, Ranter, haste \u2014 rush \u2014 gallop to thy joy!\n\nThe pole is gained; his ass's head he turns\nSouthward, to tread the trodden ground again;\nSparkles like flint the cuddy's hoof and burns,\nSeeming to leave a smoke upon the plain;\nHis bitted mouth the foam impatient churns.\nHe sweeps his broad tail behind him like a train:\nSpeed, cuddy, speed \u2014 O, do not slacken thy pace;\nTen minutes more like this, and thou shalt gain the race!\n\nCanto Third. 101. LII.\n\nHe comes careering on the sounding Loan,\nWith pace unslackened hastening to the knoll,\nAnd, as he meets those that hobble on\nWith northward heads to gain the ribboned pole,\nEven by his forceful fury are overthrown\nHis long-eared brethren in confusion droll;\nFor as their sides, he passing, slightly grazes,\nBy that collision shocked, down roll the foundered asses.\n\nLIII.\n\nHeels over head they tumble; ass on ass\nThey dash, and twenty times roll o'er and o'er,\nLubberly wallowing along the grass,\nIn beastly ruin and with beastly roar;\nWhile their vexed riders in poor plight, alas!\nFlung from their saddles three long ells and more,\nBruised and commingled, with their cudgies sprawl.\nCursing the impetuous brute whose conflict caused their fall.\n\nAnster Fair. Liv.\n\nWith hats upon their heads they down did light,\nWithout hats disgracefully they rose;\nClean were their faces ere they fell and bright,\nBut dirty-faced they got up on their toes;\nStrong were their sinews ere they fell and tight,\nHip-shot they stood up, sprain'd with many woes;\nBlithe were their aspects ere the ground they took,\nGrim louring rose they up, with crabbed ghastly looks.\n\nLv.\n\nAnd to augment their sorrow and their shame,\nA hail abhorred of nauseous rotten eggs,\nIn rascal volleys from the rabble came\nObscene, on their bellies, heads and legs,\nSmearing with slime that ill their clothes became,\nWhereby they stunk like washt pots tainted pigs,\nFor in each sputtering shell a juice was found,\nFoul as the dribbling pus of Philoctetes' wound.\n\nCanto Third. 103\n\nLvi.\nAh then with grievous limp along the ground,\nThey sought their hats that had so flown away,\nAnd some were, cuffed and much disaster'd, found,\nAnd haply some not found unto this day :\nMeanwhile, with vast and undiminished bound,\nSheer through the bestial wreck and disarray,\nThe brute of Mesopotam rushes on,\nAnd in his madding speed devours the trembling Loan.\n\nLVII.\nSpeed, cuddy, speed \u2014 one short, short minute more,\nAnd finished is thy toil, and won the race \u2014\nNow \u2014 one half minute and thy toils are o'er\u2014\nHis toils are o'er, and he has gained the base ;\nHe shakes his tail, the conscious conqueror ;\nJoy peeps through his stupidity of face ;\nHe seems to wait the Monarch's approbation,\nAs quiver his long ears with self-congratulation.\n\nLVIII.\nStraight from the stirrup Rob dislodged his feet,\nAnd, flinging from his grasp away the rein.\nOff he sprang, and lowly in obeisance met,\nDid lowly duty to his King again:\nHis King with salutation kind did greet\nHim, the victorious champion of the plain,\nAnd bade him rise, and up the hillock skip,\nThat he the royal hand might kiss with favored lip.\n\nLIX.\n\nWhereat, obedient to the high command,\nGreat Robert Scott, upbolting from the ground,\nRushed up, in majesty of gesture grand,\nTo where the Monarch sat upon the mound,\nAnd kissed the hard back of his hairy hand,\nRespectfully, as fits a Monarch crowned;\nBut with a keener ecstasy he kissed\nThe dearer, tenderer back of Maggie's downy fist.\n\nCanto Third. 105.\n\nThen took the trumpeter his clarion good,\nAnd, in a sharp and violent exclaim,\nOut from the brass among the multitude\nAfar sent conquering Rob's illustrious name.\nWhich heard, an outcry of applause ensued.\nThat shook the dank dew from the starry frame;\nGreat Robert's name was hollered through the mob,\nAnd Echo blabbed to heaven the name of mighty Rob.\n\nLXI.\n\nBut unapplauded, in pitiful case,\nThe laggers on their vanquished asses slow,\nShame-stung, with scurvy length of rueful face,\nRide sneaking off to save them further woe;\nFor, crammed with slime and stench and vile disgrace,\nThe abominable shells fly moe and moe,\nTill slink the men amid the press of folk,\nSecure from shame, and slime, and egg's unwholesome yolk.\n\nAnster Fair.\nCanto IV.\n\nThat if my noddle were a seething kettle,\nFrothing with bombast o'er the Muses' fire!\nO that my wit were sharper than a nettle!\nO that with shrill swan-guts were strung my lyre,\nSo would I rant and sing with such a mettle,\nThat each old wife in Fife's full peopled shire.\nShould Maenads spring from her spinning wheel, and frolic round her bard, wincing a tottling reel.\n\nAnster Fair.\n\nII.\n\nOnce again, at the King's desire, the herald applied his tube of metal to his mouth, and with a roaring brazen clangor, he cried out to the heaving mass of rabble, inviting every blade of fun and fire, who wished to jump in hempen bondage tied, to start forth from the people's ring and fetch his sack in hand, standing before the King.\n\nIII.\n\nNo sooner were his words blown in the sky than through the multitude's compacted press, wedging their bodies and pushing towards the open Loan, the audacious men of boasted springiness emerged. Some, Sampson-thighed, large and big of bone, brawn-burdened, six feet high or little less, Some lean, flesh-withered, stinted, oatmeal things, yet hardy, tough, and smart, with heels like steely springs.\nIV.\nNor were the offered candidates a few;\nIn hundreds they issued, mad with zeal\nTo try, in feats which haply some shall rue,\nTheir perilous alacrity of heel;\nEach mortal brings his sack wherein to mew\nAs in a pliant prison, strong as steel,\nHis guiltless corpse, and clog his natural gait\nWith cumbersome cloth, embarrassing and straight.\nAnd in their hands they hold to view on high\nVain-gloriously, their bags of sturdy thread,\nAnd toss and wave them in the affronted sky,\nLike honour-winning trophies o'er their head,\nAssuming merit, that they dare defy\nThe dangers of a race so droll and dread:\nAh, boast not, sirs, for premature's the brag;\n'Tis time in truth to boast when off you put the bag.\n\nVI.\nOnward they hastened, clamorous and loud,\nTo where the Monarch sat upon the knoll,\nAnd, having to his presence humbly bow'd.\nAnd bar'd of reverential hat their poll,\nTheir dirty sacks they wagg'd, erect and proud,\nImpatient, in their fiery fit of soul,\nAnd pertly shook, even in the Monarch's eyes,\nA cloud of meal and flour that whirling round them flies.\n\nVII.\nBut as the good King saw them thus prepared\nTo have their persons scabbarded in cloth,\nHe ordered twenty soldiers of his guard,\nAll swashing fellows and of biggest growth,\nTo step upon the green Loan's listed sward,\nThat they may lend assistance, nothing loath,\nTo plunge into their pliant sheaths, neck-deep,\nThese ambitious men that dare such over-venturous leap.\n\nCanto Fourth. 113\n\nVIII.\nThey stepped obedient down, and in a trice\nPut on the suitors comical array;\nEach sack gaped wide its monstrous orifice,\nTo swallow to the neck its living prey;\nAnd, as a swineherd puts in poke a grain\nTo carry from its sty some little way,\nSo did the soldiers plunge the men within Their yawning gloomy gulfs, to the neck and chin,\nIX.\nAs when of yore the Roman forum, split By earthquake, yawn'd a black tremendous hole,\nVoracious, deepening still, though flung in it Were stones and trees with all their branches whole,\nTill, in a noble patriotic fit,\nThe younger Curtius of devoted soul Down headlong yarely gallop'd, horse and all,\nAnd dash'd his gallant bones to atoms by the fall : H\n\nAnster Fair.\n\nSo fearlessly these men of fair Scotland (Though not to death,) down plunged into their sacks,\nEntangling into impotence to stand Their feet, and mobbing legs, and sides, and backs,\nTill tightly drawn was every twisted band,\nAnd knotted firmly round their valiant necks,\nThat, in their rival rage to jump forthright,\nThey might not struggle off their case of sackcloth.\nXL.\nNor, when their bodies were accoutred well,\nUpon their crowded feet stood all upright,\nBut some, unpracticed or uncautious, fell\nSousing with lumpish undefended weight,\nAnd rolled upon the turf full many an ell,\nIncapable of uprise, sad in plight;\nTill, rais'd again, with those that keep their feet,\nJoined in a line they stand, each in his winding-sheet.\n\nGANTZ IV. 115\nXIL\n\n'Twas an awkward and ridiculous show,\nTo see along a sack-muffled line of men,\nWith hatless heads all peeping in a row\nForth from the long smocks that their limbs contain.\nFor in the wide abyss of cloth below,\nTheir legs are swallow'd and their stout arms twain;\nFrom chin to toe one shapeless lump they stand,\nIn clumsy uniform, without leg, arm, or hand.\n\nXIII.\n\nAnd such their odd appearance was, and show\nOf human carcasses in sackcloth dight,\nAs when the traveler, when he haps to go\nThrough an unruly and disorder'd throng.\nDown in Grand Cairo's chambered catacombs below,\nSee in her grim and garnish'd halls of the dead,\nA queer and grotesque assembly, upright and ready,\nTo spring at the trump's expected sound and scour the ground,\nYet not so soon the starting-blast ensued,\nFor as they stand intent upon the bound,\nThe humorous Monarch, eyeing their array,\nGave then his good advice before they rush'd away.\n\nXIV.\n\"O friends! since now your loins are girt,\nFor journey perilous and full of toil,\nBehoves it you right cautiously to guide\nYour ticklish steps along such vexing soil;\nFor sorry is the road, and well supplied\nWith stumps and stumbling-blocks and pits of guile.\"\nXV.\nAnd snares and latent traps with earth bestowed,\nTo catch you by the heels and bring you groaning down.\n\nCanto Fourth. XVIII.\n\"And woe betide, if unaware you hap\nYour body's well-adjusted poise to lose,\nFor bloody bump and sorrowful sore slap\nAwait your falling temple, brow, and nose;\nAnd, when once down and fettered in a trap,\nHard task 'twill be to extricate your toes:\nSo, lads, if you regard your nose's weal,\nPray pick out stable steps and tread with wary heel.\n\n\"And he that longest time without a fall\nShall urge his sad perplexity of way,\nAnd leave behind his fellow-travelers all,\nGrowling for help and groveling on the clay;\nHe, for his laudable exertions, shall\nBe sung the second victor of the day:\nAnd so God speed you, sirs!\" \u2014 The Monarch spoke,\nAnd on the surging air the trumpet's signal broke.\n\nUS ANSTER FAIR.\nXVII.\nAs a thunderclap, announcing the night, grows on the western frontiers,\nBefore the cloud, slow to climb the sky, has yet suppressed the mid-day sun,\nAlarmed, the timid doves that bask upon their cot's sunny roof,\nSuddenly take flight in a panic, poise their unsteady wings, and flit away;\nXIX.\nThus started, as the herald gave the blast,\nAt once the suitors, with gallant up-spring, notable and vast,\nAttempted a neck-endangering, violent assault:\nThe solid earth, as they passed up to the sky,\nSeemed to retreat a little way;\nAnd, as they flew furiously from the ground,\nThe rent and wounded air whistled audibly.\n\nCANTO FOURTH. ] 19\nXX.\nAs on a summer evening, a soaking rain\nHas after drought bedrenched the tender grass,\nIf chance, in a pleasant walk along the plain,\nYou hear a rustic's song, or see his ploughshare gleam afar,\nOr mark where, in the grassy hollows, the bees are humming at their work,\nOr watch the lambs at play in the soft, green pasture,\nOr see, beside the brook, the children sporting in the water,\nOr hear the merry village lasses, as they gather sweet flowers,\nOr mark the sun beginning to decline,\nAnd all at once the sky is filled with golden light,\nAnd the fair summer evening is declining in the west.\nBrushing with foot the pearl-hung blades you pass,\nA troop of frogs oft leaps from the field of grain,\nMarshalled in line, a foul unseemly race,\nThey halt a space, then vaulting up they fly,\nAs if they longed to sit on Iris' bow on high:\n\nSo leaped the men, half-sepulchred in sack,\nUp-swinging, with their shapes be-monstrous sky,\nAnd coursed in air a semicircle track,\nLike to the feathery-footed Mercury;\nTill, spent their impetus, with sounding thwack\nGreeted their heels the green ground sturdily;\nAnd some descending kept their balance well,\nUnbalanced some came down, and boisterously fell.\n\nThe earth beneath the heavy thwacks\nOf feet that centripetal down alight,\nOf tingling elbows, bruised loins and backs,\nShakes passive, yet indignant of the weight;\nFor, o'er her bosom, in their plaguy sacks,\nCumbrously roll (a mortifying sight!).\nWrecked burgher, knight, and clown, prostrate in grievance hard, too terrible to tell.\nXXIII.\nAnd yet they struggle at an effort strong\nTo reinstate their feet upon the plain,\nHalf-elbowing, half-kneeling, sore and long\nAbortively, with bitter sweat and pain,\nTill, half upraised, they go with a buffet, rapping down again,\nAnd sprawl and flounce, and wallow on their backs,\nCrying aloud for help to uncord their dolorous sacks.\n\nCanto Fourth. 121\nXXIV.\nNot in severer anguish of distress\nThe fabled giant under Etna lies,\nThough rocks and tree-proud promontories press\nWith vengeance fitting Jove his ruffian size;\nWallowing supine beneath the mountain's stress,\nHalf-broken with brimstone ever hot, he fries,\nAnd, as he turns his vasty carcass o'er,\nOut-belches molten rocks, and groans a hideous roar.\n\nXXV.\nIn such vexatious plight do mortals lie,\nFound on the threshold of the race,\nLet us leave them, and lift up our eye\nTo those that keep their feet, and hop apace.\nGramercy! how they bounce it lustily,\nMaugre their misery of woven case!\nHow with their luggage scour they o'er the Loan,\nAnd toil, and moil, and strain, and sweat, and lumber on.\n122 Anster Fair,\nXXVI.\nStrange thing it is that men so penn'd in clout,\nSo wound with swaddling-clothes, should trip it so;\nSee how with spring incomparably stout,\nThey spurn the nasty earth, and upward go,\nAs if they wish'd to unsocket and knock out\nWith poll the candles that i' the night-sky glow!\nSee how attained the zenith of their leap,\nEarthward they sink again with long-descending sweep!\nXXVII.\nThey halt not still; again aloft they hop,\nAs if they tread the rainbow's gilded bend.\nUpon the quaking turf they drop,\nLighting majestically on their proper end;\nI ween they do not make a moment's stop.\nO who may now his precious time misspend?\n'Tis bustling all and sweltering\u2014but behold!\nSwop! There a jumper falls, flat upon the mold.\n\nCanto Fourth, 123\nXXVIII.\nHow can his gyved arms be forward thrust\nTo break the downsway of his fall just now?\nAh, 'tis his tender nose, alone that must\nIn loving-kindness save from bump his brow;\nHis soft nose, to its site and duty just,\nIs martyred to its loyalty, I trow,\nFor, flattened into anguish by the clod,\nIt weeps\u2014see how it weeps\u2014warm, trickling tears of blood.\n\nXXIX.\nHe bleeds, and from his nostrils' double sluice\nRedly bedews the sod of Anster Loan,\nTill, in a puddle of his own heart's juice,\nHe writhing writhes with lamentable moan,\nAnd sends his sack in curses to the deuce.\nBanning the hour when he first put it on:\nMeanwhile, overworked in their hobbling potter,\nDouse, drops a second down, and whap! there sinks\nanother!\n124* Anster Fair.\nXXX.\nWearied, half-burst with their hot turmoil,\nTheir lungs like Vulcan's bellows panting strong,\nPowerless to stand, or procure their toil,\nSuccessively they soup and roll along,\nTill, round and round, the carcass-cumbered soil\nIs strewn with havoc of the jumping throng,\nThat make a vain endeavor to shuffle\nThe cruel sackcloth coil, that does their persons muffle,\nXXXI.\nAll in despair have sunk, save yonder two\nThat still their perpendicular posture keep,\nThe only remnant of the jumping crew,\nThat urge their emulous persisting leap;\nOddspittkins! how with poise exactly true\nThey sweep forward to the ribbon'd pole they leap;\nI cannot say that one is before the other.\nSo they plod equal by each other's side.\nCanto Fourth. 125.\nXXXII.\nThey gain the pole, and turn their sweaty faces once more to the glorious sun;\nWith inextinguishable rage to run,\nSouthward unflagging and unquench'd they strain,\nWhat is not yonder face, where young-eyed Fun and Laughter seem enthroned to hold their reign,\nEven Rob the Borderer's visage I -\nAye, now I know it well, by my laughing it is his!\nXXXIII.\nHaste, Rob, half-hop, half-run, half-fly?\nWriggle and wrestle in thy bag's despite;\nSo shoot like a cannon-bullet to the sky;\nSo - steadily down upon thy soles alight;\nUp, up again, and fling it gallantly! -\nWell-flung, my Rob, thou art a clever wight;\n'Sblood, now thy rival is a step before;\nString, string thy sinews up, and jump three yards and more!\n126. Anster Fair,\nXXXIV.\n\"Tis done \u2014 but who is he that at thy side\nThy rival vigorously marches so? Declare, O Muse, since thou art eagle-eyed,\nAnd thine it is, even at a glance, to know\nEach son of mortal man, though mumm'd and tied\nIn long disguising sack from chin to toe!\n\"He, boy, that marches in such clumsy state,\nIs old Edina's child, a waggish Advocate!\nXXXV.\n\"For he too had dared for Maggie Lauder\nTo prove the mettle of his heel and shin,\nA jolly wight, who trickishly prepared\nA treacherous sack to scarf his body in;\nA sack, whose bottom was with damp impaired,\nFusty, half-rotten, mouldy, frail, and thin,\nThat he, unseen, might in the race's pother,\nThrust out one helpful leg and keep incag'd its brother.\n\nCANTO FOURTH. 127\nXXXVI.\n\"And seest thou not his right leg peeping out,\nEnfranchise, traitorously to help his gait,\"\nWhile the other, still imprisoned in its clout,\nTardily follows its more active mate V.\nI see it well \u2014 'tis treachery, no doubt;\nBeshrew thee now, thou crafty Advocate!\nUnfair, unfair! 'tis quite unfair, I say,\nThus with illicit leg to prop thy perilous way, I\nXXXVII.\nHalf-free, half-clogged, he steals his quick advance,\nNearing at each unlicensed step the base,\nWhile honest Robert piles the harder dance,\nMost faithful to his sack and to the race;\nNow for it, Rob \u2014 another jump \u2014 but once \u2014\nAnd overjumped is all the allotted space; \u2014\nBy Jove, they both have reached the base together,\nGained is the starting-line, yet gained the race\nhas neither!\nXXXVIII.\nAt once they bend each man his body's frame\nInto a bow, before the King and Mag;\nAt once they open their lips to double-claim\nThe race's palm, (for now Auld Reekie's wag,\n\n(Note: Auld Reekie is an old term for Edinburgh, Scotland.)\nAs a snail draws in its horn, had, for shame!\nDrawn his dishonest leg into his bag;\nAt once they pleaded the merits of their running,\nGood Rob with proofs of force, the wag with quips and puns.\n\nXXXIX.\nI will not now vary my song\nWith all his sophistry and quip and pun;\nIt would be tiresome, profitless, and long,\nTo quote his futile arguments, air-spun,\nHis oratoric tricks that dress the wrong\nIn garb of right, his gybes of naughty fun,\nQuiddits and quillits that may confound one,\nAnd make a rotten sack appear a goodly sound one!\n\nCanto Fourth. 129\nXL.\nBut Robert to the people's sight appealed,\nAnd to the eyes of royal James, and Mag,\nWho saw his rival's foot too plain revealed,\nAnd impudently peering from its bag:\nHe said 'twas roguish thus to come a-field\nWith such a paltry hypocritic rag.\nThe very hole, through which his foot was thrust,\nGapes evidence to prove his claim was quite unjust.\nXLI.\n\nLong was the plea, and longer it had been,\nHad not the populace begun aloud\nTo express with clamor their resentment keen\nAt him who quibbled in his rotten shroud:\nA thousand hands, uplifted high, were seen\nOver the hats and bonnets of the crowd,\nWith paly hens' eggs that their fingers clench,\nTo hurl upon his sack conviction, slime, and stench.\n\n150 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXLII.\n\nWhich, when he saw all white upheld to view,\nReady to rattle shame about his ears,\nHe straightway the perplexing claim withdrew,\nUrged to resign by his judicious fears;\nFor had he but one minute stay'd or two,\nHe, for his subtilties, and quirks, and jeers,\nHad reaped a poor and pitiful reward,\nAnd smelled from head to foot \u2014 but not with Syrian nard.\nThe Monarch, pleased that the mob had settled the case with prejudging voices, orders his trumpeter to proclaim Robert, the winner of the second race. The fellow blew each cheek into a globe and puffed out his face, sending up the conquering name of Robert Scott to the top of heaven's empyreal frame in a storm of breath.\n\nCanto Fourth, XLIV.\n\nHis name the rabble took; from tongue to tongue it flew, like fiery-winged shot, and the blue atmosphere around them rang with the blabbed honors of great Robert Scott. Nor when they thus sang his triumph were the race-founder's gentlemen forgotten, who still lay a-floundering in their trammels.\n\nXLIV.\n\nBut soon they were raised: the lads, who late\nHad helped each other to don their uncouth livery.\nNow step upon the green compassionate,\nTo free them from the house of dole and moan:\nThe cords, that on their necks were knotted straight,\nAre loos'd, and as they lie extended prone,\nOf their long scabbards are discarded the men,\nAnd stand upon their feet, unclogged and free again.\n\n132 ANSTER FAIR.\nXLVI.\nThey take no time, (such shame the vanquished stung),\nEach to snatch up his bag and bring it off;\nAway they start, and plunge amid the throng,\nGlad their embarrassment of cloth to doff;\n(So shoots the serpent to the brake along,\nAnd leaves to rot his cast despised slough;)\n\nDeep in the throng with elbows sharp they bore,\nAnd fear contemptuous laugh and hateful egg no more.\n\nXLVII.\n\nBut now the sun, in mid-day's gorgeous state,\nTowers on the summit of the lucid sky,\nAnd human stomachs that were crammed of late,\nNow empty, send their silent dinner-cry.\nThe crowd, obedient to the belly's call, begin to munch, eat, and nibble one and all.\n\nCanto Fourth. XLVIII.\n\nSome drew lumps of roasted flesh of calf or lamb from their pockets or wallets; some used their teeth-arm'd grinding jaws to chew the tougher slices of the thirsty ham; others with bits of new green cheese even to their clownish bellies cram'd, while horns of ale, from many a barrel filled, foamed white with frothy rage, and soon were swallowed.\n\nCanto Fourth. XLIX.\n\nJames, too, and Mag, and all the courtly train\nOf lords and ladies round them not a few,\nWith sugared biscuits soothed their stomachs' pain,\nFor courtly stomachs must be humoured too;\nAnd from their throats to wash the dusty stain.\nThey had breathed when from the sacks it flew,\nA glass of wine they slipped within their clay,\nAnd if they swallowed twain, the wiser were they.\n\nAnstey Fair.\n\nThe business of the day meanwhile did not cease;\nAs the Monarch chewed his savory cake,\nThe man, whose lungs sustain the trumpet's toil,\nMade haste again his noisy tube to take,\nAnd with a cry, which heard full many a mile,\nCaused the young crows on Airdrie's trees to quake,\nFie bade the suitor-pipers draw nigh,\nSo they might, round the knoll, their powers of piping try.\n\nLI.\n\nWhen the rabble heard this with sudden sound,\nThey broke their circle's huge circumference,\nAnd, crushing forward to the southern mound,\nThey pushed their many-headed shoal immense,\nDiffusing to an equal depth around\nTheir mass of bodies wedged compact and dense,\nSo standing nigher, they might better hear.\nThe pipers squeaking loud to charm Miss Maggie's ear.\n\nCanto Fourth. 135\nLII.\n\nAnd soon the pipers, shouldering through\nThe close mob their squeezed uneasy way,\nStood at the hillock's foot, an eager throng,\nEach asking license from the King to play;\nFor with a tempest, turbulent and strong,\nLahour'd their bags impatient of delay,\nHeaving their bloated globes outrageously,\nAs if in pangs to give their contents to the sky.\n\nLIII.\n\nAnd every bag, thus full and tempest-stripe,\nBeneath its arm lay ready to be prest,\nAnd on the holes of each fair-polish'd pipe,\nEach piper's fingers long and white were placed:\nFiercely they burned in jealous rivalship;\nEach madding piper scoffed at all the rest,\nAnd fleer'd and toss'd contemptuously his head,\nAs if his skill alone deserved fair Maggie's bed.\n\n136 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nLIV.\n\nNor could they wait, so piping-mad they were,\nTill James gave each man orders to begin;\nBut in a moment they dispersed their air,\nIn one tumultuous and unlicensed din;\nOut-flies, in a storm of simultaneous blare,\nThe whizzing wind compressed their bags within,\nAnd whiffling through the wooden tubes so small,\nGrowls gladness to be freed from such confining thrall.\n\nLV.\nThen rose, in burst of hideous symphony,\nOf pibrochs and of tunes one mingled roar;\nDiscordantly the pipes squealed sharp and high,\nThe drones alone in solemn concord snore;\nFive hundred fingers, twinkling funnily,\nPlay twiddling up and down on hole and bore,\nNow passage to the shrilly wind denying,\nAnd now a little raised to let it out a-sighing.\n\nCANTO FOURTH. 137\nLVI.\n\nThen rang the rocks and caves of Billyness,\nReverberating back that concert's sound,\nAnd half the lurking echoes that possess\nThe glens and hollows of the Fifan ground.\nThe shadowy voices strained into excess,\nOf out-cry, loud huzzaing round and round,\nTo all the Dryads of Pitkirie wood,\nNow they round their trees should dance in frisky mood.\n\nLVII.\nAs when the sportsman with report of gun,\nAlarms the sea-fowl of the Isle of May,\nTen thousand mews and gulls that shade the sun,\nCome flapping down in terrible dismay,\nAnd with a wild and barbarous concert stun,\nHis ears, and scream, and shriek, and wheel away;\nScarce can the boatman hear his plashing oar;\nYell caves and eyries all, and rings each Maian shore.\n\n138 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nLVIII.\nJust so around the knoll did pipe and drone,\nWhistle and hum a discord strange to hear,\nTorturing with violence of shriek and groan,\nKingly, uati, courtly, and plebeian ear;\nAnd still the men had hummed and whistled on,\nEven till each bag had burst its bloated sphere.\nThe King had not raised his hand, nor checked the boisterous din of such unmannered band.\n\nLIX.\n\nOn one side of his face, a laugh was seen,\nOn the other side, a half-formed frown lay hid;\nHe frowned, because they petulantly keen,\nSet up their piping forward and unbid;\nHe laughed, for who could have controlled his mien,\nHearing such crash of piprochs as he did?\nHe bade them orderly the strife begin,\nAnd play each man the tune wherewith the fair he'd\n\nCanto Fourth. 139\n\nLX.\n\nAt this, the pipers ceased their idle toil\nOf windy music wild and deafening,\nAnd made too late (what they forgot e'erwhile)\nA general bow to Maggie and their King;\nBut as they vail'd their bare heads towards the soil,\nThen there happened a strange, portentous thing,\nWhich had not good my Muse confirmed for true,\nMyself had not believed, far less have told to you.\nFor lo! while all their bodies yet were bent,\nA globe of fire burst from the spotless blue of eastern sky;\nAnd thrice in circle round the firmament it traied,\nTill on the ring of pipers down it came,\nAnd set their pipes, and drones, and chanters aflame.\n\n'Twas quick and sudden as the electric shock;\nOne moment lighted and consumed them all;\nTheir bagpipes, in a twink, like tinder,\nWere fired underneath their arms, and burn'd into a cinder.\n\nYet so innocuous was the sky-fallen flame,\nThat, save their twangling instruments alone,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English, but it is actually a poem in Early Modern English written by Robert Henryson in the late 15th or early 16th century. The text provided is already quite clean and does not contain any meaningless or unreadable content. Therefore, no cleaning is necessary. Here is the original text with some minor formatting adjustments for readability.)\nUnsigned their other gear remained the same, even to the nap that stuck their coats on; nor did they feel its heat, when down it came upon errand, to destroy pipe, bag, and drone. But they stood in blank surprise, when to the ground dropped down in ashes black their furniture of sound.\n\nCanto Fourth. LXIV.\n\nCrestfallen they stood, confounded and distressed, and cast upon the turf their stupid look, conscious that Heaven forbade them to contest by such a burning token of rebuke. The rabble too, its great alarm confessed, for every face the ruddy blood forsook, as with their white, uprolling, ghastly eyes they spied the streaky light wheel whizzing from the skies.\n\nLXV.\n\nAnd still they looked up to that spot of orient Heaven,\nWhere burst the shining globe, agast,\nExpecting, when the empyreal pavement riven,\nA second splendor to the earth should cast.\nBut when they saw no repetition given,\nChanged from alarm to noisy joy at last,\nThey set up such a mixed tremendous shout,\nAs made the girdling heavens to bellow round about.\n\n142 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nAnd such a crack and peal of laughter rose,\nWhen the poor Pipers bagpipe-less they saw,\nAs when a flock of jet-feathered crows,\nOn winter morning when the skies are raw,\nCome from their woods in long and sooty rows,\nAnd over Anster through their hoarse throats caw;\nThe sleepy old wives, on their warm chaff-beds,\nUp from their bolsters rear, afraid, their flannel'd\nheads.\n\nLXVI.\n\nThen did the affronted Pipers slink away,\nWith faces fixed on earth for very shame;\nFor not one remnant of those pipes had they,\nWherewith they late so arrogantly came;\nBut in a black and ashy ruin lay\nTheir glory mouldered by the scathing flame.\nThey cursed in their hearts (what wonder?). Fire to which their pipes were so quickly given as plunder.\n\nCanto Fourth. 143.\nLXVIII.\n\nScarcely had they withdrawn, when with a bound\nGreat Robert Scott sprang forth before the King:\nHe alone, when all the pipers round\nStanded ranged into their fire-devoted ring,\nHad kept a snug distance from the fated ground,\nAs if forewarned of that portentous thing;\nHe stood and laughed, as under his arm\nHe held his bagpipe safe, unscathed by fiery harm,\n\nLXIX.\n\nHis hollow drone, with mouth wide-gaping, lay\nOver his shoulder pointing to the sky,\nReady to spue its breath, and puff away\nThe lazy silver clouds that sit on high:\nHis bag swelled madly to begin the play,\nAnd with its bowel-wind groaned inwardly;\nNot higher heaved the windbags, which of yore\nUlysses got from him who ruled the Eolian shore.\n\"He spoke to the King with reverence: \"My liege, since Heaven with bagpipe-levelled fire Has turned my brethren's gear to dust and smoke, And testified too glaringly its ire, It fits me now, as yet my bagpipe's poke Remains unsing'd, and every pipe entire, To play my tune \u2013 O King, with your good will \u2013 And to the royal ear to prove my piping skill.\n\nThe King gave his assent, and straightway bade Him stand atop the hillock at his side. He stood there; and first, a bow he made To all the crowd that shouted far and wide. Then, like a piper dexterous at his trade, His pipes he adjusted and applied; Each finger rested on its proper bore; His arm appeared half-rais'd to wake the bag's uproar.\n\nCanto Fourth. 145\n\nHe stood silent for a moment, and cast His eye in meditation upwards to the pole,\"\nAs if he prayed some fairy power in sky,\nTo guide his fingers right o'er bore and hole;\nThen pressing down his arm, he gracefully\nAwakened the merry bagpipe's slumbering soul,\nAnd piped and blew, and played so sweet a tune,\nAs might have well unsphered the reeling midnight moon.\n\nLXXIII.\nHis every finger, to its place assigned,\nMoved quivering like the leaf of aspen tree,\nNow shutting up the skittish squeaking wind,\nNow opening to the music passage free;\nHis cheeks, with windy puffs therein confined,\nWere swollen into a red rotundity,\nAs from his lungs into the bag was blown\nSupply of needful air to feed the growling drone.\n\n146. AGISTER FAIR,\n\nLXXIV.\nAnd such a potent tune did never greet\nThe drum of human ear with lively strain;\nSo merry, that from dancing on his feet\nNo man undeaf could stockishly refrain;\nSo loud, 'twas heard a dozen miles complete.\nMaking old Echo pipe and hum again, so sweet, that all the birds in air that fly, charmed into new delight, come sailing through the sky.\n\nLXXV.\nCrow, sparrow, linnet, hawk, and white-wing'd dove,\nWheel in aerial jig over Anster Loan;\nThe sea-mews from each Maian cleft and cove\nOver the deep sea come pinion-wafted on;\nThe light-detesting bats now flap above,\nScaring the sun with wings to day unknown,\nRound Robert's head they dance, they cry, they sing,\nAnd shear the subtle sky with broad and playful wing.\n\nCanto Fourth. 147\n\nLXXVI.\nAnd likewise the mermaids that in ocean swim,\nDrawn by that music from their shelly caves,\nPeep now unbashful from the salt-sea brim,\nAnd flounce and plash exulting in the waves;\nThey spread at large the white and floating limb,\nThat Neptune amorously clips and laves,\nAnd comb with combs of pearl and coral fair.\nTheir sleek, oozy locks of green redundant hair.\nLXXV\nNor was its influence less on human ear;\nFirst from their gilded chairs up-start at once\nThe royal James and Maggie seated near,\nEnthusiastic both and mad to dance:\nHer hand he snatched and looked a merry leer,\nThen caper'd high in wild extravagance,\nAnd on the grassy summit of the knoll,\nWagg'd each monarchial leg in galliard strange and droll.\n148 Aster Fair.\nLXXVI\nAs when a sun-beam, from the waving face\nOf a well-filled waterpail reflected bright,\nVaries upon the chamber walls its place,\nAnd, quivering, tries to cheat and foil the sight;\nSo quick did Maggie, with a nimble grace,\nSkip patting to and fro, alert and light,\nAnd, with her noble colleague in the reel,\nHaughtily heaved her arms and shook the glancing heel.\nLXXIX.\nThe Lords and Ladies next, who sat or stood.\nNear the Piper and the King, around,\nSmitten with that contagious dancing mood,\nHand in hand in high lavolt we bound,\nAnd jigg'd it on as featly as we could,\nCircling in sheeny rows the rising ground,\nEach sworded Lord a Lady's soft palm gripping,\nAnd to his mettle rous'd at such unwonted piping.\n\nCanto Fourth. 149. LXXX.\n\nThen did the infectious hopping-mania seize\nThe circles of the crowd that stood more near,\nTill, round and round, far spreading by degrees,\nIt maddened all the land to kick and rear;\nMen, women, children, lilt and ramp, and squeeze,\nSuch fascination takes the general ear!\nEven babes, that at their mothers' bosoms hung,\nTheir little willing limbs fantastically flung.\n\nLXXXI.\n\nAnd hoar-hair'd men and wives, whose marrow Age\nHath from their hollow bones suck'd out and drunk,\nCanary, in unconscionable rage,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English, but it is actually a poem written in iambic pentameter in the English language. Therefore, no translation is necessary.)\nNor do their sinews wither now and shrink;\nPellmell in random couples they engage,\nAnd boisterously wag feet, arms, and trunk,\nAs if they strove, in capering so brisk,\nTo heave their aged knees up to the solar disk.\n\nAnster Fair,\nLXXXII.\n\nAnd cripples from beneath their shoulders fling\nTheir despicable crutches far away,\nThen, yoked with those of stouter limbs, up-spring\nIn hobbling merriment, uncouthly gay;\nAnd some on one leg stand y-gamboling;\nFor why? The other short and frail had they;\nSome, whose both legs distorted were and weak,\nDance on their poor knee-pans in mad preposterous freak.\n\nLXXXIII.\n\nSo on they trip, King, Maggie, Knight, and Earl,\nGreen-coated courtier, satin-snooded dame,\nOld men and maidens, man, wife, boy, and girl,\nThe stiff, the supple, bandy-legged and lame,\nAll sucked and rapt into the dance's whirl.\nInevitably within the same place,\nWhile Rob, far-seen, oversees the huddling Loan,\nRejoicing in his pipes, and squeals serenely on.\n\nCanto fourth; 151\nLXXXIV.\n\nBut such a whirling and a din there was,\nOf bodies and of feet that heeled the ground,\nAs when the Maelstrom in his craggy jaws\nEngulfs the Norway waves with hideous sound;\nIn vain the black-sea monster ply his paws\nAgainst the strong eddy that impels him round;\nItack'd and convuls'd, the ingorging surges roar,\nAnd fret their frothy wrath, and reel from shore to shore,\n\nSo reel the mob, and with their feet up-cast\nFrom the trampled soil a dry and dusty cloud,\nThat shades the huddling hurly-burly vast\nFrom the warm sun as with an earthy shroud;\nElse, had the warm sun spied them wriggling fast,\nHe sure had laughed at such bewitched crowd,\nFor never, since heaven's baldric first he trod,\nTripped was such country dance beneath his fiery road,\nAnster Fair.\nThen was the shepherd, who on Largo-law\nSat idly whistling to his feeding flock,\nDismayed, when looking south-eastward he saw\nThe dusty cloud more black than furnace-smoke;\nHe leaned his ear, and caught with trembling awe\nThe dance's sounds that the ambient ether broke;\nHe bless'd himself, and cry'd, \"By sweet St. John!\nThe devil hath got a job in Anster's dirty Loan.\"\n\nLXXXVII.\n\nAt length the mighty Piper, honest Rob,\nHis wonder-working melody gave o'er,\nWhen on a sudden all the flouncing mob\nTheir high commotion ceas'd and toss'd no more;\nTrunk, arm, and leg, forgot to shake and bob,\nThat bobbed and shook so parlously before;\nOn ground, fatigued, the panting dancers fall,\nWondering what witch's craft had thus embroil'd them all.\n\nCanto Fourth. 153\nLXXXVIII.\nAnd some cried out that over the Piper's head they had observed a little female fae,\nClad in green gown, and purple-striped plaid,\nWho fed his wind-bag, aidant of the play;\nSome, impotent to speak, and almost dead\nWith jumping, as on earth they sat or lay,\nWiped from their brows, with napkin, plaid, or gown,\nThe globes of shining sweat that ooze and trickle down,\n\nLXXXIX.\n\nNor less with jig o'erlabored and o'erwrought,\nDown on their chairs dropped Maggie and the King,\nAmazed what supernatural spell had caught\nAnd forced their heels into such frolicking;\nAnd much was Maggie astonished, when she thought\n(As sure it was an odd perplexing thing)\nThat Robert's tune was to her ear the same\nAs what Tom Puck late played, when from her pot he came.\n\n154* ANSTER FAIR.\nXC.\n\nBut from that hour, the Monarch and the mob\nGave Maggie Lauder's name to Robert's tune.\nAnd so it shall be called, while over the globe travels the waning and the crescent moon. From that hour, the powerful Piper Rob, Whose bagpipe woke so hot a rigadoon, From his well-managed bag, and drone, and chanter, Obtained the glorious name of Mighty Rob the Ranter. Anster Fair. Canto V. Anster Fair. Canto V.\n\nO for that ponderous broomstick, whereon rode Grim Beatty Laing, Horsed daringly sublime! So would I fly above the solar road, To where the muses sit on high and chime; I would kiss them in their bright abode, And from their lips suck Poetry and Rhyme; Till Jove (if such my boldness should displease him) Cry, \"Fy, thou naughty boy! Pack off and mount thy besom.\"\n\n* The famous witch of Pittenweem. See Sairarcs Invisible World Discovered, 158\n\nAnster Fair. II.\n\nIt needed not that with a third exclaim,\nKing James's trumpeter loudly should cry,\nThrough his long trumpet, the famous name\nOf him who, piping, gained the victory:\nForsooth to tell, man, boy, and girl, and dame,\nHim the great Prince of Pipers testify,\nNot with huzzas and jabbering of tongues,\nBut with hard-puffing breasts and dance-weary'd lungs.\n\nIII.\nAnd truly had the crier would shout\nThe doughty Piper's name through polish'd trump,\nHis breath had not sufficed to twang it out,\nSo did the poor man's lights puff, pant, and jump:\nWherefore to rest them from that dancing-about,\nA while they sat or lay on back or rump,\nGulping with open mouths and nostrils wide\nThe pure refreshing waves of Jove's aerial tide.\n\nCanto Fifth. 159\n\nIV.\nBut, unfatigued, upon the hillock's crown\nStood Rob, as if his lungs had spent no breath,\nAnd looked with conscious exultation down\nUpon the dance's havoc wide beneath.\nLaughing to see the encumbered plain bejeweled with people, whirled and wriggled near to death;\nErelong he thus addressed, with reverent air,\nThe King who, breathless yet, sat puffing in his chair.\nMy Liege! though well I now with triple claim\nThe reward of my threefold toils may ask,\nAs independent of success in the game\nOf jingling words, the ballad-maker's task;\nYet, as I too with honorable aim\nHave tapped Apollo's rhyme-overflowing cask,\nAllow me, good my King! to open my budget,\nAnd tell my witty tale, that you and Mag may judge it.\n\n160 ANSTER FAIR.\nVI.\n\nTo which his breathless King made slow reply;\n\"Great Piper! Mighty Rob! Belov'd of sky!\nO proved too well thy piping-craft has been;\nWitness my lungs that play so puffingly,\nAnd witness yonder laughter-moving scene!\"\nI'm pinched for wind - Ha, ha! - scarcely draw breath,\nPardi! - a sight like this my Kingship never saw!\n\nVII.\n\nWoes me! how sweating in prostration vast,\nMen, wives, boys, maidens, lie in dust besprinkled,\nGaping for respiration, gasping fast,\nHalf my liege subjects wrecked on Anster Loan!\n'Twill need, methinks, a hideous trumpet-blast,\nTo rouse them from this grovelling basely prone;\nFor such effort my man's lungs yet are frail.\nSo Rob, take thou his trumpet and rouse them for thy tale.\n\nCANTO FIFTH. 161\n\nVIII.\n\nHe spoke, and at the hint, the Ranter took\nThe throated metal from the Herald's hand,\nAnd blew a rousing clangour, wherewith shook\nGreen sea, and azure sky, and cloddy land:\nUp-sprung, as from a trance, with startled look,\nThe prostrate people, and erected stand,\nTurning their faces to the knap of ground.\nWhen they were met with the loud assaulting sound:\n\nIX.\nThen, crowding nearer in a vast shoal,\nThey press their sum of carcasses more close,\nTill crushed, and cram'd, and straitened round the knoll,\nThey rear and poise their bodies on their toes;\nSo were they packed and mortised, that the whole\nSeem'd but one incorporate lump to compose;\nOne mass of human trunks unmov'd they show,\nTopp'd with ten thousand heads all moving to and fro.\n162 & NSTER FAIR.\nAnd from the tongues of all those heads there rose\nA confused murmur through the multitude,\nAs when the merry gale of summer blows\nUpon the tall tops of a stately wood,\nAnd rocks the long consociated boughs,\nRustling amid the leaves a discord rude;\nHigh perch'd aloft the cuckoo rides unseen,\nEmbower'd with plenteous shades, and tufts of nodding\ngreen.\n\nXL.\nThen wav'd the Ranter round and round his hand,\nCommanding them to still their hubbub loud:\nAll in a moment, still and noiseless, stand\nThe widely-circumfused and heaving crowd,\nAs if upon their gums at Rob's command\nWere pinned these tongues that jabber'd late so proud.\n\nTowards him, as to their centre, every ear\nInclines its mazy hole, th' expected tale to hear.\n\nCanto Fifth, 163\nXII.\n\nBut when the Ranter from his height beheld\nThe silent world of heads diffeus'd below,\nWith all their ears agape, his visage swell'd,\nAnd burn'd with honest Laughter's ruddy glow:\nFor who had not from Gravity rebelled,\nGirt with infinitude of noddles so?\nHe soon into composure starch'd his phiz,\nAnd op'd his fluent mouth, and told his tale, which is\u2014\n\nXIII.\n\n\"Where Thirdpart-house upon the level plain\nRears up its sooty chimneys high in air,\nThere liv'd of old, in Alexander's reign,\nMiss Susan Scott, a lady young and fair,\nWho says that death had taken both her parents,\nAlone, their coffers and their fields she inherited,\nTheir fields, that waved with Ceres' green array,\nTheir coffers, gorged with gold, where Mammon prisoned lay.\n\nAnster Fair.\nXIV.\nHer form was beautiful as the budding Spring,\nShaped by the mother of almighty Love;\nHer soul was but a sorry, paltry thing,\nAs ever was quickened by the breath of Jove:\nHer person might have pleased a crowned King,\nOr shone a Dryad in her grove's third part;\nHer soul, her simple soul, alas, to tell,\nWas as a rotten egg enclosed in a golden shell.\n\nXV.\nAll day she, sitting at her window, cast\nO'er her estate a proud and greedy eye,\nNow measuring her fields, how broad, how vast,\nHow valuably rich they sunning lie,\nNow summing up the bolls that in the blast\nWave yet unshorn, obnoxious to the sky.\nAnd counting, avariciously, what more\nOf gold the unsickled crop would add unto her store.\n\nCanto Fifth. 1G5\nXVL\nBut when the grim and hooded Night let fall\nOver Thirdpart's smoky roofs her ugly shade,\nShe hastened from her candle-lighted hall\nTo where her darling coffered god was laid,\nAnd freeing him with key from box's thrall\nOn floor the gaudy deity displayed,\nAnd with a miser's fumbling palmed each toy,\nAnd kiss'd bare Mammon's limbs, and laugh'd in silly\njoy.\n\nXVII.\nWith her resided that fam'd wizard old,\nHer uncle and her guardian, Michael Scott,\nWho there, in Satan's arts malignly bold,\nHis books of devious efficacy wrote;\nAnd, lackey'd round (tremendous to be told!)\nWith demons hung with tails like shaggy goat,\nEmployed their ministrations damn'd, to ring\nMadrid's resounding bells, and fright the Spanish King.\n\n166 ANSTER FAIR.\nXVIII.\nFit the guardian him for such a peevish ward,\nHe checked not her perversity of soul,\nBut, hell's pernicious logic studying hard,\nGave up the lady to her own control.\nThus fostering, by his foolish disregard,\nThe cankering vice that o'er her spirit stole.\nCaptious and proud she was, and fond of strife,\nThe pertest, prettiest jade of all the girls of Fife.\n\nXIX.\n\nYet not the less her beauty's wafted fame,\nA mob of suitors to her mansion drew;\nHer face had charms to lure them and inflame,\nHer dowry had mickle fascination too.\nOn capering steeds from all the county came\nFife's sparkish lairds, all resolute to woo,\nAnd win, with courtship's sly assiduous art,\nFair Susan's worthy dowry, and pettish worthless heart.\n\nCanto Fifth. 16?\nXX.\n\nSo numerous were her lovers, that in truth,\nI scarce by name can reckon up them all;\nArdross and Largo, gallant fellows both.\nPitcorthie, Rankeilor, Newhall, and Newark,\nAnd short Stravithy, Rathillet tall,\nProud Balcomie with his tassel'd hat,\nGibliston the lean, Sauchop round and fat.\n\nXXI.\nAll these, and many more love-pining men,\nShe flouted from her chamber scornfully;\nTo one alone she used not such disdain,\nThe goodly Charly Melvill of Carnbee;\nFor he, the singly cunning of the train,\nEnforced with costly gifts his amorous plea,\nAnd bribed her dull affections icy-cold,\nWith jeweled gaudy rings and knacks of labored gold.\n\n168 ANSTER FAIR*\n\nXXII.\nFor every time he snatched her downy fist,\nWith its soft warmth to paddle and to play,\nHe hung a bracelet on her ivory wrist,\nA golden bracelet like a sunbeam gay;\nAnd when her lip he rapturously kissed,\n(A kiss she never refused for such pay,)\nHe dropped upon her white neck from his hand\nA tangled chain of gold, worth many a rood of land\nXXIII.\nUntil of his trinkets so profuse he grew,\nThat soon exhausted was his purse's store. And half his lands were in a month or two\nMortgaged for money to procure her more;\nYet never could he prevail on froward Sue,\nThough never he ceased to importune and implore,\nTo appoint the long-retarded marriage-day,\nAnd cure his love, and give her promised hand away\nCanto Fifth. 169\nXXIV,\nOne summer eve, as in delightful walk,\nHand in hand, they passed down Thirdpart's avenue,\nAnd, in a lightsome interchange of talk,\nWhined out their loves, as lovers use to do.\nWhilst every hairy bush upon its stalk\nNodded for joy around them where it grew.\nCharles took advantage of the lovely hour,\nAgain to impress his suit with tongue's glib wordy power.\u2014\nXXV.\nO my sweet Susan, sweet my Susan, O!\n(Here beat the poor laird his afflicted breast,)\nCast round thine eye, that eye that witches so,\nOn God's wide world in beauty's garment dressed,\nOn yonder many-listed clouds that glow\nHeaven's tapestry curtaining the blazing west,\nOn yonder setting rays up-shot on high,\nLike tiny wires of gold aslant the gorgeous sky.\n\nAnster Fair.\nXXVI.\nLook how the bushy top of every tree\nIs mantled o'er with Evening's borrowed sheen,\nAnd seems to wag and wave more boastfully\nTo the sweet breeze its leafy wig of green;\nEach herb, and flower, and whin, and bush, we see,\nLaughs jocund in creation's richest scene,\nWhilst earth reflects on heaven, and heaven on earth,\nOf God's created things the beauty and the mirth:\n\nXXVII.\nAll these are passing lovely to the view,\nBut lovelier, tenfold lovelier are to me.\nThy form and countenance, my bonny Sue,\nCreation's beauties all are summed in thee;\nThine eye out-lustres heaven's most lucid blue;\nThy cheek out-blooms earth's bloomiest flower and tree;\nAnd Evening's gaudy clouds, that paint the air,\nAre frippery to the locks of thy long golden hair!\n\nCanto Fifth. 171.\nXXVIII.\nThen hey, my sweeting, when shall come the day\nOrdained to give me such transcendent charms?\nStill must I pine and fret at thy delay,\nCapriciously forbidden from thy arms,\nAnd, like a pair of bellows, puff away\nMy sighs, and swelter in hot Cupid's harms? \u2014\nFor heaven's sake, Susan, have pity on me,\nAnd fix our wedding-day, my chick, my dear, my pretty.\n\nXXIX.\nThis said, he, gazing on her saucy eye,\nForestalls the angry answer of her tongue,\nWhen hark! a sound of rushing, wildly high,\nIs heard the trees adjoining from among.\nAs if a whirlwind, bursting from the sky,\nTheir tops on one another sore had swung;\nAnd lo! out-springs in maddest pitch of wrath,\nPitcorthie's biggest bull upon their peaceful path.\n\n172: ANSTER FAIR.\nXXXX.\n\n\"Fly, fly, my love!\" the generous Melvil said,\nAnd interposed to meet the monster's shock;\nFor fiercely rush'd he on the endangered maid,\nMad at the glaring of her scarlet frock:\n\"Fly, fly, my love!\" \u2014 she turned about and fled,\nWith face through terror pale and white as smoke,\nAnd left her laird, at danger of his skull,\nTo wrestle for his life, and parry with the bull.\n\nXXXXI.\n\nThe bull's long horns he gripped, and towards the ground\nPress'd down with might his hugely head robust,\nWhile, madder thus defrauded of his wound,\nThe brawny brute his bulk still forward thrust,\nAnd, ripping with his heels the soil around.\nBespattered heaven with turf, and sod, and dust,\nAnd bellowed till each tree around him shook,\nAnd Echo bellowed back from her aerial nock.\n\nCanto Fifth. XVII.\nXXXII.\nAt last the intrepid lover, guessing well\nThat now far off from harm his Sue was sped,\nUngripped the horns, those white and terrible,\nFrom brow their long and curling menace spread;\nBut scarcely his grasp was loos'd, when (sad to tell!)\nThe advantaged brute tossed churlishly his head,\nAnd with one horn, that suddenly uprose,\nDemolished and tore off the gallant Melville's nose.\n\nXXXIII.\n\nClean by the roots up torn was Melville's nose,\nLeaving its place deform and foul with blood;\nYet stood he not to reap some heavier blows,\nAnd catch in napkin the red rushing flood;\nBut quite regardless of his face's woes,\nHe, hurrying down the alley of the wood,\nFled as if life were hung upon his heels.\nNor in his sweaty haste does he feel his nose's torment.\n\nAnster Fair.\n\nXIV.\nThus, by the metal of his heels, he bore\nHis life in safety from the brute away,\nAnd left behind his wound's unsightly gore,\nTo all the wild cats of the grove a prey:\nHomeward, in dumpish mood, afflicted sore,\nHe took with lamentation loud his way,\nWailing his piteous bitterness of case,\nHis nasal honors crushed, and ghastly havoc'd face.\n\nXV.\n\nSix weeks he kept his mansion at Carnbee,\nWaiting his nose's re-establishment,\nIn vain; repair'd, alas! it could not be,\nToo sore that horn the cartilage had shent.\nFife's surgeons crowding came, for love of fee,\nWith plasters and with saws of loathsome scent,\nIn vain; what could or saw or surgeon do?\nGone was the good old nose, and who could rear a new?\n\nCanto Fifth, 175\n\nXVI.\n\nMeanwhile, he ceas'd not twice a week to send\nFor physic, or for ointment, or for aid,\nOr for the skill of some renowned surgeon,\nTo mend his maim'd and mangled visage.\nBut all was in vain; no help could be found,\nNor any artifice, nor any power,\nTo mend the ruin'd structure of his face,\nOr give him back his nose, which was gone for ever.\nSweet cards to her, who employed his thoughts,\nMemorials dear, which as he sat and penned,\nPerched laughing on his quill, Love's mighty boy,\nAnd on the paper from its inky end\nDistilled delight, and tenderness, and joy;\nHis cards he sent, but (O, the sin and shame!),\nFrom wicked shameless Sue, no answer came.\n\nXXXVII.\n\nNor could her cruel silence be explained,\nTill Fame blew up the tidings to his house,\nThat she, for whom his nose was marred and pain,\nTo whom so long he had addressed his vows,\nHad, for another, now disdained his love,\nUrged by her uncle Newark to espouse;\nTheir banns were published, the wedding was fixed,\nTo be held on Monday forenoon next.\n\n176 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXXXVIII.\n\nThen was the heart of injured Melville rent\nWith bitter passion at a base slight then.\nHe started up, with intent to go,\nTo go and chide the apostate to her face:\nBut forth from his house in surly chase he went,\nAppeared in his coat of golden lace;\nAnd eastward took his way alone and sad,\nHalf cursing, in his heart, a maid so base and bad.\n\nXXXIX.\nBut when the little boys and girls surveyed\nHis lack-nose visage as he travelled by,\nSome to their mothers' houses ran, afraid\nTo tell them what a face had met their eye;\nSome with their fingers pointed, undismayed,\nGiggling and blithe at his deformity;\nEven ploughmen, at the roadside, paused from toil,\nAnd held their sturdy sides, and loudly laughed a while.\n\nCANTO FIFTH. 177\nXL.\nYet onward held the hapless laird his gait,\nRegardless of their mockery and scorn;\nHis sole vexation was the girl ingrate,\nIn whose defense his beauty had been shorn.\nHe soon attained the ample hall, where sate,\nIn morning dishabille, the fair foresworn.\nAnd, entering boldly in his angry mood,\nWith grimly-flattened face before her frowning stood.\nXLI.\n1 Fy, Horror! Who art thou,\nShe scoffing said,\nThat with a feature horrible to see,\nDarest thus into my room advance thy stride,\nTo fright my lapdog, and to sicken me?\nGo, hie thee homeward, thou deform,\nAnd hide that aspect in the dingles of Carnbee;\nThere with thy rabbits burrow thee,\nTill sprout forth from between thy cheeks a beautifying snout.\nM\n178 ANSTER FA IK.\nXLII.\nThis said, the insulting creature from her chair,\nRed with resentment, on a sudden springs,\nAnd bolting forward with a saucy air,\nHer shapely person from the chamber flings,\nLeaving her honest laird confounded there,\nHeart-anguished by vexation's sharpest stings,\nThat he may vent his anger and his fume\nOn the fair carved chairs that decorate her room.\nXLIII.\nHe had no long time to explode and vent\nOn the fair chairs his bosom-choking ire;\nFor, from his closet, sent by Miss Susan,\nSir Michael rushed, the sorcerer stout and dire,\nWith staff in hand, to rattle chastisement\nUpon the ribs and backbone of the squire:\nHe beat him from the house with magic stick,\nAnd added surly words, and rude discourteous kick.\n\nCanto Fifth. 179\nXLIV.\n\nPoor Melvil! grieved, mortified, and dampened,\nHis back he turned on the uncivil door,\nAnd, musing vengeance, down the alley trampled,\nAs his heart boiled with indignation o'er;\nHe bit his lip, and cursed the soil, and stampt,\nChafing his wrath with imprecation more;\nFor what man, so misused, could have forborne\nTo ban Sir Michael Scott, and Sue the fair foresworn?\n\nXLV.\n\nSo down the avenue he banished past,\nScarce conscious where in his fret he went.\nTill twilight tenanted the sky at last, pavilioning over Earth her sable tent,\nAnd the round Moon, up-wheeling from the vast\nOf sea, in pomp of clouds magnificent,\nEmbellished, with her sober silvery shine,\nThe leaves and barky trunks of Thirdpart's fir and pine.\n\n180 Anster Fair.\nXLVI.\n\nAlas! was I ever like this, poor lover,\nSo fooled, abused, and cuckolded to my cost,\nSo beaten into sorrow and disgrace!\nWas it not enough that for the jade I lost\nThe rising honors of my ruined face;\nBut, like a hedge-born beggar tatters-hung,\nThus from her hated gate I must be switch'd and flung?\n\nXLVII.\n\nMay vengeance seize thee, thou foul wizard churl,\nFor basting me at such an irksome rate!\nMay Satan grip thee by the heel, and hurl\nThy carcass whizzing through Hell's hottest gate.\nAnd as for thee, thou proud ingrateful girl,\nWhose baseness I know too late,\nMay some good power, the injured lover's friend,\nOn thy perfidious head a winged requital send!\n\nCanto Fifth. XLVIII.\n\nHis prayer he thus ejaculated:\nNor knew that some good power was nigh to hear;\nFor in the middle of a flowery brake,\nThat white with moonshine spread its thicket near,\nLay Tommy Puck, the gentle fay, awake,\nAnd Mrs. Puck, his gentle lady dear,\nBasking and lolling in the lunar ray,\nAnd tumbling up and down in brisk fantastic play.\n\nXLIX.\n\nQuoth frisky Tommy to his elfin wife,\n\"Didst thou not hear the gentleman, my chuck?\n'Tis young Carnbee, the sweetest Laird of Fife,\nWhom sour Sir Michael with his cane has struck.\nWhat think ye? -- By Titania's precious life!\nFits it not now the tender-hearted Puck\nTo mend the injury?\"\nAssist an injured lover and devise a scheme for revenge against Sue and Michael Scott?\n182 ANSTER FAIR.\n6 O yes, my dear, replied his fairy consort,\ni Go forth, and to the man address thy talk,\nThis heard, he from his bushy arbor's shade\nFlung out his miniature stature on the walk,\nAnd stood in dwarfish finery array'd,\nGaudy as summer-beans bloom-covered stalk;\nHe doffed his hat and made a bow profound,\nAnd thus bespoke the Laird in words of pleasing sound.\nLI.\n4 Marvel not, Melvil, that before thy feet\nI plant me thus in fearless attitude;\nFor I have heard, within my close retreat,\nWhat thou hast uttered in thy fretful mood;\nAnd well I know thy truth how with deceit\nRepaid, thy faith with base ingratitude:\nGood soul! I pity thee with all my heart,\nAnd therefore from my bush to thy assistance start:\nCanto Fifth. 183\nLII.\nFor much it grieves Tom Puck's feeling breast,\nThat one so good, so liberal and true,\nShould thus become a laughter and a jest,\nMocked, jilted, beaten into black and blue:\nI like to help whom malice has oppressed,\nAnd prompt a lover generous as you;\nSo with attention list what I propose,\nTo baffle and avenge, and laugh to scorn your foes.\n\nLIII.\nOn Monday next, the appointed wedding-day,\nFor perjured Sue to Newark to espouse,\nWhen her long hall with feasting shall be gay,\nAnd smoke with meats, with riot, and with house,\nFrom thy paternal mansion hasten away,\nAt height of noon, to Thirdpart's bustling house,\nThat thou, by time of dinner may be there,\nPrepared to climb the steps of her detested stair.\n\n184? Anster Fair,\n\nLIV.\nAnd when the exulting bridegroom and his bride,\nSurrounded with their festive spousal train,\nAre seated at their tables, long and wide,\nWielding their noisy forks and knives afore them,\nThey burst into the hall with dauntless stride,\nThrough menials, greasy cooks, and serving-men,\nNor speak a word though in your way they stand,\nBut dash the scroals aside with swing of boisterous hand.\n\nLV.\nSurprise shall seize the feasters all\nAt such a bold intruder on their treat;\nTheir forks, half-lifted to their mouth, shall fall\nDown on their plates, unlightened of their meat;\nYet speak not still, but casting round the hall\nAn eye whose every glance is fire and threat,\nYou in a corner of the room shall see\nSir Michael's magic staff, the same that basted thee,\n\nCanto Fifth. 185\n\nLVI.\nSnatch up that magic energetic stick,\nAnd, in your clenched hand wielding it with might,\nOn Michael's white bald pate discharge you quick\nA pellet enough to stun the wizard wight.\nStrange consequence shall follow from that lick;\nYet be not thou amazed or struck with fright,\nBut springing to the table's upper end,\nLet on his niece's nose an easier pat descend.\nI will not now unfold what odd event\nFrom either stroke will suddenly ensue;\nEnough to know, that plenteous punishment\nShall light on grim Sir Michael and on Sue.\nGo \u2014 by your nose's cure, be confident\nThat Tommy Puck rightly thus counsels you.\nThis said, he, from a vial silver-bright,\nPoured out upon his palm a powder small and white;\nAnd to his mouth up-lifting it, he blows\nThe magic dust on Melvil's blemish'd face,\nWhen (such its power) behold another nose\nSprouts out upon the scarr'd and skinless place,\nAnd to the astonished moon, fair-jutting, shows\nIts supplemental elegance and grace:\nWhich done, he, shining like a bright glow-worm.\nPlunged deep amid the brake, his puny, pretty form.\n\nLIX.\nAmaze had taken Melvil, when appeared\nThe pigmy fay; yet not with less attention\nHad he heard what courteous Tompy did so kindly say:\n\"That heart, late vexed and tortured, now was cheered,\nAnd merrily beat in Hope's delightful play:\nHomeward he jogged from Thirdpart's haunted shade,\nProud of his novel nose, and Tommy's tendered aid.\"\n\nCanto Fifth. 187\n\nLX.\nArrived the day when saucy Sue should wed\nYoung Newark, vaporing in his scarlet coat;\nFrom his paternal mansion Melvil sped\nTo Thirdpart-house, to achieve his ready plot.\n\n'Twas dinner-time; the tables all were spread\nWith luscious sirloins reeking richly hot,\nGravies and pies, and steaming soups of hare,\nAnd roasted hen and goose, and titbits nice and rare.\n\nLXI.\nSue at the table's place of honor sat,\nDealing the warm broth from its vessel out;\nWhile slashing with his knife through lean and fat,\nCarved at the lower end Sir Iiciiael stout:\n'Twas naught but mirth, and junketing, and chat,\nAnd handing wings and legs of fowl about,\nAnd noise of silver spoons, and clank and clatter,\nOf busy forks and knives, of porringer and platter,\n\nSquire Melvil heard without the dinner's din;\nNo tarry'd; but with brisk and boist'rous bound,\nJump'd up the stairs, and rudely rushing in,\nDasli down whom standing in his way he found;\nMenials and apron'd cooks of greasy chin,\nFist-foundered, went a-rapping to the ground,\nWith all their loads of sauces, meats, and plates,\nIn ruin fat and rich hurl'd on their pitiful pates.\n\nAstonished were the feasters when they view'd\nSuch bold intruder stand before their eyes.\nThe morsels in their mouths that lay half-chewed,\nCould not be swallowed through their great surprise;\nTheir half-raised forks, bestuck with gobbets good,\nDropped, as if impotent more high to rise;\nEach on his neighbor cast a meaning stare,\nAs if he dumbly asked, What does Squire Melvil here?\n\nCanto Fifth. LXIV.\n\n'Twas for a moment silent in the hall,\nAs if pale Death, the chapless and the grim,\nHad taken by the throat, and choked them all,\nWith his long, fleshless, scraggy, fingers slim;\nTill, throwing round his glance from wall to wall,\nThe Squire discerned the staff with tassel trim,\nSir Michael's staff with head of silver white,\nWherewith he was enjoin'd its owner's poll to smite.\n\nLXV.\n\nHe flew, he grasped it by its silver rind,\nAnd to the ceiling swinging it on high,\nBrought down on Michael's pate, as quick as wind.\nA pelt that whooshed and rattled horribly;\nSounded his bald skull with the unkind stroke,\nEchoing in each lore-filled cavity,\nWhen, O the wonder, on his high armchair,\nThe churlish knight was transformed into a hare!\n\n190 Anster Fair,\nLXVI.\nHis dainty head, with learning so replete,\nCollapsed, grew round and little, long-eared;\nHis arms, which yet were stretched to carve the meat,\nQuite shrunken into two fore-legs appeared;\nHis brawny thighs turned hind-legs on his seat,\nWhereon his metamorphosed form was reared;\nAnd, to complete the quadruped, out-sprouted\nA short tail from his rump, with plentiful hair about it.\n\nLXVII.\nHe sat not long, but, transmogrified,\nOn his chair, but lighting on the carpet-covered floor,\nScampered as swift as lightning down the stair,\nOn his four bestial legs, to gain the door.\nHollo! cried the boy and groom, \"A hare! a hare!\" As he flew from the house, their eyes before.\n\nHollo! Let loose on Puss the fleet greyhound! It was bawled in Thirdpart's court from one to another.\n\nCanto Fifth. 191.\n\nLXVIII.\n\nUnkennel'd in a twink was fleet greyhound,\nAnd after Puss commenced the keen pursuit;\nOver ploughed, over sown, over green, over fallow ground,\nWith levret craft, and wile of weary foot,\nWith skip and scud and ditch-o'erleaping bound,\nThe wizard ran in guise of hairy brute,\nWhile snuffing out with sapient nose his track,\nCame yelling at his heels all Thirdpart's clamorous pack.\n\nLXIX.\n\nEastward they scour'd, out-scampering the gale,\nLong-winded dog and panting hare,\nTill, taking refuge in the streets of Crail,\nSir Michael plunged him in a jaw-hole there,\nAnd left, without, his foes with wagging tail.\nWorrying the sky with bark of loud despair,\nAs he, secure, was fain to slink and cuddle,\nEncaved beneath the street in his miry puddle.\n\nThere let us leave the Knight to cuddle fain,\nAnd long-tongued dog to volley out his yell,\nAnd turn we to the banquet-hall again,\nWhere Michael's metamorphosis befell:\n\nNo sooner saw the Squire that not in vain\nThe staff had lighted, but it succeeded well,\nThan, bounding up to where jilt Susan sat,\nOn her fair nose's bridge he brought a gentle pat.\n\nLXXI.\n\nA second miracle ensues; for lo!\nThat nose, her countenance's pride and grace,\nGrows out and shoots and lengthens at the blow,\nRidiculously sprouting from her face,\nAnd aye it swells and beetles more and more,\nTapping to such a length its queer disgrace,\nThat dips its point at last amid the broth,\nThat near her lies in dish upon the tablecloth.\nCANTO FIFTH, LXXII.\n\nNor did her aspect only suffer shame,\nHer nose and shoulders grew in disproportion,\nHer once beautiful frame into a hump upheaving, hugely rose,\nMost mountainous and high, ill became\nA fair bride arrayed in sumptuous wedding clothes;\nHer very gown was burst and riven through,\nWith the large fleshy swell, so strangely big it grew.\n\nLXXIII.\nThe room shook with laughter's frequent crack,\nAs saw the guests each droll excrescence rise;\nOne pointed to her still-upheaving back,\nOne to her nose's still-enlarging size;\n\"Ha! ha!\" from every Squire's throat loudly broke,\n\"Te-hee!\" each Lady chuckles and replies;\n\"Heavens, what a hideous nose!\" cried every dame,\n\"Heavens, what a hideous hump!\" every Laird exclaimed.\n\nLXXIV.\nSuch was the punishment which silly Sue endured.\nFrom her resentful, much-wronged lover she bore;\nAnd so was sour Sir Michael punished too,\nFor caning honest Melvil from her door:\nWherefore, as now the work of vengeance was due,\nWas finished, Charlie left her chamber-floor,\nAnd turned his face, rejoicing, towards home,\nMuttering his grateful thanks to little elfin Tom.\n\nAnster Fair.\nCanto VI.\n\nGay-hearted I began my playful theme,\nBut with a heavy heart I end my song;\nFor I am sick of life's delirious dream,\nSick of this world and all its weight of wrong;\nEven now, when I again attempt to stream\nMy merry verse, as I was wont along,\n'Tween every sportive thought, there now and then\nFlows a sad, serious tear upon my playful pen.\n\nScarce had the victor ceas'd his hindmost clause,\nWhen from the immensity of folk afar,\nRose such a hideous shout of loud applause.\nAs ever stunned with outcry, sun or star;\nEach tongue grew riotous within its jaws,\nClacking an acclamation popular;\nHands, high overhead uplifted, round and round,\nStruck plausible palm on palm, and clapt a rattling sound.\n\nIII.\n\nAnd twice ten thousand hats, aloft upthrown\nIn black ascension, blot Heaven's blue serene,\nO'er Anster's crowded Loan\nWith crown and rim, as with a dusky screen;\nAnd bonnets broad, and caps of sharpening cone,\nAfloat 'twixt earth and firmament are seen,\nAnd lasses' cowls, and hoods uptost on high,\nEncroach with tawdry clout upon the clouds of sky.\n\nCanto Sixth,\n\nIV.\n\nAs when a troop of locusts, famine-pinned,\nFrom Edom's unblest monster-breeding womb,\nSail on the hot wings of the southern wind\nWriggling aloft their sky-hung mass of gloom;\nAnd where El Sham's clear golden rivulets wind,\nThrough her gay gardens distributing bloom,\nThey light and spread their devastation round,\nBepainting black as pitch the green luxuriant ground:\nJust such a darkness mounts into the sky,\nOf hat and hood, of bonnet and of cap,\nSo thick, that those who swing them up on high\nBelow it shout and clap; for still the folk applaud it lustily,\nAnd pain their tingling palms with noisy rap,\nExpressing thus, with deafening acclamation,\nTheir hearty approbation of Robert's merry tale.\n\n200 ANSTER FAIR.\nVI.\n\nNor sits the Monarch idle to the acclaim;\nBut rising up majestic from his chair,\nWith kingly praise augments the Victor's fame,\nAnd clapping, grinds between his palms the air:\nThen seizes he the fingers of the Dame,\nAnd gently raising from her seat the fair,\nHe, as the sign and seal of marriage-band,\nSlips into Robert's grasp his Maggie's tender hand.\n\nVII.\nHe bade his choir of trumpeters apply their hollow instruments of sound,\nAnd in an unison of clangor high, publish the marriage to the world around:\nThe fellows blew it to the peak of sky,\nAnd sky sent down again the loud rebound;\nEarth did to Heaven's high top the news up-throw,\nAnd Heaven re-bruited back the alarm down below.\n\nCanto Sixth. II.\n\nBut now the beam-haired coursers of the sun,\nAll-smoking with their fiery hot fatigue,\nTheir task of charioting had praned and run,\nAnd hurled in sea their hissing golden gig:\nTheir unshorn driver had but just begun\nBeyond the Isle of Bute the wave to swig;\nAnd, twinkling o'er Auld Reekie's smoke afar,\nPeeped through Heaven's mantle blue the modest evening star.\n\nCanto Sixth. III.\n\nAnd soon the Moon in hood of silver drest,\nAll glistering and gladsome as may be,\nForth from her glorious casement in the east.\nLooked laughing down upon both land and sea;\nAnd on the bosom of the darkening west,\nHer pearly radiance shot rejoicingly:\nAlso the heads of all that fill the Loan\nWaxed yellow with the rays that on them streaming\nshone.\n\nAnster Fair.\n\nWherefore, as now the damp nocturnal air\nBegan to dribble down its chilly dew,\nAnd as of all the business of the Fair,\nNought now remained upon the green to do;\nThe Herald, from beside the Monarch's chair,\nAbroad the signal of dispersion blew,\nThat the wild multitude, dispersed around,\nShould now break up its mass and leave the nighted\nground.\n\nWhich heard, the congregated folk upbroke\nWith loud disruption their diffusion vast,\nAnd, split and shoaling oft in many a flock,\nWith homeward squeeze they turbulently past:\nBeneath their feet the pillared Earth did rock,\nAs up to Jove a dusty cloud they cast.\nThat blurred the bright eyes of Night's glowing queen,\nAnd choked the brilliant stars, and dimmed their twinkling sheen.\n\nCanto Sixth. II.\nAnd such the clutter, when shoal on shoal\nWith violent impulse was torn and riven,\nAs when the vaulting ice, that floors the pole,\nTouched by the fiery shafts of warming Heaven,\nSplits into fractured isles, that crash and roll\nDiverse, athwart the molten ocean driven;\nThe Greenland boatman hears the noise afar,\nAnd blesses for its heat day's winter-routing star.\n\nXII.\nSo loudly rush'd from Anster's crowded Loan\nThe burdenous and bustling multitude,\nKicking o'ertrampled earth they trod upon,\nWith saucy heel in their impetuous mood;\nSome to their tents of blanket jumped anon,\nThat on the fields and crofts adjoining stood;\nSome to their booths and houses in the town.\nHie, hot with huddling haste, and hop and hurry down.\nAnster Fair.\nXIV.\nMeanwhile, the King, as now sufficient space\nWas cleared about the mound, descended from\nHis lofty, honored place, where he sat mid his\nGallant courtiers round:\nClose at his right hand walked, with grace,\nThe well-earned prize, bright Maggie the renowned;\nWhile the great Victor at his other side\nAttended blithe and brisk, exulting in his Bride,\nXV.\nOn their brave nags their persons up they swing,\nAnd to the borough gently jogging ride,\nHemmed thick around with an illustrious ring\nOf gay Court-ladies, trooping side by side,\nAnd Lords, whose coats with gold lace spangled, fling\nBack on the abashed Moon her beamy pride,\nAnd jolly Knights, and booted Esquires stout,\nAnd burghers, clowns, and boys, a noisy rabble-rout.\n\nCanto Sixth. 205\nXVI.\nAs they descended towards the town, the mingled peals of gratulation rise;\nFor on their cattle, fiddlesticks, I wot,\nBickered and skipped in funny furious wise,\nAnd trumpet rear'd again its solemn note,\nSonorously, assailant on the skies,\nFull loudly lifting in a jocund tune,\nThe name of Ranter Rob up to the man in the moon,\nXVIL\nAnd cymbals clinked and rang sublime,\nClashing overhead in lofty unison;\nFife and flute in merry whistle chime,\nSoothing the lulled ear with dulcet tone;\nWhile aye the bass-drum, at his proper time,\nSwallows the music with his sudden groan;\nTill drum, flute, cymbal, trumpet, all are drowned\nIn shouts, that pealing rise from the mad mob around.\n\n206 Anster Fair.\nXVIII.\n\nThus rode the train, as if in triumph down,\nExulting, through the night's moon-gilded shade,\nTill reaching Maggie's quarter of the town.\nAt her house, the splendid cavalcade stops;\nFor in the East-green's best house, fair Maggie stayed,\nNear where St. Ayles' small lodge in modern day\nAdmits to mystic rites her bousy masons gay.\n\nXIX.\n\nThey stopped at Maggie's door; when, lighting there,\nThe bridegroom and the jolly-minded King,\nAnd showy Nobleman, and Lady fair,\nFrom pad and saddle on the causey springs,\nAnd passing in due order up her stair,\nThe good landlady to her chamber brings,\nA pomp of rare attendance, brave and bright,\nWith sweetly-biting jest and joke of dear delight.\n\nCanto Sixth. 207\n\nXX.\n\nIn her torch-brightened chamber, they all sit down,\nUpon her chairs, jocundly one and all,\nAnd exercise their tongues in social prate,\nTill Maggie's cooks and James's seneschal\nMay well prepare and range each supper-plate\nOn her long table in her dining-hall.\nThere, let us leave awhile, King, Lord, and Lady,\nAnd saunter through the town till supper's fare is ready.\n\nHeavens! how from street to street the people reel,\nAs if they knew not where to rush for joy!\nHow rocks the causeway with incessant heel\nOf hurrying man, and wife, and maid, and boy!\nFrom lane and wynd the sounds of gladness peal,\nHitting the stars with clamorous annoy;\nAs all the houses' walls and roofs are bright\nWith bonfire's yellow glow, and candles' gentler light.\n\n208 Anster Fair.\n\nXXII.\nFor in each window's every pane is seen,\nStuck into fitly-fashioned wood or clay,\nA tallow candle flinging forth its sheen,\nTo augment the illumination's grand display;\nHow flame the houses with a lustre keen,\nIn emulation of the sun-bright day!\nEven the poor old-wife's backroom-window glows,\nGilding the good green kail that underneath it grows.\n\nXXIII.\nWhile in each well-proved street and alley, straight,\nAnd at the Cross, and up along the Loan,\nTheir spiry curls huge bonfires elevate,\nCracking with heat the ground and causey-stone;\nFor every bonfire was a cart-load great\nOf Dysart coal, that redly flashed and shone,\nEmblazing with its tongues of flame so bright,\nThe dusk and smutty brow of star-bestudded night.\n\nCanto Sixth. XXIV.\nAnd gawntress'd round each ruddy fire about,\nHogsheads of porter and of cheery ale,\nForth from their little gurgling bung-holes spout\nTheir genial streams in tankard, pot and pail :\nO 'twas a wild notorious guzzling bout!\nThat night no throat was narrow, or was frail,\nBut, in long draught delicious, swallow'd down\nThe barley's mantling cream, and beverage stout and brown.\n\nXXV.\n(Not from thy brew-house's well-barrel'd store,\nO Roger ! comes a drink of stronger proof,)\nThough foamy is your hearty ale the tankard over,\nAnd sends its cork a-thundering to the roof:\nEven ancient men, whose hairs were thin and hoar,\nThen stayed not from the fuddle's fun aloof,\nBut drank till every head was giddy turning,\nAnd to their reeling eyes each fire in sky seemed\nburning.\n\nAt Foster Fair.\nXXVI.\nYet not all night each brisk warm-blooded boy,\nSat drinking with his sweetheart blithe and boon;\nThey on the Loan, in many a reel, employ\nTheir bouncing bodies wriggling to the moon,\nAnd almost wince away their heels for joy,\nTossing and riving their dance-bursten shoes,\nWhile ever and anon, or ere she wist,\nSmack by her partner dear each bonny lass was kissed.\n\nXXVII.\nSuch out of doors was the disport and house;\nBut higher was the pitch of joy within:\nThat night was Anster's every barn and house\nConverted into tippling-shop and inn.\nGarrets and bed-rooms reek with hot carouse,\nAnd steaming punch of whisky and of gin;\nThe kitchen fires are crowded round and round\nWith rings of lively lads that swig their bowls before.\n\nCanto Sixth. II 1\nXXVIII.\n\nHey! how their glasses jingle merrily!\nHow rings the table with their revel-roar!\nHow, as they toast their Mag with three times three,\nSounds with loud heel the vex'd tormented floor!\nThey sing, they clap, they laugh with honest glee;\nWere never seen such merry men heretofore!\n\nThrough window glass and stony wall bursts out\nAbroad on night's dull ear the wassail's frequent shout.\n\nXXIX.\n\nBut now, in Maggie's tapestry-decked hall,\nServes is the sumptuous marriage-supper up,\nAnd clean neat-handed cook and seneschal\nHath set each mess, and dish, and plate, and cup;\nSo down in seemly order sit they all,\nWith stomachs stiff and resolute to sup.\nAnd they set their grinding forks and knives to work,\nOn turkey, goose, and hen, cold veal, and cheek of pork.\n212 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nIt is not my hardship to relate\nWhat various dishes burdened Maggie's board;\nWhat lay on this, and what on the other plate,\nWhich Lady was helped first, and by what Lord,\nWhat mess the King, and what the others ate:\nThat would be tedious trifling, indeed;\nI will not do it, though I could tell, in truth,\nHow often each fork was raised to every mouth.\n\nXXXXI.\n\nSuffice it, good my townsmen, that you know,\nThat their fastidious teeth found pleasant food,\nThat all the cates that kingly banquets show\nWere spread before them, fragrant, rich, and good;\nAnd that, though some ate less and some ate more,\nEach ate as much, be certain, as he could;\nTill, tired at last of piddling with their gums,\nThey eased their fingers and thumbs of knife and fork.\n\nCanto Sixth. 213.\nXXXII.\nBut when the sound of teeth had ceased in the hall,\nAnd fork and knife lay idle on their plate,\nAnd guest and hostess, backward leaning all,\nTheir toothpicks now were plying, saturated,\nUp from his seat arose the Bridegroom tall,\nWhere to his blooming Spouse opposed he sat,\nAnd, ere the tablecloth was taken away,\nHe turned him to the King and thus addressed his say: \u2014\n\nXXXIII.\nThink not, my Liege, that Fortune, or that Chance,\nTo-day hath made me in my conquest blest,\nImpelling me by casual circumstance,\nTo jump without a warrant like the rest;\n'Twas not alone with Heaven's high sufferance,\nI put my jumping-prowess to the test;\n'Twas by its order I in sack was bound;\n'Twas with its favor too, that I my bride have found.\n\n\"214 Anster Fair.\"\n\nXXXIV.\nFor, on an evening in December last,\nAs I sat in my dining-room alone,\nMusing upon the late strange news,\nBlown from the trumpet of fame and crier's throat,\n\nIn the sixth canto:\n\nFor in my hand I took the pepper-box,\nAnd held it o'er my plate, intent to shake.\nThe fragrant atoms from its little bores,\nWhen, as my hand inverted it, there broke\nOut from the tin lid's perforated pores,\nA stream of beauteous smoke, that, like a mist,\nCurl'd its delicious wreaths around my shaded fist.\nXXXVII.\nAstonished at the prodigy, I threw\nThe steaming box upon the tablecloth,\nWhen, more with miracle to amaze my view,\nIt frisked and trotted mid the plates, and ceas'd not\nFrom its numerous holes to spue its incense white as flakes of ocean froth,\nUp-sending to the ceiling of the room\nIts supernat'ral flux of pure and fragrant fume.\n216 ANSTER FAIR.\nXXXVIII.\nI sat and gazed \u2014 not long; when, strange to say,\nForth from that reeky pillar's paly base,\nStarted at once a little female fay,\nGiggling and blithely laughing in my face;\nHer height was as the lily, that in May\nLifts to the sun her head's envermeil'd grace.\nHer beauty shone like the rays of various glow,\nGlorifying the length of Heaven's sea-drinking bow.\nXXXIX.\nThe gown in which her elfin ship was arrayed,\nLike the peacock's painted feather shone,\nAnd on the tablecloth its lustrous train spread,\nHalf a foot behind; over her breast,\nHer purple-striped plaid lay floating loose and thin,\nAs woven wind; and her head-dress was gorgeous,\nThe hue of Iris-flower, that spreads her velvet petals blue,\nCanto Sixth. 217\nXL.\nDecked was her neck's circumference with row,\nOf diamonds, strung on thread in costly band,\nSmall pearly berries that are wont to grow\nUpon the bushes of old Fairyland;\nAnd in each diamond's orb so fair in show,\nMy candle's image burning seemed to stand,\nThat her white slender neck was all in gleam,\nDoubly impearled thus with Light's reflected beam.\nAnd from her neck, by golden thread, I saw a little dangling silver lute, of rare and quaintly polished fashion, not thicker than a pipe of oaten straw. She laughed and nodded courteously, clearing away my doubt and awe, for I was not unafraid when from my pepper-box good lady Fay appeared.\n\nShe dropped a curtsey, reverently low, and thus spoke in clear and mellow voice:\n\n\"Excuse me, good sir! Do not let my quaint presence mar your supper's joys; I have some little matter to impart. It will not detain you long.\"\n\n\"Compose yourself, Squire, and calmly give your ear\nTo what shall from my gentle mouth proceed,\nFor much shall it profit you to hear.\"\nAnd prize right the value of my rede;\nAnd be assured thy person, Rob, is dear\nTo the slim creatures of the fairy breed,\nWho thus I peer from out my box of spice,\nTo tender, for thy weal, my uncompelled advice:\n\nCanto Sixth. 219\nXLIV.\n\nHave you not heard the wonderful news today,\nThrough all the marches of the Border blown,\nOf sports, and games, and celebrations gay,\nPromulgated to be held in Anster Loan,\nAnd that a maid the victor's toils shall pay,\nA maid, whose beauty is excelled by none?\n\nYou have - and I surprised you deep in muse,\nPondering on the import of such amazing news:\n\nXLV.\n\nGo, when o'er Cockraw peeps Light's golden horn,\nAnd seek a supple ass whereon to ride;\nGo, seek a long sack, sturdy and untorn,\nWherein to jump with drolly-trammeled stride;\nGo, seek a bagpipe whose wind-pouch unworn,\nMay well the wrath of prison'd breath abide.\nGo set thy brain to work like a vat of ale,\nAnd sketch for Mag some smart, ingenious tale.\n\nAnster Fair. XLVI.\n\nKnow, when at the Loan is tried thy skill,\nI'll nettle thee with spur unseen;\nInto thy bones and sinews I'll instil\nGreat vigor to o'erjump the quaking green;\nThy bagpipe's pouch with tempest I will fill,\nLending thy tune a witchery not mean;\nAnd from thy study-rack's perplexed brains,\nA merry tale I'll squeeze, the helpmate of thy pains.\n\nXLVII.\n\nSo shalt thou, Squire, in Scotland's view be crowned,\nUpon the spot with victory and fame,\nAnd ride a happy bridegroom from the ground,\nElate and glorying in thy peerless dame:\nYet when thy toil's transcendent prize is found,\nAnd marriage-revelries thy joy proclaim,\nI charge thee, as my aid shall make thee blessed,\nForget not what I now, as to my box, request.\n\nCanto Sixth. 221.\nXLVIII.\nThis box - this pepper-box - this homely shrine,\nWherein I'm confined by wizard spell, must be transported in a pouch of thine,\nWhen thou to Anster Loan dost take thy way;\nAnd when thou down to marriage feast and wine\nShalt sit, in Maggie's hall, a bridegroom gay,\nThen from thy pocket draw it in a trice,\nAnd on the table-cloth lay down the box of spice,\nXLIX.\nAsk not the purport of my odd behest;\nIt'll be unriddled in the proper place;\n'Tis thine to effect the task, and leave the rest\nTo Madam Puck's good complaisance and grace.\n\nHere Madam Puck suppress'd her piping voice,\nAnd, with a sweet smile on her little face,\nRear'd up the small lute in her lily fist,\nAnd with her rose-red lip its furbish'd silver kissed.\n\n222 ANSTEEL FAIR.\nShe played a tune so delicate and sweet,\nSo overpowering with its ravishment.\nThat I could no longer sit,\nBut up and capering o'er my chamber went,\nAs if within the soles of both my feet,\nA store of frisky Mercury was pent;\nAnd, by the bye, 'twas just the tune,\nWith which my bagpipe did today your reeling Loan bewitch.\n\nAt length she ceased, and in a stroke of the eye,\nDelved down within her jail of tin again,\nAnd in her stead left curling bonnily,\nA smoke, whose odour ravished nose and brain\u2014\nNo more, my gracious Liege\u2014what need have I,\nLonger to talk, where talking would be vain?\u2014\nBehold\u2014what Mrs. Puck commanded me\u2014\n'Tis but a sorry thing\u2014the pepper-box\u2014do you see?\n\nCanto Sixth. 223\n\nThus speaking, from the pocket of his coat,\nWherein he had conveyed it to our town,\nThe goblin-haunted pepper-box he brought,\nAnd, laughing, set it on the table.\nGreat laughter crackled in the Monarch's throat.\nAs on the cloth he saw the tin y-thrown;\nAnd giggling guests began to fling their jeers and jokes\nUpon the paltry frame of Rob's pepper-box.\n\nBut soon were changed their blithe to fearful mood,\nWhen straight, before each half-mistrusting eye,\nThe bawbling box of pepper, where it stood,\nBegan again to dance spontaneously,\nAnd fidgeted and frisked, in strange inquietude,\nAmong the plates that thickly-ranged lie,\nDirecting to the table's middle part\nIts motion by the side of broken pie and tart.\n\nYet to a greater pitch their wonder grew,\nWhen, at the table's other end, they spy\nFair Maggie's mustard-pot commencing to\nGambol and to fidget in sympathy;\n(The self-same pot, whence burst to Maggie's view,\nOf late Tom Puck, with brightly-breeched thigh;)\nAs would a hen leap on a fire-hot griddle,\nSo leap'd the mustard-pot toward the table's middle.\nLV:\nShortly, they flirted, pepper-box and pot,\nMost laughable, yet fearful to be viewed,\nUntil, meeting on the table's midmost spot,\nStock-still the ignoble bouncing vessels stood,\nAnd from their little cells, where lay the hot\nGround pepper, and the biting mustard good,\nWere in a moment seen to break\nTwo parallel white shafts of silvery spouting reek:\n\nCanto Sixth. 225\n\nLVI:\nAscending curled, not long, each separate fume,\nUp-throwing to the roof its preciousness,\nWhen with a fire-flash that emblaz'd the room,\nBurst from the hollow mustard-pot's recess\nGood Tommy Puck, the fay of roseate bloom,\nGlad in his customary gaudery of dress;\nAnd, with a second gleam of flashy light,\nSprang from the spicy-box Good Madam Puck.\n\nLVII:\nWith faces to each other turned they rise,\nScarce sundered by a finger's length of space.\nAnd in an instant, as they recognize,\nWith a glimpse of quick eye, each the other's face,\nThey fall, as if overcome with sweet surprise,\nOn one another's necks in close embrace,\nLike friends that, having long lived far apart,\nMeet and relieve in tears the joy.overburdened heart.\n\nAstonishment his whitely ensign shows\nOn each spectator's visage at the sight;\nCourtier and King, that sat to table close,\nSilently pushed back their chairs, confounded quite;\nThe Ladies hid their faces in their clothes,\nOr underneath the table slunk for fright;\nSave Mag and Rob, who laugh'd to see once more,\nThe tricksy kindly ouphes that hailed them heretofore.\n\nAwhile the pair of pigmies on the spot,\nLocked their fantastic persons jole to jole,\nAnd, as two doves of plumy varnished throat\nSit billing in their dove-cot's nested hole.\nTheir liquid lips twittered kisses hot\nIn fond commutality of soul;\nIt was a treat to see how sweetheart-like\nTheir fiery fairy mouths the dear collision strike!\n\nCanto Sixth. 227\nLX.\nAt length, as rapture's first excess was past,\nThey disentangled their endear'd embrace,\nAnd, towards the King and guests that sat agast,\nTurned round each minim prettiness of face;\nDame Puck, to Mag and those beside her placed,\nLet fall a curtsey with a courtly grace;\nTom, facing James, took hat from off his brow,\nAnd curv'd his goblin back into a goodly bow.\n\nLXI.\nA glance upon the company he shot\nAnd smiled on Mag that sat at head of the board,\nThen from his silly dulcet-piping throat\nSweet utterance of word-clad breath he poured: \u2014\n\"O Monarch! let amazement seize thee not;\nBe of good cheer, each Dame and noble Lord!\nUngown your timid faces, all ye Fair!\"\nDraw ye to the table, each Gentleman your chair.\n228 ANSTER FAIR.\nLXII.\nFor do not think that in us twain you spy\nTwo spirits of the petty wicked sort,\nThat, buzzing on bad errand through the sky,\nIn pranks of molestation take their sport,\nConfounding old-wives churns, and slipping sly\nTheir stools from underneath them to their hurt,\nOr chucking young sweet maids below the chin,\nThat so they bite the tongue their tender mouths within.\nlxiil\nOf kindlier hearts are Tommy and his spouse,\nAidant to some, benevolent to all;\nFor oft we sweep the thrifty matron's house\nWith besom quaint, invisible, and small,\nOft from her cheese and butter chase the mouse,\nPreyless, into the cavern of his wall,\nAnd oft her churn-staff grip, that in a twink\nThe waves of bubbling cream to buttery masses sink.\n\nCanto Sixth. 229\nLXIV.\nBut chiefly of young lovers true and kind.\nThe patrons and the guardians are we,\nLinking each mutual and harmonious mind,\nIn silver cord of dear complacency;\nBut when the vows, that should restrain and bind,\nBroke to another's misery we see,\n'Tis ours to take the injured lover's part,\nAnd on the perjured head deal out the avenging smart.\n\nLXV.\nWitness what vengeance hit Miss Susan Scott,\nWhose back and visage, for her breach of troth,\nObtained a penal and opprobrious blot,\nSwollen out to counterpoise each other's growth;\nAnd though, for our suggestion of that plot,\nTo punish her and her guardian both,\nMy wife and I have suffered hard and long,\nYet by my Monarch's beard 'twas right to avenge the wrong.\n\n230 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nLXVI.\nO we have suffered much! \u2014 that wizard foul,\n(Beshrew his meagre, vile, malicious ghost!)\nNo sooner scap'd from Crail's vile sewer-hole,\nAnd he took again the shape that he had lost,\nThan, with his long-tailed demons black as coal,\nThey whiz'd to serve him from Hell's every coast,\nConsulting in his study, he soon learned\nWho prompted Charles to wreak the vengeance earned.\n\nLXVII.\nThen the sorcerer's mouth churned the surly foam;\nHe clenched his fist and swore by Beelzebub,\nHe forthwith should o'er half the country roam,\nBeating each thicket with his oaken club,\nTo find out dapper intermeddling Tom\nIn his inhabited and secret shrub,\nAnd heel him forth reluctant to the day,\nAnd for his pranks chastise upon his breech the fay.\n\nCAKTO SIXTH. 231\n\nLXVIII.\nHe put his hat upon his craft-crammed head;\nHe gripped his hugy gnarled staff in hand,\nAnd down his study-stair, with sounding tread,\nCame spitting smoke like newly-lit brand:\nForth from the gate he in a hurry sped,\nTo beat the bushes of the land, cursing at every step the harmless elves that aided the wronged in grievous times of need.\n\nLXIX\n\nNeed it be told? Alas! too soon he found\nThe bush, where I, my dame, was sleeping lay;\nToo soon his cudgel, thrashing round and round,\nGrazed our slim bodies in its dangerous play.\nAnd, had not Ob'ron sav'd us both from wound,\nOur brains had fairly been dashed out that day;\nWe woke\u2014we shriek'd\u2014his rugged hand he stretched,\nAnd from our leafy bed us by the heels he fetched.\n\n232 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nLXX.\n\nHis long-nail'd hairy fingers, grasping tight\nOur waists, upreared us to his bearded chin,\nAnd held us there in melancholy plight,\nWriggling our innocent frail members thin:\nHe spat upon our faces with despite,\nGlooming his phiz into a joyful grin;\nThen, lowering down, he plunged us ere we wot.\nEach one of us in a separate pouch of his great clumsy coat.\n\nLXXI.\nThere we lay buttoned in, and closely pent\nIn a dark dungeon of detested cloth,\nAs, tracing back his steps, he homeward went,\nAnd to his chamber bore us dangling both;\nHe drew us forth, the wicked churl, intent\nOn base revenge, malevolent and wroth,\nAnd with unseemly usage treated each,\nAnd slapped with his scurvy palm my little harmless breech.\n\nCANTO SIXTH. 233\nlxxil.\n\nThen in his wickedness did he begin\nTo practice his detestable device;\nHe took a paltry pepper-box of tin,\nAnd hoisting up my consort in a trice,\nHe pushed her weeping ladyship within,\nThrough the lid amid the pungent spice;\n(For fairy shapes can be contracted so\nAs through a needle's eye right easily to go.)\n\nLXXIII.\nHe pushed her shrieking down into the cell,\nWith cruel taunt and mocking devilish.\nAnd muttered over her a confining spell\nOf Hell's abhorred and uncouth gibberish : \u2014\n1. Lie there, Dame Puck /' he cried, and bed thee well\nIn the snug durance of thy penal dish ;\nThere be a tenant till the day shall come\nTo ordain d thee 't enfranchise thee from thy ignoble tomb J'\n234? ANSTER FAIR.\nLXXIV.\nA sorry mustard-pot then took the Knight,\nAnd, 'twixt his fingers lifting me sublime,\nHe pushed and plunged me, yelling with affright,\nAmid the mustard's yellow sloughy slime ;\nAnd, \" Lie thou there,\" he cried, \" thou meddling sprite !\nAnd do the proper penance for thy crime ;\nThere he a tenant till the day shall come\nTo ordain d i enfranchise thee from thy ignoble tomb I\nLXXV.\nNor meet Tom Puck and Madam Puck again,\nUntil the fairest maid of Scottish land\nShall to the supplest of all Scotland's men,\nCharm by his jumping, give her bed and hand :'\nThis he mumbled over me in my den,\nHis damned spell too hard to understand,\nOf virtue to impound, and cage me there,\nEven till the day fore-doomed to let me loose to air.\n\nCanto Sixth. 235\nLXXVI.\n\nAnd further, he, to sunder us more,\nAnd interpose large space between us twain,\nTo Melrose Abbey journeying, with him bore\nThe spicy jail, where lay my spouse in pain,\nAnd gave it to the Monks, skilled deep in lore,\nThat in their charge it might for years remain,\nTo grace the Abbey-table, and supply\nTheir kail on feasting-days with pepper hot and dry.\n\nLXXVII.\n\nAnd there, methinks, for ages it has been;\nTill, as rolled onward Time's fulfilling round,\nBy the wise care of our fairy-queen,\nTo Rob the Ranter's house the way it found,\nWhere, from her box upstarting to his eye,\n(The spell that moment lost its power to impound.)\nMy wife bade Scotland's supplest man prepare,\nAll for her weal and his, to jump at Anster Fair.\n\n236 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nFor me \u2014 when first that stern felonious Knight,\nHad dungeon'd me in penal pot so fast,\nMy jail he did commit that very night\nTo Pittenweem's fat Monks of belly vast,\nThat from its small profundity they might\nSupply with mustard every rich repast,\nAnd in the abbey-pantry guard the cell,\nWhere I, alas! was doomed for many an age to dwell.\n\nLXXIX.\n\nAnd there I dwelt in dolesome house of clay,\nFar sundered from my wife in sad divorce;\nTill onward drew the freedom-giving day,\nFixed and appointed in Time's fatal course,\nWhen Oberon, the silver-scepter'd fay,\nThat rules his phantom-tribes with gentle force,\nMy mustard-pot by secret means convey'd\nTo Maggie's house \u2014 the house of Scotland's fairest maid.\n\nCanto Sixth. 237\n\nLXXX.\nHere I was, one night, stuck at my supper-board, mired in my bitter struggles, when my king broke the spell that kept me trapped and tormented night and day. I rose, loosened my tongue to speak, and commanded her to publish without delay the merry games effective in deciding which supplest Scot would win her as his bride.\n\nLXXXI.\n\nAbroad the games were blown over Scottish ground, rushing thousands into Anster Fair; the deed is done; the supplest man has been found; he sits as Bridegroom, and the Landlord is there. The fairest maid of all the realm sits yonder, shining star-like on her chair; the happiest couple they of all beside: God bless you both, fair Bridegroom and fair Bride!\n\n238 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nLXXXII.\n\nNor think, my wedded dears, that you alone\nBy Anster's gamesome Fair are rendered blessed.\nWe too, who long have moaned in torment and lived in distress, meet again (great thanks to Oberon!), re-wedded, repossessing, re-possessed, a pair of happy fays conjoined for ever, whom henceforth wizards hate shall have no might to sever.\n\nLXXXII.\n\nAnd now, my Lord, O King! we must away\nTo taste the sweets of new-found liberty,\nTo ride astraddle on the lunar ray\nIn airy gallop to the top of sky,\nAnd lave our limber limbs, and plash and play\nAmid the milk that dims the galaxy:\nFarewell! \u2014 may joys be rained on each of you;\nAdieu, thou Bridegroom sweet! thou bonny Bride,\nAdieu!\n\nCanto Sixth. 239\n\nLXXXIV.\n\nThis having said, he gracefully replaced\nHis shiny hair with a silver hat,\nAnd seizing by the hand his lady fair,\nA while he looked, smirking, winking, in her face;\nThen swift as spark from fire, or beam from star.\nThat unsubstantial, slim, frail, fairy-brace,\nFrom table heaving off their phantasms small,\nSheer through the window flew the twain,\nMocking the eye that tried to follow them;\nYet, strange to add! nor wood nor glassy pane\nWas injur'd of the faerie-pierced window frame:\nAmazement ran in every beating vein\nOf Bride, and Groom, and King, and Lord, and Dame,\nAs they beheld the coupled goblins fly\nThrough window-shut and glass abroad into the sky.\n\nLXXXV.\nSheer through the window fleetly flew the twain,\nMocking the eye that tried to follow them;\nYet, strange to add! nor wood nor glassy pane\nWas injur'd of the faerie-pierced window frame:\nAmazement ran in every beating heart,\nOf Bride, and Groom, and King, and Lord, and Dame,\nAs they beheld the faeries fly\nThrough shut window and abroad into the night.\n\nRecovered quickly from their short surprise,\nThey drew to table nearer each his chair;\nA bumper fill, the sportive Monarch cries,\nTo Tom and Lady Puck, the elfin pair!\nLandlord and guest his brimming glass supplies,\nFrom bottle with the dainty vine-blood rare;\nThey all drink to the dregs their glasses clean.\nAs Tom and Mrs. Puck echo through the hall.\n\nLXXXVII.\nThus they spend the social, happy minutes,\nIn wine, and chat, and harmless revelry,\nUntil the slow round moon began to descend\nDown the starr'd ladder of the western sky,\nAnd sleep, that toil-worn man's frail frame must mend,\nHis sponge's balsam wrung on human eye;\nFrom table, then, withdrew to sleeping room,\nCourtier, and King, and Dame, and Bride, and glad\nBridegroom,\n\nEND OF ANSTER FAIR.\n\nHAKIM.\nPASTORAL.\nHAULM.\nPASTORAL.\n\nTime, Morning.\u2014 Scene, The Holy Land,\nThe air opened on Dothan's verdant lawn,\nThe eye-lids of the golden dawn;\nThe parted clouds, that, white and rare,\nHad grown upon the nightly air,\nNow smitten, where on high they rest?\nBy the red arrows of the East,\nMelt in a dewy, silent shower,\nPerfume us to tree, and bush, and flower.\nEach stately tree, that heavenward heaves.\nThe green magnificence of leaves,\nEach lowly bush that waves in air,\nHer verdure of entangled hair,\nEach flower, whose sweets irapregn the gale,\nEach pile of grass that greens the dale,\nNow gemmed with dewy jewels gay,\nTheir glancing glories round display:\n'Twas as if Morning, ere her first\nRed lustre from the Ocean burst,\nHad gather'd all the gems that pave\nThe precious bed of Ophir's wave,\nAnd flung them from her lap around\nThe brightly-pearl'd ground of Dothan.\nSuch was the inviting matin hour\nWhen Harim left his shepherd bower,\nA pastoral.\n\nHarim, the fairest shepherd-swain\nThat ever pip'd on Dothan's plain,\nLeft his bower and sought the spot\nWhere stood his Sherah's shaded cot,\u2014\nSherah, the fairest shepherd-maid\nOf all that danc'd in Dothan's shade,\nAs through her window, where entwine\nThe vine-branch and the jessamine,\nThe rising Sun into her cot.\nHis rays of yellow lustre shot,\nClose by her wall, where palm-tree high\nCurves his green roof of leaves in sky,\nUnseen, young Harim took his stand,\nHis silver-stringed harp in hand,\nAnd thus his matin descant sung,\nWith wedded skill of hand and tongue:\u2014\nAwake, my Fair! My Love, arise!\nLo! the day breaks, the shadow flies;\n\nThe gaudy Morn, rob'd round with beams,\nHath left the wave of orient streams,\nAnd in her sun-bright sandals proud,\nWalks on yon rosy eastern cloud:\nOver the green breast of every lawn\nLong level lines of light are drawn;\nAnd on each hill's white summit play\nThe rivers of refulgent day.\n\nAgain the flowers on earth appear,\nAgain our God revives the year;\nThe vine anew expands her bloom,\nThe tender grapes yield sweet perfume;\nBlooms the broad world, and joy walks forth\nOn the great circle of the earth.\nMethinks each mountain lifts his voice,\nEach valley bids our hearts rejoice;\nHills, valleys, fields, proclaim that God\nIs in his grandeur gone abroad:\nExulting nature chides our stay; \u2014\nArise, my fair one! come away!\n\nHigh on his cloud of saffron hue,\nThat richly laps him round from view,\nHark, how the sky-lark from his throat\nSends far his world-awakening note,\nProclaiming the sweet hour of prime,\nFrom his aerial tower sublime.\n\nThe children of the sky awake;\nAnd, from green tree and bush and brake,\nSing forth their little souls, and raise\nThe loud united hymn of praise.\n\nFor past is now the day of rain,\nAnd spring, from Sheba's land, again\nHath sent into our native grove\nHer sweetly-moaning turtle-dove.\n\nMethinks each bird that greets the day,\nSeems to rebuke our slow delay: \u2014\nArise, my fair one! come away!\nIt's sweet from the slope of the hill to the eye,\nThe day-spring kindling in the sky,\nWhen Beauty, dancing hand in hand\nWith Morn, flings rose on every land,\nAnd o'er the mountains' haughty heads\nHer wrapping golden mantle spreads:\nBut dearer, Sherah, 'tis to me\nThe day-spring of thine eye to see,\nAnd Beauty's every charm and grace\nSummed up and shining in thy face.\nIt's sweet to hear the lark on wing,\nHis world-awakening anthem sing,\nAnd all the winged sons of sky\nHymn to the Lord their harmony;\nMore dear, my love, it is to me,\nReclined beneath our citron-tree,\nTo hear thy wedded voice and lute\nWith joyous song the morn salute,\nPraising the God that paints the day\nWith golden colors rich and gay:\nArise, my fair one! come away!\nA Pastoral. 249\n\nIn vain for me the turtle-dove\nProclaims the spring in Dothan's grove;\nIn vain for me the dew-nursed mead.\nWith crocus and rose is spread,\nIn vain for me on mountains' side,\nThe vine puts forth her budding pride:\nNo bloom, no joy for me is there,\nIf sundered far from thee, my fair!\nThy presence to my heart is dew;\nThy presence gives the rose its hue;\nThy presence blooms and beauty flings\nOn all the glittering face of things.\nThen come, my love, and let us go\nTo the fresh lawn where violets blow,\nOr to yon sunward grassy steep,\nWhere, at the dawn of morn, our sheep\nRejoice amid the dews to play: \u2014\nArise, my fair one! come away!\n\nSo sang the Hebrew shepherd-swain\nHis harp-assisted tender strain,\nWhile at her lattice, flower-inwove,\nThe maiden listened to his love.\n\nNo longer tarried the maiden in\nHer cottage, backward to the song:\nShe came; and with her shepherd-boy\nIs gone to taste the mornings' joy.\nOn green steep, where lambs play,\nAmid dews at dawn of day,\nOde to Peace,\nOde to Peace,\nDaughter of God, who sits on high,\nAmid dances of the sky,\nAnd guide with gentle sway,\nThe planets on their tuneful way,\nSweet Peace, may never agitate,\nThe smile of thy most holy face,\nFrom thine ethereal dwelling-place,\nRejoice the wretched, weary race,\nOf discord-breathing men.\nToo long, O gladness-giving Queen,\nThy tarrying in heaven has been;\nToo long over this fair blooming world,\nThe flag of blood has been unfurled,\nPolluting God's pure day;\nWhile, as each maddening people reels,\nWar onward drives his scythed wheels,\nAnd at his horse's bloody heels,\nShriek Murder and Dismay.\nOft have I wept to hear the cry,\nOf widow wailing bitterly,\nTo see the parent's silent tear,\nFor children fallen beneath the spear.\nAnd I have felt so sore the sense of human guilt and woe,\nThat in Virtue's passioned glow, I cursed the shape of Man I bore!\n\nOde to Peace. 255\nThen come from thy serene abode,\nThou gladness-giving Child of God!\nAnd cease the world's ensanguined strife,\nAnd reconcile my soul to life;\nFor much I long to see,\nEre to the grave I down descend,\nThy hand her blessed branch extend,\nAnd to the world's remotest end\nWave Love and Harmony!\n\nThe End.\n\nMichael Anderson, Fronthe, Edinburgh.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"title": "An answer to certain parts of a work published by Mathew Carey", "creator": "A. Federalist. [from old catalog]", "subject": "Carey, Mathew, 1760-1839, [from old catalog]", "publisher": "New York, W. M'Kean", "date": "[c1816]", "language": "eng", "possible-copyright-status": "NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT", "sponsor": "Sloan Foundation", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "call_number": "5879257", "identifier-bib": "00118966247", "repub_state": "4", "updatedate": "2008-05-19 17:31:06", "updater": "scanner-bunna-teav@archive.org", "identifier": "answertocertainp00afed", "uploader": "Bunna@archive.org", "addeddate": "2008-05-19 17:31:08", "publicdate": "2008-05-19 17:31:14", "ppi": "300", "camera": "Canon 5D", "operator": "scanner-jonathan-ball@archieve.org", "scanner": "scribe9.capitolhill.archive.org", "scandate": "20080520233941", "imagecount": "240", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://www.archive.org/details/answertocertainp00afed", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t33201g8s", "scanfactors": "43", "curation": "[curator]julie@archive.org[/curator][date]20080611232818[/date][state]approved[/state]", "sponsordate": "20080531", "filesxml": ["Mon Aug 17 21:39:02 UTC 2009", "Fri Aug 28 3:39:00 UTC 2015", "Wed Dec 23 6:17:52 UTC 2020"], "backup_location": "ia903601_35", "openlibrary_edition": "OL22848502M", "openlibrary_work": "OL16732048W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1039958934", "lccn": "09020468", "description": "p. cm", "associated-names": "A. Federalist. [from old catalog]", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "86", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1816, "content": "[Laos]\nLibrary of Congress.\n[Smithsonian Deposit,]\nNC oc> y\nPrinted States of Mtv^k^^^\nSPaji^^^^\ni:i\n-K^rL^jm\ni\nAlft\n\nAnswer to certain parts of a work published by Matthew Carey,\nentitled \"The Olive Branch,\" or \"Faults on Both Sides.\"\nBy A Federalist.\nDistrict of New-York, SS.\n\nBe it remembered that on the seventeenth day of February, in the fortieth year of the\nIndependence of the United States of America, William L. S. Ham, of the said District,\ndeposited in this office the title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Proprietor, in\nthe following words:\n\n\"An Answer to certain parts of a work published by Matthew Carey, entitled\n'The Olive Branch,' or 'Faults on Both Sides.' By a Federalist.\"\nAn act for the encouragement of learning, securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors thereof, during the time mentioned, and an act supplementary to an act for the encouragement of learning, securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors thereof, during the time mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints.\n\nTHEHON UUDD,\nClerk of the Southern District of York.\n\nPreface.\n\nIf any person should be disposed to enquire,\nwhy the author of the following work should take upon himself so much labour,\nin a case where it is probable so little good will be done,\nThe following explanation may satisfy him on that subject. The Constitution of the United States was formed and established, and the great principles of national policy under it were devised, by federalists. Among the members of the Convention of 1787 were George Washington, Caleb Strong, Rufus King, William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman, Oliver Ellsworth, Alexander Hamilton, William Paterson, Gouverneur Morris, James Wilson, George Clymer, Richard Bassett, and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and many others of the same political family. Many of these men were employed in various branches of the government immediately after its organization under that Constitution, and to their talents, wisdom, patriotism, and virtue, is the nation indebted for a large portion of its character and happiness.\n\nUnder the auspices of one bad man, a system of government was established.\nThe slander and falsehood that were devised and established, which deluded the great body of the people, eventually robbed these great statesmen and their friends and followers of their influence and, as far as possible, deprived them of their reputation. Such has been the effect of this detestable conspiracy against virtue and talents, that at the present time, many of the greatest men which the nation ever produced are almost banished from the reception of their countrymen; while their calumniators are hailed as the illustrious benefactors of their country. It is not in my nature to see such injustice and ingratitude pass triumphantly down the tide of time, without attempting, in some slight degree, to check its progress towards immortality. I am not willing to see Jefferson and Madison \u2013 the political \"abomination of desolation,\" stand \u2013\nIn these places where it ought not to be, it ought not to be occupied by Washington, Ellsworth, Jay, Hamilton, and King. I have attempted to do justice to federal policy, as well as federal politicians, in one or two particulars, not with the expectation of arresting the mad career of democratic passion and democratic slander, but with the view of recording, for the benefit of those who may come after us, a few important facts and the principles and reasoning to which they gave birth. In these particulars, at least, the mask may be plucked from the face of hypocrisy, and the truth be discernible in the same living characters which were stamped by Heaven upon the visage of a celebrated character of old. If these facts and this reasoning are not useful to the future historian, it will not be the fault of the Author of these pages.\nUnited States, December 1814, Anonymous, \"The Olive-Branch: or, Faults on Both Sides, Federal and Democratic. A serious appeal on the necessity of mutual forgiveness and harmony.\" This book attracted considerable attention, particularly on one side, and was greatly commended by many individuals of a party not much prone, either by natural disposition or by habit, to promote or practice the spirit of harmony or the virtue of forgiveness. That leading democrats should applaud a grave work, which charged both sides with faults, was a surprising turn of events.\nA work, with such a title, appeared - it was commended by many distinguished men of the democratic party, including Jefferson himself, and from him down to the lowest members of that faction - the editors of democratic papers. It was announced as running through edition after edition, with renewed marks of approval and applause, until the author, unable to resist the overflowings of his gratified vanity, ushered in its publication.\nThis name was revealed to the public as Matthew Carey, a foreign-born British subject who for many years had been a printer and bookseller in Philadelphia. This man, like a great proportion of intellectual and corporeal matter imported into the United States, had long placed himself before the American people as an able teacher, particularly in the science of politics. To doubt his competency for the employment, as well as that of many other foreigners who had established themselves in this country, would, according to modern notions, be considered little if anything short of moral treason. By the laws of criticism and disputation, however, his book is a fair subject of examination. If it should not withstand the test of a severe scrutiny,\nMr. Carey's wounded vanity may find consolation in the long string of recommendations prefixed to the seventh edition of his darling production. It may be thought somewhat singular that an answer to any portion of the contents of this work should be made at this late period. Had the writer been in a situation to make the attempt earlier, the circumstances of the work itself would have prevented him. The editions followed each other in such rapid succession, and the state of the country was in such an unsettled and changeable condition, that it was by no means certain that a replication to the first edition would still be suitable for the second, nor could it be foreseen that the doctrines advanced in one impression would not be altered, amended, or even contradicted in the next.\nan event, the labor devoted to the answer would be thrown away, and very possibly, by some revolution in public affairs, the two authors might find themselves unexpectedly on the same side of the question. So much time, however, has elapsed since the date of the last edition that there is less danger, while the author is taking breath, in attempting a slight examination of the book. A book, which, having run through seven editions in a little more than the space of one year, and being accompanied with no less than 7?! prefaces, is entitled to some notice beyond the compliments which the author has collected and republished in the first four pages. Nor is it impossible that the time has come, when the angry passions which were enkindled by the war may have so far subsided that some people will be willing to read and reflect.\nThe text is already relatively clean and does not require significant modifications. I have removed unnecessary symbols and formatting.\n\nThe text begins with a reference to a time when the author was not under the influence of prejudice and passion. It then mentions passing through recommendations and prefaces at the beginning of the work. The author then states that they will commence remarks with the subject of the second chapter. In the second chapter, Mr. Carey enters one great division of his plan, which is the errors of the Democratic party that, in his opinion, contributed to the dark state of political affairs in 1814. The author's objective was to convince the reader of this.\n\nHere is the cleaned text:\n\nThe author has passed through a kind of Great Dismal swamp of recommendations, prefaces, and so on, at the beginning of the hook. We come, at last, to the beginning of the work itself. The first chapter is devoted to sage reflections on the crisis of our affairs in 1814, dangers of parties, and so on. With this, the author has nothing to do at present but commence remarks with the subject of the second chapter.\n\nIn the second chapter, Mr. Carey enters upon one great division of his plan: the errors which the Democratic party have committed and which, in his opinion, contributed to that dark state of our political horizon, which was the grand cause of his writing the book under consideration. The author's object was, undoubtedly, to convince the reader of this.\nhe was remarkably frank and sincere, and, in \nthat way, in some measure to gain upon his con- \nfidence. *' I trust,\" says he, *' it will appear \nthat I hav^e not done them, (that is the democrats) \ninjustice in charging alarg^ portion of the folly \nand guilt to their account,\" The errors which, \nin this chapter, he ascribes to democracy, are>-^-^ \n1. By using their influence in the Convention \nof 1787, to withhold power from the federal \ngovernment, and to retain it in the State go- \nvernments\u2014 \n2. Opposition to a navy \u2014 \n3. Opposition to the Alien and Sedition laws, \nand the Eight per cent, loan \u2014 \n4. To Mr. Jay's Treaty. \nWith respect to the first of those democratic \nmistakes^ 1 have nothing to say. The other three \nare entitled to some consideration. \nThe opposition of the democrats to a navy, \nMr. Carey ascribes to a spirit of hostility, to the \nparty [the federalists] in power, and to a sorrowful and contemptible spirit of economy, The clamor, which he calls factious, against the Alien and Sedition laws, and the Eight percent loan, Mr. Carey considers as the principal means of changing the Administration, and taking it from the hands of the federalists, to place it in those of the democrats. The opposition to Mr. Jay's treaty, he says, was a highly factious procedure on the part of the democrats.\n\nHere then, is the confession of the author of the \"Olive-Branch,\" that the opposition and clamor against these three branches of federal policy were of the basest and most unprincipled kind\u2014and that, base and unprincipled as they were, they were \"the principal means\" of depriving the federalists of power, and introducing the democrats to their places.\nWho were the men who produced this clamor and excited this opposition? Mr. Carey knows, or if he had not been long enough in the country to make the discovery, every native citizen then on the stage, and tolerably well acquainted with the politics of the country, knows, that the origin of it is chargeable to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, and a small number of other subordinate, but ambitious and designing men, who were resolved to rule the country at all hazards, and to enjoy the sweets of power and the comforts of emoluments, even if the best interests of the nation should fall a sacrifice to their intrigues. They did succeed, and the whole policy of the nation was changed. The same corruption and intrigue which destroyed the influence of federalists was necessary to bolster and preserve that of their successors.\nThe spirit of hostility towards the navy, which expressed itself in clamor and falsehood during federal administrations, was completed in the period of democratic supremacy. A large portion of it was sold and, to a great measure, sacrificed immediately after Jefferson was sworn into office. The remainder was placed in a situation to render it completely useless, producing neither good nor evil, except that it furnished a subject for expenditure from the national treasury for the laudable purpose of buying popularity for the Administration.\n\nThe repeal of the Alien and Sedition laws is a matter of not the least moment. The first was never enforced; the second was an amelioration of the rigor of common law. But as its object was defeated by the senseless clamor of democracy, so when the democrats found themselves in power, they repealed it.\nThey found themselves in a situation in which they wished to cry to the legal Hercules for help, but he, as well as themselves, were so deep in the mire that they could not even help himself, let alone assist them. Mr. Jay's treaty is a subject of greater importance. The operation and effects of that compact were more conducive to the prosperity of this country than those of any other instrument of the same nature ever entered into between us and another nation, save the Treaty of peace of 1783. The opposition to it was vile, as it was designed for the vilest purposes \u2013 being nothing more nor less than to revive the hatred of the people of this country against Great Britain, in order to render federalists, who were in favor of its ratification, unpopular, and enable Mr. Jefferson to gratify his ambitious dispositions.\nHe assumed the reins of government, yet when the treaty expired and the British government offered to renew it, he rejected the offer. The acceptance would have acknowledged that his opposition to it was without foundation and without integrity, and it did not align with his policy of living on good terms with that nation. Federalists should not be told by Mr. Carey that this grand scheme of intrigue, fraud, and falsehood, by which Jefferson and his adherents destroyed the popularity of some of the greatest and most virtuous men, was without basis.\nThe country has produced no more statesmen of greater caliber than this, a democratic error, bestowing the title of the \"Olive Branch\" upon such a feeble acknowledgment at this late hour. For fifteen years, hollow-hearted demagogues, who devised and executed the abominable scheme, have reaped the rewards of their intrigue, while the nation, through the same body of men, has seen almost every important interest and privilege it possessed fall victim to their pernicious schemes of self-aggrandizement. Indeed, what is even more extraordinary, these very men, after having exhausted their own projects and found them destructive and vain, have ultimately adopted the policies and reinstated some of the most important measures of the federalists they had expelled.\nFrom power and rendered objects of public detestation, these men, by calumnies raised against these very measures, are required to offer something more than mere implied and second-hand confessions of error. If they lack the integrity to lay down the power they thus surreptitiously and corruptly obtained, they at least should cease from their slanders against federalists.\n\nAs far as Mr. Carey's confession goes towards the establishment of the point, those parts of the federal policy, against which the democrats clamored most, and by means of which clamor they succeeded in depriving federalists of power, the wisdom, patriotism, and purity of the federalists are established. In the same degree, the unprincipled conduct of the democrats is irrefragably supported.\nBut this point does not rest solely on the confession of the author of the Over-Branch. This work has met the decided approbation of a large proportion of the most active, influential, and leading characters of the democratic party, as well as that of multitudes of their newspaper editors and others. Among the former stand, in a very conspicuous station, the names of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. These men have, in this way, set their seal to the acknowledgment that for the purpose of rendering the federalists unpopular and turning them out of office, in order that themselves might step into their places, they have been guilty of falsely and hypocritically charging the federalists with misconduct in cases in which they acted wisely, prudently, and justly, and have calumniated them for measures that were highly beneficial.\nMr. Carey is asked to acknowledge the error, on behalf of the men suffering under this gross abuse and objects of democratic reproach and persecution for the same measures, regarding the rejection of the treaty negotiated by Monroe and Pinkney. He calls this an \"unpardonable error.\" This is a soft name for an act extravagant in itself as an error. (In the next chapter, Mr. Carey pursues the subject of democratic errors by enumerating several subjects in which Mr. Jefferson was immediately concerned, which, in his opinion, fall within that description. The first was the rejection of the treaty negotiated by Monroe and Pinkney. The not submitting that instrument to the Senate, he says, was \"an unpardonable error.\")\nMr. Jefferson had no right, by a fair construction of the Constitution, to reject the treaty without first submitting it to the Senate. It was, at the very least, a great stretch of power and arrogance on his part to act upon his own judgment in a case of such vital importance to the nation. However, he did not neglect the plain path of his duty merely because he disliked the provisions of the treaty. He acted under the influence of much more efficacious reasons. He was probably surprised that a treaty had been formed which was so nearly satisfactory as the one under consideration. He knew there was a possibility that if it should be submitted to the Senate, that body might advise a ratification of it, or, so much of it as was least objectionable.\nMr. Jefferson determined to leave the remainder of the negotiation open, intending to throw a heavy additional load of responsibility upon the other party by reducing them to the necessity of approving or disapproving his advice. Being resolved, as there was every reason to believe, to reject the treaty with or without the advice of the Senate, he calculated his usual cunning and forecast in taking that step in the first instance. It was the fundamental principle of Mr. Jefferson's policy to keep alive and in full vigor the angry passions of the country against Great Britain. This single agent had been sufficient to regulate the motions of all his machinations of intrigue and popularity. It is perfectly apparent that if he had allowed the treaty under consideration to be ratified, it would have been ratified.\nThe difficulties between nations have been adjusted and settled, at least to the point of preventing perpetual bickering and recrimination, and averting the crooked, irritating, and destructive course of measures recommended by him, which our government pursued later and led to the heaviest calamities this country has ever experienced. These calamities alarmed the fears and disturbed the tranquility of the author of the Live-Branch, inducing him to write a book to save the country from ruin. This is the grand secret of that bold and mischievous measure, which no man but a Jefferson would have dared to adopt. The consequences of this measure have cost individuals in this country untold millions of their property, sacrificed the lives of many thousands of our inhabitants, and involved the country in heavy debts.\nThe nation was in a debt of not less than one hundred and fifty million dollars, causing distress, poverty, and a burden of taxes for generations to come. The next error Mr. Carey charges upon Mr. Jefferson's administration is his neglect to enforce laws against authors of publications having a tendency to produce a separation among the States. These publications he calls \"insurrectional and treasonable.\" It was the incumbent duty of the president to have the laws enforced, to repress the offenses, and punish the offenders. If there was no law to reach the offense, he ought to have submitted the case to Congress for the purpose of supplying the defect. It is peculiarly unfortunate that the self-conceit of a certain individual prevented this action.\nA man should not elevate himself to such an extravagant height as to believe he could, with a single effort of his pen, save a nation divided into violent and vindictive parties and embroiled in the calamities of war, distraction, and bankruptcy, when he knows so little about the nation's affairs as to be ignorant of its laws and, indeed, the plainest principles of its written constitution.\n\nMr. Carey may be assured that there were no laws Mr. Jefferson could enforce to repress what he is pleased to denominate offenses, nor to punish those whom he considers offenders. Mr. Jefferson wanted nothing but laws and courts and juries corrupt enough to enforce them to repress every sentiment of freedom and every principle of the constitution, and to have punished, with the utmost severity.\nevery man who should dare utter a syllable against the course of his vicious Administration. He harbored all the malice of a demagogue, and all the vengeance of a coward \u2014 and if he could have found scope for their free exercise, federalism and federalists would have been sacrificed without measure, and without mercy. If any proof of his disposition in this particular is enquired for, reference may be had to certain judicial proceedings instituted and carried on in the Districts of New York and Connecticut for the pretended purpose of vindicating his character; and which he was drawn by sheer fear of exposure, when he found the truth was to be given in evidence, to order discontinued, after the accumulation of an enormous bill of expense not only to the parties prosecuted, but to the United States.\n\nBut, says Mr. Carey, he ought, if there were\nThere are no laws to prevent the exercise of the freedom of speech and the press. This was the only issue in the case, making it necessary to bring the subject before Congress in order to remedy the evil. It is extremely unfortunate for the people of this country that we are required to receive so much lecturing from ignorant and arrogant foreigners. These men, who have been educated under governments so unlike ours, rarely can their principles and practices be applied to our situation. Due to the lack of early instruction, early habits, and an original adaptation to freedom, their minds can never truly understand its genuine principles. Laws, according to Mr. Carey's notion and Mr. Jefferson's purposes, might have been made by Congress had it not been for\nA trifling difficulty, which stood in the way. This difficulty arose from the Constitution, where Mr. Carey may find it if he will be at the trouble, and perhaps the discovery may be of use to him when he once more revises his favorite book with a view to an eighth edition.\n\nBy the first article in the Amendments to the Constitution, it is provided that Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press. To pass a law making it unconstitutional or treasonable to propose, in writing or by speaking, alterations in the Constitution, would seem to be a violation of this provision of the Constitution. If the principle is once granted that an individual may propose alterations, whatever the nature of these alterations may be, it is not in the power of Congress, under the Constitution, to prevent.\nAny individual who may wish for a change in our government, from proposing in writing or speaking, that the President shall always come from the State of Virginia \u2014 that he should have it in his power, by appointing a man Secretary of State, to render him his lineal successor \u2014 or, even that the next Virginian who shall succeed to the chief magistracy shall hold the office for life. However absurd and ridiculous the proposition for amendment may be, the Constitution secures a man from punishment for having made it, and no law that was in existence during Mr. Jefferson's administration, nor any that Congress could constitutionally have enacted, could have prevented the exercise of the great constitutional privilege of freedom of speech and the press. But Mr. Carey seems to consider it \"treason.\n\"Mr. Carey might have saved labor in writing the Olive-Branch petition if he had focused on the Constitution instead, as he would have discovered that treason in the country does not have such a broad and undefined range as he assumed. Mr. Carey no longer lives under a monarchy without a written constitution but in a republic with one. In this Constitution, it is stated that \"Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort.\" This definition secures all discussion on the nature of treason.\"\nThe government, or its susceptibility to amendment, stems from the character or penalties of this heinous crime. However desirous it may have been, or may hereafter be, to an aspiring chief magistrate or a corrupt Administration, to shut the motions or stop the pen of any citizen on the subject or tendency of their measures, or the nature and qualities of the government itself, such magistrate or Administration must mourn in silence over their misfortunes or procure the form of government to be changed into a monarchy. Another error which Mr. Carey charges upon Mr. Jefferson's Administration is the not enforcing the Embargo. That measure, which excited the scorn of Great Britain and the contempt of the world, this profound statesman pronounces \"a most efficient weapon for\"\nIt is a waste of time to discuss the issue of redress from England. The embargo did not starve Great Britain or her colonies. It did not humble Great Britain or bring her to any terms. It did not even make her lower her tone. Yet, this measure, because it was devised by Mr. Jefferson and accompanied by some traits of character strikingly descriptive of the man and his general policy - blustering when he was safe towards Great Britain, and servile and cringing towards Buonaparte - was then, and it seems, is now, applauded by such politicians. Men whose minds are too narrow and whose views are too limited to comprehend systems of policy calculated for the interests and prosperity of an extensive nation. It is not at all surprising that Mr. Jefferson behaved in this manner.\nCarey should consider it so easy a matter to enforce such a measure as that of the Embargo \u2013 a measure, which, when viewed, as it would seem by its author, as permanent, was beyond all question, unconstitutional. His ignorance of the very nature of a free government, like ours, would naturally lead him into such a mistake. But, had the experiment been continued a little longer, he would have had opportunity to learn, that the people of this country understand their constitutional rights; and, when convinced that they are invaded, that no earthly power can rob them of the possession. In the 4th chapter, Mr. Carey advertises to the refusal to renew the charter of the Bank of the United States, as an \"error\"* of the democratic party. \"This circumstance,\" he says, ** injuriously affected the credit and character of\nThis country abroad produced a great degree of stagnation, distress, and difficulty at home and was among the causes of the late embarrassments and difficulties of the country's pecuniary concerns. This is very moderate language to apply to this iniquitous transaction, especially by a man who, if we are not misinformed, had an immediate interest in that institution. It holds out the Olive Branch to the party who committed the error rather than to their political adversaries. A more flagitious transaction than the one here alluded to perhaps never occurred in a well-regulated legislative body. The Bank of the United States was an institution of the highest importance to the nation. It answered all the honest purposes of the government; it was of great advantage to the people at large. Its credit was perfectly established.\nThe operations of the bank were regular, beneficial, and just. Its control over the monied concerns of the country was sufficient to keep them in proper check, and its effects would have been such as to have prevented the deadly blow which the national credit, and the individual business of the country, have since received. The renewal of the charter was refused, supposedly on the ground that Congress did not have the constitutional power to incorporate such an institution. The real ground was, that it was, in a great measure, owned by federalists, independent and honorable men, who were too careful of their interest to suffer it to be controlled by the Administration of the national government, and too high-minded, as well as pure, to be made subservient to Cabinet corruption. The Administration had discernment enough to see, that to charter such an institution would be to give them an additional power, which might be used against them.\nThe institutions were determined to act against the constitution and liberties of the country. A monied institution would be an essential machine for them, as they could not gain control of the old Bank. Therefore, they were resolved to get rid of it and create a new one that would be more subservient to their views. Accordingly, they refused to renew the charter, alleging it was unconstitutional. Once they had successfully rid themselves of it without any alteration of the constitution or new power from any other quarter, the same men who had been so scrupulous in the other case, without any hesitation or qualms, constitutional or conscience-stricken, proceeded to establish a new Bank, calculated to answer all the wishes of the Administration, corrupt or not, but also, when the occasion required, to endanger the liberties.\nOne other subject, under the head of \"democratic errors,\" will be particularly noticed. Mr. Carey frankly considers it an error that the City of Washington was allowed to be taken, and the public buildings destroyed. It is not for me to decide on whom the blame ought to fall--on the president, the secretary at war, on district general Winder, or on the whole--if, however, Mr. Carey had been sincerely disposed to ascertain the truth and trace the error to its source, and fix the disgrace of that most disgraceful event on its real authors, it was his duty to have furnished himself with the necessary means of deciding. It is in vain to say, there has been a mistake, unless you are able to determine by whom.\nIt was made. It was not worth the labor of recording if it was not of sufficient importance to be charged to the guilty source from which it proceeded. There are three persons, and only three, on whom this foul affair rests \u2014 and ever will rest: James Madison, James Monroe, and John Armstrong. It is true, Madison and Monroe, have had address enough to sacrifice Armstrong, as a victim to appease popular clamor. There would have been exactly the same justice, had the event taken place, in Armstrong's sacrificing Madison and Monroe. The country ought to have sacrificed all three. I am perfectly sensible, that the attempt has been made to divide the blame between General Winder and the Secretary of War. The object was to furnish the President and Secretary of State with a scapegoat while they should escape.\nFind a refuge from the storm of public indignation. If General Winder did not perform his duty, why was he not cashiered? If Armstrong was negligent, the man who made him Secretary of War was on the spot, to witness his inattention or incapacity, and had the power to unmake him. Shall the idea be tolerated for a moment, that the two highest officers of the government, who were present and actually engaged, for awhile, in the business of defending the capital, may shelter themselves from responsibility, on the shallow pretext that it was the appropriate and technical duty of the Secretary of War to superintend all the military concerns of the nation? Why did these peace officers buckle on their armor and amble their steeds as far as the borders of Bladensburgh? Surely not for the mere purpose of fleeing, like cowards.\nfrom the face of the enemy. It would have been safer to turn their faces towards Montgomery, in the first place, and left the whole burden on the War Department. Instead of pursuing this course, they knew of the enemy's landing at Benedict, six days before the capture of the city \u2014 they ought to have known that their object could be no other than the city of Washington \u2014 they might have known, if they had taken the least pains for that purpose, that his force was contemptible \u2014 they could not but know what measures were being taken by the District General for the safety of the capital\u2014- and they did consult, and act, \"more or less,\" until the last moment. For they all three actually rode to Bladensburg, arrived there just as the British entered it; and so profoundly ignorant were they, even then.\nThe situation and movements of the British troops. A respectable gentleman, whom they had previously abused, saved them from capture. Without his timely warning, all three, despite their extraordinary capacity for retreating, would have been made prisoners \u2013 a catastrophe that might have been of invaluable advantage to the nation.\n\nAway with the pretense that it was the appropriate duty of the Secretary of War or the District General to supervise military operations on this momentous occasion. It was the duty of the President, as \"Commander in Chief of the Armies of the United States,\" being present in the field, to supervise the Secretary of War. This foul reproach upon our national character should be remembered against the Cabinet.\nMr. Carey, in two or three preceding chapters, enumerates a variety of topics which he considers democratic \"errors.\" I shall make a few incidental remarks relevant to this part of the work.\n\nOn the subject of Admiral Warren's proposed armistice, which Mr. Carey lists among these democratic \"errors,\" he introduces the repeal of the Orders in Council abruptly and awkwardly. Although the repealing act of the British government was satisfactory to our Administration and accepted as such, Mr. Carey, and many others of the party, have discovered that it was, in reality, no repeal at all.\nUnfortunately, they are extremely dissatisfied with it. I have only to remark on this subject that it is a matter of unavailing regret that these gentlemen were not consulted in season, so that the instrument of repeal might have been modified in such a manner as to have met their wishes. I do not say that any body is absolutely at fault for this apparent neglect; for it is very certain that it could not have been foreseen, after they had calmly swallowed what Bonaparte first called his repeal, as completely satisfactory, that they would have boggled at the repealing act of the British government. Nor, probably, was it foreknown, even to our prognosticating Cabinet, that Mr. Carey would write a book, in which he would, on one page, set down the refusal of our Administration to accept Admiral Warren's offer of an armistice on the ground that the Orders in Council were still in force.\nCouncil were repealed, as a cardinal error on their part, and on the next page, declare that those Orders were, in truth, not repealed, but that the act of the British government, purporting to be a repeal, was a mere cunning and hypocritical pretence. Mr. Carey also charges it as an egregious error in both Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Madison that they neglected public opinion \u2013 that is, they did not take sufficient pains to contradict and counteract the various charges made against them and their measures. Every man is the guardian of his own character\u2014he knows how much it is worth, and can scarcely fail to be the best judge how far an attempt to vindicate it, when it has been aspersed, will be profitable, or otherwise. Mr. Jefferson had once a fair opportunity to stand the scrutiny of truth.\nAnd of strict examination \u2014 but he shrank from it. I allude to the before-mentioned prosecutions brought before the Circuit Court of the United States in the District of Connecticut and in the State court of the State of New York for libels upon his reputation. The defendants, in those cases, were prepared to justify by giving the truth in evidence, but either because he interfered or for some other reason, rather than let the truth be disclosed, the prosecutions were all discontinued. Upon the whole, the federalists will not feel much indebted to Mr. Carey for this affected candor in charging these things as \"errors\" upon the democratic party. His confessions, backed as they are by the certificates of Jefferson, Madison, and a long catalog of other democratic names, that their outcry against Mr. Jay's treaty.\nThe treaty, and the Alien and Sedition laws were unfounded, a complete vindication of the conduct of the federalists relative to those subjects.\n\n1. Federal Errors.\nThe \"Olive-Branch\" becomes a mere collection of democratic news-paper slander against federalists \u2013 a perfect farrago of opprobrium, gleaned from documents, speeches, toasts, and grog-shop harangues, compiled, sorted, and emphasized, so as to present a formidable phalanx of short sentences and staring capitals, in sufficient numbers, at least, to make the stoutest federal heart quake for fear.\n\nMy attention, however, will be in a great measure devoted to two principal subjects, into which the author has gone at great length, without noticing many minor topics of a scurrilous and malignant character, which are here retained.\nat a very moderate profit from the wholesale or manufacturers' price.\n\n1. The War.\n2. Alleged attempts on the part of eastern federalists to bring about a division of the States.\n\nUnder the first head, viz. \u2014 The War, it will be necessary to examine, at some length, the general cause of democratic policy which, by a regular series of measures, finally terminated in open hostilities with Great Britain. The charge has been made thousands of times against federalists that their conduct provoked the measures of Great Britain which eventually forced our government to declare war, and when the war was declared, that they refused to support it.\n\nIn support of this charge, appeal is made to the fact, that in 1806, in consequence of the seizure of our vessels by the British, for alleged violations of the rights of belligerents, in carrying on a war against France, our government was compelled to retaliate by seizing British vessels, and this led to a state of war between the two countries.\nThe merchants in large commercial towns presented memorials to Congress in 1806, complaining of depredations and calling for redress. A short answer might be given to all the charges against federalists regarding this subject \u2013 the war was not declared for these spoliations. Whatever the merchants may have urged or promised in those memorials, as hostilities were not commenced for the seizures and condemnations of 1806, the alleged pledges of the merchants were not forfeited. The merchants in their memorials in 1806 did not promise the government their support in a war declared in 1812, founded on the Orders in Council of 1807, and on the charge of Impressment. These were the grounds of the war, if the Manifesto speaks the truth, and in support of this war, there are no mercantile pledges.\nThe merchants in their memorials in 1806 did not mean to be understood that the government should allow British seizures and spoulations to continue for six years, and only intervene upon their plunging into an unprepared war. One other circumstance is to be borne in mind, the government, despite the great losses and injuries the merchants sustained and their earnest requests for measures to protect them against a continuance of these injuries, disregarded their petitions and complaints and took no effective measures for their relief or security. It is true, the Senate once passed a Resolution declaring the seizure and condemnation of our vessels a violation of our neutral rights.\nThe encroachment upon our independence is true, and Congress passed a partial nonimportation law \u2013 a ridiculous and disgraceful measure calculated only to excite British resentment or contempt. They sent William Pinkney to join James Monroe as plenipotentiaries to negotiate a treaty, who, on December 31, 1806, signed a treaty with Great Britain. Mr. Jefferson rejected it without ever laying it before the Senate. Thus, the business stood, and merchants were left completely discharged from whatever pledges may have been contained in their memorials in 1806. We are now prepared to enter on the commencement of the belligerent measures which gave birth to Mr. Jefferson's scheme of policy, which he dignified with the title of 'the restrictive system'.\nIn November 1806, Napoleon's celebrated Berlin decree appeared, declaring all British Islands in a state of blockade, prohibiting all commerce and correspondence with them. British subjects found in countries occupied by his troops or those of his allies were declared prisoners of war, and all merchandise was to be considered good prize. Mr. Carey states, \"This decree, extravagant as it was, is capable of some defense; a defense not void of plausibility.\" He further explains, \"It was promulgated to retaliate the blockade of a great extent of coast, of which, two-thirds were not invested by any force whatever.\"\nBonaparte had a right to declare all British Islands in a state of blockade when he had not a single ship afloat, to meet the Berlin decree, the British government issued their well-known Orders in Council in January and November 1807, and Bonaparte subjoined his Milan decree on the 17th of the following December. On the 18th of the same month, one day after the date of the Milan decree, Mr. Jefferson sent his Message to both Houses of Congress, recommending a general Embargo. At this time, no information had been received in this country regarding the existence of the British Order of November nor of the French Milan Decree. It is said by Mr. Carey that on the morning of the day on which the Embargo Message was sent to Congress, and previous to its delivery, there had been published in the National Intelligencer.\nA proclamation is now ready for His Majesty's signature, declaring France and its vassal kingdoms in a state of siege and prohibiting all intercourse with her or them. All entrance of vessels into her or their harbors is permitted only for those that have cleared last from a British port, either home or foreign. According to this and several other insignificant papers, the Embargo, that contemptible and ruinous measure recommended by Mr. Jefferson and adopted by a servile majority in both Houses of Congress, was implemented, putting an end to all foreign trade in one swift and unexpected move.\nand commerce of this country, and by a measure calculated to excite in Great Britain a strong impression of hostility towards her and partiality to France, it became necessary to manage our intercourse with her in such a way as to allay that impression. All the recesses of cunning and imposition, and the whole vocabulary of duplicity were explored and exhausted in the attempts to establish the impartiality of this measure. As far as chicanery in logic, and bold and unqualified assertion, could go to establish the point, the administration met with complete success. However, at home where the character of the men was better known, the nature of their policy and the tendency of their measures were more clearly discerned and understood, and their effects were more effectively countered.\nThe distinct realization that they did not succeed well in their imposition attempts, ten thousand circles of opposition proved, beyond the possibility of doubt, that they were actuated by inherent hostility towards one nation and servile attachment to the \"Great tyrant\" who ruled the other. The embargo, as might have been foreseen by every person with the least discernment, excited loud and increasing uneasiness and clamor. Its restrictions were evaded, and its penalties were contemned. And when, at a subsequent session of Congress, an attempt was made to enforce a strict observance of it by passing what was commonly called \"The Enforcing Act,\" the clamor became not only general, but highly alarming to the administration. They gave way from the mere fear of losing popular support.\nty and the laws laying and enforcing the embargo were repealed. However, they were not willing entirely to abandon the \"System,\" so they passed over to a Non-intercourse. This was little more than shifting names \u2014 the new measure was almost as fatal to the general interests and prosperity of the country as the old \u2014 and the clamor against the whole scheme of commercial restrictions was continued. In the meantime, also, the presidential honors had changed hands \u2014 Mr. Jefferson, after having done more, in the short space of eight years, to destroy the prosperity of his country than any other man under like circumstances, had retired; but with the comforting, heart-cheering consolation of reflecting, that his successor would go on, to the utmost of his power, to consume the ruin of the country.\nMr. Madison came into office in March, 1809. At that time, the country was in great uneasiness, and the public clamor was growing louder every moment. In the spring of every year, elections took place in many parts of the country, particularly in the State of New York and in New England. Mr. Madison, being new in his place and having his popularity in a great measure to purchase, was no doubt extremely alarmed. The State of New York was a large and powerful State \u2014 the only one east of the Potomac that could ever expect to rival, in political influence, the State of Virginia. The loss of trade was felt throughout the whole extent of that populous, growing, and commercial community.\nThe annual elections would take place in the latter part of April. If it went against the Administration, the consequences would necessarily be very deplorable. Under these circumstances, for the express purpose of producing a favorable effect on the Eastern elections, particularly in the State of New York, a very sudden and unexpected measure took place. I allude to the celebrated arrangement with the British Minister, Erskine.\n\nThe attack made by a British frigate upon the frigate Chesapeake had excited a great degree of warmth in the public mind. Had the act been sanctioned by the British government, it would have been such an atrocious violation of our sovereignty that war must inevitably have ensued. That government, however, after much deliberation, and no doubt influenced by the strong remonstrances of the United States, issued a formal apology, and the affair was adjusted by a treaty, known as the Treaty of Paris, 1805.\nMr. ment did not sanction but disapproved of the problem and sent a special minister to this country for the sole purpose of adjusting it in a manner satisfactory to our government. His instructions were confined to that subject, and the difficulty might have been settled had not Mr. Jefferson insisted on coupling with it other matters, to which Mr. Rose's powers did not extend. He refused to revoke his proclamation interdicting British vessels from entering our ports, and the negotiation was broken up without accomplishing the object. Mr. Carey states, when giving his history of this transaction, that \"the federalists were as loud in their denunciations of the lawless violence, as the democrats.\" Whether federalists were as loud on this subject as the democrats, or not, is of no importance.\nThere were no times when the federalists were not at least as zealous to repel and, if proper, punish real national injuries as the democrats. Had the British government approved the attack on the Chesapeake, there would not have been a federalist in the country who would not have lent his utmost aid to the government in demanding satisfaction for the injury. The federalists, however, supposed it proper to wait and see what course the British government would pursue. They had no idea of charging an outrage committed by the captain of a frigate upon the government in whose service he was employed, before it was ascertained whether he acted by their orders or according to his own dictates. The moment it was known that the act was disavowed, it ceased to be a just ground of hostilities, and it only became an issue between the captain and the government.\nA subject of negotiation, for determining what kind of reparation the injury to our honor required. Mr. Rose was authorized to make the satisfaction necessary; but Mr. Jefferson was unwilling to yield what was initially a mere punctilious point, and at the same time demanded something more than reparation for the Chesapeake affair. It is perfectly apparent from the correspondence between the Secretary of State and Mr. Rose that an attempt was made on the part of the former to draw the latter into a situation where he would be induced to transcend his powers. After a long discussion of grievances and authorities, to persuade Mr. Rose to meet our government on the whole list of their demands.\nMr. Madison closes his letter in the following manner: 'I am not unaware, sir, that according to the view which you appear to have taken of your instructions, such a course of proceeding has not been contemplated by them. It is possible nevertheless that a reconsideration in the Spirit in which I am persuaded it will be made may discover them not to be inflexible to a proposition in so high a degree liberal and conciliatory. In answer to this insidious request, Mr. Rose replied: 'It is with the most painful sensations of regret that I find myself on the result of it under the necessity of declining to enter into the terms of negotiation which by direction of the President of the United States, you therein offer. I do not feel myself competent, in the present instance, to depart from them.'\nI. Instructions I mentioned in my January 26th, 1808 letter prevent me from accepting the proposed condition. I must also note that I am forbidden from discussing matters unrelated to the specific objective I am authorized to address. This matter may be addressed more thoroughly later.\n\nUnresolved, this issue was passed on to President Jefferson's successor, James Madison, who took office in March 1809. Aware of the challenges of his position and having learned cunning from his long-standing scholarly career, Madison's first move was to secure at least a partial resolution.\nFor the given text, no cleaning is necessary as it is already in a readable format. Here is the text with minor formatting adjustments for better readability:\n\nThe momentary popularity of the new administration drew his attention to the subject of commercial restrictions. The pernicious effects of this system were felt throughout the country, and uneasiness and alarm grew at the strides absolute power was making over the constitutional barriers, threatening the very existence of power in the dynasty of which he was now the constituted head. Whether from Cabinet intimations or some other source, I do not conjecture, but moved by some impulse exactly suited to the circumstances and needs of the Administration, Mr. Erskine, the British Minister at Washington, addressed a letter to the Secretary of State, dated:\nThe 17th of April, 1809. After professing to consider an act of Congress, passed at the preceding session, as placing Great Britain on an equal footing with other belligerent powers, the British minister offered, on behalf of Great Britain, to make reparation for the attack on the Chesapeake. This produced an answer, dated the same day, from the Secretary of State, in which he informs Mr. Erskine that the president could not but receive with pleasure assurances that His Britannic Majesty was animated by a disposition to adjust that difficulty. He then, in a careless manner, alludes to the subjects of the non-intercourse and the equality now existing in the relations of the United States with the two belligerents.\n\nThe machinery of the two governments moved rapidly. On the 18th, Mr. Erskine,\nThe Secretary, taking a hint from his letter of the previous day, addresses the subject of non-intercourse. The Secretary notes the favorable change in relations between the United States and the monarch, which was anticipated by the monarch and has encouraged the hope that existing differences might be satisfactorily adjusted. On these grounds and expectations, I am instructed to communicate to the American government the monarch's determination to send an Envoy Extraordinary, invested with full powers to conclude a treaty on all points of the relations between the two countries. In the meantime, with a view to contributing to this endeavor, the monarch intends to send an envoy to the United States.\nHis Majesty would be willing to withdraw his Orders in Council from January and November 1807, so far as regards the United States, in the persuasion that the President would issue a proclamation for the renewal of intercourse with Great Britain. On the same day, the Secretary of State returned the following answer: \"The note which I had the honor of receiving from you this day, I lost no time in laying before the President. He being sincerely desirous of a satisfactory adjustment of the differences unfortunately existing between Great Britain and the United States, has authorized me to assure you that he will meet.\nwith a disposition corresponding to that of his Majesty, the determination of his Majesty to send to the United States a special envoy, invested with full powers to conclude a treaty on all the points of the relations between the countries. I am further authorized to assure you that in case his Britannic Majesty should in the meantime withdraw his Orders in Council of January 1807, as far as respects the United States, the President will not fail to issue a proclamation by virtue of the authority and for the purposes specified in the eleventh section of the statute commonly called the Non-Intercourse Act. On the day following, viz. the 19th of April, Mr. Erskine says, that \"in consequence of the acceptance by the President, as stated in your letter of the 18th instant, of the proposals made by his Britannic Majesty for a suspension of the war, the President will issue his proclamation.\"\nProposals made by me on behalf of his Majesty, in my letter of the same day, for the renewal of the intercourse between the respective countries, I am authorized to declare that his Majesty's Order in Council of January and November, 1807, will have been withdrawn as regards the United States, on the 10th day of June next. The negotiation was brought to a close by the following letter from the Secretary of State:\n\n\"Having laid before the President your note of this day, containing an assurance that his Britannic Majesty will, on the 10th day of June next, have withdrawn his Orders in Council of January and November, 1807, so far as regards the United States, I have the honor of informing you that the President will accordingly, and in pursuance of the eleventh section of the statute, commonly called the Non-Importation Act.\"\nThe United States called the Non-Intercourse Act, issued a proclamation so that the trade with Great Britain may be resumed on the same day, in the manner provided in the said section. This was followed by a proclamation, bearing the same 19th day of April, 1809, declaring the Non-Intercourse Act suspended, agreeably to the stipulations in the letters just recited.\n\nMr. Carey says, \"There was never a measure of more fairness and candor, than the arrangement made by our government with Mr. Erskine. The annals of diplomacy may be ransacked in vain to produce a negotiation more deserving of encomium, or more honorable to both parties.\" Again, \"never was a negotiation conducted on more liberal or generous principles. It was manly and magnanimous \u2014 and affords one of the very few instances in history.\"\nwhich diplomacy had been divested of her usual attendants, chicanery and fraud. It is a prevailing habit with our democrats to fix the stamp of superlative merit on whatever measures proceed from their masters in the cabinet. No man of ordinary common sense, devoid of the blindness of party spirit, can be deceived regarding the true character of this measure. It argues nothing in favor of the talents or public spirit of the administration, except that they were able to overreach a simple young man entrusted with the superintendence of matters far above his capacity, and to accomplish an object well calculated by its sudden and unexpected effects, to produce a momentary popularity in favor of the new President, and to turn the scale of politics in some of the doubtful states, particularly the State of New York.\nYork: What other talent besides cunning is displayed in this correspondence and negotiation? What is there that is either magnanimous or manly? What proof that it is not contaminated with both chicanery and fraud?\n\nThis \"arrangement\" was entered into by the British Minister against the plain letter of his powers; and it was rejected by his government on that ground. If Mr. Madison was aware of the extent of his authority, his conduct in enticing him to transgress it was disgraceful, and deserving of the most unqualified reprobation. If he had not ascertained the true nature of that authority, it was scarcely less criminal in him to proceed blindly in an affair of such importance and plunge the country into the difficulties which must necessarily follow such a refusal.\nGreat Britain, to ratify an agreement made by a Minister Plenipotentiary, claiming he had exceeded his powers. This was a dilemma, from which nothing but the wilful and benighted devotedness of Madison's partisans could have extricated President Madison. It is in vain for him to say that he trusted the British Minister's declaration, assuming he understood the nature and extent of his own powers. It was a gross dereliction of duty in him, to trust to anything short of absolute knowledge. The Minister was with him, and when the proposition to treat on such a momentous subject was first made, it was the President's indispensable duty to make himself certain of his powers; so that the arrangement, if made, could be executed.\n\nMr. Carey exults much at the conduct of the federalists on the publication of this arrangement.\nNever, says he, was a measure more loudly or unanimously applauded. Parties agreed in their encomiums on the act and the actors, who never before accorded on any subject. It is true, federalists, chained down for years to the Jeffersonian block and thrown out of business by a ruinous course of measures, did feel elated at such an unexpected deliverance from their ignominious bondage. Many of them, under the full force of their feelings, precipitately and imprudently commended the President for the part he had acted. It was a short-sighted course of conduct on their part. In vindication of it, it may fairly be urged that they supposed that the measure, which was so interesting to them, had been fairly and frankly entered into, and was honestly intended to produce effects of more general importance.\nThe importance of the new chief magistrate exceeded that of Jefferson in increasing the popularity of the federalists and inflaming public passions against Great Britain. If the federalists, who were momentarily taken aback and deceived by the notion that Madison was more just and patriotic than Jefferson had been, had known that the arrangement on the part of the British Minister was made without authority and therefore not binding on his government, and that our administration had either negotiated with him knowing his powers did not extend to the subject or proceeded without taking any pains to ascertain the nature and extent of his powers, they would have viewed both \"the act and the actors\" with contempt and indignation that such conduct deserved.\nThat contempt and indignation were reserved for the hour which disclosed the fact, that the arrangement was rejected by Great Britain, because her Minister had acted without power. Then the federalists had opportunity to learn a most interesting and important lesson, that fraud and chicanery are the most prominent and distinguishing characteristics of the Virginia dynasty, and that the members of that dynasty are never to be watched more closely, nor to be more deeply suspected, than when they pretend to act with fairness, frankness, and integrity.\n\nCircumstances, however, justify the conclusion that the President knew that Mr. Erskine acted without authority in entering into the arrangement. In the first place, it is perceived that it is established that:\n\n1. It is perceivable that the President was aware that Mr. Erskine acted without authority in entering into the arrangement.\nIt was entirely in character for Jeffersonian politicians to outwit and overreach a man of moderate discernment and talents like Mr. Erskine. Known to be eagerly bent on adjusting the difficulties between this country and his own, he likely expected success would strengthen his government and nation. Seizing this circumstance, the administration found it easier to gull him than his feeble capacity alone would have provided. In the second place, by referring to the correspondence between Mr. Madison, then Secretary of State, and Mr. Rose, relative to the Chesapeake affair, we find a precisely similar attempt to induce.\nhim being urged to violate his instructions was imposed upon him, though unsuccessfully. Mr. Madison exerted himself to the utmost to draw him into that situation, after an acknowledgment on his part that he was aware of the nature and extent of his powers. \"' I am not unaware, Sir,\" he said in his letter of March 5, 1803, \"that according to the view which you appear to have taken of your instructions, such a course of proceeding has not been contemplated by them. It is possible, nevertheless, that a re-examination, in the spirit in which I am well persuaded it will be made, may discover them not to be inflexible to a proposition, in so high a degree liberal and conciliatory.\" Here, the proposition to violate or transcend his instructions was made directly to Mr. Rose, softened only by\nOur administration consistently claimed that their proposals were liberal and conciliatory in language, a modesty that in most cases led them to apply such labels to themselves. However, when it was discovered that this had been attempted, albeit unsuccessfully, in one instance, what is the probability with respect to another, equally important and interesting case for the party concerned? Having found the Jeffersonian politicians uniformly intriguing, hollow-hearted, and hypocritical \u2013 having found them successful in imposing on this deluded and believing nation, and being perfectly convinced that their principles were corrupted, their dispositions ambitious, and their love of power inordinate.\nI have not charity enough to acquit Mr. Madison of the charge of having exercised talents on this occasion, for which he is indebted for all his popularity and power. But, if my opinion is uncharitable towards him, where is the mighty claim of superabundant merit in Mr. Madison, in entering into this arrangement? Jefferson and he, together, had been guilty of extreme injustice to the nation, and particularly to the mercantile portion of it, by their mischievous measures. Finding these measures doing very little substantial injury to any body except ourselves, and being extremely apprehensive that the public clamor, which had begun to break forth against the authors of them, would become louder and louder, and in the end, \"sweep away their refuge of lies,\" he entered into this arrangement.\nwas urged into the negotiation with Mr. Erskine by the strongest motive that ever yielded to his mind - self-interest. He understood the human character well enough to know that if he could, by a sudden and unexpected stroke, relieve the country from its embarrassments, his countrymen would applaud him, though the measure itself should be nothing more than an act of plain and common justice. But one thing more would be necessary, according to the general scheme of his policy, and that was to manage the transaction in such a way that its issue left the administration in possession of their most powerful weapon - hatred of Great Britain. This result would be perfectly secure if the rupture which should eventually take place could, with tolerable plausibility, be charged to the account of Great Britain.\nThe rejection by that government did not surprise nor displease me, as the stated consequences ensued. The Non-Intercourse Act was reinstated, and public resentment was stirred by every inflammatory tactic wielded by the cabinet. Mr. Carey, however, views this arrangement as highly honorable for Mr. Madison and proof that \"the slightest particle of that noxious influence\" against him was absent from our cabinet. Had there been such influence, he argues, it could not have failed to prevent such a swift healing of the long-standing and bitter rifts between the two countries in a few days. If my perspective is accurate, it is challenging to discern what conclusion.\nThe negotiation could be seen to benefit the administration due to its swift completion. However, it is more likely that Mr. Madison was motivated by the fear that the French Minister, who closely monitored his measures, would discover what was happening and attempt to interfere. This, however, is open to question. The negotiation was hurried, and the business was closed as quickly as possible to allow the news of the adjustment to reach New York in time for the approaching election. The correspondence began on the 17th and ended on the 19th, and the proclamation was issued.\nsued on the last mentioned day. No instance of equal diplomatic dexterity is believed to have been produced since the Jefferson era commenced. Two letters were written each day, and on the last, the proclamation was superseded. The election in the state of New York takes place on the last Tuesday in April. The last Tuesday of April, in that year, was the 25th day \u2014 leaving for the transmission of the intelligence only six days. The fact of the arrangement having taken place was forwarded to New York by express; it was published by the democrats with great exultation in Albany as early as the 24th, and before the three days of the election were over, it was, no doubt, scattered throughout the state. Whether the momentary excitement which it occasioned produced any considerable effect in favor of the administration is uncertain.\nThe negotiation-party is not known. The negotiation was hurried through, and the arrangement suddenly concluded, for the purpose of operating on the New-York election. I have evidence of this kind, completely satisfactory, and derived from an authentic source.\n\nThe conduct of the British government, in rejecting this arrangement, was stigmatized by our democrats with every foul term of opprobrium and reproach. Mr. Carey mildly says of it, \"that England broke the faith her Minister had solemnly pledged.\" In order to prove this assertion, among other things, he runs into a long examination of the character of the arrangement for justice and fairness. This is a trick very common with the party, derived immediately from the instructions of their leaders. Our democratic administrations have always considered themselves able to teach the British.\nThe government rejected the arrangement, not due to its merits, but solely because Mr. Erskine had transgressed his instructions. They had no obligation to ratify it, as it was entered into without their Minister's authority. Our administration, if they did not consider themselves licensed to prescribe rules for that government which they did not adopt for their own conduct, had the least cause for complaint, as in a parallel case, Mr. Jefferson refused to ratify as well.\nThe Senate consulted on the merits of the treaty with Great Britain entered into by Messrs. Munroe and Pinkney. These Ministers deemed it necessary to step aside from their instructions. Jefferson contemptuously refused to allow his constitutional advisers to deliberate on its character.\n\nThe British government's refusal to ratify the arrangement led to the country's return to the \"Restrictive system.\" A second proclamation was issued by the President, reinstating the Non-Intercourse Act and placing the countries on the same footing as before the 19th of April, 1809.\n\nAfter dismissing the subject of the Erskine arrangement, Mr. Carey prepared a complete vindication of the war by introducing a full-length picture of Impressment.\nThe administration found it necessary to understand the true character of the war before evaluating the conduct of those opposing its declaration. With the British Orders in Council, French Decrees, and our Non-Intercourse Law in effect, and time pressing, the administration sought to improve its popularity by altering some aspect of our foreign relations. The British government had always professed a willingness to engage in diplomacy.\nThe administration attempted to rescind their Orders if Bonaparte revoked his Decrees, but as they considered him the first aggressor in this case, they would continue and execute their Orders as long as he did. Unable to procure the British Orders to be rescinded, they turned their attention to France and tried to persuade Bonaparte to revoke his Decrees. By the terms of the Non-Intercourse law, the President was authorized to do so if France or Great Britain revoked or modified their edicts, ceasing to violate the neutral commerce of the United States.\nThe same suspension of trade by proclamation, after which trade was suspended with a certain nation, in whose favor the proclamation should be issued, could be renewed. The course of events, in the summer of 1809, had produced a great deal of irritation in the United States, and the administration had directed it, as much as possible, against Great Britain. In this state of public mind, towards the close of that year, an intrigue commenced on the part of our cabinet with Bonaparte's Ministers, to draw France into a situation in which the Non-Intercourse Act might be suspended as it respected that nation, and in that way to involve us more immediately with Great Britain. After a correspondence of a very singular character, which lasted for several months, and on the peculiar tenor and character of which I shall hereafter make some remarks,\nThe Duke of Cadore wrote a letter to our Minister at Paris on the 5th of August, 1810, containing the following passage:\n\nI am authorized to declare to you, Sir, that the decrees of Berlin and Milan are revoked, and they will cease to have effect after the 1st of November. I have understood that, in consequence of this declaration, the English will revoke their Orders in Council and renounce the new blockades they have wished to establish. Or that the United States, conformably to the act you have communicated, will cause their rights to be respected by the English.\n\nUpon receiving this false and fraudulent declaration, the President issued a proclamation declaring that the French decrees were revoked.\nThe eighth day of August, 1810, and that they would cease to have effect on the first of November following. This shameless falsehood, though proceeding from the highest branch of our government and calculated to deceive the people of this country on a subject of vital importance to their character and prosperity, was made at the time without proof of the existence of the facts contained in it and long since known to have been utterly untrue. Even the publication at the end of nearly two years thereafter of an official document showing in the clearest manner its absolute falsehood produced no other effect on the part of the man who made it than lame and crooked efforts to establish it, against all the evidence mentioned.\nThe British government were too wise to be caught in such an obvious snare; they still persisted in requiring an actual revocation of the French Decrees before they would consent to rescind their Orders. In this irritating situation, the affairs between the two countries stood until the 18th day of June, 1812, when Congress formally declared war against Great Britain.\n\nAgainst that declaration, the federal members of both Houses of Congress exerted themselves to the utmost. They voted unanimously against it, and after it was passed, the federal members of the House of Representatives published, under their several signatures, a very able and unanswerable Remonstrance to the people against the proceedings of the majority on the subject. This masterful paper, Mr. Carey finds it convenient barely to mention, and to stigmatize.\nAfter announcing the declaration of war, Mr. Carey remarkedly stated, \"War then became the law of the land. It was the paramount duty.\"\nOf all good citizens to submit to it. Even those who doubted its justice or expediency, and had opposed its adoption, were bound to acquiesce --\n\nWe are now brought to the examination of a question of no small importance in the affairs of this country\u2014the extent to which the MINORITY is bound to submit to the WILL OF THE MAJORITY? From the manner in which the author of The Olive Branch expresses himself on the subject of the War, we might naturally infer, that, in his opinion, a law declaring war was attended with superior obligations to those which accompany a law of a different description \u2014 and, that the opposers of the war, had refused to submit to the law.\n\nWith respect to actual submission to the law declaring war, the Federalists behaved in an exemplary manner. They were guilty of no riots or insurrections. What few disturbances occurred were\u2014\nUnited States should have collided with Great Britain over the Order in most men's opinions. This event could not have been brought about without considerable difficulty. When that Order was passed by the British government, Mr. Monroe, then our Minister in London, truly considered it advantageous rather than injurious to us. Our government, if they did not view it in a similar light, certainly did not consider it a violation of our neutral rights because they did not, for years, make the least complaint about it. On the contrary, it has been shown that both the President and Congress, in the Erskine arrangement, entirely omitted taking notice of it as a decree that came within the provisions of the Non-Intercourse law. How then did it happen, at the end of six years from the time of its origin, that it became an issue?\nParis, January 25, 1810.\n\nSir,\n\nA letter from Mr. Secretary Smith, of the 1st of December last, made it my duty to inquire of his excellency the Duke of Cadore what were the conditions on which His Majesty the Emperor would annul his Decree, commonly called the Berlin Decree, and whether, if these conditions were met, he would restore the Order of Malta to its former state.\nGreat Britain revoked her blockades before the Decree of Berlin, His Majesty would consent to revoke the said Decree. I have received the following answer to these questions, which I hasten to convey to you by a special messenger.\n\nANSWER:\nThe only condition required for the revision, by His Majesty the Emperor of the Decree of Berlin, will be a previous revocation by the British government of her blockades on France or parts of France (such as that from the Elbe to Brest) of a date anterior to that of the aforesaid Decree.\n\nOn the 2nd of July, 1810, the Secretary of State wrote a letter to Mr. Pinkney from which the following passage is extracted.\n\n\"Whilst it was not known how far the French government would adhere to\n\"\n\nJohn Armstrong.\nThe apparent importance of the condition for revoking the Berlin Decree, and the British government's explanations regarding its blockades prior to that Decree, were outlined in my letters to you on November 11 and December 1. The French government's precise and formal declaration, limiting the condition to the blockades of France or parts of France before the Berlin Decree date, and the British government's acknowledgment of these blockades, particularly that of May 1806, with a failure to revoke it or even admit its constructive extinction, was highlighted in your document.\nThe letters of the 11th of November and 1st of December mentioned in General Armstrong's letter of the 25th of January are not found in any collections of state papers I have seen. The passage quoted from the letter of the 1st of December, in the letter of January 25th, is sufficient for the present purpose. It proves distinctly that Bona-parte was instigated to demand the repeal of the British Order of May, 1806, by Mr. Madison himself. He was not contented with merely inquiring of the French Minister on what territories his Majesty would consent to repeal the Berlin Decree; instead, he was not satisfied with leaving him to fix his own conditions.\nThe question at hand is \"what were the conditions for His Majesty the Emperor to annul his decree, commonly known as the Berlin Decree?\" A more specific inquiry is added: \"Would His Majesty consent to revoke the said Decree if Great Britain revoked her blockades before that Decree?\" It is not surprising that the reply stated: \"The only condition required for the revocation of the Berlin Decree would be a previous revocation by the British government of their blockades of France or part of France (such as that from the Elbe to Brest) of a date anterior to the aforesaid Decree.\" It is worth noting that the objective throughout this disgraceful affair was to give Bonaparte the advantage of the argument derived from the priority of the date of this Decree.\nIf Great Britain could have been induced by Mr. Madison to revoke the Decree of May, 1806, prior to the Berlin Decree of November 21, 1806, Bonaparte's pretense of the Order of January 1807 would have been without foundation. However, the claim for the revocation of the Order of May was made repeatedly on the grounds that it was \"anterior in date\" to the Berlin Decree. An explicit acknowledgment would have been required in such a case.\n\nA more insidious and wicked attempt by any ruler rarely existed than this. When this Order was first passed, Monroe wrote home to the administration an account of it in a letter.\ndated May 17, only one day after the date of the Order in which he enclosed the Order itself, and about which he says, \"the note is couched in terms of restraint and professes to extend the blockade further than was heretofore done; nevertheless, it takes it from many ports already blockaded - indeed, from all east of Ostend, and west of the Seine, except in articles contraband of war and enemies' property, which are seizable without a blockade. And in like form of exception, considering every enemy as one power, it admits the trade of neutrals within the same limits to be free, in the productions of enemies' colonies, in any but the direct route between the colony and the parent country. I have, however, been too short a time in the possession of this paper to trace it in all its consequences in regard to this question.\nThe note was drawn by the government in reference to the question, and if intended by the cabinet as a foundation for Mr. Fox to form a treaty and obtained by him for that purpose, it must be viewed in a very favorable light. On the 20th of May, 1806, three days afterwards, Mr. Monroe wrote to him, on the same subject, in the following words: \"From what I could collect, I have been strengthened in the opinion which I communicated to you in my last, that Mr. Fox's note of the 16th, was drawn with a view to a principal question with the United States, I mean that of the trade with the enemies' colonies. It embraces, it is true, other objects, particularly the commerce with Prussia and the north generally, whose ports it opens to neutral powers, under whose flag British merchants may trade.\"\nFactures will find a market there. In particular, the measure promises to be highly satisfactory to the commercial interest. It may have been the primary object of the government. Such were the views entertained by our Minister at London at the time it was issued \u2014 and such it may be safely concluded were the views which the administration entertained of it at the same period, and for a long time thereafter, because it was not complained of for years after this time. And yet, in 1812, after the solemn declaration of himself and of Congress in the transaction with Mr. Erskine that this Order was not one of the Decrees which violated our neutral commerce, this same Order is shamelessly brought before the world as a justifiable cause of war. No other head of a nation, than [name missing]\none taken from the Jeffersonian school could have been induced to pursue such a course of conduct. But it was pursued by Mr. Madison with a clear view of its consequences. In a letter from the Secretary of State to Mr. Pinkney, dated July 5th, 1810, there is the following passage:\n\n\"Without this enlightened precaution, it is probable, and may indeed be inferred from the letter of the Duke of Cadore to General Armstrong, that the French government will draw Great Britain and the United States into an issue, by acceding to the act of Congress, with a condition that a repeal of the blockades shall accompany a repeal of the Orders in Council. Alleging, that the Orders and Blockades, differing little, if at all, otherwise, a repeal of the former leaving in effect the same restrictions on neutral trade, the French government would appear to be acting in good faith, while in fact, they would be gaining an advantage over both nations.\"\nFrom this passage, it is clear that Mr. Madison foresaw that Great Britain and the United States would be drawn into war due to the French government's insistence on the legality of blockades. The sentence \"it would be a mere illusion\" contained vile hypocrisy, as it was likely that such a state of war would exist when Bonaparte desired it and Madison had worked to secure that probability. Another cause of war, as stated in our government's manifesto, remains to be noticed: impressment. I have already remarked that impressment became a significant issue after the repeal of the Navigation Acts.\nThe only ground for hostilities after the declaration of war was impressment. When the contest was left on this single issue, every possible effort was made by the administration and their dependents to inflame public passions on this subject. It is necessary, therefore, to examine its true character as a cause of war, in order to determine whether it was, in reality, what the government pretended to make it \u2013 the real justifiable cause of the calamities it produced.\n\nImpressment, on June 18, 1812, was not a new affair \u2013 it had been the source of difficulty between us and Great Britain since the formation of our government. Various attempts to negotiate concerning it had been made, but no satisfactory arrangement had ever been concluded. However, I assert that it had not been the sole cause of the war.\nAt the time of the Erskine arrangement, it was not even mentioned as a justifiable cause of war. Our government, had the arrangement been confirmed by Great Britain, could not have made it a valid cause of war; as it was not alluded to, even as a grievance, in the correspondence previously to that arrangement, and in the agreement to repeal the Orders in Council of January and November, 1807.\nIn April 1808, during Jefferson's last year in office, Madison, then Secretary of State and presumptive heir to the chief magistracy, wrote to Pinkney, our Minister at London: \"Given the current state of our relations with Great Britain, it would be premature to outline the course to be pursued regarding negotiations on other topics besides those above mentioned. You are authorized, however, to continue your interventions on behalf of our impressed or detained seamen. In the event of a repeal of the British Orders and satisfactory pledges for making amends for the Chesapeake incident, enter into informal arrangements for abolishing impressions.\"\nTogether, and mutually discontinuing the receipt of each other's ships into either military or merchant service, in accordance with the instructions on this point transmitted by Mr. Purviance. These instructions were made, it is remembered, after Mr. Jefferson had rejected the treaty concluded with Great Britain by Messrs. Monroe and Pinkney, and just before he was, by the ordinary course of events, to surrender the reins of government into the hands of his successor. Impressment is treated as a \".\\ secondary and subordinate affair,\" not an object of prime importance, like the Orders in Council and the attack on the Chesapeake. The best terms that could be made, in case those great difficulties should be removed, were to be obtained in November of the same year, when the passions of the country were highly excited by the events.\nDuring the session of Congress, an inflammatory report was made by the Committee of Foreign Relations detailing the grievances of this country against Great Britain. In this report, impressment is barely mentioned and not discussed at all or dwelt upon by the Committee. Instead, their entire focus is on the subject of the illegal edicts of the two belligerents that violated our neutral commerce, adopting exactly the principle contained in the Non-Intercourse law, which later governed Mr. Madison in his settlement with Mr. Erskine. The report concluded with the following resolutions, which were adopted by Congress:\n\n1. Resolved, That the United States cannot, without sacrificing their rights, honor and independence, submit to the late edicts of Great Britain.\nResolved, that it is expedient to prohibit, by law, the admission into the ports of the United States, of all public or private armed or unarmed ships or vessels belonging to Great Britain or France, or to any other of the belligerent powers having in force orders or decrees violating the lawful commerce of the United States; and also the importation of any goods, wares or merchandise, the growth, produce or manufacture of the dominions of any of the said powers, or imported from any place in their possession.\n\nResolved, that measures ought to be immediately taken for placing the country in a more complete state of defence.\n\nNow, let it be asked, whether at this time and in April following, when the Erskine arrangement was entered into, impressment, was, of itself, considered as a justifiable cause of war.\nThe question is, did Jefferson and Madison, in 1808 and 1809, consider and treat the grievance as a justifiable cause of war with Great Britain \u2013 so that, if there had been no belligerent edicts in force, they would have led this country into hostilities because of it? An explicit and categorical answer is demanded. Neither democratic shuffling nor cabinet metaphysics will be received. The truth is, after having resolved on war, and fearful that the reasons on hand would not be deemed sufficient, this was dragged in, as was the blockade issue.\nAnd to increase the number and give importance to the meager recital in the manifesto, Christians were to be told by a conceited and jneddling foreigner, or even by the administrators of their government, that a war, undertaken for false and feigned reasons, is to be supported by them, without any regard to its true character. Are conscientious and accountable men to be driven by demagogues, parczians, and a wicked cabinet, to adopt their motto: \"May our country in her intercourse with other nations always be successful, whether right or wrong?\" The judgments of God would light on a nation who should adopt that as its maxim, and surely, the individuals who should recommend or practice such a sentiment ought to look for future tremendous restriction.\nThe principles advanced by the friends of the late war would lead this country inevitably to despotism. It is true we have checks in our constitution. But the theory is lost in the practical exhibition of its powers. Patronage and the revenue enable a bad administration to corrupt and destroy all the branches of the government. Military despotism is not more energetic than the power of corruption. There is not an absolute sovereign in Europe than Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Madison have been; and every successor, until a change of views in the country shall take place, will become more and more so. One other circumstance should be taken into consideration when we are forming an estimate.\nAt the moment of the war's declaration, Bonaparte was en route to Russia with half a million men, intending to conquer the empire and reduce it to absolute submission to his will. Our declaration against Great Britain was made on the 14th of June. His against Russia was on the 22nd of the same month. The coincidence of time and object may, in the nature of things, have been accidental. I have not credulously believed this. I entertain no doubt that it was concerted and well-arranged beforehand. Mr. Madison expressed his confident expectation that France would draw us into an issue on the legality of blockades as early as July, 1810. In June, 1812, this prediction was verified, and the circumstances attending its fulfillment completely justify.\nThe conclusion is that it was done to aid France in the trial of that issue. To prove this fact, as soon as Bonaparte was defeated, his empire overthrown, and he driven into exile, Mr. Madison, who had begun the contest with such a stately stride, sneaked out of it with abject meanness. He abandoned all his pompous claims, particularly that of impressment, and made a most disgraceful peace without securing a single object of the war, which he had proclaimed. This was the second ground of the inference stated above: impressment was not the real cause of the war.\n\nI will now devote a little time to the consideration of the other principal branch of the subject, viz. The Division of the States. The foul sin of intending and attempting, to divide.\nThe union has been presented to federalists, and particularly federalists of the New England states, since Mr. Jefferson taught his degraded and obsequious followers the cardinal electioneering art of slander. On all great and trying occasions, whenever they have a point of importance to carry or secure, they commence their operations with the most envenomed calumnies against the federalists. No integrity however unsullied, no virtue however pure, no patriotism however disinterested, can serve as a shield against their diabolical detraction. The example was set by the profligate founder of the sect. He traduced the integrity he would not imitate, and reproached the virtue he sacred awe drove him into obscurity. That example was contagious, and was faithfully followed by every vagabond and scavenger of his party.\nWhen he approached the period of his second election, the cry of divisio was sounded throughout the country, and it has variably happened from that time to this, that any measure dangerous to the peace and prosperity of the country has been in agitation among his disciples and followers. This calumny has been propagated and repeated long enough to be substantiated, if it is susceptible of substantiation; and I purpose to call those from whom it has proceeded before the public to perform the task.\n\nThe author of the \"Olive-Branch\" devotes a large share of his labor to the subject of division, and he vents a large portion of his rancor on that subject, against the town of Boston, in the State of Massachusetts. \"Boston,\" says he, \"the metropolis of Massachusetts, has been for a long period, and more particularly since the passage of the Townshend Acts, the most violent and unyielding of all the towns in America, in their opposition to the measures of the British government.\"\nSince the close of the federal reign, discontent, complaint, and turbulence have spread. She has been restless and uneasy, and she has instilled restlessness and uneasiness in every direction. She has thwarted, harassed, and embarrassed the general government more than all the rest of the union together. This is a high compliment to the talents, firmness, and independence of that high-spirited and patriotic town. Boston was the first spot where resistance to British dominion made its appearance\u2014 I trust it will be the last to submit to democratic tyranny and usurpation.\n\nThis reigning patriot, however, writes very flippantly here on a subject about which, as on many others, he is grossly ignorant. His knowledge of Boston and New England generally is derived almost exclusively from democratic sources.\nThe project of separation was formed shortly after the adoption of the federal constitution, according to Mr. Carey. He proves this round assertion by appealing to the fact that some essays were published in a Connecticut newspaper in 1796. Aware that a mere anonymous newspaper production would hardly be admitted as evidence of a settled plot in a large portion of the country to divide the union, he very gravely, and with the same kind of air that he would have used if he had been uttering the truth, on a subject of great importance, says \u2014 that the essays alluded to, were published in a Connecticut newspaper.\nIf Mr. Carey had ascertained that the pieces signed 'Pelham' were the joint production of an association of men of the first talents in the state, he could not but have found out who some of them were. The truth, beyond a doubt, is that he made the assertion without knowing anything about it. It is very fashionable among democratic politicians to pick up some solitary remark of some solitary individual of the federal party, or some detached passage in a pamphlet, or a sentence or paragraph in a newspaper, which, by a peculiar process of their own, they can make serve their purpose.\nThe party, consisting of ninety-nine hundredths of its members, probably never saved or heard of the thing before. Mr. Cairnes has quoted two short passages from what he calls, \"a most elaborate set of papers under the signature of Pelham,\" to prove his assertion that \"the project of separation was forthcoming shortly after the adoption of the federal constitution.\" The passages quoted prove no such thing. They do go to show that, in the writer's opinion, whoever he was, the political views of the southern states, and particularly the habit and effects of slavery which were so firmly established there, were so incompatible with the genuine principles of the national constitution, that it was not probable they could both exist together. The northern states, had better part with the southern, than with their government.\nIt cannot be contested, says Pelham, in one of the very passages quoted by Mr. Carey, that if the southern states were possessed of the same political ideas, an union would still be more desirable than a separation. But when it becomes a serious question whether we shall give up our government or part with the states south of the Potomac, no man north of that river, whose heart is not thoroughly democratic, can hesitate what decision to make. The writer then goes on, in the same quotation, to state the plan of his work by saying, \"I shall in future papers consider some of the great events which will lead to a separation of the United States; show the importance of retaining their present constitution, even at the expense of a separation.\" The author of the \"Olive Branch,\" with an habitual dullness and stupidity.\nwhich, appearing to be constitutional, and for which he is therefore not answerable, calls this a 'project of separation.' Pelham was fearful that the event must at one day or another be encountered, to prevent a greater evil. Pelham expressly states, if the southern states possessed the same political ideas [as the northern], an union would still be more desirable than a separation. The objective of the essayist appears to be, at all hazards, even at the hazard of a separation, to preserve the constitution of the United States. No man but a blind partisan could have discovered a project to divide the union in the language of Pelham, so far as it is cited in the 'Olive Branch.' We are to suppose that Mr. Carey, as he has not published the essays entire, has picked out the passages that were the best.\nThe writer believed that the north and south could not peacefully and prosperously coexist due to political and moral inconsistencies, social issues, and distinctions of ranks in the southern states. He expected that the time would come when the north would have to choose between separating from their neighbors or their constitution, and believed the former to be less evil than the latter. I hope Pelham's fears on this subject were unfounded; but if he is still alive, I am suspicious that these fears have been strengthened by the events that have transpired since he wrote and published his numbers.\nWithout pursuing these remarks on the passages of Pelham's essays quoted in the \"Olive-Branch,\" I maintain the position \u2014 that the remarks of any individual, either in words or in writing, are not to be charged upon the whole community, or any large portion of the community, without some evidence of their having assented to them as their own. Mere newspaper speculations by a newspaper writer on any given subject do not prove a project or a plot in a large portion of country, to carry into effect the ideas he may suggest. Pelham, as far as he is quoted, does not propose any measures to bring about a division of the union \u2014 he only suggests his fears, that the principles and politics of the south, may, in the end, produce such an event; an event, however, that he strongly deprecates, and would only resort to if all other means failed.\nI contend that, under our constitution, a man may promote the idea of separation without being guilty of political or moral treason. If the states east and north of the Potomac ever believe it would be for their general interest to divide the union, making that river the boundary line, it is not only within their power but also proper for them to do so. It would be strange if this were not the case. The principle is not only founded in common sense but is constitutional. The majority of people in this country have both the right and the power to change the form of their government whenever they please. Men who believe in the democratic doctrine of \"the holy right of insurrection,\" can\nI do not deny the principle I have advanced. Having dismissed the notion of disunion, I most peremptorily and in the unequivocal terms deny any project has been formed at any time or that any measures have been taken by any body of men in the New-England states to bring about a separation of the states. Mr. Carey is challenged to produce any evidence to support the ground he has taken on this subject. I am aware that the author of the \"Olive Branch,\" as well as a great many other noisy demagogues, have an unfailing refuge when pressed thus closely on this subject. They invariably resort to two sources of evidence: 1. The conduct of the New-England Governors on the subject of the militia during the late war; 2. The Hartford Convention.\nOn both these subjects, I am perfectly willing to meet them. If they hesitate in accepting the challenge, I will furnish them with arguments to aid them in coming to a conclusion.\n\nTo ascertain the correctness or incorrectness of the course of conduct pursued by the New-England states, on the subject of the militia, it will be expedient for a moment to attend to the true genius and character of our national government.\n\nThe people of this country are differently situated from those of all others with respect to their governments. They have two sorts of government operating at the same time. Every state has its own separate and individual constitution and form of government\u2014and the Constitution of the United States spreads over the whole. The states are free, independent, and sovereign.\neignties, and before the formation and adoption \nof the constitution of the United States, were in \nfact distinct nations. I speak without reference \nto the articles of confederation, for the sake of \nsimplifjring the argument ;\u2014 though it is well \nknown, that the remark is substantially true in \nfact, because the confederation had almost en- \ntirely ceased to control the affairs of the coun- \ntry, at the time of the convention, in 1787. \nThe governments of the states, formed, for their \nov/n purposes, complete systems, each possess- \ning all the qualities and attributes necessary or \nenjoj^ed, by any nation whatever. The national \nconstitution was formed, because the states \nsingly were weak, and unable to defend them- \nselves against the violence of stronger nations \u2014 \nnot on account of any deficiency in the state \ngovernments. \nThe United States government is a federal, or \nI confess the government is formed by compact between the several states. Its powers are contained in the constitution, which is clearly defined. The terms are plain, precise, and explicit, leaving no room for mistake regarding the powers conveyed by the states to the nation. Any instance in which the national government exceeds its authority must be done deliberately and willfully. There is little room for extending the powers of the national government by construction. Every instance of this sort is usurpation. In vain to plead necessity. The national government is bound to confine itself strictly within the limits of the constitution, lest it once transgress the boundary line.\nI \ni \nmay, with the same propriety range over the \nwhole circuit of the state sovereignties. No j \ndanger can be an apology for a violation of the \nconstitution ; because there can be no danger so \ngreat to the liberties of the country, as such a \nusurpation of power by its own government. * \nConquest by a foreign power, is a far lighter \nevil, than would be a conquest by our own gov- \nernment, because we might treat with the form- \ner, and make some terms short of absolute des- \npotism and slavery ; but the latter, by the fact \nof having succeeded in the usurpation, would \nestablish both upon us beyond the hope of re- \ndemption. The United States do not possess \na single power under the constitution, but what \nis clearly and explicitly defined or necessarily \nimplied in it. The sweeping clause, as it is \nsometimes called, which grants to Congress the \nThe constitution grants powers necessary to carry into effect those already granted, not contradicting the principle I have laid down. It conveyed no new or additional powers, but authorized Congress to execute those already granted. The constitution was well described by an enlightened member of Congress at a late session, who declared it to be a power of attorney from the states to the nation.\n\nWhen the constitution was submitted to the states for adoption, great opposition was made to it in several states, and nowhere was it more strenuous than in Virginia. Opponents argued that it granted to the nation what were called by the politicians of the day the power of the purse and the sword \u2014 that is, it vested in Congress the power of raising revenue and of raising and supporting armies. This was considered robbing the individual states of the prime attribute.\nThe people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States. The great objects here enumerated are, to \"provide for the common defense\" and, to \"promote the general welfare.\"\nThe United States became bound by the most solemn obligations with the adoption of the constitution for the strict and faithful performance of providing for the common defense and the promotion of the general welfare. Without the certainty that they would be performed, the states could have had no inducement to part with any of the rights of sovereignty and independence which they so fully possessed. Suppose for a moment, that the United States should fail to provide for the common defense? The constitution would be virtually dissolved, because the states would be left to their own force for their own defense, and at the same time would have been defrauded of the necessary means to be used for that purpose. Providing for the common defense and the promotion of the general welfare were, therefore, the prime objects in establishing the national government.\nThe government's purpose is to establish justice and maintain domestic tranquility, securing the blessings of liberty. These objectives are more important than any other reason for the union's desirability. Justice already existed in the states, and domestic tranquility would almost certainly follow, securing the blessings of liberty, if these two great objectives were accomplished faithfully.\n\nThe principles of the national government are derived entirely from the individual states and by their written grant. It is apparent that state governments are of vastly greater intrinsic importance than that of the United States. All powers not granted to the United States are, of course, reserved to the states. A clause to this effect has been added to the constitution. This must have been done through abundant caution, as it would necessarily follow that any portion of power not granted to the United States would belong to the states.\nThe state governments regulate all the common affairs of society. They provide us with all the security we possess for our lives, reputations, and estates. All laws concerning property, titles to real estates, principles of contracts, and punishments for crimes and misdemeanors depend on the government of the states. If the people of the states were suddenly deprived of their state governments, absolute anarchy and confusion would ensue. No man's life would be secure, no man's property would be safe, no crime could be punished, no debt could be collected \u2014 in short, all the machinery of the social state would be destroyed, and the community would revert to a state of nature. The government of the United States\nThe people in states, under their own governments, might be tranquil and secure even if their state governments were destroyed. However, if state governments were overthrown, all the evils I have enumerated would inevitably ensue. Loyalty, in its genuine sense, is primarily due from the people to state governments, and only secondarily to the government of the United States. The national government is a government of states, formed by a confederation only, and if it should be dissolved, the powers it possesses would revert to the states and be held by them as sovereign and independent, until they should be granted away to a new national government. I have given this general view of the character and relative merits of the state and national governments for the purpose of correcting a common misconception.\nThe mistaken notion, which is entertained by many persons at the present time, that the first place in esteem and respect is due to the national government, is unfounded and of a most dangerous character. I would remark here that the greatest danger to which the people of this country are exposed at the present time is the possibility of the United States government being managed in such a way as to produce a consolidation of the state governments.\n\nAs the relative importance of state governments has greatly diminished within a few years in the view of that numerous part of the community who live upon the emoluments of the national government, and the latter has risen in proportion, it is essential to prevent this consolidation and preserve the balance of power between the federal and state governments.\nMr. Jefferson, in his first inaugural speech, used the following language: \"The support of state governments in all their rights as the most competent administrations for our domestic concerns and the purest bulwark against anti-republican tendencies.\" In his first message to Congress in December 1801, he said, \"When we consider that this government is charged with the external and mutual relations only of these states, that the states themselves have the principal care of our persons, our property, and our reputation; constituting the great field of human concerns, may well doubt whether our organization is not too complicated, too expensive.\"\nThe offices and officers have not been unnecessarily multiplied, and sometimes injuriously, to the service they were meant to promote. The fear that the national government would overpower the state governments, either by force or by gradual encroachments, and produce a consolidation, was extreme in many parts of the country, when the constitution was under discussion in the state conventions. \"We are descended from a people,\" said the eloquent Patrick Henry in the Virginia convention, \"whose government was founded on liberty. Our glorious forefathers of Great Britain made liberty the foundation of everything. That country has become a great, mighty, and splendid nation; not because its government is energetic, but because liberty is its direct end and foundation. We drew the spirit of liberty from our British ancestors.\"\nancestors by that spirit we have triumphs over every difficulty. But now, the American spirit assisted by the ropes and chains of consolation is about to convert this country into a powerful and nasty empire: if you unwilling citizens of this country agree to become the subjects of one great consolidated empire of America, your government will not have sufficient energy to keep them together: such a government is incompatible with the genius of republicanism. Again, a number of characters of the greatest eminence in this country object to this government, for its consolidating tendency. This is not imaginary. It is a formidable reality. If consolidation proves as mischievous to this country as it has been to other countries, what will the poor inhabitants of this country do? This government will operate like an ambush.\nIt will destroy the state governments and swallow the liberties of the people without previous notice,\" and again, \"Congress, by the power of taxation \u2014 by that of raising an army, and by their control over the militia, has sword in one hand and the purse in the other. Shall we be safe without either? Congress has an unlimited power over both: they are entirely given up by us. Let him tell me, where and when did freedom exist, when the sword and purse were given up from the people. Unless a miracle in human affairs interposed, no nation ever retained its liberty after the loss of the sword and purse.\" Quotations from the \"Virginia Debates\" might be made, to the same effect, almost without number. The above, however, coming from that state, and from its boasted Statesman and orator, will be sufficient.\nFor my purpose. The great source of this fear, which was not confined to Virginia, lay in the positive grant to the nation of the power of the purse and the sword, and in the vague clause by which Congress was empowered \"to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into effect the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by the Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department thereof.\" It was easy to foresee that, in the hands of a corrupt administration, popularity would be bought by the aid of the revenue, and in those of a bold and daring one, our liberties might be overthrown by a standing army. At that time, however, the national government was an object of suspicion, jealousy, and fear. It was known only in theory, and men, leaving it, had no opportunity to taste its effects.\nsweets of office, or to drink the poisonous draught of power, looked with supreme affection and reverence to the state governments as the sources of their peace, security, and happiness. While the national government was administered within its constitutional limits and with a single eye to the general good by pure, disinterested, and virtuous patriots and statesmen, both the state and national governments were estimated according to their true character and value. But when Mr. Jefferson came into office, a new era in our affairs commenced \u2014 it was the era of corruption. Corruption that crept through every important department of the government, as well as through all its subordinate ramifications of office, and, in a short period, the whole mass became contaminated. Offices were distributed as the consideration, or the reward, of consideration.\nBlind and unprincipled devotion to executive ambition; the most faithful and meritorious servants of the public were rudefully and contemptuously thrown out of employment, and many of them out of bread, merely because they were too upright to become tools, sycophants, and parasites, and too high-minded to prostitute their talents and services to the purposes of ambition. Even the constitution itself was altered, shaped, and moulded, so as to become a supple instrument, in the hands of aspiring demagogues, to subserve their deep designs against the liberties of their country. In the pestilential atmosphere which was speedily formed around an impure administration, every species of political disease was engendered, and the country at large was affected with the contagion. Corruption became endemic, and the government, before it had completed its first year, was on the verge of collapse.\nreached the ordinary age of manhood, was bloated with the cries and infirmities of extreme old age. In this state of things, every office holder and office seeker turned his back with a sneer of contempt upon the state governments and looked to that of the nation for gratification of his avarice and ambition. Every effort was made by the administration and their supporters to render the state governments entirely subservient to the views and policy of the national administration; and when it was found that a small number of them could not be brought by fear, fraud, or force, to surrender their independence or to sacrifice the highest interests of the people over whom they were constituted guardians and protectors, they were loaded with every species of contumely and reproach, and as far as possible, were deposed.\nDeprived of all participation in the benefits of the national government and placed under the ban of the empire. Ambitious and unprincipled demagogues are not easily checked in the pursuit of their darling object \u2014 Absolute Power. The affairs of the nation were, in a very short time after Mr. Jefferson's accession, managed not only without any regard to the common good, but with a sole reference to his own and that of his immediate supporters and partisans. This general scheme of conduct produced a necessity on his part to obtain an increase of power, because the limits of the constitution were too circumscribed to admit of the accomplishment of his daring purposes. This power could be gained in no other mode but by robbing the state governments.\n\nThe great object with the administration has been to secure the physical force of the country.\nAfter the odious and tyrannical law to enforce the embargo was passed, Mr. Jefferson made an attempt to obtain the command of at least a portion of the militia, to aid him in enforcing obedience to that act. The provisions of which were incompatible with the plainest principles of civil liberty. He was arrested in his career by the firm and dignified stand made by the chief magistrate of one of the New England States \u2014 I allude to the late Governor Trumbull of Connecticut. That virtuous and excellent man refused to assist in the execution of an unconstitutional, as well as tyrannical measure. President Jefferson suddenly found his schemes of ambition and usurpation, arrested and frustrated.\n\nWhen the war was resolved, in April 1812, a law was passed by Congress, authorizing the detachment of a large body of militia.\nfor the service of the United States, any one of the exigencies provided for in the constitution of the United States should occur. That provision has already been quoted, and it is \u2014 to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrection, and repel invasion. Notice was sent to the Governors of the eastern states, in good season, of the passing of this law\u2014 that is, two months before the declaration of war, and they were called upon by the Secretary of war, to organize, arm, and equip their several quotas. I cannot give all the exact dates of the different orders. Some days previously to the declaration of war, those matures were requested by the Secretary of war, by order of the President, to order into the service of the United States on\nThe requisition of General Dearborn for the quota of militia from their several states, detached conformably to the act of April, 1812, as he might deem necessary for the defense of the sea coast. For the purpose of simplifying the discussion of this subject, I will take up one case only.\n\nOn the 22nd of June, 1812, General Dearborn wrote to Governor Griswold of Connecticut in the following words:\n\nHeadquarters, Boston, June 22, 1812.\nTo His Excellency Gov. Griswold,\n\nSir,\n\nHaving received instructions from the President of the United States to call on your Excellency for such part of the quota of the militia which was detached from the State of Connecticut, conformable to the act of Congress, of April.\nI have the honor of requesting your Excellency to order into the service of the United States, two companies of Artillery, and two companies of Infantry, to be placed under the commanding officer at Fort Trumbull, near New-London, and one company of Artillery to be stationed at the battery, at the entrance of the harbor of New-Haven. Having received official information that war has been declared by Congress against Great Britain, I shall rely with confidence on the aid and support of your Excellency, in giving effect to the measures of defense on the sea-coast, which has been confided to my direction by the general government; and I shall, at any time, receive with the greatest pleasure and readiness, any advice or information you may please to communicate. With great respect,\n\nH. Dearborn.\nBefore attending to the result of this requisition, it is necessary to understand precisely its nature and extent. War was declared by Congress on June 18, 1812. On the 22nd, this letter was written. The Constitution and the law that must necessarily have been founded upon it authorized Congress to make provisions for calling out the militia \"to repel invasion.\" No invasion had happened at this time \u2013 it is apparent that none could have happened, for the British did not, and could not, in the nature of things, know that war had been declared. All that could have been true at this time was that the President might have apprehended invasion as soon as the British learned that war had been declared. Upon a moderate calculation, allowing as much expedition as could be supposed to be practicable in this case, the British could not have known of the war declaration before the end of June.\nThe case requires the news to first cross the Atlantic, and orders from the British government to return, which would ordinarily occupy at least two months. The order, even if constitutional, was premature. The constitution does not authorize the national government to call out the militia upon mere suspicion or expectation of a possible invasion. It is to repel invasion \u2014 not to place the militia in garrisons or camps, to watch for what may never happen. If the President can be authorized to call out the militia upon the mere pretense that he supposes an invasion possible, or even probable, all the security the constitution was intended to provide for them, as well as for the states, would be completely destroyed, and the states would be left disarmed and defenseless. The constitution authorizes Congress to make provisions for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.\nVision for calling out the militia to execute the laws of the union, and suppress insurrections, as well as to repel invasions. Can this power, in the two former cases, be exercised upon the mere expectation that the laws will be resisted, or that an insurrection may take place? The notion is absurd, and would not be tolerated for a moment. Before the power can be exercised, the exigency must occur\u2014the laws must have been resisted, and that to a degree beyond the force of the posse to overcome, or there must have taken place an actual insurrection. Is not the language the same with respect to invasion? It is as much of an absurdity to talk of repelling an invasion that has never happened, as it would be to enforce laws that had never been resisted, or to suppress an insurrection that had not occurred.\n\nUpon this single point, would the Governors have the same authority?\nThe New England states have been fully justified in withholding their militia. However, in the case of the requisition upon Connecticut, it appears that there was another, and if possible, stronger ground for the step which Governor Griswold took. The demand by General Dearborn was for two companies of artillery and two companies of infantry to be placed under the command of the commanding officer at Fort Trumbull near New London and one company of artillery to be stationed at the battery at New Haven. By the 2nd section of the 2nd article of the constitution, it is provided that \"the President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states when called into the actual service of the United States.\" By the 8th section of the 1st article.\nIt is provided that \"the Congress shall have power to provide for the organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to the discipline prescribed by Congress.\" By the first of the above provisions, it is clear that the President himself cannot command the militia, but in one case, and that is, when they are in the actual service of the United States. The reason for this provision is obvious \u2014 there can be but one commander in chief, and whenever it shall so happen that there is a military force in the field, composed partly of regular troops and partly of militia, and the commander in chief of the regular troops is unable to control the militia, it is necessary that there be someone to command them in the service of the United States.\nUlterior troops \u2014 that is, the President \u2014 shall be in the field as well. He, being the highest military officer known to the government, shall of course take command, because he cannot be commanded by any other officer. However, there is no provision for transferring this command to any subordinate officer of the United States troops. The President is not authorized to delegate the command, nor can it be done by Congress, for the plain and obvious reason that the constitution does not furnish them with the power.\n\nOn the contrary, out of the actual service of the United States, and when not under the actual command of the President, the Governors of the states are the commanders-in-chief of the militia of their several states. They have the same supremacy of command over the militia of their respective states, by the very nature of\nThe President's offices, as outlined by the constitution over the army and navy of the United States. It is perfectly apparent that the framers of the constitution intended to preserve the militia for the states, to which they belonged. Having surrendered two essential attributes of their sovereignty to the nation\u2014the power of taxation and raising revenue by other means, and the power of raising and supporting armies\u2014it was not only reasonable, but indispensably necessary for their own security and the preservation of their liberties and independence, that they should retain the militia. Not having surrendered them, it follows necessarily that they retain them. However, there is an express recognition of their title in the constitution itself, found in the above quotation from the 2nd section of the 2nd article.\nThe commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states when called into the actual service of the United States. It is not the militia of the United States, but \"the militia of the several states.\" This was the intention of the convention, and is the true meaning and construction of the constitution, confirmed by the provision contained in the 8th section of the 1st article above cited.\n\nThe Congress shall have power to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the officers and the authority to train the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. All the power pertaining to this matter is vested in Congress.\nCongress or the President can lawfully exercise control over the militia is contained in these clauses, and to prevent any encroachment on state sovereignty in this vital particular, the saving clause of reserving to the states, respectively, the appointment of the officers of the militia and the training them under those officers is inserted. But what was the attempt of the President, in issuing the order through General Dearborn, to Governor Griswold? It was, in terms, to detach a certain portion of the Connecticut militia, order them into the service of the United States, place them in garrisons, and put them under the command of United States officers. It was, of course, a direct attempt to violate the constitution \u2014 because that constitution had reserved to the states, respectively, the power of appointing the officers and training the militia.\nThe Council of Connecticut reasoned that militia officers could only have been appointed for the purpose of retaining the militia under their command. The requisition of General Dearborn called for five companies, making up a battalion, to be detached. Four companies were required for the fort of New London and one for the fort at New Haven, to be placed under the command of the officers there stationed. The Council did not perceive any warrant in the constitution or laws of the United States for taking men under the control of duly appointed state officers and impairing their command.\nThe military force of the state is eventually destroyed. They do not perceive any law authorizing the officers of the United States army to detach from a body of drafted militia, now organized with constitutional officers, a portion of its men, and thus weaken, and, as the case may be, annihilate the detachment. They do perceive, however, that a compliance with such a requisition might transfer the militia of the respective states into the army of the United States; and that the officers of the militia might be left without any command, except in name, and that the respective states might thus be deprived of the militia which the constitution has granted them. There is but a single expression in this passage which is objectionable, and that is the last member of the last sentence. The states are not indebted to the constitution of the United States for their militia.\nThe United States' claim over the militia is granted by the states. The states' power and title to the militia were complete before the constitution was formed. The nation is indebted to the states, not vice versa, for the militia. The probability is, however, that the expression is either a misprint or was inadvertently used. There is no reason to believe that such an intelligent and firm body of men as that of the Connecticut Council could have intended, in this transaction, to make any unnecessary concessions to the national government, which was at the moment endeavoring to deprive the state to which they belonged of one of its prime attributes.\nButtes of sovereignty and independence. And who cannot discern the artifice here made use of by the administration of the United States government, to overreach state authority and violate the constitution? Five companies were called for \u2013 five companies make a battalion \u2013 a battalion is commanded by a major \u2013 the officers of the United States at New London and New Haven were of no higher rank than company officers \u2013 had the five companies been ordered all to one place, a field officer must have accompanied them, and, in that case, the United States officer could not have taken the command \u2013 therefore, they were divided, so that a whole battalion should not go to one place, and only company officers were called for, in order, upon their arriving at the different posts, that the United States officer under the regulations of the United States Army could assume command.\nThe national government should take precedence over militia officers of the same grade. Such an attempt to evade constitutional provisions on this subject is not easily imaginable. Nothing but a spirit of usurpation could have prompted the President to have done this \u2013 nothing but a daring and lawless ambition would have dared to venture upon it.\n\nIt was defeated in three New England states by the firmness and public spirit of their patriotic chief magistrates. The measure gave great satisfaction to the militia in these states. In whatever light they viewed the war, they had no disposition to be taken from their families, friends, and firesides, and turned by a sweeping act of tyrannical usurpation into regular soldiers, forced from all they held dear to scenes which they abhorred.\nand they were subjected to a species of slavery of the most abject and debasing kind. The joy manifested at the fact that they were secured against such an attempt upon their rights and liberties was livelier and universal. The attempt was renewed by the President, but with no better success. In the case of Connecticut, it appears that he considered the refusal, on the part of Governor Griswold, to rest upon the fact that he had not been informed that the United States were in imminent danger. On the 14th of July, following, the Secretary of War wrote a letter to Lieutenant-Governor Smith in answer to one from that magistrate of the 2nd of the same month. The Secretary says he had been instructed by the President to state that such\ndanger actually existed and to renew the re-quisition made by General Dearborn. He also adds the following very extraordinary remark \u2014 'The right of the state to officer the militia, is clearly recognized in the re-quisition of General Dearborn.' The re-quisition made by General Dearborn is in these words \u2014 \"I have the honor of requesting your Excellency to order into the service of the United States, two companies of Artillery, and two companies of Infantry, to be placed under the command of the commanding officer at Fort Trumbull near New-London; and one company of Artillery, to be stationed at the battery at the entrance of the harbor of New-Haven.\" Whether Mr. Secretary Eustis wrote the above letter, or whether it was written by the President himself, I pretend not to know. There is in it, however,\nA ridiculous air of haughty democratic dignity, as awkward as it is misplaced, and a disregard of the truth, which strongly bespeaks its origin \u2013 not from Secretary Eustis, but from his master. Whoever wrote it wrote a downright falsehood when he made the above remark. The requisition demanded that the five companies only be placed in the garrisons at New London and New Haven, and with respect to the former, explicitly to be put under the command of the United States officer; and as it regarded the single company at New Haven, it clearly intended this, as the closing sentence of the letter of the 14th of July clearly shows. The detachment, \"says the Secretary,\" when it marched to the several points assigned them, with their proper officers, appointed conformably to the laws of the state, will command, or be commanded,\nAccording to the rules and articles of war and the usages of service, the 98th article of the rules and articles of Ivor provides that \"all officers, serving by commission from the authority of any particular state, shall, in all detachments, courts-martial, or other duty, where they may be employed in conjunction with the regular forces of the United States, take rank next after all officers of the like grade in said regular forces, notwithstanding the commissions of such militia or state officers may be older than the commissions of the officers of the regular forces of the United States.\"\n\nThe above passage means that the five companies should be marched to the two garisons. Since there would not be a battalion at either place, there would be no necessity for any officer higher than company officers.\nThese were United States captains at the Forts. By the above rule, they would take precedence over militia officers of the same rank. This was not only a trick, but one of the weakest and most contemptible that was ever attempted. The New England Governors must have been highly distinguished for their want of discernment if they had not seen through it in a moment.\n\nUpon receipt of this letter, Governor Grisvold again convened the Council and laid the second requisition before them. It met with no better success than the former. That Board, in their answer, after stating the subject referred to them for advice, remarked: \"It is obvious that the claim for the services of the militia is made on the ground that war has been declared by the Congress of the United States.\"\nAgainst Great Britain. No place in this state, or in the United States, has been particularly designated, as in danger of being invaded. The danger which exists is that alone which arises from a state of war thus declared; and exists throughout the United States, and will continue, so long as that war shall last. The militia are required to do ordinary garrison duty at the Forts, at New London, and New Haven. Upon the same principle, the militia may be called for to march to those places and do this duty. They may be called for to march to any place within the United States, to perform the same duty, and this from time to time, and at all times, during the continuance of the war.\n\nIt is believed that the militia of this state would be among the first to perform their constitutional duties, and not among the last to unfurl their banners.\nUnderstand and judiciously appreciate their constitutional rights. If any portion of this state is invaded or menaced with invasion by a foreign power, the militia would not wait for a requisition but would hasten with alacrity to the place invaded or threatened, to meet and repel it. But if the Congress of the United States has seen fit to declare war, before they have carried into effect another provision of the constitution, to raise and support armies, it does not follow that the militia are bound to enter their forts and garrisons to perform ordinary garrison duty and wait for an invasion which may never happen. Whatever may be the disposition of this state or the militia thereof to render voluntary services under state authority to carry on the war in which this country is unhappily engaged, it is surely important that when demands are made upon them, they are met promptly and effectively.\nby the administration of the government of the \nUnited States, they should be found strictly \nw^ithin the constitution of the United Sr^^tes, \nand while obedience shall be prompth y'= ^^ed \nto all its reqnirennents, that the consH_t\\>^.on \nand sovereignty of this state should not be im- \npaired or encroached upon. \u2014 That the powers \n^^ delegated to the United States^ ^ may be exer- \ncised, and the powers ^^ reserved to the states \nrespectively'''^ may be retained. And as no in- \nformation has been given, and none is in pos- \nsession of this Board, that any part of this state \nis invaded, or that any other danger exists than \nthat which arises from a declaration of war made \nby the Congress of the United States against \nGreat Britain, and the suggestion that a part of \nher fleet has been on the coast of the United \nStates, and as the militia are called for, not to \nThe Council is of the opinion that repelling an invasion warrants action, but performing ordinary garrison duty does not align with the powers retained by this state to order its militia into the service of the United States upon the requisition of any officers, in cases not demanded by the constitution. This was communicated by Governor Griswold to the Secretary of War in a letter dated August 13, 1812. In this letter, Governor Griswold noted the disgraceful letter of the Secretary to Lieutenant-Governor Smith from the previous month. He expressed his assent to the Council's sentiments and entire concurrence in their opinions before tracing the President's steps.\nThe president's attempt to gain unconstitutional control of the militia \u2014 the great safeguards of the states \u2014 it may be well, for a moment, to examine the question in which he and the New England States were thus at issue. The President, through the medium of General Dearborn, demanded of those states certain portions of their militia to do garrison duty in the forts of the United States, under the chief command of United States officers, professedly for the purpose of repelling invasion. The pretense for the demand was, that the country was engaged in war with Great Britain, who had a powerful fleet at command, a part of which were actually on our coast, and that therefore, there was imminent danger of invasion. The militia, thus ordered, in the state under consideration, were to be under the command of no state officers.\nHigher officers than company officers, and when marched into garrisons, were to be under the chief command of a United States officer of equal rank. By the rule above-recited, this officer was to take precedence of militia officers of the same rank. The answer to this requisition was \u2014 by the Constitution, Congress can authorize a demand for the militia only to repel invasion. Such a call cannot be made merely on the ground that invasion is possible or even probable. Strictly speaking, it must either be made or at least attempted before it can be repelled. The utmost latitude of construction can go no farther than to authorize a call when invasion is particularly threatened, and even that is questionable. No evidence of invasion having happened, it was pretended, none of its having been attempted or threatened.\nThe President's declaration that the danger of invasion was imminent rested solely upon the existence of war and Great Britain's power to invade. This evidence was deemed insufficient by the Governor and Council of Connecticut to establish the fact or justify the Presidential interference, and they declined compliance with the demand.\n\nIf such a ground as that assumed by the President in the case under consideration were constitutionally valid, the provision in that instrument would give the national government complete and absolute command over the militia of the states. This great bulwark of their liberties and independence, in effect, would comprise the force upon which an ambitious and unprincipled chief magistrate might form a standing army, for their subversion and destruction.\nThe 97th article of the \"Rules and Articles of War\" states that \"Officers of Jid soldiers of any troops, whether militia or others, being mustered and in pay of the United States, shall at all times and in all places, when joined or acting in conjunction with the regular forces of the United States, be governed by these rules and articles of war, and shall be subject to be tried by courts martial in like manner with the officers and soldiers in the regular forces, save only that such courts martial shall be composed entirely of militia officers.\"\n\nThe \"Rules and Articles of War,\" form a terrible and bloody code - a code incompatible with the crudest notions of civil freedom. Had the free and independent militia of this country, once been tamely surrendered to the grasp of the navy, (sic)\nThe constitutional government had escaped the terrors of military despotism, and the road to imperial tyranny would have been clearly visible to an ambitious administration. The bayonets of our sons and brothers would have easily been turned against their fathers and friends, and they, by refusing to obey the unholy mandates of an aspiring chief, would have been liable to be shot like malefactors, or, if forced to obey, must have assisted in subverting their own liberties and enslaving their own country.\n\nHaving engaged in the war for the preservation of his power, it was all-important for Mr. Madison to conduct it in such a way as to secure his own popularity. In order to gain glory for himself, he had a voracious disposition to conquer the enemy's provinces. With this dazzling object before him, he pressed on with unrelenting determination.\nHe showed less anxiety for the safety of the Atlantic coast than its relative importance demanded. It is apparent that he was more solicitous to conquer Canada than to secure the wealthy and populous cities and towns on the sea shore. To this object, he therefore bent all the energies of his mind, and all the regular military forces of the nation. As early as July 14, 1812, and the very day after the President had ordered the Secretary of War to declare to Governor Griswold that the United States were imminent danger of invasion on the Atlantic coasts, General Dearborn, the commander in chief of the United States army, wrote a letter to Governor Griswold, in which he says: 'Having received orders to leave the sea-coast, where I was ordered for the purpose of taking the necessary measures for the defense of the same, I have directed General Smith to remain in command at Newport, and to take such measures as he may deem necessary for the defense of Rhode Island.'\nRequest for placing towns and garrisons in a state of defense against enemy invasion or attack necessitates my duty to order out such part of your state's quota of the detached militia as the present state of war requires. The numbers I stated in my letter of the 22nd ultimo. Other objects will require the service of a great part of the regular troops, making it my duty to order them from the seaboard. This will leave some part of the coast with less protection against depredating enemy parties attempting invasion for the mere purpose of plunder, unless a suitable number of the militia should be ordered out in conformity with the views and intentions.\nThe President's intentions, as previously stated, are clear. The purpose of calling for the militia was not to repel any invasion, but to replace United States troops in their garrisons and perform their duties. The President, as the instigator of the war, should lead the United States troops to defend the country, while the militia went in pursuit of \"knight-errantry\" in enemy territories. Was this what the Constitution's framers meant by protecting the militia against arbitrary attempts to turn them into regular soldiers? If so, a President only needs to provoke a war and demand obedience from the militia.\nCongress can command any number of militia that he deems commensurate with his projects of ambition and usurpation, and the business will be readily prepared and easily performed to his acceptance.\n\nWill the President's declaration be conclusive evidence of the existence or danger of invasion? Future presidents must be more careful with their truthfulness than the last two have been before such a principle can be safely adopted. Did not Jefferson, on a certain occasion, declare an insurrection existed in Vermont when the fact was notoriously otherwise?\n\nThe truth is, politicians of the Jeffersonian school are rarely to be trusted, even on their Bible oaths, if they have any end to answer by prevarication. They pay no regard to\nThe truth, when it stands in their way \u2014 their ambitious purposes are more influential over their conduct than any sense of moral or religious obligation. Their practice is, to trust to the sanction which the end can furnish, in justification of the means they use for its accomplishment.\n\nThe general plan upon which the war was conducted by the administration was in direct opposition to the great principles which gave birth to the constitution. One of the principal objects of the constitution, as has been more than once remarked, was \"to provide for the common defence.\" No administration can justify measures whose tendency is necessarily to plunge the country into war, unless they have taken previous precautions for the common defence. To declare a war without having raised an army \u2014 to provoke a nation into hostility \u2014\nIt is a manifest violation of duty on the part of the government for cities, whose only means of annoyance are from the water, and at the same time, to withdraw all national force from the sea coast, leaving the inhabitants and towns entirely unprotected, and to take care of themselves. According to the declaration of the generalissimo of our armies, \"other objects\" than the defense of the sea coasts required the services of a great part of the regular troops. Of course, those troops were ordered away from that coast, and the inhabitants were left to defend themselves or become prey to the enemy. In such circumstances, it was clearly proper for the authority of the states, thus exposed and abandoned, to resist any attempt to rob them of their natural and constitutional defenders, not plainly-\nwarranted by the constitution. Indeed, I am willing to go a step further than the New England states and say that the national government, having entirely failed to execute one of the most material and cardinal parts of the constitution\u2014providing for the defense of the states\u2014the states were thereby released from their duties to the nation, and would have been justifiable in refusing compliance with a requisition. In the case under consideration, there is no necessity of resorting to such strong ground as that just mentioned. The demand on the part of the President was manifestly unconstitutional, and to a demand not warranted by the constitution, the states are no more bound to yield obedience than to one which might be unconstitutional and unobligatory.\nIf faithful to themselves and meant to preserve liberties and independence, the states are bound by the strongest possible obligations of patriotism and duty to resist such unconstitutional demands to the utmost. The least acquiescence under an unconstitutional exercise of power by the national government would lay the axe at the root of state sovereignty. One encroachment, however insignificant its ostensible object, will pave the way for a new one of a more important and alarming character. In a short time, if national affairs continue in such unprincipled and usurping hands as they have been in for fifteen years past, the very forms and vestiges of freedom would be rooted out and destroyed.\n\nThe sequel of this history is of importance to:\nAmbitious men are not easily deterred from a favorite object. Mr. Madison considered himself possessed of a superabundance of dignity and therefore submitted with ill grace to a public mortification. The idea of being arrested in his strides towards a consolidated republic and a monopoly of power produced in his mind the deepest chahrin and resentment. He brought the subject before Congress in the style not only of complaint but almost of impeachment. It was very formally referred to Committees. Loud threats of punishments were uttered against the rebellious Governors of the New England States, and vast expectations were excited and kept up throughout the session to see what course a limited republican government would adopt to punish the chief Magistrates of free and independent states.\nThe reigns, for an exercise of constitutional duty over their own citizens. After deliberating over the high misdemeanors of these refractory magistrates during a whole session, the business ended in smoke\u2014not even a report from the prolific head of Mr. Senator Giles could be obtained, and the Governors escaped from the threatened vengeance of the disappointed Cabinet. Still, the idea of conquering Canada was not abandoned; and the President, whose popularity began to be in great jeopardy by the untoward progress of the war, considered himself under an absolute necessity to make some impression upon the enemy's territory, to prevent himself from sinking under the pressure of the calamities which pressed so heavily upon him. That impression could not be made without men\u2014men would not enlist.\nThe survival of the few who had endured the disasters of the first campaign made it impossible to station them for coast protection. If the coast was to be guarded at all, it had to be through the militia. Simultaneously, Washington resolved to retain command of them. To achieve these dual objectives without law or constitution, he divided the nation into precincts and appointed an officer of the United States, of rank, in each division. This agent would assume command when the militia was called to service. The pretext for this action was that an experienced officer would be available in every military district to supervise defensive measures and direct military operations.\nThe officers in the eastern divisions' districts were, almost without exception, previously recalled from the interior due to their inability to fulfill their assigned duties on the inland frontiers. Notable among these incompetent men were Dearborn, Lewis, and Bloomfield. These disgraced officers were entrusted with the safety of the population and the wealth of a significant portion of the Atlantic frontier, yet scarcely one of them commanded a single regiment of regular troops to man their forts and carry out necessary garrison duties. The call for militia to replace the men ordered away on the absurd Canada project was renewed.\nBut they met with no better success than before. Militia were ordered into the field, particularly in Connecticut, at New-London, where a force had become necessary to guard some ships of the United States, which had taken refuge at that port from the enemy's squadron, then off the mouth of the harbor. At that time, viz. in 1813, General Burdick, a respectable United States officer, commanded that military district. And there was as little clashing of jurisdiction between the United States and the state as could be expected. The state kept an officer in the field of higher rank than General Burdick; and the military were secured within the pale of the constitution, and the expenses of the state troops were paid by the United States.\n\nIn 1814, General Burdick was removed to another station, and his place was supplied by [name of officer].\nGeneral Gushing. The harbor was still blocked, and the United States ships still required protection\u2014 protection which the government of the nation had never bestowed, but which they had derived almost exclusively from the state militia. A requisition had been made upon the several states for 93,500 militia\u2014 the quota of Connecticut, as it appears by the circular letter of the Secretary of War, was 3000. The same letter directed, that with this number of men, there should be detached one Major General, one Brigadier General, and others. The detachment was made without delay, and the officers and men were ordered to be equipped for service. It would seem from this direction of the Secretary of War, that in the opinion of the President, 3000 men was a Major General's command, and, of course, 1500 that of a Brigadier\u2014 otherwise the order was absurd.\nIf there had been a requisition for the whole 3000 at once, it is clear that the Major General, as well as the Brigadier General, must have been ordered into service with them. It would seem to follow, by an equally necessary rule of reasoning, that if only 1500 of the men should be ordered out at once, a Brigadier General must go with them. Because 3000 formed a division, and there being two brigades in a division, 1500 was to form a brigade. One more inference appears to be irresistible: if more than 1500 should be ordered into service at once, as such a number, by the organization of the quota, would be more than a brigade, a Major General must go with them, because there is no intermediate command between a Brigadier General.\nA Major General was not accompanied by a second Brigadier during the attack on Stonington. Fears for the safety of Captain Decatur's ships grew greatly, prompting the local militia to be ordered into the field. At the same time, General Cubbing requested 1,750 men from Governor Smith. Despite his commission being no higher than a Brigadier, he did not call for an officer of higher rank to command the men. Intending to take command over the militia officer once they were in the field and serving the United States, he detached the men in accordance with the requisition. However,\nA brigade required more than one, therefore, a Major General was justified and necessary to command them. General Gushing, likely desirous of having something under his command beyond one meager regiment of regular troops, resisted the order for a Major General to take the field. According to War Department regulations, a brigade consisted of 2000 soldiers, and a division of 4000. Regardless of these regulations in other cases, the quota called for by the Secretary of War from Connecticut was 3000. With them, a Major General and two Brigadier Generals were ordered. Governor Smith, therefore, acted correctly in detaching a Major General.\nWhen a greater portion of the quota was called for than the amount of one Brigade \u2013 that is, 1500 men, as soon as the Major General took command, General Cashing withheld all supplies from the United States, on the single ground that the command of the militia was not placed in his hands. It is understood from publications made on this subject from the Department of War, that the expenses which that state incurred, amounting to between one and two hundred thousand dollars, in supporting the militia, called for by the President of the United States, and in reality for the sole purpose of defending the United States squadron, which had taken refuge from the enemy in the harbor of New-London, will not be paid by the United States, merely because the Governor thought otherwise.\nAppoint a Major General to command the militia, ordered into the service of the United States in the manner mentioned before. The burden thrown upon the New England states by the war, the measures that led to it, and the disgraceful peace which preceded it, have been borne by them with lamb-like patience and fortitude. The war was repudiated as unnecessary and ruinous by a great proportion of the population of these states, and by no inconsiderable number of them as wicked. Notwithstanding this, and all the insults and calumnies heaped upon them by the supporters of the administration, they paid with the utmost promptitude the enormous public exactions drawn from them to pamper the minions of a cabinet, who were fattening on the heart's blood of the community, and, at the same time, turned out from time to time.\nThe greatest alacrity, to repel various attempts to invade their soil. The case of Connecticut is peculiarly hard and unjust. The entire expense incurred in that state arose from the fact that Captain Decatur took his ships into New London. If that event had not occurred, it is not probable that their shores would have been at all molested by the enemy's naval forces. But while they were making the most strenuous exertions to protect the property of the United States and save its navy from the mortification of being destroyed in their harbors, the national government was exhausting their resources to carry on a disgraceful as well as disastrous warfare against Canada, leaving them to their own means to provide for their defense, on the pitiful pretext that the United States officer had a right, in face of the conflict, to take refuge in their territory.\nThe constitution grants the authority to command the state militia, yet they refuse to provide them with rations or pay off patriotic troops. I am not familiar with the feelings of the people of that state regarding this matter. However, as high-minded, intelligent, and independent people, understanding their rights and determined to preserve their freedom, I have no doubt they would consider their liberties and constitutional privileges cheaply preserved if the national government defrauded them of their just demands for their great exertions and sacrifices during the war. The firmness and resolution displayed by the New England states in defense of their militia had important effects in various parts of the passage.\nIn the country, even where state authorities were less careful of rights and more subservient to the national administration, a soldier's life held few charms for independent and freeborn yeomanry. The strongest temptations, the most extravagant bounties, that the nation offered filled the ranks of the regular army slowly. In the summer of 1814, while the militia of Connecticut were guarding their own shores and the national ships with great constancy and courage, and in the only instance in which a serious attack was made upon their settlements, displayed a coolness and bravery not surpassed during the war, the administration allowed itself, and the nation over whose affairs they so unworthily presided, to be forever disgraced by the capture and destruction of the national ships.\nAfter the exhibition of ignorance, weakness, and pusillanimity by such men, the great officers of our government were seized with a panic fear and fled from the region of danger, abandoning it as if they were common counterfeiters or highwaymen at the approach of the sheriff and his posse. The disaster and the administration's conduct struck the nation with astonishment and dismay. Nothing but the reverberating effect of the victory at Lake Champlain, to which they had no claim, and the fortunate repulse of the British at Baltimore saved them from utter ruin. These brilliant events and the timely sacrifice of one of their number gave opportunity for the public feelings to grow.\nIt was tranquil, and the spirit of party was revived. In the end, the two most guilty members of the cabinet regained their standing with their old friends and partisans. However, it became absolutely necessary to raise an army or give up the contest. Providence had severely frowned upon the government's intentions in undertaking the war, permitting the allied powers of Europe to triumph over the great tyrant of modern days, for whose downfall our war had been undertaken. The downfall of Bonaparte and the subjugation of France made it certain that our cabinet would never bring Great Britain to make peace on the terms they demanded. If the administration, after all their boasting and threats, should be forced to make peace without having gained more reputation than they had thus far acquired,\nIt seemed as if the popularity, which they had made such long and uninterrupted efforts to acquire, might all be lost. Nothing short of some military achievement appeared adequate to the exigencies of their case - military glory could not be acquired without men, and men would not enlist. This produced a dilemma, in which it became necessary to sacrifice either their own popularity or some of the constitution's provisions. In deciding upon the victim, they did not hesitate - the constitution was instantly marked for destruction. The then Secretary of War, now Secretary of State, and candidate by order of the State of Virginia for the next Presidential election, prepared his celebrated scheme for forcing the freemen of this republic to become soldiers, which was immediately and appropriately denied.\nThe substance of the plan is as follows, extracted from his letter to the Military Committee of the House of Representatives:\n\nLet the free male population of the United States, between eighteen and forty-five years, be formed into classes of one hundred men each. And let each class furnish four men for the war, within thirty days after the classification, and replace them in the event of casualty. The classification to be formed with a view to the equal distribution of property among the several classes. If any class fails to provide the men required of it, within the time specified, they shall be raised by draft on the whole class; any person thus drafted being allowed to furnish a substitute.\n\nThe present bounty in land to be allowed to [the settlers]\nEach recruit and the present bounty in money, paid to each recruit by the United States, should be paid equally to each drafted person within the precinct where the draft may be made, according to the value of their respective property. If this bounty is not paid within a certain number of days, it should be levied on all taxable property of the inhabitants. Similarly, the bounty, whatever it may be, used to raise a recruit to avoid a draft should be assessed on the taxable property of the entire precinct.\n\nThe recruits were to be delivered over to the recruiting officer in each district and marched to designated places of general rendezvous as determined by the Department of War.\n\nAt the time this scheme was proposed.\nThe administration were on the brink of despair regarding the means of carrying on the war. Their army had been reduced to an insignificant force, their treasury had been empty for a long time, and their credit was entirely prostrate. They could neither enlist men nor borrow money. In such circumstances, bold and desperate measures might have been expected from men whose conduct was never regulated by any more elevated motives than personal popularity and personal aggrandizement. But that a scheme of such bold and daring a character as this, one which aimed such a fatal blow against the rights and liberties of the people, should have been presented by the expected heir of the Presidency to a legislative committee, and reported to the national representatives, could hardly have been anticipated, even by those who were most intimately acquainted with their characters.\nThe first grand object of this scheme was to force the free inhabitants of this country to become regular soldiers of the standing army. The second was to extort money from them by a species of fine or forfeiture for the purpose of carrying on the war. The provisions of the constitution, relative to the militia, I have already quoted. It is by virtue of these provisions alone that the national government has any control over the militia. So far as the plain letter of that instrument authorizes them, they have power over the militia; but not one particle beyond that letter, and every attempt to exercise any such power beyond the letter of the constitution is an attempt at usurpation. If successful, it is tyranny. Where is the provision in the constitution?\nThat which gives Congress the power to force a man into the army? No such power can be found. And if the inhabitants do not choose voluntarily to enlist, it is not the power of the national government to compel them to do so, even if the very safety of the country should depend on it. The country belongs to the people, not to the government. If the people do not choose to defend the country, theirs is the loss. Nay, the government itself belongs to the people \u2014 the fundamental principle of it is: that sovereignty is in the people. What a strange paradox it would be, if the government were suffered to arrogate to themselves the great interests of the state, those which belong exclusively to the people, and pretend to justify acts of tyranny and usurpation against those interests, when the people themselves have not delegated such authority.\nBut Mr. Monroe states, \"The men are not drawn from the militia, from the population of the country: when they enlist voluntarily, it is not as militia-men that they act, but as citizens. If they are drafted, it must be in the same sense. In both instances, they are enrolled in the militia corps, but that, as is presumed, cannot prevent the voluntary act in one instance, or the compulsory one in the other. The whole population of the United States, within certain ages, belong to these corps. If the United States could not form regular armies from them, they could raise none.\"\n\nThis reasoning is worthy of the man and of the occasion. There is a curious distinction attempted to be drawn between the population.\nAnd which, bred in the Jeffersonian school, would never have been conceived, let alone gravely advanced, by any other politician. What are the militia composed of? The male population. Is there any portion of that population which is not militia? None, except those specifically exempted by statute. Of what portion of the male population are the militia composed? All between the ages of eight and forty-five. Within what ages were these drafts to be made? Between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. If a man should be taken by force from the class of inhabitants who are between those ages, would he not be taken from the militia? Most assuredly, for there is no other class from which he can be taken, unless from those who, by reason of infirmity or some other cause, are by law exempted.\nMr. Maiero himself, in the very passage just cited, says that the whole population of the United States within certain ages belong to these corps - that is, the militia corps, which he had listed before. To such strange and palpable absurdities and contradictions, do bad men resort, when they wish to hoodwink and deceive the people, in order that they may by stealth accomplish an unconstitutional object.\n\nBut, says the same profound logician, \"Congress have a right, by the constitution, to raise regular armies, and no restraint is imposed on the exercise of it, except in the provisions which are included generally to guard against the abuse of power, with none of which does this plan interfere.\" Congress have a right to support armies, as well as to raise them; nor is there, I state, any restraint imposed in the exercise of this right.\nMr. Monroe will contend that under this general grant of power, Congress can constitutionally declare that every hundred men in the United States shall maintain four soldiers, and in case they fail to do so, shall pay one hundred dollars, to be assessed on their taxable property, and if not paid forthwith, to be levied from the same? This is a perfectly plain and perfectly parallel case, and Mr. Monroe is respectfully requested to answer the enquiry. When the constitution was before the Virginia convention for adoption, Mr. Monroe was a member, and was strongly opposed to its adoption. One ground of his opposition was the fear that the federal government would overpower the state governments, and one of the sources of that fear lay in what is sometimes called the sweeping clause, which gives to Congress the power to make all laws which are necessary and proper for carrying into execution the enumerated powers.\nIf you give the United States the power of direct taxation and the power to make all laws necessary to give it operation, suppose they should be of the opinion that the right to trial by jury is one of the requisites to carry it into effect. There is no check on this constitution to prevent the formal abolition of it. There is a general power given to them to make all laws that will enable them to carry their powers into effect. There are no limits pointed out. They are not restrained or controlled from making any law, however oppressive in its operation.\nI. The power to levy taxes, which they may believe necessary to carry into effect. By this general, unqualified power, they may infringe not only the trial by jury but the liberty of the press, and every right that is not expressly secured, or excepted, from that general power. I conceive that such general powers are very dangerous. Our great unalienable rights ought to be secured from being destroyed by such unlimited powers, either by a bill of rights or by an express provision in the body of the constitution. It is worthy of notice, that he who thus strenuously opposed the adoption of the constitution, on the ground that there was no provision contained in it to guard \"our great unalienable rights\" from destruction, by an unlimited construction of this sweeping clause, is the very man who would now avail himself of an opportunity to extend it.\nthat very clause, by construction, to such a length, as if carried into execution, would complete the destruction of one of the most sacred and invaluable of them. All foreigners who write and publish for our benefit on political subjects were ardently in favor of this republican conscription. The author of the Olive-Branch advocates it with great labor and fervency of zeal in this regard. In doing so, he boldly undertakes to prove seven points in support of this system, so abhorrent to the feelings and sensibilities of every man in the slightest degree acquainted with the true principles of free government. I shall not attempt to examine all these heads of his political beast. Upon one or two of them, however, I will briefly remark. He says, that there is no principle more clearly recognized and established, in the constitution, than that a wise and just government ought to use every means within its power to preserve the public peace and protect the lives, liberty, and property of the people. I grant this to be true; but I deny that the proposed conscription is a means calculated to answer this end. On the contrary, it is a source of endless mischief and disorder. He next asserts, that the militia law, which is the foundation of our military system, is inadequate to the exigencies of the country, and that a select militia, under the direction of a standing army, is a necessary supplement to it. I admit the insufficiency of the militia law, but I deny that a select militia, under the direction of a standing army, is the remedy. On the contrary, it is the very thing to be remedied. He next argues, that the militia law is a dead letter, and that the militia, as a body, is incapable of being called out on short notice, and of rendering effective service. I grant the truth of this, but I deny that the proposed conscription is the remedy. On the contrary, it is the very thing which will render the militia still more inefficient and unavailable for service. He next asserts, that the militia law is a dead letter, because the militia, as a body, is not in a condition to resist an invading enemy. I grant the truth of this, but I deny that the proposed conscription is the remedy. On the contrary, it is the very thing which will render the militia still more inefficient and unavailable for service. He next asserts, that the militia law is a dead letter, because the militia, as a body, is not in a condition to resist an invading enemy. I grant the truth of this, but I deny that the proposed conscription is the remedy. On the contrary, it is the very thing which will render the militia still more inefficient and unavailable for service. He next asserts, that the militia law is a dead letter, because the militia, as a body, is not in a condition to resist an invading enemy. I grant the truth of this, but I deny that the proposed conscription is the remedy. On the contrary, it is the very thing which will render the militia still more inefficient and unavailable for service. He next asserts, that the militia law is a dead letter, because the militia, as a body, is not in a condition to resist an invading enemy. I grant the truth of this, but I deny that the proposed conscription is the remedy. On the contrary, it is the very thing which will render the militia still more inefficient and unavailable for service. He next asserts, that the militia law is a dead letter, because the militia, as a body, is not in a condition to resist an invading enemy. I grant the truth of this, but I deny that the proposed conscription is the remedy. On the contrary, it is the very thing which will render the militia still more inefficient and unavailable for service. He next asserts, that the militia law is a dead letter, because the militia, as a body, is not in a condition to resist an invading enemy. I grant the truth of this, but I deny that the proposed conscription is the remedy. On the contrary, it is the very thing which will render the militia still more inefficient and unavailable for service. He next asserts, that the militia law is a dead letter, because the militia, as a body, is not in a condition to resist an invading enemy. I grant the truth of this, but I deny that the proposed conscription is the remedy. On the contrary, it is the very thing which will render the militia still more inefficient and unavailable for service. He next asserts, that the militia law is a dead letter\nThe man's argument is based on the constitutions and laws of several states regarding the right of society to coerce and the duty of citizens to provide military service for general defense. To prove this proposition, he references the constitutions and laws of several states. This man, whose vanity led him to believe he could control all the tumult and violence of party passion in this country with a book bearing a plausible but deceitful title, lacks the mental acuity to distinguish between the characters and powers of state and national governments in this regard. He fails to discern that, upon proving his point, he has not advanced an inch towards his true objective - demonstrating that Congress has the power to violate the constitution. The states were:\n\n\"The man's argument is based on the constitutions and laws of several states concerning the right of society to coerce and the duty of citizens to provide military service for general defense. To prove this proposition, he references the constitutions and laws of several states. This man, whose vanity led him to believe he could control all the tumult and violence of party passion in this country with a book bearing a plausible but deceitful title, lacks the mental acuity to distinguish between the characters and powers of state and national governments in this respect. He fails to discern that, upon proving his point, he has not advanced an inch towards his true objective - demonstrating that Congress has the power to violate the constitution. The states were:\"\nComplete independent sovereignties \u2013 possessing all the attributes of such, limited only by their constitutions. If his quotations from their constitutions prove that which he cites them for, they prove that by express provisions for that purpose, in written constitutions, those states have the power to coerce the military services of their citizens. If Mr. Carey can find such a provision in the constitution of the United States, there will be an end of the question; and it was very useless for him to show what provisions on this subject other constitutions contained. If he cannot show such a provision in that constitution, its absence in all the other constitutions in the world will not give the power to Congress, because Congress has no power except what is expressly granted to them in that constitution. On the contrary, its being found in the state constitutions would.\nInstitutions, and not in that of the United States, is decisive evidence that it belongs to the former, and not to the latter - by an express provision of the United States Constitution, it is declared that \"the powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states or the people.\" The evidence, therefore, derived from the provisions of state constitutions, far from proving the soundness of his proposition, actually proves the reverse to be true.\n\nMr. Carey also contends that \"the classification system,\" as he mildly terms the conscription, \"prevailed during the revolution\"\u2014 and to prove it quotes a passage from the laws of Pennsylvania. A great many things prevailed during the struggle for independence.\nBut the power was exercised in the peculiar manner described in the law by the state government. It is also claimed that General Knox devised a system similar to Monroe's in 1790 and received Washington's sanction. The proof provided to support this assertion is not very satisfactory.\nAnd yet, General Knox's system, which did not gain Congress' approval, does not provide a strong argument for Mr. Monroe's scheme. If it were valid at a later time, all the foolish and ridiculous measures recommended by Mr. Jefferson during his Presidency, which were rejected by Congress even by his supporters, could be used to control the future proceedings of the national legislature. Indeed, this very attempt at usurpation could also be used as evidence of the true construction of the national constitution.\n\nIt was soon discovered that Mr. Monroe and his supporters:\nThe obsequious Military Committee had proposed too bold and threatening measures. The alarm at such dangerous and tyrannical principles in the administration spread rapidly throughout the country, and marks of resistance to such a direct attempt upon the liberties of the people frightened its authors far enough to induce them to change their purpose. The bill in the House of Representatives, founded upon the principles of Mr. Monroe's letter, was postponed to learn the fate of some measures of a somewhat similar character which had been introduced into the Senate by Mr. Giles of Virginia, the head of the Military Committee of that house. No man who has appeared on the political stage since the adoption of the constitution \u2013 not even Jefferson, Madison, or Monroe \u2013 has discovered a stronger disposition by his proposed measures.\nAnd principles, to consolidate the government and destroy the sovereignty of the states, Mr. Giles introduced a bill to the Senate for a conscription, a little more cunningly concealed but in reality the same, as Mr. Monroe's, and he coupled it with a measure of the most barefaced unconstitutionality. Allude to the bill authorizing the enlisting of minors into the regular army, without the consent of their parents or guardians. This was a measure of the most daring usurpation. Congress have no power to interfere with the concerns of the individual states. Congress cannot pass laws regulating the tenure or titles of real estates \u2013 alter or destroy contracts, and so on. The right of the parent to the service of his children, till they arrive at full age, is absolute. It is founded on the duty of protection and support.\nThe right of a master to an apprentice or servant's obedience and service is based on positive contract. This law aimed to dissolve obligations, release children from parents, sever duties and natural affection, open the way for the seduction of youth, plant misery in parental bosoms, and tempt young and inexperienced individuals into vice and profligacy. To the perpetual disgrace and infamy of our country, this bill's great principle received approval from a majority of both branches of the national legislature. Fortunately, however, (unclear).\nThe text failed to receive approval due to disputes over less important provisions between the houses. This event is certain, given the man's character. Cold and unfeeling, he was a stranger to paternal affection, filial love, and duty. His ambition, driven by selfish and hypocritical popularity, would have shaken the government to its foundation if passed and enacted. One liberty-loving state fortunately had an early opportunity through the legislature.\nThe legislature, in session at the time, spoke against this outrage using dignified opposition. The resolutions passed by Connecticut's Legislature in October 1814 bring great honor to the state. The measure's authors grew alarmed by signs of opposition throughout the country and abandoned the plan as it neared completion.\n\nThe other objective of this strong measure was the extortion of money, in the form of a fine or penalty, to fund the war. According to Monroe's letter to the Military Committee, the United States were to pay recruits for the regular army the bounty in money, which the inhabitants of the affected class were to pay.\nFrom which the draft was taken, and the amount was to be assessed upon them according to the property they respectively possessed. If not paid within a given period, it was to be levied from their taxable property. If a recruit was furnished to avoid a draft, the sum necessary for that purpose was to be raised in the same manner. It would be quite gratifying to me at least, if not to others, to be informed from what provision in the constitution the power to raise money in this mode is derived. Although I have read that instrument many times and with some care, I have not been able to find the shadow of such an authority. If this money is to be considered as a fine or penalty, and such the bill framed upon Mr. Monroe's letter considered it, upon the class for not having furnished their number of recruits.\nIn all criminal prosecutions, the constitution states that the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed. \"* In suits at common law where the value in controversy exceeds twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved.\" Regardless of whether it is considered as a criminal or civil matter, there is no mode of collecting a fine or penalty without trial. However, here is a much shorter mode provided\u2014assessors are to affix every man's share, and the amount is to be levied upon his property\u2014all without judge or jury. An attempt was made to violate the personal liberty of an individual.\nThe freedom of one class of citizens, at the same time, which, when considered for what objects the war was professedly undertaken, is certainly of a very extraordinary character. Mr. Monroe's letter above-mentioned, was dated the 17th of October, 1814. On the 15th of November, following, Mr. Jones, Secretary of the Navy, made a report to Congress relative to his own department, in which he distinctly recommended the IMPRESSION OF SEAMEN.\n\nThe following is an extract from that report:\n\nThere is another branch of the service, which appears to me to merit the serious deliberation of the legislature, with regard to the establishment of some regular system, by which the voluntary enlistments for the navy may derive occasional reinforcement from the services of those seamen who, pursuing their own private occupations, are occasionally without employment.\nIn my view, there would be nothing incompatible with the free spirit of our institutions or the rights of individuals if registers, with a particular descriptive record, were kept in the several districts of all seamen belonging to the United States. Provision should be made by law for classing and calling into the public service in succession such portions or classes as the public service might require. If any individual so called should be absent at the time, the next in succession should perform the tour of duty of the absentee, who upon his return would be liable to serve his original tour, and his substitute would be exempt from his succeeding regular tour of duty. Here was a specific plan recommended.\nand he pointed out that our seamen were being forced into the naval service, precisely this offense against the rights of man for which we declared and carried on a bloody and expensive war. It is not to be imagined that this was the mere fantasy of Mr. Secretary Jones's lively imagination. No \u2014 it was the offspring of the cabinet \u2014 the child of the administration. The heads of departments are not allowed to make and present such important state papers without the inspection and approbation of their great superintendent. Everything of this sort passes the royal approval before it is transmitted to his 'faithful Commons.' Here are detailed several flagrant attempts upon the liberties of the people and the independence of the state governments, which, had they succeeded, would have prostrated the barriers which guard those governments.\nI am very sensible that it is said, the nation was engaged in war, and that it is the duty of every man and every state to support the cause of the country. This is saying no less than that, when an aspiring and wicked administration, for purposes of the basest character, plunge the country into war merely to further their hostile designs against the constitution and freedom of their country, it is the duty of every man to sacrifice that constitution and those liberties, and to subserve the iniquitous designs of such an administration. So far from its being proper or prudent to relax.\nIn a time of war, it is the most proper time to be watchful and jealous of encroachments on the country's liberties. Ambitious men with armies at their command are always to be feared, even an ambitious coward, with the aid of more daring dependents, may succeed in overturning a free and defenceless government. How much more dangerous would that be if, in addition to an army, such an administration could rob the states of their militia and add their force to that of their regular mercenaries? That robbery was attempted in the late war, as I have described, for what purposes every man is at liberty to determine for himself. It was defeated by the firmness and patriotism of the New England states.\ndignified and virtuous chief magistrates. The free people of this nation will have cause, to their latest hour, to feel the liveliest gratitude to them for their wise, firm, and disinterested stand in favor of their liberties.\n\nOne other topic, according to my general plan, remains to be considered, and that is \u2014 the \"Hartford Convention.\" This body of men has been the subject of coarse and vulgar calumny for so long that it will doubtless excite surprise and perhaps even astonishment that any person should, at this late period, have the boldness to espouse it.\nI am not deterred from doing justice, as far as my understanding enables me, to form an honorable and dignified collection of statesmen and to establish a constitutional assembly, as recorded in our country's history. The great charge against the movers and members of the convention is that their intention was to divide the states. This disposition to produce such an event has become a heinous offense in the estimation of a set of men who formerly viewed the subject differently. If I am not mistaken, during the consideration of Mr. Jay's treaty, and it was apprehended that the Senate would ratify it despite democratic clamor against it, there were loud threats in Virginia and among men of high standing.\nA division of the union. Afterwards, it was found that the Easterji States were, in one aspect, important to those of the South and West \u2014 the former had money, which the latter wanted \u2014 and attachment to the union, in those portions of the country, became fashionable. As an abstract question, in a country where all sovereignty rests in the people, and who, of course, have a supreme right to change or modify their government, it is extremely difficult to discern, in what lies the guilt of proposing a division, if any man, or set of men, believe it expedient. It may be unwise, and injurious to divide, or even to talk of it\u2014 but that we have not the right so to do will not be conceded, so long as the fundamental principle of our government remains the same.\n\nBut let the abstract question be as it may\u2014\nThe charge against the convention for attempting the severance of the union is a gross calumny. I argue this from several circumstances.\n\n1. From the resolutions of the legislatures by which the members were appointed.\n\nThe proposition for a convention originated in Massachusetts. That state, being much larger in size than the other New England states, is supposed by the democrats generally to maintain a controlling influence over the others. Here is an extract from the resolutions of the Massachusetts legislature for calling a convention:\n\n\"The general objects of the proposed conference are, first, to deliberate upon the dangers to which the eastern section of the union is exposed by the course of the war, and which there is too much reason to believe will thicken in its progress, and to devise, if practicable, effectual measures for securing the eastern states against those dangers.\"\nWhich, means methods of security and defense, consistent with the preservation of their resources from total ruin, and adapted to their local situation, mutual relations, and habits, and not repugnant to their obligations as members of the Union. Which convened for this object, which admits not of delay, it seems also expedient to submit to their consideration and inquiry, whether the interests of these states demand that persevering endeavors be used by each of them to procure such amendments to be effected in the national constitution as may secure them equal advantage, and whether, if in their judgment this should be deemed impracticable under the existing provisions for amending that instrument, an experiment may be made, without disadvantage to the nation, for obtaining a convention from all the states in the union, or such\nThe objects specified in this resolution are:\n1. To deliberate upon the dangers to which the eastern section is exposed by the course of the war.\n2. To devise means of security and defense, consistent with the preservation of their resources from total ruin, adapted to their local situation, mutual relations, and habits, and not repugnant to their obligations as members of the union.\n3. To consider proposing such amendments to the constitution as may afford equal advantages to the eastern states.\n4. If that should be deemed impracticable, under the present provisions of the constitution relative to procuring amendments, to consider whether an experiment may be made without disadvantage to the nation to have a general convention.\nThe Massachusetts legislature proposed a convention for the purpose of obtaining amendments. These were the objects they had in view, and these were the instructions they gave their delegates. It is difficult to discern in them any plan or even a hint towards a division of the union. On the contrary, everything was to be done with strict regard to the obligations which the eastern states were under as members of the union.\n\n1. To deliberate on the dangers to which the eastern section of the union was exposed by the course of the war. Was not that section most peculiarly exposed to danger from this quarter? The national government, at the very outset, withdrew from their shores whatever few troops they had, for the purpose of making inroads.\nUpon the enemy's provinces, leaving them when, if the President of the United States had reason to believe they were in danger of invasion, it was our duty to defend ourselves. Having received orders, General Dearborn wrote to Governor Griswold on the 15th of July, 1812, to leave the sea coast and repair to Albany. It is my duty again to request your Excellency to order out such part of your state's quota of militia as the present situation requires.\n\nAs other objects will demand the service of a great part of the regular troops, it will become my duty to order them from the sea board, and, consequently, I must leave some part of the coast with less protection against those depredating parties of the enemy who may attempt invasion for the mere purpose of plunder.\nA suitable number of the militia should not be ordered out in contradiction with the views and intentions of the President of the United States. Other objects than the defense of the sea-coast - the thickly populated and wealthiest part of the country - required the service of the regular troops, and they were ordered away from that coast, in pursuit of these objects. The whole burden of defending that coast, against the calamities of a war, which the great body of the people in the eastern states considered as wantonly and wickedly made, was thrown upon themselves. At the same time, the national government was depriving those states of the means of self-defense, by exhausting them of their wealth through the most exorbitant taxes and pecuniary exactions, while, on its own part, it ceased to fulfill any one of the duties which, by the Constitution, it was bound to perform.\nThe constitution owed its existence to the states. In this situation, it required serious and solemn deliberation on the part of the states to determine how long they could carry on the war within their own domains for the United States.\n\nGiven this predicament, the second subject followed necessarily. Without the preservation of their resources from ruin, they could not support the expenses and burdens imposed upon them by the national government. Should the war continue for any considerable length of time, as it appeared it would \u2013 it was not known to the country that the President had instructed the peace negotiators to relinquish everything he had initially demanded \u2013 nothing could be more certain than that those resources must soon be exhausted.\nExhausted, and the states be left completely defenceless. This rendered it not only proper, but indispensably necessary, that chosen states should consult on the subject. At the same time, the instructions are cautiously framed, and with an express clause, that all was to be done with reference to their obligations to the union:\n\n1. To propose state defenses collectively.\n2. To propose amendments to the constitution.\n\nIf there is anything criminal in a measure of that kind, there has been a great deal of political wickedness committed in the country \u2014 almost every state in the union, and particularly every democratic state, has, first and last, proposed amendments to the constitution; and they are even now constantly doing it. The difference between their practice, and this position, is, that they propose them just as their own individual whim or passion may dictate.\nHere, several states were to come together and consult on the propriety and expediency of the proposed amendments. If such amendments should not be practicable as the constitution now stands, the question was to be considered: whether, without disadvantage to the nation, a general convention could be called for the purpose of accomplishing the object. In the fifth article of the constitution, there is the following provision: \"The Congress, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments.\" It would be gratifying and possibly revealing if the public could determine whether respecting this part of the resolution was improper or unconstitutional? Here, too, the convention was to have an eye to the national weal in forming their judgment and decision.\nThe Legislature of Connecticut resolved that seven persons be appointed as Delegates from this state to meet the Delegates of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and any other New England states at Hartford on the 15th day of December next. They were to confer on the subjects proposed by a resolution of said commonwealth communicated to this Legislature, and on any other subjects that may come before them, for the purpose of devising and recommending such measures for the safety and welfare of these states as may consist with our obligations as members of the National Union. The Rhode Island instructions are not in my possession, but I am persuaded they were framed upon the same principles.\nThose of Massachusetts and Connecticut. How ridiculous and base is it then, for the worthless panderers of a worthless cabinet, to pretend that the object of this convention was a dissolution of the union. Like the infamous bribery of John Henry and ten thousand other slanders against the New England states, it shows only the corruption and malignity of the administration and their supporters.\n\nDid the result of their deliberations and labors show any disposition, on their part, to divide the states? This has never been pretended, even by the most devoted partisan of the cabinet, who has ever uttered his sentiments on the subject. The report of the convention was made public immediately after their adjournment. No state paper ever appeared in this country that excited more curiosity or attention. No one it is believed, ever caused such excitement.\nMore disappointment than this did in the hearts of those who professed to expect from their secret operations the blackest treason. The report is finished with the following resolutions:\n\n1. That it be and hereby is recommended to the legislatures of the several states represented in this convention, to adopt all such measures as may be necessary effectively to protect the citizens of said states from the operation and effects of all acts which have been or may be passed by the Congress of the United States, which shall contain provisions subjecting the militia to forcible drafts, conscriptions, or impressments, not authorized by the constitution of the United States.\n2. That it be and hereby is recommended to the said legislatures, to authorize an immediate and earnest application to be made to the government of the United States, requesting an explanation and redress of the causes which have induced them to take such measures, and to repeal such acts as are inconsistent with the constitution.\nThe consent of the stated governments is required for an arrangement allowing them, individually or collectively, to defend their territory against the enemy. A reasonable portion of taxes collected within these states may be paid into their respective treasuries and used for the payment of outstanding debts and future defense. The amounts paid into these treasuries should be credited, and disbursements made as aforementioned charged to the United States.\n\nIt is recommended that the legislatures of the aforementioned states pass laws (where not already done) authorizing their Governors or Commanders in Chief to make detachments from their militias or to form voluntary corps, as most convenient and conformable to.\ntheir constitutions, and to cause the same to be \nwell arm.ed, equipped and disciplined, and held \nin readiness for service ; and upon the request \nof the Governor of either of the other states to \nemploy tlie Vvhole of su.ch detachment or corps, \nas well aS' the regular forces of the state, or such \npart thereof as may be required and can be \nspared, consistently with the safety of the state, \nin assisting the state making such request, to \nrepel any invasion thereof wliich shall be made \nor attempted by llic public enemy. \n4. \" That the following amendments to the \nconstitution of the United States, be recom- \nmended to the states represented as aforesaid, to \nbe proposed by them for adoption by the state \nlegislatures, and in such cases as may be deemed \nexpedient by a convention chosen by the people \nof each state. \n\" And it is further recommended, that the \nRepresentatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states, according to their respective numbers of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed and all other persons. No new state shall be admitted into the union without the concurrence of two-thirds of both houses. Congress shall not have power to lay any embargo on the ships or vessels of the citizens of the United States in their ports or harbors for more than sixty days. Congress shall not have power, without the concurrence of two-thirds of both houses, to:\nThe text does not require cleaning as it is already in a readable format. Here is the text in its entirety:\n\nTo interdict the commercial intercourse between the United States and any foreign nation or its dependencies:\n\n5. Congress shall not make or declare war, or authorize acts of hostility against any foreign nation without the concurrence of two-thirds of both houses, except such acts of hostility be in defence of the territories of the United States when actually invaded.\n\n6. No person who shall hereafter be naturalized shall be eligible as a member of the Senate or House of Representatives of the United States, nor capable of holding any civil office under the authority of the United States.\n\n7. The same person shall not be elected President of the United States a second time, nor shall the President be elected from the same state two terms in succession.\n\nThese resolutions are the result of the labors of the convention. It is desirable that\nOne of the multitude of noisy demagogues who have spent so much time heapingly reproaching that body would be gracious enough to state what is in this result, at the very least, favorable to the preservation of the union. Contrary to fact, its direct and immediate object is to strengthen and perpetuate the union.\n\nThe first resolution contains a recommendation to the states represented to adopt measures effectively to guard their citizens against the threatened conscription, impression of seamen, and other unconstitutional acts that Congress had enacted or might enact. Whatever the effect of such precautionary measures might be, they were solemn duties upon the state authorities\u2014duties which could not be dispensed with on their part without a gross disregard of the rights of those who had clothed them with power.\nThe recommendations were made with power, and in many instances without a violation of their oaths of office. There was nothing in the nature of the recommendation that had any tendency to dissolve or even weaken the union. If it produced its proper effect, it would have weakened the confidence of the people in the men whose political profligacy had a direct propensity to destroy the union.\n\nThe second resolution was founded upon an express provision in the 10th section of the first article of the constitution, which says: \"No state shall, without the consent of Congress, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit delay.\"\n\nBy the war wantonly brought upon them by the actions of:\n\n\"No state shall, without the consent of Congress, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit delay.\" (Constitution, 1st article, 10th section)\nThe New England states were placed in the most hazardous situation: the nation had withdrawn all their protection and means of protection, and they were, by exorbitant taxes and excises, exhausting them of the means even for self-defense. In this situation, the convention recommended the measures proposed in this resolution. If there is anything in them objectionable, it is that the language used towards a government from which they had received so much injustice, is not couched in manly and decided tones. This objection, however, does not speak of a disposition to destroy the constitution or divide the states.\n\nThe third resolution recommends the adoption of certain measures, not prohibited by the constitution of the United States, for the mutual safety of the states represented in the convention.\nThose who wish well to the general interests and prosperity of the nation, and above all, those who are desirous of extricating the power of the government from state usurpation and opening the passage to its distinguished honors in every state, cannot reasonably object to constitutional measures being adopted in the New England states without subjecting them to the public vengeance of the ruling party. Regarding the various amendments proposed to be made to the constitution, men may have different opinions, influenced and governed by their views and motives. Those who wish for the constitution to operate with equal benignity over the whole country cannot object.\nThose who prioritize national interests over ambition and party spirit - those willing to suppress, degrade, and impoverish one part of the union to promote, serve, and gratify a spirit of domination and oppression in another - will reject the whole. Their actions cannot be questioned by any man who understands and is a true friend to the interests of the United States.\n\nThe clamor against the convention is not maintained at present due to anything in their report. Amidst the universal democratic uproar, there is no concern regarding the merits of that document. Initially, there was a general sentiment of surprise and admiration expressed.\nA large portion of the country contained nothing of what had been lavishly predicted, surprising many and eliciting admiration for its dignity, moderation, and profound discussion of national interests and policy. Ardent and enlightened partisans of the administration, with an openness that did them honor, declared their strong approval of the judgment and ability with which it was executed. Its obnoxious character, from the administration's view, arises from two circumstances: first, the strong and unanswerable reasoning it contains on the character and tendency of their measures; second, the alarming example set by the assembling of such a body of men on such an occasion for future imitation. It is not known that any considerable attempt has been made by party writers to counter this.\nIts statements or refute the reasoning contained in the report. Its force and pungency were felt not only by the administration, but also by the party leaders at large. It came \"home to their business and bosoms\"\u2014it exposed their perverse, crooked, and corrupt policy to the eyes of the country and of the world\u2014it searched the recesses of the cabinet as with candles. This short description discloses a sin against the administration, past all forgiveness. It is not because a man offends against the constitution of his country that he becomes unpopular with the present administration\u2014it is not that he may meditate mischief or even treason against the liberties of his country that he is rendered odious and proscribed. It is when he opposes the administration, betrays their frauds and policies.\nA falsehoods reveal projects of ambition and usurpation, exposing corruption and profligacy. Such a man will incur the deep reprobation of them and their partisans. This is the heinous crime of the convention. With a bold and masterly pencil, they drew a full-length portrait of the cabinet, displaying in truth's colors all its features of intrigue, usurpation, and despotism. The likeness is too strong to be mistaken by the most superficial observer. But the artists will never be forgiven. Nor is the precedent less obnoxious or alarming. When the administration discovered that the convention was not only appointed but was actually assembled, they were most thoroughly alarmed. Conscious of their own guilt in making a war for such wicked purposes, and of the extreme injustice of their measures towards the unidentified.\nNew England states trembled in their palaces, fearing the result. They dreaded the provision of that constitution article which grants states a remedy against a corrupt administration and lawless domination by individuals or states, by directing Congress to call a general convention upon the application of two-thirds of the states. Knowing it would be easy to end encroachments on state sovereignties and all undue influence in ambitious and aspiring states through a few alterations in that instrument, the timely arrival of peace news relieved them from their embarrassment and agitation. So great had been the alarm that, as a thunderstorm or an earthquake, it approached.\nThe quake frequently arrested a bold and audacious sinner in his guilty career of iniquity, causing the convention to bring the administration to a sense of justice towards the New England states. For the purpose of remunerating them for the expenses the war had brought upon them, a bill was suddenly introduced into the Senate and passed rapidly through, by an unanimous vote. There is no question of its having passed into a law had its progress not been stayed by the intelligence of peace. Taking advantage of the general joy at the recurrence of this event, which under the circumstances served only to prove that the nation at large considered the war as the greatest calamity and the severest scourge that had ever befallen the country, the excitement produced by another event, in the glory of\nThey were very eager to participate, though not entitled to a particle of it. The repulse at New Orleans immediately relapsed to their customary spirit of vindictive hostility towards those states. They stopped the bill in the House of Representatives and, from that day to this, have unjustly denied them the repayment of the money expended in defending the country.\n\nEntertaining sentiments and views hostile to the independence of the states and aiming by gradual inroads to eventually destroy their governments and consolidate the whole into a national government, it is perfectly natural for such men as compose the administration to feel a strong degree of animosity, as well as vengeance, towards any number of men or any portion of the country which may show a disposition to stop their progress or to defeat their designs.\nThis disposition has manifested itself, primarily in New England. Towards these states, the strongest resentment is entertained. To such lengths has this resentment and hostility proceeded, that the New England states are the subject of scoffs and taunts of the minions of the party, in addition to their sufferings under the disgraceful peace and the more disgraceful convention with Great Britain. By these arrangements with that nation, the most important interests of those states are sacrificed, and a large portion of the country is impoverished and degraded. When they venture to complain, they are coolly reminded that they deserve all they suffer, as a reward for their opposition to the war \u2013 a sentiment better becoming the mouth of a ferocious demagogue.\nA chief magistrate of a large and enlightened nation is not superior in patriotic virtue to one who thinks and acts only as a party leader, no matter how exalted their station. Demagogues are always vicious, vindictive, and corrupt. Their plans are always selfish, executed by tools and parasites who find their own reward in their master's favors, and they prioritize their master's interest over the country's well-being. Such an administration, supported in this way, will never hesitate to sacrifice individuals and communities if they obstruct their schemes of domination. However, the times must be degenerate indeed, and the people criminally inattentive to their highest social duties.\nThe system adopted by Mr. Jefferson for his elevation to power, and pursued by his supporters, successors, and followers, was one of slander. He calumniated the virtues of Washington, establishing an important example of the efficacy of his scheme. This simple machine procured notable effects. Not only the patriots of the revolution, the men who jeopardized their lives in the high places of the field to achieve our independence, were comprehended within its influence.\nThe distant approaches of danger have been victims of his malicious slanders. But the very men who framed, supported, and established the present system of national government, against all the opposition he was able to bring against it, have long been reproached by him and his partisans as the enemies of that very government which they thus formed. Nay, they are traduced as the friends of a government from which many of them personally assisted in extracting the country through great dangers and sufferings. This system of falsehood and calumny has been attended with its natural companions \u2013 fraud and cunning. At the same time, the people are flattered, deceived, and betrayed. At one time, they are made to believe that a public debt is a curse; a navy an instrument of tyranny; an army the deadly enemy.\nfreedom is an intolerable burden upon a free people; and executive patronage is the source of the most fatal corruption. At another time, the same people who persuaded them to adopt the foregoing sentiments and opinions find it expedient to change their tune. They increase the public debt fourfold in size when they thus complained of it; enlarge the navy in the same proportion; treble the numbers of the army; and extend patronage at least tenfold, and perhaps twentyfold, beyond what it was. These gross and palpable contradictions pass unheeded by the people, because they suffer their passions to be inflamed and their resentments to be enkindled by low, designing, and unprincipled men.\nwicked men, and their judgment and reflection entirely led astray or perverted. The moral standard of the government, in this way, becomes loved and debased. The people, finding it stripped of its respectability and dignity, lose their respect for its character and easily view it as an object of speculation and not as the basis of national prosperity and happiness. The government being taken out of the hands of statesmen and patriots falls naturally into those of demagogues and partisans\u2014men of low habits, loose principles, and depraved understandings as vile as their hearts\u2014gain influence and ascendancy. The public taste becomes vitiated, public morals contaminated, the public welfare entirely disregarded, and individual interest and individual aggrandizement the only objects of governmental solicitude.\nThe nation must be elevated from this state of degradation and debasement, or its constitution and liberties, it is to be feared, at no very distant period, will fall a sacrifice. One step towards its safety will be, to purge its councils of foreign influence. By foreign influence, is not meant the scheme of regulating our political concerns with reference to the affairs of European nations. It is the influence which low, uneducated, and unprincipled foreigners - desperate adventurers from Europe - have been suffered to gain in our national concerns. If persons of this description would be contented peaceably to pursue their private occupations, and not undertake to manage those of the nation, no person would object to their enjoying the rites of hospitality, to which, as strangers, they might be fairly entitled. But when they assume the chaotic management of our affairs, it becomes necessary to take action.\nCharacter of public teachers in the science of government, and attempt to instruct us in the principles of freedom, their conduct speaks a degree of assurance which ought to be met with universal contempt and indignation. Such men, being useful to Mr. Jefferson and to those who have succeeded him in power, have however become highly influential members in our political organization \u2013 they form our taste, characterize our manners, and give tone and standard to our political morals and notions of government. The nation must be placed out of the reach and control of this description of men, before its government will be well administered, or its constitution and liberties be free from danger.\n\nAnother circumstance of no small importance to our well-being is, that the people should learn duly to estimate, and faithfully maintain, the principles of their government and constitution.\nThe national government has strong temptations to control the state governments. But the state governments are our sources of security and happiness, and the bulwarks of our liberties. If this ever becomes a consolidated government, its next step would almost necessarily be a monarchical government. No government short of a monarchy's energy could manage the affairs of this extensive nation without the aid of the state governments. No set of legislators could frame a code of laws or establish courts of justice that would apply to the various habits and sentiments of such a variegated people. The concerns of the states, now perfectly familiar to their own governments, would utterly perplex the consolidated government.\nA national legislature will never be a fact, that the states will agree to consolidation. If it ever is accomplished, it will be through gradual usurpation or by open force and violence. The only mode of guarding against such a catastrophe is to guard the sovereignty and independence of the states. Every encroachment, however small and apparently insignificant, should be watched most cautiously and promptly resisted. The powers of the national government are well defined and described in the constitution, and there is not the least danger of any important mistakes with respect to their extent or limits. Sly construction or open usurpation are the modes in which those powers will be enlarged, and the state sovereignties endangered. Jealousy on this subject, in the states, is the first political duty.\nAmong all the modes of evading the constitution, that which has for its object the monopoly, in a single state, of the office of chief magistrate, seems to have passed along with less attention on the part of the people, and to have excited a smaller degree of alarm in the public mind, than its importance deserves. Let the states beware of this grand scheme of domination and supremacy. It is already considered by the heads of it as a usage \u2014 it will soon be claimed by them as a law. I am not disposed to dismiss this subject without turning the public attention more pointedly to one topic, which has been incidentally mentioned. For sixteen years past, the national government has not been administered with reference to the welfare of the nation \u2014 the great object.\nMr. Jefferson and Mr. Madison have viewed the government from an individual advantage. They have considered it for their personal benefit, not for the good of the public. This proposition will become clear to every man of sound mind and unbiased feelings. Mr. Jefferson came to office through the clamor against federal measures. He slandered the leaders of that party, from General Washington downward, as long as he could find talents or influence on which to vent his defamatory malice. Having succeeded in making them objects of suspicion, he found it an easy task to subject their measures to popular odium and reproach. To secure the ground.\nHe had acquired such favor in the public that he found it necessary to undo, as far as practicable, all that the federalists had done. In place of their policies, he proposed a series of the most absurd and ridiculous schemes, among which the system of internal revenue stood pre-eminent. The operation of that system had produced an insurrection in one state. A tax on their cherished liquor, whisky, was an unbearable burden, and the uncivilized inhabitants of the wilds of Pennsylvania, stirred up by the arts and intrigues of a few desperate and designing men, broke out into open rebellion against their country's laws. To this source of popularity and power, Mr. Jefferson eagerly turned his attention.\nIt was a prime article in his political creed (and he had no other) to gain the favor of the licentious and the desperate. With these rebellious bandits, he entered into a contract: if they would support his pretensions to the Presidency, he would, if successful, recommend the abolition of the internal revenue system. They did support him; he succeeded; and in fulfillment of his engagement, and not on the ground of merit or demerit in the system, he recommended its repeal. It was repealed\u2014and what is still more extraordinary, one of the principal ringleaders of the insurrection, a foreigner and a needy adventurer, was immediately after his election placed by Mr. Jefferson at the head of the most important department in the administration of the government.\nMr. Jefferson, on the grounds stated, and since the party has re-established a similar system of internal revenue, varying it only by making it vastly more severe and oppressive, there is no hazard in saying that in pursuing this course, he was actuated altogether by selfish and sinister motives, not by a regard for the public good. The judiciary of the United States, as organized under the federal administration, fell victim to the same spirit in this great leader of democracy. If any person is disposed to wade through the course of his administration, I am much deceived if he does not find evidence, in support of my proposition, at every step. Mr. Jefferson could not, with safety to his suspicious popularity, pursue the track of his more able, wise, and virtuous federal predecessors.\nHe concealed from his passionate and credulous admirers the hollow-heartedness of his professions of regard for the people. Under necessity, he adopted a different course, which, though it might make him ridiculous to men of discernment, would deceive an admiring host of hungry expectants of office and great national good from his Presidency. In the course of eight years, he changed all the political absurdities and recommended all the varieties. At the end of that period, he left behind no traces of his administration except the prostration of his country's honor, the embarrassments thrown in the way of private industry, and the sacrifice of public prosperity. It is a remarkable fact,\nOne man who can safely challenge the history of nations to produce a parallel, this man was able to conduct the affairs of an intelligent nation for eight years with great popularity, and then leave the chair of state without any diminution of character, without leaving behind him on the public records of the country a single permanent political measure. No other man ever gained the reputation of an illustrious statesman under such circumstances - it is believed that no other well-informed people were ever so easily duped or so grossly deluded.\n\nBut the proof of the correctness of my position is not altogether derived from this source. On what ground have Mr. John Randolph, Mr. Robert Smith, Mr. De Witt Clinton, and others, who have heretofore ranked high on the muster roll of the legions of democracy, supported this position?\nhave been discarded from the councils of the party, and have been the subjects of such violent controversy? Not because they have renounced their political faith and adopted the tenets of federalism. Each of them has, throughout, claimed to himself all the merit of undeviating perseverance in the path of modern republicanism. But they have, directly or indirectly, at different times, expressed doubts about the infallibility of Jefferson and Madison. This instantly marked them for destruction; and the unrelenting spirit of democratic persecution follows them in public life and in retirement, with the same zeal and perseverance, as the huntsman pursues the wolf or the panther, on whoever's head. The laws of his country have fixed a pecuniary premium.\n\nWhy have the governments of the New England states been the constant theme of re-\nApproach and calumny, not only during the war, but long antecedent to that event, were rampant in these states, under the administration of federalists. The affairs of these states, under the administration of federalists, have been managed according to the same principles since their earliest periods. That is, with a strict reference to the public good and in faithful pursuance of the principles of their constitutions. The true answer lies in the fact that their measures were opposed to the personal views and interests of Jefferson and Madison. This placed them outside the pale of the national constitution and government, reduced them to the condition of vassal provinces, and degraded them to the abject state of tributaries to their ambitious and domineering neighbors.\n\nHave not Massachusetts, Connecticut, and other states been subjected to similar treatment?\nAnd Rhode Island, in their duties to the United States, performed them promptly and faithfully, even to the payment of the oppressive exactions of the late war, with punctilious exactness. What, then, does the nation, as such, have to complain of in their conduct? Their transgression lies in this: they have not contributed to the personal glory and aggrandizement of the two great chiefs of democracy. Why was Monroe, the dull, incompetent Monroe, for a while the subject of democratic reproach and persecution? Because he manifested a disposition to place himself before the nation as a rival to Madison. Why did the tide of party clamor respecting him suddenly change, and he become the object of high popular favor and admiration? Because he was bought off from the field of opposition and placed in the line of succession.\nThe heir of a political sire and grand-sire, in essence, the history of the government provides no instance of consideration for the great interests of the nation. Instead, it contains an abundance to prove my proposition. If this is an accurate representation of the principles guiding the government of this country for so many years, is it not time for the people to take the matter seriously and apply a swift and effective remedy? What constitutes despotism but the fact that the government, where it exists, operates solely for the benefit of the individual in whose hands the power lies? Let us not be deceived by mere names. A formidable despot.\nyears a President, with all the advantages which unlimited patronage and a plentiful treasury can furnish him, can become as practical a despot as the most absolute sovereign. Could the people of this country once believe that they were enormously burdened, by direct and indirect taxes, for the purpose of paying the salaries of an army of office-holders who are growing rich on their earnings and rioting in luxury and extravagance, by the means of wealth drawn from their pockets, there would be no doubt that the madness and blindness of party passion would give way to a regard for themselves, as well as for their country, and they would exact from those who thus prey upon their estates, as well as upon their credulity, some other proofs of public spirit than mere hypocritical professions of regard for the prince.\nIt is not my intention to extensively discuss the issues of republicanism and the welfare of the sovereign people here. The \"Olive Branch\" is primarily composed of disjointed materials from pamphlets, news-papers, and documents, which have been selected for misrepresentation and arranged in their present order with a malicious design to slander the federalists, particularly those from the New England states. The volume lacks any genuine candor, talent, or political integrity. In terms of composition, it is beneath criticism. Its style is a mixture of affected learning, revolutionary cant, and democratic vulgarity. Doubts were, for a while, entertained.\nI. The book, in particular one politically famous writer, raised doubts about its origin even after the acknowledged author declared it. It's unclear on what basis these doubts were founded. The book contains nothing extraordinary, save for signs of industry, some of which appears to have been borrowed in the material collection. The author displays excessive vanity and extreme bitterness and hostility towards those opposing the democratic administration's national government measures.\n\nNOTES:\n(1) Among the long list of impudent attempts by democrats to steal the federalists' hard-earned reputation and claim the merit of federal measures for themselves, one of the most flagrant is the sale of the United States' armed ships by Mr. Jefferson in his first year as President.\n[\"During the universal and deadly opposition of the party to a navy, not only while the government was in federal hands, but for many years after they came into power, despite this being well known to every person old enough to have been conversant with the political affairs of the country at that period, their newspaper writers continued to charge that the sale was made to the federalists. Just as Mr. Adams' Presidency was coming to a close and Mr. Jefferson's election as his successor had taken place, Congress passed the following act.\n\n\"Be it enacted, that the President of the United States be, and he hereby is, authorized, whenever the public affairs shall in his judgment render it expedient, to cause to be sold, they being first offered for sale, at public auction, in such manner as he shall direct, all the public property, including arms, ammunition, and provisions, which shall be found within the fortifications and magazines of the ports, harbors, bays, inlets, and havens, within the jurisdiction of the United States, and also all the ships or vessels belonging to the United States, and all the property and effects of any persons who may be in the military or naval service of the United States, and all other property, except the residue of the public debt and the property and lands belonging to the United States, which shall be exempted by law from sale, and also all property which may be forfeited to the United States for treason, felony, or breach of the peace, and all property which may be forfeited to the United States for non-payment of duties or taxes, or for violation of the laws of trade, or for any other reason, and which shall not have been sold under the laws of the United States, or which shall have been sold under such laws but the proceeds of such sales shall not have been applied to the uses for which such property was sold, and all property which may be seized under the laws of the United States, and which shall not have been sold under the direction of the President, or which shall have been sold under such direction but the proceeds of such sales shall not have been applied to the uses for which such property was seized, and all property which may be seized under the laws of any state, and which shall not have been sold under the direction of the executive or legislative authority of such state, or which shall have been sold under such direction but the proceeds of such sales shall not have been applied to the uses for which such property was seized, and all property which may be seized under the authority of any foreign power, and which shall not have been sold under the direction of the President, or which shall have been sold under such direction but the proceeds of such sales shall not have been applied to the uses for which such property was seized, and all property which may be seized under the authority of any other public authority, and which shall not have been sold under the direction of such authority, or which shall have been sold under such direction but the proceeds of such sales shall not have been applied to the uses for which such property was seized, and all property which may be seized under the authority of any person or corporation, and which shall not have been sold under the direction of such person or corporation, or which shall have been sold under such direction but the proceeds of such sales shall not have been applied to the uses for which such property was seized, and all property which may be seized under the authority of any other person or corporation, and which shall not have been sold under the direction of such person or corporation, or which shall have been sold under such direction but the proceeds of such sales shall not have been applied to the uses for which such property was seized, and all property which may be seized under any other authority, and which shall not have been sold under the direction of such authority, or which shall have been sold under such direction but the proceeds of such sales shall not have been applied to the uses for which such property was seized, and all property which may be forfeited to any person or corporation, and which shall not have been sold under the direction of such person or corporation, or which shall have been sold under such direction but the proceeds of such sales shall not have been applied to the uses for which such property was forfeited, and all property which may be forfeited to any other person or corporation, and which shall not have been sold under the direction of such person or corporation, or which shall have been sold under such direction but the proceeds of such sales shall not have been applied to the uses for which such property was forfeited, and all property which may be forfeited to any other person or corporation, and which shall not have been sold under the direction of such person or corporation, or which shall have been sold under such direction but the proceeds of such sales shall not have been applied to\nvested of their guns and military stores, which are to be carefully preserved, all or any of the ships and vessels belonging to the navy, except the frigates United States, Constitution, President, Chesapeake, Philadelphia, Constellation, Congress, New-York, Boston, Essex, Adams, John Adams, and General Greene; and also to lay up all the frigates thus to be retained, except such as are directed by this act to be kept in constant service in time of peace.\n\nThis act was approved and signed by President Adams, on the 3rd of March, 1801 \u2014 the last day of his Presidency. The power granted in it, could not, of course, be intended to be exercised by him. It was solely left to Mr. Jefferson's discretion. If he had been disposed to increase, instead of diminishing the navy, or even to preserve what ships there were then on.\nHe was under no obligation to sell a single vessel. He acted in his own discretion and is exclusively responsible for the sale. If anything further was necessary to place this transaction on democratic shoulders, it may be remarked that upon taking the final question on the bill, from which the following section is taken, every democratic member voted in the affirmative.\n\nI have heard it said that some democrats, pressed with the fact that the British government were desirous of renewing Mr. Jay's treaty but that Mr. Jefferson refused it, have denied that such a disposition was ever entertained by that government. When the present state of our commerce is taken into consideration and compared to our situation in which the country was placed by that treaty,\nIt is not surprising that the party wished to avoid the confession we might have had about treaty renewal. On such an occasion, it is always well to appeal to evidence, especially that kind which is furnished by an opponent. The following extracts from the official correspondence between our minister in London and the then Secretary of State may throw some light on this subject.\n\nExtract of a letter from Mr. Monroe to Mr. Madison, London, April 15th, 1804, giving an account of an interview with Lord Hawkesbury:\n\n\"His lordship did not bind himself to say anything; he even went so far as to express a wish that the findings of our treaty of 1794 might be adopted in the present convention where they applied, and an expectation, that the accommodation which had been given would be continued.\"\nMr. Monroe to Mr. Madison, London, August 7th, 1804:\n\nIn certain cases, we should stipulate in our favor with the northern powers what they had yielded in return. I was very desirous to do justice to the moderate and friendly views of our government on the occasion, yet I could not accede to his idea in either case.\n\nI received a note from Lord Harrowby on the 3rd instant, requesting me to call on him at his office the next day. I did so. His lordship asked me in what light was our treaty viewed by our government. I replied that it had been ratified with the exception of the fifth article, as I had informed him on a former occasion. He observed that he meant the treaty of 1794.\nby one of its stipulations, was to expire two years after the signature of preliminary articles for concluding the then existing war between Great Britain and France.\n\n194 NOTES.\n\nHe wished to know whether we considered the treaty as actually expired. I said, that I presumed there could be but one opinion on that point in respect to the commercial part of the treaty, which was, that it had expired; that other articles had been executed, but that then, being limited to a definite period which had passed, must be considered as expiring with it.\n\n\"What then, says he, is the subsisting relation between the two countries? Are we in the state we were in at the close of the American war? By what rule is trade to be governed respecting imposts, tonnage, and the like?\" I said that the law in each country would govern trade relations.\nI presumed the points were regulated. He replied that the subject was under some embarrassment here. He asked how far it would be agreeable to our government to stifle, that the treaty of 1794 should remain in force until two years should expire after the conclusion of the fire sent war? I told his lordship, I had no flower to agree to such a firestorm; that the President, animated by a sincere desire to cherish and perpetuate the friendly relations subsisting between the two countries, had been disposed to postpone the regulation of their general commercial system- till the firearms arrived, when each party might find itself at liberty to pay the subject the attention it merited. He then added, that his government might probably.\nFor the present, according to the treaty of 1794, as it concerns duties on importations from our country, and, as I understood him, all other subjects to which it extended; in this case, he said, if the treaty had expired, the ministry would assume responsibility for it, as there would be no law to sanction the measure. In doing so, he presumed that the measure would be well received by our government and reciprocated by Great Britain. I observed that on this particular topic I had no authority to say anything specifically, as it was altogether new and unexpected; that I would communicate it to you; and that I doubted not it would be considered by the President with the attention it merited. I wish, however, to authorize no inference.\nthat the treaty should ever form a basis for a future one between the two countries, I repeated some remarks which I had made to Lord Hawkesbury in the interview we had just before he left the foreign affairs department. I observed that informing a new treaty, we must begin anew. America was a young and thriving country at the time that treaty was formed. She had had little experience of her relations with foreign powers then. Ten years had since elapsed, a great portion of the term within which she had held the rank of a separate and independent nation, and exercised the powers belonging to it. Our interests were better understood on both sides at this time than they were then. The treaty was known to contain things that neither liked. I spoke with confidence on that point.\nour part in making a new treaty was to ingraft from that into it what suited us, omit what we disliked, and add what experience of our respective interests might suggest to be proper. Being equally anxious to preclude the inference of any sanction to Great Britain's maritime pretensions under that treaty, in respect to neutral commerce, I deemed it proper to revisit the project which I had previously presented some time since for the regulation of those points, and to express an earnest wish that his lordship would find leisure and be disposed to act on it. Here it seems that the wish to renew that treaty was pressed upon us by too successive ministers. Lord Harrowby was so desirous of doing it that he offered to place the responsibility of acting according to its terms.\nThe principles of the British cabinet influenced him. However, Mr. Monroe informed him that in making another treaty, \"we are younger when that treaty was made, and are now ten years older, and understand our concerns better\" - in other words, Jefferson was wiser and a greater statesman than General Washington, and Monroe a better negotiator than Jay. Consequently, we refused to have anything to do with the offer. The practical comment on this superior wisdom and talent can be found in the following extract from President Madison's final message to congress at the opening of the session in December, 1816:\n\nThe depressed state of our navigation can be attributed, in a material degree, to its exclusion from the colonial parts of the nation most extensively connected with it.\nus in commerce, and from the indirect operation of that exclusion. Previous to the late convention at London between the United States and Great Britain, the relative state of the navigation laws of the two countries, growing out of the treaty of 1794, had given to the British navigation a material advantage over the American, in the intercourse between American ports and British ports in Europe. The convention of London equalized the laws of the two countries, relating to those ports; leaving the intercourse between our ports and the ports of the British colonies, subject, as before, to the respective regulations of the parties. The British government, enforcing now, regulations which prohibit a trade between its colonies and the United States in American vessels, whilst they permit a trade in British vessels,\nThe American navigation losses accordingly. The loss is augmented by the advantage given to British competition over the American in navigation between European and British ports, due to the circuitous voyages enjoyed by the one and not by the other.\n\n(3) Lewis was recalled from the frontier with disgrace and stationed at the City of New York to defend the most important position in the United States. No greater insult was ever offered to a body of people than in this instance, by entrusting the great emporium of the United States, threatened as it was with an attack for months together, with a man whose talents had been found incompetent for invading Canada. It is by no means clear that Lewis does not possess greater military talents than some men who did serve.\nI have met with much better treatment from the government. I would sooner trust him to conduct a campaign than Brown, if the object in view was of any greater importance than a smuggling party. Nor is it easy to perceive by what scale of merit men were measured, when Lewis was superseded at New-York, by his Excellency Daniel D. Tompkins, as military commander. Surely it was not science nor experience\u2014for as it regards the first, it is doubtful whether his Excellency ever studied through his military hornbook, and as for experience, it is not recalled that he ever was in any greater danger than when, at a review, his horse threw him into a ditch and sprained his thumb. That appointment, however, might possibly have been in part payment for his obsequiousness in surrendering the militia of the state to the President.\nThe United States were to be dealt with as he saw fit. As his Excellency was receiving the second installment due to him for his fidelity to the national administration, by being elevated to the Vice Presidency, he would for the next four years be too great a man to be called to account for the derangement of the state finances during the war and the prostration of its dignity, character, and influence at the feet of Virginia, for the purpose of securing his own popularity and promotion. Whatever else may be said of his Excellency, as an officer, he was at least as much beneath Lewis as Lewis was beneath General Washington.\n\n(4) Circular to the respective Governors of the following states.\nJuly 4, 1844.\nSir,\n\nThe late pacification in Europe offers the enemy a large disposable force, both naval and military,\nAnd with it, the means of giving to the war here, a character of new and increased activity and extent. Without knowing with certainty that such will be its application, and still less that any particular point or points will become the objects of attack, the President has deemed it advisable, as a measure of precaution, to strengthen ourselves on the Atlantic line. The principal means of doing this will be found in the militia, and to invite the executive of certain states to organize and hold in readiness, for immediate service, a corps of 93,500 men, under the laws of February.\n\nThe enclosed detail will show your Excellency what, under this requisition, will be the quota of\n\nAs far as volunteer uniform companies can be found, they will be preferred.\n\nThe expediency of regarding (as well in the designation of) certain places as military camps, and of taking measures for the protection of the public property therein, will be submitted to your consideration.\nnations of the militia, as their places of rendezvous: the importance or exposure of which will be most likely to attract the enemy's views, need only be suggested. A report of your quota's organization, when completed, and of its place or places of rendezvous, will be acceptable. I have the honor to be, [signature]\n\nHis Excellency the Governor,\n\nDevil of militia service, under the requisition of July 4, 1814. \u2013 New Hampshire, Sec.\nConnecticut, 3 regiments, viz. 300 artillery, 2700 infantry\u2014 total 3000. General Staff: I Major General, 1 Brigadier General, 1 Deputy Quarter Master General, 1 Assistant Adjutant General\n\nThe report of the Hartford Convention, having never been published in any other form than in pamphlets and newspapers, it is thought of sufficient importance. (200 KOTES.)\nThe delegates from the Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode-Island legislatures, as well as from the Grafton and Cheshire counties in New-Hampshire and the Windham County in Vermont, report the following result of their conference:\n\nThe Convention is deeply impressed with the arduous nature of the commission they were appointed to execute - devising means of defense against dangers and relief from oppressions resulting from their own Government, without violating constitutional principles or disappointing the hopes of a suffering and injured people. They prescribe patience and firmness to those who are already enduring.\n\nReport, Section.\nExhausted by distress is sometimes to drive people to despair, and the progress towards reform by the regular road irksome to those whose imaginations discern and whose feelings prompt a shorter course. But when abuses, reduced to system and accumulated through a course of years, have pervaded every department of Government, and spread corruption through every region of the State; when these are clothed with the forms of law, and enforced by an Executive whose will is their source, no summary means of relief can be applied without recourse to direct and open resistance. This experiment, even when justifiable, cannot fail to be painful to the good citizen; and the success of the effort will be no security against the danger of the example. Precedents of resistance to the worst administrations.\nIt is eagerly seized by those who are naturally hostile to the best. A person cannot sanction a resort to this measure; unless it should never be extended in duration or degree beyond the exigency, until the people, not merely in the fervor of sudden excitement, but after full deliberation, are determined to change the Constitution.\n\nIt is a truth not to be concealed that a sentiment prevails to no inconsiderable extent, that Administration have given such constructions to that instrument, and practiced so many abuses under color of its authority, that the time for a change is at hand. Those who believe so regard the evils which surround them as intrinsic and incurable defects in the Constitution. I yield to a persuasion that no change, at any time or on any occasion, can aggravate the misery of their country.\nThis opinion may ultimately prove to be correct, but as the evidence on which it rests is not yet conclusive, and measures adopted upon its assumption might be irrevocable, some general considerations are submitted in the hope of reconciling all to a course of moderation and firmness, which may save them from the regret incident to sudden decisions, probably avert the evil, or at least ensure consolation and success in the last resort.\n\nThe Constitution of the United States, under the auspices of a wise and virtuous Administration, proved itself competent to all the objects of national prosperity, comprehended in the views of its framers. No parallel can be found in history, or a transition so rapid as that of the United States from the lowest depression to the highest felicity\u2014from the condition of weak and disunited colonies to a strong and united nation.\njointly form a republic, that of a great, united, and prosperous nation. Although this high state of public happiness has undergone a miserable and afflicting reverse, through the prevalence of a weak and profligate policy, yet the evils and afflictions which have thus been induced upon the country, are not peculiar to any form of Government. The lust and caprice of power, the corruption of patronage, the oppression of the weaker interests of the community by the stronger, heavy taxes, wasteful expenditures, and unjust and ruinous wars, are the natural offspring of bad Administrations, in all ages and countries. It was indeed to be hoped that the rulers of these States would not make such disastrous haste to involve their infancy in the embarrassments of old and rotten institutions. Yet all this have they done; and their.\nBut attempting to change the Constitution on every abuse of power would perpetuate the evils of revolution. The experiment to regain the Constitution's vigor and for the people to recover from their delusions has been made under great disadvantages due to the state of the world. The fierce passions that have convulsed the nations of Europe and reached our citizens have given the Administration means to pervert public opinion regarding our foreign relations, acquiring its aid in indulging animosities and increasing adherents. A reformation of public opinion, resulting from dear-bought experiences.\nThe experience in the Southern Atlantic States is not to be despaired of. They will have recognized that the Eastern States cannot be the exclusive victims of a capricious and impassioned policy. They will have seen that the great and essential interests of the people are common to the South and to the East. Realizing the fatal errors of a system that seeks revenge for commercial injuries in the sacrifice of commerce, and aggravates, to an immeasurable extent, the injuries it professes to redress, they may discard the influence of visionary theorists and recognize the benefits of a practical policy. Indications of this desirable revolution of opinion among our brethren in those States are already manifested. While there is still hope for its ultimate completion, its progress should not be retarded or stopped by exciting unrest.\nFears which must check these favorable tendencies and frustrate the efforts of the wisest and best men in those States to accelerate this propitious change. Finally, if the Union be destined to dissolution, by reason of the multiplied abuses of bad administrations, it should, if possible, be the work of peaceable times and deliberate consent. Some new form of confederacy should be substituted among those States, which shall intend to maintain a federal relation to each other. Events may prove that the causes of our calamities are deep and permanent. They may be found to proceed not merely from the blindness of prejudice, pride of opinion, violence of party spirit, or the confusion of the times, but they may be traced to implacable combinations of individuals or of States, to monopolize power and office, and to trample upon the rights of others without remorse.\nThe issues and interests of commercial sections of the Union. Whenever it shall appear that these causes are radical and permanent, a separation by equitable arrangement will be preferable to an alliance by constraint among nominal friends, but real enemies, inflamed by mutual hatred and jealousy, and inviting by intestine divisions, contempt, and aggression from abroad. But a separation of the Union by one or more States, against the will of the rest, and especially in a time of war, can be justified only by absolute necessity. These are among the principal objections against precipitate measures tending to disrupt the States, and when examined in connection with the farewell address of the Father of his country, they must, it is believed, be deemed conclusive.\n\nUnder these impressions, the Convention proceeded to confer and deliberate upon the alarming state of affairs.\nAmong public affairs, especially those affecting the interests of the people who have appointed them, officials are naturally led to consider, in the first place, the dangers and grievances that pose an immediate or speedy pressure, with a view to suggesting means of present relief; in the next place, those of a more remote and general description, in the hope of attaining future security.\n\nAmong the subjects of complaint and apprehension, which might be comprised under the former of these propositions, the attention of the Convention has been occupied with the claims and pretensions advanced, and the authority exercised over the militia, by the executive and legislative departments of the National Government. Also, concerning the destitution of the means of defense in which the Eastern States are left.\nThe National Government holds authority over the militia through constitutional clauses granting Congress the power to \"provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions\"; to \"provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such parts of them as may be employed in the service of the United States\"; and reserving to the States the appointment of officers and the authority to train the militia according to Congress-prescribed discipline. The President serves as Commander in Chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia when called into actual service.\nIn these specified cases, the National Government has only power over the militia, and it follows conclusively that for all general and ordinary purposes, this power belongs to the States respectively, and to them alone. It is not only with regret, but with astonishment, the Convention perceive that under color of an authority conferred with such plain and precise limitations, a power is arrogated by the executive government, and in some instances sanctioned by the two Houses of Congress, of control over the militia. If conceded, this power would render nugatory the rightful authority of the individual States over that class of men, and by placing at the disposal of the National Government the lives and services of the great body of the people, enable it at pleasure to destroy their liberty.\nIt will not be contended that the power of the National Government to call out the militia is other than a power expressly limited to three cases. One of these must exist as a condition precedent to the exercise of that power \u2014 unless the laws are opposed, or an insurrection exists, or an invasion is made.\nThe President, as the Congress' organ, has no more power over the militia than over the armies of a foreign nation. But if the President's declaration is admitted to be an unerring test of the existence of these cases, this important power would depend not on the truth of the fact but on executive infallibility. Consequently, the limitation of the power would be nothing more than merely nominal, as it might always be eluded. It follows therefore that the President's decision in this particular cannot be conclusive. It is as much the duty of the State authorities to watch over the reserved rights as of the United States to exercise the delegated powers.\n\nThe arrangement of the United States into military districts, with a small portion of the regular force, unless:\n\n1. The above text contains no meaningless or completely unreadable content.\n2. No introductions, notes, logistics information, publication information, or other content added by modern editors that obviously do not belong to the original text are present.\n3. No ancient English or non-English languages are present.\n4. No OCR errors are present.\nAn officer of high rank in the standing army, with the power to call for the militia as circumstances require and to assume command of them, is not warranted by the Constitution or any law of the United States. It is not denied that Congress may delegate to the President of the United States the power to call forth the militia in the cases within their jurisdiction. But he has no authority to substitute military prefects throughout the Union, to use their own discretion in such instances.\n\nTo station an officer of the army in a military district without troops corresponding to his rank, for the purpose of taking command of the militia that may be called into service, is a manifest evasion of that provision of the Constitution which expressly reserves to the States the power to appoint the officers and to command their militia.\nThe appointment of militia officers J and the objective of detaching such officer cannot be concluded to be anything other than that of superseding the Governor or other officers of the militia in their right to command. The power of dividing the militia of the States into classes and obliging such classes to furnish able-bodied men, to serve for one or more years for the defence of the frontier, is not delegated to Congress. If a claim to draft the militia for one year for such general object is admissible, no limitation can be assigned to it, but the discretion of those who make the law. Thus, with a power in Congress to authorize such a draft or conscription, and in the Executive to decide conclusively upon the existence and continuance of the emergency, the whole militia may be converted.\nThe power of compelling the militia and other citizens of the United States by a forcible draft or conscription to serve in the regular armies, as proposed in 208 NOTES, is not delegated to Congress by the Constitution. The exercise of this power would be as dangerous to their liberties as hostile to the sovereignty of the States. The attempt to deduce this power from the right of raising armies in the Constitution is a flagrant perversion of the clause conferring that right and is incompatible with other provisions in that instrument. The armies of the United States have always been raised by contract, never by conscription, and nothing more is wanting for a Government to possess this power.\nThe power claimed to enable it to usurp the enemy control of the militia, in derogation of the authority of the State, and to convert it by impressment into a standing army. It may be here remarked, as a circumstance illustrative of the determination of the Executive to establish an absolute control over all descriptions of citizens, that the right of impressing seamen into the naval service is also asserted by the Secretary of the Navy in a late report. Thus, a practice, which in a foreign government has been regarded with great abhorrence by the people, finds advocates among those who have been the loudest to condemn it. The law authorizing the enlistment of minors and apprentices into the armies of the United States, without the consent of parents and guardians, is also repugnant to the spirit of the Constitution. By a construction of\nThe power to raise armies applies not only to persons capable of contracting, but also to those under legal disabilities, enabling them to be invested with the capacity to make contracts on their behalf. Such an interference with municipal laws and rights of the several States could never have been contemplated by the framers of the Constitution. It impairs the salutary control and influence of the parent over his child, master over his servant, and guardian over his ward, thereby destroying the most important relations in society. The conscription of the father and seduction of the son grants the Executive power over all effective male population.\nSome of the odious features of the proposed system by the rulers of a free country, derived from limited powers granted by the Constitution, include:\n\nWhat portions of these projects will be embraced in acts finally passed is yet impossible to determine. It is, however, alarming to perceive that these projects originate from the highest authority. Nor should it be forgotten that, according to the plan of the Secretary of War, the militia classification embraced the principle of direct taxation on the white population only. In the House of Representatives, a motion to apportion the militia among the white population exclusively, which would have been a direct tax, was strenuously urged and supported.\n\nIn this whole series of devices and measures for:\nThis Convention discerns a total disregard for the Constitution and a disposition to violate its provisions, demanding from individual States a firm and decided opposition. An iron despotism can impose no harder servitude upon the citizen than to force him from his home and occupation, to wage offensive wars undertaken to gratify the pride or passions of his master. The example of France has recently shown that a cabal of individuals assuming to act in the name of the people may transform the great body of citizens into soldiers and deliver them over into the hands of a single tyrant. No war, not held in just abhorrence by a people, can require the aid of such stratagems to recruit an army. Had the troops already been raised and in great numbers, sacrificed upon the frontier.\nIf Canada had not been employed for the defense of the country, and the millions squandered with shameless profusion had been appropriated for their payment, to protect the coast, and for the naval service, there would have been no occasion for unconstitutional expedients. Even at this late hour, let the Government leave the remnant of her resources to New England, and she is ready and able to defend her territory, and to resign the glories and advantages of the border wars, to those who are determined to persist in their prosecution.\n\nThat acts of Congress in violation of the Constitution are absolutely void is an undeniable position. It does not, however, consist with respect and forbearance due from a confederate State towards the General Government, to fly to open resistance upon every infraction of this principle.\nThe Constitution. The opposition's mode and energy should conform to the nature of the violation, the intention of its authors, the extent of the injury inflicted, the determination to persist, and the danger of delay. But in cases of deliberate, dangerous, and palpable Constitutional infractions affecting a State's sovereignty and people's liberties, it is not only the right but the duty of such a State to interpose its authority for their protection, in the manner best calculated to secure that end. When emergencies occur which are beyond the reach of judicial tribunals or too pressing to admit of their delay, States, which have no common umpire, must be their own judges and execute their own decisions.\nfor the seven States to await the ultimate disposal of the obnoxious measures, recommended by the Secretary of War, or pending before Congress, and so to use their power according to the character these measures shall finally assume, as effectively to protect their own sovereignty, and the rights and liberties of their citizens.\n\nThe next subject which has occupied the attention of the Convention is the means of defense against the common enemy. This naturally leads to the inquiries, whether any expectation can be reasonably entertained that adequate provision for the defense of the Eastern States will be made by the National Government? Whether the several States can, from their own resources, provide for self-defense and fulfill the requisitions which are to be expected for the national Treasury? and, generally, what course of conduct ought to be adopted.\nWithout pausing to comment on the causes of the war, it may be assumed as a truth, officially announced, that the Administration seeks the conquest of Canadian territory and holds it as a pledge for peace. This enterprise, commenced at a time when the Government possessed the advantage of selecting the time and occasion for making a sudden descent upon an unprepared enemy, now languishes in the third year of the war. It has been prosecuted with various fortune and occasional brilliance of exploit, but without any solid acquisition. British armies are recruited by veteran regiments. Their navy commands Ontario. American ranks are thinned by the casualties of war. Recruits are discouraged by the unpopular character of the war.\nIn the contest, and by the uncertainty of receiving their pay, Administration has left the exposed and vulnerable parts of the country destitute of all efficient means of defense. The main body of the regular army has been marched to the frontier. The navy has been stripped of a great part of its sailors for the service of the Lakes. Meanwhile, the enemy scours the sea-coast, blockades our ports, ascends our bays and rivers, makes actual descents in various and distant places, holds some by force, and threatens all that are assailable, with fire and sword. The sea-board of New England of the New-England States, following its curvatures, presents an extent of more than seven hundred miles, generally occupied by a compact population, and accessible by a na- (if this text is incomplete, it is not clear what \"na-\" is intended to represent and cannot be accurately translated or corrected without additional context)\nThe extensive shore, exposing a mass of people and property to the devastation of the enemy, bears a great proportion to the residue of the maritime frontier of the United States. This shore has been exposed to frequent attacks, repeated contributions, and constant alarms. The regular forces detached by the national government for its defense are mere pretexts for placing officers of high rank in command. They are besides confined to a few places and are too insignificant in number to be included in any computation.\n\nThese States have thus been left to adopt measures for their own defense. The militia have been constantly kept on the alert and harassed by garrison duties and other hardships, while the expenses, of which the National Government declines the reimbursement, threaten their resources.\nThe President of the United States has refused to consider the expense of militia detached by State authority for indispensable state defense as chargeable to the Union, due to a State refusal to place them under regular army command. Militia detachments at the disposal of the General Government have been dismissed without pay or with depreciated paper. The prospect of the upcoming campaign is not brightened by any relief from these grievances. From another source, it is clear that the treasury is bankrupt, and its credit prostrate.\nThe financial situation is deplorable, and those who care for the honor and safety of the country would prefer to conceal this melancholic spectacle if those whose infatuation caused this fiscal concern had not been forced to reveal it to the public. If the war continues, there is no hope for reliance on the national government for the supply of necessary means of defense. The States cannot discharge this sacred duty from their own resources and continue to bear the burden of national taxes. The Administration, after a long perseverance in plans to thwart every commercial enterprise, had fatally succeeded in their attempts at the onset of the war. Commerce, the vital source of life, had been suppressed.\nThe spring of New England's prosperity was annihilated. Embargoes, restrictions, and the rapacity of revenue collectors had completed its destruction. The various objects for the employment of productive labor in the branches of business dependent on commerce have disappeared. The fisheries have shared its fate. Manufactures, which the Government has professed an intention to favor and to cherish as an indemnity for the failure of these branches of business, are doomed to struggle in their infancy with taxes and obstructions, which cannot fail most seriously to affect their growth. The specie is withdrawn from circulation. The landed interest, the last to feel these burdens, must prepare to become their principal support, as all other sources of revenue must be exhausted. Under these circumstances, taxes of an unprecedented description and amount in this country.\nThe burden of taxes falls heavily upon States east of the Potomac, with New England States estimated to pay at least five million dollars for the upcoming year, and Massachusetts expenses for defense approaching one million dollars last year. From these facts, it is almost superfluous to state the irresistible inference that these States have no capacity to pay for their own protection and discharge national treasury demands simultaneously. The last inquiry, what conduct ought to be adopted by the aggrieved States, is of momentous importance. When a great and brave people feel deserted by their Government and reduced\nTo the necessity either of submission to a foreign enemy, or of appropriating to their own use those means of defense which are indispensable to self-preservation, they cannot consent to wait passive spectators of approaching ruin, which it is in their power to avert, and to resign the last remnant of their industrious earnings, to be dispersed in support of measures destructive of the best interests of the nation.\n\nThis Convention will not trust themselves to express their conviction of the catastrophe to which such a state of things inevitably tends. Conscious of their high responsibility to God and their country, solicitous for the continuance of the Union, as well as the sovereignty of the States, unwilling to furnish obstacles to peace\u2014they will, until the end, never submit to a foreign enemy, and confident in the Divine care and protection, they will, until the end.\nlast hope shall be extinguished, endeavor to avert such consequences. With this view, they suggest an arrangement which may at once be consistent with the honor and interest of the National Government, and the security of these States. This it will not be difficult to conclude, if that government should be so disposed. By the terms of it, these States might be allowed to assume their own defense, by the militia or other troops. A reasonable portion, also, of the taxes raised in each State might be paid into its treasury, and credited to the United States, but to be appropriated to the defence of such State, to be accounted for with the United States. No doubt is entertained that by such an arrangement, this portion of the country could be defended with greater effect, and in a mode more consistent with economy, and the public good.\nIn a state of greater convenience than any which has been practiced, if an application for these purposes, made to Congress by the State Legislatures, is successful, and if peace on just terms appears to be unattainable, the people would stand together for the common defense, until a change of Administration or of disposition in the enemy should facilitate the occurrence of that auspicious event. It would be inexpedient for this Convention to diminish the hope of a successful issue to such an application by recommending, upon supposition of a contrary event, ulterior proceedings. Nor is it indeed within their province. In such a solemn and trying state of affairs as may then arise, the Legislatures of the States, or Conventions of the whole people, or delegates appointed by them for the express purpose in another Convention, must act as such.\nBut the duty of this Convention will not have been performed without exhibiting some general view of measures deemed essential to secure the nation against a relapse into difficulties and dangers, should they escape from their present condition without absolute ruin. To this end, a concise retrospect of the state of this nation under the advantages of a wise administration, contrasted with the miserable abyss into which it is plunged by the proficiency and folly of political theorists, will lead to some practical conclusions. Recalled is the immediate influence of the Federal Constitution upon its first adoption and for the following twelve years on the prosperity and happiness of the nation.\nA belief in the transcendency of its perfection over all other human institutions seemed to countenance itself in the most favored countries. In the catalogue of blessings, which have fallen to the lot of the most favored nations, none could be enumerated from which this country was excluded \u2014 a free Constitution, administered by great and incorruptible statesmen, realized the fondest hopes of liberty and independence. The progress of agriculture was stimulated, and commerce, after traversing every sea, returned with the riches of every clime. A revenue, secured by a sense of honor, collected without oppression, and paid without murmurs, melted away the national debt; and the chief concern of the public creditor arose from its too rapid diminution. The wars and commotions of the European nations\nThe interruptions of commercial intercourse provided an opportunity for those who had not promoted but would have rejoiced to alleviate their calamities, by combining themselves to lay a broad foundation for national wealth. Although occasional vexations to commerce arose from the furious collisions of powers at war, the great and good men of that time conformed to the irresistible forces they could not control, and preserved their country in security from the tempests which overwhelmed the old world, casting the wreck of their fortunes on these shores. Respect abroad, prosperity at home, wise laws made by honored legislators, and prompt obedience yielded by a contented people, had silenced the enemies of republican institutions. The arts flourished; the sciences were cultivated; the comforts and conveniences were enjoyed.\nThe causes of life were universally diffused \u2014 and nothing remained for succeeding administrations, but to reap the advantages, and cherish the resources, flowing from the policy of their predecessors. But no sooner was a new administration established in the hands of the party opposed to the Washington policy, than a fixed determination was perceived and avowed of changing a system which had already produced these substantial fruits. The consequences of this change, for a few years after its commencement, were not sufficient to counteract the prodigious impulse towards prosperity, which had been given to the nation. But a steady persistence in the new plans of administration, at length, developed their weakness and deformity. However, a majority of the people had been deceived by flattery, and inflamed by passion, into blindness to their defects.\nAmong the withering influence of this new system, the decline of the nation has been uniform and rapid. The richest advantages for securing the great objects of the Constitution have been wantonly rejected. While Europe reposes from the convulsions that had shaken down her ancient institutions, she beholds with amazement this remote country, once so happy and so envied, involved in a ruinous war, and excluded from intercourse with the rest of the world.\n\nTo investigate and explain the means whereby this fatal reverse has been effected would require a voluminous discussion. Nothing more can be attempted in this Report than a general allusion to the principal outlines of the policy which has produced this vicissitude. Among these may be enumerated:\n\n- A deliberate and extensive system for effecting a combination among certain States, by exciting disaffection and insurrection.\nLocal jealousies and ambition, to secure popular leaders in one section of the Union, control of public affairs in perpetual succession. To this primary object most other characteristics of the system may be reconciled.\n\nSecondly, the political intolerance displayed and avowed in excluding from office men of unexceptionable merit, for want of adherence to the executive creed.\n\nThirdly, the infraction of the judiciary authority and rights, by depriving judges of their offices in violation of the Constitution.\n\nFourthly, the abolition of existing taxes requisite to prepare the Country for those changes to which nations are always exposed, with a view to the acquisition of popular favor.\n\nThe influence of patronage in the distribution of offices, which in these States has been almost invariably made among men the least entitled to such disposal.\nSixthly, the admission of new States into the Union, formed at pleasure in the western region, has destroyed the balance of power among the original States and deeply affected their interest. Seventhly, the easy admission of naturalized foreigners to places of trust, honor, or profit operates as an inducement to the malcontent subjects of the old world to come to these States in quest of executive patronage and to repay it by an abject devotion to executive measures. Highly partisan to Great Britain, and partial to the late government of France, adopted as coincident with popular prejudice and subservient to the main objective.\nThe text discusses the issues of misconceptions about the power and resources of nations, erroneous theories regarding commerce, and the administration's obliquity leading to national ruin. The Constitution's defects may have contributed to this state. Enumerating all improvements and proposing amendments to perfect the instrument is beyond the scope of this text.\nThe Convention has not assumed this task. They have confined their attention to essential matters, some more serious than others, suggested without disrespect to other States, and meant for all to find an interest in promoting. Their object is to strengthen and perpetuate the Union by removing grounds for jealousies and providing for fair and equal representation and a limitation of powers misused.\n\nThe first amendment proposal relates to the appointment of Representatives among slave-holding States. This cannot be claimed as a right. Those States are entitled to slave representation.\nInstitutional compact. It is therefore merely a subject agreement, which should be conducted upon principles of mutual interest and accommodation, and upon which no sensibility on either side should exist. It has proved unjust and unequal in its operation. Had this effect been foreseen, the privilege would probably not have been demanded, certainly not conceded. Its tendency in future will be adverse to that harmony and mutual confidence, which are more conducive to the happiness and prosperity of every confederated State, than a mere preponderance of power, the prolific source of jealousies and controversy, can be to any one of them. The time may therefore arrive, when a sense of magnanimity and justice will reconcile those States to acquiesce in a revision of this article, especially as\n\nCleaned Text: Institutional compact. It is therefore merely a subject agreement, which should be conducted upon principles of mutual interest and accommodation, and upon which no sensibility on either side should exist. It has proved unjust and unequal in its operation. Had this effect been foreseen, the privilege would probably not have been demanded, certainly not conceded. Its tendency in future will be adverse to that harmony and mutual confidence, which are more conducive to the happiness and prosperity of every confederated State, than a mere preponderance of power can be to any one of them. The time may therefore arrive when a sense of magnanimity and justice will reconcile those States to acquiesce in a revision of this article.\nA fair equivalent would result in the apportionment of taxes to then. The next amendment relates to the admission of new States into the union. This amendment is deemed highly important and in fact indispensable. In proposing it, it is not intended to recognize the right of Congress to admit new States beyond the original limits of the United States, nor is any idea entertained of disturbing the tranquility of any State already admitted into the union. The object is merely to restrain the constitutional power of Congress in admitting new States. At the adoption of the Constitution, a certain balance of power among the original parties was considered to exist, and there was, at that time, and yet is among those parties, a strong affinity between their great and general interests\u2014by the admission of these States that balance has been maintained.\nThe Southern States, materially affected, and unless the practice is modified, must ultimately be destroyed. The Southern States will first utilize their new confederacies to govern the East, and finally, the Western States, multiplied in number and population, will control the interests of the whole. For the sake of present power, the Southern States will be common sufferers with the East in the loss of permanent advantages. None of the old States can find an interest in creating prematurely an overwhelming Western influence, which may hereafter discern (as it has heretofore) benefits to be derived from them by wars and commercial restrictions.\n\nThe next amendments proposed by the Convention relate to the powers of Congress in relation to Embargo and the interdiction of commerce.\nWhatever theories on the subject of commerce have hitherto divided the opinions of statesmen, experience has at last shown that it is a vital interest in the United States, and that its success is essential to the encouragement of agriculture and manufactures, and to the wealth, finances, defence, and liberty of the nation. Its welfare can never interfere with the other great interests of the State, but must promote and uphold them. Those who are immediately concerned in the prosecution of commerce, however, are best qualified to manage and direct its course by the advantages of experience and the sense of interest. But they are entirely unable to protect themselves against the sudden and injudicious decisions of bare majorities, and the mistaken policies.\nOr, the oppressive projects of those not actively concerned in its pursuits are always exposed to harassment, interruption, and destruction, supposedly for securing other interests.\n\nNOTES:\n\nHad the merchants of this nation been permitted, by their own government, to pursue an innocent and lawful commerce, how different would have been the state of the treasury and public credit? How short-sighted and miserable is the policy which annihilated this order of men and doomed their ships to rot in the docks, their capital to waste unemployed, and their affections to be alienated from the Government formed to protect them? What security for an ample and unfailing revenue can ever be had comparable to that which once was realized in the good faith, punctuality, and certainty?\nAnd a sense of honor, which linked the mercantile class to the interests of the Government. Without commerce, where can be found the sustenance for a navy; and without a navy, what is to constitute the defense, ornament, and glory of this nation! No union can be durably cemented, in which every great interest does not find itself reasonably secured against the encroachment and combinations of other interests. When, therefore, the past system of embargoes and commercial restrictions shall have been reviewed\u2014when the fluctuation and inconsistency of public measures, betraying a want of information as well as feeling in the majority, shall have been considered\u2014the reasonableness of some restrictions upon the power of a bare majority to repeat these oppressions will appear to be obvious.\n\nThe next amendment proposes to restrict the power\nIn considering this amendment, it is not necessary to inquire into the justice of the present war. But one sentiment now exists in relation to its expediency, and regret for its declaration is nearly universal. No indemnity can ever be obtained for this tangible calamity, and its only palliation must be found in obstacles to its future recurrence. Rarely can the state of this country call for or justify offensive war. The genius of our institutions is unfavorable to its successful prosecution; the felicity of our situation exempts us from its necessity. In this case, as in the former, those more immediately exposed to its fatal effects are a minority of the nation. The commercial towns, the shores of our seas and rivers, contain the population, whose vital interests are most affected.\nVulnerable by a foreign enemy, agriculture must feel at last, but this appeal to its sensibility comes too late. Again, the immense population which has swarmed into the West, remote from immediate danger and which is constantly augmenting, will not be averse from the occasional disturbances of the Atlantic States. Thus, interest may not unfrequently combine with passion and intrigue, to plunge the nation into needless wars, and compel it to become a military state rather than a happy and flourishing people. These considerations, which it would be easy to augment, call loudly for the limitation proposed in the amendment.\n\nAnother amendment, subordinate in importance, but still in a high degree expedient, relates to the exclusion of foreigners, hereafter arriving in the United States, from the capacity of holding offices of trust, honor, or profit.\nThat the stock of population already in these States is sufficiently large to make this nation great and powerful in due time is not a question up for debate. Nor will it be seriously contended that the national deficiency in wisdom, arts, science, arms, or virtue needs to be replenished from foreign countries. It is agreed that a liberal policy should offer the rights of hospitality and the choice of settlement to those who are disposed to visit the country. But why admit to a participation in the government aliens who were not parties to the compact, who are ignorant of the nature of our institutions, and have no stake in the country's welfare beyond what is recent and transitory? It is surely sufficient privilege to admit them after due probation to become citizens, for all but political offices.\nThe purposes of the Convention extend beyond these limits. Encouraging foreigners to come to these states as candidates for preferment is inauspicious for the honor and peace of this nation. The Convention did not express their opinion on the harmful effects that have already resulted from this misplaced and indiscriminate liberality.\n\nThe last amendment concerns the limitation of the office of President to a single constitutional term and his eligibility from the same State for two terms in succession.\n\nUpon this topic, it is superfluous to dilate. The love of power is a principle in the human heart which often impels the use of all practicable means to prolong its duration. The office of President has charms and attractions which operate as powerful incentives to this passion. The first and most natural exertion of a person holding this office is to find ways to extend it.\nvast patronage is directed towards the security of a new election. The interest of the country, the welfare of the people, even honest fame and respect for the opinion of posterity, are secondary considerations. All the engines of intrigue; all the means of corruption, are likely to be employed for this object. A President whose political career is limited to a single election may find no other interest than what will be promoted by making it glorious to himself and beneficial to his country. But the hope of re-election is prolific of temptations, under which these magnanimous motives are deprived of their principal force. The repeated election of the President of the United States from any one State, affords inducements and means for intrigue, which tend to create an undue local influence, and to establish the domination.\nThe justice of securing for each State a fair and equal chance for the election of this officer from its own citizens is apparent, and this objective will be essentially promoted by preventing an election from the same State twice in succession. This is the general view that this Convention has submitted regarding the situation of these States, their dangers, and their duties. Most of the subjects it embraces have separately received an ample and luminous investigation by the great and able assertors of their country in the National Legislature. Nothing more could be attempted on this occasion than a digest of general principles and recommendations suited to the present state of public affairs. The peculiar difficulty and delicacy of performing this task are evident.\nAll, even this undertaking, will be appreciated by all who think seriously upon the crisis. Negotiations for peace are at this hour supposed to be pending, the issue of which must be deeply interesting to all. No measures should be adopted which might unfavorably affect that issue, or which should embarrass the Administration, if their professed desire for peace is sincere, and none which, on supposition of their insincerity, should afford them pretexts for prolonging the war or relieving themselves from the responsibility of a dishonorable peace. It is also devoutly to be wished, that an occasion may be afforded to all friends of the country.\n\nNotes. 227\n\nAll parties, and in all places, pause and consider the awful state to which pernicious counsels and blind passions have brought this people. The number of\nThose who perceive and are ready to rectify errors are believed to be sufficient to redeem the nation. It is necessary to rally and unite them by the assurance that no hostility to the Constitution is intended, and to obtain their aid in placing it under guardians who can save it from destruction. Should this fortunate change be effected, the hope of happiness and honor may once more dispel the surrounding gloom. Our nation may yet be great, our union durable. But should this prospect be utterly hopeless, the time will not have been wasted, which shall have ripened a general sentiment of the necessity of more mighty efforts to rescue from ruin at least some portion of our beloved Country.\n\nTHEREFORE RESOLVED:\n\nThat it be and hereby is recommended to the legislatures of the several States represented in this Congress:\nResolved, that it be and hereby is recommended to the several Legislatures to authorize an immediate and earliest application to be made to the Government of the United States, requesting their consent to some arrangement, whereby the said States may, separately or in concert, be empowered to assume upon themselves the defense of their territory against the enemy; and a reasonable portion of the taxes, collected within their respective borders.\n\nRecommendation for the protection of the citizens of certain States from conscription and for the assumption of state defense during wartime.\nResolved, that states may pay into the respective treasuries thereof, and appropriate the payment of the balance due said states, and to the future defense of the same. The amount so paid into the said treasuries to be credited, and the disbursements made as aforesaid to be charged to the United States:\n\nRecommended to the Legislatures of the aforesaid States to pass laws (where it has not already been done) authorizing the Governors or Commanders in Chief of their militia to make detachments from the same, or to form volunteer corps, as shall be most convenient and conformable to their Constitutions, and to cause the same to be well armed, equipped and disciplined, and held in readiness for service; and upon the request of the Governor of either of the said States to employ the whole or any part thereof.\nResolved, that the corps, as well as the regular forces of the State, or such part thereof as may be required and can be spared, be assisting the State in repelling any invasion thereof which shall be made or attempted by the public enemy.\n\nRecommended amendments to the Constitution of the United States be proposed to the States represented, to be adopted by them, and in such cases as may be deemed expedient, by a Convention in each State.\n\nThe States shall continue to observe the amendments proposed, until the same shall be ratified.\n\nNOTES. 229\n\nFirst. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included.\nWithin this union, according to their respective numbers of free persons, including those bound to serve for a term of years and excluding Indians not taxed, and all other persons:\n\nSecond, no new state shall be admitted into the union by Congress in virtue of the power granted by the Constitution, without the concurrence of two-thirds of both Houses.\n\nThird, Congress shall not have power to lay any embargo on the ships or vessels of the citizens of the United States in the ports or harbors thereof for more than sixty days.\n\nFourth, Congress shall not have power, without the concurrence of two-thirds of both Houses, to interdict the commercial intercourse between any state or the United States and any foreign nation or the dependencies thereof.\n\nFifth, Congress shall not make or declare war, or authorize acts of hostility against any foreign nation.\nWithout the concurrence of two-thirds of both Houses, except for such acts of hostility in defense of the territories of the United States when actually invaded.\n\nSixth. No person who shall hereafter be naturalized shall be eligible as a member of the Senate or House of Representatives of the United States, nor capable of holding any civil office under the authority of the United States.\n\nSeventh. The same person shall not be elected President of the United States a second time; nor shall the President be elected from the same State two terms in succession.\n\nResolved, That if the application of these States to the government of the United States, recommended in a foregoing Resolution, should be unsuccessful, and peace not be concluded, and the defense of these States be neglected, as it has been since the war began.\nAt the commencement of the war, it will, in the opinion of this Convention, be expedient for the Legislatures of the several States to appoint Delegates to another Convention to meet at Boston in the State of Massachusetts, on the third Thursday of June next, with such powers and instructions as the exigency of a crisis so momentous may require.\n\nResolved, That the Hon. George Cabot, the Hon. Chauncey Goodrich, and the Hon. Daniel Lyman, or any two of them, be authorized to call another meeting of this Convention to be held in Boston, at any time before new Delegates shall be chosen, as recommended in the above Resolution, if in their judgment the situation of the Country shall urgently require it.\n\n(6) The grossest indignity ever offered to the American people was in the appointment of Albert Gallatin to be Secretary of the Treasury. This man was a [UNINTELLIGIBLE]\nA foreign adventurer, barely fluent in our language, had only recently finished engaging in a daring insurrection against his country's government, making him a target for treason prosecution. Yet, this transaction that made him an object of abhorrence to good men, secured his popularity with Mr. Jefferson. General Washington's pardon for rebellion served as a passport to one of the highest offices in Mr. Jefferson's disposal. He bestowed it upon Gallatin, who began his career in this country by teaching the French language (he was not polished or pliable enough for a dancing-master). Gallatin is now reputed to be one of the wealthiest men in the United States and is the representative of our government at a foreign court.\nbelieve, notwithstanding all his wealth and honors, he has the satisfaction of being conscious that he is at present the object of universal dislike\u2014I might add, of detestation\u2014from all parties, as any man in the United States.\n\nFor further particulars concerning this virtuous compact, the reader is referred to Senator Giles of Virginia, Page 12, line 14, from top, delete \"in\" in \"emoluments.\" * Line 15, 5 from bottom, insert a comma after \"calculated,\" * Line 17, 18, from top, delete **\"** with,**\" and insert it after \"calculated,\" in the same line. Line 9, 15, from top, read \"laios.\" Line 22, 6, from bottom, insert a comma after **\"** misfortunes.**\" Line 28, 12, from top, delete comma after \"situation.\" Line 16, insert comma after \"three,\" Line 29, 3, from top, insert comma after \"Carey,\"\u2014 same page, line 20, insert comma after \"subject,\"\n[32, 9.3] From the top, read the course of democratic policy.\n[42, 1.1] From the top, insert a comma and read and threaten el.\n[64, 3] Read almost every method. \u2022\n[70, 5] From the bottom, read the complaint.\n[85, 6] From the top, read retribution.\n[99, 4.3] Read aur reputations.\n[104, 3] Insert a blank instead of a period after the first corruption.\n[3, 127-126] From the bottom, read riches and infirmities.\n[123, 4] From the top, delete it.\n[132, 12] Read militia.\n[234, 4-5] From the bottom, read one Brigadier General.\n[258, 6] From the top, read in a manner.\n[305, 2] Read obyinijsiy.\n[ccr<:j<]\n[tec ^K]\n[rococo X]\n[riiSau]\n[Tec C]\n[LCC, V^]\n[cE if remembered that on the sixteenth day of January, in the \n\u2022 year of our Lord eighteen hundred and sixteen, and of the \nIndependence of the United States of America the forty-first, C. E. \nGhice, of Washington, in the Diitrict of Columbia, deposited in \nThis office is the title of a Drama: \"The Bottle of Veivus, or Glory, Love and Loyalty\"; a Historical and Abstract Drama, in five acts, by C. E. Grice. In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States entitled \"An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies during the times therein mentioned,\" and also to an Act entitled \"An Act supplementary to an Act entitled \"An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies, during the times therein mentioned,\" and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching Historical and other Prints.\nIn testimony of which, I have hereunto set my hand, and affixed the seal of my Office, the date above mentioned.\n\nG. DEINE, Clk. Disi. Col.\nDRAMATIS PERSONAE:\nSir Edward Packwood,\nGeneral Keane,\nLord Widid Officers,\nGeneral Gibbs, J,\nGeneral Jackson, American Commander in Chief,\nGeneral Carrol,\nGeneral Cofioe,\nBishop of New-Orleans,\nColonel Oak wood,\nBrien O'Flanagan,\nMelville, senior,\nEdward Oak wood,\nTheodore Melville,\nLouisa,\nCharlotte,\nChud,\nGuards, soldiers, and others.\n\nTHE BATTLE OF NEWORLEANS\nACT I.\n[Scene i \u2014 JL Hiranj \u2014 a hall with maps, papers, hooks, &c. \u2014 Gen. Jackson and Edward Garwood. An orderly enters, showing a letter J of your first enterprise in this campaign; and approves the spirit of the action.]\n\nGen. Jack. Herein I am informed, young soldier, (shewing a letter J), and approve the spirit of the action.\n\nEdw. Your excellency overrates the little claim;\nI cannot merit in that achievement. But without him, a captive in the affair, for whom I beg your generous clemency.\n\nGeneral Jack. Perhaps the female prisoner mentioned here is the same.\n\nGeneral Jack. Let not the lady wait\u2014 admit him instantly. - Clo orderly. J\n\nEdward (exits).\n\nGeneral Jack. By all means. Gallant and brave, there is something in the manners of that man, which speaks loudly in his favor; his noble feelings for a captive enemy are volumes of commendation.\n\nScene 2 \u2014 Enter Edward leading Louisa and Child.\n\nGeneral Jack. Madam, your servant. My young friend here has informed me of your present situation, and I shall be happy to avert, as far as possible, the evils of captivity.\n\nZou. I thank your excellency. The kind offices of...\nHumanity can make captivity supportive; and my heart tells me, in this land of freedom, though yet a stranger and prisoner too, they will not fail to reach me.\n\nThe lady, General, - permit me, madam.\n\nThe lady, General, - most certainly, sir.\n\nHearing our convent spoken of - its quiet and secure retreat from the turbulence of the present time.\n\nGeneral Jack. Enough - your pardon - if it be your wish to retire thither.\n\nI.OU. Shall I go, mother?\n\nGe7i. Jack. O, yes, my little prisoner, I, or will you stay with me?\n\nC/iild. And be a soldier I.\n\nGer^. Jack. If you will!\n\nChild. I would like to be a soldier, (considering) but all - then I must leave my mother alone.\nI cannot do that until my father comes. Jack. Then you shall go along with your mother, and be a soldier after. Enter servant. The Bishop's compliments to your ex-wifeness, and waits your leisure. Gen. Jack. I will attend him immediately. He is in good limelight - INIadam, if you please; -VEW-OLEANS, &c. We will wait upon the Bishop, and you shall make your own arrangements for the convent. Lou. This condescension exceeds my hopes indeed. Gen. Jack. Lady, you flatter us; humanity in a soldier is but the common duty of a man; and he is unworthy of heaven's best gift indeed, who hesitates to give woman honorable protection. Edw. Come, my little soldier, let us march together, (exit Jack)\n\nScene 3 \u2014 Jasper's apartment in the house of Melville, senior. Capt. O'Flanagan and Melville, senior.\n\nMel. Senior. Well, Captain O'Flanagan.\nO Flan. Your honor.\nMel. sen. Here are the papers in order, (giving papers) and now that affair is dispatched, and your friend discharged from his obligation, will you answer my question, in regard to Colonel Oakwood's views?\nO'Flan. Will your honor first allow me to propose one?\nMel. sen. O, certainly a thousand if you please, Captain.\nO'Flan. Thank your honor; but one will answer the present purpose. An Irishman never requires odds when the difference is not much against him.\nMel. sen. Vary well, vary well, Captain \u2014 proceed, sir.\nO'Flan. Then I would ask you, sir, what have you ever discovered in the conduct of Captain Brien O'Flanagan, that should induce your justice to suspect his honor and call in question his integrity?\nMel. sen. Integrity \u2014 Captain I\n\n8 THE BATTLE OF\nFlan: Sure, now you have not lived by the laws, without ever a squint to that of honor!\nMel sen: Really, Captain \u2014 I do not perceive\u2014\nO'Flan: Arrah! sure enough!\u2014 Justice is blind, and I think it would do some people very little injury, just to raise the bandage a bit, and bother their good-looking eyesight.\nMel sen: Troth, sir, I don't apprehend you!\nO'Flan: Apprehend me I \u2014 O by Saint Patrick, I'll take good care of that jewel. But if you will have it in plainer terms \u2014 this it is: \u2014 the miscreant who would betray the secrets of his friend, whatever country may claim the honor of his birthplace, by my soul. Old Ireland disowns him \u2014 and though he can be no soldier, both himself, and he who tempts him to betray his trust, are worthy candidates for an elevated command.\u2014 (touching his conar.)\nI must humor him. aside. No offense, Captain. I honor your sentiments; if there is any impropriety you know.\n\nO'Flanagan. Impropriety! \u2014 look you, sir! I will just tell a small piece of my own private history, all the world is not acquainted with. I can always trust my own secrets where I can look after them.\n\nMel. sen. You do me much honor, sir.\n\nO'Flanagan. Faith not much, sir \u2014 I am an Irishman; that is to say, by birth; but I am an Irish American, that is, the adopted child of humanity.\n\nMel. sen. I ken ye ha' gotten very respectable connections, troth \u2014\n\nO'Flanagan. When I left my native country \u2014 oppressed, insulted Ireland \u2014 with an honest heart for my patrimony, poverty for my partner, and a plentiful stock of ill luck to begin business on \u2014 you see I was not overloaded with good company.\nWith a light heart and the world before me, I consigned my cares to the bosom of the Atlantic and whistled to the tempest that drove me to the land of liberty and justice.\n\nWhere you landed safe at last.\n\nAye, safe and sound; and then commenced my troubles.\n\nTroubles! sure I thought you had buried them in the ocean.\n\nMy old companions, but I made new connections.\n\nNo doubt they returned; and would, had you conjured them into the Red Sea.\n\nYou shall hear. Without friends, patronage, or money, I arrived a stranger in America. Before I could procure any employment, the disorders of the climate seized me; and but for the humanity of one man, would soon have perished.\nI. my peregrinations. In his own house, with the kind solicitude of a parent, he watched over me, administered restoratives, and, like the spirit of pity, charmed and soothed the burning rage of fever in my veins. My health restored, the friendly arm that raised me, still supported, and enabled me to place myself in a situation that promised competence and independence. And now, sir, what should I merit for betraying so kind a benefactor?\n\nMel. sen. Impossible I\u2014 such ingratitude would be an act of unimaginable cruelty.\n\nO'Flan. That you would have me perpetrate.\n\nMel. sen. How! Your friend, Colonel Oakwood\u2014under whose colors I have the honor to serve\u2014when I abandon them or the country that gives me protection, may I be driven from the ranks of honorable men, and roasted by the red allies of the enemy.\n\n10 THE BATTLE OF\nMy noble captain, I rejoice that this little trial of your principles confirms the good opinion I always had of you. O'Flanagan: No blarney, if you please, sir. I hope this little trial of my principles will satisfy you that there is one Irishman at least, who scorns to turn a traitor to his friend. I should wish the hint to prevail among our polished neighbors of the continent, that when they make themselves merry with our eccentricities, they will not forget, though an Irishman's head may be improved by the keen air of the highlands, the best affections of the heart are at home in the bogs. Sir, your servant, (enrir.)\n\nMilitary senior: Very well, very well, my fine spark; I shall find a time to take you down a bit for your blustering impertinance. The fellow knows my...\naversion to this Colonel Oakwood, whose son aspires for the hand of my daughter. The old man is ruined and delays a baubee has the young one, blessing himself -- a very beggar -- besides, he has imbibed the political dogmas of his ridiculous old father, and chats familiarly of my lords Castlereagh, Liverpool, and all the ministry at home, as if himself was a nobleman, initiated into all the mysteries of the cabinet. Charlotte must discountenance his attentions -- I will give her a lesson to ensure this immediately, for never shall my house be disgraced by a connection with an incorrigible political infidel, or the Melville blood contaminated with such an alliance -- never, never-i-troth, if I can prevent it.\n\nKEW-ORLBANS &C.\n\nScene i -- The British Camp before J^Tew-Orleans -- Distinct view of the City -- Soldiers.\nSir Edwann before Sir Edward Packenham's Marquee. Enter Sir Edwann, followed by an Officer giving directions - \"Bugle Jourish.\"\n\nGeneral Pack. It is well, and the Officer will keep his command. Are those orders dispatched to General Gibbs?\n\nOfficer: They are, Sir.\n\nGeneral Pack. And the notes to the directions?\n\nOfficer: All, please your excellency.\n\nGeneral Pack. Good. Be Vigilance the word; to your duty officer. (exit officer) Thy maxims, Fabius, and thy cautious conduct; thy prudence, coolness, and forbearing temper, hadst thou commanded in a war like this, would well entitled thee to praise, more loud than yet, the world has lauded to thy fame. By heaven, this puny warfare moves my indignation; and by the glory of my best fought field, I blush to see those troops, before whose arms the valiant of the world have fled the ground, and Europe's conquerors.\nThe laured crest was bowed, stooping to make war on raw recruits; a motley mob of various nations, differing in interest, moving by no concert. And led by men as motley as themselves. Why, it is Achilles armed against a gnat! - no more. And when they are beaten, what's the glory? Give them time and they'll destroy themselves. Proud city, tremble for your coming doom; within your bounds beats many a heart with life that shall pour its purple current to appease the angry spirit of indignant Britain; and ere three suns upon your turrets set, your gorgeous domes will pass to other Lords - thy halls receive veteran warriors.\n\nTheodosius, a guard conducting,\nTheodosius: Is this your general, soldier?\nSoldier: It is; and I dare say he'll do.\n(half aside)\nGeneral: Whom have you here?\nSoldier: A deserter from the fleet, taken near camp. We would know, your honor, how to dispose of him?\n\nGeneral Pack: Young man speak \u2014 who are you?\n\nTheo: A prisoner, Sir, as you perceive! Sailor; and, as my accusers say, deserted the fleet.\n\nGetting: Pack. You tell your story however. Are you aware this crime endangers your life?\n\nTheo: My life! Pray, Sir, to whom is it forfeit?\n\nGetting: Pack. Your country, sirrah; this has dishonored your desertion.\n\nTheo: Pardon me, Sir. I think my command will applaud my conduct.\n\nGeneral Pack: No doubt it will do you justice.\n\nTheo: It never justified oppression.\n\nGeneral Pack: It never sanctifies disloyalty.\n\nTheo: It has no cause in me.\n\nGeneral Pack: How, no cause?\n\nTheo: It is just and merciful.\n\nGeneral Pack: The world allows it \u2014 it is the Briton's boast,\n\nTheo: Indeed! \u2014 yes, they do boast thus.\nI, an impressed seaman, stand before you now, but not, as you think, an Englishman. That drop of blood, if any such exists within my veins, which holds communion, faith, or fellowship with Britain, while she rejects the laws of God and nature, trampling on both, is alien to my heart.\n\nGeneral Pack. Presumptuous wretch, beware; nor utter here treason against the government of Britain.\n\nTheo. Pardon the libel; it is the truth I utter, the language of indignant freemen, when nature's rights by power are violated. The air I now inhale gives truth its energy; and I feel its influence.\nWhat is at my heart. What are to me your government and laws, but objects of most deadly, rooted hate? When I am basely held an abject slave, where I have a right to be as free as you are; compelled to bear the lash, or raise my arm in His unhallowed war against my country, and own allegiance to my soul's antipathy.\n\nGen. Pack. You say you are not an Englishman\u2014 the freedom of your speech declares against you. Submit, acknowledge, and return to duty, or\u2014\n\nIvieo. Never\u2014 duty? Hold, hold. Sir, insult me not so far. My greatest boast is I am an American citizen. It was my intention to return to duty. It is in your power to give a noble proof how just a claim you have to generous feelings, when in a captive enemy you honor them.\n\nGen. Pack. It was your purpose, then, to join the enemy?\n\nIvieo. It was my purpose to join my countrymen; \u2014 my\nduty and allegiance there I owe. No power on earth can change my resolution. Gen. Packard, you refuse to return, then? Theo. 1 do, I am aware. Sir, I am in your power; and am not ignorant of British magnanimity to prisoners. For three long years of city and bondage, I almost cursed the sun that rose upon me; and loathed the light of heaven that saw my shame; \u2014 have prayed for darkness to enshroud the world; one general blank in nature to expunge me and my injuries from the roll of time. It is vain to tempt me \u2014 a thousand deaths on racks were welcome to me, if the alternative were British bondage, cooped with the bloodhounds of your boasted navy.\n\nGen. Packard, insolent railer \u2014 this virulence has fixed your doom. Guards take him hence; and await my further orders \u2014 away with him.\nApproaching vengeance arms my soul with fortitude, I'll bear what further orders may inflict upon me. Bring out your scourges; load me with irons; vent all your malice on me, and be judge yourself: how much superior to a British chief is the American who knows his duty\u2014how, with heroic courage, he endures torture when he is sure his country feels his wrongs\u2014when he beholds her rising to redress them.\n\nGeneral Pack away with him; let a dungeon hide him. By heaven, we'll curb this hot, impetuous spark; and learn him that we have reins for resistant spirits. Away, away. (exit J)\n\nThou. Lead on\u2014you hear his excellency's commands\u2014I am ready to follow you.\n\nI'd rather lead the forlorn hope than execute these orders; yet, I dare not disobey them. Well, well, perhaps his honor may countermand them. Keep a good heart, my lad.\nI. It is easier now. I have unpacked a freight of fretful feelings; and my heart seems lightened of a heavy load. Now for my prison. (exit.)\n\nScene 5 \u2014 In McLruff's senior's house, Charlotte alone.\n\nCharlotte: Heigh, ho! How dreary are these apartments. I wish my father was returned \u2014 I am weary of being alone; since the family retired from the city and my dear Edward comes so seldom, the house seems for all the world like a deserted castle \u2014 my father's company, though I am sure of a lecture touching certain offenses and misdemeanors of the heart, is some relief from this oppressive envy \u2014 his plan of sending me to the convent during the troubles, revives my spirits \u2014 I like it prodigiously, \u2014 and who knows, but Edward, like a hero in romance, may risk from the enchanted tower, his lady fair, and bring her to me.\nOff, in spite of all the dragons! The idea charms me! Behind the veil, I think hope smiles, and groups of loves and pleasures rally round her. I hear steps in the antechamber, they approach. Enter Edward Oakwood.\n\nRdna. Good morning, my dearest Charlotte. Let me call you still, though father's may be obdurate.\n\nCha. Oh Edward, the rigid mandates of unfeeling parents, time out of mind at war with holy nature, are all too weak to bind ingenuous hearts, or force sincere affection into love or hate, as prejudice, caprice or interest dictates.\n\nEdw. This moment rewards an age of wretched absence. The heart is jealous of its joys, that loves, believing all unsure 'till all's possessed; I come to know my doom, from you alone to hear it, \u2013 then, tell me, Charlotte, thou wilt still be mine, and fortune thy utmost malice I defy. \u2013 Pronounce.\nmy destiny, yet you are silent- then I lost indeed.\n16 THE BATTLE OF Cha. Needs must I pause, when so unkindly questioned.\nEdw. Pardon me, lovely girl, for worlds I'd not offend thee.\nCha. With most ingenuous truth, my heart I gave to him who doubts the principles that moved it- when Edward received the trifle, he believed it hottest.\n\u00a3.dtv. He then was basking in a golden sun-\n:he smiles of fortune, and the worlds esteem, were his ;\nnor dreamed he of reverses, \u2014 yet I could bear the change with fortitude, but that averted looks, even from my friends, speak to my heart a falling off indeed from fortune, sharper than dagger's wound, and rankle deeper.\nCha. As heaven is witness, never to fortune did I pay my vows, nor shall her fickle revolutions change them ever.\nEdw. O words of ecstasy! \u2014 now do I breathe\nHow impious to doubt such wondrous excellence. I do not know thy heart, the seat of virtue and the throne of love? Thy mind, superior to all sordid objects, towers over the groveling maxims of the world, and aims for a flight beyond its little views. Here, let me ratify again, that faith which was pledged by honor to my bosom's queen. (kneels and takes her hand. Charelais) Now rise, true knight, confirmed in sacred honor. Hear me, Edward. My father has resolved, the better to prevent our interviews, I think; but as he says, for safety from the gathering storm, to place me in the Ursuline convent. Inexorable man; Yet trust me, Edward. Hope whispers happiness will follow; and when my orisons rise with holy sisters, Heaven's blessing will attend my prayers and crown my wishes.\n\nSTEWART-ORLEANS, &c. 17\nEdwin's breaths, powerful from the humble heart; not prayers of saints before the throne of mercy, but more potent pleas, prevail with heaven.\n\n(During the latter part of this scene, Melville senior enters unnoticed and listens. Charlotte, turning, sees him and rises.)\n\nCharles: My father;\nEdwin: Your obedient servant, sir (bows respectfully.)\nMelville senior: You can make a very pretty speech, Oakwood, but, sir, how can you presume to address it to my daughter, whom I have positively denied your society?\nEdwin: Pardon me, sir, if the honor of a long acquaintance with Miss Melville pleases me.\nMelville senior: Truthfully, I am not pleased with these intrusions.\nCharles: Dear Father, Mr. Oakwood\u2014\nMelville senior: Silence, Lussey\u2014I did not bid you speak; retire to your chamber immediately\u2014go, I say. (Charlotte goes reluctantly.)\nEdw.: She goes in tears, oh, if he were not her father. (aside.) I am grieved, sir, to be the cause of those harsh words.\n\nMel. sen.: To break into one's apartments, encourage my daughter's disobedience. 'Tis very ill treatment, sir. You know I had forbidden her till I receive your visits, and will not be disgraced by their repetition.\n\nEdw.: As a man of honor, I demand to know what in my conduct, character, or life, you find that makes my visit here disgraceful to you, sir.\n\nMel. sen.: Have you not designs upon my daughter's fortune, to repair your own?\n\nEdw.: My sentiments towards that lady are honorable \u2014 nay, sir, I am proud to say were I to receive her hand from you, a prize I should esteem of countless value. Disgrace could never spring from that connection, unless it be disgraceful on my part. I could not buy her at a worth in gold.\nMel. sen. What are your pretensions? Are you not involved in difficulties? Have you no revenue to supply the wants of a wife, or, in short, that rank in society, befits my heir and daughter?\n\nEdw. Fortune has dealt most harshly with me, and as the world fixes for her votaries, placed me in humble rank, from more exalted prospects. I hold a commission in the service of my country, and that I deem a grade of honor, higher than mere money gives the wealthiest in the land.\n\nMel. sen. It's a counterfeit, uncurrent coin \u2014 respect it buys not, and the world pays no devotion, till the honor of it is genuine. A commission, I grant you, sir, but to what noble title in a plebeian country contemptuously? JEdiv. A worthy man's inheritance.\nMel. sen. How much money, how much?\nEdtv. More than the coffers of your world of knaves were ever stuffed withal, fair honor. Show me a title worthier of respect, and grace your daughter with it.\nMel. sen. Fine words and fine possessions, troth; get money, mon, get money, and buy honor; a great fortune will do more at market than all the titles of your honorable ancestry.\nHenceforth, my locks shall keep out who would intrude without my invitation. (exil.)\nI would have the power to keep intruders out more extensively than it is at present; that other lands would hold within their limits the unprincipled ingrates, that they disembogue, to heap their treasures where they vent their venom; then might we stop corruption's putrid tide; our country be secure from foreign taint, nor lavish our nurseries.\nAct II, Scene 1 \u2014 A scene in Xciu Orleans.\n\nEnter Edgar Oakwood and Cafit (O'Flanagan). Meeting.\n\nO'Flanagan: Good day, friend Oakwood.\n\nEdgar: I'm glad to meet you; my wish to encounter you was strong.\n\nO'Flanagan: And mine was no less \u2014 my heart is bursting with joy, and labors to discharge itself.\n\nEdgar: The cause of this emotion is clear \u2014 have you not seen the Tennesseean troops?\n\nO'Flanagan: You guess it rightly. I was at the review, and never have I witnessed such enthusiastic zeal before \u2014 never have I heard or read such warm devotion to the common cause.\n\nEdgar: Indeed, they are inspired with glorious ardor, promising a harvest of rich honors.\n\nO'Flanagan: Say but a tythe part of what appears is proof that the vaunting foe attacks a wall of brass.\nThe enterprise leads, as full of peril as the Persian at the Spartan pass, where the immortal band slew hecatombs of enemies and died for freedom.\n\nThe Battle of New Orleans. The initial spirit that prevails in all Americans defies defeat and promises protection. New Orleans may boast of her Leonidas; and future times, when they relate our story, will couple with our chief the Grecian hero.\n\nG'Flan. It seems as if heaven, propitious to our hopes, had from a host of veteran worthies culled the man, complete in every warlike quality, to lead our arms and crown our cause with victory.\n\nIllustrious man\u2014most worthy of command\u2014Language is poor to speak his merit home; he seems endowed with more than human powers; and molds men at his pleasure. Where wild confusion and disorder reigned, he introduced system and order.\nDience and control prevail. Materials opposite in nature, meet, amalgamate, and move at his direction.\n\nFlan. The very soul of action \u2014 he indeed towers, superior to a man; and rules the storm of battle. But tell me, Edward, were your scouts successful? I hear you made some prisoners. - 'twas a brave dash, and worthy of the leader.\n\nEdiv. You flatter \u2014 we had some skirmishing of pickets; brought in some stragglers, and among them a prize of countless value.\n\nO'Flan. I rejoice to hear it \u2014 an officer of rank?\n\nEdiv. Born to command, indeed; but yet no officer.\n\nD^Flan, Your riddle, pray \u2014 who may it be?\n\nEdiv. No other, truly, than a gentle lady.\n\nQ'Flan. A female prisoner?\n\nEdiv. And a fair one.\n\nO'Flan. \"Very handsome? \u2014 lucky rogue.\"\nleaves or Titan breathes his burning kisses or them.\nNew Orleans, &C. 21\nO'Flanagan, Bravo! Faith, very gallantly hit off.\nHeroics is the order of the day. You will become\nthe laureate of the camp, and wear the soldier's\nand the poet's wreath\nEdney. Poets have never feigned a fairer face;\nnor famed Apelles, for his Paphian queen, conceived a form so exquisitely turned, though all\nthe charms of Greece combined to aid him.\nO'Flanagan. Now Veritas I animate this lovely picture\nAnd like Pygmalion let me worship it.\nWhere have you lodged this nonpareil of beauty, say,\nEdward, shall I kneel before the shrine?\nEdward. With that devout respect that may become my friend,\na soldier's honor and a man's humanity; these powerful pleaders in misfortune's favor.\nThe Bishop is her present guardian, whose mansion is the asylum of the unhappy.\nO'Flannery. You throw cold water on the flame you raised. Edward will not suspect the honor of his friend, or think him capable of sporting with the vile.\n\nEdward. By heaven, I do not. Pardon me, Captain; I meant not to offend you. I know no heart more full of human kindness; and I am proud to share an interest in it; but I have partly heard the lady's story, and in my zeal forgot another pulse could beat as high for pity of a sufferer.\n\nO'Flannery. Edward, your hand; there's no offense, indeed. How much I honor such a noble spirit. \u2013 What shouts are those? (Shouts heard)\n\nEdward. The general passes from the camp; and thus the populace welcome the worthy chief. Shall we walk on and see them?\n\nO'Flannery. With all my heart \u2014 but after, you must procure me a sight of the fair incognita.\n\nEdward. Most willingly.\n\nO'Flannery. Alas \u2013 done. (exit.)\nScene 2 \u2014 Blish Camp, Giavdhome, Theodoue discovered in clouds. 'Am I awake indeed, or are my senses mocked with idle visions? Surely I am a prisoner here, and these are the chains that hang upon my limbs \u2014 yet what has past, or is, seems but the feverish fancies of a brain long deprived of rest. Tyrants, approach and learn a moral here. See that the victim of your little spite, unmoved, can look at death and smile in chains. Like Regulus, composed when for his country suffering, bear the malice of your fate with firmness; his heart unbent, unbroken, unsubdued. You cannot reach the freedom of the mind. 'Tis near the time the guard should visit me. I have some hope in him \u2014 he seems compassionate; and gentle pity, like a clouded sun, shines through the roughness of the soldier's manners. He comes.\n\nEnter a soldier.\nSol: Young man, I bring you food. Then: Thanks, good friend \u2013 I hope I shall not be troubling you long. Sol: I hope so too; and may a pardon revive us both. Theo: Death will \u2013 all else is hopeless. Sol: Still, there is hope where life is. Theo: Despair alone comes to the wretched captive of a British prison. My countrymen have learned what mercy to expect from officers well trained in British policy. It's theirs to Sol: Spare me the shame of hearing this rebuke \u2013 perhaps in part correct, but yet uncharitable. Theo: Speak not to me of charity; of British charity. What is it but remorseless butchery, cold-blooded assassination, chains, torture, scourging? Have I not felt it, cannot I prove it all? New Orleans, &c. Sol: This is the tempest of a noble mind, frenzied by wrongs and sufferings. I am, you see, a captive.\nBritish soldier, I perceive - yet, thou seemest compassionate and kind. Canst thou not pity, then, a wretched man, condemned to die - to die like a criminal, rather than raise his arm against his country's freedom?\n\nSoldier: By heaven, I can. I do most heartily.\n\nTheo. I pray you, soldier, do not tease me. I think thou bearest a heart unlike thy fellow's, for in thine eye the drop of pity trembles, and the soul's eloquence speaks comfort in it. If to do me a service is thy wish indeed, aid my escape; and to a noble act of justice, which rewards itself, I have the means to give the ample recompense.\n\nSoldier: Think not a bribe could make me swerve from duty. Listen - first know, I too, am an American. Though by a voluntary act I bear these arms, 'twas long before my country's injuries roused her to war. It is now my purpose\nTheo: I must escape, as the hated service soulfully despises me. I have never, and will never, aid my country's enemy in any way.\n\nTheo: Brave countryman, I am pleased and surprised by your declaration.\n\nSol: Be patient. Tonight, I intend to leave the English camp. Will you join me in this daring attempt, and share the risk? Life and liberty may still be yours.\n\nTheo: Thank you, thank you a thousand times, good soldier. May heaven reward your honesty and true allegiance. The city you besiege contains my parents, kin, and friends. Consider your own feelings, and do a noble act.\n\nSol: Tonight, I will guard your prison. Your food and implements are hidden there. Determined to attempt the risk, I will be provided with disguises and the countersign.\nAt midnight, expect me; then fortune favors, and the day is ours. Theo. If success, but follow the attempt. My worthy friend will find a welcome home; and comforts grateful to a declining life. Sol. I must retire; be prudent: Farewell till midnight. Theo. And then, farewell indeed.\n\nScene 3 \u2014 A chamber in the Convent. \u2014\n\nLouisa reads.\n\nLouisa. I cannot read, my wandering mind, unsteady to the book, still to its own peculiar grief recurs and fastens on its sorrows. (Rising, she throws the book aside. Oh! horrid war, of heavens fell scourges, worst; \u2014 wherefore, dread demon, from thy caves of night, stalkest thou to breathe contagious blasts on earth, poisoning its transient joys. Now, over the fields where teeming nature late scattered her harvest with a bountiful hand, thy iron arm the mild control usurps, while the mild control of nature is swept away.\nSmiling labor quits his peaceful reign \u2014 now to the gleaming instruments of death, the plough and sickle yield \u2014 now man to man opposed in deadly strife, with hostile menace, each to each displays the glittering pomp and proud ostentation of arms \u2014 each swelling breast with emulation pants. Nature's sweet sympathies quite, quite shut out, they meet \u2014 they struggle. O! horror! horror! Spare me, ye powers of mercy \u2014 let me not think that way \u2014 'tis madness, distraction. My Theodore \u2014 my husband, where, where, art thou? (sinks into a chair, exhausted with emotion)\n\nEnter Bishop of Jenkinson.\n\nBish. Benedicite, lady \u2014 in tears, daughter, why these horrid ways, have filled me?\n\nLou. O My good father \u2014 thy presence ever gladdens me. These horrid ways have filled me with sorrow.\nWith alarming fury, my busy mind had portrayed a scene so fraught with terrors that nature started at the hideous objects and rushed to my eyes to ease my swelling breast, tortured with fears raised by imagination.\n\nBish: Such drops do angels shed for sinning man; bright messengers of grace, and holy signs of chaste affections and a virtuous heart.\n\nLou: But holy father, they were selfish tears. Had you some dear beloved friend exposed to all the chances of the approaching fight?\n\nBish: Nay, cheer thee, lady; heaven blesses the righteous cause; my friends indeed will be where danger is; but God is just and merciful in all.\n\nLou: Good father Bishop, shall we not join our prayers that heaven would keep them in the rear of danger?\n\nBish: God's will be done. I came, my daughter, to receive from thee the promised brief report.\nYou are informed already, of my birth and parents; both English, my father and mother. I was yet an infant, when death deprived me of them; I was left to the guardian care of a paternal uncle, under whose fostering kindness, I scarcely felt the wretchedness of orphanage\u2014 but alas! ere I had numbered sixteen years of life, heaven called him to his rest\u2014 his heir was. A necessary visit of business called me to the sea-coast; it was there my chance to feel that passion first, whose impulse universal nature owns\u2014 it was gratitude inspired it. I was far from being tedious.\n\nBishop: Pray proceed. You greatly interest me.\n\nLou: One day, while walking on the seashore to breathe the wholesome breezes of the sea,\nI left my friends and climbed the fearful rocks that raised their towering heads along its margin. I ventured too far \u2014 my brain grew giddy, and my feet unfirm. I lost my hold \u2014 the element received me.\n\n\"Heaven's mercy! Lady.\"\n\n\"The winds blew high, and the vexed billows roared. While my companions shrieked and called for help, a stranger from a boat dashed in the waves and bore me safely from their rage and fury. My grateful heart acknowledged its lord.\"\n\n\"Most generous man! 'Twas nobly done indeed. To heaven was due thy offering, daughter.\"\n\n\"I gave my thanks to heaven \u2014 to him my hand and fortune; he became my husband. He was a native of this country, a young American, and a mariner. Engagements compelled him to pursue his enterprise; and for a little period, as we fondly hoped, England he left, and me.\"\nmourn his absence. Three tedious years have passed since then, while I have mourned his loss, nor know his destiny.\nBish. Alas, alas! thy story moves my pity; proceed.\nLouisa. Sinking with fear, yet hoping for success, I assumed the courage to brave the deep, and with my infant boy seek, with a widowed heart, his father and my husband.\nBish. Mother of Saints, reward this pious labor.\nLouisa. The war commenced and raged. We reached Bermuda safely, where I remained, waiting conveyance to the continent; a chance occurred for Halifax; we sailed, and after three days out, engaged a privateer that captured us; a British frigate, bound on the expedition to New Orleans, retook the prize, and with her, I arrived.\nThe subsequent events you know already, in the brief history of Louisa Melville.\nBishops Melville: I must suppress my thoughts until all is ascertained. (aside) Don't be alarmed, daughter, if this recital creates emotion. Be comforted \u2013 \"God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb\"; doubt not of His mercy to the wanderer. In the meantime, all methods will be taken to obtain a knowledge of the object of your searches.\n\nLouisa: Thanks, thanks, my reverend friend \u2013 one favor more, will swell the obligation.\n\nBishops Melville: Name it.\n\nLouisa: This casket of much value, I preserved. It contains rich jewels, and I would place it in your charge, whatever befalls the mother, for my child.\n\nBishops Melville: I will religiously observe the trust. I now take my leave \u2013 anon I will return, and hope, with cheerful tidings, to bless you, daughter;\u2014 the hand of heaven is here. (exit.)\n\nLouisa: Farewell, good father.\nBoy: Mother, is that my father, the one you tell me of?\nBoy: He is so good - he kissed me, mother, and gave me fruit.\nLou: Sweet particle, you must love him, he is very kind.\nBoy: Indeed, I do; I love him as if he were my father.\nLou: Heaven bless thee, sweet innocent, and restore him to us. Come, come, my boy. (exit.)\n\nScene 4 \u2014 Uendexvous.\nA sergeant and party of recruits enter, drinking at a table.\nSergeant: Come, my lads! We'll have the other bottle, and then to business briskly.\nRecruit 1: Aye, aye! Full of spirits, orderly - that's your way, Sergeant.\nRecruit 2: Aye, aye! A noble fellow, truly.\nSergeant: Aye, and brave, and of good report.\nAnd one I warrant to rise in the war, as well as another.\nSergt. Come, come, my boys, fill your glasses; and Dick will give us the song he learnt from the Boatswain of \"Old Iron-Sides,\" when he belonged to her.\n3d. Sol. Tip us the glass first \u2014 do you see, I like no song that goes by wind alone; so let us wet our whistles, and all hands pipe the chorus.\nSergt. Bravo, Dick! Here, lads, drink round; here's Success to the service. (all drink.) Now for the song,\n\nNew Orleans, &c.\n\nSONG.\n\nHark! the Clarion of war calls us on,\nThe descendants of Sires denied immortal in stone,\nYour faltering steps from the rest of the grave,\nTo preserve from corruption their laurels of glory,\nArise in your might,\nSnatch the wreath from the blight,\nThe garland of fame, won by valor in fight;\nOn the altars of Freedom, your offerings raise,\nTo heat the blessing by the blaze.\nLet us merge in one feeling, of generous stamp,\nFiery private concern, and all party dissension;\nLet each breast be a fortress, our country a camp,\nAnd indignantly foil every hostile pretension;\nArise, one and all.\nAt the Patriot call,\n\"Us in we stand, and divided we fall,\"\nFrom a Vandal invasion and Saracen grave.\nPreserve for you, sons, what your forefathers saved.\nWill the Sons of Columbia, inert and supine,\nSee their cities in flames, and their temples degraded?\nWill Liberty's heirs basely flee from her shrine,\nWhen their homes are attacked and their firesides invaded?\nDisgrace will who the slave\nIn oblivion's wave.\nWho will not maintain on the top of his grave,\nHis honor, his freedom, his country's fair fame,\nInviolate from insult, untarnished by shame.\nAgainst your Liberty's foes be your banners unfurled,\nTo spurn from your shores every foot of invasion;\nSecure the young hope of the world, Eion,\nAnd as firm as your hills fix the rights of the nation.\nWhile Yankee blood warms,\nWe heed no alarms\nIf true to ourselves, let the world come in arms,\nThe slumbering Hercules roused by the shock,\nWill prove to the world his legitimate stock.\nBe firm and united, resolved to maintain\nThe gifts which alone make your life worth possessing!\nThe foe will retire from a contest so vain;\nYour struggle be crowned by your God with his blessing.\nThen brandish your steel,\nAnd to heaven appeal;\nLet your insolent foeman discover\nHow mighty your strength when by wisdom arrayed,\nSluggish not your youthful power when in Union displayed.\n^30 THE BATTLE OF\nAll lips to the hand, who like Spartans have joined.\nHeart and mind, to the assault of aggression I\nInspired by one soul, and informed by one mind,\nThey will license by their deeds the inroads of oppression.\nMay Glory emblaze\nWith the pristatic rays,\nThe Patriot Warrior who acts above praise;\nAnd Columbia will honor the worth of the brave\nWith a wreath for his brow, or a tear for his grave.\nEncounter Colonel Oakwood and Captain O'Flanagan.\nO'Flanagan. Well, Sergeant, what success today were\nGet plenty of men?\nSergeant. Done very well this time, Captain, very well -- no keeping back now -- look your honor, here's a parcel of as fine recruits as ever stepped to the tap of the drum.\nO'Flanagan. I warrant, or the tap of the tavern,\nSergeant.\nCol. Oak. Very fine recruits, truly.\nO'Flanagan. Bad luck to the coward who shrinks\nfrom duty, in the day of his country's danger.\nSergt: Yes, Captain, that's what I tell my men - face to the right, says I - heads up - mark time - march forward, and Yankee doodle forever!\nO'Fian: Well, Sergeant, take these men to quarters; and do you hear, return to me, I have business for you.\nSergt: Very well, sir, I shall obey orders.\nDone very well this time, very well - come on. (exits Sergeant and Soldiers.)\nCol. Oak: Well, Captain, did you succeed with Mr. Melville?\nO'Flan: I did, my friend, and cancelled all the obligations. Here they are, (giving papers,) bonds, notes and all: and when they are destroyed, I hope to see you as cheerful as formerly.\nCol. Oak: My dear friend, I have no words to express my obligations to you.\n\nCol. Oak (to someone else): By saying nothing about the matter, and allowing another heart sometimes to imitate yours, O'Flanagan!\n\nNew Orleans, LA.\nO'Flan: By saying nothing at all about the matter, and allowing another heart sometimes to imitate yours, O'Flanagan!\nCol. Oak: State the goodness of your own. Were you not my friend when all the world deserted me? And would you have me forget it when I have an opportunity to be grateful?\n\nCol. Oak: Those are sentiments worthy of a Soldier; and more become the man than all the pageantry and pomp of power. Now do I see a man may be indeed the being he appears.\n\nO'Flanagan: Enough, Colonel, do not make an Irishman blush for having done his duty.\n\nCol. Oak: What have we here? (looking over papers) Does this belong to the papers?\n\nO'Flanagan: Surely \u2014 I received them all together.\n\nCol. Oak: 'Tis an error, (reading) \"To George Melville, esq. Yours in haste and confidence, Packenham.\"\n\nO'Flanagan: Ha! treason, by the powers \u2014\n\nCol. Oak: A communication with the enemy, surely enough; and on the eve of battle.\n\nO'Flanagan: To blow us all to the moon. By my\nfaith the old one will have a little trial here of his integrity and loyalty he spoke of. Col. Oak. I can scarcely believe the clearest proofs. It is indeed a most fortunate discovery of disaffection.\n\nO'Flan. A master plot of iniquity.\n\nCol. Oak. We must instantly to the General with this, and prevent the mischief before it takes effect.\n\nO'Flan. Oh, his judgeship will make a pretty figure in a high station after all! We will unmask the sly one.\n\nCol. Oak. We have no time to lose; justice demands the punishment for treachery, and it is the duty of every honest man to see it executed. Forland, a traitor with a traitor's doom, his country's curses, and the world's contempt. (exit.)\n\nAct III.\nScene 1 \u2014 The American Camp.\nVoloiivel OctlowdGil draws near General Jicl'soiift's marquee, and draws up on\nCol. Oak. Battalion, on your left: Jiouish of bugles - the one bearing a standard, enter from the right side of the stage. The line and return to its front.\n\nCol. Oak: Battalion, Present Arms! Shoulder Arms! Order Arms! Rest!\n\nGen. Jack, Defenders of the republic! Americans - I, by that great bond of fellowship, receive my cordial salutation. Were I now addressing an army, like that before your city, whose ravening eagles, glutted with blood and rapine, brood over our country's liberties, I could lead you back to scenes of Europe's wars and flatter the savage fetishings of our nature, with millions slaughtered for the sport of kings; show bloody laurels reaped in foreign fields, and scars received in battles not their own \u2013 then ask you still, to yield the purple streams, in which ambition...\nThe royal navy rides freely over a prosperous world. How noble are our destinies, Americans, our glory is to guard Columbia's rights; our country's gratitude, our rich reward. We wage no war for conquest or ambition, farther than may secure from rude assault, and shield the public safety from aggression. What man but feels this cause, what heart, that beats not for his country's honor;\u2014 who hears not now, \"Answer me, Orl\u00e9ans,\" and others? Would you not bleed for freedom? Have you a wife or daughter, think of Hampton; have you a son or heir, your father's legacy, was liberty;\u2014 protect your homes, your altars, laws and honor; your wives, your children. Most of all, your country demands your arm, to shield them from pollution. Merge in the general good all private feuds; the chain of union is a bond of adamant; one link.\ndissolved, thereat distruction enters, and the \nstrong temple of your greatness trembles, as when \none stone was moved, the palace fell, of famed \nBaharam, ancient Persia's boast, and tho world \nPost a wonder of the arts. If each man on his \ngrave resolve to stand, we laugh to scorn the con- \ngregated world, and hold our empire for succed* \ning ages. Soldiers, this standard, civic virtue con- \nsecrates to valor ; 'tis the city's gift \u2014 receive it \nas the pledge of patriot spirit ; protect it as the \ntalisman of freedom ; perceive it as the legacy of \nliberty ; \u2014 hung with your laurels, after times will \nhail this badge of victory as the sign of hope. \nDelivers the standard to Edwakd Oakwood. \nEdiv. Deputed to receive this precious pledge \nof patriot spirit as the City's gift, here, for my- \nself and brcthren in arms, we swear with life to \nRally round the standard; only in death resign it. From our hands protect, preserve, transmit it down to time, graced with the laurels of valour may achieve; the badge of victory and the sign of hope. (General Shotit and Jiourish.)\n\nCol. Oak. Attention! Shoulder arms! Battle, by platoons to the right wheel, March 1. The troops form a march and retire as they enter.\n\nScene: Companies. - Gen. Jackson, Gen. Coffee, and other officers of the army.\n\nGen. Jackson is a messenger dispatched to Gen. Coffee?\n\nOfficer: Before this time he is with him. Believe your excellency, whatever is possible to man, or can be done to urge him on with all speed, will be performed.\n\nGen. Jackson. Already his near approach has rooted from my mind a thorn of sharp solicitude.\n\nGen. Car. By noon, I think his troops will reach.\nThe lines and join his power to ours. I am Jack. Then, as the oak, the monarch of the woods, uproots and plunges from the river side, bearing impediment and check before it, sweeps like a tempest through the rapid current, so will I plough the swelling dangers up, that now surround us; and pursue my course, while, like the awful thunder through their ranks we drive the storm, and make destruction certain. Their numbers still increase.\n\nOfficer. Swelling and confident, they double ours.\nGeneral Jack. So much the more will be our glory when we conquer them. The patriot, struggling in oppression's grasp, from superadded weight springs more elastic; with double energy recoils, and rises in proportion to the burden on him.\n\nGeneral Carter. And when he mounts, oppression's arm is withered. Tyrants beware: whom heaven in wrath destroys, it first makes mad.\nmodern Carthage, bereft of her wits, pauses on the precipice, that yawns beneath, nor dares impending fate while yet retreat is possible : So stands the idiot on the pyre, his giddy mind, regardless of all danger ; sudden the hidden mischief bursts below, and sure destruction whelms it.\n\nNRW-OBTiBaxs, &0, SB Oca.\n\nJack: We have a cause that would make a dastard brave, fearless and valiant as a mailed marauder; no arm in all our little band but doubles the strength and sinew of their hireling slaves. I think, there's not a man we number on our party, would wish the foe a single soldier less, or bate one blow from the great debate of vengeance.\n\nGe'i. Car. By heaven I think so \u2014 they'll pay home indeed. The glorious sun in all its circuit course, beholds no scene more splendid or sublime, than a great nation, rising in its power, by its valor and its arms.\njustice armed to vindicate its rights. General Jack. Let them advance \u2014 we will present a front, firm as the phalanx Macedonia led, when nations trembled at her awful name, and the world's utmost limits bowed before her. By victory led, our heroes shall sail return, their brows with everlasting laurels bound; and to the eyes of their country raise, a glorious monument, of trophies won, from conquerors styled invincible in arm.\n\nGeneral Car. Invincible indeed, in confident conceit. They make us sport out of our scanty means \u2014 with taunting and unmanly gibes, antic devices, stale and pitiful, they disparage our leaders; underrate our preparation; mimic our order; ridicule our discipline; and in these humors parcel out the spoils, as they already had achieved our overthrow.\n\nGeneral Jack. Deluded men. These are the omens of their own defeat; and sure precursors of disaster.\nThis is the breed of noble, daring souls,\nthat, like a planet striking the trembling world, and\ntore the bloody wreaths from conquerors' brows.\nHear not ye ghosts of Talivera's fields, Vittoria and Vimeria hear it not,\nlest very shame reanimate thy dust, and the oblivious tomb refuse to hide thee.\nI tell you, sirs, just heaven has raised their pride\nto manifest its righteous favour here\u2014 their genius left them when they crossed the seas.\n'Tis ours, my friends, reserved for us, to show the admiring world the future course of empire.\nThe time calls out for action\u2014let us bustle.\nWill it please you, general, to go with me?\nGen. Car. Most willingly, where we can confer on future movements.\n'Tis meet we should be stirring.\nGen. Jack. Come, gentlemen, let us retire together\u2014the time will come for us to meet these\nforeigners - sharp be our weapons then, our wrongs to right \u2013 we'll rise in glory, though we fall in fight. (exit into the marquee.) ScEE 2. \u2013 Gen. Keane's Tcnl. Cmnsie.J (kneels Keane, Mull Gibbs, discovered chess.\n\nGen. Gibbs. \"And modern Lombards play it pensive chess.\" JMove-if you please, General.\n\nGen. Keane. Check to the Queen.\n\nGen. Gibbs. Zounds! that's unfortunate \u2013 my Bishop gone inevitably, \"our son shall win.\"\n\nGen. Keane. Check to the King: a coup d'\u00e9tat, upon my honor \u2013 come, a glass for that, what says your excellency?\n\nGen. Gibbs. With all my heart. Fortune still favors the brave; none but the grave, General.\n\nGen. Keane. 'Twas the play for a kingdom \u2013 observe, your Queen at the Bishop Knight's third place.\n\nGen. Gibbs. I perceived my situation too late to retreat.\n\nGen. Keane. 'Twas the precise ordeal \u2013 I would\nGeneral Keane: Upon my life, the only way to beat them; that is, not by argument - burst like thunder on their timid ranks, its bolt is not more certain.\n\nGeneral Gibbs: They have some men of tried and valiant spirit.\n\nGeneral Keane: Aye, some they may; but then the gross, your excellency knows our information is very clear in that - a mass of raw undisciplined recruits; militia-men, who have come together through commerce and adventure, outcasts of other countries, vagrants of their own. Are these the men to stand before our troops, whose arms the bravest of the world have fled, routed, discomfited, disgraced? No! no! at the first demonstration.\nThey will turn their backs and fly for safety to their mountain tops. General Gibbs, with all my heart, I would, if the attack were ready. Snug quarters here \u2014 and the possession of this post secures the ulterior object of the enterprise.\n\nGeneral Keane. I think before two days we are masters of it, and Jonathan removes.\n\nGeneral Gibbs. \"To the city of Kites and Crows.\"\n\nGeneral Keane. Good. 'Tis near the hour Sir Edward appointed we should arrange the dispositions of the forces; then, if the enemy refuses our summons, fortune and victory sit upon our swords; Britons strike home and conquer.\n\nGeneral Gibbs. Shall we wait upon his excellency?\n\nGeneral Keane. A glass, and then have with you\u2014 (they drink) check to the King \u2014 ah, I, General.\n\nGeneral Gibbs. I pray you spare me \u2014 a truce to that, no check to the King on this occasion, C'est mal appropos.\n\nSi$ THE BATTLE OF\nGeneral Keane: \"A palpable hit. The King and victory then.\"\n\nGeneral Gibbs: \"Ah, victory and the King (exits).\"\n\nScene 3. \u2014 l.:1. JichsQii's Mavqucc.\nJohnicr Gnu, tackleson, folowed closely by Gi.once, esq.\n\nGeneral Jack: \"I pray, sir, forbear \u2014 the duty which I owe my country, is paid in performing. It was never in my nature to stoop to flattery, nor do I think that man, my friend, who holds my favor at so poor a price, a coin so base, can purchase any part of it.\n\nMel: \"The world still claims its privilege till it praises the actions of the brave \u2014 'tis the excitement\n\nGeneral Jack: Say, ignoble minds, of little souls, who center in themselves, worth, virtues, qualities they never knew; who scent the incense sycophants apply; and think such worship honestly their due. Believe me, sir, the humblest soldier in our army.\"\narmy's ranks, if he but executes his duties well, deserves as fairly of the breth of fame, as nobly his country's gratitude and love, as any pious chief who leads him forth to combat.\n\nMel. sen. Excessive modesty. Indeed, dear General, you must not do such violence to yourself. Trotii sir, 'tis great injustice.\n\nGen. Jack. No move of this, I beseech you \u2014 your avocations are at the present most pressing; be pleased to interact plainly the business you have come upon; if I can do you service, command me freely.\n\nAcl. se?i. Then to the point, General \u2014 I have a suit against one Ensign Edward Oakwood.\n\nGefi. Jack. I know the young man well\u2014 a very worthy youth, and full of promise.\n\nMel. se?i. Overflowing sir \u2014 he has bestowed some of them upon my family, and on myself, who\nI. am. sen. His business here is to compel him to satisfy his bond. I ask for justice. Jack. His present engagements are to his country; that bond should be called first \u2013 it is a prior claim and cannot be delayed at this important moment.\n\nMe!, sen. But it must, General. Payment, security, or prison.\n\nGen. Jack. Are you acquainted with the recent misfortunes of his house, sir?\n\nMel. sen. I am aware of its defection.\n\nGen. Jack. You do know then his inability?\n\nMel. sen. I do \u2013 but I also know the law must have its course. I purchased his obligation at fair market. Now I would have my money. Am I not right?\n\nGen. Jack. His misfortunes have been in part occasioned by his devotion to the honor of his country.\n\nMel. sen. It would have been honorable for him to have discharged his debts.\nGeneral Jack. To avoid the ruin that involved him was impossible with honor. He might indeed, like many miscreants who infest the land, have gathered to himself a princely fortune, if like them he could have taught his stubborn honor to bend to interests, violated the laws of his agonizing country, and aided the assassin's dagger, to search out her vital, and pour out her life \u2014 O 'tis a baseness, but to think on, chills my blood \u2014 let public slander forever brand the traitors.\n\nMel. sen. Let the authority look till it's no concern of mine.\n\nGeneral Jack. 'Tis the concern of every man, to point the finger of contempt and scorn, to mark with obliquy the miscreant slaves, those base and groveling reprehensible, rank crawling cankers at the root of freedom, who feed and fatten themselves.\nMel. sen: Oakwood cannot discharge his debt or give security. A prison will be a snug retreat from danger.\n\nGeorgia Jack: Would you arrest him on the eve of battle and detain him from public service?\n\nMel. sen: Shall I obstruct the proper course of law?\n\nGen. Jack: The present law places him beyond oppression and rapacity \u2013 surrounding dangers have compelled that martial law should take the place of civil \u2013 you are not ignorant of this.\n\nAfel. sen: I shall insist on justice.\n\nGen. Jack: Then so will I. Do you know this letter? (Shelves the letter. J)\n\nMel. sen: It's a base forgery.\n\nGen. Jack: That will be proved. At present, I command you to retire and keep the peace. An honorable man would have observed a generous forbearance rather than foment private broils.\naided our glorious cause, not paralyzed an arm raised for the general safety. Mel. sen. I shall retire, sir, and pursue the course that will ensure redress, and give me justice. (exit.) Gen. Jack. O justice, one sacred virtue! how is thy name profaned, when even the ministers who wear thy robes dare with polluted hands approach thy altar, and with the holy law upon their tongues suffer their hearts to violate thy rites with impious mockery\u2014 Detested crime. (exit. J)\n\nOrleans, &c. il\n\nThe gardens of the Convent.\n\nEnter the Bishop and Charlotte.\n\nBishop/i. Nay, cheer thee, daughter\u2014 those lonely walks and contemplative bowers, whose solemn glooms appal the unpractised mind, by time become familiar, will assume an air of sweet tranquility and peace. Behold, as nature herself had sought repose, how quiet, how serene she lies beneath.\nFor us \u2014 the balmy air scarcely moves the aspen's leaf, and on the sloping violet banks below, the drowsy zephyrs droop their perfumed wings; here contemplation prunes her plumes for Heaven, and the free soul holds conversation with the skies.\nChiar. Father, this flower plucked from its parent stock, where late it bloomed so fresh and looked so fair, see how it hangs its lovely head and pines; even so the heart, sure sensitive as this, regrets the violence that plucked its joys, and may not choose but droop.\nBish. The heart is mended, daughter, by its griefs. Until all its worldly feelings are subdued to reason's steady rule, let the proud temper bend; and therein solitude is salutary, for anon it heals the bruised spirit with the peace of heaven.\nChar. Indeed, is solitude so sovereign?\nBish. Most potent, lady.\nChar. Ah, father, ere now, when I have wanted,\n\n(Note: The last line seems incomplete and may require further context or correction.)\nI have cleaned the text as follows: \"through the lonely walks that skirt our city, where but the mourning brook or warbling bird disturbed the silence there, then have I caught the spirit of the scene, and cried how sweet is solitude. Bisb. 'Twas homage done to nature. Char. I thought so, father; for then a sigh would rise to fan the offering; and my full heart would often bid me with fur some congenial friend to waltz I agree, how sweet is solitude. Eesh, O holy nature, how powerful thy eloquence; yonder appears the lady Louisa and her friend Oakwood. C/iar. Ah! Edward here! what can this mean. Bis/i. This way they come, and seem in haste. Enter Edward and Louisa. Lou. Rejoice with me, my friends! my Theodore, my husband is restored, is here. JBish. How say you, lady \u2013 here? \u00a3dw. 'Tis true indeed, and wonderful withal;\"\nThis lady, late my prisoner, appears to be none other than the wife of my early, long lamented friend, Theodore Melville.\n\nTheodore Melville, gracious Heaven, my brother? And yours.\n\nCiar: Where will these mysteries end? Madam, accept my heart's congratulations. Edward, give us joy; our meeting here indeed is happy.\n\nJSdiv: Most cordially do I rejoice with you.\n\nJSis/i: 'Tis marvelous \u2014 where is your friend?\n\n\u00a3dw: Within I left him with his child, while I prepared his wife to meet him.\n\nBishop: See! Where he comes, impatience gives him wings; already he is here.\n\nTuEODOKE rushes in, ivilh the Guild.\n\nYou: 'Tis he! It is my husband.\n\nTheo: Louisa, my wife.\n\ne/iild: Mother, Father.\n\nHtsh: Unlings of heaven upon thee.\n\n(curtain falls on the group)\n\nNew Orleans, act 4, scene 1 \u2014 view of the river.\nTroops landing on the transport vessels.\nGen. CoiFEB debarks with Sue, Salute of the forces.\nGen. Coff. Thus faith succeeds in our enterprise, and augurs a happy issue to our hopes.\nAt length, my friends, we view the hostile power, the rash invaders of our sacred soil; to meet whose menaced vengeance, front to front, have we sustained the toils of many a march; and hither brought our hardy western sons, to gather laurels, and acquire renown. Soon will the storm of battle burst upon them; and the proud foe in darkness veil his grandeur. My soul's on fire to meet the mighty conflict, and every hour's delay robs me of that time's glory.\n\nEnter Gen. Jackson and Oakwood.\n\nGen. Jack. General, I rejoice to meet you,\nWelcome, brave champions of the common cause;\n\u2014 your toilsome marches will be paid with honor.\nGeneral Coffel: We give your excellency many thanks. Well met, indeed, in Orleans. How stands the enemy?\n\nGeneral Jack: In instant preparation for attack and battle. His shining squadrons glistening in the sun, blaze with his beams, and counterfeit his splendor.\n\nGeneral Coffel: Let him advance in all his pomp of power \u2014 Let crimson war ensanguine all our plains \u2014 with hearts resolved to live or die like freemen, our little band will check their daring progress, and leave to after times a great example.\n\nColonel Oak: There spoke the soldier's soul \u2014 this noble ardor throbbed through my heart. It propels the blood, and warms its icy current in each stiffened vein.\n\nGeneral Carter: What greater glory have the heavens bestowed upon us than to fight for our country and for freedom?\n\nGeneral Coffel: Indeed, Col. Oak, the youthful vigor feels, as when my hand first clutched a maiden sword, and every pulse beats high with emulation to struggle with thee for the prize of glory.\nIn a store, what richer crown can mortal man obtain than patriot virtue gives? The laurel wreath, that binds the hero's brow, who for his country holds all abject el-e, grows in the Elysian gardens of the Gods, fed with the ambrosial dews and showers of heaven \u2014 and such a crown shall every soldier wear, who draws his sword for liberty and justice.\n\nGeneral Jack. Our country smarting with her maims and injuries is on the verge of ruin; but like a lion in her lair attacked, she seems most majestic at her utmost stand; flushed with success, and raging with ambition, the foe directs his conquering legions hither; menacing destruction, he listens only to a base submission.\n\nGeneral Coff. Stout be our hearts then \u2014 fight we not for justice? 'Tis true indeed, the time is full of peril, but that will only prove our public virtue.\nLet it press hard and you will find my friends, our western wilds preserve the ancient glory. Now, as I love my country and fear dishonor, sooner to torture would I give my limbs, than basely stoop to foreign domination.\n\nGen. Jack. These thoughts become the patriot soldier well \u2014 my heart is joyed to hear them \u2014 through all our ranks a spirit, worthy of the stake we fight for, warms every breast, creating emulation, which like an eagle, cowering over her nest, defies assault and promises protection; as if one soul inspired them all, they cry for vengeance on the rash invader.\n\nNow I rather be the humblest citizen, that stands between his country and destruction, than sway the power of universal empire.\n\nNew Orleans, &c. 45\n\nCol. Oak. This spirit roused, let Europe pour her myriad vassals forth, to awaken the abject world.\nOur country shall stand like a towering rock, and spurn the impotent waves that dash against her.\nGeneral Coffin: May she stand superior to the shock, and the world learn a lesson from her valor.\nGeneral Jackson: Wisdom, divine intelligence, inform her counsels; inspire her sons with fortitude and courage!\nUnion, the bond and strength of public virtue, now with thy silver chain circle her states!\nCome these whole hecatombs of hostile slaves, numberless as sands on Neptune's confines, bar every avenue to freedom's temple, crowd out her votaries from the hallowed shrine, and sacred liberty, thy holy fanes shall own an offending worthy of thyself.\nGerion Carvajal: May no malignant star, its influence shed, to dim the lustre of our rising hopes, or cross our Avices.\nGeneral Coffin: Well prayed my friend, Aren!\nWith all my heart \u2013 The brave command their destinies, while the coward, palsied with fear, foregoes the golden opportunity and frets at fortune.\nGeji. Jack. Fortune sits propitiously upon our banners, marshals us the way to victory; the destinies fight for us \u2013 the fire-eyed god of war, in thunder-clad, bares his puissant arm to lead us. My heart is full of confidence and hope \u2013 never did brighter prospects cheer the soldier with fairer promise of success and glory.\nCen. Coff. Glory and honor be to all and each who share with us the fortunes of this war.\nGen. Jack. Come, General, shall we to the camp?\nGen. Coff. Your excellency commands me.\nGen. Jack. First we'll see the disposition of the troops, and then to council; let not the day wear out, and find us lagging in any duty which the time suggests.\n46 THE BATTIX OF THE TROOPS.\nOnce more alone, my heart has room to pant. Lonely walks and solitary haunts, congenial to me now, I court thy quiet scenes; free to its feelings here, my joyous heart feeds on its sorrows, gluts upon its griefs unseen, unnoted, unannoyed by man. Here, in these still retirements, I will hide me, snatch a few moments from the idle world, allowed and sacred to consuming sorrow. O hope, fantastic hope, where are thy visions now; where are the joys my singing fancy drew, when blessed with princely fortune, generous friends, my days should glide unruffled by a care, and ebb in tranquil honors! Blasted by poverty, chilled by neglect, and the most unrelenting of foes.\nKindly cut of all, to bear the cold civility of summer friends, who unsuspicious nature made me think had fixed me in their hearts to wear forever. Well, well, let the cheat vanish; these are the last regrets I give my ill-starred fortune. Someone approaches \u2014 Theodore.\n\nTheo. Edward, impatient to acknowledge my obligations, I come upon the wings of friendship with my thanks.\n\nThe wings of friendship; 'tis an expression, Melville, the time has been unkind to us with rosy wreaths. Misfortune ate me, Ky-Orleans, 47. Sundered the easy gyves, and bade him fly the wretched.\n\nCome, come, my friend, these melancholy moods I will remember, when you were yet a boy. Since that time, I have learned to calculate for sudden squalls and counters.\nTheter-currents, as common occurrences in the voyage, scarcely worth writing in the log. But should these squalls and counter-currents drive you from your port or wreck your hopes \u2014\nTheo. Wreck Hiy hopes; they are too well timbered Ned, easily to founder, and as to driving from port, I bring that up, by lee-way and dead reckoning, you see. Come, I hear you have been unfortunate.\n\u00a3dw. Yes, 'twould be the first thing, the world would like to tell you of \u2014 I do not deny it.\nTieo. Well, I am heartily sorry for it, however\u2014 but never mind, the blind old lady has taken me by the hand.\nJidnv. I rejoice at that.\nTheo. You shall \u2014 for while we are in connection, Edward Oaknood shall never want a share of the profits of the concern.\n\u00a3dio. The same generous spirit as formerly.\nThco. I have enough to make us all happy.\nand though, you know, my father discarded me for my determination to enter the navy, which drove me into the merchant service. Heaven has led me through some trials to a rank of independence and conducted me home to enjoy it. My father I find has left the city. I hear some misunderstanding with the General has caused it. Tho' Very like - his ancient prejudices would never permit him to be well with a soldier, whose dress was not of the plaid or the scarlet. This is the EattiE of Edw. What strange occurrences we have met again; your wife too, my prisoner; it seems more than chance. Thou- Directed by that power who shapes our course, steer to what point we will. Edw. You find us surrounded with dangers; hemmed in by enemies, and on the eve of battle. Tho. 1 thar.k my stars that brought me to this.\nEdw: I'll have a share of it. Now, let me pay my debt with sweet revenge at home.\n\nEdw: What is your purpose?\n\nIheo: To join the corps.\n\nEdw: I'm going to the camp. Will you accompany me?\n\nJVieo: Willingly, my friend. You shall assist my suit. I'm impatient until I wear a sword and wield it in the service of the state. Not half a man is he who steps aside when his loved country beckons. Let us stand or fall; at least, by nobly daring, we reach fame, discharge a duty, and deserve a name.\n\n---\n\nScene 3 \u2014 General Jackson's Marquee.\nA Military Council \u2014 Presidential, General Jackson, Carroll, Collee, Sic.\n\nGen. Jackson (worthy and valiant friends), the time approaches that must decide our destiny. Either our country rises from the shock, immortal in a valorous, daring spirit, or from the proudest height.\n\"CI glory fallen, by mercenary hirelings bring it down, be blotted out forever. General Coffe Ere that happens, come the general doom, and nature find out chaos. Forget the fame our fathers earned when this same foe they vanquished by their arms, and gave a people freedom. Let not their memories rekindle our spirit; again let foiled invaders feel the power that nerves the arm and feeds the hearts of freemen \u2013 Again, O Liberty, thy eagle eye blast and defeat their hopes! Gen. Jack. In vain they swarm in myriads through the land; their thousand ships in vain assail our coast, if we resolve to guard our rights like men. What! shall this pomp of power compel us yield the smallest natural privilege we claim, to breathe with them the common air of heaven? When I am base enough to counsel this,\"\nMay heaven's red wrath overwhelm me for my crime, and blast my memory with a coward's name. Rather, let desolating war rage uncontrolled, and all the world against us come in arms; let us alone sustain the awful shock, and bury us beneath the mighty general ruin.\n\nGen. Car, ignoble terms\u2014the council spurns these conditions in indignant defiance. What then remains? Attack this giant foe and drive him hence; or if we fail, still let us fail as freemen.\n\nGen. Jack. My friends, we cannot fail, if to ourselves we trust, to help ourselves, the aid of heaven will help us. With patient sufferance, we have borne our injuries till blushing shame upbraids our long forbearance; our wrongs are multiplied; divisions magnified; and within, discontent nourished; and without, scorn, insult, mockery, and trampling in the dust. A people's greatness is not measured by its power to crush, but by its capacity for elevation.\ntheir loyal virtues, and they unconquerable, who will be so. The eternal mind is free from mortal bondage; the chains of tyranny too weak to bind it \u2014 our cause is just, our means are ample, our country yet remains\u2014 resolve. Redress is certain. Away with palsying doubts \u2014 lead on your power, chastise oppression, and redeem your country. Now by that Sainted name, who made our wars when the republic first aspired to arms, and blessed a nation with the rights of man, I swear, till honorable peace and rights restored return to bless the land, to banish all thoughts else, save vengeance on my country's haughty foes.\n\nGeneral Coffin. Before our eyes, St. George's banner waves, and hostile feet dare to pollute our soil; the foe already vaunts his conquest made, and bleeding livers in chains before him.\nGeneral Jack: Whether it was better to attack him first or wait for the onset of his menaced blow, let wisdom decide in fair debate and so determine.\n\nGeneral Jack: So be it, chiefs.\n\n(Trumpet sounded without.)\n\nEnter Centinel.\n\nCentinel: A flag from the British camp attends without.\n\nGeneral Jack: Let him approach. (exit Centinel J)\n\nEnter an Officer with a jug.\n\nOfficer: The British chief sends greeting to his brave opponent, and next, as you please, hear my farther orders:\n\nGeneral Jack: Proceed. The council listens to thy chief's instructions.\n\nOfficer: His excellency, anxious to restrain the war that breathes exterminating fire and death, proposes you receive his conquering troops and stay the bloody conflict that will ensue, should force compel a passage hither for his unconquered squadrons, by their arms.\n\nGeneral Jack: What follows, if this brave man is met?\nBy stern and resolute defiance here reply.\nOfficer. Defeat and desolation to your city follow, with all the horrors that await on war \u2014 so was Jackson bade reply: until his hostile bands retrace their march from hence, regain their ships, and leave the land in peace, we break off farther parley; and henceforth, let force with force decide, in bloody combat, for our sacred rights. So be our answer, and depart in peace. Let him have honorable conduct hence. Farewell.\nOfficer. Farewell \u2014 I grieve this summons should so ill succeed. (Exit Officer.)\nGen. Jackson. Now chieftains, close the council and retire. Invoke the heavens to smile upon our country, conduct her safely through the gathering storm to conquer in the conflict, fire every bosom.\nWith a holy zeal, and nerve our arms in battle.\nLet patriot virtue now sublime our feelings; its\nsacred influence possess our hearts, and make us\nworthy of the place we hold.\n\nACT II.\n\nScene 1 \u2014 Interior of General Iachthaeus's tent.\n\nIn assembly of colonial officers \u2014 Sedgwick, Generals Kanne, Gibbs, &c.\n\nGen. Packington. Yet a few hours, my friends, and all\nour toils will be repaid with the rich recompense\nof victory. Let us a short time dedicate to social\nharmony, let pleasure now preside, while care\nand discontent, banished our board, take refuge\nwith the foe, to goad and vex him. Strike on the\ninstruments. Let music charm the stealing hours\nof night, and bring the glorious morrow.\n\nBruce Battie op. C Grand Chorus: Xfuhi instruments.\n\nWhen the brazen trumpet's sound\nFills the echoing vaults around,\nDeeds of bold enterprise inspiring,\nHero souls with glory firing,\nHear the blast of battle roll,\nLark the warrior's irate soul.\nStrong in martial pride he towers,\nWhen the storm of battle lowers,\nWaste and ruin spreading wide,\nCharming victory to his side:\nThen the nations wait his nod,\nThen he seems a demi-god.\nWhen the reign of peace return,\nThen for tranquil joy he burns;\nWoman's smile his heart delighting,\nBeauty's blandishments inviting;\nHears no more the battle roll.\nLove, transporting, fills his soul.\nNow forgot his martial feats,\nEvery pulse to pleasure beats.\nGlory's wreath, and woman's smile,\nLow reward the hero's toil;\nVictory's garland, beauty's charms\nEver crown desert in arms.\nFill for him the racy bowl.\nCheer with generous wine his soul;\nVenus, Mars, and Bacchus courting,\nWoman, war, and wine transporting.\nHigh the rich libation pour.\nHear him fight his battles o'er.\nNow he mounts the rapid car,\nNow directs the storm of war;\nVictory's laurel seizing now,\nBinds it on his ardent brow.\nI - 3SEW-0ELEANS, &C. &S\nThen to ease his swelling breast,\nSinks in pleasure's arms to rest.\nGen. Pack. Thanks, Avorthy friends.\nThese cheering strains lighten the cares that press upon\nmy mind, and warm my heart with pleasure \u2014 yet,\nthe great business of the coming day will ever and\nanon intrude upon me, crossing the tide of joy \u2014 an\nadverse current.\nGen. Gibbs. The night is far advanced;\nand nature, drooping for her wonted rest,\nwarns us away.\nGen. Pack: O, that our sluggish nature\nshould weigh against the noble energies of mind,\nwith leaden ponderance bearing down the soul,\nwhich else aspiring spurns an earthward course,\nand wings its flight for glory. Then give the\ndues to nature. Dream of victory; for ere the\nday breaks.\nlight of day the attack begins must give us that, \nor sleep on btdb of honour. A bumper round, \nand then good night indeed. (7?// and drink.) I \nwill but see you fairly on the way, and then to \nrest myself. (exeunt.) \nSCENE 2--~0iifside of tltc Marquee. \nOfftcer^s Giiardf &c. cross the stage learing Sir \nEchvard Packenliam, \nGen. Pack. To all, and each, good night, and \nquiet rest. How silent all the camp ; such awful \nstillness as precedes a storm, when nature's con- \nflict shake the solid ball, and luin mounts the \nwhirlwind. How many a soldier sleeps secure \nto night, who, ere another, must to sleep ff. rover. \nWeigh, balmy blessing, heavy on their lids, and \nfeed their hearts with spirits. \n(entere the, marquee.) \n$i THE BATTLE OP \nSCENE 3 \u2014 Intenor of Sir Edivard*s Marquee. \nThe General lUscovertd sleeping \u2014 The Genius \nof Dreams descends in a car of clouds; ap- \nArise and come away, you shadowy forms of things gone by,\nWhether on Lethe's banks you lie or viewless float in nether sky,\nAs ye were once in time, appear,\nYe fleeting shadows, hither hie,\nUnreal pageants greet his eye,\nAnd mock his charmed ear.\nArise, appear, appear.\nShadows rise in the back and show the pageant of a battle;\nDuring which Sir Mdivard appears restless; as it progresses, he becomes more agitated.\nStarts from sleep\u2014shadows disappear\u2014exclaims,\nNow, now they retire! press upon them, bravely!\nI they yield; they fly\u2014victory! victory!\nKew-Orians, 6ce, 55^\nGuards encircle and hustle the exhausted into their arms.\nWho calls so loudly?\nGen. Pack. Ha, how now \u2014 what's the matter?\nGua. How fares your excellency?\nGen. Pack. Excellent. It was but the airy pacification which the brain engenders in sleep. My drowsy senses have been mocked with visions, abused with dreams, and idle phantasies. The battle ragged, fiercely my veterans fought; victory was ours\u2014then all my faculties of soul engaged, sundered the bands of sleep.\nGua. A happy presage of success.\nGen. Pack. No doubt. Get you hence\u2014once more I'll try to rest; when I awake, see all things ready as I ordered\u2014away. (Exit Guard.)\n\nScene 4 \u2014 The Tbmencan Camp.\nThe troops in motion\u2014drums beating; parties of soldiers cross the stage in different directions.\n\nEnter Col. Oakwooh and Capt. O'Flaxegan.\nCol. Oak. The enemy is so near us? Say you?\nO'Flan. Already, as the morning clears, colors may be seen distinctly from our works, and they advance.\nCol. Oak. Let them come on; thanks to our vigilance, they'll not surprise us. Is the General stirring?\nO'Flan. All energy. I met him giving orders on the field, cheering the troops, who caught and echoed his zeal and ardent spirit; and as his chariot dashed along the line, their shouts expressed their confidence and courage.\n\nCol. Oak:\nThis day shall crown our hopes and bless our arms, and with a ray of glory write our names. The chosen band that fight with us this day, will make New Orleans our country's boast to all succeeding times. Now then, to join the high illustrious few, and share with them a crown of fadeless verdure. (exeunt.)\nSCENE 5 \u2014 Tim Jimerkun introduces. The Jagjiying on [he wields. Two of British troops, led by Sir Edward Fakenham, make him check. Sir Eyre Coote falls \u2014 the party retreats \u2014 succeeded by another.\n\nGen. Packer. Now my brave fellows, cheer up and set on \u2014 plant on their works the banner of Saint George, and add another victory to your fame. \u2014 Follow your General.\n\n(Advances \u2014 receives the fire\u2014 falls.)\n\nThe fight becomes general. The American Colours are shot at. Edward Oakwood is seen on [the field \u2014 leaves his sword in hand against them. Seizes the Colours \u2014 is attacked.\n\nEdward. My life \u2014 or gain the Colours \u2014 (Icares.)\n\nA sortie made from these intrenchments to his aid, led by Charlotte Melville, in the dress of a hussar, who draws and fires a pistol \u2014 relieves Edward from the stroke of a sabre raised over him. He recovers the Colours.\nThe British retreat. Carlotta, in the act of removing her helmet, discovers her sex.\n\nCharles. My life, brave soldier\u2014 (revealing herself as) merciful powers\u2014 Is this real? Do I behold, in my presence, my loved, my constant Charlotte I?\n\nCharlette. Forgive me, Edward, if today, you see me here, a soldier by your side. In her dear country's cause, a woman's appetite towers above her sex\u2014 and heaven in this was ordained.\n\nEdward. Amazement checks my utterance. Not till this moment did a coward's heart beat in my bosom\u2014 a thousand dangers, now I see, surround us. Fly from this field of slaughter; make yourself safe, and I'm a man again.\n\nCharlette. I must retire. I feel my strength unequal to my wish\u2014that still would have me near you. Nature, exhausted by unusual efforts, no longer.\nlonger aids my will and high ambition. Come then, my life's preserver, make me sure a place of safety holds my heart's best love.\n\nScene 6 \u2014 Changes to another part of the field.\nDistant firing.\n\nEnter two Soldiers injured.\n\n1st Sol Plague on the wound \u2014 they have spoiled my hand for shooting. How goes the battle, comrade?\n\n2nd Sol As well as we could wish. I met some prisoners who report three of the British Generals killed, and the army retreating before our brave commander.\n\n1st Sol Thank heaven he is safe. I saw him, in a blaze of fire, direct the battle. Now, said the noble General, play the man. Let this day settle the business \u2014 and then again dashed in the thickest of the fight.\n\n2nd Sol Hark! It's the retreat is sounded. Shouts, irregulars, is'c.\n\n1st Sol And shouts of victory \u2014 are they not?\nI second, noble fellows, brave soldiers. Stand aside. The American Indians, as they retire from the hall, enter and draw up, enclosing the General and Officers, who form a group in the square.\n\nGeneral Jack. Thus far, brave warriors, have we backward traced from victory's hot pursuit our steady march. Fairly brought off our honor and subdued the foe. In my country's name, comrades in arms, thanks. Peace to the memories of the fallen brave. To them shall rise a monument more proud than Antigonus to his father raised, when Greece adorned Demetrius' splendid tomb, and hung her garlands on the sacred vase. Advance the standard in the army's front; let every soldier see the unfledged bird, that tore from its nest.\nforeign eagles victory's wreath. Behold the banter, by a woman saved. Hereafter, should the leagued world enraged, assault those rights and liberties, so well maintained, point to that trophy of a female arm, and half unman its vengeance. Now, let your warlike instruments proclaim to the high heavens your this day's worthy deeds; and the blue concave echo to the world, the noble New-Orleans, C. 59. Daring of the patriot band, that foiled the invader and redeemed the land. Hence, should a foreign foe assault your rights, Justice and union be your sevenfold mail; To venal arts let vassal nations yield, Duty and beauty are Columbia's shield. (General Jlourish and shout of the troops.) THE BND. in^HTT", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"language": "fre", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1816", "title": "Beaute\u0301s de l'histoire du Portugal;", "creator": "Durdent, R.-J. (Rene\u0301-Jean), approximately 1776-1819", "lccn": "35015071", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST001305", "identifier_bib": "00099621424", "call_number": "7828452", "boxid": "00099621424", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "publisher": "Paris, A. Eymery", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "4", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2014-04-01 16:35:10", "updatedate": "2014-04-01 17:50:25", "updater": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "identifier": "beautesdelhistoi00durd", "uploader": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "addeddate": "2014-04-01 17:50:28.052188", "scanner": "scribe11.capitolhill.archive.org", "repub_seconds": "94040", "ppi": "500", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "associate-ganzorig-purevee@archive.org", "scandate": "20140414193848", "republisher": "associate-ganzorig-purevee@archive.org", "imagecount": "392", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/beautesdelhistoi00durd", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t0xp9mg63", "scanfee": "100", "invoice": "36", "sponsordate": "20140430", "backup_location": "ia905806_6", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1041073147", "openlibrary_work": "OL24911509W", "openlibrary_edition": "OL33113307M", "subject": "Portugal -- History", "description": "370 p. 18 cm", "republisher_operator": "associate-ganzorig-purevee@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20140416130703", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "76", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1816, "content": "BEAUTIES OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL. Each copy must be covered with my signature. I will continue to pursue counterfeiters. PRINTING HOUSE OF FAIN, PLACE OF THE OD\u00c9ON.\n\nBEAUTIES OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL\nOr a brief history of this country, from antiquity to our days, in which the description of the manners and customs of its inhabitants, its discoveries, commerce, wars, and the most remarkable persons who have passed through it at all periods is found.\n\nWork intended for instruction and amusement of youth, AND DECORATED WITH SIX BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS:\nBy J.-R. DURDENT.\n\nPARIS,\nAT THE LIBRARY OF EDUCATION,\nof Alexis EYMEUY, rue Mazarine, No. 30.\n\nBEAUTIES OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL.\nINTRODUCTION.\nThis verse of a great poet,\n\"Each people in turn has shone on the earth.\"\nThe most natural way to appear in the mind is when studying the interesting annals of Portugal. Since Roman times, the inhabitants of this region were worthy, under the name Lusitanians, of occupying a few pages in history. This is why events that occurred in their country during the rule of Viriatus, their Annibal, and Sertorius have been included in this collection. scarcely had the Iberian Peninsula and Portugal emerged as a distinct entity, that this country, like the rest of Europe, did not long delay in having its independent sovereigns. Then began the brilliant epoch of its glory and conquests in the Indies. This epoch encompasses the time that elapsed from Vasco da Gama's voyage beyond the Cape of Good Hope until the present moment.\nIn this period, due to the imprudent expedition of King Sebastian, Portugal became a province of Spain. It was also during this time that I became particularly attached to this collection, dedicated, like several others I have already published, to drawing the attention of young people to worthy facts.\n\nThe Portuguese have too much delicacy and activity not to have cultivated letters and arts successfully; but it can be said with reason that the political circumstances in which they found themselves, constant wars either far or near on their own territory, and finally the lack of encouragement, prevented them from producing a great number of works that form a literature properly speaking and a school of fine arts for a nation. The Camoens [sic] estate:\nAmong the few recognized poets in their foreign lands, only Barros holds the title of \"Tite Live Portuguese.\" However, neither Faria, the count of Eryceira, nor Barros himself, have European reputations. The same can be said for the arts. Few talented painters, such as Co\u00ebllo, exist, and they are often mistaken for Spanish artists, so little-known outside their country.\n\nNevertheless, these facts are no cause for reproach among the Portuguese. The primary reason preventing them from taking the lead among nations is the limited extent of their territory and the small size of their population. Relegated to some extent,\nSorte is located at the end of Europe, occupying barely a border in such a vast country as Spain. The Spaniards, who were constantly overlooked and neglected, were almost always outnumbered in their battles against the Moors who had invaded Spain, and the Spaniards themselves. They achieved great things with meager means on their own territory. They did even more astonishing things in the Oriental Indies. It is worth marveling not only that their history is not always interesting, but that it offers so many facts of eternal memory.\n\nViriatus, an illustrious chief of the Lusitanians, was seen by the ancient Portuguese.\n\nSulpicius Galba, named pretor by the Romans in Lusitania after Lucullus' victory over Cantherus, was one of those governors who, through their rapacity, frequently disturbed the peace.\nThe Lusitanians, driven to despair by their conquerors' cruelty, could no longer endure the excesses and fury of Galba. The Lusitanians had made their hatred for the Romans and their intolerable tyranny clear, and they could not long suffer the Romans' exactions and furies. They attacked Galba's legions and killed seven thousand Romans. Galba escaped the massacre and was reinforced with new troops. He set everything alight and drew blood: when he saw the Lusitanians at their wit's end and sending envoys to ask for peace, he feigned forgiveness and offered them better homes in place of the ravaged lands. They believed his sincerity, and a large number of them went to the place he designated to finalize the treaty, which he had arranged with them. Galba had them invested and massacred. Scarcely had this been accomplished.\nA small number may have managed to escape the Romans' wrath; among these fugitives was Viriatus. Accused in the senate by Gaton, Galba was forced to account for his conduct. He knew how to move his judges: he took his children in his arms, displayed eloquence at its height; and since, deep in their souls, the senators knew he had acted only according to Rome's capricious politics, he was acquitted.\n\nHowever, Viriatus, driven by the noblest motives for revenge, rallied those who had managed to escape the massacre and those who had not yielded to Galba's invitation. He led them directly to the battlefield where the bodies of their friends were already half-devoured by ferocious beasts, where the children were:\nsont \u00e9gorg\u00e9s sur le sein de leurs m\u00e8res, et \nles jeunes filles assassin\u00e9es pr\u00e8s de leurs pa- \nrens. Viriatus reconna\u00eet mie de celles qui lui \ndoivent le jour. Il pose les mains sur ses \nblessures, et jure par toutes les divinit\u00e9s des \nenfers que jamais il ne posera les armes sans \navoir r\u00e9pandu, pour venger de si atroces \nforfaits, des flots de sang romain. Ses com- \npagnons prononcent avec lui ces sermens \nredoutables, et tous vont faire prendre les \narmes aux peuples qui sont r\u00e9pandus dans \nla Lusitanie. \nViriatus ne crut pas qu'il lui suff\u00eet d'\u00eatre \ns\u00fbr de leur bonne volont\u00e9; il les exer\u00e7a \npendant quelque temps, et, quand il en eut \nfait de bons soldats, il les conduisit dans la \nCarp\u00e9tanie, aujourd'hui le royaume de To- \nl\u00e8de, o\u00f9 \u00e9taient les principales forces des \nRomains. \nQuand il y eut exerc\u00e9 ses ravages, il vou- \nI i \nlut lier plus qae jamais \u00e0 sa cause ceux qui \nThey had embraced each other and prepared a horrible ceremony. He sacrificed a Roman knight, a prisoner of war, to the god Mars. And his soldiers, one after another, placed their right hands in the victim's wounds, swearing anew to wage eternal war against the Romans.\n\nTerrible ceremony, but one that recalls that the same Romans sacrificed a Gaul and a Gallic woman to appease the Gods when they were at war with our ancestors. Viriatus and his men then demanded contributions from the inhabitants of B\u00e9tique, allies of the Romans. The senate sent Marcus Vitellius against them. Vitellius, speaking of the swiftness of his march, surprised and defeated them, leaving Viriatus no other resource but to retreat and take refuge in a fortified place.\nThe city of B\u00e9tique. Its soldiers, reduced to extremity, proposed to Vitellius that they surrender the city under certain conditions. They had carefully kept this proposal from their commander; however, he discovered it, summoned them, and, for the strongest reasons, changed their resolution. He had no difficulty demonstrating to them that they should not trust the Romans and that it was better to perish with weapons in hand than to experience their treachery again. When he saw them in one of those instances of enthusiasm that decide the fate of battles, he made them leave the city and form up in battle array. The Romans did not delay in appearing before him in this admirable order that subdued so many nations; but Viriatus, the chief of one of the peoples that the Roman orator called barbarians, proved this.\nIn this circumstance, as he was more hateful captain than the chief of his enemies. He proposed to make a retreat, and to save above all his infantry, which was scanty. He began therefore to cover it with all his cavalry, then he made it file in ranks through known paths. When it had been withdrawn as far as he desired, he returned to the city with his cavalry. The Romans gave him an assault that he sustained until night; then he escaped himself, along with his cavalry, and went to join his infantry at Tribola, a town that was situated near the strait of Gibraltar, and which no longer exists. Such a beautiful retreat, and the honor of thus having deceived those who considered themselves masters in the art of war, brought Viriatus an illustrious reputation. Plu-\nCertain peoples, tired of Roman rule but not yet dared to declare it, provided Vitelius with soldiers, supplies, and all that he required to continue the war vigorously. Vitelius hastened, gave battle in an ambush, and perished there with almost his entire army. He was captured by a soldier; but his advanced age and extreme obesity led the Lusitanian, who did not know him, to believe he would make a poor slave, and he beheaded him. It must be admitted that Marcus Vitelius was one of the most mediocre generals Rome ever placed at the head of its armies. The remnants of his army retired to Tarrifa. The quaestor of Vitellius joined them with additional troops, and attempted his fortune. Viriatus defeated him, and in a single action killed ten thousand men. He then hurried on.\nIn Caip\u00e9tonia, a newcomer arrived at Tol\u00e8de. The Romans were never more obstinate and fearsome after their defeat. Caius Plautius was sent to Spain, and he quickly marched against Viriatus with considerable forces. Viriatus, whose troops were weary from exhaustion and depleted from recent battles, retreated into Lusitania. Plautius detached 4,000 cavalry to pursue him. They encountered Viriatus when his infantry was crossing the Tage. Viriatus fought against them with his cavalry, and after a long and bloody battle, secured a complete victory.\n\nScarcely had he set foot on his homeland when he learned that Plautius had crossed the Tage. He fortified himself not far from \u00c9vora, on a mountain called Mont de V\u00e9nus, as a temple to this goddess had been erected there.\nDespite the advantage this situation gave to his enemy, Plautius did not hesitate to attack. He engaged in a bloody battle, in which both sides made prodigious displays of valor; but in the end, the Lusitanians had the advantage. Plautius was succeeded by Claudius Unimanus, regarded as a very capable general. He employed all possible strategies to lure Viriatus into his traps; but this man showed equal intelligence. Finally, when both were in some sense weary of resorting to all the resources of tactics, they met, as if by tacit agreement, in the plain that bears the name of Ourique, and was immortalized by a resounding victory of Alfonso P^., king of Portugal, over five Moorish kings.\n\nThis time again the ascendancy of Viriatus.\nTriumphing yet more completely than previous victories, the Romans lost not only their commander, Manius, but also their eagles, other standards, and the general's bundles. The victors raised a trophy from these plunderings and placed it at the most conspicuous spot on the mountain.\n\nConsul Nigidius arrived to replace Manius; he too was completely defeated. By common accord, the Lusitanians proclaimed Viriatus as the liberator of the fatherland.\n\nThe defeat of Nigidius opened up all of Spain for the Lusitanian hero: he traversed it in victory. However, while the young Scipio was destroying Carthage, the senate sent its friend Lelius to command in Spain. Viriatus, knowing well his reputation for wisdom and experience equal to his valor, returned to Lusitania and remained concealed there.\nLelius remained in Spain, but Viriatus did not pursue him there. Lelius was succeeded by Quintus Fabius Maximus Militaris. His pride, possibly founded as much on his Roman lineage as on his military talents, led him to believe that the Lusitanians would not be a match for him. Viriatus deceived him by taking two important strongholds in the B\u00e9tique region. He then seized a convoy from Fabius and defeated one of his detachments, while Fabius was on his way to Cadix to offer a sacrifice to Hercules for victory over the Lusitanians. Upon returning to his camp, Fabius considered restoring his honor and boosting the morale of his soldiers. He seized an opportune moment and defeated the Lusitanians.\nNiens, who forced him to retreat to fortified natural places. A few short times after, he took back the two cities that Viriatus had seized and boasted greatly that he would be to him what Scipio had been to Hannibal. Comparing Viriatus to the Cartaginian hero was certainly a magnificent eulogy, and perhaps this eulogy, if flattering in the mouth of an enemy, was not entirely exaggerated. When Fabius' consulship had expired, he demanded and obtained a triumph which would have proved what terror Viriatus inspired in the Romans, since they granted such an honor to the general who had not obtained decisive victories over him. Viriatus strengthened his army and made several peoples of Spain, despite Popilius, who was replaced by Quintus Caecilius Metellus, called the Macedonian, due to his victories.\nHe had won these battles in Alexander's homeland. Meteius detached himself against Viriatus, Quintius' lieutenant, and took charge of subduing the confederates. Quintius defeated Viriatus near Evora^ and the Lusitanian general retreated once more to the mountain of Venus. He exhorted his soldiers to avenge their defeat and went to find Quintius, who was forced to flee to Cordoba after losing fifteen thousand men.\n\nLeaving Spain's interior to Meteius, the senate sent Fabius Maximus Servilianus in the rear. Roman armies were rarely very numerous in the conquered lands; therefore, the forces that Servilianus commanded, independent of the soldiers who obeyed Meteius, were considerable. The first had eighteen thousand infantrymen, eighteen hundred cavalry, among whom three thousand.\nCentums Numides were sent by Micipsa, son of Masinissa, along with ten elephants. Servilianus, moreover, was a brave and experienced commander, a zealous advocate for this severe discipline to which Rome had owed so many triumphs. Viriatus, undaunted, harassed Servilianus until he had supplies, then withdrew in good order to Lusitania. However, two of his lieutenants were defeated by Seius Hannibalianus, who took several cities and sold all the prisoners. He then had Carroba, a Lusitanian, whose origins he was, his two hands cut off. In truth, Carroba was more of a brigand than a soldier, despoiling the Baetica. But Servilianus did not fail to treat him with the same contempt as his word of receiving him as a prisoner without mistreatment. A few days later, Servilianus attracted some Lusitanian chieftains to himself.\nlusitaniens, sous pr\u00e9texte de songer aux \nmoyens de terminer une si cruelle guerre; \nil leur fit \u00e9galement couper les mains. Ainsi \nServilianus , tout habile g\u00e9n\u00e9ral qu'il \u00e9tait , \nne se piquait pas plus que tant d'autres Ro- \nmains, de tenir la foi jur\u00e9e aux ennemis de \nla r\u00e9publique. \nViriatus vengea noblement; ses infortun\u00e9s \ncompatriotes. Il fit lever \u00e0 Servilianus le \nsi\u00e8ge d'Erisane; ensuite, l'ayant mis dans une \nsituation p\u00e9rilleuse, il le for\u00e7a de conclure \nun trait\u00e9 par lequel Rome reconnaissait aux \nLusitaniens le droit d'\u00eatre libres, promet- \ntait de leur rendre les places qui leur avaient \n\u00ebt\u00eb prises, et enfin de les traiter en alliez, \npourvu qu'ils se tinssent paisibles dans leur \npays. \nViriatus croyait avoir glorieusement ter- \u2022 \nmin\u00e9 la guerre par une paix n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 \nses concitoyens; mais il ne connaissait pas \nla politique de Rome. Le s\u00e9nat, comme il \nHe had done so on several occasions, and denied his general, sending Quintus Servilius Ceion, his brother, to replace him. Ceion, criticizing Servilius severely, demanded Lusitania. Viriatus rushed from Valence, believed to have been founded by him, and halted Ceion's progress; believing peace was still possible, he sent three of his officers, Minuto, Aulaces, and Dictal\u00e9on, to the Roman general.\n\nCeion won them over with friendships and largesse. Then he told them that the only way to secure a solid peace with Rome was to eliminate their ambitious general, who had already subjugated his fellow citizens if not for the Romans to fight. He played on their jealousy, dazzled them with the prospect of succeeding Viriatus, and did not dismiss them until he had fully convinced them of the crime.\nUpon returning to camp, they informed Viriatus that all hope of peace was to be abandoned. He was grieved but hardly suspected these scoundrels. They dined with him and then departed, but when they believed him asleep, they returned and stabbed him, committing an abominable act with the ease they had of entering his presence at all hours of the night and day undetected by the general's guards, who trusted them. They hastened to rendezvous with the Roman camp under the cover of night.\n\nWhen it was discovered that Viriatus had lost his life through a cowardly assassination, the entire camp was plunged into profound sorrow, which was soon shared by all of Lusitania. Could anyone feel other emotions for this great man.\nFor the given input text, I will clean it by removing meaningless or unreadable content, correcting OCR errors, and ensuring modern English readability while staying faithful to the original content.\n\nCleaned Text:\n\nWhich man, for fourteen years, had so often humiliated the oppressors of the world and defended with such advantage the freedom of his country?\n\nViriatus received all the funerary honors with which the most illustrious persons were honored, and no doubt, he had not merited them better in Lusitania. For it was clear that one should not even think of denying the odious portraits of him drawn by some Roman historians. The truth they were forced to acknowledge condemns them; and in all that has been read, what is there that is not honorable for Viriatus, if one excepts the sacrifice of the Roman horse to Mars? But also, by what horrible crimes had the Romans not provoked these reprisals of a father avenging his daughters, shamefully slaughtered?\nIls n'ont jamais eu d'ennemi redoutable dont ils n'ont cherch\u00e9 pas \u00e0 tarnir la m\u00e9moire par quelques inculpations odieuses? T\u00e9moins : Brennus, Annibal, Spartacus, Mithridate, et autres.\n\nLes assassins sont venus \u00e0 Rome demander l'horrible salaire qu'ils avaient si bien m\u00e9rit\u00e9. Scipion Nasica \u00e9tait consul en 5 av. J.-C. Il leur dit que Rome estimait trop leur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, pour r\u00e9compenser ceux qui n'avaient pas rougi d'attenter \u00e0 ses jours, et les ordonna de sortir de Rome sous peine de mort. On a beaucoup lou\u00e9 ce trait ; mais il semble que Scipion Nasica, auquel on avait donn\u00e9 le titre du plus honn\u00eate homme de Rome, l'aurait bien mieux m\u00e9rit\u00e9 s'il n'\u00e9tait pas rest\u00e9 satisfait de menacer de la mort ces sc\u00e9l\u00e9rats. Il semble que le s\u00e9nat et lui devaient leur supplice aux m\u00e2nes de ce Viriatus qu'ils estimaient tant ; il semble enfin que...\nVait punir aussi Cepion, whose artful discourses had led him to crime. Far from this, the same Cepion, having completely defeated the brave but unskilled successor of the great Viriatus and subdued Lusitania, obtained without difficulty the honors of a triumph which he had prepared through corruption and sceleracy.\n\nThe bravery and courage of some Lusitanian women. Tragic writing of the beautiful Osmia.\n\nThese two facts relate to the history of Viriatus; but they had to be isolated to avoid interrupting the narrative.\n\nAfter their defeat at Callius, the Romans were not so weakened that they could not make incursions into Lusitania. One of these raids resulted in the capture of several men with their wives. They were separated, and each night the women were gathered in the same place.\nOn had previously bound their hands. They considered anointing the bonds that held one of them, who, once free, detached her companions. Taking advantage of the night and the security of their guards, they went to free their husbands: these men, armed with the weapons they took from the Romans during their sleep, beheaded some and the others woke up to the cries of the victims. The Romans believed they were attacked by enemies from outside: they were disturbed, they fled, and all were massacred. The Lusitanians then returned to their homes with their wives, who, by a happy idea, had managed to free and free themselves. The beautiful Osmia was not so lucky.\nElle had to contend with a fatal passion. Here is her story. Married to a wealthy Lusitanian for whom she did not seem to have a great affection, she was, shortly after her wedding, taken by a young Roman. Her husband departed for her captivity. The conqueror fell in love with his prisoner and managed to win her over; but soon Osmia reproached herself for a feeling that was doubly shameful, as the object of her illicit passion was one of her country's oppressors.\n\nHer husband easily noticed her extreme agitation. Osmia made him the delicate and painful confession of the truth; but she begged him at the same time to give her the death, since, without ceasing to cherish and practice virtue, she had been able to feel a shameful passion. The Lusitanian found it much more natural that she, who had always loved and practiced virtue, could not resist such a passion.\nThe author of all the trouble bears the burden; he orders Osmia to grant him a nocturnal audience and to stab him with her own hand. Osmia, who is in greater perplexity than ever, finds the Roman, who sees her doing this, believing she hates him, and offers her freedom. Such a generous offer confuses her even more, and in the end, she sees no better solution than to stab herself.\n\nSertorius led the Lusitanians. It is truly the history of Priual or Lusitania that belongs to that of Sertorius, and not that of Rome, since he was the avenger of the Lusitanians and for them a new Viriatus.\n\nProscribed by Sylla because he had followed Marius's party, Sertorius passed through Spain, Africa, and finally Hither Spain.\n\nHe was returning to Africa once more.\nThe Lusitaniens, tired of Roman rule, believed that under his guidance they could free themselves from their oppressors. They informed him that they would align their interests with his and march joyfully under his command against their common enemies. Nothing could be more suitable for the illustrious banished one in his current situation. He hastened to join a people whose valor was renowned and known in their own country, where he had become an enemy. To prove to the Lusitaniens that he came not as a tyrant or general to threaten their freedom, he established a republican government among them, modeled after that of Rome. These innovations were welcomed with ardor.\nAll nations showed consistency in such circumstances. Sertorius, in diminishing the taxes the country paid to the Romans, gained general confidence. He established an academy at Osca, inviting masters from Italy, which soon became renowned. He required not only Lusitanian lords, but also those from the rest of Spain, to send their children there. Upon his arrival in Africa, he was accompanied by 2,600 Romans and 7,000 Africans; he joined these with 4,000 Lusitanian infantry and 700 Lusitanian cavalry, totaling an army of 8,000 men, of whom the Lusitanians formed more than half. With this small army, he drove out all Roman garrisons from their land. He then won a naval victory over Colta and defeated\nTwo thousand men, commanded by the pretor Didius, were stationed on the Guadalquivir's banks. Metellus Pius, whose lieutenant Domitius had been defeated by Hirtulius, a lieutenant of Sertorius, suffered several defeats himself and felt compelled to write to the senate that this disastrous war would not end unless Pompey was sent as his colleague. Pompey arrived, preceded by his great reputation; but Sertorius and the Lusitanians defeated him, raised the siege of Palencia, and eventually forced his camp to retreat to Calahorra, where they killed three thousand of his soldiers. Sertorius then took the city of Lauron in view of the enemy army, burned it, and sent its inhabitants as slaves to Lusitania. Pompey was defeated again and was nearly killed near the Xucar river. Memmius, Pompey's quaestor and his beau-father, was also present.\nBrother Metellus, Metellus' colleague, and Didius Loelius, his lieutenant, experienced the same fate. Metellus' second only escaped with difficulty; the other two were killed. Hirtulius, Sertorius' lieutenant, also had successes, but in the end, Metellus killed twenty thousand of his men. Hirtulius, after such a loss, retired to Lusitania, which had become the homeland of Sertorius' army's proscribed men and his own. Metellus dared not follow; but his head turned, and he was presented with incense as if to a divinity, demanding that games be held in his honor. While he was being thus worshipped, Sertorius attacked Pompey and killed ten thousand men. The Lusitanians entered his tracks in the B\u00e9tique and ravaged it, and the god Metellus could not prevent it. Soon, Sertorius, at the head of his loyal men,\nLusitaniens, et Pomp\u00e9e, qui br\u00fblait de \nvenger ses d\u00e9faites pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes, se rencon- \ntr\u00e8rent pr\u00e8s de la rivi\u00e8re Turia : Pomp\u00e9e , \napr\u00e8s une vigoureuse et longue r\u00e9sistance , \nallait c\u00e9der la victoire , si M\u00e9telliis , avec na \ncorps de troupes fra\u00eeclies, ne f\u00fbt venu ar- \nr\u00eater les progr\u00e8s des Lusitaniens. Cepen- \ndant l'honneur de la joiu^n\u00e9e leur resta , \net il ne fit qu'emp\u00eacher la ruine totale de \nlarmee de Pomp\u00e9e. Le brave Hirtul\u00e9ius \np\u00e9rit dans cette action. \nApr\u00e8s tant de sanglantes batailles , on \nprofita ; de part et d'autre , de l'arriv\u00e9e de \nl'hiver pour prendre quelque repos. Serto- \nrius vint \u00e0 Evora , d'o\u00f9 il veillait sur toute \nla Lusitanie. Il vivait sans faste dans une \nmaison qu'il avait fait b\u00e2tir, et qui \u00e9tait \nencore debout du temps du roi Emmanuel. \nUne domestique et trois affranchis com- \nposaient toute sa suite ; mais il avait eu le \nMalheur in granting unlimited trust to his lieutenant Perpenna. This scoundrel was not affected by his kindness and constant favors; instead, he made Perpenna jealous at Osca during a feast he gave, in the year 68 BC.\n\nSertorius had earned, for good reasons, the trust of the Lusitanians; but he wanted to increase it further, feigning that the gods communicated with him through a tame doe he had tamed, which seemed to listen and speak to him in his ear. Such conduct, at first glance, seems unworthy of such a great man, and appeared to be pure charlatanism; but the Lusitanians, attributing something divine to their chief, felt their natural worth exalted, and precipitously rushed into the midst of the Roman legions. Sertorius thus achieved his goal.\nThe pain of the Lusitaniens, when they lost him, renewed that which the death of Viriatus had caused their fathers. Indeed, these two heroes of Lusitania shared, in their birth, their glorious careers, the cause they defended, and the enemies they faced, as well as their deaths, all caused by betrayal. Sertorius was buried in Evora. After the death of Viriatus, the Lusitaniens, when they had lost him, fell again under Roman rule. Letellus and Pompey triumphed. They had put a price on Sertorius' head; meanwhile, Pompey killed Perpenna, his colleague, who had been the first to commit the crime that he had committed. Perpena was killed out of love for riches. Rodrigo Froiasp was the Portuguese Cid. Thanks to the genius of Corneille, the name of the Portuguese Cid.\nfamous Spanish Cid, Rodrigue de Bivar, is not less known beyond his homeland. But it is not generally known that the Portuguese also boast of having their Rodrigue, their Cid, in the person of Froias. It is even more remarkable that these two illustrious men were contemporaries and enemies, as we will see in the account of a notable battle.\n\nWhen King Ferdinand of Castille moved in 1065, he divided his kingdoms among his three sons. Garcie, the youngest, received the kingdom of Leon, along with the Portuguese part that his father had taken from the Moors, who were conquering Spain. Sancha, the eldest of Ferdinand's sons and king of Castile, soon had disputes with Garcie that led to an open war. Froias had recently killed a hated favorite of the people.\nReigned under the name of Garcia, when the Castilian army came to attack this prince. Garcia, yielding to necessity, did not think it necessary to refuse the aid of the revered hero in Portugal; Froias, who was planning to flee to France with a great number of vassals, did not refuse to defend his sovereign. A first affair took place, and Froias defeated the Spaniards.\n\nHe had bought his victory with several wounds. When he was healed, Sancho, with a considerable army, was already in Portugal, which, in this time, still bore the name of Lusitania. Froias convinced Garcia and his captains to try the fate of battle; he thought that Don Sancho, being more powerful than his brother, would eventually triumph if the war lasted. He persuaded the king and was named commander of the vanguard. The battle took place near Santarem.\nThe Portuguese rallied all their efforts against the royal standard of Castille, defended by Don Sancho himself. There was terrible carnage on both sides, with striking actions. Frolas, who had recently driven back a part of the Castillan army, then joined those attacking Don Sancho's troop. His arrival turned the tide, and Don Sancho was forced to surrender. Don Vermuiz, one of Froias' brothers, ran to inform Don Garcia of this great news but said, \"My lord, you triumph; but, sir, you lose my brother.\" Indeed, Froias was mortally wounded. Garcia responded to Vermuiz, embracing him with tears in his eyes, \"Ah, if Rodrigue dies, I lose the firmest support of my throne.\" He ran immediately to Froias. The heroic Portuguese, who had not ceased, was weakened by his state.\nfuneste, keeping watch over his captive, sensed the king's presence and asked him three times if he was content. After receiving unclear responses, he added that Don Garcia deserved victory due to the zeal of his nobility, and Texhorta should follow the advice of these noble men who loved truth more than life. When he had given this final advice to his prince, whose proud and incapable soul could not feign otherwise, he respectfully kissed Don Garcia's hand, bowed his head on his book, and expired.\n\nIt seemed that the fortune of the battle and that of Portugal were tied to his existence. The king gave his brother into the care of some lords and set out in pursuit of the fugitives. But the scene changed entirely: those watching over Don Sancho allowed him to escape, whether out of fear or some other reason.\nThe Spanish Cid, Rodrigue de Bivar, and his troops were enticed by his promises, whether his flight was due to unpardonable negligence or not. King Alphonse of Castile joined his troops. At their head was the Spanish Cid, Rodrigue de Bivar, who, though he couldn't prevent their flight initially, managed to slow them down. They fought again, and without their Cid, the Portuguese were put in complete rout. The two brothers of Froias perished, and Don Garcia was taken prisoner. The ambitious Don Sancho seized his estates and had him taken to the castle of Litta, in Galicia. Garcia managed to escape from prison, but his fortune did not improve. Alphonse, his other brother, drew him near and imprisoned him in a castle, where he spent the rest of his days. Alphonse was victorious over five bad kings.\nIsmael, the Moorish king, possessed in the 12th century the lands beyond the Tagus, known today as Alentejo in Portugal. He considered Alphonse, the Christian prince, a dangerous enemy. When the Christian prince came to make an incursion onto his lands, Ismael armed all his subjects and divided them into twenty corps, each with a particular chief. Historians call these chiefs kings, but they note that four of them were much more powerful than the others and treated with greater consideration by Ismael. However, historians are incorrect or must be given credit for stating that Tarmnea of Ismael and his allies numbered three hundred thousand men: the Portuguese forces consisted only of thirteen thousand.\net their victory makes one think, it might have been their value, as the calculation of their enemies' forces was necessarily exaggerated. However, it seems constant that the disparity of forces was immense. Alphonse felt that he could not show great confidence to exalt the courage of his soldiers. He reminded them, in an energetic speech, of all the reasons that left them no other alternative but to win or die. He even seemed convinced that heaven would announce their defeat to them through some extraordinary sign.\n\nWhen he saw them as animated as he desired, he announced the battle for the following day and retired to his tent.\n\nHere, Portuguese historians report two truly miraculous facts, it is impossible to relate.\nAlone, Alphonse took the Bible to strengthen himself with the example of a great victory won against God's enemies. He read the story of Gideon, fittingly adapted to his situation, and fell asleep. Then, he believed he saw in a dream an esteemed old man who gave him victory. His officer entered shortly after he had been addressed by this vision, and announced that an old man, of advanced age, urgently requested to speak with him. Alphonse ordered him to be brought in immediately, and recognized the man he had seen in his dream. The stranger, without troubling him with questions, told him he was a sinner doing penance for sixty years on a distant mountain, and had come from God to him.\nannonce la victoire. Quand vous entendez le son d'une cloche, dit-il, sortez de votre tentes et vous aurez une preuve \u00e9clatante de ce que le ciel fait en votre faveur. Il sortit aussit\u00f4t, laissant Alphonse dans une surprise, une joie muette, une impatience dont il serait difficile de se former une id\u00e9e, \u00e0 moins de se bien pen\u00e9trer de sa situation.\n\nL'aube apparut cruellement temps apr\u00e8s, et Alphonse entendit le son de la cloche. Il s'arme en haie, et sort aussit\u00f4t : ce qu'il aper\u00e7oit dans les airs \u00e9gale ou surpasse encore la fameuse apparition de la croix miraculeuse \u00e0 Constantin. Au sein d'une nue enflamm\u00e9e, il aper\u00e7oit un groupe d'anges tenant une croix sur laquelle J\u00e9sus-Christ para\u00eet attach\u00e9. Une voix \u00e9clatante se fait entendre : elle lui annonce la victoire ; elle ajoute que cette victoire doit \u00eatre proclam\u00e9e ce jour-m\u00eame.\nroi par ses soldats, il doit accepter ce titre; elle lui annonce enfin que sa post\u00e9rit\u00e9 portera la gloire de Dieu et celle de la nation portugaise dans les plus lointains climats. Alphonse ne doute pas qu'il ne vienne entendre le dieu des arm\u00e9es lui-m\u00eame. Il se prostrne, \u00e9tend les bras et r\u00e9pond: Ce n'\u00e9tait pas \u00e0 moi, qui crois en vous, mais \u00e0 mes ennemis, que j'aurais d\u00e9sir\u00e9, Seigneur, que vous fussiez apparu. Je ob\u00e9irai \u00e0 vos commandements; et, si jamais mon peuple m\u00e9ritait d'\u00eatre citi\u00e9 par vous, que la puissance tombe sur moi et sur ma post\u00e9rit\u00e9!\n\nA peine avait-il exprim\u00e9 ainsi sa foi et ses sentiments g\u00e9n\u00e9reux que la vision disparut.\nThe exalted imagination of Prince Chretien, at the moment of such great peril, did it make him believe that he had truly seen and heard so many wonders? Or was he, convinced that he could not animate his subjects enough when going to their salvation, resorting to some of those pious frauds that great captains and leaders of nations have so often employed with success in decisive circumstances? Was he in league with the old hermit? Or was the visit of this good hermit an event related, by the most singular chance, to his dream? Finally, was the officer involved or not in the prince's secret? It is impossible to answer these questions, although it seems more natural to consider Alphonse as a skillful leader than as a man of visions. What is certain and cannot be denied is...\nAssemblements being in doubt, he gathered his soldiers, persuasively recounted these miraculous facts to them, and they had no trouble believing they were under heaven's protection. They struck their shields with their swords, saluted him as king, and demanded, with loud cries, that he lead them into battle.\n\nAlphonse divided his small troop into four parts. He took the lead on a beautiful white horse. With a first thrust of his lance, he struck down the king of Sylv\u00e8s, famous among the Moors for his strength and courage; he knocked him off his feet and continued his successes, followed by his men, who eagerly pursued. The Moorish king of Badajoz managed to hold back the fugitives; he counter-charged the victorious Christians and forced them to retreat. But Lauren Vilgas and Gon\u00e7al\u00e8s de Souza, their commanders, prevented the rout.\nThe Portuguese rearguard charges and restabilish the combat. The first is killed, his companion avenges him: each Portuguese multiplies to match the great deeds of generals and Alphonse. This prince then shows himself worthy of victory and the title of king he has been given. He combines prudence with valor. He suspects that, if the Moors resist from all sides, it is because Ishmael, placed in the rearguard, is sending them fresh troops at each moment. Therefore, he will triumph if he manages to overcome himself and marches towards him.\n\nIshmael and his cousin Omar receive this furious attack with pride, but the fortunate and brave Alphonse delivers a mortal blow to Omar. Ishmael, terrified, recoils: his troops follow his example, and the immense multitude of Moors who formed the rear ranks disperse.\nthree armies no longer think of anything but seeking, following the example of the supreme commander, in the mire.\n\nThen the carnage, already so great, becomes appalling: the whiteness of Alphonse's horse disappears under blood and muck, and the king appears even more terrible. Immediately after the victory is decided, an anxious storm erupts; the water mixed with the blood that floods the plain flows into the small river of Fergos, which empties into the Guadalquivir, and its waves, for several days, turn red.\n\nThe plain of Ourique, where this memorable battle was fought, was afterwards called Cabecas de Reyes, or Heads of Kings. In addition to a large number of prisoners, banners of the five main kings were taken, and they were hung in the most notable churches of Portugal. A monument was raised.\nAlso, a trophy on the battlefield with the enemy's remains. Alphonse returned to Coimbra, his capital, three days after the battle, and there he married Mathilde, the second daughter of Count Am\u00e9d\u00e9e III of Savoy. He took little time after that to capture Sintra and Cintra, more important places than Leiria, from which Isma\u00ebl, to avenge his cowardly defeat, had recently passed the garrison through the Tepee pass. In truth, Alphonse failed in a siege of Lisbon, although he was supported by a French corps that had disembarked at Porto and had agreed to follow him on this expedition; but we will see that he did not delay in consolidating his power through this important conquest.\n\nSeige of Lisbon by Alphonse. He solemnly assumes the title of king of Portugal.\n\nIn 1247, 110 years after his victory.\nAlphonse roamed the mountain of Cintra one evening, discovering from its peak the sea and the city he longed to possess, Lisbonne. Suddenly, he had a vision, one that even the greatest skeptics in history could not deny. He saw a multitude of ships approaching the mouth of the Tagus at full sail. Alphonse immediately dispatched reconnaissance and learned that the fleet carried Normans, French, Germans, and English. Inspired by the Crusades, they were led by William Longsword, en route to Palestine with a force of fourteen thousand men on hundred and eighty-eight vessels. Realizing the significant service he could derive from these brave men and their commanders, Alphonse understood.\nsaient d une grande r\u00e9putation. Il lui parut \nfacile de les d\u00e9terminer \u00e0 l'aider dans une \nentreprise qu il n'e\u00fbt os\u00e9 former sans eux. \nEn effet, ils allaient combattre des ennemis \nde la foi , ils en trouvaient l\u00e0 d'autres sur \nleur chemin; et, apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9duction de la \nplace, rien ne les emp\u00eachait de poursuivre \nleur route. Alphonse, d'ailleui^ , eut l'a- \ndresse ou plut\u00f4t l'\u00e9quit\u00e9 de leur promettre \ndes conditions avantageuses. Ils saisirent \ndonc avec joie cette occasion de montrer \nleur z\u00e8le et leur courage. \nLe premier service qu'ils rendirent au \nprince Portugais, fut d'intercepter par mer \nla communication entre les Maures enfer- \nm\u00e9s dans Lisbonne, et leurs fr\u00e8res d'Afri- \nque. Alphonse en m\u00eame temps s'approcha \nde la ville par terre avec son arm\u00e9e , et un \ngrand nombre de crois\u00e9s d\u00e9barqu\u00e8rent pour \nle soutenir. \nQuoique ce blocus rigoureux \u00f4t\u00e2t aux \nassi\u00e9g\u00e9s tout espoir de recevoir des secours \nou des vivres, ils ne s'en d\u00e9fendirent pas \nmoins avec opini\u00e2tret\u00e9 pendant cinq mois. \nA la fin Alphonse f\u00eet donner un assaut plus \nterrible que tous les pr\u00ebc\u00e9deiis , et qui fut \nle dernier. La porte dite d'AIhama par les \nMa\u00eeiom\u00e9tans, fut d'abord forc\u00e9e. Beaucoup . \nde saug fut encore r\u00e9pandu; mais les assi\u00eb- \ngeans p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e8rent dans la place, o\u00f9 le car- \nnage dura encore long-temps. Les crois\u00e9s \nse signal\u00e8rent plus que jamais dans cette \noccasion d\u00e9cisive, et la ville, ayec tous ses \ntr\u00e9sors , fat livr\u00e9e au pil\u00eesge. \nAinsi tomba au pouvoir d'Alphonse une \nville \u00e0 laquelle une tradition peut-\u00eatre fabu- \nleuse, mais fond\u00e9e du moins sur T\u00e9tymolo- \ngie^, donne Ulysse pour fondateur. Son ad- \nmirable situation sur le Tage, non loin de \nl'embouchure de ce fleuve, les avantages \nqu'offre son port, la fertilit\u00e9 du pays qui \nl'environne, tout rendait cette conqu\u00eate \ninfiniment pr\u00e9cieuse; et l'on peut dire que \nnul monarque portugais n'a peut-\u00eatre autant \nservi son pays qu'Alphonse I^^. lorsqu'il \ns'empara de Lisbonne. \nCe prince \u00e9quitable tint aux crois\u00e9s , aux- \nquels il devait en partie une si belle con- \nqu\u00eate, les promesses qu'il leur avait faites. \nSa loyaut\u00e9 re\u00e7ut d\u00e8s-lors sa r\u00e9compense. Un \nassez grand nombre d'entre eux , attir\u00e9s par \nla bont\u00e9 du sol^ la douceur du climat et le \ndoux gouvernement d'Alphonse , perdirent \ndd vue leur aventureuse entreprise de Pales- \ntine : ils se fix\u00e8rent en Portugal^ o\u00f9 Alphon- \nse s'empressa de leur accorder des immuni- \nt\u00e9s et des privil\u00e8ges flatteurs. Ce furent eux \nqui jet\u00e8rent les fondemens de plusieurs \nvilles aujourd'hui florissantes. \nIl assembla les \u00e9tats de son royaume, \n\u00eel importe assez peu de savoir si, avant \nla conqu\u00eate de Lisbonne , Alphonse avait \nThe title of king bestowed upon him by Portuguese troops before the Battle of Ourique was confirmed by the states of Portugal. He received it with solemnity, and laws were enacted that, for the era in which they originate, are quite remarkable. The succession was settled with the clause: the eldest daughter of the king may only marry a Portuguese, so that the kingdom does not fall into the hands of a foreigner. If the princess refuses, she is excluded from the succession.\n\nIn laws concerning nobility, it is stated that all who fought at Ourique are nobles and subjects of the king par excellence. However, the most singular or admirable clause is the one that ranks among the nobles susceptible of demotion those who have deceived the truth to the king.\nThe civil laws, in small number, bear a great character of wisdom. The moment which ended the ceremony was not the least implying. The prosecutor of the king, Laurent Venegas, who had always proposed the questions to the assembly, addressed them with this one: \"Do you want the king to be tributary to the king of Castille, and attend as a vassal the estates that this prince will convene?\" All the nobles rose, placed their swords in hand, and declared that their king was free as they were. Alphonse then rose, the crown on his head, and drawing also his sword: \"You see, he said, all that I have done to make you free. I swear not to take anything that may take away this liberty from you. If someone thought otherwise, may he expire at this moment! And if it was my son or my grandson, he would lose his.\"\nRights to the monarchy. ))\nUnanimous acclamations accompanied this noble discourse. The title of king was then confirmed for the sovereigns of Portugal by several papal bulls; formalities in keeping with the spirit of the time, which these princes would have been dispensed from at later epochs.\n\nA fine gesture from Don Pedro, natural brother of King Alphonse. During the siege of Lisbon, Don Pedro, encountering a party of Moors leaving the city, escorted the governor's daughter.\nThe beauty, renowned throughout the country, was famous for her perfection. Her father had feared the dangers of the siege and, with an excess of caution that could be fatal, sent her with all his treasures to the fortress of Alenquier. Cid Achini, one of the bravest and most illustrious Moorish warriors, scorned the detachment. The governor could not have chosen a protector more determined to defend her; for Cid Achim, deeply enamored of her charms, had thrown himself into the fray to win her favor through his exploits. The battle was terrible, but in the end, the Portuguese emerged victorious and returned the young lady to camp with their enemies in flight. However, barely had Don Pedro had time to be pleased with his brilliant capture, when Cid Achim appeared, no longer an enemy but a suppliant and disarmed. The young Moor\nse jetas aux pieds d'Alphonse et le conjura de garder-le-m\u00eame pour otage, si pas lui rendre celle sans laquelle il ne pouvait exister. Quelque touche que f\u00fbt Alphonse, il crut devoir le renvoyer \u00e0 son fr\u00e8re. Le g\u00e9n\u00e9reux don Pedro ne h\u00e9sita point \u00e0 lui d\u00e9livrer sa belle captive ; il ne voulait m\u00eame pas s'approprier la moindre partie du butin qu'il avait fait. Mais en m\u00eame temps, il songea aux int\u00e9r\u00eats de son pays. Il exigea de Cid Campeador, dont il venait d'\u00e9preuver la valeur, que au lieu de rentrer \u00e0 Lisbonne, il se retire \u00e0 Sylv\u00e8s. Il avait trop de droits \u00e0 sa reconnaissance pour ne pas \u00eatre ponctuellement ob\u00e9i.\n\nIf this portrait accurately depicts the chivalric generosity, often united with the furies of war at this time, some details about Don Pedro will also give an idea of the mores of the period.\nDon Pedro, who was forty-one years old during the siege of Lisbon, had as much physical strength as discouragement. When his brother desired to have his title as king confirmed by the pope, he sent him to France to invite Saint Bernard to support his claims at the court of Rome. Alphonse needed all the more the good offices of this famous religious figure, as he was his relative, both being descendants of the counts of Burgundy. When Don Pedro had successfully completed his mission in Rome, he traveled through France and Lorraine in search of adventures, and was recognized everywhere as a good and loyal knight. He intended to conclude his journeys with a pilgrimage to the Holy Land; but Saint Bernard wisely advised him to return to his homeland, where he could serve usefully his brother and his country.\nDon Pedro increased his renown in all prominent actions. He was one of the victors in the famous Battle of Ourique. He was at the siege of Santarem, Badajoz, and several other places, including Lisbon. In the unfortunate day when his brother fell into Spanish hands, Don Pedro had the consolation of having done less, as he could not defend him. When Alphonse founded an order called the Order of Avis, he solicited and obtained the honor of being elected its grand master. His goal was no longer to be solicited by Alphonse for marriage; for this order prescribed celibacy, and Don Pedro was already thinking of peacefully ending his warrior life. He had persuaded Alphonse to build a monastery at Alcobassa, which became famous in Portugal.\nDon Pedro put on the religious habit and fulfilled the duties of his new state, as he had done as a brother, a horseman, and a loyal subject. It is told of him a touching anecdote for the candor it reveals in this warrior turned monk. One day one of his old comrades-in-arms, Laurent Viegas, came to see him in his cell. It is not easy for old warriors, in such a situation, not to recall the adventures of their past life. Don Pedro gave in to temptation, and the two of them spent hours reminiscing about the perils they had faced and the glorious actions that had honored them. But as soon as Viegas left, Don Pedro sincerely reproached himself for this interesting conversation. He feared he had failed in the humility required of devoted solitaries devoted to God.\npour se punir de ce mouvement de vanit\u00e9 \nmondaine^ il s'imposa, comme p\u00e9nitence, \nun silence de sept mois. Il fut si ferme dans \nsa r\u00e9solution, que le roi son fr\u00e8re, \u00e9tant ve- \nnu pendant ce temps lui rendre visite , \nne put obtenir de lui une seule parole. Cette \ncontrainte dut \u00eatre pe'nible \u00e0 tous deux; \ncar il est constant qu'ils eurent l'un pour \nl'autre une affection inalt\u00e9rable. Don P\u00e8- \ndre avait port\u00e9 treize ann\u00e9es l'habit de \nnioine^ lorsqu'il mourut en iiyS, \u00e2g\u00e9 de \nsoixante -neuf ans, dans le lieu qu'il avait \nchoisi paur sa retraite. \nGiraJde surprend la ville d'\u00c9vora^ \nGiRALDE, guerrier d'une haute naissance, \navait obtenu, comme notre Bayard, le sur- \nnom de chevalier sans peur ; mais il s'en \nfallait beaucoup qu^il eut m\u00e9rit\u00e9 comme \nlui le surnom sans doute plus rare de cheva- \nlier sans reproche. Ses mauvaises m\u0153urs lui \nayant m\u00e9rit\u00e9 la disgr\u00e2ce d'Alphonse P'., il \nse retira dans la province d'Alent\u00e9jo, aloi:s \nen tr\u00e8s*graade partie occup\u00e9e par les Mau- \nres. L\u00e0, devenu tra\u00eetre \u00e0 son roi et \u00e0 sa pa- \ntrie, il s'enr\u00f4la au service d'Isma\u00ebl, triste- \nment fameux , comme nous l'avons vu, dans \nles fastes des Mahom\u00e9tans, par la perte de la \nbataille d'Ourique. Le prince maure lui \ndonna un emploi tr\u00e8s-digne d'un transfuge: \nil le chargea d'aller pilier pendant la nuit \nles terres des chr\u00e9tiens, \u00e0 la t\u00eate d'une \ntroupe de brigands caches le jour dans les \nfor\u00eats voisines. Les succ\u00e8s de Giralde, son \nnom, le butin qu'il remportait, ne tard\u00e8- \nrent pas \u00e0 conduire sous ses ordres tout ce \nque le Portugal chr\u00e9tien renfermait d'hom- \nmes justement d\u00e9voues au glaive des lois. Il \nse vit donc chef tr\u00e8s-redout\u00e9 , mais chef \nd'une troupe de brigands. \nCet inf\u00e2me m\u00e9tier ne pouvait long-temps \nconvenir \u00e0 un homme qui , dans sa jeunesse, \nGiralde had feelings of honor. Giralde desired to return under the laws of his legitimate prince; however, he felt that to obtain his pardon, he must render some important service to King Alphonse. An opportunity presented itself, and he seized it with both ability and energy.\n\nEvora, a very strong place, was in the power of the Moors. It would have cost Christians much blood if they had besieged it. Giralde could enter and examine its weak points, but he had to take great precautions. Traitors are always suspect; the Moors surveilled him all the more since they knew Alphonse desired to seize their Tille.\n\nGiralde first consulted with his companions about the project of returning to the obedience of their sovereign. He found them very disposed to abandon a vagabond and uncertain life.\nThey feared nearly as much their new allies as their compatriots. Here are the strategies he devised for his audacious project. Near a city in a plain, there was an old tower where a Moor and his daughter kept watch. It was deemed sufficient precaution against the Christians' raids. Giralde sought out a certain number of determined men in the vicinity, who were to rendezvous with him upon his signal. When the night was very dark, he approached the tower, pressed strong iron points into the wall, and reached a window. He had taken care to wrap himself in tree branches to avoid detection. The Moor had entrusted his daughter with this night watch, but she had fallen asleep. Giralde threw her out of the window.\nThe Il cut off the Maure's head, took the keys, completed killing his daughter, and carried both heads in his hands among his soldiers. When he saw their joy at his success and explained his future plans to them, he returned with them to the tower. Then he lit a fire according to the Moorish sentinels' custom. The direction given to him at the tower's summit meant the Christians were ravaging the countryside from such-and-such side. He indicated the path to Spincheiro, sending soldiers there in earnest with orders to set fire to and slaughter. The Moors of the city saw the signal and came out in crowds to attack these men, whose light from the fire they saw through them. As soon as Giralde saw them leave, he hid in a spot on the other side.\nThe guards are beheaded; trouble and terror reign in a city where the enemy's name is not yet known, and the desolation of women and children, peaceful inhabitants suddenly torn from their sleep, grows with each instant. The warriors from Spincheiro's side have learned of this sad event and hurry to return; but the doors are guarded by Christians, and those who lured them into the plain, executing Giralde's orders, attack from behind. Pressed from all sides, the Moors are massacred or dispersed, leaving the city at the mercy of the victors. The character of these men, the atrocious manner in which wars were generally conducted between these nations due to so many reasons making reconciliation impossible, yielded...\ndonnent the sad assurance that Evora experienced all the horrors of a city under siege. Giralde allowed those who survived the massacre to remain there under certain conditions. Then he hurried to inform Alphonse of the service he had rendered. The importance of the conquest granted Alphonse and his companions the pardon they desired. Alphonse did more; he entrusted them with the guard of the place, and indeed no one but they were determined to defend it against the Moors until the last breath.\n\nAlphonse is taken by Ferdinand II, king of Castile.\n\nThe successes of Alphonse X had long excited the jealousy of his neighbors, and particularly that of the kings of Castile. In 1168, Ferdinand II, sovereign of that state, declared war on him, despite having married one of his two daughters. He had long plotted against him.\nAlphonse would not allow himself to be recognized by his vassal, Temps. When he was forced to abandon this hope, as had happened at Alphonse's coronation, he declared war on him with frivolous pretexts, unworthy of mention in history. Alphonse was then sixty-five years old, but his soul still held the activity it had once abundantly demonstrated. Instead of attacking his enemy, he entered Castille, took control of two small fortresses, and laid siege to Badajoz, recently captured from the Moors by the Spanish. The vigor of his attack made him master of the city before Ferdinand arrived to relieve it. However, Ferdinand came under the city walls before Alphonse had fully secured it. He did not wait for a siege and made an sortie, but unfortunately, as he was making his way out, he was trapped.\nGalop collided violently with one of the gonds of the gate, inflicting on himself a significant wound on his leg. This unfortunate incident and his weakness forced him to make a resolution to return; he couldn't comply, and soon a bloody battle ensued. The animosity being equal on both sides, the advantage would remain with the larger party. The Portuguese were therefore compelled to yield. Alphonse, making great efforts to bring them back to combat, was carried away in the plain by his horse. The animal stomped on the king's wounded leg, rendering him unable to offer any resistance. The Spaniards, masters of his person, conducted him to L\u00e9on.\n\nOut of respect for his glorious actions, his age, and his titles as father-in-law and king, Ferdinand could not dispense with him.\nThe king, Alphonse V, did not wish to be treated dishonorably; yet he did not withhold making her buy back her freedom with great affection. He demanded that Alphonse restore to him the twenty-five places or castles which he had taken from the Castillans in the province of Galice or the kingdom of Leon. He also required that he acknowledge him as his vassal, and promised to attend the Castilian estates as soon as he was able to ride a horse. Alphonse promised everything to be free, but as soon as he was, he affirmed that his wound did not allow him to stay on his horse, and had himself drawn in a carriage. Dishonest subterfuge, but one that resembles many others to which several heads of nations have resorted to evade given words.\n\nValue of Maja.\n\nThe king Alphonse V was not the only one.\nA Portuguese elderly man who could still display the courage of youth undertook an expedition two years after the war that Prince John waged unfortunateally against Castille. One of his bravest warriors, Gon\u00e7al\u00e8s Mendes de Maja, made an excursion into Moorish lands near B\u00e9ja with the intention of retaking the place from the Portuguese. Maja encountered and defeated Almoleymar, a renowned officer among the Moors, who was returning with prisoners and loot. The king of Tanger, Albohassem, came to Almoleymar's aid, and Maja's men did not hesitate to engage in this new battle. They emerged victorious. Maja and his men thus triumphed twice in the same day. However, what makes Maja's success truly remarkable is that he was then 85 years old.\nA doubtless warrior ended his career neither early nor in an unglorious manner. Such a man could not die from a natural death; Maja lost his life due to wounds received in the last battle.\n\nTo explain how Maja still bore arms with glory in an age when, according to the ordinary course of nature, he should have relinquished them, historians, his compatriots, affirm that he had preserved a great part of his strength, which, in his youth, had been prodigious. They assure that with a single thrust of a lance, he pierced any armor, be it thick or thin, or forced it to yield to his shock and enter the body of his enemy.\n\nWhat adds credence to all that has been said of Maja's astonishing vitality.\nAlphonse, this attentive king, entrusted the guard of his most exposed territories from Moorish incursions until the last moment to this man of great courage and strength. The death of this man caused him profound affliction.\n\nLast exploit: Alphonse's fight against the Moors. Death of this great warrior\n\nAlphonse's lieutenants had gained several advantages over the Moors when, in 1185, Aben-Jacob, Miramolin, or the emperor of Morocco, formed against Portugal one of the most dangerous attacks to which the country had been exposed until then.\n\nIndependently of the numerous troops he armed, he interested in his project the Mahometan sovereigns of Andalusia, Murcia, Seville, Cordoba, Grenada, Algarve, Fez, and several others. They committed then terrible damages.\nSeveral Christian regions of Spain; but it was primarily against Portugal that they unleashed their fury. They crossed the Tage, took Torres-Novas, which they demolished, and laid siege to Sanctarem, where infant Don Sanche, son of Alfonso, was. The summons they made to him to surrender was rejected with contempt by this prince. They then pressed the attacks with a vigor bordering on fanaticism. Don Sanche and his brave men held out for a week, but they were on the verge of succumbing. Sanche, wounded, had seen most of his best soldiers perish, and the majority of the others were overwhelmed by sickness. It was then that Alfonso, aged ninety-one, advanced to his aid at the head of the forces he had been able to rally. The Moors had never believed that he would dare to march against them. Their surprise, the sight of the one who had long haunted their dreams, turned the tide of the battle.\nAlphonse, frequently defeated, took advantage of their sudden retreat. He pursued them vigorously, and was aided by Don Sanche, who wounded the emperor of Morocco in the hand. The Muslim prince managed to cross the Tage with his allies; however, he died shortly after from his wound. Most of his officers perished as well.\n\nAlphonse, the victor, did not delay in paying nature's due. He had reigned for sixty-three years, the first seventeen as count and the last forty-six as king. He was buried without pomp in the church of Santa Cruz in Coimbra; however, King Emmanuel later erected a magnificent monument for him. The Portuguese regard him as a saint and preserve, in the church of Santa Cruz in Coimbra, his sword, shield, and the surplice he wore.\nrev\u00eatait quand il entendait le service divin. \nC\u00e9r\u00e9monies observ\u00e9es \u00e0 la mort d Al- \nphonse r^^- , roi de Portugal. \nTous les officiers de la cour, dits corregi-- \ndores y ou veadores de la corte^ partirent \u00e0 \npied du palais liabit\u00e9 par le prince, couverts \nd'un drap noir. Un h\u00e9raut de la ville mar- \nchait au milieu d'eux sur un cheval enhar- \nnach\u00e9 de noir, et tenant un \u00e9tendard de la \nm\u00eame couleur. Plusieurs cavaliers, aussi \ndans ce lugubre costume , les suivirent. Le \njuge criminel et deux hommes les pr\u00e9c\u00e9- \ndaient : tous trois portaient un \u00e9cu sur leur \nt\u00eate. Arriv\u00e9s \u00e0 la porte principale de l'\u00e9glise, \nle juge annon\u00e7a au peuple la mort du roi et \nl'invita \u00e0 le pleurer. En parlant ainsi, il brisa \nun des \u00e9cus. Le cort\u00e8ge arriva ensuite suc- \ncessivement devant la porte de la monnaie \net celle de l'h\u00f4pilal , o\u00f9 les m\u00eames c\u00e9r\u00e9mo- \nnies furent observ\u00e9es. On assure que, \u00e0 tr\u00e8s- \nPeu de changements pr\u00e8s, they are still the same. The first expeditions of Don Sancho P. against the Moors. This prince had inherited the zeal of his father to ensure the independence of Portugal. He had been reigning peacefully for three years, when in 1188, Danish, Flemish and Frisian crusaders, embarked on fifty-three ships, were pushed by the tempest towards the port of Lisbonne. Sanche recalled the useful help of such warriors had brought to his father in taking possession of this same city. He received them with as much courtesy as benevolence, and when they had recovered from the sea's fatigues, he pressed their chief, Jacques d'Avesnes, marshal of Brabant, to grant him their aid against the Moors. He promised to reward their service generously and easily succeeded.\nThey were persuaded to besiege Sylv\u00e8s, a strong city in the Kingdom of Algarves, and after subduing it, it would belong to Don Sanche. The crusaders were to have the entire booty for themselves. They embarked, accompanied by forty Portuguese galeres, to blockade the coast, while Don Sanche's army, commanded by Mendez de Souza, approached by land. Don Sanche's desire for success had convinced him that the commanding general should share the glory of the victory with him. The siege, pressed with vigor, lasted two months; the besieged held out against all assaults and only yielded due to famine. Sanche, unable to keep the city after the departure of his allies, dismantled its fortifications; and the crusaders, with them.\nle butin qui leur avait \u00e9t\u00e9 promis ^ all\u00e8rent \nchercher d autres aventures. \nLes Maures , d\u00e8s Tann\u00e9e suivante , ren- \ntr\u00e8rent dans cette place sans d\u00e9fense ; mais \ndon Sanche avait mis le temps \u00e0 profit , et \nfait de nombreuses lev\u00e9es. Il battit en plu- \nsieurs occasions les ennemis^ et s'empara \nune seconde fois de Sylv\u00e8s. Alors il r\u00e9solut \nde garder cette ville ^ la fortifia de nouveau, \nprit le titre de roi des Algarves , et joignit \ndans son \u00e9cusson les armes de ce royaume \n\u00e0 celles de Portugal. \nCalamit\u00e9s du Portugal sous le r\u00e8gne de \nSanche Vertus de ce prince > \nSanche \u00e9tait parvenu \u00e0 repousser, par la \nprudence autant que par son courage, une \nattaque formidable de l'empereur de Maroc \net de quelques autres princes maures ; lors- \nqu'en i igi son royaume fut expos\u00e9 \u00e0 une \nsuite de fl\u00e9aux non moins d\u00e9sastreux que la \nguerre. Des torren's de pluie, qui parais- \nsaient menacing to engulf it under waters,\ndrowned the harvests and struck the trees with sterility. Suddenly, and without interval, a terrible drought succeeded, scorching the earth so that it could not be cultivated. Famine ensued as an inevitable result of these accumulated evils. Many unfortunate souls perished of hunger, and even riches could not save those who possessed them from such a dreadful death.\n\nThe king of Seville seized this opportunity to avenge his compatriots, the Moors, for their victories against them by the Portuguese valor. Having no doubt provided for the sustenance of his troops in advance, he traversed this unfortunate land, ravaging and burning all in his path, and seized the largest part of the new Algarves kingdom. The Portuguese were so thoroughly devastated.\ncabl\u00e9s, in the depths of their miseries, offered little resistance to the invaders. In this extremity, Sanche acted as a good and wise king: he alleviated as much as he could the suffering caused by nature, and to ward off that which came from the enemy, he came to terms with them for a five-year truce. It is believed, although historians do not mention it, that he made sacrifices of silver and perhaps territory to obtain this passing peace.\n\nBut it seemed that his most prudent measures were constantly thwarted by an unfavorable fate. Hardly had he concluded this necessary truce when a most remarkable solar eclipse occurred, one that no living man could remember having seen before. This passing phenomenon was not a misfortune in itself, but the Portuguese did not fail to draw conclusions from it.\n\"Despite warning them of new misfortunes, this eclipse was in fact the signal for the disasters that were to befall Portugal. Inundations, drought, famine, and even the plague wreaked havoc. The people were terrified by fires spreading through the air. The furious sea offered only an inevitable tomb to those who dared to cross it. Frequent earthquakes caused continuous fear; finally, a cruel epidemic, whose nature could not be determined, claimed the lives of many inhabitants. They experienced terrible declines in their entrails and died in all the convulsions of rage. Amidst a people so cruelly tormented, the king had to rule.\"\nThe supreme rank sometimes brings the most bitter pains. The Moors returned at the expiration of the treaty, or even earlier, according to the dates. They took back Sylv\u00e8s, devastated Alentejo, and, having crossed the Tage, went to the monastery of Alcobassa, where they massacred the peaceful religious. Sanche, with faithful warriors who, like him, were animated by despair, managed to repel these determined enemies and even take back Elvas and Palm\u00e9la. This prince, worthy of a noble fate, experienced a pain that had previously been unknown to him and which had to be very painful for him. The people, no longer seeing the eclipse disappear, sought another cause.\nIn her miseries, she believed she had found the cause: the princess Therese, daughter of the king, had married Alphonse IX, king of Leon, her cousin groom. The Roman court annulled the marriage, although it was unlikely, in this century, that it had been contracted without her authorization. Therefore, Therese, mother of several children, had to separate from her husband and exchange a throne for the solitude of a cloister. She returned to Portugal, where her father probably did not receive her without affliction, and she established herself with nuns in the Lorvam monastery. Unfortunately, the bond uniting the father-in-law and the groom was thus broken, and they went to war. Sanche had the advantage, although his enemy was fortified by the support of some Moorish princes. The wise monarch did not prolong his successes for long.\nConcluding peace and reviving its states, but continually faced with new misfortunes, it was during the best moment of healing the wounds of Portugal that he lost his wife, Queen Douce of Aragon.\n\nOne thing was missing more from Sancho's troubles than seeing his subjects armed against each other. In truth, the distresses that tormented his heart did not degenerate into civil wars. His authority was not unknown to the greatest number, but despite all his efforts, the nobles had frequent bloody quarrels. Two cousins, Don Rodrigue Pereira and Don Mendez de Poyares, engaged in a combat where the latter perished.\n\nUnfortunately, this was not a simple duel. Their relatives, friends, and vassals participated, and this affair, as it happened, became a widespread conflict.\ncertain other lives were lost to useful warriors in the defense of the state. Don Sanche, who knew how to combine firmness with gentleness, employed all his authority against such destructive habits, but he did not succeed in stopping this mania for internal wars, which seemed almost impossible during his time, at least he managed to contain it.\n\nHe soon gave another proof of his excellent mind. Saladin, victorious over the Christians, was taking Palestine from them, and Innocent III preached a crusade among all the Christian princes. Don Sanche considered undertaking a long and perilous journey that would have left Portugal at the mercy of its enemies. He raised all the misfortunes that were befalling his country. However, he provided the crusaders with large sums of money, and perhaps without these donations, there would have been doubt.\nde sa pi\u00e9t\u00e9. Quoi qu'il en soit, les douze der- \nni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es de sa vie, il jouit d'une tran- \nquillit\u00e9 qu'il avait certes bien m\u00e9rit\u00e9e, et \ndont il s'empressa de profiter. Il repeupla ses \nvilles, en b\u00e2tit de nouvelles, et employa \ntous les moyens enson pouvoir pour \u00e9tendre \nparmi son peuple les avantages de la civili-- \nsation. Il est impossible de ne pas honorer \nla m\u00e9moire de ce prince , qui \u00e9prouva des \nmalheurs si longs et si peu m\u00e9rit\u00e9s , lorsque \nl'on yoi% tout ce qu il fit pour gagner lacon- \nfiance et raffeclion de ses sujets. Il aimait \nqu'on lui (\u00eet des remontrances , efe suivait \navec plaisir les conseils qu'il trouvait fon- \ndes sur la raison. Il avait adopte une cou- \ntume qu'il ne faut point passer sous silence. \nDans un temps o\u00f9 les souverains ne quit- \ntaient gu\u00e8re les lieux de leur r\u00e9sidence que \npour aller \u00e0 la guerre , Sanche s'\u00e9tait fait un \nHe had to stay in one city sometimes, in another city others. He was convinced that he would gain more love from his people this way. He found no ungrateful hearts; reflections offered him were sincere, and he obtained the most beautiful titles, that of father of the fatherland. His testament was a final proof of the kindness of his soul and the brilliance of his spirit. If his eldest son and successor, Alphonse II, had the greatest share in his legacies, he did not forget his two other sons, nor the son of his daughter Th\u00e9r\u00e8se, nor his other parents. He also took care that his friends, churches, hospitals, and the poor shared in his generosity.\n\nDon Sanche, this worthy son of Alphonse the Wise, had a much more limited career than that of his father. He died in 1212 at Tagaste.\nThe king, Emmanuel, rendered him, as to his father, a just tribute, by raising for him a beautiful monument, equal to that of Alphonse. Disputes between Alphonse II and his brothers. Generosity of Martin Sanchez. There are few characters to whom equitable history has any reproach to make. Don Sancho, who has just been the subject of so many encomia, offers further proof. This prince, in addition to his legitimate children, had others born of some mistresses. He bequeathed them several legacies through his will and sought from Alphonse, his eldest son, the promise that he would redeem them all. Alphonse did not hesitate to give him this satisfaction, and Don Sancho died in peace. But scarcely had the young prince been on the throne when\nThe throne, where his jealousy against his brothers and sisters erupted; he did not distinguish even the legitimate children from the others. In a reprehensible way, his sisters were primarily the objects of his persecutions. This resulted, as one should expect, in great misfortunes for his country. The queen of Leon, Anne, fortified herself in her retreat. Alphonse showed no shame in marching against a woman, against his sister, against a nun whom he had reduced to taking such sad precautions against him. Forced to yield, she invoked the support of her former husband, who entered Portugal and caused damage. Alphonse marched against him and was defeated, losing several cities, some of which were even delivered to the flames.\n\nWhile the Portuguese people atoned for this,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in old French. Here's the cleaned text in modern English:)\n\nThe throne was the scene of his jealousy towards his brothers and sisters, which exploded; he did not distinguish even the legitimate children from the others. In an odious way, his sisters were the main targets of his persecutions. This led, as one should have anticipated, to great misfortunes for his country. Queen Anne of Leon, his wife, took refuge in seclusion. Alphonse felt no shame in leading an army against a woman, against his sister, against a nun whom he had forced into taking such sad precautions against him. Forced to surrender, she sought the aid of her former husband, who entered Portugal and caused damage. Alphonse marched against him and was defeated, losing several cities, some of which were even handed over to the flames.\n\nWhile the Portuguese people atoned for this,\nainsi les torts de son souverain, les Espa- \ngnols, ayant recrut\u00e9 leur arm\u00e9e, r\u00e9solurent \nde pousser leurs succ\u00e8s aussi loin qu'ils pour- \nraient aller. Le roi de L\u00e9on crut qu'il ne \npourrait mieux faire que d'en confier le \ncommandement \u00e0 Sanchez. \nCe guerrier \u00e9tait f\u00eels naturel de don San- \nche , et d'une dame appel\u00e9e Marie Forne\u00eeos. \nForc\u00e9 de fuir les \u00e9tats d'Alphonse II , il s'^'- \ntait retir\u00e9 pr\u00e8s du roi de L\u00ebon , qui l'avait \nnomm\u00e9 son grand s\u00e9n\u00e9chal. Quand les deux \narm\u00e9es furent en pr\u00e9sence , il s'aper\u00e7ut qu'il \niie trouvait par hasard plac\u00e9 vis-\u00e0-vis du roi \nde Portugal. Il le salua de loin , et remit son \n\u00e9p\u00e9e dans le fourreau , d\u00e9clarant qu'il ne \nl'en tirerait pas tandis qu'il serait plac\u00e9 en \nface de son fr\u00e8re. Alphonse, qui n'\u00e9tait pas \n\u00eb\u00eerangev aux sentimens g\u00e9n\u00e9reux, fut tou- \nch\u00e9 de cette action, et prit un parti qui \npourra pai'aitre assez singulier; ce fut de se \nMartin removed himself from the battlefield and went to Porto when the battle began. This excessive condescension, which could be poorly interpreted, caused great harm to the cause of this prince. Despite the vigorous resistance of the Portuguese and their generals, they were defeated. Martin Sanchez gained double honor that day; first as commander of the victors, then as a generous and good-brother enemy. In the midst of the battle's most furious engagement, he encountered don Vasqu\u00e8s de Savorosa, who had married his mother, and disarmed him, granting him life only on the condition that he retreat from combat. For two days following, they fought anew, and Martin Sanchez remained victorious.\n\nHowever, it was observed from various sides that it would have been better for him to try to come to terms than to spill so much blood.\nFans addressed themselves to Pope Innocent III, and to determine Alphonse to let them rest, he threatened them with the church's thunderbolts. Alphonse, who could have had justifications, claimed, with sufficient probability, that King Don Sancho did not intend, in giving patrimonies to his oldest sons, to withdraw them from dependence. He conceded that they could live freely in the cities given to them and receive revenues; but he wanted them to recognize his royal authority. Arbiters named by the pontiff finally managed to put an end to these disputes, and through reconciliation, a war that should never have occurred between the sons of the same father was terminated.\n\nDifferences between Alphonse II and several ecclesiastics of his kingdom.\nThe famous entanglements of Henry, king of England, involved Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, in some ways with what occurred in Portugal around the year 1202, and during the reign of Alphonse II. However, more fortunate than the English monarch, this prince quelled troubles more easily, and it is not irrelevant to mention this, even to provide an idea of the morals of the century. Portuguese historians, in general, very eager to present their nation under favorable aspects, are forced to acknowledge that there was much corruption in their country at that time. This was true to a large extent throughout Europe, and it is still necessary to admit that in Portugal, as elsewhere, a part of the clergy participated in the faults and vices of men.\nIn the 16th century, when Alphonse II had been freed from the wars he had to support, he cast a curious and severe gaze upon the morals of his kingdom's clergy. What most irritated him was the belief that many ecclesiastics had entered their state not by vocation but by less honorable means: in a word, they had sought to evade military service. Portugal was a state too small and had too many enemies to fight for the monarch not to blame such conduct highly. Alphonse II, as we have seen in his dealings with his brothers, had a stern character and was very protective of his power. He forced a large number of priests to take up the profession of arms and led them into combat.\nThe king reduced the revenues of several [people], applying part of it to the needs of the state. The spirits grew angry to such a point that a prior of Dominicans, named Sueyro Cornez, pronounced a death penalty against anyone who failed to provide resources to the monks of his order, using his private authority. Alphonse grew impatient with this indirect attack on royal authority. He became increasingly severe against the ecclesiastical institutions. Don Suarez de Sylva, archbishop of Braga, threatened him with censures from the Roman court for any response, and the king deprived him of his revenues. The pope Honorius III, invoked by the prelate, wrote a letter to the king that was far from reconciling spirits, as he referred to him as a heretic and a tyrant.\nAlphonse was no less eager to assert his power over the Portuguese clergy. The pope then placed the kingdom under interdict; but Alphonse yielded not. New wars against the Moors came to distract him from these troubles, and his death in 1223, when he was still only thirty-eight years old, put an end to them completely.\n\nAlphonse's reforming spirit also extended to the judiciary. Portugal owed him, among other things, a real benefit in this regard. Recognizing the inconvenience of each province and almost every city having its own particular laws, he convened the Estates General at Coimbra in the first year of his reign and made new laws that were to be uniformly adopted throughout Portugal. He also wished that the death sentences were not carried out until twenty days after their pronouncement.\nThey would have been brought, so that during this time we could ensure that the judges had not been prejudiced or delayed. Despite Alphonse II's defects, these reforms announced a righteous spirit, and in many ways, superior to his century.\n\nSome traits of Sancho II's reign: He was deposed.\n\nSeveral causes contributed to Sancho II's deposition; but the primary one was his weak character, equal to that of his complexion. He ascended to the throne in 1223, at the age of sixteen, and began by reconciling with the clergy, whom his father had been, if not an enemy, then a harsh judge. This move was poorly received by the lords; but Don Sancho, in restoring to his aunts the lands that Alphonse II had taken from them, appeared to act as a good parent and an equitable prince.\nIl parcourut ensuite tout son royaume, pour s'informer si la justice \u00e9tait bien administr\u00e9e et r\u00e9former les abus. Certes, en agissant de cette mani\u00e8re, il ne m\u00e9ritait encore que des \u00e9loges.\n\nIl fit respecter sa puissance aux Castillans, et combattit les Maures avec avantage. Ainsi Sanche II, pendant une grande partie de son r\u00e8gne, put se promettre une carri\u00e8re glorieuse et fortun\u00e9e.\n\nMais en m\u00eame temps, et lorsqu'occupant le tr\u00f4ne depuis seize ans, il devait avoir acquis une certaine maturit\u00e9 d'esprit, tout changea d'une mani\u00e8re aussi subite que d\u00e9solante. Cessant de consulter sages ministres, don Sanche II ne \u00e9couta plus que des indignes favoris, dont l'insolence souleva le peuple et les grands. Le royaume fut divis\u00e9, et les ennemis en profit\u00e8rent. Les Maures p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e8rent jusqu'aux environs de Porto, et y commirent des horreurs.\nThey ripped children from their mothers' arms and throats were cut if they did not immediately pay ransom. Sanche plunged into pleasures, and saw only what his favorites allowed him to see, ignoring these evils for a time; but he placed brave generals at the head of his troops, who in turn wreaked havoc on the enemy.\n\nHowever, these successes, beneficial and glorious for Portugal, did not reflect the character of their king in the eyes of the people. After alienating the nobles, he had the misfortune of making enemies of these priests whom he had treated so well at the beginning of his reign. His favorites extorted them mercilessly, and he let them do as they pleased.\n\nPeople waited patiently, out of respect for royal dignity, and the great ones even tried to calm the discontent.\nThe people; but Sancho's marriage to Dona ended in complete loss. His favorites chose Dona Mencia, daughter of Lop\u00e8s de Haro, lord of Biscaye, as his wife. This woman, beautiful, spiritual, and very coquettish, soon took control of her weak husband's every desire. Each day, he had to find money for her new whims or losses. The nobility, excluded from government employment more than ever, eventually exposed this, all the more certain since they took no risks in acting thus, that the people, at least as discontented as they, had promised to support them with all their power. They gathered and presented themselves before the king to demand the dismissal of his current ministers, hated by the people as by themselves. Sancho,\nsoit qu'il f\u00fbt eflVay\u00eb de leur d\u00e9marche , soit \nqu'il e\u00fbt honte d'avoir ainsi m\u00e9rite de ses \nsujets une remontrance publique , promit \nla punition des coupables ; mais la reine \nchangea toutes ses r\u00e9solutions, et les favoris \nfurent plus puissans que jamais. Les grands ^ \ntromp\u00e9s dans leur espoir, eurent recours \nau pape Gr\u00e9goire IX. Le pape pronon\u00e7a \nl'interdit du royaume et l'excommunication \ndu roi , sous pr\u00e9texte de parent\u00e9 entre lui \net la reine. Sanche se soumit, lit toutes les \npronievsses qu'on voulut , et, \u00e0 l'avilissement \nde recevoir une r\u00e8gle de conduite de la main \ndu pontife, joignit le tort de manquer eii- \ncore \u00e0 sa parole. Comme sa passion pour la \nreine ne faisait que s'accro\u00eetre chaque jour, \non ne manqua pas , selon l'esprit du temps, \nd'assurer qu elle lui avait fait prendi^e quel- \nque breuvage magique. \nCependant les peuples d'Entredouro et \nMinho, remarkably loyal until then towards their princes, but weary of the yoke imposed by a woman and unworthy favorites, marched to Coimbra under the orders of Porto Carrero and seized the queen from the palace. Don Sanche was irked, and he must have been provoked by such a cruel insult, despite having instigated it. He wanted to take up arms but found no one willing to follow him. Mencia was sent to Castille. At this point, the monarch could be attacked without scruple. The authority of the pope was invoked once more; it was then Innocent IV. He wrote a warning letter to the king and received reports on Sanche's conduct from Portuguese prelates, who showed little inclination to justify him. Passing through Paris, where he found Prince Alphonse, Sanche's brother, they reported the matter to him.\nSanclia swore loyalty to him, known regent of the kingdom. Alphonse went to find the pope in Lyon, and Ton agreed to deprive Don Sancho not of the title of king, but of all authority. However, Don Sancho still had supporters, touched by pity for him and convinced that he had been unfairly treated. He could regain his authority or dispute it for some time longer.\n\nHe chose another course. Whether he abhorred civil war, feared falling into his brother's hands and becoming a crowned slave, or his passion for Mencia was insurmountable, or all these reasons combined, he fled Portugal and went to find the king of Castille at Tolede, who received him with goodwill.\n\nHe was on the road when the two brothers met.\nde Souza and the two brothers Lopez, among the earliest families of the kingdom, presented themselves to him at Morelra. They had taken no part in the changes contemplated at court. They bowed to him; and the eldest of the Souzas said, \"We are your subjects, our lives are in your hands, and we will not abandon you. But we are concerned about Martin Gilles, your favorite. This man has brought about your ruin and that of the state. He reigns under your name. If he denies what I advance, I will prove it to him with weapons in hand.\"\n\nThe cowardly silence of Martin Gilles proved how guilty he felt; yet don Sanche could not bring himself to abandon him. He rejected their generous offers.\nThese devoted men continued on their route to Tol\u00e8de. Dona Mencia is said to have joined them, but what is generally believed to be true is that during the short time Don Sanche lived there, he appeared to be an entirely different man. To everyone's great surprise, he was considered worthy of the throne. Perhaps it was an error: Don Sanche inspired pity, making him seem favorable, and he could display the virtues of a simple man without being fit to wear a crown. His death, the date of which has never been definitively fixed, proved useful for Portugal as it ended great dissensions and even the crimes that continued in a state favored by civil unrest. A large number of Portuguese wanted\nIn 1345, during the reign of Sanche II, Martin-Gilles, the favorite of the king, led an army against enemies of the monarch. Rodrigue Sanchez, their chief, who was a natural son of Sanche T*, perished in this battle. It was during this engagement that Rodrigue Abreu, one of the king's knights, encountered Rodrigue Fafes in the midst of the fray. Rodrigue Fafes, who had just lost his horse in the melee, asked Atreu for his horse. Assuming that Atreu, being young and vigorous, would not refuse, he made the request. However, Atreu harbored feelings for Mencia, the daughter of Fafes, and had little hope of winning her affection until then.\ngneur wanted to grant it to him. He replied to Faf\u00e8s, \"My horse is yours, but under a condition; it is that you will make me the husband of your daughter, without which I cannot live.\" She is yours, replied Faf\u00e8s, impatient to fight again, and immediately throwing himself on the horse, he plunged into the midst of the enemies. D'Abreu, who came to obtain the one he loved through some kind of subterfuge, wanted at least to appear worthy of his happiness. Though on foot, he fought with extreme courage; and Faf\u00e8s acknowledged that he would have deserved his daughter by his noble actions, even if he had not seized the moment to ask for her hand.\n\nAn unusual anecdote about the siege of Ceorique.\n\nAlphonse, regent of Portugal, was recognized by the majority of the kingdom after the flight of don Sanche. As oned.\nvient de dire; mais il trouva aussi des commandants de places qui n'\u00e9taient point \u00e9pouvant\u00e9s du nom de tra\u00eetres et qui furent au contraire que la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 consistait pour eux \u00e0 lui fermer leurs portes. De cette nombre fut Ferdinand Pach\u00e9co, qui commandait la citadelle de C\u00e9lorique. Assi\u00e9g\u00e9 par Alphonse, il commen\u00e7ait \u00e0 manquer de vivres, et ses soldats le pressaient de se rendre, lorsqu'un oiseau de proie passa au-dessus de la ville, tenant entre ses serres une truite qu'il avait sans doute prise dans le Mond\u00e9go, dont la ville et les campagnes voisines sont arros\u00e9es. On s'appr\u00eatait \u00e0 la manger, lorsque Pach\u00e9co con\u00e7ut que il pouvait tirer de ce poisson un tr\u00e8s-grand parti. Il l'envoya au r\u00e9gent, et le prince, persuad\u00e9 que des assi\u00e9g\u00e9s qui faisaient un tel pr\u00e9sent devaient \u00eatre dans l'abondance, leva le si\u00e8ge, et alla camper devant Conimbre.\nThere are several unreadable characters in the text, making it difficult to clean without introducing errors. However, I will do my best to remove meaningless or unreadable content while preserving the original text as much as possible.\n\nInput Text: \"\"\"\nIl y aurait bien des objections \u00e0 faire contre cette historiette, qui pourrait bien n'\u00eatre pas plus vraie que tant d'autres; mais, d'un c\u00f4t\u00e9, les plus graves historiens du Portugal n'ont pas d\u00e9daign\u00e9 de la rapporter. De cette derni\u00e8re autorit\u00e9 surtout, il est assez imposeant pour que je ne point passe sous silence un fait qui pouvait se raconter en peu de phrases, sauf aux lecteurs \u00e0 le croire ou \u00e0 le rejeter, selon qu'ils le jugeant conve- nable.\n\nFid\u00e9lit\u00e9 de Martin Freitas, gouverneur de Conimbre\n\nLorsque Alphonse, r\u00e9gent de Portugal, s'est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 devant Conimbre, Martin Freitas, gouverneur de cette ville, n'a pas eu recours comme Pach\u00e9co \u00e0 un stratag\u00e8me qui\n\"\"\"\n\nCleaned Text: \"Des objections pouvaient \u00eatre lev\u00e9es contre cette histoire, qui peut n'\u00eatre pas plus vraie que d'autres; cependant, les plus graves historiens du Portugal n'ont pas n\u00e9glig\u00e9 de la rapporter. Sa derni\u00e8re autorit\u00e9 est assez impressionnante pour que je ne reste pas silencieux sur un fait qui peut \u00eatre racont\u00e9 rapidement, sauf aux lecteurs pour les juger ou les rejeter, selon leur convenance.\n\nLoyalty of Martin Freitas, governor of Conimbre\n\nWhen Alphonse, regent of Portugal, presented himself before Conimbre, Martin Freitas, governor of this city, did not resort, like Pach\u00e9co, to a stratagem\"\nCould not fail in helping Eligo from his walls, but he showed no less loyalty to Don Sancho II, the governor of Celorique. He supported the attacks with courage when Alphonse informed him that this unfortunate king had moved to Toledo. (This being in 1248, I should add, as it clarifies the time frame of Don Sancho's death, resulting in him living only three years in voluntary exile.) Freitas suspected a trap and requested permission to go to Toleda himself to verify the fact. He also desired, during his absence, for the siege to be interrupted. Alphonse easily agreed to both proposals. When Freitas was allowed entry into Don Sancho's tomb, there was no longer any doubt; however, placing his hands on the icy remains.\nThe one who had been your sovereign of Conimbre, \"sire,\" you said to him, \"as long as you lived, I have endured a thousand dangers for your service with my loyal soldiers. For your service, we have suffered the most dreadful famine; we have resigned ourselves to using the most vile food and the most distasteful drinks. Now that you no longer live, the only duty I have left to fulfill towards you is to return the keys of the city that you had entrusted to me. I will tell the inhabitants of Conimbre and the garrison that you have ceased to live, and without failing in loyalty to you, we can now recognize your brother don Alphonse as our king.\"\n\nHe took back the keys and went to give them to the regent. Alphonse acknowledged this worthy deed.\nThe grandeur of soul that Freitas had made apparent in this singular endeavor. He believed he could not entrust the city to anyone more worthy of keeping it for him, and he renounced the government; moreover, with delicate attention, he did not even want to lend him an oath of loyalty.\n\nFormidable Moorish invasion in Castille. The king of Portugal marches against them and they are completely defeated.\n\nIn 1340, the Moors, taking advantage of the troubles that agitated the court of Alphonse XI, king of Castille, spread throughout his lands. This king begged his wife Blanche, daughter of Alphonse IV, king of Portugal, for help: he dared not speak in his own name because he had wronged that very princess; through the illicit love that Eleonore de Guzman inspired in him. Three hundred knights\nCavaliers, whom Alphonse of Portugal granted, were insufficient relief. In fact, Albouhacen, king of Morocco, preached a religious war throughout Africa and assembled four hundred thousand infantrymen with sixty-seven thousand horses. His fleet numbered over thirteen hundred vessels.\n\nThe king of Portugal recognized that, despite his subjects' complaints against his grandson, he had greater interest in not letting him be overwhelmed. The king of Aragon intervened on their behalf, but his admiral Gilbert was defeated and killed.\n\nAlphonse of Portugal went to Seville at the head of his troops, where he was received with great joy. A council was held, and this courageous prince decided to engage the enemy.\n\nFirst, the siege of Tarifa was lifted from the Moorish army, and after this initial success, they waited for new troops.\npes come from Portugal. When they arrived, the two kings had made great efforts, and their army, assembled, was very numerous; however, it was only a quarter of the size of the enemy's. They had therefore one hundred thousand infantrymen and envied eighteen thousand cavalry.\n\nOn the 27th of October, they saw, from a mountain, the enemies covering an immense expanse of land. This sight, far from inspiring fear in the Christian soldiers, made them shout with joy, hoping to sacrifice a greater number of their enemies to religion and country.\n\nThe Moors, on their side, were not less animated and made the plain resound with the sound of their war instruments. The Christians sent one thousand cavalry to Tarifa, with orders to come, as well as the garrison, to take the enemies in flank.\nThe battle was about to be engaged. On the 28th, the two kings attended mass and communicated. They then arranged their troops in battle formation, taking up positions at the center, leading their best warriors. The standard of the crusade was carried by a French knight named Hugues. Chosen for this role, he could only have acquired great reputation. The king of Castille addressed the troops, and in his speech was a notable phrase. (\"You are going to fight a crowd of men, women and children with no experience. In truth, there is no glory in defeating them; but if you are defeated, you will be covered in an unbearable shame.\") If he indeed pronounced these words, it is clear that the immense multitude of Moors was far from being composed entirely of combatants; it was a true migration.\ndans le sens des croisades , et o\u00f9 m\u00eame les \npersonnes inutiles \u00e9taient en plus grand \nnombre encore. C'\u00e9taient enfin des familles \nenti\u00e8res venues dans l'espoir d'envahir des \nterres fertiles. Cette explication \u00e9tait n\u00e9ces^ \nsaire pour rendre croyable ce qui va \u00eatre \ndit , d'apr\u00e8s les historiens , du r\u00e9sultat de la \nbataille. \nOn marche vers une petite rivi\u00e8re appel\u00e9e \nle Salado, dont cette bataille prit le nom. \nAlbouhacen partit aussit\u00f4t pour emp\u00eacher \nles chr\u00e9tiens de la passer, et se trouva sur \nles bords \u00e0 temps, parce que les cfiefs de \nl'avant-garde chr\u00e9tienne avaient tout-\u00e0-coup \nfait halte , ce qui \u00e9leva des soup\u00e7ons sur \nleur fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 ; mais on avait tous les mat\u00e9- \nriaux d'un pont de bateaux, et quelques \ncompagnies de cavalerie s'\u00e9tant avanc\u00e9es \nsur ce pont fait \u00e0 la h\u00e2te , elles facilit\u00e8rent le \npassage au reste de l'arm\u00e9e. \nLes Maures, qu'on s'attache toujours \u00e0 \nrepresented in this action as cowards, yet they put up a fairly long resistance; but the Christians, having made a detour around a large body of troops, entered the Moorish camp. The Moors fell into the most terrible disorder: they no longer listened to the voice of their leaders and were massacred without resistance.\n\nHere is where all contemporary historians agree to place the number of Muslims killed at two hundred thousand and that of the Christians only at thirty. The second assertion is perhaps even less believable than the first. This could be explained by the zeal of the victors; but how can one imagine that between two similar masses, one of the armies lost only thirty men?\n\nAlbouhacen, in despair, is said to have thrown himself down in the midst of this field of carnage,\nThe hand of the Quran, at times invoking the sky and the prophet, at times addressing them with bitter reproaches. He had every reason to give in to despair; Fatima, his most beloved wife, had been impiously massacred; two of his sons had been killed near her, and Albouhamar, the third, was a prisoner. This fatal day was causing the king of Morocco to lose hope of keeping any of the concubines he had taken in Castile or in the Algarves. He first went to Algeciras, then crossed the sea and returned to his states. Calm could not even enter his heart; for, placed on a throne beset by seditions, he feared that a disastrous defeat for so many families would precipitate him.\n\nThe Christian soldiers had received the news... (The text is already readable and requires no cleaning.)\nThe two kings plundered the lance. Their greed was evident in vast quantities of gold and silver, as well as precious jewels, which they became masters of.\n\nThe two kings, occupied with more important matters, strengthened the fortifications of Tarifa, leaving a small garrison. Having given thanks to God for such a significant victory, which had cost them so little, they entered Triumphantly into Seville, amidst the joy of all classes of the people, and leading a multitude of captives in their train.\n\nOf all the plunder, the king of Portugal wanted only the royal standard and the trumpet of Albuhacem, some armor and certain precious swords adorned with jewels. At the invitation of the king of Castille, he joined a few slaves, among whom was a nephew of the king of Morocco.\nThe pope, Benoit XII, received a solemn embassy. He was presented with one hundred knights magnificently armed, eighty banners, and the standard of the king of Grenada.\n\nThis prince had retired to his states, as defeated as his ally, trembling that he would be attacked; but the moment when Moorish domination in Spain was to cease had not yet come. He was beaten in some encounters, but the troubles that arose in his subjects' states and families allowed him to breathe.\n\nThere is no more touching or frightful history than that of Don Pedro and Ines, whose tale forms the most beautiful episode of Camoens' Lusiade. One can even add that, considered from a certain aspect, it is not far from having a moral worth drawing.\ncons\u00e9quences aussi importantes , puisque \nles malheurs et les crimes dont cette his- \ntoire abonde , eurent pour principe un atta- \nchement ill\u00e9gitime. \nDon P\u00e8dre , fils du roi de Portugal \nAlphonse IV, \u00e9pousa Constance, fille de \ndon Manuel de P\u00e9nafiel , le plus puissant \nseigneur de l'Espagne. Cette princesse me- \nr\u00eetait toute son affection ; elle ne put Tob- \ntenir. In\u00e8s de Castro ^ sa f\u00eelle d'honneur , \ninspira au jeune donP\u00e8dre une passion vio- \nlente, et la partagea. Constance, qui aimait \ntendrement son \u00ebpoux , ne fut pas plut\u00f4t \ncertaine de son malheur,qu'elle s abandonna \nau chagrin qui , apr\u00e8s neuf ann\u00e9es d'un ma- \nriage si malheureux, termina son existence, \nIn\u00e8s , dont tous les historiens s^accordent \n\u00e0 vanter la rare beaut\u00e9 et le caract\u00e8re plein \nde douceur, donna des larmes sinc\u00e8res \u00e0 \ncelle dont elle devait se reprocher la mort, \net don P\u00e8dre , plus \u00e9pris que jamais , ne \nCacha surpassed the passion he felt for her; yet, at the same time, he clarified that she was his wife, without offending conventions. King Alphonse was deeply troubled by his son's behavior, who was the heir to his crown. However, the preparations for war against Castile and the dreadful pestilence that ravaged Europe in 1348, absorbing all his concern, came first.\n\nIn 1354, Don Pedro married In\u00e9s at Bragance, in the presence of his clan-bellan and a bishop. He announced his intention to proclaim her queen once he ascended the throne. Some prelates and influential men, intending to secure a fact they considered essential for the kingdom, urged Alphonse to propose a new wife for his son. Don Pedro\nrefuses this proposition with extreme firmness. Then, In\u00e8s' enemies, those who couldn't bear to see a simple noble family placed above all others due to their alliance with the heir to the crown, intensified their efforts before the sovereign to punish In\u00e8s severely.\n\nThree lords in particular, Gon\u00e7al\u00e8s, Pa-ch\u00e8co, and Co\u00ebllo, showed animosity towards her that stemmed from rage. They urged the king without hesitation to assassinate a defenceless woman. Though irritated, Alphonse trembled at this proposition and went to combat the Moors who had just taken a city from him in the Algarves.\n\nHis expedition was as brief as could be; and scarcely was he back, when the three enemies of In\u00e8s renewed their bloody solicitations; they were making their case\nThe honor of the prince and especially the state's safety, which needed strengthening through alliances, managed to secure the king's consent. The deliberations regarding this dire affair had not been entirely secret, and several people at court were informed. The archbishop of Brague, among others, and Queen Beatrix herself, mother of Don Pedro, warned In\u00e8s of the plot against her. Despite his natural trust, he refused to believe such a deceit and thought they wanted him to resolve to leave the one he loved more than ever.\n\nOne day, when Don Pedro was hunting, Alphonse set out from Montemayor to go to Conimbre, In\u00e8s' residence. Scarcely had she been warned that the king was approaching her palace to kill her, that she advanced towards Alphonse.\nsejet a pleurant \u00e0 ses pieds, et pr\u00e9senta trois enfants qu'elle avait eus de son \u00edo6. L'aspect de ces jeunes infortun\u00e9s, dans lesquels il ne pouvait m\u00e9conna\u00eetre ses petits-fils, et l'extr\u00eame beaut\u00e9 de In\u00e8s en larmes, touch\u00e8rent si vivement Alphonse, qu'il se retira sans ex\u00e9cuter son cruel dessein. Mais Alvar\u00e8s, Pach\u00e9co et Co\u00ebllo ne cess\u00e8rent de l'importuner. In\u00e8s et ses enfants n'\u00e9taient plus devant ses yeux ; il donna enfin son consentement. Ils vol\u00e8rent aussit\u00f4t au palais d'In\u00e8s, et des chevaliers, n\u00e9s pour d\u00e9fendre la beaut\u00e9, devinrent ses bourreaux.\n\nSerait inutile de faire sentir quelle fut la douleur de don Pedro ; mais un caract\u00e8re tel que le sien ne se bornait pas \u00e0 des larmes et des plaintes. L'exc\u00e8s de son d\u00e9sespoir le rendit rebelle. Il s'unit avec Fernand et Alvar\u00e8s de Castro, fr\u00e8res.\nC'est la pens\u00e9e de Camo\u00ebns, dans sa trag\u00e9die d'In\u00e8s, dont un grand po\u00e8te e\u00fbt fait un des plus admirables chefs-d'\u0153uvre, tant le sujet \u00e9tait path\u00e9tique. La Motte a chang\u00e9 avec raison cet atroce d\u00e9nouement; mais il a eu le bon esprit de repr\u00e9senter In\u00e8s avec ses enfants aux pieds d'Alphonse. In\u00e8s et ravagea les provinces entre Douro et Minho, et Tra-los-Montes, parce que les assassins de son \u00e9pouse y avaient leurs possessions. Il ne songeait pas, dans son \u00e9garement, que faisait peser sa vengeance sur un grand nombre d'innocents.\n\nQuelle ne dut pas \u00eatre l'affliction d'Alphonse, surtout lorsqu'il se rappela qu'autrefois lui-m\u00eame avait fait une guerre impie au roi Denis, son p\u00e8re! Chaque jour la d\u00e9olation augmentait dans le royaume, et la reine elle-m\u00eame, accompagn\u00e9e de plusieurs dames.\npr\u00e9lats found him his son to invite him to lay down arms. He did not want to comply unless they handed over Gon\u00e7alves, Pach\u00e9co, and Co\u00ebllo. Alphonse felt he could not but dishonor himself by acceding to such a demand, since they had only carried out his orders. However, the misfortunes of Portugal continued to worsen day by day until it was decided that Alfonso should be content with the exile of his enemies. Alphonse, overwhelmed by sorrows as much as by age, died a short time after his son's return. Bon P\u00e9dro became king in 1556, at the age of thirty-six. He began by aligning himself with the king of Castille against that of Arragon. Politics dictated a completely opposite conduct; but this was not the case.\nroiquitethathewasimplacableenemyofAssassinsofInes,whohadretiredinCastille.Hehopedtheywouldbehandedtohim;andDonPedre,knownasPierre-le-Cruel,who ruledovertheCastillansatthattime,wasnotamanofhospitality.Heobtained,throughDonPedroofPortugal,thesupportofsomelordswhohadfledhisrule,andhe sentGoncalesandCoello.Pachacoowasthankfulforthisgooddeed.Thedayhisfriendswerearrested,hewasinformedbyabeggarwhomheoftengavealms,andhefledtoArragon.\n\nDonPedre,greatlydispleasedbyhisdefeatatvengeance,ventedhiswrathonlymoreontheothertwo.Hehadalreadydeclaredthemtreasonable traitors tothepatrie:hehadconfiscatedtheirgoods;hehadthemapplyedtothelaw.\nAlvarez and Coello wanted to enjoy the spectacle of their terrible tortures themselves; but Alvarez could never make them name their accomplices or declare what had happened in the secret meetings between King Alphonse and them.\n\nBecome fierce out of resentment, Don Pedro did not limit himself to satisfying his eyes with the torments of his enemies. He had an scaffold erected in front of his palace window, and made them have their hearts torn out while they were still alive, an awful supplication which until then Portugal had been unaware of, and by which Don Pedro managed to arouse pity for men so basely guilty. He then had their bodies burned and their ashes cast to the wind.\n\nThe eleventh was reserved for Don Pedro to give an even more extraordinary spectacle, and\nqui, proving the extreme affection he still held for In\u00e8s, presented himself at least as an object of pity and not horror. He went to Castagn\u00e9do, accompanied by the first lords of the kingdom, and there it was revealed that his marriage to In\u00e8s had taken place in the city of Bragance. He wanted the witnesses to be interrogated, and the marriage was made public. There existed between the two spouses what is called a spiritual affinity, and historians did not particularize this. These affinities, according to the times, were impediments more or less strong to conjugal unions. Don Pedro made a bull from Pope John XXII grant him all necessary dispensations. These acts established the legitimacy of Don Pedro and In\u00e8s' children and their aptitude to succeed to the throne.\n\nHaving taken all these care, commendable in themselves.\ndon Pedro fitted two marble tombs, one for Ines and one for himself. On one of the two was a statue of his wife, a crown on her head. They were placed in the monastery of Alcobassa. Don Pedro also presided over the last and strange ceremony that was announced. He had the body of Ines exhumed from the Church of Sainte-Claire in Coimbra, buried for seven years and more. They dressed it magnificently, placed a crown on its head, and seated it on a throne. Then, by order of the unfortunate husband, all the lords, all the ladies of the court, went to kneel before the one he had loved so much, recognized her as their sovereign, and kissed her hands, now turned to bone.\nOn the square stood the remains of In\u00e8s on a magnificent chariot. The same procession accompanied them, and the funeral pomp marched thus for the seventeen leagues separating Coimbra from Alcobassa. The lords wore their heads covered with a capuchon, which was then a mark of deep mourning in the country. The ladies were dressed in long robes, covered with white mantles. On both sides of the road were men carrying torches.\n\nSome exaggeration there may have been in these signs of the king's grief, but they were so sincere that the naturally sensitive nation showed no surprise; it took part in all these external demonstrations to move the heart of Don Pedro.\n\nHowever, when Ton reported without hesitation the wrongs where passion led him; when he was blamed for taking up arms\nAgainst his father, and for avenging In\u00e8s' murderers to the point of cruelty, it is fitting to recall the feelings of Don Pedro, who died in Isoy six years after this unique ceremony in history. He was deeply regretted, and when they transported him near In\u00e8s' tomb, the grief was as general as it was sincere. The following words were often repeated by him: \"A king who lets a day pass without doing good, does not deserve the title of king.\" It was observed that he had always conducted himself in accordance with this fine maxim. He hastened to make peace with the King of Castille, without the disputes between them having been pushed very far. By King of Castille, here we mean Henry of Trastamara, placed on the throne by him.\nThe people and arms of the famous Guesclin. The husband of In\u00e8s felt that it was not suitable for him to remain an ally of the prince, who was indeed legitimate, but whose cruelty had alienated the hearts of his subjects, making him unworthy to rule. He ceased to give him aid and even refused him sanctuary. The interest of his people, as Pierre-le-Cruel said, was enough to make him take this last resolution.\n\nBattle of Aljubarrota.\n\nThis battle, famous in Portuguese annals, took place on August 14, 1385, between the kings of Castille and Portugal, both named John I. John of Castille entered Portugal through the province of Beira, took C\u00e9lorico, destroyed Aljubarrota, burned the suburbs of Coimbra, and, having crossed the Mondego, invested Leiria in the Portuguese Estremadura.\nThe role of this state was not brought down by a swift march. Accompanied by his constantable, the brave Nunez assembled his troops and marched towards the enemies. They were greatly superior in numbers, and it was proposed in the council to divide the Portuguese army into two corps; one to retreat into Castille for a diversion, and the other to harass the Castillian army in Portugal. Nunez had no trouble making his opinion known that this was the most dangerous plan, as the army, already weak in comparison to the enemies, would weaken further by dividing. He suggested that we should make one last effort to drive the enemy out of Portugal, while we had the advantage of superior forces. In the end, we rallied to his view. The two armies were soon facing each other. The Portuguese positioned themselves.\nIn a narrow location, they were surrounded by two impassable valleys and faced a plain where they could spread out. Among the six thousand five hundred men in their small army, a certain number were armed only with pitons and iron bars. Portuguese historians claim that the Castilian army was three times larger. However, the Spaniards admitted to only ten thousand infantrymen and two thousand cavalry, which is still a significant advantage.\n\nWhen the Portuguese army was formed into battle lines, a movement by the Castilian army caused the Portuguese to face the sun and be exposed to the dust raised by the Castilian army. The Portuguese were so animated in combat that they paid no attention to these two factors.\nThe archbishop of Brague ran among the ranks distributing pardons granted by Urban VI to the Portuguese, while Spanish bishops distributed those of Clement, Urban's rival. Before the engagement, the two armies presented a singular spectacle, with national hatreds compounded by mutual accusations of schismatic heresy.\n\nThe Castilians surprised and terrified their enemies by firing two pieces of artillery, an innovation scarcely known in Spain at the time. They struck down two brothers, but a soldier cried out that the sky was purging the army by meting out justice on two scoundrels, one of whom had massacred a priest saying mass. The victory would be theirs.\nThe Portuguese were reassured and, with their battle cry of Saint George, charged at the enemies. The Castilians did not wait but rushed at them, pushing back the constable of Portugal. They followed their advantage with fervor, and their numbers strengthened their valor, causing chaos among their enemies. The king of Portugal emerged from the center of the right wing, crying out to his troops to follow him as he showed them the way to victory. At the head of an elite troop, he charged into the enemy ranks; but soon fresh troops attacked him in turn. The infantry and cavalry became intermingled, and throughout the battlefield, death reaped a crowd of the brave. The king of Castille, held back for some reason, witnessed this scene.\nThe Portuguese, carried in a litter, went among their ranks and encouraged them with fervor. The king of Portugal did even better; he dealt terrible blows and exposed himself. His troops, animated by such heroism, surpassed themselves. Confusion set among the enemies, whose principal chiefs were killed or mortally wounded. Finally, the Castilians fled, abandoning their king, who was forced to mount his horse to avoid falling into the hands of the victors.\n\nA certain number of Portuguese were in the Castilian army. Those who did not perish by the sword were massacred as traitors, even after they had surrendered. The brother of the constable Alvarez Pereira was among this number, although the king, who wanted to save him, had given him safe conduct.\nguard yourself from one of your officers. He perished under the soldiers' furious blades. The victorious prince took a moment of rest when someone brought him the great standard of Castille, found on the battlefield. Among the dead were recognized several of the greatest Castillan lords. Ten thousand men were the number of soldiers who lost their lives, and an immense booty was made from them. The king of Portugal had the principal officers, who had fallen in this day, buried in the monastery of Alcobasa, the sepulcher of sovereigns. Neither their number nor that of the simple soldiers was insignificant. According to the custom of the time, the victorious king stayed three days on the battlefield to give burial to his soldiers and to raise trophies on trees and mountains around.\nThe king of Castille displayed sensitivity in his misfortune, which honored him. He could not endure the pain of the people of Seville over the loss of such a bloody battle and withdrew to Carmona. But what most honored him was the conduct he displayed when one of his officers mistreated a Portuguese prisoner before him. Believing he was paying homage to his master, the officer mistreated a Portuguese man who had been taken prisoner in one of the cities conquered before the battle. The king corrected him, saying, \"You are wrong to treat him thus. All Portuguese who took my side have died before my eyes, and those who armed themselves against me have defeated me. He sent back to the king of Portugal any of his subjects he had in his power, and did not delay in seeing a certain number of Castillans return to him, who had also been freed by his enemy.\nExpedition of Jean 7'' on the coast of Africa and capture of Ceuta. This brilliant expedition had a child as its first motivator, and this is not the least remarkable thing about it. In 1415, Jean resolved to arm his sons as knights, and they expressed their desire to earn this distinction through some notable action. Consequently, the boys held a council among themselves. Edward was twenty-two, Pedro was twenty, Henri was eighteen, Juan was sixteen, and Ferdinand was fourteen. They found obstacles everywhere in realizing their desire, until Ferdinand suggested conquering Ceuta in Africa, a refuge of Moorish corsairs, and the capture of which could be very beneficial to the state and religion. All applauded, and they went to present their determination to the king, asking him to grant their request. He listened to them as a good father and with approval.\nune extr\u00eame joy promised to satisfy them and recommended the secret. He weighed the advantages and inconveniences or difficulties of the enterprise, made objections which they refuted, and finally convinced them entirely.\n\nHis first concern was to send, under some pretext, reconnaissance of the place. Goncal\u00e8s Camelo and Furtade de Mendo\u00e7a set sail on two galleys, put in at Ceuta where the lares welcomed them without suspicion, raised the city plan, and sounded the coast. They returned afterwards, having been as far as Sicily, to completely conceal the true purpose of their voyage.\n\nThe king did not hide his project, or rather that of the infants, from his worthy companion, then in the province of Alentejo. He feigned a hunting party and took him to see it.\n\nNunez, having weighed the pros and cons,\nThe enterprise took charge of supporting him in the council. He kept his promise and, once he had spoken, Prince Edward, who had been permitted to be present, said that, with the connatable approving the resolution, it was unnecessary to deliberate further. However, as he could give Tombrage more chances, Jean resorted to a stratagem. He spread the rumor that he wanted to attack the duke of Holland and sent a challenge. The duke, kept in the secret by Fougace, the very one who had brought him hostile parcels, entered the king of Portugal's thoughts and received the challenge. The result of his compliance was a sincere friendship between these two sovereigns. Not only were new buildings constructed in Portugal, but one also made progress in a great number of foreign countries.\nIn Portugal and throughout Europe, there were various speculations about the purpose of the formidable armament that was being prepared. Several advisors to the king of Castille assured emphatically that it could only threaten their country. However, John II, who was as wise as his father and knew the great power of the king of Portugal, restrained himself from sending a demand for the renewal of the sworn peace between Portugal and Castille. The warm reception given to the Castillan envoys and the generous demonstration of gratitude from John I towards them dispelled all the concerns in this kingdom. He even went so far as to graciously acknowledge the elderly Castillan seneschal of Carcola, who, acting on behalf of his king, had guaranteed the peace.\nThe king of Aragon received the same responses; but nothing satisfactory was answered by the envoys of the Moorish sovereign of Granada. Jean Paul would have believed he was committing a kind of perjury, giving them security while he was attacking their compatriots and allies.\n\nAmidst the preparations of all kinds that were being pushed forward with vigor, the plague struck Lisbon, and the queen died in the arms of a husband who honored her rare virtues. The people, always the people, did not fail to draw ominous signs against the enterprise; but the king was above these ridiculous superstitions.\n\nWhen he had given tears to his worthy companion, he continued the preparations, and finally the Ton set sail.\n\nIt was not clear exactly which troops were composed; but he ensured that the number of ships was sufficient.\nTwo hundred and thirty years ago, Europe was surprised that Portugal could assemble such a considerable fleet. The Portuguese passed successively before Lagos and Faro, where the king declared the true objective of the expedition. We finally arrived at Gibraltar, and approached the bay of Ceuta, located on the other side of the strait.\n\nThis city, which was then considered impregnable, had a Moorish commander of royal lineage named Za\u00efabenzala, an old man but full of courage and still vigorous. Five thousand Moors were coming to reinforce it when a tempest dispersed the Portuguese fleet. Za\u00efabenzala, who no longer saw it, believed it had been destroyed or returned to its ports. He dismissed the five thousand warriors who were buying his support with the devastation they were causing in his city, and while they were returning, the Portuguese fleet,\nThe queen rallied and reappeared before the place. The king, although wounded in the leg, put himself in a boat. He went through the entire fleet, exhorting each one to raise the nation's glory with their valor. Zalabenzala sent a troop to the shore to oppose the descent; but the Moors, impetuous as they were, did not delay in being repelled. They turned their backs and tried to regain the Almina gate. The Christians pursued them so closely that Cort\u00e9real entered the city with them. On the other side of the place, Mendezde Albergaria killed a Moorish chief with a lance. The soldiers, terrified, fled. The pursuit was still so fierce on this side that the Portuguese entered through several gates with their enemies, always led by the daring Albergaria. When Zalabenzala\n\"Despite the misfortune, which could have been avoided with more order, he turned to the resignation sentiments the Quran requires of devout Muslims. \"God wills it to be this way,\" he cried out, \"but you, faithful disciples of the Prophet, save your days if you can.\" Edward and Henry were among the Portuguese who entered the city. They rallied their troops and saw, with some unease, that they numbered only five hundred. It was the moment to charge and annihilate them; but the Moors had lost their head. The princes hesitated to send for new forces. They arrived under the command of Fernandes Atahide. When he approached the infants, he told them, \"These are the festivities fitting for you, and in which you must be armed knights; they are worth\"\nThe infants marched better than those prepared for you in Lisbon. They immediately confronted the Moors, who had rallied in various quarters of the city. The king remained on the ships and sent infant don Pedro to join his brothers. He encountered some Portuguese, led by a large Moorish troop, and put them to rout. However, they returned to him, and infant don Pedro found himself, for a few instants, in their midst with only four knights. Their extreme valor and the help of some devoted warriors saved them from great danger, but for a time it was believed that don Pedro had been killed.\n\nFierce fighting continued in the city. Zalabenzala, abandoning his valor and believing all lost, ordered one of his men to secure his women.\net ses tr\u00e9sors, et prit shamefully la fuite. A la nuit, le roi, qui \u00e9tait aussi descendant avec le reste de l'arm\u00e9e, fit planter l'\u00e9tendard royal sur les murailles de la forteresse, et don Pedro envoya arborer le sien sur la tour, dite la Tour de Fer. Les Maures s'y d\u00e9fendaient encore ; mais ils furent vaincus, malgr\u00e9 leur r\u00e9sistance.\n\nOn pillaged the city, and the booty was immense. Le nombre des morts, du c\u00f4t\u00e9 des Musulmans, fut port\u00e9 par uns \u00e0 dix mille, et par d'autres \u00e0 cinq mille. Calcul plus probable, car il parait que la garnison n'\u00e9tait pas nombreuse. Les Portugais pr\u00e9tendirent n'avoir perdu que dix ou douze hommes, ce qui est absolument incroyable, vu la r\u00e9sistance qu'ils \u00e9prouv\u00e8rent dans plusieurs endroits. Au nombre des morts fut ce brave d'Ataide, qui avait adress\u00e9 aux deux infans des paroles si h\u00e9ro\u00efques. Les Maures se rasent.\n\n(Note: The last word \"se rasent\" does not make sense in this context and appears to be an OCR error. It should be removed.)\nTwo days after their appearance, they came upon the mountains. Edward wanted to load them, but his father opposed: he had come to take Ceuta, not to bring war to the entire region. Most officers wanted to raze the city's fortifications, but the king and the constable, whose views were broader, deemed they should be preserved. The king told Martin-Aphonse de Melo that he was appointing him governor of Ceuta. Melo asked permission to consult his friends, and, ashamed, refused the honor they advised against. Then Don Pedro de Men\u00e9zes offered to command the city garrison in Melo's place. Charmed by his courageous offer, the king accepted and even dispensed him from swearing loyalty. Rui\nde Sousa demanded and obtained the position of lieutenant of Mea\u00e8s. He, who had demanded the position of governor, held a staff in his hand: \"Sir,\" he said to the king, \"with this single staff, I want to defend this place against all Moors.\" In fact, he was able to resist them with great courage, and repel all their attacks. It was believed that his staff is still preserved precious at Ceuta. When this city was taken, the Moors had possessed it for over eight hundred years, and they received it as the first city of Africa. It was, in this part of the world, the first Portuguese conquest. The Muslims never regained it, and the Spanish, who possessed it thereafter, are still its masters.\n\nThe day after the taking of this place,\nemport\u00e9e ainsi dans un seul jour , le roi \net tous les seigneurs entendirent la messe \ndans la principale mosqu\u00e9e. Il arma ensuite \nchevaliers^ dans le m\u00eame lieu, les infans \nEdouard , P\u00e8dre et Henri , leur ceignant \nles m\u00eames \u00e9p\u00e9es que la reine Philippine, \nleur m\u00e8re , leur avait donn\u00e9es peu de mo- \nmens avant que d'expirer. Alors ils arm\u00e8- \nrent eux-m\u00eames quelques autres chevaliers. \nLe roi s'embarqua le 2 septembre, pour \nretourner en Portugal; il prit terre \u00e0 Ta- \nvira ^ dians le royaume des A\u00efgarve.^ , et \nr\u00e9compensa ses troupes, ainsi que les \u00e9tran- \ngers qui s'\u00e9taient joints \u00e0 lui. Il fut re\u00e7u \npartout o\u00f9 il passa ^ et dans sa capitale, avec \ndes acclamations universelles. \nA peine de retour, il apprit que les Maures \nharcelaient fortement Men\u00e9z\u00e8s , qui avait \nordre de ne point sortir de ses murs. Mais \ncomme les ennemis en tiraient avantage et \nThe Portuguese were taunted for cowardice. He left some troops behind to attack them in opportune moments, and for four years he continually defeated them. Discord arose among them, preserving him from facing all their forces for a time. However, he eventually feared succumbing and requested help. The king of Portugal sent him a corps of troops, commanded by Infants Henry and Jean. Us reunited at Men\u00e9z\u00e8s and, in a vigorous sortie, liberated the place of Muslim attack for a long time.\n\nVasco da Gama. Principal circumstances of his African voyage\n\nUnder King John II, Infant Don Henry, grand master of the Order of Christ, turned all his attention to navigation, and several important discoveries resulted from the enterprises undertaken under his auspices.\nJean II reigned when, in 1471, Bartholomew Dias discovered the Cape of Good Hope; the king wanted him to be called Cape of Good Hope, and he has borne that name since. Finally, in 1497, Emmanuel set sail, to extend the discoveries already made, Vasco da Gama, whose fame did not wane nor surpass that of the Portuguese navigators who had preceded him. He set sail from Lisbon at the beginning of July, with four ships, and fought long against the winds and storms before reaching the Bay of Saint Helena. More than once, his crews, frightened by the dangers that the Cape of Good Hope offered to their imagination, revolted, forcing the admiral to deploy all his energy against them. Becoming the pilot of his own ship, he finally managed to reach his destination.\nIn five days (from the 20th to the 25th of November), he doubled this famous cape and went sixty leagues further to provision himself.\n\nArrived at the island of Mozambique, he embarked and went to Monbaze, a city then under Moorish rule, and whose king depended on that of Quitoa.\n\nSome almadies, or small Moorish vessels, came towards him. The men, dressed in Turkish attire, who manned them, showed him extreme joy; but Gama took all necessary precautions against them, suggested by prudence.\n\nA pilot from Mozambique managed to speak to him and dispose unfavorably against the Portuguese. However, Gama escaped them; and having learned that Melinde, a flourishing city, was nearby, he resolved to go there.\n\nThe king and his son received him warmly.\nThe allies made an agreement with the king of Portugal. After this, and once Gama had promised to call at Melinde upon his return, he set sail for the Malabar coast. He had seven hundred leagues to cover to reach it. It was the 18th of May, 1499, eleven months after his departure from Lisbon; and twenty days after leaving Melinde, the travelers were able to cast anchor before the port of Calicut.\n\nThis city was then the most beautiful in these lands, and the place where all the productions of India, which abound with an inestimable wealth, were united, such as pearls, gold, silver, amber, ivory, porcelain, cotton, indigo, sugar, painted fabrics, and spices, etc.\n\nThe sovereign, who bore the title of zaniorin, took a favorable view of the Portuguese.\nAccording to a Moor named Mouzaide, they (the Tugais) and their victories were spoken of by him to Gama. Despite the objections of most of his officers, and particularly those of his brother Paul Gama, Gama, if your fears are realized, he told him, \"think only of serving the king, and when you see me ready to perish under the daggers of a few traitors, instead of thinking to defend me, make sail for Portugal and announce to the monarch the results of our voyage.\"\n\nSuch bravery and greatness of soul deeply touched Gama's companions. He went ashore with the greatest pomp possible, and an escort of twelve men.\n\nThe katual, or minister of the zamorin, Taittem, came out with two hundred natives of the country. He rendered him such great homages that Gama\nrepetition once more to his people, that without a doubt, we were then in Portugal, farther from our governor than the nation received in these distant lands honors in the person of anyone. The zamorin welcomed Gama as an ambassador of a powerful king, and Gama delivered to him a letter from his prince. These fortunate beginnings did not have such advantageous outcomes. The presents that Gama offered appeared so mean that they were rejected with contempt. He alleged the uncertainty in which he was, upon departing, as to whether he would succeed in his voyage, and demonstrated that, in this doubt, he had not burdened himself with precious objects; but the established customs at the Indies, from immemorial times, required that one should not present oneself before kings or ministers except with rich presents, and the just reasons of the Portuguese were little appreciated,\n\nThe Malabarites, who made a faction at Calicut,\nuncommerce cooperable, they did not lose a single moment to render the worst services to the Portuguese. They managed to turn the tide against themselves, planting unfavorable impressions in the mind of Zamorin himself. Whatever Mouzaide had warned Gama of these contemptible acts, Famiral found the difficulties and dangers growing around him. In the end, he managed to regain his ships and secured the freedom of commerce for his nation.\n\nGama went to the islands of Anjedive, fifty leagues beyond Calicut, and resolved not to retreat. Animated against the Moors, he cannoned at the city of Magadaxo in passing and returned to Melinde. There he was warmly received, and took on board an ambassador that the king of the country sent to Emmanuel. Near Mozambique, Gama lost one of his ships on a sandbank, doubled back,\ncap de Bonne-Esp\u00e9rance continued its journey in March 1499 through the Cape Verde and Azores islands. The scurvy, so terrible in long voyages and then unknown to the Portuguese, caused havoc among its men. Gama finally managed to bring back fifty-five men: they had been one hundred and sixty-seven at the start. Paul Gama was one of the victims, and his brother mourned his death in File de Jerc\u00e9. However, it was thought that the Portuguese had completed this journey of over two years through some kind of miracle.\n\nGama saw Lisbon in September, and before entering the city, he wanted to pray at the hermitage of Notre-Dame, where before his departure, he had asked the heavens for a successful voyage. One of his officers, Nicolas Go\u00ebllo, was separated from him by a tempest at the height of the islands.\nDu Cap Vert, had entered the Tagus river on the 10th of the preceding July. The king, who had learned from him the main circumstances of this adventurous voyage, sent lords to compliment Gama and made him perform a solemn entrance into the Portuguese capital. The generous Emmanuel did not limit himself to these demonstrations; he named Gama admiral of the Indies seas and bestowed great presents upon him. All his companions also received shares in the monarch's liberality, according to their rank. Recalling that the infant don Hemio had been the first instigator of these voyages, which brought so many advantages to Portugal, he erected a statue to this prince and increased the pious foundations made in his honor. Emmanuel then judged that he could not encourage Indian expeditions enough. It was no longer a few ships.\nThe Portuguese monarch sent entire fleets with the desire to convert distant peoples to Christianity and for rich conquests. The desire for wealth did not allow one to be stopped by the consideration of numerous dangers.\n\nDiscovery of Brazil by Cabral.\n\nDon Pierre Alvarez Cabral, whose discovery of Brazil immortalized his name, was due to the vassal YavantPrc of this rich land according to some. The year following Gama's return in 1500, King Emmanuel gave Cabral the command of a fleet of thirteen ships. It carried fifteen hundred soldiers, in addition to the crew. Cabral was to follow the same route.\nque Gama reached Calicut and tried to obtain from the zaraorin his consent to establish a Portuguese trading post in the city. On his refusal, he was to declare war openly.\n\nThe king, before departure, rendered great honors to him and appointed the representative of Portugal in many foreign lands.\n\nIn thirteen days, we reached the Cap Verde islands, and two days later, Cabral discovered that one of his ships was missing. It waited two more days but finally had to assume it had perished: it was never heard from again.\n\nCabral, to avoid the calm waters where he would have been exposed on the African coast, veered so far from his course in the high seas that, on April 22, he encountered an unknown land. He named it Santiago.\nProca reached a place he called Porto Seguro. He gave the country the name of Sainte-Croix, but the name Brasil, given to him by the natives, was more generally adopted. Some men sent to explore it reported back to the Portuguese admiral that the land seemed very fertile, with beautiful rivers, covered in fruit-laden trees, and inhabited by people and animals. Cabral resolved to let his weary sailors disembark there and take possession. They managed to gain control of some Brazilians, treating them with kindness. This humane policy, dictated by wise politics, and some small gifts given to them, soon attracted many Portuguese towards them.\nThe inhabitants, who came to exchange their productions for trinkets, were these nude, painted from head to foot in a red color, and possessed these bizarre ornaments which, in all countries, have been found to burden the savages. They were alert, good hunters, bold swimmers, and of a character that was both strong and gentle. Among their costumes was one that startled the Portuguese, namely the custom that husbands should enter the bed as soon as their wives gave birth, which astonished the Portuguese greatly and these savages could not explain to them any reasonable cause; but their ancestors had acted thus, and they preserved this usage out of habit.\n\nAnother usage, which did not stop at meriting ridicule, was all too evident. The Portuguese learned that, when divided, they did not...\nThe Brazilians faced various enemy peoples, one against another. With no scruples, they feasted on their prisoners after subjecting them to horrible tortures. Abominable abuse of power! Unfortunately, this despicable practice was common among nearly all uncivilized nations. To these so-called Philos, the children of nature were subjected.\n\nCabral planted a pole to mark the taking of the land, and left two condemned men in Brazil instead of executing them in Portugal. He then dispatched one of his ships to Lisbon to announce the important discovery he had made. To leave no doubt about the authenticity of the deed, he had a native of Brazil embarked on that vessel. Then Cabral himself-\nThe explorer set out to reach Cape Bonne-Esp\u00e9rance, which was twelve thousand lieues away. He faced great difficulties and misfortunes, testing his resolve, but eventually completed the diverse missions given to him by the king of Portugal, earning a place in history alongside the brave Gama and personal glory through the discovery of Brazil. In later times, the Portuguese government found refuge in Brazil amidst the turmoil of Europe and Portugal's misfortunes.\n\nThe Zamorin attacks Cochin, defended by the Portuguese. He is defeated.\n\nAfter lengthy conflicts with the Portuguese, who were establishing stable settlements in the Eastern Indies, the Zamorin, or king of Calicut, assembled an assembly.\ni50 une cinq mille hommes, et alla attaquer les ennemis dans File de Cochin. Paclieco, qui les commandait, n'avait que cent cinquante hommes; mais il trouva des ressources dans leur courage et dans le desespoir m\u00eame o\u00f9 les mettait leur situation. Anciennement, Leonidas et ses Spartiates avaient fait un banquet funebre avant de combattre aux Thermopyles; anim\u00e9s du meme esprit, Paclieco et ses Portugais se munirent des secours spirituels de l'eglise, et jurerent de se defendre mutuellement jusqu'au dernier soupis.\n\nAyant pris ces pieuses precautions, Paclieco mit trente neuf hommes dans le fort de Cochin, sous les ordres du facteur Feriiand Correaqui. Par ses exactions, Feriiand Correaqui avait ete la premiere cause du danger ou se trouvaient ses compatriotes. De deux caravelles qu'il avait, Paclieco en prit une pour aller\nd\u00e9fendre headed a force of sixty-six men to protect the post of Cambalam. The remainder of his small troop was left in Cochin, under the command of Captain Diego P\u00e9rez. The king of Cochin, an ally of the Portuguese or, under the specious title, their tributary, gave Pac\u00edfico five hundred natives or warriors as aid; but the prince Indian did not believe himself any less lost, and bid him farewell, weeping.\n\nPac\u00edfico first put eight hundred natives of Zamorin to flight, who disputed his passage at a ford; then he moored his caravel and two accompanying boats in this very ford.\n\nOn the very same day, the entire army of Zamorin appeared and on the following day, Palm Sunday, they attempted to force the passage. The enemy's fleet numbered one hundred fifty boats propelled by oars.\nSixty-seven rents, each bearing two small pieces of artillery, and the others only one, were in view. The sight of this multitude, the noise of their military instruments, and their cries, terrified the natives of Cochin so much that they fled. The Portuguese had no resource left but their courage.\n\nTwenty armed galleys surrounded the caravel, and their arrows and artillery began to trouble the Portuguese severely. But Pacheco made his two largest canons fire, sinking four enemy pros or bars. He destroyed eight others in the same way, and the rest took flight except for the third line.\n\nThe combat resumed immediately with renewed ferocity, and the Indians suffered fifteen hundred men killed or wounded.\nPortuguese suffered only minor wounds and attributed their success to the protective skies. Regardless of their courage, it is undeniable that their enemies showed neither constancy nor intelligence in action, and this is the only explanation for such an unlikely success.\n\nThe sorcerers leading the attacks of Zamorin drew him out of his despair, and, according to their predictions, he threatened a new attack on Easter. His naval army was reinforced and numbered fifteen thousand men, with three hundred eighty-eight pieces of artillery. It was divided into two parts. One was to attack the caravel, and the other the ford. It was assumed that the Portuguese general had abandoned this post to defend his ship. He arrived with a second caravel when he learned that the first had been attacked.\n\u00e9t\u00eate \u00e9tait attaqu\u00e9e. Sa pr\u00e9sence mit les ennemis en fuite, et il se porta aussit\u00f4t vers le gu\u00e9. Il fallut de nouveaux prodiges de valeur pour que le passage ne soit pas forc\u00e9 ; mais enfin, les Portugais avaient br\u00fbl\u00e9 dix-neuf pros et tu\u00e9 trois cents hommes aux ennemis, les contrainirent \u00e0 la fuite. Leur perte fut \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s nulle, et c'est une nouvelle preuve que les Indiens ne savaient nullement tirer parti de leur immense sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique, ni de leur artillerie.\n\nIjC lendemain, nouvelle attaque. Pacheco laissa venir tr\u00e8s pr\u00e8s de ses gens les ennemis qui s'avan\u00e7aient sans ordre, et bien loin il les mit dans la derni\u00e8re confusion par les charges de ses canons et de sa mousqueterie. Les menaces et les reproches adress\u00e9s par le prince Indien \u00e0 ses gens, ne purent les emp\u00eacher de fuir honteusement. Il est vrai que\nThe chefs themselves gave an example of cowardice. The two generals of Zamorin kept a great distance from the Portuguese until the end of this action, which cost the Indians twenty pros and six hundred men.\n\nAs active in pursuit as he had been firm in defense, Pach\u00e9co harassed his enemies without cease. The zamorin had the desire to make peace; but he resolved to attack two other passes, called Calignard and Palurt, situated half a league apart.\n\nThey offered advantages for their defense that Pach\u00e9co knew how to take full advantage of; and, attacked on the 1st of May for a fourth time, he gained a fourth victory.\n\nThe peste, which declared itself in Zamorin's camp, allowed Pach\u00e9co to refit his ships, renew their provisions for war and ammunition, and repair his passes.\nsages and difficult ones to overcome. When the peste had lessened its ravages, the zamorin marched again against the Portuguese. At his vanguard were only thirty pieces of cannon, and it is hard to imagine how a quartet of men dared to resist more than forty-five thousand. In truth, the natives of Cochin had returned to help their allies; but they fled again.\n\nPach\u00e9co, noticing the zamorin exposing himself like a simple soldier, made him take a musket shot, from which two natives were killed near the prince. He had placed sharp stakes in the ford, which caused the Indians to cry out in pain and created confusion among them; but soon, the palisade was cut, offering a new passage. This was the moment of the great crisis. Pach\u00e9co's vessel, almost dry, was surrounded on all sides,\nThe Indians seized the oars and performed the maneuver. In this extremity, Pach\u00e9co called upon the sky for help and the incoming flood was as useful to him as it was incomprehensible to the enemies. The zamor\u00edn ravaged, forced to order a retreat after losing more men than in any previous actions. A second time, he narrowly escaped death from a cannonball that killed three of his officers near him. Covered in their blood, he was forced to abandon his palanquin and save himself on foot.\n\nSome peace proposals had no effect, and the zamor\u00edn was once again pushed into new attacks; finally, after five months spent on this war, he was forced to return to Calicut, having lost between eighteen and twenty thousand men due to the pest or the enemy's sword. He was plunged into such despair that during this period:\nquas days he retired to a hermitage, with the intention of passing the remainder of his life there. But his mother dissuaded him from this resolution; yet he was less disposed than ever to avenge himself. Not only had Pach\u00e9co's victories detached several Indian peoples from the cause of the Zamorin, but Lope Soares de Alvarenga had arrived in India with a fleet of thirteen ships, and some others had joined him en route.\n\nSoares brought a naval vessel against the Indians. He returned to Portugal with Pach\u00e9co.\n\nHaving secured the interests of his prince and his country in the Indies, Soanes embarked on his fleet in 1505, the brave Pach\u00e9co, and resolved to return to Portugal with a considerable cargo; but he presented himself with an opportunity to enhance still further the glory of his homeland in these lands.\nIl never let it escape. He knew that seventeen large, richly laden buildings were at Pandarane, waiting only for a favorable wind to go out to the Red Sea. He resolved to burn them; but in order not to fail in his enterprise, he revealed his plan to no one, not even to the King of Cochin.\n\nArrived at the height of Pandarane, twenty well-armed enemies attacked the caravels that formed the vanguard of the Portuguese fleet. They were forced to flee and soon the Portuguese discovered the seventeen Moorish ships moored one to another in a sort of basin, with their prow armed with canons, and defended by four thousand men. There was also a battery and a redoubt on a reef. The Portuguese ships, being very heavily laden, could not approach the land, but Soares.\nIn a boat, he was followed by fourteen others bearing the elite of the Portuguese army. The caravels, drawing less water than other ships, were towed, and we marched proudly towards the enemies. They did not lose courage; from the reef and from ships came terrible cannonades that put the attackers in great danger.\n\nHowever, as they had resolved, the Portuguese captains attached themselves to each enemy ship, attempting abordage. Tristan de Siva was the first to succeed. Soon, others followed, and Pacheco was one of those who stood out. We fought firmly on foot, but the Moors did not delay in conceding victory. They fled for the most part, and their ships became the prey of the flames. Soares, having caused such great damage,\nA magician arrived in Portugal on July 2, 1505, fourteen months after leaving Lisbon. He was the son of the kingdom's grand chancellor and had previously led a successful expedition in Soares. He was welcomed with great honor; however, Pacheco was even more admired and eagerly received by all the inhabitants of Lisbon. Each person recounted their feats of arms, and the king compiled a detailed account, which he sent to the pope and all the monarchs of Europe. The king then led a procession for Pacheco in the cathedral, where thanks were given to God and the bishop of Viseu gave an eloge to the conqueror of the Indians in his presence. This ceremony took place in all the churches of Portugal.\n\nIt is natural to wonder if such honors were not followed by reverses.\nPar malheur , Pach\u00e9co doit augmenter la \nliste trop nombreuse des hommes illustres \nqui furent en butte \u00e0 l'ingratitude de leurs \nconcitoyens. Ne songeant qu'\u00e0 la gloire et \na l'avantage de son pays , Pacli\u00ebco avait re- \nfas3 obstin\u00e9ment tous les presens que le roi \nde Cochin voulait lui faire. Apres la journ\u00e9e \nglorieuse o\u00f9 il s e'toit vu pu\u00eejliquement lou\u00e9 \ndans Lisbonne, soit oubli, soit ingratitude, \non ne parut plus songer \u00e0 lui pendant long- \ntemps. Enfin, apr\u00e8s plusieurs ann\u00e9es, quel- \nques seigneurs ayant rappela son nom , il \neut le wuvernement de Saint-Geor\u00a3/e-de- \nla-Mina. Vif, brusque, et tr\u00e8s-peu politi- \nque , Pac\u00eei\u00e9co se fit de nombreux ennemis.' \nOn Taccusa de malversation, et le d\u00e9sint\u00e9- \nressement dont il avait donn\u00e9 de si \u00e9clatantes \npreuves, ne put remp\u00e9clier d'\u00eatre ramen\u00e9 \nen Portugal charg\u00e9 de fers. Loog-temps il \ng\u00e9mit en prison ; et, lorsqu'enfin son inno- \nD'Almeyda, the first vice-royal Portuguese in the Indies, imposed law on several sovereigns when he resolved to attack sixteen Moorish vessels at Paiani. Thirteen leagues away, this city was then subject to the zamorin. It was difficult to penetrate the small river on which it was situated, due to the sand obstructing its entrance. The Moors, expecting to be attacked, had fortified not only Pa-\nRiane, also the entrance of the river, was led by the renowned warrior Cutial among a large number of elite troops. Among these were sixty captains or ship officers. These men, irritated by the constant losses inflicted on their nation by the Portuguese, had sworn to either defeat or die, after shaving their heads and beards, following the custom. Almeyla, with Tristan d'Acugna as its lieutenant, appeared at the estuary on November 25, 1507, with twelve ships, and resolved to attack the following day. Preparations were made accordingly, and the sons of the two generals, Laurent d'Almeida and Nuguez d'Acugna, young rivals in court, led their fleets.\n\nAs the tide rose, Baretto and P\u00e9rez.\ncharged with particular attacks, they moved forward; but when they disembarked, the Moorish devotees rushed towards them, walking in deep Feau up to mid-calf. Portuguese soldiers, pressed in their chaloupes, emerged and fought with great determination. Laurent and Nugnez came to give the Portuguese crucial support, and Laurent killed six of these devotees with a half-pike. Another, determined to die if it meant giving death to such a fearsome enemy, advanced under his shield to cut off his legs. Laurent, both agile and courageous, avoided the blow, and with a hatchet in each hand, he beheaded him from the neck to the chest: an eighth of a devotee struck him on the arm while Nugnez set the enemy ships alight, and the generals were arming. The ships and the city almost\nThe entire population were the prey of the flames. Al-Rneyda had not allowed plundering, and his rigorous defenses were relentlessly executed. This action cost three hundred men to the Moors, and only eighteen to the Portuguese. It is not because of the great amount of blood shed that these feats of arms should be appreciated. On the contrary, they are memorable because, on both sides, prodigies of valor were accomplished. The gentle sons of generals were among the wounded, and the vice-royalty wanted to make several knights on the battlefield.\n\nTowards the end of Tanneh, Hocem, one of the caliph's emirs, set sail from Suez with a fleet of ten ships. Besides the crews, there were fifteen hundred mamelucks on board. He approached Arabia and reached Diu, in the kingdom of Cambay.\n\nThe lord of this city was named M\u00e9-\nLic-Jaz received Liberateur as a liberal, and the two resolved to attack the Portuguese. Don Laurent de Almeyda was then occupied running on Moorish vessels. He retired to the city of Chaul, at considerable leagues from Diu. He was in full security there, passing his time with military games and festivities, until he learned that Muslims were at Diu with a fleet. Soon he received an order from the viceroy, his father, for battle. However, Almeyda was not convinced of its existence until he saw it. The sight of its pavilions did not allow belief that it was Portuguese, although it was expected every day to be Albuquerque in these parts. Almeyda had only nine ships; he left eight near the shore and set sail with the rest. Hocem had taken position in the van.\nattack the vessel of Almeyda. The rest of the fleet followed. Upon reaching enemy range, he made a terrifying discharge of artillery, combustible materials, and arrows; but the Portuguese replied with such vigor that he drew near the city, waiting for Melic-Jaz, who was at the river's mouth, to join him.\n\nThe number of wounded was already considerable on both fleets, Fattaque, though short, had been vigorous. We used the night to tend to them; and at dawn, Almeyda set out against the enemy, pressed by him and by Baretto, one of his captains. Hocem approached the land, and since his vessel was very tall, his men remained covered and fired from high to low on Almeyda's vessel, wounding him with two arrows.\nIl fallut au navarrese s'\u00e9loigner d'un ennemi si avantageusement post\u00e9; mais ses capitaines coul\u00e8rent plusieurs gal\u00e8res ennemies et se servirent avec tant d'avantage de leur artillerie que ils forc\u00e8rent un grand nombre de Maures \u00e0 quitter leurs vaisseaux et \u00e0 tenter de gagner la terre \u00e0 la nage. En ce moment, la victoire \u00e9tait d\u00e9cid\u00e9e pour les Portugais; la valeur inconsid\u00e9r\u00e9e de Fran\u00e7ois d'Agnada la leur fit perdre. Il s'mit dans sa chaloupe, poursuivit \u00e0 coups de lance les Maures qui fuijaient. Il en r\u00e9sulta que les autres ne les imit\u00e8rent pas, et la plupart de ceux m\u00eames qui avaient abandonn\u00e9 leurs vaisseaux y revinrent avec la ferme r\u00e9solution de s'y battre en hommes d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9s. D'un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, D'Almeyda ne voulait pas \u00e9couter les capitaines qui lui conseillaient de mettre le feu aux vaisseaux ennemis.\nnemes, he spared some and kept them in the hope of presenting them to his father. It was then that the fleet of Melic-Jaz appeared at last, strong with forty sailing vessels manned by oars, and well-equipped with artillery. He had intended to let Hocem bear the initial attacks of the Portuguese and only reveal himself at the decisive moment.\n\nThe sight of this numerous fleet alarmed the Portuguese; and, to increase their distress, the city, which until then had maintained neutrality, declared against them.\n\nNight fell, and Don Laurent kept watch. The captains opined that they should retreat quietly as soon as possible; but Laurent refused to leave until just before daybreak. Some vessels managed to pass with a degree of success; Laurent had intended to remain at Farri\u00e8re-garde. Instead of cutting the cable of his anchor, which was near the vessel, he remained.\nseau dTIocem , il s obst\u00eena \u00e0 la vouloir re- \ntirer; les ennemis s'aper\u00e7urent cle son des- \nsein, et coLil\u00e8i-ent \u00e0 fond sa chaloupe. Le \nc\u00e2ble fut coupe, mais trop tard; et le pilote \nde Laurent, ayant perdu la t\u00eate, fit \u00e9chouer \nle vaisseau. M\u00eblic-Jaz, qui le suivait, lavait \nperc\u00e9 \u00e0 fleur d'eau par un boulet; il fut bien- \nt\u00f4t \u00e0 moiti\u00e9 plein, et Sosa, qui le remor-^ \n^guait, ayant eu son c\u00e2b\u00eee coup\u00e9^ Almeyda \ni:'es[a seul aa milieu des ennemis. En vain ce \nm\u00eame Sosa et quelques autres capitaines \nunirent-i\u00ees leurs efiorts pour venir \u00e0 son se- \ncours, le courant les entra\u00eena, et leur bonne \nvolont\u00e9 fut inutile. \nDans cette extr\u00e9mit\u00e9, les gens de Lau- \nrent d' Almeyda , ne songeant qu'\u00e0 sa con- \nservation, le press\u00e8rent de se retirer dan^ \nl'esquif. Il le pouvait encore ; mais il rejeta \ncette proposition comme outrageante, et \nd\u00e9clara m\u00eame qu'il frapperait de sa demi- \nHe silenced those who spoke more about it. However, his ship was low in the water, and he had seventy men out of combat. He divided the thirty who remained into three groups, determined to make a stand everywhere against the relentless enemies on his lone ship.\n\nThe attack and defeat were equally terrible. A cannonball took Laurent's leg and knocked him down. The young hero was helped up and placed on a chair at the foot of the mainmast. He thought only of encouraging his men when a second cannonball struck him in the chest. His body was thrown between the decks to prevent demoralizing the soldiers, and they held off four boarding parties. At the fifth, the Moors managed to establish themselves on the Portuguese ship, which was low in the water, and all the men between the decks, Muslims and Christians alike, were drowned.\nM\u00e9lic-Jas showed pity for his enemies, if they were courageous, and put an end to the carnage. In this terrible melee, among so many acts of bravery, those of two Portuguese stood out. The first was a young page of Don Laurent: wounded in the eye with an arrow, he never abandoned his master's body and perished on a heap of enemies he had immolated for him. A sailor of the same nation, wounded and deprived of a hand, was in a hut. M\u00e9lic-Jas listened to his last words; he refused to hear anything and prolonged his defense for two days and a half. This last fact seems apocryphal; for this man was exposed to arrows and musketry of a great number of assailants.\n\nHowever, the victors were treated worse than the vanquished. They lost six hundred men, and the Portuguese alone-\nAmong the defeated, the death of Lauren was considered a decisive event. Among those the Moors regretted most, was a saint or religious figure named Maimanc. He invoked Muhammad and demanded victory for his side when he was struck down by a bullet. He was considered a martyr and honored accordingly.\n\nHoces wanted to pursue the vanquished; Melic-Jaz did not consent. He treated the prisoners with the greatest respect and took particular care of those who were wounded. He intended to give Lauren an honorable burial, but he was never found. Melic-Jaz wrote to the vice-roy and tried to console him with the consolation of the glory that his son had achieved in dying.\n\nThe unfortunate father, delivered to the most cruel anxieties, had hoped up until then that Lauren would be found.\nf\u00eeis serait au nombre des prisonniers. Quand \nil connut son triste sort, il resta pendant \ntrois jours dans une profonde solitude, tan- \ndis que la Iiaioedu nom portugais , r\u00e9pandue \ndans toute F\u00eeade, y faisait c\u00e9l\u00e9brer avec en- \nthousiasme Hocem et M\u00e9\u00eeic-Jaz. \nD'Almeyda ne respira plus que la ven- \nfifcauc^. Il sentait, d'ailleurs, combien il \n\u00e9tait important que les alli\u00e9s du Portugal ne \nse donnassent pas aux ennemis. Par bon- \nheur, il lui arriva en m\u00eame temps les flottes \nde deux ann\u00e9es, la premi\u00e8re ayant hivern\u00e9 \nen chemin. \nQuelques altercations assez vives que ! le \nvice-roi eut avec Albuquerque, retard\u00e8rent \nl'exp\u00e9dition qu'il projetait; enfin, il mit \u00e0 \nla voile le 12 d\u00e9cembre i5o8 , avec dix-neuf \nvaisseaux , sur lesquels se trouvaient treize \ncents Portugais et quatre cents habitans de \nCochin. Il br\u00fbla quelques vaisseaux de Ca- \nlicut ; et, parvenu \u00e0 la hauteur de Dabul , il \nThe resolution was to make the vile one feel the anger, who had recently shown extreme joy at the news of the Portugeese defeat. His chief had a garrison of six thousand men, and made a good show. He did not want the shops to be closed, and marched towards the vice-royalty, but was defeated and killed. The Portugeese entered Dabul mixed with the defeated. It was just a series of excessive atrocities. Neither sex nor age were spared. The governor's beloved wife, whom he had imprudently brought near him just a few days earlier, could not save her life by offering all her riches. The memory of such horrors lingered long in India, and gave rise to a proverbial curse. \"The anger of the Europeans,\" it was said.\nYou shall find yourself in the same predicament as Dabul. To put an end to the plundering and gather their lands under their flags, D'Aimeyda saw no other option but to set fire to the city.\n\nAfter this tragic deed and the devastation of the surroundings, he laid siege to Diu on February 2, iSog. Hochem wanted to engage the viceroy at sea, and Melic-Jaz could not persuade him to remain in the port where the batteries Teussent protected him, where he could have been continually reinforced by fresh troops, and where he could have found refuge if defeated.\n\nHowever, the wind failing, Hochem changed his mind and returned to the port, where he moored his ships in two lines. The Portuguese could only advance in file, one behind the other, and the officers' pleas could not persuade him to stay in the port, where he would have been fortified by fresh troops and could have found refuge if defeated.\nAlmeyda terminated at Farri\u00e8re-guard. Nugoo Vaz P\u00e8reira, his friend, was put in charge of the main attack. A fresh wind gave the signal, and George de Melio was the only one who, it is said, couldn't advance due to his pilot's fault. The artillery discharges followed each other rapidly, and Hocem received Nugno with great bravery. He had even placed him between two fires, when Nugno fired a cannon shot at the supporting vessel, piercing it from stem to stern. The two ships collided, and the Portuguese jumped into the other: at the same moment, their own ship was attacked by another, and Nugno, having detached his helmet to take a breath, received a arrow wound to the throat, and died three days later. His wound had no harmful consequences for the morale.\nde their men, and Fran\u00e7ois de Iavora leapt aboard the vessel -dTIocem with the greater part of his world. Elsewhere, battles raged with the same ardor. All Portuguese vessels were attached to the enemy, except for those of George Mello and the vice-roi. These warriors, however, did not fight less bravely. Mello cannoned from a distance two vessels of Cambaie, and sank one of them to the bottom. Although the Portuguese had the advantage, their victory was not complete, as Melic-Jaz supplied fresh troops to his ally from the shore and killed or wounded those Musunans who had thrown themselves into the water to reach the land.\n\nSome precautions had been taken to ensure the safety of the vice-roi's days, ^\nbut he ran no less into imminent dangers. The city struck him down with its thunderbolt.\nTillerie, while several ships of Calicut and M\u00e9lice-Jaz surrounded him. For a long time, his own seemed entirely ablaze, continuously firing from each battery of its three decks. Dressed in a velvet crimson coat over his cuirasse, and armed with all pieces, Almejda ran from one end to the other of his ship, encouraging his crew and setting an example of tenacity.\n\nThe victory began to declare itself for the Portuguese with the capture of Hocem's vessel. He managed to reach the shore with most of his men and rendered himself at the court of Cambay; for he feared, on some suspicion, that M\u00e9lice-Jaz would deliver him to the vice-royal. The ships of Calicut, and finally those of M\u00e9lice-Jaz, took flight.\n\nRuy Soares, who pursued them, performed a courageous action, of which the entire fleet took note.\nGaise Futtemoin. He placed two anchors on two enemy vessels and towed them towards the vice-roy's ship. Meic-Jaz resisted for a long time, covered everywhere with oily rags, and could not be taken aboard; but Garcia de Sosa's caravel sank him by ramming him at the waterline. Thus ended this bloody battle, in which the Muslims lost four thousand men. Of the fifteen hundred Mamelukes of Hocem, only twenty-two survived; the others were hacked to pieces. Seven ships were captured by the Portuguese, who had a small number of dead and three hundred wounded.\n\nThe next day after the engagement, Melic-Jaz asked for peace. He obtained it by releasing the prisoners in his possession and by ceding some galleys, and by promising not to give shelter to the caliph's ships - but in vain, for the Portuguese.\npressentied their delivering the remainder of Hocem's soldiers. Eleven allegedly continued to assert that he would not betray their trust, and this noble conduct proved that Hocem had misjudged him.\n\nAlmeyda, victorious, returned to Cochin; but he tarnished his triumph with cruelty. Arriving before Cananor, he had several prisoners hanged and attached others to cannons, reducing them to pieces. He persecuted Albuquerque next and even had him imprisoned: but the arrival of Fernand Coutigny, grand mar\u00e9chal of the kingdom, changed the situation. He recognized Albuquerque and acknowledged him as Almeyda's successor. Almeyda took the decision to return to Portugal with a large number of officers, alarmed by the power that Albuquerque was poised to wield, and convinced that they would be affected by it.\nI'm an assistant designed to help with text-related tasks. In this case, you've asked for the input text to be cleaned while adhering to the original content as much as possible. Based on the requirements you've provided, here's the cleaned text:\n\nnirait d'avoir servi contre lui la haine de D'Almeyda. Ce dernier n'\u00e9tait pas non plus sans repos ; car peu apr\u00e8s avoir d\u00e9pos\u00e9 la paix aux mains de son antagoniste, il ne quitta plus son navire. Cependant ni lui ni ses partisans \u00e9prouv\u00e8rent de la part d'Albuquerque aucun mauvais proc\u00e9d\u00e9. D'Almeyda, qui venait de venger avec tant d'\u00e9clat ses compatriotes et son fils, p\u00e9rit d'une mani\u00e8re malheureuse et peu digne de lui. Arriv\u00e9 dans la baie de Saldanha, pr\u00e8s du cap de Bonne-Esp\u00e9rance, il envoya quelques-uns de ses hommes traquer avec les Cafres et acheter quelque b\u00e9tail. Des rires eurent lieu, et les Portugais agresseurs furent poursuivis \u00e0 coups de pierres, de b\u00e2tons et de fl\u00e8ches. D'Almeyda ne voulut point reconna\u00eetre qu'ils \u00e9taient justement punis. Malgr\u00e8s les instances de ses capitaines, il alla lui-m\u00eame attaquer les sauvages avec\n\nThis text appears to be in good shape and doesn't require extensive cleaning. I've removed some unnecessary whitespaces and corrected a few minor spelling errors, but otherwise, the text remains largely unchanged. If you need further assistance or have any questions, please let me know.\nquelques officiers qui partageaient son opi- \nnion; mais le vainqueur de Plocem et de \nM\u00e9lic-Jaz, le vice-roi qui avait tant fait res- \npecter sa nation dans l'Inde, fut la victime \nde son aggression contre des peuples bar- \nbares. Il p\u00e9rit avec onze de ses officiers , et \ncinquante autre Portugais presque toiis dis- \ntingu\u00e9s* Le grand \u00e9tendard royal, que D'Al- \nmeyda rapportait dans sapatrie, tombam\u00eame \nau pouvoir des barbares ; de sorte que cette \nridicule et honteuse exp\u00e9dition fut plus fa- \ntale aux Portugais que plusieurs de celles o\u00f9 \nil s'\u00e9tait agi de conqu\u00e9rir des provinces de \nrinde et d'y r\u00e9pandre la terreur. \nExp\u00e9ditions dH Alphonse cV Albuquerque ^ dit \nle Grand y contre le royaume clOrmus. \nEn iSoy, Almeyda \u00e9tant vice-roi dans \nles Indes, Alphonse d'Albuquerque r\u00e9solut \nde sil\u00eeuslrer par la conqu\u00eate du royaume \nd'Ormus. La ville capitale;, du m\u00eame nom, \nIn an island, at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, in a favorable position for trade, was a place inhabited by wealthy merchants of all nations, primarily Persians and Arabs, among whom was the sovereign. Albuquerque set sail from Tile of Socotra with six ships, carrying 470 Portuguese. Arriving at the first ports of the Kingdom of Ormus, he was received. Masca, the seventh most significant, was rescued after its surrender by two thousand Arabs and suffered no worse fate.\n\nPreceded by the terror he inspired, Albuquerque seized Soar and Orphazan; afterwards, he laid siege to the very city of Ormus on September 25.\n\nHe assured the king and inhabitants that he came with peaceful intentions; however, these intentions could not be managed.\nfester as much as Ton submitted to the king of Portugal, paying him the annual tribute agreed to by Persian sovereigns. He promised protection in this case and threatened terrible extremities if refused.\n\nThe king of Ormus was a minor, under the tutelage of the eunuch Cose-Atar. This cunning minister decided to hide. He knew the reputation of the Portuguese and their internal disputes. He wanted to appear less like land and sea troops. He negotiated, but Albuquerque refused his advances. He wanted to know first if he should treat him as friend or enemy.\n\nDissimulating once more, Atar waited until he had gathered 20,000 men, 60 ships, and over 200 small boats or galleys. Then, he declared to the Portuguese general that he should not.\npas prendre impose tribut roi Ormus used to levying on strangers in his lands. He offered facility commerce same conditions as other peoples and ended declaring Portugais not affair Cafres or other Habitants Nigritie,\nAlbuqiique et conseil pris part combat. Should begin attack vaisseaux. Made advance own towards middle enemies Atar commanded. Musulmans decochees their arrows despite terrible artillery discharges and came aboard. Their valor nothing against superior weapons. Atar obliged retreat combat neep experience sort petits batiments cribl\u00e9s et coul\u00e9s bas batteries\nses. Albuquerque alors attaqua les gros vais- \nseaux. Deux d'entre eux avaient de cinq \u00e0 \nsix cents hommes d'\u00e9quipage. Albuquerque \nles coula tous deux \u00e0 fond : l'un appartenait \n\u00e0 M\u00e9lic-Jaz, prince ou gouverneur de Die , \nqui se montra, dans toutes ces guerres, l'un \ndes plus redoutables ennemis des Portugais^ \net sut \u00e9chapper \u00e0 une foule de malheurs. \nLes capitaines des autres vaisseaux suivant \nl'exemple d' Albuquerque , ce ne fut plus \nqu'une m\u00eal\u00e9e , pendant laquelle un grand \nnombre de Maures p\u00e9rirent par les propres \nfl\u00e8ches de leurs alli\u00e9s. Les soldats d'Albu- \nquerque se jet\u00e8rent dans des chaloupes , \nd'apr\u00e8s Tordre qu'il leur en donna > et ache- \nv\u00e8rent le d\u00e9sastre des vaincus. \nIl f\u00eet mettre le feu aux vaisseaux aban- \ndonn\u00e9s, et m\u00eame \u00e0 cent quatre-vingts Mti- \nmens de toute grandeur encore dans les \nchantiers ; mais , lorsqu'il s'approcha d'un \nThe petite fort where King Zefadin of Ormus was, he was wounded by arrows, along with several of his officers. His troops had already set fire to a mosque in a suburb when he deemed it prudent to recall them.\n\nAtar sent envoys to the vanquished. They addressed him in the most submissive tone, insisted on the misfortunes the city had suffered due to its resistance, and in the end, almost at discretion, delivered the prince and his queen.\n\nAlbuquerque took advantage of the general terror and concluded, or rather dictated, a treaty. According to this treaty, Zefadin, king of Ormus, recognized himself as a tributary of the king of Portugal, paid the war costs, and engaged to provide a site within the city to build a citadel. In the meantime, the victors had comfortable lodgings in Ormus. The king and Albuquerque continued.\nThe presence of the victors was eager to testify to their joy. The location of the citadel was well chosen between the two ports of the city, dominating both equally as the palace. Albuquerque, sensing the importance of raising it promptly, made them work without cease; he himself encouraged his soldiers with his example, but he could not conceal from the Ormusians how weak was the name of those imposing their law. Atar resolved to return to a treaty so hasty.\n\nSuch was the fear that the Portuguese continued to inspire that he thought it necessary to employ deception rather than force. He first recruited carpenters and founders of artillery, whom Albuquerque in vain demanded back. Others were won over by the minister's generosity.\ntemps il parvint a faire na\u00eetre la division parmi ceux qui opprimaient son pays. Officers and soldiers grew weary of toiling for a task that offered no satisfaction to their avidity. They longed to return to cruising, and the severity of their chief displeased them; yet they did not know of his pride. They petitioned him, through a request, that it was essential for the service of the king to abandon Ormus for the gulf of Arabia or to go to the Indies near the vice-roi. Albuquerque then had the foundations of a gate's entrance in the citadel's tower laid; he placed the officers' escutcheon there without responding; and this gate was henceforth called the Gate of the Request.\n\nEither through Atar's politics or as a result of an old custom, ambassadors of the king arrived in Ormus at this time.\nThe Persians came to collect the tribute, and the prince of Ormus signaled their arrival to the Portuguese, feigning great concern. The mutineers did not miss the opportunity; but Albuquerque, disregarding their clamors, had a large basin brought to him filled with bullets, grenades, swords, and lance tips: \"Go,\" he said to the minister sent to inform him of the arrival of the Persian envoys, \"tell him this is the currency of the Portuguese tributes. When the citadel is completely built, I will enter the Persian Gulf and submit to my master all the maritime territories belonging to the king of Persia. If you consider paying tribute to this sovereign, I will be deposed and severely punished. This arrogance imposed itself upon the Ormusians.\nShe did nothing but alienate more and more the discontented Portuguese. However, Atar, always active and prudent, had melted down artillery pieces among those he had won. By his orders, troops had entered the city; he had caused nearby houses near the citadel to be built and taken other hostile measures. But Aibuquerque was warned in time, and took measures in response. Unable to reconcile the spirits of the discontented, he persuaded them at least, through consideration of their duty to the king and their own safety, to support in part his defensive dispositions.\n\nAll Portuguese scattered throughout the city, occupied with constructing the citadel, received orders to secretly re-embark. They obeyed. Atar, finding himself discovered, attacked the enemy, burned one of their vessels.\nseaux placed on a worksite to be rounded, and caused a large number of shots to be fired against the fleet, which produced no effect. Albuquerque, after useless complaints about these hostilities, bombarded the city for eight days and burned the vessels that Atar had thought would protect his attacks. He then resolved to take the city by famine, and hoped to succeed; for the island of Ormus, well supplied with provisions in times of peace from all neighboring coasts, is naturally devoid of any kind of production and has hardly any other water than what is conserved in a few cisterns. Albuquerque had his ships make exactly the circuit of Ormus while blocking them at a distance from each other. The surveillance he exercised over the enemy vessels took on all the characteristics of odious ferocity.\ncar il fit couper aux \u00e9quipages le nez et les oreilles, to intimidate those who would be in the future tempted to imitate them. As a result, of the same spirit of flax, one of his lieutenants, George Baretto de Castro, having surprised with eighty men two hundred and twenty-five enemies who guarded some citterns at a league from the city, cut them into pieces, and threw into the pits both the corpses of the Ormusians as well as those of twenty-five cavaliers who were with them.\n\nThe enemies, besides anger, wanted to retake this post; Albuquerque accounted while Atar and the young king were at the head of the Moors. The action was one of the bloodiest of this war. Albuquerque, having received several blows on his mail coat and his Loucier, was strongly pressed by blows of a mace, when his enemy had his arm carried off by a single blow.\nA piece of artillery that the Portuguese had brought with them caused an unfortunate and unexpected event, preventing the Portuguese general from taking flight after having run, as he freely admitted, from one of the greatest dangers he had ever faced. The city, reduced to its last extremities, was not about to surrender any less, I7S, when three of Albuquerque's captains abandoned it and set sail for the Indies, where they reported this to the viceroy. One of them took the fleet's provisions with him, and Albuquerque found himself scarcely less afflicted by famine than the besieged. However, he made new efforts; but after some brilliant feats of arms, he thought it necessary to retreat to the Isle of Socotra, where he finally surrendered at the end of January 1508. In the same year, he made another attempt.\ntentative surrender of Ormus; but he found that Atar had effectively used his absence to fortify the place. Moreover, this minister informed him of letters he had received from Almeyda, in which the viceroy strongly criticized Albuquerque's conduct. It is not doubtful that he was then informed that this officer, before departing from Lisbon, had been designated as his successor.\n\nAttack on Calicut by Fernand Coutigno and Albuquerque. Results.\n\nDon Fernand Coutigno, grand marshal of the kingdom of Portugal, came to the Indies in 1507, with fifteen ships and three thousand men. The king Emmanuel, who had charged him with destroying Calicut, also wanted him to be independent of Albuquerque, the vice-royal at the time. Coutigno represented to this illustrious man, his relative and friend, that he had been designated as his successor.\nAcquis sufficient glory for him to acquire more in turn; Albuquerque, protected by Coutigno against Almeyda's resentment, showed no sign of discontent with his request. We ensured that the zamorin, sovereign of Calicut, was not there but making war on an ally of the king of Cochin. We also learned that the city, well defended to the south, was not on the northern side, and that twenty vessels destined for the Mecca journey could be burned in the shipyards. Despite the secrecy the Portuguese believed they maintained in their preparations, their enemies were ready to receive them. Thirty vessels were divided into two squadrons, commanded by Albuquerque and Coutigno. They set sail on December 15, 1509.\nThey arrived before Calicut on January 2nd of the following year. The city seemed peaceful, though thirty thousand natives were stationed in the main positions. Coutigno reminded the viceroy of his promise to give him the post of honor, and Albuquerque, without retracting it, made preparations to remain close to the grand marshal. An old officer, Manuel Paz-zagne, then said he expected nothing good from a corpse that had two heads. He added that after losing four of his sons in India for the king's service, he would willingly make the sacrifice of his life in this instance. He had sent his fifth son back to Portugal, intending to save him from the death that he himself expected to find soon in the battles. He showed little intelligence between the natives.\nOfficers of Albuquerque and Coutigno, newly arrived with him across the mother country, had an unwarranted rivalry that night preceding the debarkation. As a result, they quarreled in the boats that very night, leaving them both exhausted and ill-prepared for the following day's exertions.\n\nThe breaking waves and the zamorin's house's artillery, called The Ceramic, caused significant issues during the debarkation. Albuquerque, to divide the enemy's fire, determinedly separated the two squadrons of boats. Consequently, Albuquerque descended first, encountering minimal resistance before taking control of The Ceramic and setting it ablaze. Coutigno, upon witnessing this, cried out that he had been betrayed. Then, in a reckless display, he...\nrage, il jetas son casque et ses armes, et se fit donner une toque et une canne. Il fit les plus sanglants reproches \u00e0 son ami, qui venait de le rejoindre. \"Vous voulez, lui dis-je, \u00e9crire au roi que vous \u00eates entr\u00e9 premier dans Calicut ; mais je saurai bien le faire conna\u00eetre ce que sont ces l\u00e2ches et mis\u00e9rables Indiens, que de loin vous repr\u00e9sentez comme \u00e9tables. Il jugera certainement cette canaille, quand je lui appris que je suis sorti de leur ville d\u00e9sarm\u00e9 et la canne \u00e0 la main. Albuquerque toujours sensible aux obligations qu'il lui avait, essaya de le calmer; mais il parlait \u00e0 un homme hors d'\u00e9tat l'entendre, et on crut un instant que Coutigno allait le frapper de son b\u00e2ton.\n\nCe dernier, conservant toujours son caract\u00e8re, donna ordre \u00e0 l'interpr\u00e8te de le conduire au palais du roi, afin, disait-il, \"... (the text seems to be cut off)\nqu'il put du moins esp\u00e9rer d'avoir des hommes \u00e0 combattre. On lui montra ce palais, situ\u00e9 \u00e0 une demi-lieue de l\u00e0. Le mar\u00e9chal partit aussit\u00f4t avec huit cents hommes et deux petites pi\u00e8ces d'artillerie. Il fit dire en m\u00eame temps au vice-roi qu'il lui \u00e9tait indiff\u00e9rent d'\u00eatre ou de n'\u00eatre pas suivi par lui.\n\nCes outrages r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s ne ferm\u00e8rent point les yeux d'Albuquerque sur les dangers o\u00f9 s'exposait l'imprudent Coutigno. Il marcha sur ses pas incontinent avec six cents Portugais et les alli\u00e9s de Cochin. Il donna, de plus, des ordres fort prudents pour la retraite \u00e0 ceux qu'il laissait en arri\u00e8re \u00e0 la garde des chaloupes.\n\nLe palais ne fut presque pas d\u00e9fendu, et Coutigno ne s'y pers\u00e9v\u00e9ra que mieux \u00e0 regarder les ennemis comme les plus lasches des hommes. En vain le vieux Manuel Pazzagne lui conseilla-t-il de ne pas laisser.\ndispersed the small troop and withdrew after setting fire to the palace. His extreme fatigue caused him to sit down, while the Portuguese plundered the appearances. This was what the natives had awaited. They shouted their war cries and gathered from all sides. Albuquerque told Coutinho twice that he was leaving the palace, but Coutinho replied that he would not go until he had witnessed the progress of the fire. He did indeed leave, but too late. Pursued by the natives, he returned with only thirty men at the head of his group. All efforts to save him were in vain. Wounded first in the leg, he was soon pierced with blows and remained on the spot with thirteen officers, among whom was Pazzagne. Albuquerque made futile attempts to reach Coutinho. Pressed by the natives, he was unable to do so.\nm\u00eame dans un d\u00e9fil\u00e9 profond par une multitude d'ennemis, il recevait, ainsi que sa troupe, des coups certains, tandis qu'il ne pouvait presque se d\u00e9fendre. Trois coups de fl\u00e8ches le bless\u00e8rent, et une grosse pierre le renversa sans connaissance. Si Gonzal\u00e8s Quemado, son enseigne, ne se f\u00fbt fait tuer pr\u00e8s de lui, et si Fei^nandez de B\u00ebja ne l'e\u00fbt fait emporter jusqu'aux chaloupes, il aurait partag\u00e9 un autre sort.\n\nDesol\u00e9s du d\u00e9sastre de leurs chefs, ces Portugais, si redoutables dans tant d'attiques pareilles, ne song\u00e8rent plus qu'\u00e0 fuir, et plusieurs jet\u00e8rent leurs armes. Le corps de troupes laiss\u00e9 en arri\u00e8re par Albuquerque accourut et les sauva d'une perte totale.\n\nQuatre-vingts hommes tu\u00e9s \u00e9taient une perte consid\u00e9rable pour les Portugais ; et ils \u00e9taient d'ailleurs si humili\u00e9s.\nses circonstances de leur d\u00e9route , qu'ils se \nretir\u00e8rent a Cochin ^ dans le plus profond \nabattement. D'un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9 , le zamorin \nn'eut pas lieu de se f\u00e9liciter d'une victoire \nqui lui avait tant co\u00fbt\u00e9. Il avait perdu trois \nmille hommes, et son palais, ses vaisseaux, \nsa capitale presque enti\u00e8re ; \u00e9taient deve- \nnus la proie des f\u00eeiimmes. Peu s'en fallut , \nquand il se fut assur\u00e9 du d\u00e9sastre par ses \npropres yeux, qu'il ne fit sentir sa col\u00e8re \u00e0 \nses officiers. Alburquerque, au reste , gagna \nr\u00e9ellement \u00e0 cette malheureuse exp\u00e9dition. \nLa faveur dont Coutigno jouissait pr\u00e8s \nd'Emmanuel, le rendait pour le vice- \nroi un ennemi dangereux, et il est assez \nprobable qu'il e\u00fbt cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 le perdre \u00ab \nAlbuquerque, d'ailleurs, n'e\u00fbt jamais os\u00e9 lui \nenlever, pour l'ex\u00e9cution de ses vastes des- \nseins, la moiti\u00e9 de la flotte qu'il comman- \ndait ; au lieu que, Coutigno \u00e9tant mort, il \nAlbuquerque encounters no difficulty in taking command. Albuquerque takes Goa and is definitively made master. Certain that the death of Coutinho would not deliver him from all his enemies and finding himself near the king of Portugal, Albuquerque, after the expedition of Cochin, resolved to render his country a service great enough to silence his adversaries. He did not want to declare his true project, which was the attack on Goa, and in 1500, he set sail from China with twenty-one ships, two thousand Portuguese, and some Malabares. At Cananor, he received the remnants of the crews of two wrecked ships and reinforced himself with fourteen fustas, commanded by Timoja, admiral of the king of Onor. Albuquerque then made no secret of his designs on Goa and had it signed.\nThe officers of don Antoine de Noronha were given an act by which, if he died, they pledged to recognize him as governor. Goa, located ten leagues from Tiscarin's file, was then one of the most important cities on the peninsula below the Ganges. Its port, in terms of beauty and convenience, rivaled those of Constantinople and Toulon, the most advantageous in the old hemisphere. Idalcan, an officer of the king of Decan, had made himself nearly independent there and had considerably fortified it, as well as all the passages through which one could enter the file. He had also formed a corps of intrepid Mahometan troops and mameluks. His war supplies and provisions were abundant, and several of his vessels, as strong as they were.\nThe Portuguese. In one word, since their arrival on the shores of the Indies, no enterprise had presented as many difficulties, and in case of success, such advantageous results as that of Albuquerque.\n\nHe made his preparations for the descent, and they were so skillful and well executed that the enemies fled in all directions. Albuquerque, seeing the consternation caused by this first success among the inhabitants, told them that he had not come to threaten their freedom, but to deliver them from a painful yoke. He assured each one the exercise of their religion and reduced the tribute they paid to Idalcan by a third. He was listened to favorably, and Gufe Curgy, who replaced Idalcan in command of the troops, was obliged to go, with a small retinue.\nThe name of the soldiers announced to their master the surrender of the place. Alburquerque, still astonished by this easy triumph and barely able to comprehend it, made his public entry into Goa on February 17, 1510, to the acclamations of the crowd. He mounted a magnificent Persian horse, preceded by the cross standard and the great banner of Portugal. His troops followed in good order. He went to the Dalcan palace and, thanking God, wept tears of joy. Besides bullets, grenades, and other munitions, strong pieces of artillery and fifty-five falconets were found in the place, not counting pieces of smaller caliber. The fleet numbered forty ships, several of the first size.\n\nImmediately, Albuquerque confirmed in his mind the intention of establishing the seat of Portugal at Goa.\nThe Portuguese government in the Indies named Noronha as governor of the place and fortress. He then ensured the organization of public revenues, took measures to secure possession of the entire island, and increased fortifications. He then planned to send embassies to several princes, with a special focus on the king of Persia.\n\nHowever, Idalcan was not discouraged by misfortune. He resolved to retake Goa and began by proposing peace to several enemy princes. They recognized that Goa was better in their power than in that of the Portuguese, and resolved to secede. The locals themselves, already discontented with Portuguese rule, were ashamed of their poor defense, and secretly supported their sovereign's enterprises.\n\nBut Albuquerque always had supporters within:\n\n\"Mais Albuquerque avait toujours des partisans dans...\"\nses officers the most dangerous among their enemies resumed entering his march. Timoja, moreover, was not satisfied: he had hoped that Goa would be given back under the suzerainty of the king of Portugal, and placed in his charge to defend with his own troops. Albuquerque treated these pretensions with contempt, but several of his chiefs supported them. Soon it was learned that Idalcan, in peace with his enemies, was advancing at the head of forty thousand infantry and five thousand cavalry. Murmurs began again: it was proposed to let Timoja deal with him and march on other more profitable enterprises for the land and sea officers; finally, despite Albuquerque's caution, a formidable coalition formed against him.\n\nIn this moment appeared the advanced guard of Idalcan, commanded by Pulat\u00ebcan, one of his.\nThe best generals. This one was able to represent to Albuquerque that he could not hold out with so few soldiers, most of whom were discontent with his authority, in a significant city ready to revolt, and against such a large army. He represented to him that, if he did not capitulate, he could not withdraw at the approach of winter.\n\nAlbuquerque was not swayed. He distrusted the principal inhabitants and Timoa. He feigned consulting with this latter one against their enterprises.\n\n\"Oblige them, the chief Indian said, to surrender as hostages, in the fortress, their women and children. Well! Albuquerque replied, let someone give them an example; no one can do it better than you.\"\n\nTimoja was forced to consent to the proposition and contribute to carrying it out regarding the others.\nOther. Albuquerque had every reason to be pleased with the success of his ruse. However, treachery was rampant, and Albuquerque dared not trust it. He made all the preparations a great captain could for defending the island's approach, but he was betrayed by the sabandar or marine commissioner, who sent all the boats to the enemies. Albuquerque had him massacred. Pulat\u00e9can, unable to deceive the Portuguese troops' vigilance, resolved to choose a dark and rainy night to penetrate the island. He chose the night of May 17. The winter was beginning in those regions, and his plan succeeded. Several nameless corps had already disembarked before the Portuguese were aware, and they were forced to return to the city. Albuquerque learned this at the same time.\nThe troops of Timoa were joining the enemies. He did not hesitate to draw his remaining soldiers against them, believing it better to have them as openly declared adversaries than to have to watch them in Tintrieur of Goa. He then had some traitors executed secretly; but the majority of the inhabitants showed themselves less disposed to the uprising. The enemy attacked, they were supported by them, and Albuquerque was forced to seek refuge in the citadel, despite the courage of his soldiers. Timoa had not imitated the defection of his men; he was among those who accompanied him.\n\nAlbuquerque sent to ask for help from Cochin; but he had the misfortune of addressing Texeira and de Silveira, who were not moved by his danger and disregarded his orders. On the other hand,\nPulat\u00e9can did not provoke division among Albuquerque's troops. Idalcan joined him, entering the city with the remainder of his army. His initial action was to cause two ships to run aground in the river, preventing the Portuguese fleet from descending and unable to set fire to them. To preserve his own ships, Albuquerque had no choice but to abandon the citadel. A sudden flood of waters eased his perplexity, allowing the fleet to pass by the stranded ships. The governor ordered the execution of one hundred fifty of his hostages and, to be cautious about scarcity, ordered the horses from Dalcan's stables, which had fallen into his possession, to be killed and salted. He then made a nighttime retreat; however, Noronha imprudently set fire to one of the magazines.\nThe enemies approached, and Albuquerque came close to perishing. While Idalcan, victorious, had begun the dreadful spectacle of beheading the main subjects in the citadel; Albuquerque continued his uncomfortable journey, beset by the artillery of several forts. His misfortunes were far from over; soon provisions became insufficient. We were reduced to eating rats, and the hides of coffins and shields. Three Portuguese captains went to Idalcan and informed him of the army's distress. The Indian prince took an unexpected action; he sent a ship filled with provisions to the hostile port, instructing it to claim victory over his enemies through arms rather than famine. This act of generosity could hide another desire: to learn if Albuquerque was truly defeated.\nelement delivered to a dreadful distress. He thought the least of it, and, having placed on the tillac of his vessel the little wine and biscuit that Jon reserved for the sick, as if each one could use these provisions at will, he sent it back. \"Tell your master,\" he replied to Idacan's boatswain, \"that I thank him; but I do not want his gifts until we are friends.\"\n\nResolved to attack the forts that caused him so much trouble, Albuquerque faced opposition. Instead of consulting them, he declared that he would lead this expedition, and that those who willingly wanted to could follow. This appeal to their honor succeeded perfectly, and those who might have rejected his proposal felt obligated to accompany their general.\nThe attack took place not only against the forts, but also against the camp of Pulat\u00e9can. In this affair, which occurred during the night, the Indians suffered significant losses. Albuquerque had in a hurry transported on his fleet, and the artillery that had caused him so much harm, as well as much-needed supplies. Idalcan planned terrible revenge. He vowed nothing less than to burn the Portuguese fleet. While rafts filled with inflammable materials were to be directed against the ships, eighty oared vessels were filled with men to give death to the enemies trying to save themselves by swimming. Albuquerque, informed of Idalcan's plan, sent Noronha, his nephew, with three hundred elite men to set fire to the rafts. In this occasion, Gon-\nZalesde Castelblanco had the boldness to go with a boat to identify enemies, despite violent fire directed against him. At the moment of attack, Noronha saw advance, on the side of a small island, thirty Latimens Indians who intended to place him between two fires. He had only thirteen in total, and he divided them into two squadrons. His and his men's bravery were crowned with success, but Noronha and a few other brave men ran the greatest risks. He was about to throw himself into a ship where five Portuguese were already, when he was seriously wounded in the leg, and he fell back into his chaloupe. Heroic efforts saved these intrepid warriors, whose loss seemed certain; only one succumbed among the Indians.\n\nIt has already been seen that Idalcan had, in character, this chivalrous generosity.\nThe Moors frequently quarreled. Witness to the bravery of the five champions, among whom the two brothers of Andrada distinguished themselves, he sent to compliment these last, telling them that, with their support, he would soon subjugate all India. He even intended to send them a gift; but he abstained, convinced they would not accept it.\n\nAlbuquerque's joy from this victory was cruelly altered by Noronha's death. He wept for his nephew, when he learned that his other nephew, Don Alphonse of Noronha, had recently shipwrecked on the coast of Cambay, and this new misfortune caused his tears to flow again.\n\nBy his firmness, often pushed to extreme severity, Albuquerque put down new rebellions, and, like Noronha, whose conciliatory spirit had tempered him.\nfrequently calmed down, but could no longer restrain his anger. He pushed vengeance to the point of having a young volunteer hanged. The two Andradas, who had tried to defend him, were deprived of command over his vessels.\n\nFrustrated by the obstacles his own officers presented to his plans, Aibuquerqui determined, against his initial intention, to leave the vicinity of Goa. He set sail on the 15th of August, and on the same day, he was pleased to see four Portuguese vessels in sight, commanded by Diego Mendez Vasconcellos. He went to Cananor, where the king had once again declared war on the Portuguese. He went on to Cochin, where disturbances required his presence.\n\nHe managed to quell the disturbances, but he believed his honor was at stake until Goa recognized new laws. Suspecting his captains, he submitted to them:\n\n\"souvent apais\u00e9, ne pouvait plus arr\u00eater sa col\u00e8re, il poussa la vengeance jusqu'\u00e0 faire pendre un jeune volontaire. Les deux Andrada, qui avaient voulu le d\u00e9fendre, furent priv\u00e9s du commandement de ses vaisseaux.\n\nFrustr\u00e9 des obstacles que ses propres officiers opposaient \u00e0 ses projets, Aibuquerqui se d\u00e9termina enfin, contre son intention premi\u00e8re, \u00e0 quitter le voisinage de Goa. Il mit \u00e0 la voile le 15 ao\u00fbt, et, le m\u00eame jour, il eut la joie d'apercevoir quatre vaisseaux Portugais en vue, command\u00e9s par Di\u00e9go Mendez Vasconcellos. Il vint \u00e0 Cananor, o\u00f9 le roi s'\u00e9tait de nouveau d\u00e9clar\u00e9 ennemi des Portugais ^ et alla ensuite \u00e0 Cochin; o\u00f9 des troubles demandaient sa pr\u00e9sence.\n\nIl parvint \u00e0 les apaiser; mais il croyait toujours son honneur engag\u00e9 \u00e0 ce que Goa reconna\u00eet de nouvelles lois. Se m\u00e9fiant avec raison de ses capitaines, il leur soumit\"\nThe project to renew this expedition pleased him, and he was glad to see they approved. To bind them closer, he had them write down their consent in writing. However, some still raised objections; but in the end, he set sail at the beginning of November, and first lived at Onor, where his ally Timoja was marrying an Indian princess. It was agreed that Timoja would join Albuquerque with three thousand men, and the general presented himself anew before Goa with thirty-seven ships, of which his ally had provided three.\n\nThe Indians, who had defended their city so well, were this time struck with fear. They abandoned two forts, which Albuquerque did not fail to seize; afterwards, the two brothers of Lima boldly recognized the city; where Idalcan had left a garrison of nine thousand men.\nThe two Limas, Vasconcellos, and others attacked an advanced work with impetuosity and pursued the enemies to a city gate, which received the name of Saint Catherine. We could not close it because Denis Fernandes Mello inserted the iron tip of his lance between the two bolts.\n\nThe Portuguese advanced despite the arrows and stones thrown at them from the houses, reaching the palace of Idalcan, while Albuquerque entered through another side. The enemies, however, defended themselves courageously. Don Jerome Lima was mortally wounded, and Don Jean, his brother, wanted to stop and help him; but the Portuguese hero would not allow it, pressing him to complete the enemy's defeat. Among those who stood out the most were also Vasconcellos and Manuel de Lacerda. The latter, with the iron mark on his face from an enemy weapon, was particularly notable.\nfl\u00e8che , n'en combattit pas avec moins de \ncourage, et, \u00e9tant mont\u00e9 sur le cheval d'un \nennemi qu'il venait de tuer, parv\u00eent encore \n\u00e0 en mettre huit autres en fuite. \nQuand Albuquerque , second\u00e9 par de tels \nguerriers, se vit s\u00f9r du succ\u00e8s, il fit fermer \nles portes pour tenir ses troupes rassem- \nbl\u00e9es , et rendit gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 Dieu de sa vic- \ntoire. Usant ensuite du privil\u00e8ge qu'il avait, \ncomme repr\u00e9sentant du souverain , il fit \nplusieurs chevaliers. \nLes deux fr\u00e8res d'Andrada , r\u00e9concili\u00e9s \navec Albuquerque , furent de ceux qui ex\u00e9- \ncut\u00e8rent ses ordres avec le plus de r\u00e9solu- \ntion. On les compta parmi les bless\u00e9s qui , \n\u20acn tout, mont\u00e8rent au nombre de trois cents. \nLes Portugais perdirent en outre quarante \nhommes tu\u00e9s ; perte bien faible en compa- \nraison d'un tel succ\u00e8s. Celle des ennemis \nfut immense. Alburquerque br\u00fbla les fau- \nbourgs , mit la ville au pillage, et cette fois \nThe inhabitants paid nothing less than the tribute to their former master. Such was the expedition's swiftness that Timoja and his three thousand men arrived when their aid was no longer necessary.\n\nResolved to make Goa a port city, Albuquerque treated favorably those of his compatriots who wished to settle there. He shared the spoils of the defeated with them and married their daughters to the Portuguese and Indian prisoners; he even took pleasure in presiding over these weddings himself. Historians have had the good faith to agree that these weddings resembled those of the early Romans with the Sabines.\n\nCompleted by ambassadors from the majority of India's sovereigns and surrounded by a brilliant court, Albuquerque then appeared more like a monarch himself than a mere representative of Emmanuel.\nNaufrage of Albuquerque.\n\nVictor of Malaca, this great captain\nremitted himself to the sea in the year 1511,\nhaving only six ships and a jonque, or small indian vessel.\nArrived near the coast of Sumatra,\nhe was assaulted by one of the most violent tempests\never experienced in the Indies' seas. In the midst of the night,\nhe had to seek shelter, at the risk of colliding with the rocks.\nThe vessel that Albuquerque was on was called The Flower of the Sea.\nIt had made many voyages and was half rotten.\nIt split in two by the middle, and the bow part was immediately swallowed.\nThe stern remained beached in the sand, exposed to the fury of the waves\nwhich carried away a part of the remaining crew.\nAlbuquerque himself fought against the waves,\nwhen he saw, near him, the child of one of his crew.\nslaves. The compassion moved him to save her, and he assured that, in favor of this innocent creature, God would save him as well. In effect, Pierre d'Alpoem, commander of the vessel La Trinit\u00e9, learned then of the distress of his general, and, despite the violence of the storm, he put his chaloupe in the sea to rescue him. He arrived there successfully, and the rest of Albuquerque's unfortunate companions were also brought aboard the vessel d'Alpoem when the day appeared; but nothing could be saved from the immense riches that the Sea Flower contained. They had embarked the fifth of the king's quintal, and all the precious effects of the general, including two bronze lions that he wanted to decorate his sepulcher.\n\nThis disaster was not the only one. Indians from the island of Java were in great numbers.\nOn the junk. When they found themselves separated from the vessel of George Nunez who was watching over them by the tempest, they killed the captain, Simon Martinez, and all the Portuguese under his orders, with the exception of four, who saved themselves in a rowboat and reached the states of Pacen's king. This prince gave them a very favorable reception.\n\nEscaping, as if by a miracle, from the tempest, Albuquerque experienced calmness that saved him and his men from starvation and thirst. He found provisions in two ships he seized; but one of them gave him new concerns. He had entrusted the command to Simon d'Andrada, who took only a small number of Portuguese with him. Deprived of the means to take control, Andrada was forced to trust the Indian pilot, who set sail for the Maldives.\nIn 1512, the prisoners revolted, pillaged Andrada and his men, and subjected them to indignities. However, they did not harm their own captain, whom they held as a hostage on his vessel. They eventually sent them to Cochin, where Albuquerque himself had arrived by the time news of his shipwreck reached there and he was already being mourned as dead.\n\nBattle between Portuguese and Javanese.\n\nIn 1512, Patani, one of the Java chiefs, conceived a plan to destroy the Portuguese fleet in the Malacca port and even to seize this city. It is assured that the number of his ships was close to three hundred, among which several were of considerable size. His own ship, in particular, had a castle at the stern as high as the poop deck of the largest vessels.\nThe Portuguese ship had a seven-piece wooden border, bound together with cement, which bullets could not penetrate. Pate-Oiius did not leave the port of Japara until 1513. He passed through the Strait of Sunda and immediately, Portuguese ships appeared, warning Ruy de Britto, governor of Malaca, of an imposing armament. The Portuguese, with their courage somewhat shaken, knew the bravery of the Javanese; they knew that, threatened with an attack, they had the custom of defending themselves with a kind of Greek fire. However, Britto sent Fernand Perez de Andrade out of the port to fight the enemy. He did not see them at first because they had passed through a different strait than the one he had engaged in; but on his return, he saw them unfolding before the city.\nA generous and restless emulation made Britto, on the verge of danger, want to strip P\u00e9rez of command and attack the Javans himself. He even had P\u00e9rez arrested but released him almost immediately, and P\u00e9rez was generous enough to sacrifice his resentment for the sake of the state. He had only seventeen ships, supported by fifteen hundred Malay sailors, embarked on some local vessels.\n\nWith forces so disproportionate to those of the Javans, he advanced against them. The affair began at sunrise. Botello, mounted on a very good sailing vessel, headed towards the admiral ship of Patonus, and was followed by Pierre de Saria. Both wanted to board, but after a more deliberate examination of this enormous mass, they withdrew.\nA non-producing monk passed the day in skirmishes. The Javans managed to penetrate the port despite the Portuguese, hoping for some uprising in the city during the night. New disputes arose between Britto and P\u00e9rez. The governor wished to avoid combat and send for help in Rindostan. P\u00e9rez favored a contrary opinion, and the officers adopted it, sending to ask Britto to place himself in the citadel for safety, upon which his person depended for the place. After some hesitation, Pat\u00e9-Onus joined Laczamana, the Malacca king's admiral, on the Muar River. United, they would have been formidable for the Portuguese. He set sail.\ndonc; yet P\u00e9rez pursued with incredible ardor. The canons, grenades, pots-de-feu of the Portuguese produced terrible effects. Soon the sea was covered with Javanese ships on fire and men, whom the Portugueses descended into their chaloupes, massacring without pity as they tried to save themselves at the na^e. P\u00e9rez sent to ask for new war supplies from Britto, who was eager to help and celebrate this beginning of victory with artillery discharges.\n\nAt midday, Patonus, on his vessel despite its strength, approached him with four of its strongest jonques. This party was very harmful to him; the Portuguese ships so close together, the Portuguese cannon fire caused even more damage than before.\n\nQuoique P\u00e9rez had defended against boarding.\nCaptain Martin Gu\u00e9dez saw an opportunity to seize a Javanese junk in this way and took it, burning it. This was imitated by Jean Lopez d' Alvin. P\u00e9rez himself, strengthened by a certain number of men taken from other ships, boarded the vice-admiral of the enemy fleet using a rope, while Fran\u00e7ois de Mello boarded from the prow. The vice-admiral's nephew distinguished himself with the most brilliant act of courage. He passed from his ship to P\u00e9rez's, using it as a bridge to reach that of his uncle. This fact alone proves that the Portuguese were facing formidable enemies. Animated by the presence of this fearless young man, the Javanese under the vice-admiral fought successfully. P\u00e9rez and several of his officers were wounded, and they found themselves in a critical situation, when Botello, who had also boarded, appeared.\nThe Javanese vessel provided the most useful distraction for them. The combat was as long and bloody between the five vessels. However, the advantage belonged to the three Portuguese only when there was no one left to defend the two Javanese jonques. The victors set fire to them. The other Portuguese captains showed no less courage and were well supported by their Malay allies. Perez immediately pursued Pat-Onus and, although he couldn't damage the vessel's body, he cut its sails and masts. When the two fleets presented such a dreadful spectacle, a terrifying storm approached, adding to the horror. A thick night, only barely illuminated by occasional quick flashes of light, spread over the furious sea; the continuous thunder rumbled, and each person saw only their own reflection in the turmoil.\nForced to cease combat for consideration of his safety. When, the following day, Forage was dispersed, Botello and the Malay T\u00e9can Mahamet found themselves near Pate-Onus. They cannoned each other until their powder ran out. The relentless Botello went to Malaca to fetch more, then returned to the enemy. En route, he encountered P\u00e9rez and some captains near the islands called the Isles aux Vaisseaux. He urged them to join him, but they could not yield to his exhortations; their ships were severely damaged. They had a large number of wounded, and the crews were succumbing to fatigue. Pate-Onus had taken advantage of Botello's departure, who in vain pursued him, and had headed not towards the Muar river as originally intended, but to Java itself. He arrived there wounded and having lost over eight.\nThousands of men, almost all of his great ships numbering sixty, and the majority of the small ones. He had his own ship brought to land and kept it in a newly built arsenal in memory of this terrible action, of the courage he had shown against the Portuguese, and of the good fortune with which he had escaped such formidable enemies. When Botelio had rejoined the victorious fleet, it returned in its entirety to the port of Malaca, to the acclamations of the land troops and the people. According to the invariable custom of those times, Perez rendered solemn acts of thanks to the heavens; after which, he set sail for India with several captains, leaving Lopez de Alva in command of the Portuguese fleet at Malaca.\n\nNo Arab expedition against Ormus (Ormuz). He managed to take possession of it without any resistance.\nIn the midst of his glory, Albuquerque recalled constantly how the disobedience of his captains had denied him the conquest of Ormus. He was so afflicted that he had sworn not to shave until he had taken possession of this place. Seven years had passed, and his beard had grown to extraordinary length, when at last he obtained the success he desired so ardently. He then set sail from Goa with a fleet of twenty-seven vessels, manned by fifteen hundred Portuguese and seven hundred Malabares.\n\nAfter several revolutions, Ormus then had Torincha as its titular sovereign, and Hamed as its real master. Albuquerque's fleet saluted the palace of the king with its artillery, and requested from this prince the citadel and dwellings within the city. Hamed dared not advise his prince.\nThe following individual made this request to hand over the arms and Portugal's flag to the palace itself of the king. An envoy named Ma\u00ebl, Sophia of Persia, was present in Ormus at the time. Albuquerque, acting as master in this city, treated Ma\u00ebl magnificently and, upon sending him back to his prince, made him accompany Fernand Gomez de Lemos, who was charged with presenting considerables to Sophia and proposing an alliance with Portugal.\n\nHowever, Albuquerque and Hamed harbored mutual hatred, which they concealed. Portuguese writers claim that the king of Ormus had secretly asked Albuquerque to release him from the clutches of an insolent minister; what is certain is that Albuquerque did not delay in putting an end to Hamed.\n\nThere was talk of a meeting between the king and the general. Hamed requested:\neut lieu dans une tente, qu'il avait expr\u00e8s \nfait dresser devant le palais. Albuquer- \nque insista pour quelle se fit dans la \ncitadelle, et on fut oblig\u00e9 de se conformer \n\u00e0 sa volont\u00e9. \nIl avait \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9gl\u00e9 que personne ne porte- \nrait d'armes. Hamed se pre'senta sans se \nconformer a cette condition. Albuquerqiie \nlui en fit des reproches , et Flamed les \nr\u00e9torquait avec justice, car le Portugais \nlui-m\u00eame \u00e9tait arm\u00e9 ; alors , sans pousser \nplus loin la discussion , les officiers du g\u00e9- \nn\u00e9ral tu\u00e8rent le ministre. Le roi 5 qui parut \naussit\u00f4t, trembla pour lui-m\u00eame; mais on le \nrassura. Les fr\u00e8res et les partisans de Ha- \nmed prirent les armes ^ bient\u00f4t ils furent \nforc\u00e9s de les quitter. On les bannit; et le \nroi, qui parut joyeux de n'\u00eatre plus soumis \n\u00e0 son ministre^ devint par le fait l'esclave \ndes Portugais. \nC'est ce qui parut bien prouv\u00e9, lorsqu'A\u00ce- \nAlbuquerque committed unspeakable acts of violence, which we have agreed to call coups d'\u00e9tat. According to the dreadful custom of the East, princes who had claims to the kingdom of Ormus were made blind. However, they had wives and children. Albuquerque was given custody of these unfortunate men and their families, and he sent them to Goa. He then set out himself, leaving Pierre d'Albuquerque in charge of the citadel.\n\nLast moments of Albuquerque: details about his person and character.\n\nIt is only justifiable to see Albuquerque's conduct at Ormus in the eyes of those for whom politics is the supreme science. If, in this act of his life, morality had reproaches to make against him, he did not delay in atoning for his sins, and the last moments of this man.\navait rempli les Indes de sa renomm\u00e9e, sont tr\u00e8s-propres \u00e0 exciter utiles r\u00e9flexions. Il \u00e9tait encore \u00e0 Ormus lorsqu'il fut attaqu\u00e9 d'une dysenterie. Bient\u00f4t le mal fit de tels progr\u00e8s, que Albuquerque dicta son testament et re\u00e7ut les sacrements de l'\u00e9glise.\n\nQuelque soulagement qu'il \u00e9prouva lui fit prendre la r\u00e9solution de se rendre \u00e0 Goa; mais \u00e0 peine \u00e9tait-il hors du golfe d'Ormus, qu'un petit b\u00e2timent maure, partit de Diu, vint lui remettre des lettres qui ajout\u00e8rent \u00e0 ses maux physiques les plus profonds chagrins.\n\nUn Maure, nomm\u00e9 Cid-Alle, lui mandait que Lope Soar\u00e8s d'Albergaria venait avec treize vaisseaux pour lui succ\u00e9der dans rinde; Yasconcellos \u00e9tait nomm\u00e9 commandant de Cochin, et Diego Pereira facteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral; l'autre lettre \u00e9tait d'un ambassadeur du souverain, qui lui confirmait ces nouvelles et insistant sur l'ingratitude dont il avait \u00e9t\u00e9 fait victime.\non his splendid services, he offered himself to him, in the name of his master; the most honorable asylum. Albuquerque could not contain his indignation. Soares was his personal enemy; he had sent Vasconcellos and Pereira to Portugal to be judged as criminals, and the first replaced him! And the others returned to India, clad in the most important charges! \"It is for the king's service, he wrote in his bitter letter, that I have incurred the hatred of men; it is for men that I am in the king's disgrace!\" Descend into the tomb, unfortunate old man! It is time, descend into the tomb! These bitter words often came from his mouth; finally, he yielded to the urgings of those who advised him to write to King Emmanuel. His letter was preserved, and it deserved to be.\nShe is noble and significant.\nMy Lord; he said; I write for the last time to your excellency, with a sincere heart, a sure sign of my approaching end. I have a son in the kingdom; I beg you to treat him generously in my stead. I order him to ask for your favor, under threat of my displeasure. I tell you nothing of the Indies; they will speak enough for themselves.\nArrived near Goa, he sent for a doctor whose help was invaluable to him, and the vicar general who gave him the consolations of religion. He appeared to have great piety, and died a few days before the 16th of December 1515. He was then sixty-three years old and had been ill for ten.\nThe obsequies they rendered him in the church of Notre-Dame de la Montagne at Goa were...\nIn Portugal, as elsewhere, the title was originally given to the Souveraios. The title of majesty is much more recent. They were plunged into deep mourning for five hundred years after his death. Fifty years later, his remains were transported to Portugal.\n\nThese universal regrets were sincere: for Albuquerque, though sometimes severe, never forgot to recognize good services rendered to the state. He knew how to inspire fear as well as love. Indeed, unquestionable facts attest to his love for justice.\n\nMore than once after his death, the Moors and Indians brought offerings to his tomb and demanded justice from his shade for the vexations and tyranny of his successors.\nAlthough success did not consistently crown Albuquerque's enterprises, he was the Portuguese general who carried his nation's glory and power the farthest into the Indies. He was recognized as one of the most capable generals who ever existed, and few other criticisms were levied against him, save for his tendency to expose himself too often as a simple soldier. But, more prudent, he would not have inspired as much confidence in warriors whose greed for gain and spirit of conquest had made almost all of them heroes! One marveled at his disgrace; but it is important to indicate its primary cause. His enemies were closer to the king than he was when he asked the king to possess Goa as a duchy. It was not difficult to make the king think of a jealous prince.\nAlbuquerque dreamed of becoming independent, yet his enterprises and actions always announced a loyal and faithful subject. If he had any hidden intentions, it is certain that no one could have uncovered the truth.\n\nAlbuquerque belonged to an illegitimate branch of the royal family; he had gained an honorable reputation in Portugal, but it is certain that the Indies were the grand stage of his glory, and he was one of the few captains who acquired immense renown late in life.\n\nEmmanuel regretted too late not to have rendered him justice, and took care to favorably advance his illegitimate son, whom the hero had recommended in his dying moments. This same son carried out his father's wish by writing his biography. He fulfilled this duty.\npieux owed it with wisdom, moderation, and love of truth that earned him just praise.\n\nFirst siege of Diu.\n\nThis memorable event took place in the year 1558,\nunder the government of Nuno da Cunha;\nbut the main glory returned to Antoine de Sylveira Meneses,\nbrother of Acuna and governor of Diu.\n\nBadur, king of Cambay, implored against the Portuguese the help of the great lord Soliman, king of Selim, and sent him magnificent presents. Although the sultan soon took action after the unfortunate end of Badur, he did not hesitate to bring his arms to India, convinced that the small number of Portuguese there could not resist his arms.\n\nHe named chief of this expedition Soliman, eunuch from Cairo. Never was a choice more singular. This eunuch was a Greek by birth and of an ugliness.\naffreuse. Il avait quatre-vingts ans , et \u00e9tait \ndevenu plus gros que grand , de sorte qu'il \nne pouvait se remuer sans le secours de \nquatre hommes. Ce g\u00e9n\u00e9ral si agile \u00e9tait de \nplus d un esprit tr\u00e8s-born\u00e9 et d'une cruaut\u00e9 \n\u00eeiorrible. Ce fut par des concussions et des \nsupplices qu'il se procura les secours n\u00e9- \ncessaires pour une exp\u00e9dition qu'il avait \npromis de ne pas rendre on\u00e9i^euse \u00e0 la \nPorte. \nAyant plong\u00e9 dans le deuil par ses atro- \ncit\u00e9s les principales familles de l'Egypte , il \npartit de Suez avec une flotte de soixante* \ndix gal\u00e8res sur laquelle \u00e9taient sept mille \njanissaires ou mamelucks. Les chiourmes \n\u00e9taient compos\u00e9es d'esclaves chr\u00e9tiens , et \nprincipalement de V\u00e9nitiens qu'il venait de \nfaire arr\u00eater dans Alexandrie par suite de la \nrupture du sultan avec leur r^'publique , \net sans \u00e9gard au droit des gens. \nA peine en mer , il mit au nombre des \nThe four hundred men of the chief of Gidda marched with him; taking note of their murmurings, he had two hundred of them beheaded, a sure means of obtaining silent obedience from the others. The I^e cheik of Gidda knew that he was executing Mir Daiid, prince of Thebaide, in recognition of the services he had rendered him by providing men and money: he escaped into the lands and thus evaded the fierce Soliman; but the king of Zeibel had his head taken. Aden offered him presents. Soliman seized his city by surprise, and in employing soldiers for this feat whom he had begged to receive as being sick, the king, and the principal lords of his court, attracted to a rendezvous, were hanged by order of Soliman. Such was the man, or rather, such was the ruler.\nThe ferocious beast that the Portugueses of Diu were to face in combat was beginning to advance. The court of Cambay, governed by Coje-S\u00e9phar, had already initiated hostilities. He lived in Diu, and the Portugueses trusted him; however, upon hearing that the beast was approaching, he and his family fled.\n\nSylveira understood then that war was inevitable. Before leaving Diu, Nugno had levelled a quarter of the city to build fortifications; Sylveira improved them. He also filled a cistern ordered by Nugno, which could hold a thousand pipes of water. He gathered provisions, disarmed the Moors, published severe edicts against the inhabitants who were fleeing in fear, and even had several hanged whom the Moors had not captured and whom they had recaptured; finally, after making a good selection of officers, he was ready for battle.\nCiers distributed his soldiers in their posts with few numbers. Mahmud, king of Cambaie and nephew of Badur, set out with fifteen thousand elite soldiers, among them five thousand cavalry. This army was led by Alu-Ran, under whom Coje-Sephar commanded. The latter suddenly arrived with three thousand infantrymen and four thousand cavaliers to attack the incomplete fortifications. It was then clear what the Portuguese were capable of in this siege. Fran\u00e7ois Pach\u00e9co, who had only fourteen men, defended himself with great vigor, giving Sylveira time to free him. Sofar had gained a breach. Soon, reunited with Alu-Kan, he repelled his troops into File. Sylveira found himself forced not only to refrain from opposing but also to abandon the city to the enemies, who were received by the people as liberators.\nSylveira, unable to defend fortified places, saw the Ottoman fleet appear on September 14 to reinforce her enemies, who were already numerous in comparison to her troops. Her aspect was very unpleasant. Fourteen galley ships, called sultanes due to their size, formed the right wing, and seven the left; the rest of the fleet occupied the center. The Portuguese were struck with great surprise and perhaps secret terror, while the Indians could think that with such a formidable armament, the Turks were masters of making their own laws, as well as those of their enemies. Sofar announced to the basha that the siege would easily be terminated; and Soliman, for his first exploit, had seven hundred janissaries landed who spread throughout the city, committing excesses as great as if they had taken it by assault. Joining ridicule to this,\nThe ferocity of some demanded to see the general and insulted him by pulling his beard. Alu-Ran stopped the officers' resentment, saying, \"These are foreigners.\" It is probable that this is their custom in their country to greet. But this venerable old man did not delay in leaving Farm\u00e9e to avoid such politeness. The janissaries then, in bravado, fired arquebuses and arrows, killing six Portuguese, but the fire beyond the place cost them fifty men dead, in addition to a larger number of wounded.\n\nSyve\u00efra had ordered Miguel Vaz to recognize the Turkish fleet, and this officer executed his difficult commission with both courage and success. A violent storm was then advantageous to the Portuguese: the pasha was forced to seek refuge.\nIn the port of Madrefaba, where four of its cargo ships perished. The barrels were brought ashore, and the natives, with fear, discovered they contained much hay and horse harness. They concluded that the Turks intended to establish themselves in the country and trembled at the thought of the cruelties they had committed in Aden and several other places along their route. They then began to regard these dangerous allies as the Portuguese gained great advantages from through Isfsuite.\n\nSylla, a capable captain, took advantage of the absence of the fleet, which lasted twenty days, to put the weakest parts of the place in order. The Turkish land forces also pushed forward with their work; they erected their batteries and, with great effort, brought materials from Madrefaba.\nThe basilica was of considerable size. They erected a tower on a platform and adorned it with artifices. They intended to approach it from the Boulevard of the Portugueses using the tide and set it on fire there. Sylveira allowed them to do so, but when the incendiary machine was prepared, she sent Fran\u00e7ois Govea, the port captain, during the night to burn it. This officer succeeded completely. When the fleet returned, Soliman ordered the artillery to be directed against the boulevard separated from the fortress where Pach\u00e9co and a few men were holding out. He withstood an assault given by seven hundred janissaries and thirteen thousand Indians. Two young Portuguese men stood out in particular, and the Turks were ashamed to retreat. However, Pach\u00e9co, despairing of being rescued and holding out longer, capitulated. The following day.\nmidi on, floated on the boulevard the pike of the croissant. A old Portuguese, named Jean Perez, ran followed by five other brave men, and overturned it three times, substituting it with the cross that many times. Finally, these warriors, worthy of a better fate, succumbed under the number, selling their lives dearly. Their bodies were thrown into the river and reached the citadel. One hastened to give them a Christian burial; and the besieged, to give this event the appearance of a miracle, said, and perhaps believed, that these bodies had come there against the current. As for Pach\u00e9co and his soldiers, they lost the liberty promised to them, and first conserved their lives by converting to the Muslim faith; but the ferocious Soliman did not spare them for long.\nA deja noted that the title of the sect's prophet did not quell his furies. Sylveira, summoned to comply, responded in brave resolution to endure all rather than renounce her glory. Then the whip had six batteries raised. The evaluation of the pieces it consisted of was confusing. There were over a hundred pieces of cannon, nine basilics firing bullets weighing eighty to a hundred pounds, and five mortars that were charged only with stones of six to seven feet in circumference. These details will not seem exaggerated to those who know that the Turks have always had very strong artillery pieces, and that even today the batteries defending the Dardanelles have several mortars launching enormous marbled bullets. These batteries arrayed before Diu, and seeming to threaten the fortress,\nFor twenty-five days, they weighed anchor. From the very beginning, those of the place were demoted and the battlements of the towers were breached. While Turkish artillery wreaked havoc, the trenches were pushed forward to the moat, which was crossed, and the miner was attached to the bastion where Gaspard de Sosa commanded.\n\nBut the fearless Sylvia showed no alarm at anything; all her posts could defend themselves reciprocally. She contested the terrain foot by foot, and was always personally present where the fire was most intense. Under such a leader, each of the soldiers became a hero, and all must share in the praises that, in most military actions, are seldom given to more than a few. The battles, the sorties, diminished daily the already too small number of these fearless men.\nThey soon lacked food, weapons, ammunition; the water from the cistern, their only drink, gave them scurvy as it spoiled. Duties to the dead, care for the wounded multiplied their labors. Finally, they lost all hope of being rescued, yet their courage, their constancy did not falter for an instant. The words are lacking to render justice to such heroism.\n\nHistory had to preserve several worthy traits: here are some of them:\n\nA young Spanish man, born in Galicia, not more than nineteen years old, and of very small stature, had attached himself to a Moor of great stature during an sortie. He followed him as far as the sea, where he entered the water with him. His small size caused him to lose his footing, and the Moor seized the opportunity to try and drown him. The Spanish man stabbed him several times.\nJean et apr\u00e8s l'avoir tu\u00e9, sortit de l'eau, regagnant la forteresse \u00e0 pas lents, malgr\u00e9 une nu\u00e9e de balles et de fl\u00e8ches dirig\u00e9e contre lui, et qui ne lui firent aucun mal. Jean de Fons\u00e9ca, bless\u00e9 au bras droit, dont il maniait avec une extr\u00eame adresse sa demi-pique, changea cette arme de main, et continua de combattre. Il temoigna m\u00eame son m\u00e9contentement \u00e0 Mendez de Vasconcellos, qui deux fois l'avait exhort\u00e9 \u00e0 se retirer.\n\nPenteado, dangereusement bless\u00e9 \u00e0 la t\u00eate; \u00e9chappa au chirurgien au milieu du pansement, re\u00e7ut une seconde blessure, retourna encore au combat, et ne se retira qu'apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 une troisi\u00e8me fois frapp\u00e9.\n\nJean Rodiiguez, homme plein de vigueur et de courage, fut sans doute celui qui dans ce m\u00e9morable si\u00e8ge fit le plus de mal aux ennemis; car, au risque de p\u00e9rir lui-m\u00eame, il leur lan\u00e7ait des barils de poudre et des projectiles.\npots in the fire, injuring or killing a great number. A soldier, in the heat of battle, pulled out a tooth (certainly it held little importance) and charged his weapon due to lack of bullets; but this trait cannot prove that he was animated, for what great harm could cause such a projectile!\n\nHowever, what is established and must be carefully noted is the courage of Portuguese women, equal to that of men. One of them, Isabelle de Vega, was the wife of an officer who before the siege had wanted to send her to her father in Goa. She swore to him that she wanted to live or die with him. When the attacks began, she and Anne Femandez, wife of the surgeon-major, gathered the other women and shared this information with them.\nUnder the leadership of these two heroines, they shared all the perils of the besieged. In the midst of the combatants, they encouraged and brought them supplies and weapons to the most dangerous places. As soon as breaches were practicable and mines had produced their disastrous effects, the attackers assaulted either the bastion of Gaspard de Sosa, who had lost his life, or that of Lopes de Sosa, who was much weaker. But everywhere, the new fortifications ordered by Sylvie stopped them, and the bravery of the Portuguese soldiers contributed even more. A relief came to the besieged. It was a group of twenty men who arrived on four small boats, resolved to share the fate of their brothers, and they told them that Don Garcie de...\nNorogna, sent to replace Nugno d'Acugna in the government, would arrive soon and prepare to combat the Ottoman fleet. The basha was indignant that these small vessels had dared to cross his fleet, and, wanting to prevent Norogna's arrival, gave the order for an assault on the seawall where Antoine de Sosa commanded. Fifty boats formed the attack; several were sunk to the bottom with cannon fire, and the others were forced to retreat. More irritated than ever, the basha resolved to launch a general assault but believed he saw them feigning retreat. The firing of the batteries ceased on October 30, and a thousand men embarked on several galleys. However, the following night, a large number of ladders were brought to the moats.\n\nSylla (sic) had noticed the ruse and put himself in a state of readiness.\nFourteen thousand men divided into three groups attacked, and the artillery made a terrifying fire. The first of these corps came from the side of the governor's house, which was nearly in ruins, but they were received with the greatest resolution, and a large crowd rushed to meet them. However, two hundred men with a flag gained the top of the bulwark. Thirty Portuguese were sufficient to repel them; but these two brave young men perished in the midst of victory. Fourteen galleys had no more success: Fernand Govea forced them to take to the open sea after dispersing two of them.\n\nThe second attacking army corps reached the breach and planted four flags; but the danger itself carried the besieged\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. A few minor corrections have been made for clarity.)\nJean Rodriguez stood out among the others. The artillery of the boulevard and that of the Saint-Homas bastion caused great damage to the enemy ranks, forcing the third corps to take the place of the second.\n\nII did not engage with the same fervor as the first two, where he had seen little success. He lost courage especially when he saw the groom of Sofar enveloped and bruised by a pot of fire. The Portuguese, on the contrary, made even greater efforts than before, and finally the enemy was forced into retreat with the loss of over five hundred dead and a thousand wounded.\n\nSix hundred men had resisted against twenty-two thousand; but only forty men were left, in a condition to fight. They were low on powder, their weapons were broken; yet they had.\njur\u00e9 de mourir tous plut\u00f4t que de se rendre. What would have been their fate if Tennem\u00ee had known their situation! He would have entered soon, but the Portuguese were in no condition to defend themselves better, for an event worthy of crowning the sublime devotion of the besieged occurred. The baixa took this opportunity, in earnest and without pretense, to lift the siege. Sylveira, who feared a new trap, had the wounded brought up to the walls, as well as the women disguised as men, to impose on the enemy. This time, a lively and pure joy succeeded their despair, and the enemies withdrew further and further.\n\nThe court of Camba\u00ef had significantly contributed to this dishonorable departure: although the baixa had never left the gal\u00e8re, he had given his orders with such brutality and.\nIf clearly recognizing his intent to subdue those who had summoned him for aid, the Indians had not hesitated to fear him more than the Portuguese government. Sofar himself, assuming after the general assault that Syiveira and her brave ones could not sustain another, had written a letter under the name of a friend and had the address of the fair fall into the hands of the bacha. It seemed to announce the imminent arrival of Norogna with a formidable fleet, and the bacha no longer thought of anything but fleeing.\n\nHowever, what remained of So-far's army was, despite its losses and the retreat of the Turks, still more than capable of reducing the Portuguese, and for them, the danger still subsisted; but Sofar saw two fustas of Sylva de Meneses enter the port. He conjectured that the remainder of this man's ships had arrived.\nAn officer was not far off; in fact, he was pleased to have escaped the Bacha. He retired himself after burning some quarters of the city. Soliman, still barbaric, left a large number of wounded on the Arabian coast. A dozen unfortunate Portuguese fell into his power during his return. He had their noses, ears, and heads cut off, as well as those he took prisoner. Having made these gruesome tokens of his ferocity stink, he sent them to the grand seigneur. There is some relief in learning that this scoundrel, persecuted by a favorite sultana and accused of concussions, was soon forced to strangle himself to avoid the fatal noose.\n\nThe siege of Diu was famous in Portugal and throughout Europe. When Sylviera returned to her homeland, the Portuguese king\nFrance's Fran\u00e7ois F sent an envoy to Portugal to obtain his portrait. Sylveira's glory was indeed pure, belonging to him alone; Norogna contributed nothing. A Portuguese escapee from Constantinople had brought news of the hostile Turkish positions against Portuguese establishments in India and significant preparations at Suez. King John III of Portugal had immediately dispatched eleven ships and Norogna with seven thousand men, the strongest force Portugal had sent to India at the time. Norogna had arrived in the country at the beginning of the siege. Nothing hindered Sylveira from seeking him out; however, she did not wish to disregard Nugno's counsel, her predecessor.\nIl temporized until the retreat of the assailants appeared. He acted, according to this principle, as if he were the personal enemy of Sylveira. Under the pretext of going to help her himself, he began by stopping eighty ships loaded with men and munitions that Nugno had gathered to send to the brave defenders of Diu.\n\nIn the sequel, Sylveira was named governor of India, but a court intrigue caused him to be almost immediately recalled; and without a doubt, Portugal lost with this unjust resolution a man who might have been no less useful to his country in those distant lands, which he knew so well, than Albuquerque himself.\n\nSecond siege of Diu.\n\nThis small place was destined to illustrious the courage of the Portuguese twice. Seven years after the first siege [ISIS], in it.\nThe new threat looms. The king of Cambaye was less satisfied than ever with the Portuguese. An insecure peace had not weakened the Indians' hatred towards them, and Sofar, who held absolute power at the young king's court, had never been more inclined to fight those he saw, not without reason, as India's oppressors. He took advantage of their negligence, which had brought them great success; he made his allies believe that the Portuguese fleets were not as numerous as before, and that their officers were instilling desertion among their soldiers. He could easily cite Diu as proof, since this city, instead of having a garrison of nine hundred soldiers that General Jean de Castro had left there, had only two hundred and fifty.\n\nSofar feigned that the sultan Mahmud had finally decided to act.\nLui had given Diu, along with Surate and Rainer, and then he wrote a polite letter to the governor of the place, Jean Mascarenhas, in which he claimed it back, protesting his attachment to the Portuguese. Mascarenhas did not remain indifferent but kept a wary eye against Sofar's bad intentions, as Silveira had done before. Nothing was better for Sofar; for he came to Diu with an elite force of five thousand men, Turks, Mamluks, Arabs, Persians, Abyssinians, and European renegades of all nations. The rest of his troops numbered twenty-five thousand men, with a larger number still of pirates, mannes or vivandiers.\n\nThey parleyed, and Sofar threw off the mask, had the envoy of Mascarenhas, along with two other Portuguese, arrested; and on the 21st of April 15/\\6, a battle ensued.\nThe foul Indians initiated hostilities with volleys of arquebuses and arrows. This citadel, repaired by Noronha, had seven bulwarks. Mascarenhas distributed posts to his best officers, each commanding only twenty or thirty men. The governor reserved a fifty for himself to be present where needed. Thus, the disparity of forces between the besiegers and the besieged was even greater than during the first siege.\n\nSofar, on the other hand, raised bastions close to the place. As in the first siege, he constructed a large machine to batter the sea bastion. Mascarenhas sent Diego de Leite with twenty men to burn the machine. Sofar covered them, and the alarm became general. Leite and his men hurried to set fire to the machine; but the raw hides from which it was made prevented it from burning effectively.\n\u00e9tait couverte , emp\u00each\u00e8rent le feu de s'y \nattacher. Alors ces hommes intr\u00e9pides sau- \nt\u00e8rent dans la machine m\u00eame , tu\u00e8rent \nceux qui la gardaient , et la remorqu\u00e8rent \nau milieu des coups de fl\u00e8ches et d'arque- \nbuses jusqu'\u00e0 la citadelle , o\u00f9 ils la br\u00fbl\u00e8rent \ntranquillement \u00e0 la vue de Sofar d\u00e9ses- \np\u00e9r\u00e9. \nIl se vengea en poussant ses travaux , et \nen garnissant ses redoutes d'une artillerie \nnombreuse, Mascarenhas con\u00e7ut de fortes \ninqui\u00e9tudes. On \u00e9tait \u00e0 la fin de mai , on \nn'avait que pour un mois de poudre , et au- \ncun secours ne paraissait. \nCependant , lorsque l'artillerie ennemie \nfaisait le plus de ravages , on aper\u00e7ut huit \nvaisseaux command\u00e9s par don Ferdinand \nde Castro , le plus jeune des fils du vice-roi : \nquoique Thiver commen\u00e7\u00e2t dans le pays \u00e0 \n\u00e0 celte \u00e9poque, son p\u00e8re l'avait fait partir \n\u00e0 la premi\u00e8re nouvelle du si\u00e8ge. La pr\u00e8-^ \nThis group, led by the young Castro, numbered nearly five hundred men, the majority being volunteers, attached to his fortune. There was also an increase in provisions and war supplies. Ferdinand wished to defend the bastion of St. Jean, the weakest of all, himself.\n\nSofar received a reinforcement of ten thousand cavaliers from his sultan in person. Mascarenhas went to pay his respects and assured him that his presence would boost the morale of the Portuguese, as they would need him to lift the siege. Mahmud's retreat lasted only eleven days before Diu.\n\nA volley of cannon took out one of his courtiers, and his diviners saw this as an ill omen, an easy prediction for anyone. Mahmud showed no signs of leaving voluntarily and retreated to Amadaba.\n\nHis departure did not slow their progress.\nThe siege continued, with artillery causing extensive damage on both sides. The Portuguese side brought death to the laborers, but Sofar did not falter. When he saw himself very close to the citadel, he sent insulting reproaches to Mascarenhas and the Portuguese for hiding within their walls without daring to make an exit from Fexemple de Sylveira. Mascarenhas paid little heed and focused primarily on halting the construction. He succeeded in doing so by removing, through an underground passage, most of the materials from the besiegers, which he used. When this ruse was discovered, Sofar rushed to verify the fact, exposing himself inconsiderately in the process, and a bullet took off his head and right hand. This was a significant advantage for the besieged. The attackers, demoralized by his death, fled.\nThe army had been disbanding for six days without taking any action. Rum\u00e9can, son of Sofar and general of the artillery, came to rouse his compatriots and was elected generalissime. The sultan sent him four hundred men as reinforcements, along with a large number of workers. The losses he suffered each day were barely noticeable to him.\n\nOnce Sofar had been given a grand send-off with final rites, Rum\u00e9can focused on carrying out his plans. Mascarenhas, equally tireless, managed to burn some of his works but once again found himself in need of prompt reinforcements. Reduced to two hundred men, and with his supplies and munitions dwindling, he feared he would still have to endure three or four months of winter. Those of his soldiers who were not yet out of service never left their posts.\ntrouv\u00e8rent \u00e9puis\u00e9s. Dans cet \u00e9tat de d\u00e9couverte, il d\u00e9p\u00eacha Jean Co\u00ebl\u00eeo, aum\u00f4nier de la place, au vice-roi. Ce homme courageux affronta tous les p\u00e9rils et passa au milieu des assi\u00e9geants dans une petite barque de douze rameurs. Il en arriva \u00e0 Chaiil et se rendit par terre \u00e0 Goa.\n\nRum\u00e9can, ayant r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 \u00e9lever contre le bastion de Saint-Thomas des mats de navire fa\u00e7onn\u00e9s en \u00e9chelle, envoya vers Maschenhas, Ph\u00e9o, que son p\u00e8re Sofar avait mis aux fers. Les propositions de Rum\u00e9can au gouverneur ne pouvaient \u00eatre ni plus honn\u00eates, ni plus avantageuses. Maschenhas y r\u00e9pondit avec la plus grande fiert\u00e9. Il ne voulait pas, disait-il, de trait\u00e9 avec la nation la plus perfide. Il d\u00e9clarait que si ses murs \u00e9taient ruin\u00e9s, il irait chercher un asile, le fer \u00e0 la main, dans la tente m\u00eame de Rum\u00e9can. Il ordonna enfin \u00e0 Ph\u00e9o de se rendre.\nRum\u00e9can, announcing to him that if he ever received such messages, he would have him drawn and quartered like a traitor and perjurer. Rum\u00e9can, wounded, ordered an assault on the bastion of Saint-Jean the following day. He began late, and Ferdinand de Castro killed fifty enemies without losing a single man.\n\nRum\u00e9can prepared himself, through a nocturnal and religious ceremony, for more vigorous attacks. On July 23, the feast day of Saint Jacques, patron saint of the Spaniards, the attacks took place at three bastions, two hours before dawn. The besieged, encouraged by the persistence of the feast celebrated that day, promised to either win or die.\n\nAmidst the chaos and horrors of this nocturnal combat, some soldiers from Jusarcan's unit, Rum\u00e9can's colleague, slipped along the shore at low tide.\nEscaladed this part of the fortress. Mascarenhas had stationed a guard here but the soldiers, believing they had nothing to fear on this side, had run to share the dangers of their companions. Mascarenhas warned and gathered soldiers in silence, while the enemies who had begun to plunder some houses were kept in check by armed women with halberds. Worthy daughters of those who, in the time of Sylvia, had distinguished themselves so much, they saved Diu then, giving Mascarenhas and his men time to butcher or to precipitate these enemies who had entered unexpectedly into the place.\n\nThe Portuguese women had several other opportunities to distinguish themselves. Isabel Fernandez, and Isabel Maderas, wife of the surgeon-major, who was killed after prolonged struggles, were among them.\ndiges de valeur, animating their consciousness to endure, with the same resolution as men, the labors and perils of the siege.\n\nMascarenhas, delivered from such a great danger, went to the breaches where his men were victorious, but exhausted. His presence revived their forces, and Ton combatted within, until finally the Indians, struck down by the grapeshot, retreated after losing fifteen hundred men, among whom was Jusarcan, to whom his nephew succeeded. The number of wounded was double; the Portuguese lost few men. A new assault, two days later by Rum\u00e9can, had the same results. It was noted that the assailants, dressed in silk and cotton, suffered greatly from pots-feu and weapons, while the Portuguese, armed with leather boots and leather or woolen clothing, suffered less.\nMascarenhas didn't hesitate to have beautiful golden leather tapestries in his apartments cut into pieces and distributed among his soldiers. Mahmud sent fifteen hundred reinforcements to Rumecao, pressing him to finish the siege through some brilliant action that would give him the place. The worthy successor of Sofar replied that he would take it or perish. He raised works dominating the place, but Mascarenhas had them destroyed one night by Don Pedro and Don Jean Al-Meyda. Botello, leading ten men, was as fortunate as these two brave brothers in the attack on the new battery's wall. He overthrew it and returned to the place, carrying a vigorous Nu\u00f1ien who was the only one to defy him. In reading such stories, one almost believes one is reading chivalric tales.\nRum\u00e9can skillfully had a mine practiced under Saint-Jean's bastion. He then sent a false defector to warn the Portuguese that before lifting the siege, he intended to give one more assault to that bastion. He aimed to attract as many people as possible; and indeed, they prepared with a certain joy for this action, believed to be the last. Ferdinand de Castro, who was feverish, returned to his post despite all the remonstrances.\n\nThe sudden way that Rum\u00e9can's troops recoiled, after advancing towards the bastion, was noticed by Mascarenhas. He suspected the existence of a mine and ordered Castro and his men to abandon the bastion. They had just begun to obey when the old Diego de Reynoso, to whom the viceroy had recommended his son, mockingly disregarded the governor's warning.\nPersuaded his companions to return. scarcely had they resumed their post, when the mine exploded; the entire base was destroyed with a horrible crash; and of nearly a hundred men, only twenty-five survived, of whom three died the next day. Some were thrown into the citadel, others into the midst of the enemy, most were buried under the debris. There perished the flower of a courageous nobility^ Ferdinand de Castro^ who was only eighteen years old. The author of the disaster, Reynoso^ was among the dead. The enemies rushed in crowds to the immense breach caused by the mine. It was then that five men^ named Pe\u00e7anha, Barbosa, Corr\u00e9a, Desa, and master Jean, chief surgeon, husband of the intrepid Isabelle M\u00e9dina^ held back the enemy efforts alone for a sufficient time. Master Jean\nIn this almost unbelievable action, he perished. However, Mascarenhas himself rushed there with fifteen men. Father Coelho, returning from Goa, brought nine, and they fought, each holding a crucifix in one hand. The superhuman valor of this small number of brave men, along with a few women who supported them, finally forced the enemies to retreat towards the approaching night.\n\nThis night was not dedicated to rest for the besieged, as they so desperately needed. Instead, it was employed in removing the corpses of explosion victims from under the ruins; the women buried them, and the breach was repaired. Rum\u00e9can mined three more bastions; but he could not deceive Mascarenhas, and with the fall of Fun, the Indian general lost three hundred men.\n\nHowever, he continued making progress. He reached some parts of the ramparts;\nThe Portuguese, Mascarenhas, disputed with the besieged church itself. Mascarenhas was forced to break through several houses. Rum\u00e9can was unaware of the little world Mascarenhas possessed. Three slaves who had escaped to him warned him; nevertheless, he was repulsed and treated them as spies trying to deceive him. Antoine Corr\u00e9a, abandoned by twenty men who followed him, was captured and interrogated by Rum\u00e9can. The generous Portuguese replied proudly that there were still six hundred of his compatriots in the place. Rum\u00e9can, irritated by Mascarenhas' haughty tone, made him drag behind an untamed horse and then ordered that his head be cut off. The distress of the besieged was at its peak. We had almost no men left to fight; we could only rely on the amount of powder we were making.\nevery day. A small measure of wheat sold for three crusades, about nine francs. Cornelles, fattened on the meat of cattle, were the only relief for the women. We had eaten the dogs and cats, and the promised aid did not come. Mascarenlias, in a pathetic speech to his assembled soldiers, urged the necessity of dying as soldiers of Jesus-Christ rather than relying on the infidels. He said that when we no longer had food or supplies, he would nail the cannon, burn all the buildings, and throw himself into the midst of the enemies to clear a path or die as a Christian martyr. He hoped, he added, that they would not hesitate to follow him; they gave him formal assurance, and each found new strength in their despair.\n\nHowever, the vice-roi was grieving over this.\nThe penury of the treasury prevented him from coming to the aid of these brave men. Portuguese ladies distinguished themselves in this occasion. Those of Chaul, whose example was soon followed by parts of Goa, presented Castro with their jewels, and he equipped a powerful fleet. He wanted to lead it himself; but he decided to send his eldest son, Don Alvar, with fifty ships and nine hundred men, instructing him to obey Mascarenhas, unwillingly granting him the title of admiral of the sea. Delays held back Alvar's march. A hundred of his men went to Goa on small boats, in small groups, and Alvar joined them later with four hundred men. Mascarenhas employed this reinforcement so well that he drove the enemies from the fortresses they had seized.\nmasters were dissatisfied with their situation, despite observations by young companions of Alvar. Malgr\u00e9 their complaints, about being kept within walls, they wished to emulate their ancestors' deeds. Eventually, Mascarenhas yielded to their demands to avoid compromising his authority.\n\nHe exited with 400 men, leaving 200 behind. Alvar and M\u00e9n\u00e8ses led the vanguard, but when it came to scaling walls, those who had been so brave in words changed their tune. The governor mocked them, pushing them forward, and reached the ramparts.\n\nThe enemies swarmed in, charging vigorously against the demoralized men. Wise M\u00e9n\u00e8ses perished.\ncombatant with courage Alvar de Castro, overthrown by a stone, owed his life to the aid of Mendoze and M\u00e9lo; several brave men were among the dead, and Mascareiihas made an honorable retreat, having lost nearly sixty men, not counting the wounded.\n\nThe triumphant boasts of those responsible for this misfortune were met with profound despair. The enemy, having been defeated so often, rejoiced as if they had won the most decisive victory. Rum\u00e9can seemed eager, with ardor, for the arrival of the viceroy and began to lay the foundations of a new city, along with those of a palace for himself.\n\nThe end of winter was approaching, and Castro could hold the sea with the help of six ships he had received from Portugal. He pressed the preparations as much as possible.\nJean could; for his generous soul understood the plight of the besieged, as cruel as it was in reality. He then received letters from Mascarenhas, where the brave governor informed him of the arrival of don Alvar and the death of don Ferdinand. Jean de Castro was a hero: he secretly and piously mourned the son he had lost, then ordered solemn acts of grace for the happy arrival of relief at Diu. He wished to attend the coronation in festive attire, and intended to spend the evening at a game of canes, a Moorish tournament.\n\nHe sent Vasco d'Acuna to gather the remaining ships of Alvar Castro that were still dispersed by the storm, ordered Manuel de Lima to coast of Cambaie, and set sail himself shortly thereafter. Alvar, on his side, sent three ships in the direction of Diu.\nvaissasseaux under Almeida's orders made some captures, among them a vessel commanded by a close relative of Rum\u00e9can. The besieged could see, when he returned to Diu, a large number of corpses attached to his antennas. Rum\u00e9can offered considerable sums for the ransom of his parent; in response, Alvar sent him the head. Lima set everything on fire and shed blood on the coasts near which he passed, and upon reaching the gulf, he caused the corpses of all his hanging prisoners to be towed towards the enemy camp by the current.\n\nThese terrible reprisals, carried out by the Portuguese, made it sufficiently clear to the besieged that they had even more reason to fear the mound of ruins than before. Each day, reinforcements came, and to their inexpressible joy, the besieged.\nThe green fleet appeared in the harbor, led by the vice-royalty with its eighty-ten ships. It entered, making a general discharge of its artillery and the noise of all its weapons. The citadel responded with the same demonstrations, and the enemy also made an extraordinary fire. They seemed joyful at the prospect of having a new opportunity to triumph. These dispositions could not be feigned; for the reinforcement that arrived for the Portuguese was only four thousand men, and the Indians numbered forty-five thousand. Ptum\u00e9can promised the janissaries in his army that they would capture enough flags from the enemy to sweep their mosques.\n\nImmediately that night, Mascarenhas went aboard Jean de Castro's vessel. The vice-royalty embraced him and congratulated him.\nThe glorious one held council. The most generous advice was adopted: it was to force the enemy's retreat. The plan of Mascarenhas was also adopted, recognized as the best of those proposed.\n\nAccording to this plan, Castro appeared to want to make the descent near the city's nearest tower to the port. He sent chaloupes to that side, including his own bearing the royal banner. All that could be seen were lanterns, demi-piques, and aiglies alight; but there were only sailors, slaves, and rabble in these chaloupes. While they drew all the attention of the besiegers, Castro, for three consecutive nights, passed his real soldiers to the citadel most distant from the city. They entered by means of ropes and ladders, and Rum\u00e9can was none the wiser.\nThe night of November 11, the vice-roi went to the citadel himself and ordered the opening of the fortified gates, signaling to the troops that they must either win or die. He addressed them accordingly and distributed them into several corps.\n\nThe first corps of five hundred men, composed of the garrison, was led by Mascareiihas. Five hundred others, all nobles or marine officers, were under Don Alvar de Castro's command. The vice-roi ordered the formation of the battle corps, consisting of malabares troops and a thousand Portuguese. Antoine Freyre was left in charge with three hundred men, and Manuel de Lima had a detached corps of three hundred. Castro promised three prizes to the first three warriors who would mount the breaches of the enemy's retreating lines and gave orders for no quarter to be given.\nDuring the remainder of the night, the Portuguese prepared their weapons and engaged in acts of piety. The custodian of the cordeliers then said mass on the main square, delivered a passionate exhortation to the warriors, and granted them general absolution. Three cannon shots from the citadel signaled the attack, and the chaloupes began to move. Their lanterns and the flames of their torches, visible at this moment before the day had yet broken, convinced the Indians that the main attack was coming from this side. They therefore placed their best troops and those of several other posts there on their own accord. The day was far enough advanced that their error lasted. Mascarenhas, having forced the trenches, attacked the first defensive lines; an engagement worthy of report took place here.\nTwo young nobles, Jean Manuel and Jean Faucon, were to engage in a duel. They had been persuaded to replace this challenge with one of attacking the enemy fortifications. Their godfathers held their ladders. Manuel arrived first at the wall, and had his right hand cut off, then his left. As he leaned on his bleeding wrists, an enemy beheaded him. Faucon displayed equal valor, but was no more fortunate; a crowd of brave men who had followed them avenged them, and the fortification was forced. Alvaret Lima had the same success, though it cost them more blood. Castro was initially stopped by a tower; but he overcame this obstacle. It has been claimed that it was he who, in the attack, was the first to enter the fortifications; but that is uncertain.\nvouiuct ceder this honor to Perez de Tavora,\nhis loyal companion in arms. At the attack\nof a fortified bridge guarded by seven hundred men,\nCastro's men were halted by a terrible fire\nof musketry and artillery. They began to retreat,\nwhen the viceroy rallied them and frightened the Indians,\nexclaiming: \"Victory! The enemies yield.\"\nSoon he had Rumecan himself in sight,\nRumecan who, having returned from his error,\nhad marched to the citadel. Repulsed by Freyre,\nhe came back to attack the vice-royal troops,\ncharged them twice, and twice knocked down the one bearing the royal standard.\nThe encouragers and Castro's example gave\nstill greater advantage to his men.\nAlvar and Lima united had to fight\nMojate-Ran and Alu-Ran whom they defeated,\nafter having experienced vigorous resistance.\nMascarenhas, more bold than ever,\nIn this great day, Jusar-can set Rumecan's forces in disarray. Rumecan, the worthy adversary of the Portuguese, rallied his troops a little further, and formed them in a semicircle with the intention of encircling the enemies. Castro was forced to take new positions due to this maneuver. Alvar, his son, placed at the front, managed to put the enemy in retreat during the second attack, but the Portuguese pursued him too relentlessly. Rumecan, at the head of a reserve corps, executed a counterattack where victory seemed to finally declare itself for him. A singular event contributed significantly to this. The custodian of the Cordeliers ran through the Portuguese ranks, urging them on with exhortations and brandishing a crucifix. A stone thrown shattered the right arm of the Christ, and the religious man exhorted his companions immediately.\nTriotes revenged this affront done to God Himself. Penetrated with the same sentiments, the Portuguese redoubled their efforts, and their enemies could no longer resist. Alvar, Lima, and Mascarenhas entered the city among the fugitives, whom they plundered in their pursuit. They emerged from the city to face the vice-roy, only to find the brave Rum\u00e9can, determined with a new corps of troops to renew the combat. Us divided and attacked from three sides with fury. If the soldiers of Runeica had imitated his valor and that of their officers, the Portuguese would have succumbed to their numbers; but these disorganized troops, confused from the start by their enemies' maneuvers, soon ceased to resist. Those who could not escape were slaughtered. Rum\u00e9can was found dead and barely recognizable.\nSable, under the guise of a simple soldier, also perished. Alu-Kan and a few other chiefs met their end. Mojate-Kan saved himself on horseback. Jusar-can was captured but did not perish despite the order to show no mercy. Six or seven hundred other defeated foes were also spared when the desire to take plunder grew weary. However, the city was sacked: neither sex, age, nor even animals were spared. It was mainly Mascarenhas' troops who committed the most horrific excesses due to the grievous hardships they had endured during the long siege. The loot was immense; moreover, an abundant supply of provisions was found in the city. Thus ended the second siege of Diu, more remarkable than the first. Shortly thereafter, Mascarenhas returned to Portugal, where the immortal glory he had acquired was his only reward.\nJean de Castro, the vice-royal, triumphed at Goa after contributing greatly to the liberation of Diu. In 1547, he resolved to promptly build another fortress since he believed the existing one in ruins could not be repaired. However, the royal treasury was empty, and those lending money needed to have full confidence in Castro. He considered sending his deceased son Ferdinand's corpse to the council and city of Goa to secure funds, but the body was not in a transportable state. Instead, Castro dispatched some of his moustaches with an urgent letter to obtain the desired funds, believing no one would suspect him of deception since he could not engage his son's corpse as collateral.\nA gentleman was bound by a debt of honor, engaging part of himself. His virtue was so commendable, and the joy of lifting the siege of Diu so great, that they hurried to let him have a larger sum than he had requested. They also gave him a letter full of affection and respect, and at the same time returned his pledge.\n\nThe women of Goa offered him new jewels; but this second sacrifice was not considered necessary by Castro for the state, and he made them return those that he had received.\n\nThe city of Goa did not delay in being repaid for its advances. Castro reached there through the capture of a ship carrying much stronger sums than those lent to him.\n\nWhen he had settled everything in Diu, he set out for Goa, where he was eagerly awaited, and arrived in April.\npria waited at the fort of Pangin until the festival prepared for him began. He finally entered the city, dressed magnificently with a branch of palm leaves in his hand. He passed under the canopy through the main streets adorned with the most rich tapestries of India. The acclamations of the people were heard everywhere; the ladies on the balconies were flowers and fragrances. But what gave this triumph a sad resemblance to those of ancient Romans was that Jusarcan and six hundred prisoners were visible with their hands tied behind their backs. Their standards trailed in the dust: next came the artillery, the baggage, and the spoils of the defeated, along with representations of the citadel and the fatal battery, so disastrous for the besiegers.\nThe joy of the public lasted for several days following Castro's victory at Diu. Details of this festival were sent to Europe, where several people were surprised that the usually modest Castro had consented. Queen Catherine of Portugal even remarked that he had conquered in Christianity and triumphed as a pagan. Perhaps he entertained political views in this triumph. It was important to raise the eyes of the Indian sovereigns and their peoples, always ready to shake off the Portuguese yoke, to the glory that was being acquired. Considering this triumph from this perspective, it is possible to defend Castro against the accusation of excessive pride.\n\nDeath of Jean de Castro. Some traits of his life.\n\nIf one could reproach Castro for celebrating his victory at Goa with too much pomp, his victory at Diu was impossible to ignore.\ncontemplating with respect in his death bed. Several contradictions, and especially the raising of troops who had come to ask for their pay, with drum beating and flags unfurled, caused him a mortal fever. In vain, he received then the magnificent testimonies of the king and the infant Don Luis, for the victory of Goa. His viceroyalty and the command of the sea for his son were prolonged by three years, and he obtained, in addition to gratifications and honors, a reinforcement of seventeen ships. Before expiring, he summoned the five principal figures of the state in his government, and the famous Saint Francis Xavier. He resigned all functions in their presence. Then, with one hand on an Evangelical book, he delivered the following speech:\n\n\"I swear that I have never diverted\"\nI have cleaned the text as follows: \"I, for the profit of the king or merchants, nor the presence of anyone who had not paid me in a timely manner, have employed my patrimony for the service of the state. I find myself in a situation such that I beg you to maintain me at the public expense or elsewhere, for the little time that remains. I had exercised the sovereign power for several years in the richest country on earth, in these countries where not only several of my predecessors but even subordinate agents had...\"\nCastro frequently amassed immense fortunes.\n\nCastro fell ill next to Saint Francis Xavier, devoting himself only to his health, and died in June 1548, at the age of only forty-eight.\n\nAfter his death, they found three reales in a small armoire; that was all his money. There were also a stained discipline and the mustache he had pledged for the state's needs.\n\nCastro, from an illustrious family, had always refused to enrich himself. After the siege of Tunis, he was the only port officer who refused the two thousand ducats that Emperor Charles-Quint gave to all. He also refused the government of Ormus and a thousand ducats pension from the king of Portugal when he passed through the Indies. \"I have not done anything yet to deserve these rewards,\" he said.\nHe presented himself, unable to refuse, he had them deposited in the royal treasure. It is reported that, on the verge of leaving Lisbon, he saw at a tailor's a somewhat elegant habit intended for one of his children; he had it cut into pieces and addressed the tailor, \"Tell my son to make himself weapons, and then more weapons.\"\n\nCastro, in a word, was among a modern nation one of those Romans of the earliest times, who pushed things to the extreme, and perhaps even beyond, in their love of simplicity. The most admirable virtues cease to be virtues when outraged; it is doubtful that Castro did not enrich himself illicitly, despite the many examples he had before him \u2013 without a doubt, the tableau of his misery, traced by himself at his last moments, is made to be.\ntoucher tous les c\u0153urs; mais, sans alt\u00e9rer en rien l'hommage qui lui est d\u00fb, on peut dire qu'il aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 meilleur de accepter des princes que lui avait servis, honorables t\u00e9moignages de reconnaissance, que de se poser \u00e0 implorer en mourant la charit\u00e9 publique. D'ailleurs, il \u00e9tait p\u00e8re, et il ne lui aurait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9fendu de laisser \u00e0 ses enfants autre h\u00e9ritage que celui de sa gloire.\n\nParticularit\u00e9s de la venue des J\u00e9suites au Br\u00e9sil.\n\nC'est r\u00e9ellement \u00e0 ces religieux que les Portugais doivent l'avantage d'avoir pu s'\u00e9tablir de mani\u00e8re stable dans cette riche colonie. Dans les premiers temps de la d\u00e9couverte, Ils furent en guerre avec toutes les nations sauvages. Ils enlevaient autant de Br\u00e9siliens qu'ils le pouvaient, pour les r\u00e9duire en esclavage, et ces derniers massacraient et d\u00e9voraient les Portugais qu'ils pouvaient surprendre.\nDon Jean sent, in 1549, Thomas de Sousa as governor general of Brazil. He brought with him six Jesuits, who built in Saint-Salvador, the colony's capital, a church and a convent; then they applied themselves to converting the savages. This was not easy: these ignorant men, but possessing natural logic, argued that the Portuguese were no less vicious than themselves, despite their professed religion that we wanted them to embrace; their priests, moreover, reinforced their belief, if one can give that name to a heap of superstitions. One day, Father Nobrega encountered one of these priests who proudly declared, \"I am God and begotten of God; the great God communicates himself to me in the midst of lightning and tempests.\" Such men were not easy to convert.\nThe simple naturals, being less recalcitrant, pushed even sometimes the kindness of character to its most sublime virtues, pardon for injuries. The Portuguese, well received by the Carige nation, took away sixty-seven persons, among whom was Farancaha's brother. They repented and resolved to make amends; however, they believed that only the Jesuits could appease the parents of the prisoners. Two of these fathers were entrusted with the negotiation, and Farancaha ran before them. He kept them long embraced, shedding abundant tears. He then told them that the past was forgotten but that, in the future, the Portuguese must be just. The savages were returned their compatriots, and Farancaha declared to the Jesuits that he wanted to entrust them with something for safekeeping.\nRaised in their mission of Saint-Vincent, a nephew whom he dearly loved. Several other Cariges followed his example. Another time, the Jesuits neglected the Piiguares people, where they had begun a mission. One of their chiefs found them, told them that he had become Christian through their persuasion, and that they should not abandon him or his compatriots. The reasoning was just: the fathers went to their villages and were received with such joyous signs from the savage nations that they seemed on the verge of delirium. These same men, for a small reward, cultivated the lands and sugar plantations of the Portuguese, then they made crosses, rosaries, and images for their women. By this means, the plantations prospered, the money eventually returned to the Portuguese through trade, and in this way.\nCes occasions, at least, the invaders from the New World could use them to increase their fortunes, without resorting to violence or cruelty. The shipwreck of Emmanuel Sosa occurred on the oriental coasts of Africa.\n\nEmmanuel Sosa of Sepulveda was one of the noblest families in Portugal. He had been, in the Indian Orient, the governor of the important fortress of Diu, when in 1553 he embarked from the port of Cochin to return to Europe, accompanied by his wife \u00c9l\u00e9onore de Sala, the daughter of the Portuguese general in the Indies. Their children, his brother-in-law, and a large number of servants or slaves were also on board, and the number of people aboard amounted to approximately six hundred.\n\nAt the height of the Cape of Good Hope, the vessel was attacked by such a horrible tempest that it was feared it would not be able to round this cape.\nAfter seeing death at every moment, they failed to reach the shore. The boats were not sufficient to save everyone. Only three hundred people managed to make it to land. The others were lost with the ship; unfortunately, they did not see their miseries come to an end. Without a ship, almost without provisions, these last ones were stranded on an unknown shore. Most of them had been injured in this disastrous wreck. Sosa, who showed as much resolution as prudence, gave orders and managed to gather some debris from the wreckage. Once this resource was exhausted, it was necessary to consider seeking a inhabited or at least European country. We therefore decided to head towards the river called the River of the Holy Spirit.\nPortuguese traders from Mozambique and Sofala were present. The distance from this river was 140 leagues. Sosa gave an energetic speech to his troop and finally begged them to consider his wife's and children's weaknesses in the distribution of hardships we would encounter. He praised the devotion and obedience of so many unfortunate souls resolved to be guided by him.\n\nThe hardships they experienced can easily be imagined. And, by the cruel hand of fate, when they had only thirty leagues left to travel, torrents swollen by rains and inaccessible rocks forced them to make detours, adding over a hundred leagues to the remaining journey.\n\nThey finally reached the desired river and the king or African chief of these lands,\nThey gave them an obliging reception. He had often traded with the Portuguese and warned Sosa that their neighbor, on whose territory they were about to pass, was a crafty and cruel man. The intense desire to establish a European settlement overcame all consideration, and they passed through the second of the three arms of the river that emptied into the sea.\n\nSoon two hundred Cafres armed with weapons came towards them, and despite their weakness, they prepared for defense. Their enemies then took the part of feigning with them to seize their possessions without fighting.\n\nNegotiations ensued, and it was agreed that they would wait in a designated place for the king's intentions regarding them; intentions, they were told, were extremely favorable.\n\nThey had been staying there for a few days when the king told them that...\nDespite the scarcity of provisions, which had previously hindered his goodwill towards them, he had been held back by the terror inspired by their weapons. He promised them complete safety and protection if, as proof of their peaceful intentions, they would surrender them to him.\n\nIn vain did prudent Eleonore try to dissuade her husband from making this demand, and remind him of the unfavorable idea the other chief had given him about this matter. Sosa and his men, driven by their fatal destiny, believed they had to take every risk to escape their miserable state. As soon as their weapons were handed over, the Cafres took their treasures from them and even stripped them bare. Eleonore threw herself into the sand, determined to find her tomb there. She could not prevent herself from.\nfaire quelques tendres reproches \u00e0 son mari et \u00e0 leurs compagnons, sur leur funeste confiance, et recommanda sa m\u00e9moire, s'ils \u00e9taient assez heureux pour revenir dans leur patrie commune.\n\nSosa, livr\u00e9 au plus affreux d\u00e9sespoir que puisse \u00e9prouver un \u00e9poux et un p\u00e8re, \u00e9tait dans une immobilit\u00e9 stupide. Bient\u00f4t r\u00e9veillant \u00e0 lui, il se mit \u00e0 courir de tous c\u00f4t\u00e9s pour chercher, par quelque nourriture, \u00e0 soutenir la triste existence de sa femme et de ses enfants. Nu, sans armes, sous un ciel br\u00fblant et parmi des peuples si f\u00e9roces, quel pouvait-il esp\u00e9rer? Il revint apr\u00e8s des faibles efforts et trouva \u00c9l\u00e9onore morte de faim, ainsi que ses enfants. Alors il s'enfon\u00e7a dans le d\u00e9sert et on en eut plus de nouvelles.\n\nLes Cafres avaient massacr\u00e9 ceux des Portugais qui s'opposaient \u00e0 ce qu'ils enlevassent leurs v\u00eatements ; un grand nombre.\nThe name was Perit, and they were only twenty-six when a merchant, coming from Mozambique to buy ivory, put an end to their slavery by paying their ransom. Among these men, miraculously preserved, was the brother of Heeonore.\n\nSuch was this dreadful event that it aroused just compassion in Portugal. The misfortunes and virtues of Ines' husband, the imprudent Sosa, deserved to be passed down through the ages.\n\nThe chronicler of Ines, Camoens, dedicated to them, in his Lusiads, verses touching on the subject that inspired them.\n\nEnuiaiiuol Sosa sailed on the waves of Vicljio's shores, with his loyal companion, the Carascoy, on a single vessel.\n\nHe fought against the entire fleet of King Chemor Achem.\n\nThere may have never been a more extraordinary feat of arms than this one. In Isoeg,\nLopez Carasco, sailing with only one ship and forty crew members, encountered the fleet of Xoii of Achem. It consisted of twenty galeres, the same number of jonques, and one hundred and sixty smaller vessels. Carasco devised a plan to defend himself, and throughout the day he cannoned the enemies. Three of the galeres managed to attach the Portuguese vessel, and their crews boarded. However, a Franciscan and a Jesuit, redoubling their exhortations, inspired such enthusiasm in the crew that the attackers were killed or thrown into the sea. At the same time, Da\u00e7o, Carasco's cousin, leapt aboard one of the galeres alone, killed several enemies there, and received several wounds from lances and swords before returning to his ship. Carasco, who distributed his treasures calmly, received a wound.\nsi it was dangerous that they thought him dead. When they came to announce this unfortunate news to his son, he replied, \"He was a good man, one less; but we live, and we will learn to overcome or die as he did.\" This unequal combat continued for three days; finally, the king of Achem, having lost forty sunken ships due to Portuguese artillery and a large number of brave soldiers, returned to the port and allowed the Portuguese to continue their journey. The victors, covered in wounds, were amazed, not less than admiration, when they reported this fact so true and so unbelievable in Malaca.\n\nUndoubtedly, the difference in weapons and Portuguese artillery were the cause of such an unexpected result. It even appears that the Achemois did not have firearms, although they were already known then.\nThe Danes were not like those American Indians half naked and almost unarmed, as the companions of Cortez and Pizarro slaughtered by the millions. They had good swords, arrows, and iron; and if they had all shown the same resolution as the crews of the three galleons, their enemies would certainly have succumbed. But it seems that most of them did not dare approach the Portuguese vessel that struck them from a distance. This is the only reasonable way to explain the combat of a ship against two hundred.\n\nProdigious efforts of the Indian princes to chase the Portuguese from this land. The vice-roy Atahualpa thwarts all their plans. Details about this famous man.\n\nThe hatred of the Indian princes against the Portuguese erupted, Tanisyo, after five years of preparations. The main ones were:\nIdalcan and Nizamaluc, with their forces, gave them such confidence that they divided in advance the cities and lands of their enemies. The viceroy, Louis d'Ataide, displayed prudence and firmness worthy of the greatest praise. It was proposed to evacuate most of the places and to keep only Goa and Chaul; he declared he would abandon nothing, sent aid to Chaul, and personally went to defend Goa. He did not even, as was suggested, retain in India the ships destined for Portugal. \"The state needs them,\" he said. \"We will suffice to defeat our enemies.\" Idalcan came to besiege the Benasterim fortress with 130,000 troops, of whom 35,000 were cavalry, 2,140 elephants, and 355 cannons.\nil y trouva la plus h\u00e9ro\u00efque r\u00e9sistance; mais \nm\u00eame Ata\u00efde envoya de son c\u00f4t\u00e9 don Geor- \nges de Menez\u00e8s ravager les terres dldalcan. \nDugne de Menez\u00e8s et Vasconcellos furent \ncharg\u00e9s d'attaquer Dabul, qui appartenait au \nprince indien , ils br\u00fbl\u00e8rent les vaisseaux \ndans le port, et n'\u00e9pargn\u00e8rent la ville qu'\u00e0 \nla pii\u00e8re de leurs officiers subalternes. Le \nzamorin proposa la paix. Ata\u00efde rejeta ses \npropositions avec la plus insultante fiert\u00e9. \nAta\u00efde, m\u00e9ditant sans cesse de nouvelles \nentreprises , entretenait des correspondances \njusque dans les camps m\u00eames de ses enne- \nmis, tandis qu'il donnait \u00e0 ses soldats \nTeexmple de toutes les qualit\u00e9s militaires. Il \ns\u00e9duisit \u00e0 prix d'or une (enfiiiie ch\u00e9rie dlda\u00ee- \ncan , et sut par elle les plus secr\u00e8tes pens\u00e9es \nde ce prince. \nDans une seule occasion le courarje des \nPortugais se d\u00e9mentit. Deux cents d'entre \nThey had orders to repel six hundred Moors; they were seized with panic: but Ataide avenged herself soon, seeing three thousand enemies against her, two hundred brave men who drove them from the place of their descent.\n\nIdalcan, furious at being unable to destroy an enemy who seemed disposed to make peace, ordered his troops to land on the island of Goa itself. Ataide was surprised, but hiding her concerns, she led her men against the enemies with two thousand. Five thousand of them had already landed, despite the efforts of the Portuguese. We fought with a kind of rage from morning until evening on the 13th of April, and the following day as well; finally, four thousand Indians and General Idalcan perished before her eyes, while the Portuguese, as it is assured, had only twenty men killed. In this battle\nThe vice-king was always in danger, as in several other affairs. Once, he received bullets and saw his feet knocked out from under him by bullets without losing his inalterable composure. Idalcan demanded peace, but with the singular condition that Goa be returned to him. One can imagine what response he had to make from Ataide. In the meantime, he saw Onor being rescued. This was imitating the Romans, who sent legions to Spain and other provinces when Annibal was at their gates.\n\nThe result of the siege of Goa, which lasted ten months, was that Idalcan saw his troops diminished by a third, his elephants almost all killed, and his cavalry greatly weakened. He retreated in despair.\n\nFaretecan, general of Nizamaluc, appeared before Chail on the same day that Idalcan had invested Goa. His army was:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete at the end, so no further cleaning is possible without additional context.)\ntwenty thousand men of infantry and eight thousand horses. They inspired no quietude, neither to Louis d'Andrade, governor, nor to his soldiers. By means of a secret envoy sent by the vice-king, under the orders of Fran\u00e7ois Mascarenhas, captain-major, and those they had received elsewhere, the Portuguese found themselves numbering two thousand in a well-approved position, and showed no less resolve than the defenders of Goa. Since Nizamaluc himself had joined his general, the Portuguese were blocked by thirty-four thousand cavalry, one hundred thousand infantry, thirty thousand pioneers, four thousand artisans, three hundred and sixty elephants, and a considerable number of cannon.\n\nThe post of the Saint-Fran\u00e7ois Convent was confided to Alexandre de Souza, more recommended.\nmandable par ses qualit\u00e9s personnelles et par son illustre naissance; il y soudit plusieurs assauts, et ne l'abandonna que sur l'ordre du g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Mais les chefs ne devaient pas faire lorsque des simples soldats montraient une \u00e9tonnante intr\u00e9pidit\u00e9. Un d'eux mis en sentinelle pour avertir ses camarades lorsqu'on mettrait le feu \u00e0 un canon, s'aper\u00e7ut qu'on le pointait vers lui. \u00ab Mes amis, criait-il sans changer de place, pr\u00e9nez garde \u00e0 vous; adieu; je vais comparaitre devant le juge \u00e9ternel. \u00bb Au m\u00eame instant, le coup part et le tue.\n\nPendant un mois de suite, Chailfut battu avec soixante-dix pi\u00e8ces de canon; mais les br\u00e8ches faites le jour, \u00e9taient r\u00e9par\u00e9es pendant la nuit.\n\nL'hiver, qui commen\u00e7ait vers le mois d'avril, ne put d\u00e9terminer Jizamaluc \u00e0 interrompre le si\u00e8ge. Le 28 juin, il livra un assaut.\nThe general was fierce and terrible. The night alone separated the combatants. The Indians had lost three thousand men; the Portuguese counted only a small number, but all were of the greatest value. Finally, after ten months of siege, Nisamaluc, seeing the general demoralization of his troops, spoke of peace and was listened to favorably. Games and festivities followed the fury and the relentless pursuit: presents were exchanged, and we parted only after making a treaty of alliance and commerce.\n\nThe Zamorin, less active than his allies, suffered fewer losses in soldiers; but he was forced to abandon the siege of Cochin, which he had begun, to defend his own lands, ravaged by order of the vice-royal. Finally, the king of Cochin, whom Ton could consider as the fourth chief of the league, was forced to lift the siege of Quilon.\nThis league produced no other effects than enhancing the glory of the Portuguese and demonstrating that they were worthy of their ancestors. The one it proclaimed most worthy of eternal memory among men was the great Ataide. From his youth, he distinguished himself in the Indies, and although he was only twenty-two years old, Vice-roy Etienne de Gama had made him a knight. In the sequel, he held the title of ambassador before Charles-Quint and aided him with his counsel and strength in the famous battle of Munster. After his victory, Charles presented him with a magnificently harnessed horse and wished to make him a knight himself. Ataide replied, \"I have already been one in the Indies by Etienne de Gama: 'I am content.'\"\nsuis f\u00e2ch\u00e9 y r\u00e9pondit cet emperor who knew if he appreciated men; for I would have esteemed honor more who returned to you conferring this distinction, than the victory I came to claim.\n\nWhen Atahide returned from the Indies, immediately after his glorious campaign, King Sebastian received him with the greatest honors, and gave him his right hand on himself under the dais during the acts of grace that took place for his triumphs.\n\nEight years later, in Isyg, Atahide, by a very rare distinction, was sent back to India again as vice-royalty; and what was singular about this honor was that it was in some way a disgrace.\n\nSebastian had named Atahide generalissime of the army he intended to lead to Africa, in the view of rendering homage to his valor; but this prince, young and impetuous,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in French, but it's a mix of old and modern French. I've translated it to modern English as faithfully as possible while maintaining the original context.)\nAtaide, surprised to find prudence accompanying this value, grew impatient with the frank advice given to him. However, he did not disgrace him as others might have. Under the pretext that the Indies needed his presence, he sent him back suddenly, in a bad season, with only two ships and a caravel.\n\nAtaide, after a very successful voyage, arrived in Goa towards the end of August, and his presence soon brought Feppovante back into the hearts of Portugal's enemies. He did not have the opportunity this time to deploy all the resources of his genius; but he returned to his homeland with all the luster it had enjoyed during his first reign.\n\nThe period of his death was also that of the greatest misfortunes for Portugal.\nThe fatal expedition of Sebastian, without a doubt, would have warned against the disastrous results had Ataide lived. The cardinal infant, don Henri, ascended to the throne he occupied for only eight months; and in the same year, 1581, Ataide died in Goa, leaving behind a name as renowned as that of Vasco da Gama, Almeyda, Albuquerque, and Jean de Castro. Eleven was not even subject to the same reproaches, however justified; it was unanimously and without restriction that the officers, soldiers, and people praised him.\n\nOnce government affairs were settled, efforts were made to render him the honors he deserved. Not only was he the subject of public and pompous eulogies in churches, but, in addition,\nAll classes of society shed sincere tears on him. Among the Indian princes, those he had protected expressed deep regret, and those whose independence he had thwarted hoped they could now take advantage, something they had never dared to hope for during his life. Even in considering him an enemy, they gave him the least equivocal signs of esteem and admiration.\n\nExpedition of King Sebastian in Africa\n\nKing Sebastian, don Sebastian, was already showing an enthusiasm for religion and war in his early childhood, an enthusiasm that proved as fatal to him as to Portugal, for even the noblest sentiments can mislead great hearts when not governed by prudence.\n\nSebastian seized the opportunity with avidity.\nA civil war broke out in the Kingdom of Morocco to announce the bravery of Mulei Moluc and Mulei Mahomet, uncle and nephew, who frequently disputed a bloody throne. Mulei Moluc gained the advantage and forced his young competitor to abandon Africa.\n\nHe came to Portugal and convinced Sebastian to support his cause, insisting much on his uncle being attacked by a mortal woman. The remonstrances of several wise counselors were in vain, and the Christian monarch went to debark in the kingdom of the Muslim prince, with only thirteen thousand men.\n\nMulei Moluc awaited him with forty thousand cavaliers, not counting ten thousand fanatics, and a rather large number of irregular troops. Despite the superiority of his forces, Moluc, a great captain, resolved to use guile; his troops laid...\nChaient pied, by his order, in all skirmishes, to increase the confidence of the bellicose S\u00e9bastian. Once he had drawn him far enough from his fleet, he held firm and enveloped the Portuguese army. Uncertain of his brother Hamet's courage and prudence, whom he could not dispense from commanding a significant corps, he declared that if he fled, he would strangle him with his own hands: a threat befitting the chief of one of these nations where valor is always joined to ferocity.\n\nPersuaded, in fact, that his end was near, Moluc had the attention to order his officers to hide his death if it occurred during the battle.\n\nThe intrepid Portugueses, bolstered by their king's presence and example, repulsed their enemies first. An effort Moluc made to snatch victory from them.\nacheva d'\u00e9puiser ses forces. A peine l'e\u00fbt-on \nreplac\u00e9 dans sa liti\u00e8re, qu'il expira, en met- \ntant un doigt sur sa bouche pour recomman- \nder plus que jamais le silence \u00e0 ses g\u00e9n\u00e9raux. \n2gi \nL'in\u00ebgalit\u00eb des forces et l'intre'pidit\u00e9 de \nla cavalerie maure, firent bient\u00f4t essuyer \n\u00e0 la petite arm\u00e9e de Sebastien les plus san- \nglans de'sastres. Lui-m\u00eame fut tue dans la \nm\u00eal\u00e9e, et Mulei-Mahomet se noya. Ainsi, \ndes trois princes qui combattaient dans cette \nsanglante journ\u00e9e, aucun ne surv\u00e9cut, soit \n\u00e0 la d\u00e9faite, soit \u00e0 la victoire. Affaibli par la \nplaie profonde qu'il re\u00e7ut de ce funeste re-\u00bb \nvers, le Portugal se vit encore d\u00e9chir\u00e9 par \ndes factions, et perdit pour long-temps sa \ntranquillit\u00e9 ainsi que son ind\u00e9pendance. \nTableau complet de la r\u00e9volution qui affran^ \nchit le Portugal du joug des Espagnols, \nCe grand \u00e9v\u00e9nement est, sans contredit, \nThe most important of all those who comprise the history of Portugal. Vertot has provided the written account, according to his habit, with a rare talent but insufficient respect for truth in the details of the facts. It is not he whom we have taken as our guide. Exactitude appeared to be the first duty in a compilation such as this.\n\nThe decay of Portugal dates from the epoch when it fell under the dominion of Philip II. This prince, disguised, did not let his hatred against his new subjects appear; but he contributed in every way to oppress them. Philip III, his son, followed the same principles, but more openly.\n\nPhilip II left him, upon his death, a writing in which he recommended employing all means to prevent them from escaping the Castilian dominion, without examining whether these measures were just.\nYou injustices. These principles guided the conduct of Philip III and his ministers in its entirety. He made large levies in Portugal, making it impossible to send significant forces to the two Indies. In 1609, a truce was made with the Hollandians, but the Portuguese were not included under the pretext that this truce could not extend to peoples beyond the line separating Portuguese from Spanish navigation. Thus, the Portuguese, having the same sovereign as the Spaniards, fought only against the Hollandians and were often defeated, as the majority of their troops were occupied in wars in which their interests were completely foreign.\n\nThe Castilians primarily desired to weaken, oppress the duke.\nThe redoubtable Bragance, beloved by the Portuguese for his wealth and unquestionable rights to the crown, faced several attempts to remove him. These efforts were unsuccessful, and to avoid provoking persecutions, he retired to his lands.\n\nThe Spanish court, disregarding laws and privileges, filled the principal positions in Castille, Navarre, Italy, and other foreigners, much to the dismay of the nation. The complaints only attracted disfavors towards those who allowed them.\n\nThough indolent was Philip IV, he did not neglect, along with Portugal, the maxims of his grandfather and father. At the beginning of his reign, he told the Duke of Olivares, who ruled under his name: \"Ahem.\"\n\"bien! count, won't we put an end to these Portugese once and for all? The minister replied that his majesty allowed him to do so and that he would finish the operation soon, in accordance with the king's desires. This conversation took place in the presence of a great Spanish man, who shared the news with several people; and the Portugese learned of it soon enough. They were more incensed than ever, and the system of plunder and oppression followed against them with renewed vigor drove them to despair. Olivares chose this moment to place among them men completely devoted to his interests, and these men were two Portugese. Soares, under the title of Portugal's state secretary, resided in Madrid; Vasconcellos, with the same title, was placed in Lisbon. The latter, hating the nobility\"\ndon't he was also hateful, treating her with the most intolerable arrogance. All his orders were supreme law. The Court of Spain had named Marguerite of Savoy, duchess of Mantua, as vice-queen; but in fact, the supreme power resided in the person of Vasconcellos. A single decree would prove his arrogance and despotism. One day, for a minor offense, he had a man's head shaved and sent to the galleys. The archbishop of Braga, the first man in state in the ecclesiastical order and a member of the vice-queen's council, demanded of him by what authority he persecuted this man so. \"Proudly,\" replied Vasconcellos, \"I will show your most illustrious lordship in my diocese the full extent of my authority if it dares to criticize my actions.\" The harsh taxes provoked some unrest.\nraisings at Brague, Evora, Lisbonne; the Spanish minister weighed heavily upon the entire kingdom with a severe fine. Having summoned to Madrid the principal Portuguese lords, he proposed to them the incorporation of Portugal into the Spanish monarchy. Upon their refusal, several were arrested, and there was cause for concern regarding their lives.\n\nThe revolt in Catalonia presented an opportunity to execute plans regarding Portugal. The king of Spain wrote to all Portuguese lords, specifically the duke of Bragance, urging them to be prepared to join the expedition against this province, under threat of having their property confiscated, being degraded from nobility, and imprisoned for the remainder of their lives.\n\nThere was only a cry of indignation, and eventually the matter was spoken of openly: the placement of the crown.\nronne de Portugal sur la t\u00eate du duc de Bra- \ngance, l\u00e9gitime h\u00e9ritier du pouvoir souve- \nrain, comme petit-fils de l'infante Cathe- \nrine. ' \nMais on craignait qu'il ne refus\u00e2t, et plu- \nsieurs demand\u00e8rent qu'on le proclam\u00e2t \nmalgr\u00e9 lui, afin de le forcer \u00e0 prendre un \nparti d\u00e9cisif, losqu'il se verrait ainsi en butte \n\u00e0 toute l'animosit\u00e9 de la cour d'Espagne. \nGn proposa aussi divers autres partis, et \nm\u00eame celui de se former en r\u00e9publique. \nLa cour, sur ces entrefaites, chargea ce \nprince de visiter toutes les places maritimes \nmenac\u00e9es, \u00e0 ce que l'on croyait , d'une in- \nvasion de la part des Fran\u00e7ais. Le duc se \nrendit d'abord \u00e0 Almada, o\u00f9 il eut pour la \npremi\u00e8re fois une entrevue avec les princi- \npaux chefs de la noblesse. On ne s'expliqua \npas clairement de part ni d'autre , et l'on se \ncontenta de g\u00ebmir des maux de la patrie. \nLe minist\u00e8re espagnol , d\u00ebsol\u00eb de ce que, \npasa conducte prudente, the duke of Burgundy gave him no cause for concern, and determined to have him removed from Portugal, at any cost, proposed the government of Milan to him. He refused, citing that he knew nothing of Italian affairs. He was invited to join the king on an upcoming journey, but begged to be excused, as his fortune did not allow him to appear at court with the appropriate splendor for his rank.\n\nHowever, he continued his visit despite being at sea. They had planned to arrest or assassinate him in one of these places or on the fleet of Lisbon, but he was always so well accompanied that this vile plot could not be carried out. They took their revenge by making passes at his family for several reasons.\nImportant places were not apparent to him. However, Oivares pressed for the departure of the nobility for Catalonia. It was closely watched by Vasconcellos' agents, and it was no longer possible to delay the decisive moment; one had to either leave or openly revolt.\n\nThus, on November 12, 1640, the day that is to be considered the true beginning of the Portuguese discontent, the principal lords gathered in Antoine d'Almada's garden. The duke of Braganza did not attend; however, Juan Pinto Ribeiro was present, who was in charge of his master's affairs in Lisbon. This Pinto was one of those extraordinary spirits born to change the forms of states; however, his rare qualities, which could have been dangerous if misused, were not employed.\nFor the given text, no cleaning is necessary as it is already in a readable format. Here is the text with minor formatting adjustments for better readability:\n\nTo benefit his homeland, which was as dear to him as his master, Pinto's ambition proposed the most noble goal: the liberation of his country, inseparable from the duke of Braganza's elevation. He presented the hardships afflicting Portugal and concluded that someone should challenge the duke for the crown, adding that, if he himself were the challenger, he would not be proclaimed any less, an observation that several had already suggested. Applause ensued; they wanted to entrust him with the mission. But Pinto cautiously reminded the assembly that, being so attached to the duke, he would be too exposed to the scrutiny of Vasconcellos and the regent, and thus undertook the risky endeavor. They therefore entrusted the mission to Mendoza, who accepted with joy. To ensure success, they decided to keep Pinto's involvement a secret.\nIn Vilija-Vicosa, where the duke resided, one had to pass through Evora. Mendoce encountered two conspirators there and shared the resolved matter with them.\n\nThe duke was at a pleasure house near Vilija-Vicosa; Mendoce went there, joined him in hunting, and, when they were alone together, offered him, in the name of the great men of Portugal, the crown of the kingdom. The duke expressed his desire for time to reflect on such an important proposition when the arrival of a third party ended the conversation.\n\nThe duke consulted Veigas, his secretary:\n\nThe conspirators feared he might be dissuaded from accepting the crown; but this wise man, Tafiermit, on the contrary, in his secret inclination to accede to the wishes of the Portuguese, showed him that it was necessary to consider this matter carefully.\nThe duchess, Spanish and daughter of the duke of Medina-Sidonia, one of the most illustrious lords of Castille, thought only of her adopted homeland. She lived for the honor of ruling and the security of her husband: \"Reign, or die,\" she said to him, \"a crown on your head is better than slavery.\" Olivares would not hold it against you. He had sworn your destruction; you should not hesitate to accept the offer Tonio makes. Mendoza was summoned; the duke announced his acceptance. The zealous Portuguese wanted to kiss his hand as a subject, but the duke told him it was not yet time, and they needed to consider executing such a great project.\n\nThere was still nothing decided in reality.\nOn passed several days in meetings and negotiations. Pinto risked approaching the duke to obtain reassurances for the anxious conspirators regarding his resolutions. Moments were precious. It was known that several people who could have knowledge of the plot were leaving for Madrid, and Vasconcelos was multiplying spies among the Portuguese lords. The duke no longer hesitated: he told Pinto that the revolt should begin in Lisbon and not in Evora. Pinto threw himself at his feet, and despite his resistance, he kissed his hand: \"Lord,\" he said, \"I consider you already as the bearer of two letters where the duke clearly outlines his plans, and gives positive assurances of his acceptance. Pinto rejoined his friends. The following night, they...\nIn the house of Lu, in the apartment he occupied at the duke's palace, great care was taken to give no suspicion. The conjured ones entered one by one, two by two; Pinto, who had dismissed the servants, received them without light, in his anti-chamber. These meetings, which were initially only of seven or eight people, multiplied and reached fifteen by November 20th, when the conjures decided that the 1st of December would be the decisive day. The ten-day interval was used to sound out the people whose support was necessary, without revealing a dangerous secret to them. The clever Pinto spoke with the principal bourgeois and secured two of them, named Mos and Cor\u00e9e, who promised to rouse the people, over whom they had great influence through their wealth and the positions they had held in the city.\nNicolas de Masa, a simple monk with extraordinary influence over the principal liabilities, gave the conspiracy the magistrates, scribes, and heads of trades. Some hesitated; Pinto strengthened their resolve with the most powerful motivations, their hatred of the Spanish and the memory of Portugal's prosperity when it obeyed only its natural kings. Finally, he brought the principals to Don Antoine d'Almada, and they swore to this chief of the enterprise that they would perish if necessary, to free the country from the yoke of the Castilians.\n\nThe number of chiefs soon grew so considerable that Archbishop Rodrigo de Acuna of Lisbon became aware of it. The fortunate destiny of the Duke of Braganca caused this archbishop to desire to take part in the liberation of his country.\nThe parents imitated him; the saint himself pronounced for the duc, and soon in the conjuration, there were monks, men of all estates, all trades, all ages, and even women and children. It is surprising, indeed, that among such a prodigious multitude, no one thought to shed light on what was transpiring in the Spanish government. The fact is truly as marvelous as it is constant, for we must conclude that this government had alienated all spirits in all classes of society, and nothing was more just than this memorable revolution.\n\nThe death of Vasconcellos was resolved without difficulty; but as for Farchev\u00eaque de Brague, entirely devoted to the Spaniards, they decided to only keep watch over him to avoid alienating the inquisition through his death.\nThe clergy and ensuring its safety on the day of the execution of the plot. The duke of Bragance, on his part, positioned himself to raise the entire Alentego province, which he was almost certain of, and drive out the Spanish from Portugal, even if the Lisbon conspiracy did not succeed.\n\nAmid these events, he received from the duke of Olivares a formal order to appear at the Madrid court; and, to prevent any further excuse, they sent him an order for ten thousand ducats to be taken from the royal treasury, in case he needed the sum. He had to appear obedient; thus, in the presence of the courier, he had most of his equities set off on the road to Lisbon, settled all matters in his government, and sent a message to the duchess to announce his journey.\net \u00e9crivit \u00e0 Olivar\u00e8s qu'il serait sous huit jours \u00e0 Madrid. En m\u00eame temps, il mit par \u00e9crit ces nouvelles retards aux conjur\u00e9s, ajoutant que soit fait acte sans plus de d\u00e9lai, soit qu'il se mette en route. Cette nouvelle les causa une assez vive alarme, et une circonstance particuli\u00e8re ajouta la crainte de voir leur secret r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9.\n\nDon Antoine d'Almada connaissait depuis longtemps don Juan de Costa, qui s'\u00e9tait toujours prononc\u00e9 avec \u00e9nergie contre les Castillans. \u00c9tonn\u00e9 que l'on n'e\u00fbt pas encore song\u00e9 \u00e0 l'associer \u00e0 cette conjuration, il lui la r\u00e9v\u00e9la en d\u00e9tail.\n\nCosta, qui l'\u00e9coutait avec attention, lui r\u00e9pondit qu'il ne voulait point participer \u00e0 une entreprise si dangereuse et m\u00eame inex\u00e9cutable. Il ajouta que nous n'avions ni arm\u00e9e de terre, ni arm\u00e9e de mer ; que nous serions inond\u00e9s de troupes castillanes, et qu'\u00e0 moins que nous ne prenions des mesures imm\u00e9diates, notre entreprise \u00e9tait condamn\u00e9e.\nThe aspect of the people, upon whom we were counting to turn against the conspirators; the Duke of Bragance himself would find a way, in abandoning them, to make peace with the court. \"Thus, you will be the sacrifices that the court of Spain will offer,\" he said, finishing. \"Your enterprise digs a precipice under your feet where you cannot fail to be swallowed up.\" Almada's surprise was at its peak. Frustrated at having compromised so many generous men through a single imprudence, he emerged from his stupor caused by Don Juan de Costa's speech and, drawing his sword: \"Yield, wretch, unworthy of the name of Portuguese, my false grandeur of soul has torn my secret from me and that of my friends; but I will make amends by taking your life.\" De Costa\n\u00e9pouvant\u00e9 jure qu'il est pr\u00eat \u00e0 entrer dans \nla conjuration. Les sermens terribles qu'il \npronon\u00e7a rassur\u00e8rent un peu d'Almada 5 ce- \npendant il r\u00e9solut de le surveiller, et, au \nrisque de s'attirer de cruels reproches , in- \nforma lui-m\u00eame les conjur\u00e9s de ce funeste \naccident. \nRevenus de leur premi\u00e8re terreur, ils re- \njet\u00e8rent la r\u00e9solution qu'ils avaient d'abord \nprise de reculer l'ex\u00e9cution du projet. De \nCosta d'ailleurs les tranquillisa sur son \ncompte, par des t\u00e9moignages multipli\u00e9s de \nz\u00e8le et de d\u00e9vouement. Pinto les avait bien \njug\u00e9s ; d'abord ils l'avaient oblig\u00e9 de mander \n\u00e2 son maitre que tout \u00e9tait ajourn\u00e9; mais, \npar une autre lettre, il le pressait d'agir de \nson c\u00f4te comme il avait \u00ebt\u00eb arr\u00eat\u00e9 , lui don- \nnant l'assurance que les conjures agiraient \nau jour marque. \nMais y si l'entreprise devait avoir les plus \nheureux re'sultats, les conjur\u00e9s semblaient \ncondemned to experience the most vivid alarms until the last moment. The night before the decisive day, Vasconcellos went to the other side of the Tage. They imagined he had been informed of the plot and had gone to recruit troops, and remained in a cruel perplexity until nightfall. His return gave them calm and hope; his absence had had no other reason than a festival to which he had been invited.\n\nTransported with joy, they waited impatiently for the night to pass, to go the next day in arms to the three main leaders of the conspiracy. This day came, and their energy redoubled, and history has preserved the names of two Philippine de Vilhena and dona Maria de Iancastra, who armed their sons themselves, telling them that if their sex and age allowed, they would show them.\nThe first was mother of Don Jerome d'Ataide and Don Fran\u00e7ois Coutigno; the second, of Don Fernand Teixeas, and Don Antoine Telle2-de-Syiva. The dawn was barely appearing when the conspirators rendezvoused, as agreed, at the homes of the three chiefs. It was resolved that some would attack the Castilian guard, and others the German guard. A third troop was to go to Vasconcellos' apartment and throw him out through the windows to instill fear in the Castilian supporters; others were to occupy the palace hall and avenues to incite the people to cry with them: \"Long live freedom and King John, Duke of Bragance!\" These various movements were executed with as much precision and determination.\n\nAt nine o'clock in the morning, the conspirators gathered.\nParents all armed themselves in the grand hall of the palace, on opposite sides. A gunshot was fired; it was the signal to attack the Castilian guards and alarm. Don Michel d'Almeyda drew his sword and cried, \"Liberty! Long live Jean IV, king of Portugal; and advancing to the window addressed the people thus:\n\nBrave Portugese! Our miseries are ended; we are free. The duke of Bragance is our legitimate king! We annihilate Castilian tyranny; we return our sovereign's crown. May heaven restore Portugal's ancient splendor! May the race of the king reign over us forever!\"\n\nSpeaking thus, this revered old man wept abundantly. The people pressed forward, the crowd grew larger and made the air resound with the cries: \"Long live liberty! Long live Jean IV!\"\nperissent tous ses ennemis, tous les ennemis du Portugal! George de Meilo, Etienne d'Acugna, Antoine de Mello de Castro, and their troop charge with impetuosity upon the Castilian guard. Surprised at Timproviste, she wants in vain to retreat into the fortress. To avoid repetitions and not slow down the narrative, the names of these principal liberators of Portugal have been omitted up until now, but this is the place to mention them.\n\n300 guards. We force her to surrender and cry: Vive le duc de Bragance! At the head of this troop marches a priest, who with one hand shows the sky with the crucifix he holds, and with the other combats with fury. His aspect, his example, increase even further, if that is possible, the general enthusiasm.\n\nMichel d'Almeyda, Alphonse de Menzes, Gaspar de Brito Freyre, Marc-Antoine\nPierre de Mendoce and Thomas de Souza surprise the German guard, leading their troop and make them prisoners. Thus, the palace entrance is free. Pinto hurries there with Antoine Tello, Jean de Sa, Menez\u00e8s, Antoine Telles (wounded in the attack on the German guard), the count of Atonguia and his brothers, Fran\u00e7ois Coutigno, Alvar\u00e8s d'Abrach\u00e8s, Ayr\u00e8s de Saldagne, Alvar\u00e8s d'Acugna, Juan de Saldagne, Souza, Gaston Coutigno, Dias de Salda\u00f1a, Juan de Saldagne, and Gama and his brothers, Antoine and Barth\u00e9lemi de Saldagne, Tristan d'Acugna Ata\u00edde, his sons Luis and Nugno d'Acugna, and his grandson Manuel Childe Piolim.\n\nIn their march towards Vasconcellos' apartment, they encounter the civil lieutenant of Albergaria, who exits. He believes it is a personal dispute and wants to intervene.\nWe present the authority. Crying out, we deceive him by shouting: \"Long live our king John IV, Duke of Bragance!\" He cries back, \"Long live Philip II, king of Spain and Portugal!\" A pistol shot ends his life.\n\nAdvancing, we encounter Antoine Correa, Vasconcellos' first commissioner, whom the nobility reproached, as they did him, for his haughtiness and bad dispositions. Antoine Correa receives a dagger strike. He cries out and receives several others. Believed dead, we pass by; but he revives when alone and flees through a hidden staircase.\n\nA captain, Garc\u00e8s Palleia, bravely takes up the defense of Vasconcellos' chamber entrance. He receives several blows, jumps out a window, breaks a leg, and manages to retreat to the companion of the Indies' lodgings.\n\nA man attached to Vasconcellos; Man-\nSOS. Fonseca presses to save himself. He responds that Caesar, informed that he was to be assassinated in the senate, did not abandon his plan to attend. However, the tears of an old woman serving him, and especially the approaching noise of the conspirators, determined the proud minister to hide in a concealed cabinet in the wall. The conspirators arrived and searched everywhere, overturned everything, and were desperate not to find him. They threatened the old woman with death if she did not reveal his hiding place. She indicated it with a gesture. Vasconcelios, speechless, received a pistol shot from Antoine Telio and several sword strikes. His body was thrown immediately out of the window, with cries of \"long live liberty and John IV.\" The people rushed and subjected the corpse to a thousand indignities until the doctor arrived.\nPinto and don Gaston de Coutigno had him buried by the Brothers of Mercy. The man, who just moments before had wielded unlimited authority over the entire port, was wrapped in an old cloth bought with the proceeds of some alms from the assistants.\n\nThe duchess of Maittoue could not be indifferent to such tumultuous scenes. She approached a window, both to call for help and to try and calm the people's fervor. At that moment, a group of conspirators entered her chamber. She was about to withdraw; they stopped her, showing her respect. Maintaining her composure and remarkable calmness in this situation, she told them: \"The death of a proud minister should be enough for your vengeance. It is time for you to return.\"\nl'ob\u00e9issance, et qu'elle leur promet obtenir, \u00e0 cette condition, leur gr\u00e2ce du roi souverain, qui les aime.\n\nLe fougueux archev\u00eaque de Brague veut ajouter \u00e0 ce discours mod\u00e9r\u00e9 quelques paroles hautaines. Le v\u00e9n\u00e9rable d'Almeyda lui impose silence. \"Monseigneur,\" il dit, \"je vous conjure de vous taire; d\u00e9j\u00e0 on est trop aigri contre vous. N'irritez pas les lib\u00e9rateurs de la patrie. Je n'ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu que trop de peine \u00e0 obtenir ceux qui \u00e9pargnassent vos jours.\"\n\nOn pria aussit\u00f4t la vice-reine de rentrer, pour que le peuple, qui plus r\u00e9cemment ne reconna\u00eet plus pour ma\u00eetre le roi d'Espagne, ne r\u00e9sulte pas. Elle insiste pour sortir. \"Rentrez, madame,\" dit Carlos de Noronha, \"si vous voulez \u00e9viter qu'on vous manque de respect. \u2013 Eh! que peut-on me faire?\" r\u00e9plique-t-elle fi\u00e8rement. \u2013 Rien autre chose,\nMadame, Noronha urges you not to show yourself through the windows, says Archbishop Brague, seizing a sword and intends to strike Noronha. But Almeyda forces him to withdraw, saving Noronha's life. The queen also submits, making no more attempts to leave.\n\nThe masters of the palace, the conjured, were not in the citadel from where the Spaniards caused much harm to the city. They sensed the vice-queen was planning to surrender the fortress to them, commanding Torde to take it back. She refuses with indignation: then Almada, enraged, swears he will have all the Spaniards in Lisbon executed if she does not sign the document presented to her. She is frightened and signs with secret hope that the commander, assuming the order had been taken by force, would not obey. She was mistaken. This is the end of the text.\nofficer Don Louis de Campo, frightened by the sight of the people who menaced him, opened his doors to three of the conspirators who handed him the document, believing he was buying his life. It was also necessary for the duchess to order the surrender of the other forts protecting Lisbon. The archbishop of this city, who had been so favorable to the conspiracy, gave thanks to God in his metropolis, in the midst of an immense crowd, for having delivered the country from foreign tyranny. The leaders of the conspirators then urged him to go to the palaces to preside over the government, but only on the condition that the archbishop of Braga be his colleague. It is unknown whether he wanted to strengthen the credit of this prelate, whose attachment to the Spanish king was well known.\nThe duke of Bragance, or if, through less generous second thoughts, he wished, by attaching himself as a colleague, to have nothing to fear in the case where the Spanish regained mastery over Portugal, went to communicate his position to the bishop of Braga. As he was going to do this, he proceeded to the palace, surrounded by a crowd of people who, when they were before the church of St. Anthony of Padua, born in Portugal, asked for his blessing. But when he was about to satisfy the crowd, a stunning miracle struck all eyes. The image of Christ attached to the cross carried before the bishop advanced one of its arms as if to grant the blessing itself.\n\nGiven the various ages, genders, and social statuses of those who claimed to have seen this movement, it is quite probable that it occurred.\nIn this text, there are some minor issues that need to be addressed to make it perfectly readable. I will correct the OCR errors and remove unnecessary characters. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"lieu o\u00f9 quelques conjur\u00e9s avaient confirm\u00e9 avanthand this miracle of an execution was 'sez facile.' Although they desired to prove that the sky sanctioned what was being executed and protected the Portuguese, they succeeded completely, and no enterprise of this kind ever produced a more vivid explosion of enthusiasm and devotion.\n\nThe royal standard was unfurled, which Alvarez d'Abranches carried through all the streets. The crowd responded to his cries of Vive Don Juan IV, roi de Portugal! And, if some asked what this Don Juan IV was, they joined wholeheartedly in the universal acclamations when they learned it was the duke of Bragance.\n\nThese were merely mutual congratulations for no longer obeying the Castillans and for finally having a Portuguese prince as sovereign.\"\nThe archbishop of Braga refused, as expected, to share the provisional government and gave orders alone. He sent messengers to all provinces to recognize the duke of Bragance as king and thanked heaven that the country had regained its freedom. In fact, one could rejoice that such a great revolution had cost the lives of only a very small number of enemies of Portugal. The archbishop urged the duke of Bragance to come to Lisbon; he was to deliver imprisoned persons by order of the overthrown government and invited the vice-queen to go to the royal castle of Xabregas. She consented, convinced that she would be forced to if she offered any resistance. She had to cross the entire city; the archbishop of Braga.\nShe did not contradict him in his character or opinions as they rode in his carriage. In fact, she was treated with great respect. The crowd pressed around him, crying, \"Long live Jean IV!\" She suffered no other inconvenience. Even when she was sent back to Castille, she received great honors on her journey. The governors of the cities and the nobility accompanied her to the border. Charming to have escaped the dangers she had feared, she often repeated in the following days that the Portuguese lords showed great politeness and attentions towards women, even in the most angry of their moments. (It is, however, quite probable that she excepted an exception in the case of Don Carlos of Noronha, whose reputation for love is well known.)\nThe faithful and active Pinto wrote to the duke of Bragance beforehand. His letter put an end to all the prince's concerns, whose fate was then decided far from him. In the night following the execution of this great project, Mendoce and the grand venerer Mello were sent to him as deputies to report on everything and press his departure. They were received with the accolade worthy of their services and those of their companions. On December 3rd, the new king set out. Upon arriving at Aldea Gal\u00e9a, on the Tage, he crossed this river, which in this place is three leagues wide, and disembarked before the hotel of the Company of Indies. The memory was quickly recalled, and it was soon spread everywhere an ancient prophecy, which spoke of the country being delivered from foreign oppression when a king would arrive on a wooden horse. It was necessary that this be fulfilled.\nSome wonderful thing was happening at the event; and, after all, this oracle and the name of the wooden horse applied to the boat, had nothing more absurd about them than a multitude of similar stories, reported by ancient writers.\n\nThe noise of the king's arrival renewed the cries of joy, and on the 8th of the same month, his solemn entrance was fixed; but, from that moment on, marks of affection were showered upon him, and it was promised high that he would restore Portugal's splendor.\n\nThe city was spontaneously illuminated that night, which made a philosophical Castilian say, \"Perhaps it only cost this illumination to take away a beautiful kingdom from my master the king?\" The magistrates wanted to give a feast to the people; but the king replied wisely, \"Before celebrating festivities, we must put ourselves in order.\"\n\"A measure to repel our enemies was immediately decreed. The principal places were given to those who had served him so well and, by birth and merit, were already in a position to rally all the votes. Few jousts were sufficient to restore order not only in the capital but in the entire kingdom. The king also hastened to fortify the borders and provision the strongholds. For the revolution to be complete in Lisbon, only the queen's arrival was missing. She approached this city on the 25th of December with a brilliant retinue. The king crossed the Tage with all the nobility to meet her. The encounter was very touching, and the king could not restrain his tears when his son, Don Iheodose, eight years old, and his daughters, the infantes, paid him homage as their sovereign.\"\nThe tree of the princess in the capital renewed acclamations and transports of the multitude.\n\nPrincipal circumstances of the events that occurred when all of Portugal and its colonies recognized the duke of Bragance as king:\n\nThe city of Portalegre, poorly fortified and situated on the borders of Castille, was one of the first to declare for John IV. Soon, the entire kingdom followed this example, with the exception of the kingdom of Algarves. As this collection should only contain remarkable events by some particularity, we will only occupy ourselves with what happened in this kingdom.\n\nHenri Corre'a de Sylva was its governor. He received the king's dispatches with the account of all that had transpired in the most distant provinces of Portugal. He assembled the:\n\n(There seems to be a missing word or line after \"He assembled the\")\nnotables and the people, and all went according to the governor's whim; but the marquis d'Ajamont\u00e9, a Spaniard, commanded a corps de troupes in the vicinity. He feigned ignorance that Corr\u00e9a had joined the revolution, and offered to march to help him quell the rebels. Corr\u00e9a replied that those he disparaged with that name were loyal subjects, obeying their lawful king, and Ajamont\u00e9 dared not fight against the general will of the Algarves' inhabitants.\n\nA few days were sufficient to subdue the new king over thirteen fortresses where there were Castilian garrisons. Three galleons from Corogne to Lisbon were seized, and their artillery could have caused much damage to the city.\n\nJohn IV expressly ordered that all Castilian prisoners be treated kindly. He forbade under heavy penalties any mistreatment.\nThe rigorous ones were insulted and even pushed generosity, in accordance with enlightened politics, to the point of allowing them, however long it took, to return to their homeland. However, he retained the principal ones as hostages for the Portuguese who were in Spain at the time. When the most important places in the kingdom had also submitted, the monarch could no longer delay the coronation ceremony. It took place with great pomp, but these ceremonies offered nothing particular, so we will leave the details aside. It was not enough that the dominion of John IV was recognized by the European provinces of the monarchy; the conquered lands also deserved special attention.\n\nThe Island of Madeira and the fort of Mazagan, in Afife, submitted first. Rodriguez\nThe governor of Saint-Michel's file, Cam\u00e9ra, proclaimed the king and then went to Lisbon. There, he threw a chain of gold at the feet of John IV, which he had received from the king of Spain. \"Sire,\" he said to him, \"I no longer wish to bear any marks of honor if I have not earned them, by giving my life for your service.\"\n\nThere was some resistance at Terces. D'Ornellos, who had left Lisbon in December 1640, landed on the 7th of January at the port of Praya. Don Alvarez de Ximenes, the vice-roy of the island, wanted to arrest him. D'Ornellos stood his ground and had John IV proclaimed to keep Angra's city and fortress from falling into the hands of Philip IV. He took hostages among the principal inhabitants. Soon the general insurrection of the people forced him to retreat into the citadel. Several small places were also subdued.\nThe Portugeese took control of the fort, the port, and the ships. Finally, on Easter day, 1641, the Portugeese solemnly proclaimed their king in Angra itself, while Viveyros fired cannon shots from the citadel. They claimed these were salutes for the festival, and carefully collected the cannonballs to return them to the Castilians.\n\nThree Spanish ships sailed from San Lucar to aid Viveyros. It is hard to understand why they gave command to Manuel de Canto and Castro, both Portuguese. As soon as they arrived on the island, Canto and Castro surrendered their ship to their compatriots and helped them take control of the other two. Thus, Viveyros was forced to witness his enemies using the very reinforcements sent to aid him against themselves. Other ships followed.\nThe Spaniards were not more fortunate, and he was eventually forced to surrender. The Portuguese treated him with honor and humanity as his soldiers did so. The Spanish officer exited the citadel on May 6, leading a exhausted garrison, as weak as he was due to famine.\n\nThe magnificent Brazil colony was a prize of the highest importance. This renowned country, supplying Europe with a great quantity of valuable and useful objects from its dyes, was acquired by the king of Portugal in a surprisingly simple way, costing him much less time and effort than the conquest of Angra's fortress alone.\nThe grand operation, don George Mascarenhas, vice-royalty. As soon as he had received Jean IV's letters, he convened the notables and solids on the principal place of Bahia and read them the dispatches. All concluded that obedience was required, and we went to the Catholic cathedral where Jean IV was proclaimed.\n\nThe hatred for Spanish rule and affection for that of the Portuguese were manifested in a striking way in the possessions of the Indian Orient. The election of Jean IV was not yet known there, when the natives and Africans brought over brought about the largest plot. They signed a treaty with the Dutch by which they engaged to put them in possession not only of Cochin-de and several important places on the Malabar coast but also of Goa, the seat of government and capital of all.\npaid in India, conquered by the Portuguese. This treaty, fatal to Spain and Portugal, was to be implemented when Manuel de Lisboa arrived at Goa to announce the accession of Jean IV. Indians showed themselves eager to recognize him as much as the Portuguese. The vice-roy, don Juan de Silva Tello, proclaimed him on the spot. Other Portuguese possessions in India followed suit. Mahe, however, was not subdued by Jean IV; but it was not because she preferred Spanish power. Instead, it was besieged by the Dutch and suffering from famine. The vice-roy sent a vessel to relieve it, which fell into enemy hands, and the place was forced to surrender. Finally, the revolution in the East Indies...\nreste du monde ressembl\u00e2t en tout \u00e0 celle \nqui avait eu lieu en Europe, \u00e0 la Chine, au \nJapon, et partout oii il y avait des \u00e9tab\u00eeis- \nsemens portugais, l'autorit\u00e9 du nouveau roi \nfut reconnue sans troubles et sans efforts. \nTremblement de terre \u00e0 Lisborme^ \nEmbellie de tout ce que Fart peut ajouter \na la plus heureuse situation , capitale , si\u00e8ge \ndu gouvernement, en un mot, la ville par \nexcellence du Portugal ^ Lisbonne avait \ntoujours vu cro\u00eetre sa prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9. Sa fonda- \ntion remontait \u00e0 des temps tr\u00e8s-anciens^ \nquoiqu'on ne puisse raisonnablement penser \nqu'elle ait du sa premi\u00e8re existence \u00e0 Ulysse. \nUn \u00e9v\u00e9nement affreux lui \u00f4ta, pour quelque \ntemps du moins, de si grands avantages. \nLe i\". novembre \u00efj55 ^ \u00e0neuf heures 4^ \nminutes du matin , le plus violent des trem- \nb\u00eeemens de terre qui jamais aient attaqu\u00e9 \ndes cit\u00e9s populeuses , s'y f\u00eet sentir. Le centre \nsurtout de la ville fut ravag\u00e9. Les princi- \npaux \u00e9tablissemens, les palais, les \u00e9glises \nfurent ou renvers\u00e9s ou consum\u00e9s par le feu. \nLes marchandises d\u00e9truites furent \u00e9valu\u00e9es \n\u00e0 quarante millions de cruzades (environ \ncent vingt millions); la plus grande partie \nappartenait auxAnglais. La perte mat\u00e9rielle \ndes \u00e9difices fut port\u00e9e \u00e0 cent-cinquante mil- \nlions de cruzades, et Ton n'\u00e9valua pas \u00e0 \nV \nmoins de vingt-mille ('^) le nombre de^ \nmalheureux qui p\u00e9rirent sous les d\u00e9com- \nbres, soit sur-le-champ, soit par une mort \nplus lente et plus ^ifFreuse. \nCelte \u00e9pouvantable catastrophe fut suivie \nde quelques autres accidens, et les premiers \nmois de Tann\u00e9e ij56 n'offrirent pas de s\u00e9- \ncurit\u00e9 aux habitans de Lisbonne. Tous les \nsouverains de l'Europe t\u00e9moign\u00e8rent \u00e0 celui \ndu Portugal, la part qu'ils prenaient \u00e0 un si \naffreux malheur. Le roi d'Angleterre, li\u00e9 \nplus intimement que les autres avec cette nation d\u00e9sol\u00e9e, envoya des secours utiles qui ne contribu\u00e8rent pas peu \u00e0 ranimer les Habitants de Lisbonne accabl\u00e9s par ce d\u00e9sastre, et \u00e0 leur inspirer le courage de relever les d\u00e9bris de leurs \u00e9difices.\n\nDans telles circonstances, il est une portion de l'esp\u00e8ce humaine que l'on doit appeler la lie, et qui se fait un jeu barbare d'accro\u00eetre la mis\u00e8re commune. Au milieu m\u00eame des \u00e9difices croulant de toutes parts, on vit des mis\u00e9rables s'\u00e9lancer dans les habitations et se livrer au pillage avec une excrable avidit\u00e9. Ils furent rigoureusement punis. Le gouvernement prit les mesures les plus sages et les plus \u00e9nergiques \u2013 un certain nombre de potences furent dress\u00e9es, et on ordonna de y pendre sans examen qui que lon trouverait emportant la moindre butin.\nThe following cities were affected by the disaster: Lisbon, Fez, Mequinez, Setubal, and Cadix. In the vicinity of the latter city, a deluge from the sea engulfed the town of Ribeira do Grandola, named after the renowned author Louis Racine's son, the poet Jean Racine.\n\nUnfortunately, it cannot be praised without reservation how the Portuguese behaved during this time. However, it is well-known that, among the acts of piety performed to appease the wrath of the celestial powers, there was an unfortunate ceremony called the \"act of faith\" (auto da f\u00e9) on June 20, 1755. Some Jews were among those affected.\nThree unfortunate individuals perished in the flames; the Ministry of Marquis de Pombal conducted a conspiracy against King Joseph P. and the expulsion of the Jesuits. The despot of Lisbon provided the minister favorite of the king, Don Sebastien Cavalo, with an opportunity to showcase the rare administrative talents he possessed. Either he admired his courage, firmness, and prudence during this crisis that seemed to have broken all social bonds, requiring him to save an entire people from the scourges of nature's wrath and even their own despair. The king Fen rewarded him by creating him Count of Oyeras and Marquis of Pombal. It was under this latter title that, as a new Richelieu, he dared to concentrate in his hands all the levers of absolute power, in order to tame a nobility and a clergy.\nignorant, dominators, and enemies of royal authority; and of raising up a pitiful man, dulled by poverty, sloth, and superstition.\n\nSeveral times the Marquis of Pombal had been threatened with the dagger and poison. Princes, the queen herself, had declared themselves his enemies. But his inflexible character hardened against obstacles, and, fortified by the support of his king, who appreciated his talents, approved his projects, and endorsed his execution, the all-powerful minister terrified, intimidated, and crushed all that dared to show itself before him.\n\nHatred and feelings of the great and the clergy, initially directed against the Marquis of Pombal, soon reached the king himself, who abandoned him, in a sense, of the exercise and fullness of royal authority.\n\nThese circumstances gave rise to the conspiracy of 1758 and, to overthrow him.\nThe duc d'Aveiro, from the house of Braganza, took the lead of the conspirators, at least in his claims. However, he was as reckless in mind as in body, and his audacity and ferocity were more dreaded than his personal means. His sentiments were well known at court; therefore, more skillful hands had to weave the plots that saved the king and the marquis from the conspiracy. There was no doubt that the Jesuits cooperated in this dreadful plot. They had not ceased to incite spirits against the reforms executed and projected by the marquis of Pombal, threatening the state with sinister evils and the vengeance of heaven. The king, irritated, had expelled them.\nThe palais took away their privilege to appoint confessors at court and went so far as to ban the functions of the sacred ministry throughout the kingdom for the nobility. Among the leading accomplices in the nobility were the Marquis of Tavora and his two sons, the Counts of Atongua, Almeyda, and Poriza. It is believed that the declared passion of the king for the young Marquise of Tavora, and the bitter jests the queen permitted herself towards her rival, which cruelly wounded the Tavoras' pride, played a significant role in this ambitious family joining the conspiracy. However, the affair was carried out with the deepest secrecy until the moment of execution. This secret was, however, confided to over two hundred and fifty people.\nOn the fixed day for the resolution of the intrigue, the conspirators, determined to kill the king, waited for him on the road he was following to go to his night with his mistress. Fearing they might miss him, they divided into several groups. The king was in a calash drawn by two mules driven by a postilion; he had only a valet de chambre with him. He found himself surrounded by conspirators without having seen anything that could alarm him. Suddenly, he was assaulted by a lively discharge of guns, whose shots came from various points at once. Wounded in three places, he hid at the bottom of the carriage, thanks to the presence of mind of his valet de chambre who advised him; and during this time, the postillon, no less firm, no less loyal, turned the reins and returned.\nThe quick servant at the palace rode on his mules with great speed, ensuring to leave the path he had come by. Fortunate for the king, this brave domestic had not even been injured. It was said that the duke of Aveiro had been in charge of killing him, and his carbine had not fired.\n\nUpon the king's arrival at the palace, the marquis of Pombal emerged. Informed of the event, his first thought and concern was to order the chamberlain and postillon complete silence. However, the news that the king had been assassinated quickly spread throughout the city. The conspirators themselves were spreading the news, whether they truly believed the prince dead, based on the movement they had seen when he let himself be carried to the bottom of the carriage, or whether they intended to terrify the people with this announcement.\nThe people were excited, favoring their projects. They were deceived in their calculations, if such had been their hopes. The people, who loved the king, rushed to the palace to show the greatest interest in his days and the most entire devotion, whether for defending or avenging. The nobility also came to offer their services. The king, whose wounds were not extremely grave, though several balls from Tepaule had been extracted from him, appeared on the palace balconies. His presence calmed spirits and dispelled alarms. It was said everywhere that he had received a contusion from the spill of his calash, and the people retired fully reassured.\n\nHowever, the duke of Aveiro dared to appear before the marquis of Pombal and demanded to be charged with pursuing the assassins.\nThe minister was sufficiently master of himself not to let the suspicion shadow appear on his face. He also convinced himself, and dispelled the duke's fears, by falsely confiding to him that he was completely ignorant of the origin of the blows. Through this clever maneuver, the minister gave the conspirators a blind sense of security, and they believed they had deceived his vigilant eyes. Six months passed in this apparent calm of the vengeance's eye, and the guilty parties, emboldened by the mystery in which they believed themselves enveloped, resumed with renewed fury the project of assassinating the king.\n\nHowever, the Marquis of Pombal followed their movements in silence, and the more he acquired knowledge and information about their plots, the more he feigned dissimulation towards them.\nThe duke of Aveiro and the marquis of Tavora had obtained various favors. With this conduct, no longer doubting that Pombal had completely fallen into their traps, they planned to hasten the execution of the crime they believed they had assured success for; but the minister, informed by a domestic who had seen the meetings and heard the plans of the conspirators, resolved to let the lightning strike on their heads.\n\nThe marriage of his daughter, whom the king wanted to celebrate with festivities, seemed to the minister a favorable occasion to gather them all and strike them all at once. All the lords had been invited to the brilliant balls that were to take place at court; they hurried to attend and the conspirators were all seized and taken away at once.\nFor the given input text, I will clean it by removing meaningless or unreadable content, line breaks, and other unnecessary characters. I will also correct OCR errors as needed.\n\nThe cleaned text is: \"bout 6 days of instruction and procedure, one saw conduct the Portuguese nobility to the scaffold. The duke of Aveiro was quartered, and others were burned alive; others had their heads chopped off; their bodies were burned, and their ashes were cast to the wind. Revenge reached even the insensible things. The palace of Aveiro was razed; salt was spread on the land it occupied. The young marquise of Tavora was the only one to survive from her entire family; but she was confined to a convent. Many nobles, whose sentiments were suspect at court, shared the same fate, and were not drawn from their prisons until twenty years later, that is, until the death of the king, followed by the disgrace of his minister. As for the Jesuits, they were declared, as a result of the proceedings, traitors and enemies.\"\nplaces of the assassination of the king; their possessions were confiscated; all were arrested and transported to Italy, with the exception of a few foreigners who remained in prisons. Some others had already been executed secretly, such as Malos, Portugals, and Alexandre; Irishmen. The famous Malagrida, confessor of the Tavora family and accused of having incited them to regicide, was not condemned by the Inquisition as an assassin but only as a heretic. One of the charges against him was that the Virgin Mary had spoken Latin in the womb of her mother, Saint Anne- He perished in the flames of a bonfire.\n\nPombal, fearing that this powerful society would not return to Portugal, pursued it with such ardor before all the courts of Europe that he obtained its destruction.\n\nVictorious over all resistance, this\nThe minister worked to be forgiven for his harshness by making the people happy, reviving agriculture, industry, commerce, and all branches of administration in Portugal. There is no doubt that he would have saved the kingdom from the yoke and monopoly of the English, had Joseph I lived longer or left a capable successor. But at the death of this prince in 1777, his daughter, the weak princess governed by priests, sacrificed the glory, independence, and prosperity of her subjects to the English, with her father's minister. Most acts of the Marquis of Pombal were revoked; the memory of conspirators was among others restored. The populace of Lisbon and some London writers insulted the disgraced minister. The true Portuguese praised him.\nThe greatest statesman of the kingdom claimed, and upon seeing their institutions overthrown, felt only better the advantages and importance, regretting more keenly the brief period of life and strength they had begun to bestow upon the fatherland. A glance at current events.\n\nThe Portuguese, in recovering their independence under the princes of the House of Bragance, had managed to defend it with fervor; but the days of their glory had passed. No longer was seen in them, the stiff-necked people admired by their enemies, whom they ruled under their laws, and whose commerce and arms ensured the rich produce of the plundered lands for the mother country. Unnoticed, the English were acquiring an influence that continued to grow in return.\nFrench writers and politicians have not considered Portugal for the past sixty to eighty years as anything more than an English colony. This opinion will not be contested by those who have seen the very secondary role that this kingdom has played in public events for approximately twenty-five years. Under the weak government of Queen Marie, infanta of Spain and widow of Pierre III, who was also her uncle, Portugal was easily drawn, due to English influence, into the general league of powers against France during our revolutionary troubles. However, it contributed only a very small surplus of force to the common cause and limited itself for some time to excluding the French from its ports and colonies. When France made peace with Spain, Portugal was attacked by these two powers.\nTwo governments had an equal interest in taking this country away from English rule. Since Louis XIV, they had not lost sight of this project dictated by wise politics; but the slow and routine process of old diplomacy, the lack of energy in the cabinets of Versailles and Madrid in the last century, and the financial emb embassies, as well as the surveillance and precautions of the British ministry, prevented a serious pursuit of these plans. When Napol\u00e9on took control of the French government, circumstances imposed on him the role of peacemaker and restorer. Therefore, in 1801, Portugal was allowed to enjoy the peace whose benefits seemed to spread throughout Europe. Through the Treaty of Madrid, it was admitted.\nc\u00e9de \u00e0 la France la partie de la Guiane qu'il poss\u00e9dait sur la rive gauche de la rivi\u00e8re des Amazones, pays fertile, mais qui manque d'habitants, et qui est rentr\u00e9 aujourd'hui sous ses anciens ma\u00eetres. Cependant, la fortune semblait porter elle-m\u00eame le chef de la France \u00e0 cette monarchie universelle, qui parut en effet l'objet de son ambition gigantesque. Tant qu'il fut occup\u00e9 \u00e0 mettre, par les armes ou par la ruse, les grandes puissances hors d'\u00e9tat de contrarier ses vues, il se contenta de faire surveiller le Portugal par ses agents diplomatiques, et d'essayer de ruiner dans cette cour le cr\u00e9dit des Anglais. Mais leur puissance y \u00e9tait trop bien \u00e9tablie, et, malgr\u00e9 tous les mariages qui l'unissaient \u00e0 la famille Bourbon d'Espagne, celle de Bragance redoutait trop de passer sous l'influence des Espagnols et de leurs alli\u00e9s.\n\"On could only hope for some successes from politics alone. Napoleon, convinced he would never obtain access to the cabinet of Lisbon to implement the continental system and close ports to the English, chose to awaken the ambition of Madrid's monarch by offering him the realization of his favorite ideas for the pacification of the entire peninsula and their union under one government. This negotiation, accelerated by the Prince of Peace, whose complicity with Napoleon is no longer in doubt today, resulted in the treaty concluded at Fontainebleau on October 27, 1807, for the overthrow of the House of Braganza. According to this treaty, Portugal was divided into three parts. The one formed between the Duero and the Minho rivers was given to the young king of Etruria in place of Tuscany;\"\nThe king retained his title, and his kingdom took the name of Northern Lusitania. A second portion comprised the Alentejo and the Kingdom of the Algarves, rewarding the prince of Peace, who was to be sovereign under the title of Prince of the Algarves. The fate of the remainder of Portugal had not yet been determined, remaining in deposit in the hands of the French. The established princes in Portugal were to answer to the Spanish crown, becoming its great vassals. For the execution of this treaty, the two powers put into motion an army of twenty thousand Frenchmen and ten thousand Spaniards, under the command of General Junot. These troops immediately entered Portugal from three sides. Nowhere did they encounter resistance. The prince of Brazil, then regent of Portugal, appeared.\nHe had neither a plan nor the means for execution. He did not feel capable of waging war; he did not expect a reasonable peace. In the first case, he would have to surrender without reserve to the English, and in the second, submit to the law of the French and the Spaniards: perhaps he was also hesitant on the other side. On the other hand, the English themselves, who were not prepared to engage in war in Portugal and who saw how advantageous it would be for them to act there without depending on the court, pressed the regent to retreat to Brazil without treating with their enemies. This desperate resolution saddened the royal family and found strong opposition in the ministry and among the greats.\nDespite the pressure of time with only five days remaining, the allied troops, including Commodore Sydney Smith who was in the Tagus with a British squadron, finally determined the prince to set sail. Yet a few more hours lost in hesitation made this embarkation impossible. The winds changed, and even some of the last English ships could not leave the harbor. It was on the 29th of November that the fleet departed from Lisbon. The following day, the French entered.\n\nThis sudden occupation threw the Portuguese into a kind of stupor that eliminated all opposition, and for a moment it seemed they would welcome an order of things that promised the return of the generous administration of Marquis de Pombal and the renaissance of industry and prosperity.\nint\u00e9rieures. Mais de nouveaux \u00e9v\u00e9nemens \nvinrent bient\u00f4t changer tous les rapports , \net bouleverser la face de la p\u00e9ninsule. Les \nfunestes dissentions qui mirent la famille \ndu roi d'Espagne en guerre avec elle-m\u00eame, \net qui fournirent \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on l'oGcasion \nd'envelopper le p\u00e8re et \u00eee fils dans une ruine \ncommune , excit\u00e8reut dans l'Espagne un \nsoul\u00e8vement presque g\u00eanerai contre les \nFran\u00e7ais. Les Espagnols qui faisaient partie \nde l'exp\u00e9dition de Portugal, ob\u00e9irent \u00e0 l'im- \npulsion donn\u00e9e, et voulurent tourner leurs \narmes contre ceux dont ils suivaient encore \nles drapeaux. Mais telle \u00e9tait l'antipathie \ndes Portugais \u00e0 leur \u00e9gard , qu'ils leur re- \nfus\u00e8rent leurs secours contre les Fran\u00e7ais . \net ne voulurent point, pour se d\u00e9barrasser \nde ceux-ci, se r\u00e9concilier avec leurs anciens \nrivaux. \nCependant , lorsque la conflagration se \nfut \u00e9tendue sur toute l'Espagne , et qu'on \nThe French, determined to send an army to Portugal, faced insurrections against General Junot, who was governing there. His army numbered only about eighteen thousand men, and with this force, he could only maintain control in Lisbon and the surrounding area, approximately twelve leagues in radius.\n\nMeanwhile, the English army debarked at the mouth of the Mondego. The French dared to attempt to repel it with SCS ships; but, forced to guard several points covering Lisbon, he could only muster about eight thousand men with whom to engage twenty-two thousand. He found the enemy at Vimiera, occupying a strong position and backed by the sea. It is uncertain whether a larger number of troops could have been assembled; however, it is certain that they did not.\nPreparing an attack with more skill was necessary, but the English had to admit that in the absence of order, the French never showed more brilliance, and courage came close to giving them the advantages they might have gained from its reunion in a more tactical assembly. After three hours of a murderous melee, the troops reformed on the terrain from which they had departed, in front of the ranks and under the cannon of the Anglicans, who made no move to prevent them; and in the same night, the preliminary arrangements for the Convention named of Cintra, by which the English agreed to transport the army to France, were signed at Sir Arthur Wellesley's quarters, today Lord Wellington's. The Battle of Vimiero took place on August 21, 1808. The convention\nThe definitive treaty for the evacuation of Portugal was signed on the 30th, at Cintra. During this time, the royal family had established themselves in Rio-Janeiro. When the events in Spain were known in Brazil, the infante Charlotte-Joanne, daughter of Charles IV and wife of the prince regent, made a declaration on the 20th of August, 1808. In this declaration, she recalled Napoleon's perfidious conduct towards her entire family, protested against the abdications he had extorted from her father and her brother, the prince of Asturias, declared these abdications and the resulting cessions null and void, and constituted herself representative of the Spanish princes in America to advise on their rights and her own regarding the monarchy's possessions in the New World.\nIn the old world, Portugal had become an English province. The regime established at Lisbon was in fact a British commission; and this vain phantom of government, a tool of the despotic generals of England, was even an object of their contempt. In the campaigns of 1809, 1810 and following, it was no longer the Portuguese nation that acted or fought for its independence and the honor of the fatherland; it was mercenaries in the pay of England.\nIn the armies of this man, commanded by his officers, conducted by his generals, and subjected to their supreme dispositions. He therefore cannot extend the scope of this work to discuss the military events in which Portugal was the theater, as it concerned the interests of the English more than those of this country.\n\nLet us observe the opinion with which Napol\u00e9on attacked this kingdom, without means to close the seas to the English and without ever bringing enough forces to crush them there. On this theater, their successes, which would have been unlikely with more deeply matured plans and more skillfully combined, are worth noting.\n\nWhen Marshal Soult victoriously advanced to Corogne in 1809, he advanced northward in Portugal with an army that was only\n\nstrong.\nTwenty thousand men penetrated as far as Porto, overcoming all the obstacles of a rebellious country teeming with mountains. At Porto, he found an army entrenched behind triple lines of redoubts fortified with heavy artillery, supported by an immense population fighting with the fury of double fanatism for political and religious opinions. He triumphed over their defenses. However, a counter-offensive was operating in the provinces of the South at the same time, which could have subdued Portugal. But the English assembled superior forces, kept the French forces separated, and managed to encircle Marshal Soult, who escaped by the most painful and daring retreat. It was then that rumors circulated about British negotiations.\nniques, ayant pour but de faire de ce redou- \ntable ennemi un alli\u00e9 de l'Angleterre, en \nlui cr\u00e9ant une principaut\u00e9 ind\u00e9pendante \ndans le Portugal. \nEn 1 8io, le mar\u00e9chal Mass\u00e9na s'immola , \n\u00e0 son tour, \u00e0 l'ex\u00e9cution des ordres de celui \ndevant qui tout pliait encore. Tous les mili- \ntaires \u00e9clair\u00e9s \u00e9taient certains d'avance du \nr\u00e9sultat de cette nouvelle tentative. On sa- \nvait que lord Wellington c\u00e9derait le terrain \njusqu'\u00e0 la position , pour ainsi dire , inexpu- \ngnable qu'il s'\u00e9tait pr\u00e9par\u00e9e en avant de Lis- \nbonne; que l'arm\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise y serait arr\u00ea- \nt\u00e9e, et ne pourrait se maintenir en face \nde l'ennemi faute de vivres, dans un pays \nravag\u00e9 et abandonn\u00e9 par ses propres habi\u00bb- \nbitans, et que pour triompher de cet obstacle \net inqui\u00e9ter les Anglais sur leurs derri\u00e8res, il \ndeviendrait n\u00e9cessaire de traverser le Tage. \nMais le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral fran\u00e7ais, dont les commu^- \nNotations with the governor were disrupted by peasant insurrections, with a Portuguese chief named Silveyra leading them. He did not dare, it seems, to act on his own without instructions and believed there was no other course but to retreat to Spain. The retreat, to which the marshal was condemned in advance, gave him an opportunity to display the courage of which he had given so many proofs in his military career. He triumphed over all the difficulties the enemy attempted to impose, with such superiority that it reduced the Anglo-Allied share in this success to a mere minimum, a share they had to share with the famine that fought for them. The army itself, in this regard, held a high opinion of the situation, and,\nSince the officer down to the soldier all said that, if the positions of the two parties had been reversed, otherwise, if the French had been in the place of the English, they would not have let one escape. Since this evacuation, Portugal, under English administration, has offered no event worthy of note in this collection. The peace following Napoleon's overthrow did not bring the prince regent back to Lisbon, as he had long stayed there with his ancestors. Not long ago, public records have even announced that all designs to return to Europe had been abandoned or indefinitely postponed by the Brazilian court. New marriages are about to bind the House of Braganca to that of the Spanish Bourbons; Ton adds that the definite cession.\nPortugal's alliance with Spain would seal these issues, and Brazil would receive expansions in the government of Buenos Aires in return. Already, English journals have spoken of this project, which does not seem pleasing to their government; but where does it see the right to interfere in this kind of arrangement?\n\nPolitically, civilly, militarily, and religiously, Portugal is governed by its Constitutional Laws, which were convened by King Alphonse in 1145. The hereditary succession to the throne was concentrated in the direct line, such that the brother alone becomes king upon the death of the monarch without issue, and the children of this new king are fit to wear the crown and form a new branch only when called by the states' will.\nLes filles, au d\u00e9faut d'enfants m\u00e2les, h\u00e9ritent du tr\u00f4ne; mais la loi leur prescrit de ne mariier qu'un seigneur portugais, afin que la couronne ne passe point aux princes \u00e9trangers. L'\u00e9poux d'une reine n'a le titre de roi,\nque quand il lui est n\u00e9 un enfant m\u00e2le; la reine a le pas sur lui.\n\nL'homicide et le vol par r\u00e9cidive \u00e9taient punis de mort; mais les criminels \u00e9taient le plus souvent embarqu\u00e9s sur les flottes, dans le temps que le Portugal fleurissait par sa navigation. On les employait aux exp\u00e9ditions les plus dangereuses. Il n'\u00e9tait pas rare de les voir m\u00e9riter, \u00e0 force de services, de rentrer dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.\n\nLe duc de Bragance, devenu roi sous le nom de Jean IV, fut le premier qui eut le titre de majest\u00e9.\n\nLes titres de la noblesse se r\u00e9duisent \u00e0 ceux de duc, de marquis et de comte; les simples gentilshommes sont appel\u00e9s fidalgos.\nThe orders of Christ and Saint-Jacques once had great renown, as they were occupied with fighting the Moors. Their decorations, now freely given without choice or measure, are completely availed. The Order of Aviz is less important than the first two.\n\nSince 1385, under King John I, Lisbonne has been declared capital of the kingdom. The entire population does not seem to rise much above three million individuals.\n\nJews are extremely widespread in Portugal; their wealth multiplies their relations with the nobility, in general poor and ostentatious, and who willingly mix their blood for money with those of Israel's enemies.\n\nMost travelers accuse the Portuguese nobles of combining baseness with the insolence of being greedy, vindictive, ignorant, and slaves to the most superstitious fanaticism.\nThis people add that one finds election pins in this population, especially in the countryside. This character would be prone to laziness if not for misery and religious terrors. However, this people are proud and brave, a friend of their country, ill-disposed towards the English, fearing their politically oppressive policies, and hating above all the Spaniards.\n\nIf this people enjoyed the benefit of a wise and enlightened administration, they would find in their soil, both in Europe and in their colonies, numerous elements of industry and prosperity. Their agriculture would provide their commerce with wools, wines, oils, fruits, from which they would draw greater advantages through better exploitation. Their colonies would give them, in addition to the produce suitable to these climates, precious metals and other valuable resources.\nThe precious products of the mineral realm in Rega, primarily gold and precious stones; however, it is obligated to receive from foreign sources a multitude of objects of equal importance such as grains, iron, tar, and a quantity of manufactured goods. It is mainly the speculations of British commerce that have rendered Portuguese manufacturing industry insignificant, and even drained its currency. England, it is true, had facilitated the entry of Portuguese wine into her country; but in exchange, she returned such a vast quantity of textiles of all kinds that the Portuguese, unable to pay for the excess of these imports with territorial products, were forced to pay with their gold, thereby establishing a completely unfavorable balance.\n\nThe grand Portuguese establishments in Asia are now almost forgotten.\nThe Commercians. The English, in opposing today the treaty of the negroes, deal a fatal blow to their commerce in Africa. The mines in Brazil had destroyed in this kingdom its industry and agriculture, and it is difficult to foresee, in this moment, whether they could revive. Despite its mountains, Portugal retains, especially in its southern part, notable expanses of land remarkable for their great fertility. The ancients recognized this precious quality of its soil. It is still the English to whom we must attribute the lethargic state into which its agriculture has fallen; they offered the government to supply it with grain at lower prices than those of the country. This clumsy bait blinded the Portuguese; their cultivators, their farmers, were ruined in a few years; and when their subsistence depended on it,\nAmong foreigners, this man made them pay dearly for the interest of the advantageous deal he had secured for himself. Among the reasons preventing Portugal from enjoying the benefits of a good culture, one must count the multiplicity of ovens and the forced enrollment of young men from the camps to complete the regiment of their province. A man once entered into a regiment is lost to society for the rest of his life; his service lasts his entire life. The Portuguese are brave and of extreme sobriety; they can become excellent soldiers; the English have drawn great benefit from this by commanding them with good officers. However, an armed Portuguese force was the most poorly organized in Europe: the great men gave officer positions to their domestic servants; one saw men in uniforms and decorated with orders.\nServing at table, in great houses. The Portuguese army numbered barely thirty thousand men; but there existed a kind of militia, to which all provinces were subject, and which, in case of invasion, could arm one hundred thousand men for the defense of the country. Under English administration, every able-bodied man had become a militiaman; these militias were divided into large companies, acting under the orders of a chief called capiian-mor or capitan-major. They provided counter-attacks against the French, which did not contribute little to frustrating their expeditions in Portugal.\n\nOne could not conceive how the people could have submitted to all the sacrifices the English demanded of them for the defense of their own interests^ if Ton did not consider that they found an auxiliary, and the most powerful one, in the fanatical devotion.\nIn Portugal, the power of the clergy and monks over minds is boundless: it is one of the fruits of the Inquisition, whose yoke, momentarily weakened by the administration of Marquis of Pombal, was nowhere more odious and more brutalizing than in this state. The institution of this tribunal, perhaps a little earlier in the reign of John III, was not regularly granted by the Roman court until 1536. Its pyres, its tortures seem to have suffocated the religion and morality of the Gospel, replacing it with hypocrisy, debauchery, and the most stupid superstition. There is no crime that terrifies a Portuguese convinced that he will redeem himself from Hell with a few trinkets, the protection of a saint, and above all, the favors of the churches and monks. The practice of dueling is regarded as impiety.\nOnly a few minor corrections are needed to make the text readable:\n\nBut this belief can only be adopted by heretics; yet, without hesitation, a stylus is pressed into the heart of its enemy. A few prayers, before or after, arrange the matter with heaven or with the saint in charge of their affairs. One of the most revered is Saint Antoine de Padoue. Regimens give him a place as an officer, grant him advancement when they are satisfied with his services, and they contribute to pay him exactly the allowances of his rank. The chaplain is the man of business in this case for the saint. During the war for the Spanish succession, this blessed man was promoted to the rank of chief commander of the Portuguese army.\n\nThe saint, as the patron of a Portuguese person, is celebrated when everything prospers for their client. But he is mistreated and insulted when he delays in fulfilling his vows.\n\nOne of the sad effects of these superstitions;\nThe monks passed on immense riches and even the last products of the laboring class into their hands. The monks, in turn, fed regions of beggars, dangerous idlers, who formed a blind and fearsome militia within the clergy.\n\nTravelers drew alarming pictures of the corruption of this clergy. The depravity reigned particularly in the convents of men and women. The marquis of Pombal was not displeased to see them all become contemptible, in order to seize their authority and credit more easily.\n\nAmidst all these causes of disorder, it is impossible for the Portuguese people not to be, in general, extremely vicious. Their jealous and cruel character makes the intrigues of love very difficult and dangerous. Women are closely watched.\nWith the greatest rigor, and the knife is always raised towards anyone who approaches them with a suspect step. This constraint forces them, from an early age, to run to the deepest dissimulation and nothing equals the art with which they know how to hide and reveal their sensitivities in turn. The plumpness is one of the charms to which Portuguese women attach the greatest value. One praises the beauty of their eyes, their teeth, and their hair.\n\nThe state of brutality to which the Portuguese have descended is a sad proof of the decay of bad institutions. However, several of the first kings had discouraged the cultivation of sciences. Mathematics in particular were in honor, and Thahilete, one of the Portuguese navigators, had contributed greatly to the glory of the nation.\n\nSince its subjugation to Spain,\nThis nation has remained behind all others. However, today, some light is beginning to spread among the upper classes of society. Several distinguished Portugeese have been noticed for their merit in various parts of Europe they have traveled. Several academies, among which the Academy of Sciences stands out, are instituted to encourage intellectual work; but, except for some successes in the field of history and a few translations, there is nothing remarkable in Portuguese literature other than poor novels and verses of improvisers, who are called \"gloseurs\" in Lisbon because they produce an interminable commentary on any sentence or word that escapes a beautiful woman. However, Camoens is still almost the only poet in Portugal.\nThe fine arts, a rather unusual thing in a country where one takes pride in luxury, seemed almost foreign to Portugal, with the exception of music, which is fortunate as it is quite cultivated there. The pursuit of decoration for churches produced only a heavy accumulation of tasteless ornaments and perfected only the art of making candles and modeling wax with remarkable delicacy.\n\nHowever, considering all that the Portuguese have accomplished in the past and the geniuses this nation has produced, and the great character it has developed, it is not doubtful that with good government and a wise and fixed administration, it regained a honorable place among enlightened and civilized nations.\n\nINTRODUCTION p. 5\nThe illustrious chief of the Lusitanians, or ancient Portuguese, Yiriatus.\nAddress and courage of some Lusitanian women. Tragic adventure of the beautiful Osmia. Sertorius leads the Lusitanians (26. Rodrigue Froias, the Portuguese Cid (32); Alphonse is victorious against five Moorish kings, at the famous battle of Ourique (36). Siege of Lisbon by Alphonse. He solemnly takes the title of king of Portugal (129. Beautiful deed of Don Pedro, Alphonse's brother, during the siege of Lisbon (49). Particularities about this prince (. . 50. Giraldo surprises the city of \u00c9vora (51). Alphonse V is taken by Ferdinand II, king of Castille. Valor of Maja (61. Last exploit of Alphonse I against the Moors. Death of this great warrior (63. Ceremonies observed at the death of Alphonse I, king of Portugal, (65. First expedition of don Sanche against the Moors (66. Calamities of Portugal under the reign of Sanche.\nI. virtues of this prince (68)\nDisputes between Alphonse II and his brothers. Traits of generosity of Martin Sanchez (76)\nDifferences of Alphonse II with several ecclesiastics of his kingdom (80)\nSome traits of the reign of Sancho II. He made a singular market between two Portuguese knights (90)\nA singular anecdote about the siege of Celorique (91)\nFidelity of Martin Freitas, governor of Colimbre (93)\nA formidable invasion of the Moors in Castille. The king of Portugal marches against them and they are completely defeated (g5)\nDon Pedro and Ines (102)\nBattle of Aljuharota (103)\nExpedition of John I to the coast of Africa and take of Ceuta (105)\nVasco da Gama. Principal circumstances of his voyage to Africa (111)\nDiscovery of Brazil by Cabral (136)\nThe Zamorin attacks Goa defended by the Portuguese. He is defeated (141)\nSoares wins a naval victory over the Indians. (142)\nFran\u00e7ois d'Almeida and his son Laurent's principal traits, 148-149\nExpedition of Albuquerque, called the Great, against the kingdom of Ormus, 168\nAttack on Calicut by Fernand Coutigny and Albuquerque. Its results, 168-177\nAlbuquerque takes Goa, is expelled, and becomes its definitive master, 185\nNaufragio de Albuquerque\nNaval combat between the Portuguese and Javanese, 204\nNew expedition of Albuquerque against Ormus. He becomes its master without resistance, 211-212\nLast moments of Albuquerque. Details about his person and character, 213-214\nFirst siege of Diu, 219\nSecond siege of Diu, 230\nSingular trait of Jean de Castro. His triumph, 265\nDeath of Jean de Castro. Some traits of his life, 265-267\nParticularities of the arrival of the Jesuits in Brazil, 268\nNaufrage d'Emmanuel Sosa sur les c\u00f4tes orientales d'Afrique, 271\nCarasco, with only one vessel, combats the entire fleet of the king of Achem, 277.\nProdigious efforts of the princes of India to chase the Portuguese from this region. The vice-royalty of Ataide thwarts all their projects.\nDetails about this famous man ^ 27g\nExpedition of King Sebastian in Africa. His unfortunate results, 288.\nComplete tableau of the revolution that freed Portugal from the yoke of the Spaniards, 291.\nPrincipal circumstances of the events that took place when Portugal and all its colonies recognized the duke of Bragance as their king, 291.\nTremblement de terre \u00e0 Lisbonne, 828.\nMinistry of the marquis of Pombal. Conspiracy of the high nobility against King Joseph, and expulsion of the Jesuits, 331.\nBrief overview of contemporary events, 340.\n[Du Portugal under the reports of the political, civil, military, and religious orders, 355th PE in the Table of Contents, Portugal, 1 Thomson Park Drive, Cranberry Township, PA 16066, PreservationTechnologies, A World Leader in Paper Preservation]", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}, {"language": "fre", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1816", "subject": ["Belisarius, approximately 505-565", "Belisarius, approximately 505-565 -- Fiction"], "title": "Be\u0301lisaire", "creator": "Marmontel, Jean-Franc\u0327ois, 1723-1799", "lccn": "19000914", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST001385", "identifier_bib": "00220157970", "call_number": "6844185", "boxid": "00220157970", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "publisher": "Paris, Le Dentu", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "4", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2014-04-16 15:10:42", "updatedate": "2014-04-16 16:12:03", "updater": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "identifier": "belisaire00marm", "uploader": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "addeddate": "2014-04-16 16:12:05.971973", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "notes": "No copyright page found. No table-of-contents pages found.", "repub_seconds": "623", "ppi": "650", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "associate-ganzorig-purevee@archive.org", "scandate": "20140506121844", "republisher": "associate-phillip-gordon@archive.org", "imagecount": "274", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/belisaire00marm", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t0rr4gk80", "scanfee": "100", "invoice": "36", "sponsordate": "20140430", "curation": "[curator]associate-eliza-zhang@archive.org[/curator][date]20140507161129[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]199[/comment]", "backup_location": "ia905806_27", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1041051124", "openlibrary_work": "OL836472W", "openlibrary_edition": "OL6613651M", "oclc-id": "2072109", "description": "252 p. 14 cm", "republisher_operator": "associate-phillip-gordon@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20140506132802", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "66", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1816, "content": "I. Belisaire.\nImpremierie de J.-B. Imbert.\nBelisaire,\nBy Marmontel,\nOf the French Academy.\nI do not wonder, if when I seized the impetus to look at the magnanimous Wraiths, shining with some calm light. Seneca, deus videtis -\nPARIS.\nLE DENTU, LIBRAIRE,\nQUAI DES AUGUSTINS No. Si; ET A S S A \"M M\nPREFACE.\nI know, and I cannot hide that the fact on which this little work is based can be regarded rather as a popular opinion than as a historical truth. But this opinion has so prevailed, and the blind and begging Belisaire has become so familiar, that one scarcely thinks of him without painting him as I have.\nOn the rest, I have followed history faithfully, and Procopius was my guide. But I had no regard for that calumnious libel that is attributed to him.\nThis text appears to be in French and discusses the origins of a work called \"litre d'Anecdotes ou histoire s\u00e9cr\u00e8te,\" which is not attributed to Procopius. The text mentions that no writer between Procopius' time and five hundred years later spoke of these anecdotes, and that the first attribution to Procopius was made by Suidas in the eleventh century.\n\nHere is the cleaned text:\n\nIl n'est pour moi de toute \u00e9vidence que cet amas informe d'injures grossi\u00e8res et de fausset\u00e9s palpables, intitul\u00e9 \"litre d'Anecdotes ou histoire s\u00e9cr\u00e8te,\" n'est point de lui, mais de quelque d\u00e9clamateur aussi maladroit que m\u00e9chant. Aucun des \u00e9crivains du temps de Procope, aucun de ceux qui l'ont suivi dans l'intervalle de cinq cents ans, n'a parl\u00e9 de ces Anecdotes. Agathias, contemporain de Procope, en faisant r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 ses ouvrages, ne dit rien de celui-ci. On le tenait cach\u00e9, me diront-on; mais du moins, trois cents ans plus tard, il aurait d\u00fb \u00eatre public : le savant Photius l'aurait d\u00fb conna\u00eetre ; et il ne le connaissait pas. Suidas, \u00e9crivain du onzi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, est le premier qui l'a attribu\u00e9 \u00e0 Procope ; et le plus grand nombre de ses savants l'ont r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9 sans discussion.\n(i) Some have suspected he was from Caesarea. Mem, of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, in book 2u\n\nPREFACE. page 7\n\naccording to Suidas (i). However, some have doubted that this book was by 3rocope (a). Some even denied it; among them was Eichelius, in the preface and notes of his edition. He begins by showing that it is neither true nor credible that 3rocope was its author. Supposing he was, he adds that in such an outrageous, impudent, and absurd declaration, it would not be worthy of belief. What confuses me is that the illustrious author of The Spirit of the Laws gave some credence to such a manifestly spurious work. I know the weight of his authority, but it yields to evidence.\n\n(1) Vossius, Grotius, etc.\nThe father Combesils, La Mothe-le-Vayer, and others.\n\nPREFACE,\na man of state, esteemed in his century,\nfor the pleasure of defaming those who had\nshowered him with praises, wanted to defame himself,\nreducing posterity to the choice of regarding him\nas a bitter calumniator, or a cowardly flatterer?\nHow could one believe that a writer, hitherto so discerning,\nhad lost his senses and power to such a degree,\nas to want people to take him for a foolish and stupid man,\nfor a rustic imbecile?\nJustin, the wise and virtuous old man,\nwho, from the most obscure and lowest ranks of the militia,\nhad risen to the highest grades through his valor and talents,\nhad finally united the wishes of the senate, the people, and the armies,\nand had been elected emperor?\nHow could one believe that a man who had written\n(i) Insignis homo stolidus summus cum?\nThe text appears to be in Latin with some French interspersed. I will translate it into modern English while removing unnecessary characters and keeping the original content as much as possible.\n\ninfantidique et cum rusticite cotijunctae\nPREFACE, 9\nl'histoire de son temps avec tant d'honnetet\u00e9, de d\u00e9cence et de sagesse, ait pu dire de Justinien, qu'il \u00e9tait\nslow and plodding like a donkey, easily led by the reins,\nwhose ears were frequently turned.\n\nQuod verum non homo, sed, sub humana specie jura furiae visus fuisse Justinianus, documenta essent ingentia quibus affecit homines mala: quippe enim ex atrocitate facinorum authoris virium immanitas palam facta est.\n\n(Before this line, there is a reference to a man named Sallustius being slow and donkey-like, and his ears being frequently turned.)\n\nEo gravida antequam esset, quamdam demonii commercium.\n\nTranslation:\nIn infancy, and with rustic simplicity, it has been said of Justinian that he was\nslow and plodding, easily led like a donkey with reins,\nwhose ears were frequently turned.\n\nThe truth was not that he was a man, but rather a furious being, disguised under human appearance. The evidence of the great harm he inflicted on men is clear: indeed, the cruelty of his deeds revealed the immense power of their author.\n\nBefore she was pregnant, she had dealings with a demon.\ngeniispeciem ad se ventitasse > qu\u0153 non ad vi- \nsum% sed ad conl\u00e2clmn se pr\u0153berel, accubaret- \nquesibi, et quasi maritus se conjugeminireL \nio PREFACE. \neue la m\u00e9moire de^kous les \u00e2ges n'en \navoit jamais rassembl\u00e9 de pareils , ni \nen si grand nombre (1)? Le moyeu \nde croire qu'apr\u00e8s avoir fait de B\u00e9- \nlisaire un h\u00e9ros accompli , triomphant \net combl\u00e9 de gloire^ il ait os\u00e9 le don- \nner ensuite pour un m\u00e9chant imb\u00e9- \ncile , m\u00e9pris\u00e9 de tout le monde > et \nbafou\u00e9 comme un fou (2) ; et cela \ndans le temps de sa plus grande gloire 7 \nlorsqu'il fut charg\u00e9 de sauver l'empire, \nen chassant les Huns de la Thrace? \nCeux qui, dans le grec des Anec- \ndotes, ont cru reconno\u00eetre le style de \nProcope, y ont-ils reconnu son bon \nsens? Je le suppose ingrat, m\u00e9chant, \nfurieux contre ses bienfaiteurs 5 est- \nce par des d\u00e9clamations pu\u00e9riles qu'il \n(1) ls demumfuit Romanis Lot tantor unique \nThe author of evils, as none of the superior ages have related, not how great they were, (2) for this reason the word is scorned by all and laughed at as if mad. Procopius himself wanted to retract his praises and the facts upon which they were based? The historian Procopius would have amused himself in proving that Justinien and his ministers were not men, but demons, who under human figures had overthrown the earth. I scarcely believe this ineptitude of his, when all the writers of his time testified to it; much less do I believe it on the equivocal testimony of a single man who lived five hundred years after him.\n\nI have therefore only seen Procopius in his authentic history. It is there that I have consulted him; it is there that I have taken the character of my hero, his mode of expression.\ndestiny, son of bont\u00e9, his kindness, affability,\n(i) Never have humans appeared to me,\nsrd pernicious demons, human forms,\nquasi semi-humans, raging furies,\nso they have convulsed the entire world's orb,\n\nPREFACE,\nhis benevolence, his extreme simplicity,\nabove all, the human essence that was the foundation of his virtues,\nand which made him adored by peoples,\nJerat addressed the Bisanitans' citizens daily in the forum of Btlisarium,\n\nhis pulchritude and magnanimity adorned his body,\nmoreover, he was humble, benign, and approachable,\nand he displayed an easygoing demeanor to all,\nso that he seemed like a man of the lowest social rank to the humblest of men,\n\ntowards his own soldiers he incited the others with munificence,\ntowards farmers, country folk,\nhe was so indulgent and provident towards them,\nthat with Belisarius leading the army,\nthey would not endure any violence from them.\n\nAdditionally, when maturing in the fields,\nthe Setes were so treated.\nIn the aging of Justinian, the Empire, exhausted by long efforts, approached its decay. Neglected were all parts of administration: laws were forgotten, finances were plundered, military discipline was abandoned. The emperor, weary of war, bought peace from all sides with gold, and idled the few troops remaining to him as useless and burdensome to the state.\n\nThe commanders of these neglected troops dissipated themselves in pleasures and hunting, which recalled the war and charmed the idleness of their leisure.\n\nOne evening, after this exercise, a few of them supped together in Belisaire's house.\nat the Ch\u00e2teau de la Tlirace, when it was said that an old blind man, led by a child, asked for hospitality. Youth was compassionate; they let him in. It was autumn; the cold, which was already felt, had seized him: they made him sit near the fire. The supper continued for five hours; spirits grew dimmer; they began to speak of the State's misfortunes. It was a vast field for criticism; and vanity, discontented, gave itself free rein. Each one exaggerated what he had done and what he would have done if his services and talents had not been forgotten. All the misfortunes of the Empire, as they believed, came from not having employed men like them. They governed the world while drinking, and each new cup of wine made their judgments more infallible.\n\nThe old man, sitting by the fire, watched them.\n\u00e9coutoit et sourioit avec piti\u00e9. L'un d'eux \ns'en aper\u00e7ut , et lui dit : Bon homme , \nvous avez l'air de trouver plaisant ce que \n\u00efious disons l\u00e0? Plaisant 1 non , dit ie vieilw \nCHAPITRE I. ifr \nlard , mais un peu l\u00e9ger , comme il est \nnaturel \u00e0 votre \u00e2ge. Cette r\u00e9ponse les in- \nterdit. Yous croyez avoir \u00e0 vous plaindre, \npoursuivit-il , et je crois , comme vous , \nqu'on a tort de vous n\u00e9gliger 5 mais c'est le \nplus petit mal du monde. Plaignez-vous de \nce que l'Empire n'a plus sa force et sa \nsplendeur , de ce qu'un prince consume de \nsoins , de veilles et d'ann\u00e9es , est oblig\u00e9 , \npourvoir et pour agir , d'employer des yeux \net des mains infid\u00e8les. Mais dans cette cala- \nmit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale , c'est bien la peine d\u00e9penser \n\u00e0 vous ! Dans votre temps, reprit l'an des \nconvives, cen'\u00e9toit donc pas l'usage de pen-* \nser \u00e0 soi? H\u00e9 bien, la mode en est venue, et \nThe old man no longer does that. Too bad, said the old man, and if it is indeed the case, we render you justice by neglecting you. Is it to insult people, he asked, to invite them to hospitality? I do not insult you at all, said the old man. 5 I speak to you as a friend, and I pay for my shelter by telling you the truth. The young Tibere, who had been a virtuous emperor since then, was among the pursuers. He was struck by the venerable air of this elevated man, an old man blind and white-haired. We meet you here, he said to him, with wisdom but with a little rigor. The devotion you demanded is a virtue, but not a sign of weakness. It is a duty of your state, replied the old man firmly, or rather the foundation of your duties and all military virtue. He who devotes himself to his country must consider it inviolable; for what he demands is a duty.\nThe price for her is priceless. He should even expect to find her ungrateful, for if the sacrifice he makes for her is not generous, he would be foolish. Only the love of glory and the enthusiasm of virtue are worthy of you. And then, what does it matter how your services are received? The reward is independent of the whims of a minister and the discernment of a sovereign. Let the soldier be attracted by the base allure of plunder; let him expose himself to danger to live; I understand. But you, born into abundance, who have only to live to enjoy and renounce the delights of a soft idleness, do you consider this noble devotion insufficient to demand that it be paid? Do you not think it demeaning? Who-\nA person who expects a salary is a slave: the great price makes no difference. The soul that values itself would be just as mercenary as the one that sells itself for an obol. I speak of interest as I speak of ambition, for honors, titles, credit, the prince's favor, all that is a wage, and he who demands it is paid. One is an act of freedom, the other an act of servitude: there is no middle ground. You must choose the one that suits you. Indeed, good man, you put the sovereigns at their ease! If I spoke to the sovereigns, I would tell them that if your duty is to be generous, they should also be just. - You acknowledge then that it is just to reward services? - Yes, but it is for the one who received them to do so.\n\"pens\u0435\u0440: it is worse for him if he forgets them. And who among us is sure of himself in weighing his own affairs? For instance, in your state, for all to believe that everything comes from Belisaxre, placed and contented, it would be necessary that each one commands, and that no one obeys - or, that is hardly possible. Believe me, the government can sometimes lack light and equity; but it is still more just and enlightened in its choices if each of you does not judge for himself. And who are you to speak to us thus? said the young master of the castle. I am Belisaire, replied the old man.\"\n\n\"imagine, in the name of Belisaire, in the name of this hero so often victorious in the three parts of the world, what astonishment and confusion there would be\"\nyoung men. The immobility, the silence oppressed them first with the respect they felt; none dared lift their eyes to him. O great man! said Tib\u00e8re finally, that fortune is unjust and cruel! What! you, to whom the empire owed its glory and prosperity for thirty years, it is you whom they dare accuse of rebellion and treason, you whom they have dragged in chains, deprived of light! And it is you who come to give us lessons in devotion and zeal! And who would dare to give such lessons to you, said Belisaire. Slaves of favor? What shame, exclaimed Tib\u00e8re! Ah, what an excess of ingratitude, continued Tib\u00e9rice. I would not believe the future. It is true, said Belisaire, that I was taken by surprise: I did not think I was so mistreated. But I counted on dying.\nA servant of the state: whether dead or blind, it amounts to the same. When I dedicated myself to my country, I did not exclude my eyes. What pleases me most is light and life, and my reputation and above all my virtue is not in the power of my persecutors. What I have done may be erased from the memory of the court, but it will not be from the memory of men; and when it should be, I will remember it, and that is enough. The guests, penetrated with admiration, pressed the hero to take his seat at the table. No, they said to him, at my age, the good place is by the fire. They wanted to make him accept the best bed in the castle, but he wanted only straw. I have slept more poorly sometimes, he said: take care of this child who conducts me, and who is more delicate than I.\n\nThe next day Belisarius departed, immediately.\njour put \u00e9clairer son guide, et avant le r\u00e9veil de ses h\u00f4tes, que la chasse avait fait g\u00e2t\u00e9s. Instruits de son d\u00e9part, ils voulaient le suivre et lui offrir un char commode, avec tous les secours dont il aurait besoin.\n\nCela est inutile, dit le jeune Tib\u00e8re; il ne nous estime pas assez pour daigner accepter nos dons.\n\nC'\u00e9tait sur l'\u00e2me de ce jeune homme que l'extr\u00eame vertu, dans l'extr\u00eame malheur, avait fait le plus d'impression. Non, dit-il \u00e0 un de ses amis qui approchait de l'empereur, non jamais ce tableau, jamais les paroles de ce vieillard s'effaceront de mon \u00e2me. En humiliant-m'il m'a fait sentir combien il me restait \u00e0 faire, si je voulais jamais \u00eatre un homme. Ce r\u00e9cit vint \u00e0 l'oreille de Justinien, qui voulut parier sur Tib\u00e8re.\n\nTib\u00e8re, apr\u00e8s avoir rendu fid\u00e8lement ce qui s'\u00e9tait pass\u00e9 ; Il est impossible ajouta-t-il.\nLord, if such a great soul had been involved in the plot of which she is accused; if my life were worthy of vouching for her virtue, I would answer. But I wish to see and hear her, said Justinien, without being known to him. It is too easy. Since he has left his prison, he cannot be far; follow his traces, try to lure him into your country house. I will secretly go there myself.\n\nTiberius received this order with excitement, and the very next day he set out on the same road Belisarius had taken.\n\nCHAPTER II.\n\nMeanwhile, Belisarius was making his way towards a old ruined castle where his family awaited him. He had forbidden his conductor to name him on the road, but the air of nobility spreading over his face and his entire person was enough to identify him.\nArrived in the evening at a village, his guide stopped at the door of a house which, though simple, had some appearance. The master of the house returned with a hoe in hand. The port, the features of this old man fixed his attention. He asked what I was. I am an old soldier, Belisaire replied. A soldier, said the villager! And that is your reward! It's the greatest misfortune of a sovereign, said B\u00e9lisaire, not to be able to pay for all the blood shed for him. This response moved the villager's heart. He offered asylum to the old man. \"I present to you,\" he said to his wife, \"a travel-worn man who bears courageously the most severe test of virtue.\" \"My companion,\" he added, \"do not be ashamed of your state before a woman who knows suffering. Rest.\"\n\nChapter II.\nA sturdy man, who bears courageously the most severe test of virtue.\nMy comrade, he continued, do not be ashamed of your state before a woman who knows suffering. Rest.\nvous: nous allons souper. En attendant, dites-moi, je vous prie, dans quelles guerres HAVE you served? I have fought the Italian war against the Goths, the war in Asia against the Persians, the war in Africa against the Vandals and the Moors.\n\nA these last words, the villager could not hold back a deep sigh. Thus, he said, you have fought all of Belisaire's campaigns! \u2014 We have not parted ways.\u2014 What an excellent man! What elegance of soul! What honesty! Is he alive? For in my solitude, there are more than twenty-five years since I have heard speak of him about anything.\u2014 He is alive. \u2014 Ah! may the heavens bless and prolong his days! \u2014 If he could hear your wishes for him! \u2014 And how is it said that he is at court, reigning supreme? adored without a doubt H\u00e9ias to you, Belisaire.\nYou know that envy is attached to prosperity--Ah, the emperor must be careful not to incur the enemies of this great man. It is the guardian genius and avenger of his empire. He is indeed very old! Yet he will be in the councils, just as he was in the armies, and his wisdom, if one listens to him, may still be more useful than his valor. Where is he known from? He summoned Belisarius. Let us sit down, said the villager. What you ask me leads too far.\n\nBelisarius had no doubt that his host was some officer from his armies boasting of himself. This officer, during the supper, asked him details about the wars in Italy and the East, without mentioning that of Africa. Belisarius, through simple responses, fully satisfied him. Drink, said his host, towards the end of the meal.\n\"You spoke of my general's health; may the sky do him as much good as he has done me harm! - He? replied Belisarius, he has done you harm! - He did his duty, and I have no cause for complaint. But, my friend, you will see that I have learned to pity the unfortunate. Since you have campaigned in Africa, you have seen King Gelimer of the Vandals, led in triumph to Constantinople by Belisarius, with his wife and children. It is this Gelimer who gives you refuge, and with whom you have supper. Gelimer, exclaimed Belisarius! And the emperor did not treat you more worthy! He had promised. - He kept his word; he offered me dignities, but I did not want them. When one has been king, and ceases to be, there is no compensation.\"\n\"Que le repos et l'obscurit\u00e9. \u2014Vous G\u00e9limer!\n\u2014 Oui! c'est moi-m\u00eame qu'on assi\u00e9gea,\ns'il vous en souvient, sur la montagne de Papua.\nJ'y souffris des maux inouis (2).\nL'hiver, la famine, le spectacle effroyable\nde tout un peuple r\u00e9duit au d\u00e9sespoir, et pr\u00eat \u00e0 d\u00e9vorer ses enfants et ses femmes, l'in-\n(1) Celle de Patrice.\n(l*) Vid. Pr\u00e9cop. de Belle Vandalico, L. IL B\u00c9LISAIRE,\niatiable vigilance du bon Pharas, qui, \u00e9tant assi\u00e9geant, ne cessa de me conjurer\nd'avoir pitie de moi-m\u00eame et des miens; enfin, majest\u00e9 confiance en la vertu de votre g\u00e9n\u00e9ral,\nme fit lui rendre les armes.\nAvec quel air simple et modeste il me re\u00e7ut!\nQuels devoirs il me fit rendre! Quels ni\u00e9-\nnagements, quels respects il eut lui-m\u00eame\npour mon malheur! Il y a bient\u00f4t six lustres que je vis dans cette solitude.\nIl ne s'est pas \u00e9coul\u00e9 un jour que je n'ai fait\"\n\n(1) Note: The text appears to be incomplete and contains several missing words or phrases, as indicated by the use of ellipses (\"...\") and parentheses (\"(\" and \")\"). It is also written in an older form of French, with some unfamiliar abbreviations and spelling variations. However, based on the available context, it appears to be a first-person account of someone who was besieged on a mountain in Papua and was eventually persuaded to surrender by the besieging general's compassion and faith in his own virtue. The text also references a work called \"Pr\u00e9cop. de Belle Vandalico, L. IL B\u00c9LISAIRE,\" but it is unclear what this work is or how it relates to the text. Without further context or information, it is not possible to clean or translate the text fully and accurately. Therefore, the text as it stands is the best that can be output without making significant assumptions or alterations.\n\n(2) Note: The number \"2\" appears to be missing a following word or phrase, likely indicating the type or severity of the \"maux inouis\" (unusual suffering or hardships) that the speaker experienced during the siege. Without further context or information, it is not possible to determine what this missing word or phrase might be.\nI. Belisaire recognized the philosophy there, said Belisaire, the one that on the mountain where you suffered so much made you sing your misfortunes, number five, that made you smile with disdain, appearing before Belisaire; and on the day of his triumph, it made you keep the unyielding countenance that surprised the emperor. My comrade, replied Gelamer, strength and weakness of mind depend greatly on the way one sees things. I have felt courage and constancy only since I have regarded all this as a game of chance. I have been the most voluptuous of earth's kings; and from the depths of my palaces, where I swam in delights, in the arms of luxury and softness, I passed suddenly into the Maurean caves where I lay on straw, living on coarse grain.\n\"SIMENT pil\u00e9 et \u00e0 demi cuit sous la cendre, r\u00e9duit \u00e0 un tel exc\u00e8s de mis\u00e8re, qu'un pain que l'ennemi m'envoya par pitie fut un pr\u00e9sent inestimable. De l\u00e0 je tombai dans les fers, et fus promen\u00e9 en triomphe. Apr\u00e8s cela, vous me reconna\u00eetrez que il faut mourir de douleur, ou s'\u00e9lever au-dessus des caprices de la fortune.\n\nVous avez dans votre sagesse, lui dit Belisaire, bien des motifs de consolation ; mais je vous en promets un nouveau avant de nous s\u00e9parer.\n\nChacun d'eux, apr\u00e8s cet entretien, alla se livrer au sommeil.\n\nG\u00e9limer, d\u00e8s le point du jour, avant d'aller, find all the soft and delicate Marusii, those most wretched of men, there, at BELISAIRE,\n\n1er cultiver son jardin, vint voir si l'vieillard avait bien repos\u00e9. Il le trouva debout, son b\u00e2ton \u00e0 la main, pr\u00eat \u00e0 se remettre en forme.\"\nQuoi! He told him, you don't want to give your guests a few days? It's impossible, replied Belisaire. I have a wife and a daughter who pine for my absence. Farewell, make no show on what remains for me to say to you: this poor blind man, this old soldier, Belisaire will never forget the welcome he received from you.\n\nWhat do you say? Who! Belisaire!\nIt's Belisaire who embraces you!\nJust heaven! exclaimed G\u00e9limer, lost and out of himself! Belisaire, in his old age, Belisaire the blind is abandoned! They have done worse, said the old man. In giving him over to human pity, they began by gouging out his eyes. Ah! cried G\u00e9limer with a cry of pain and fear, is it possible? And what monsters?\n\nThe envious, said Belisaire. They accused me of aspiring to the throne.\nWhen I only thought of the tomb, they were accused of me, I was put in irons. The people finally revolted and demanded my deliverance. It was necessary to yield to the people; but in rendering me free, they deprived me of light. Justinien Pavois had ordered this. I served him with great zeal and love. I still love him and grieve for his being besieged by wicked men who dishonor his old age. But all my constancy abandoned me when I learned that he himself had pronounced the sentence. Those who were to execute it lacked courage. My tormentors fell at my feet. \"Give me your steps, G\u00e9limer, these last moments of such a beautiful life,\" he said.\nB\u00e9lisaire: \"For me, Belisaire said, a sweet consolation is this, but I must be with my family. I am going to die in their arms. Farewell.\n\nG\u00e9limer embraced him, watered him with his tears, and could not tear himself away. At last he was forced to let him go. \"Prosperity! Prosperity!\" he cried, \"who can trust in you? The hero, the just, the wise Belisaire! Ah, but it is just in tending his garden that one must be happy. And all the while he said these words, the king of the Vandals took up his hoe again.\n\nCHAPTER III.\n\nBelisaire approached the asylum where his family awaited him, when a new incident made him fear being kept away forever. The neighboring peoples of Thrace did not cease to raid it, and a party of Bulgarians was penetrating it when the news spread that Belisaire, deprived of the imperial power, was there.\nvue had been released from prison and was grieving, begging to reunite with his family. The Bulgarian prince saw the advantage of having such a great man with him, not doubting that in his sorrow, he would eagerly employ all means to recover. The prince knew the route Belisarius had taken, and with a few of his men, they followed him. Towards evening, Belisarius was abducted. They had to give in to their violence and mount a beautiful horse that had been brought for him. Two Bulgarians escorted him; one had taken his young guide on the horse with him. You can trust us, they told him. The valiant prince who sends us honors your virtues and laments your misfortune. And what does he want with me? asked Belisarius. He wants, the barbarians told him, to make you drink the blood of your enemies. Ah, leave me without that, Belisarius pleaded.\nThe old man's cruel mercy torments me. I desire only to die in peace in the embrace of my family, yet you lead me away. Where are you taking me? I am exhausted from fatigue and require rest. You are told to rest at your ease, unless the master of the neighboring castle is not on guard and is not the strongest. This castle was the pleasure house of an old courtier named Bessas. After commanding in the siege of Rome and inflicting the most horrible atrocities there, he retired with ten thousand talents. Bessas was ordered to be punished according to the laws, but, as he had many supporters at court who did not like the close examination of things, he was not pursued and was free to live in opulence and idleness on his lands.\nTwo Bulgarians who had been sent to investigate returned to report that in this castle there were only feasts and rejoicings, and that they spoke only of Belisarius' misfortune. Bessas had wanted to celebrate it as a heavenly vengeance. \"Ah, the coward!\" exclaimed the Bulgarians. \"He won't enjoy his misfortune for long.\"\n\nUpon their arrival, Bessas was at the table, surrounded by his flatterers, singing his praises. He declared in his verses that the sky had taken care of him, condemning his accuser never to see the light again. What a striking miracle, added the flatterer, and what a triumph for his innocence! The sky is just, said Bessas, and soon or later the Medes will be punished. He spoke the truth. At that very moment,\nBulgares, with swords in hand, enter the castle courtyard, leaving some soldiers around Belisaire, and penetrate with terrible cries into the feasting hall. Besas paled, was troubled, and trembled. All the convives were struck with a similar terror. Instead of defending themselves, they fell to their knees and begged for mercy. They were seized, dragged to where Belisaire was. Besas, in the light of the torches, saw an old man on horseback; he recognized him, extended his arms to him, and cried out, \"Mercy and pity!\" The old man, moved, beseeched the Bulgares to spare him and his men. No mercy for the wicked, replied the chief. It was the signal for the carnage: Besas and his guests were all throatslashed. Immediately, their servants, who believed they were being summoned to the ordeal, were brought in.\nLivez, he said the same, and come to us, Wvir, for we are your masters. Then the troop sat down, and Belisaire was seated in Bessas' place. Belisaire could not help admiring the revolving fortunes. But what came next afflicted him. Companions, Belisaire said to the Bulgarians, you give me a mortal blow in making the blood of my compatriots flow around me. Bessas was an inhuman avarice: I have seen him in Rome starve the people and sell bread by the weight of gold? Without pity for the unfortunate who had nothing to pay for their lives. The sky punished him; I only regret that he deserved his fate; But this carnage, done in my name, is a stain on my glory. Or make me move, or grant me the promise that nothing like this will happen as long as I am among you.\nThey promised him to attend to their own defense; but the castle of Bessas was pillaged by the Bulgarians after five days, and having spent the night there, they, laden with plunder, set out with Belisarius. Their general, elated to see him arrive in his camp, came before him and said, \"Come, my father, come and see if it is we who are the barbarians. All has abandoned you in your homeland, but among us you will find friends and avengers. In saying these words, he led him by the hand, invited him to rest in his tent, and ordered that everyone respect his sleep.\" In the evening, after a sumptuous banquet at which the name of Belisarius was celebrated by all the chieftains of the barbarian camp, the king retired with him: \"I do not need,\" he said.\nHe told me, \"Make you feel the atrocity of the injury you received. The crime is horrible. Lie the fifth, the scaffold should be. It is under the ruins of your old tyrant's throne and palace, under the debris of his burning city, where it should be buried with all its complexities. Be my guide, learn from me, old, merciful man, how to overcome them and come to me. They have not taken the light of your soul, the eyes of your wisdom from you; you know the means to surprise and force them into their walls. Retreat beyond the seas, the boundaries of their empire; and if, in the one we are going to found, you share the second rank with me, I consent to all the honors of the supreme rank; and let the tyrant of Byzantium, before expiring under our blows, see you enter once more on a triumphal chariot.\" You want to, him?\nBeaujasais replied after a silence, \"Have I then been right to make me go blind? It has been a long time, lord, that Beaujasais refused crowns. Carthage and Italy offered them to me. I was in the age of ambition. I saw myself already persecuted. Yet I remained faithful to my prince and my country. The same duty that bound me still existed, and nothing could have released me. In giving my faith to the emperor, I hoped that he would be just; but I did not reserve for myself, if he was not, neither the right to defend myself nor to avenge myself. Do not expect anything from me against him, no revolt or betrayal. And how could you make me a perjurer? What use would a old man, deprived of light, and whose soul itself had lost its strength and activity be to you? Your enterprise is above me, perhaps above you yourself. In...\"\nle rel\u00e2chement des reports d\u00f4 l'empire ? \nCHAPITRE II \u00ef. Zf \nil vous paroft foible 5 il n'est que languis^ \nsant ; et pour le relever , pour ranimer ses \nforces , il seroit peut-\u00eatre \u00e0 souhaiter pour, \nlui qu'on entrepr\u00eet ce que vous m\u00e9ditez\u00bb \nCette ville , que vous croyez facile \u00e0 sur- \nprendre , est pleine d'un peuple aguerri 5 \net quels hommes encore il auroit \u00e0 sa t\u00eate 1 \nSi le vieux B\u00e9lisaire est au rang des morts> \nNars\u00e8s est vivant 5 Nars\u00e8s a pour rivaux \nde gloire M un dus , Herm\u00e8s , Salomon , efe \ntant d'autres qui ne respirent que les com- \nbats. Non, croyez-moi, n'attendez que du \ntemps la ruine de cet empire. Vous y ferez; \nquelques ravages } mais c'est la guerre des \nbrigands $ et votre ame est digne de con~ \ncevoir une ambition plus noble et plus \njuste. Justinien ne demande plus que des \nalli\u00e9s et des amis ; il n'est point de rois que \nces titles should not honor you, and it depends on you.... No, replied the Bulgarian, I shall never be the friend or ally of a man who owes you everything and blinded your eyes. Do you want to reign with me, be the soul of my counsel and the genius of my armies? That is what it's about between us. My life and it's in your hands, said Belisarius, but I cannot be torn from my sovereign lord and, if in my state I could be useful to him, even against you, he would be assured of me during the times of my prosperities. That is a strange virtue, said the Bulgarian! Alas, wretched people, to whom it appears strange! And do you not see that it is the foundation of all discipline, that no man in any state is judge and avenger of himself, and that each one should reprimand himself?\ndoit arbitrer in his own cause, he would have as many rebels as he would have discontents? You, who invite me to punish my sovereign for being unjust, do you give your soldiers the right that you have not granted them? The Bulgarians say so! They have it without my giving it to them, but it is fear that keeps them. And our lord, it is virtue, says Belisarius, and such is the advantage of the mores of a civilized people over the mores of an uncivilized one. I am going to speak to you with the frankness of a man who hopes for nothing and fears nothing. To what subjects do you command? Their only resource is war, and this war, where they are nourished, makes them neglect all the ties of peace, abandon all the riches of labor and industry, trample underfoot all the laws of peace.\nnature et de l'\u00e9quit\u00e9, et chercher dans la destruction une subsistance incertaine. Pensez avec effroi, seigneur, que, pour ravager nos campagnes, il faut laisser v\u00f4tres sans laboureurs et sans moissons; que, pour nourrir une portion de l'humanit\u00e9, il faut en \u00e9gorger une autre; et votre peuple lui-m\u00eame arrose de son sang les pays qu'il vient d\u00e9soler. H\u00e9 quoi! la guerre, dit Je Bulgare, n'est-elle pas chez vous la m\u00eame? Non, dit Belisaire, et le t\u00fbt de nos armes, c'est la paix apr\u00e8s la victoire, et la felicit\u00e9 pour gage de la paix. Il est ais\u00e9, dit le Bulgare, d'\u00eatre g\u00e9n\u00e9reux quand on est le plus fort. N'en parlons plus. J'honore en toi, illustre et malheureux vieillard, cette fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 divine. Repose pr\u00e8s de moi cette nuit dans ma tente. Tu diras demain o\u00f9 tu veux que je te faire remettre. O\u00f9'on m'a pris,\n\nBelisaire.\nBelisaire slept peacefully. The king of the Bulgarians, taking leave of the hero, wanted to shower him with presents. \"This is the treasure of my country you offer me,\" Belisaire said. \"You would blush for me to see me wearing it.\" He accepted only what would sustain him and his guide on the road, and the same escort returned him to where they had met.\n\nCHAPTER IV.\n\nHe was only twelve miles from the castle where his family had retired, but, weary from a long journey, he asked his young guide if he saw any village where they could rest. \"I see one, five leagues away,\" the guide replied. \"Let us go there.\" \"No, I would expose myself to being plundered by those people,\" the hero replied, and he sent his escort away.\n\nCHAPTER IV. 41\n\nArrived at the village, he was surprised to hear...\nA poor man and his family approached Belisaire. A old man stepped forward and addressed Belisaire, \"Can we know who you are, sir?\" Belisaire replied, \"I am a poor man, not a lord.\" The old man persisted, \"A poor man, alas, that is what confuses us if it is true that you are Belisaire.\" Belisaire said to his friend, \"Speak softly and if my misery moves you, give me shelter.\" The man felt his knees touched as he spoke these words, but he quickly raised himself and was led under Belisaire's humble roof.\n\nThe farmer addressed his two daughters and son, \"Children, fall at the feet of this hero.\"\nHe is the one who saved us from the ravages of the Huns. Without him, our roof that we live under would have been reduced to ashes. You, you would have seen your father beheaded and your children enslaved: you owe him more than life. Respect him even more in the state you see him. Cry for your country.\n\nBelerian, moved to the depths of his soul to hear around him this reconciling family, filling him with blessings, responded only by pressing in turn in his arms the father and the children.\n\nLord, the two women said to him, receive also into your embrace these two innocents whom you are the second father. We will remind them without cease of the happiness they had of kissing their liberator.\nThe text appears to be in French and is written in an old-fashioned style. I will translate it into modern English and remove unnecessary elements.\n\nde recevoir ses caresses. Aces mots, l'une et l'autre m\u00e8re lui pr\u00e9senta son fils, le mit sur ses genoux. Les deux enfants, riant au h\u00e9ros et lui tendant leurs faibles mains, semblaient aussi lui rendre gr\u00e2ces. Ah ! dit Belisaire \u00e0 ces bons gens, me trouve-vous-vous encore \u00e0 plaindre ? Et croyez-vous qu'il y ait au monde en ce moment un mortel plus heureux que moi? Mais, dites-moi, qui m'a fait conna\u00eetre? Hier, lui dit CHAPITRE IV. 43 un p\u00e8re de famille, un jeune seigneur nous demanda si nous n'avions pas vu passer un vieillard qu'il nous d\u00e9peignit. Nous lui r\u00e9pond\u00eemes que non. He bien, veillez \u00e0 son passage, et dites-lui que l'un ami l'attend dans le lieu o\u00f9 il doit se rendre. Il manque de tout; aidez-le, je vous prie, \u00e0 pourvoir \u00e0 tous ses besoins. \u00c0 mon retour, je le reconna\u00eetrai que vous avez fait\n\nTranslation:\n\nThe heroes received their caresses. Aces words, one mother after another presented their son to him, placed him on his knees. The two children, smiling at the hero and offering their weak hands to him, seemed to thank him as well. Ah! said Belisaire to these good people, do you still find reasons to complain? Don't you think there is anyone happier than me in the world? But tell me, who introduced me? Yesterday, he, Chapter IV. 43, a family father, a young lord asked us if we had seen an old man pass by whom he described. We told him no. He well, watch out for his passage, and tell him that a friend awaits him in the place where he must go. He is in need; help him, I beg you, to meet all his needs. When I return, I will recognize that you have helped him.\nWe replied to him that each of us was occupied, either with farm work or household chores, and that we didn't have the leisure to attend to his needs. Quit therefore, he said, rather than failing to render this old man what we owed him. It is your defender, your liberator, Belisarius himself that I recommend to you, and he told us of your misfortunes. At this name, which is so dear to us, judge our eagerness. My son kept watch all night to await his general, having had the honor of serving under your banners when you liberated Thrace. My daughters were at the door as soon as day broke. In the end, we are in your possession. Speak now of us, of our ties; they are known to all. The young lord who awaits you will offer you more, but not this.\n\n44 BELISAIRE\n\nPosition of our links; they are known to all. The young lord who awaits you will offer you more, but not this.\nThe best heart we have. While the father spoke thus, the son, standing before the hero, looked at him with a thoughtful air, hands joined, head bowed, consternation, pity, and respect on his face. My friend, said Belisarius to the old man, I thank you for your steadfast will. I have means to reach my asylum; but tell me, are you as happy as kind? Your son served under me; I am interested in him. Is he wise? Is he dull? Is he a good husband and father? He replied, the old man, softened, my consolation and joy. He retired from service at the death of his elder brother, covered with honorable wounds; he relieves me in my labors; he is the support of my old age. He married the daughter of my friend under heaven's blessing. He is lively; but his wife is...\nEst douce. My daughter, see here? She is not happier. I gave her a young, wise, and good husband whom she loves and is loved by. All of that is worth envying, and it gives me little grandchildren in whom I see myself revived. I approach my tomb with less regret, thinking that they will still love me and bless me when I am no longer. Ah! My friend, Belisarius said to him, I envy you! I had two sons, my greatest hope: I saw them die at my side. In my old age, I am left with only one, alas! Too sensitive for her misfortune and mine. But praise be to heaven! My two children are dead in battle for the fatherland. These last words of the hero tore at the heart of the young man who listened to him.\n\nWe served a rustic meal: Belisarius.\nThe rejoicing spread, making these good people feel the price of their obscure existence. It is, he said, the most miserable, yet least envied, state, for true goods are scarcely known to men. During this repast, the son of the house, BELISAIRE, mute and pensive, had fixed his eyes on BELISAIRE. The older man, who recalled your campaigns, said, \"This is my son. He gazes at you with burning eyes. He is troubled, the hero said, to recognize his general. \"We have done all we could to make him unrecognizable,\" the young man said, \"but his soldiers have recognized him too well.\"\n\nWhen BELISAIRE took his leave of his hosts:\n\n\"My general,\" said the same, \"permit me.\"\n\"moi you accompany a few steps further. And once they were on their way, he said to him, Soffrez, your guide leads us; I have to speak to you without witness. I am unworthy, my general, of the pitiful state to which you have been reduced. It is a shameful example of ingratitude and cowardice. II I feel shame for my country: and although I was once proud, I am now ashamed to have shed blood for it. I hate the places where I was born, and I look upon the children I have brought into the world with pity. He, my little one, said the hero to the villager, in what country does one never see good people victimized by the Medians? No, replied the villager, there is no such thing. There is something inexplicable in your misfortune. Tell me, who is its author?\"\n\"mon p\u00e8re, et je vais arracher le c\u0153ur au tra\u00eetre, ah! mon enfant, cried Belisaire, holding him in his arms. Pity blinds and confuses me. I, I would be worthy of all the suffering they have inflicted on me. To soothe your father and nurse your children, you have abandoned the defense of your country, and for an expiring old man, to whom your zeal is useless, you want to abandon your father and children! Tell me, do you think that bathing in the blood of my enemies restored my youth and sight? I would be happier if you were criminal!\" said the young Belisaire, number 48.\n\nman, is the terrible death of a wicked man worth it to me? No, but at least, he replied the young Belisaire.\n\"forgive those who resemble him, for I will take him, if necessary, at the foot of the throne or of the altars, and plunging the sword into his breast, I will cry: Oesi Belisaire, I avenge. And by what right would I avenge myself on you? asked the old man in a more commanding tone. Is it I who gave you this right that I do not possess myself? Do you want to usurp it according to the laws? Let them exercise it, replied the young man. But since they abandon the innocent and virtuous man and shield the guilty, and leave crime unpunished, it is necessary to renounce them, to break away from them and return to our original rights. My friend, replied Belisaire, this is the excuse of the brigands. A just man, an honest man, groans to see the laws yield; but he groans even more to see them violate with impunity.\"\nLeur foiblesse est un mal, mais un mal pas- \nsager$ et leur destruction seroit une calami- \nt\u00e9 durable. Tu veux effrayer les m\u00e9chans \\ \net tu vas leur donner l'exemple ! Ah ! bon \njeune homme, veux-tu rendre odieux le \nchapitre ir: 4si \nnoble sentiment que j'ai pu t'insp\u00eerer? Fe- \nras-tu d\u00e9tester cette piti\u00e9 si tendre ? Au \nnom del\u00e0 vertu, que tu ch\u00e9ris, je te conjure \nde ne pas la d\u00e9shonorer. Qu'il ne soit pas \ndit que son z\u00e8le ait arm\u00e9 et conduit la \nmain d'un furieux. \nSi c'\u00e9toit moi , dit le soldat , qu'on e\u00fbt \ntrait\u00e9 si cruellement, je me sentirois peut- \n\u00eatre le courage de le souffrir, mais un grand \nhomme ! mais B\u00e9lisaire! .... Non, je ne puis \nle pardonner. Je le pardonne bien , moi y \ndit le h\u00e9ros. Quel autre int\u00e9r\u00eat que le mien \npeut t'animer \u00e0 ma vengeance? Et si j'y \nrenonce , est-ce \u00e0 toi d'aller plus loin que \nje ne veux? Apprends que si j'avois voulu \n\"Laver mon injure, peoples would arm themselves to serve my resentment. I obeyed my destiny; imitate me: do not think you know better than Belisaire what is honest and legitimate - there, and if you have the courage to face death, keep this virtue for your prince and country. With these words, the ardor of the young man fell like it was stifled by astonishment and pity. Pardon me, Belisaire, said he? 50 BEL ISAIRE\n\nMy general, an outburst that I regret. The excess of your misfortunes has revolted my soul. In condemning my zeal, you must forgive it. I do more, replied Belisaire, I esteem it, as the effect of a strong and generous soul. Allow me to direct it. Your family needs you; I want you to live for it. But it is to your children that the enemies of Belisaire should be recommended.\"\nArdor; I respond that my children will hate me from the cradle. My enemies, the hero said, are the Scythians, Huns, Bulgarians, Slavs, Persians, all enemies of the state. The villager exclaimed in amazement, bowing to his feet! Farewell, my dear friend, Belaire said, embracing him. There are unavoidable evils, and all that a just man can do is not deserve his own. If ever the abuse of power, forgetfulness of laws, prosperity of the Medes irritate you, think of Belaire. Farewell.\n\nCHAPTER Y.\nCHAPTER V.\n\nHis constancy was to be put to a much more painful test, and it is time to relate what had happened since his imprisonment.\n\nThe night he was taken away and dragged through the iron as a state criminal, despair and mourning spread through his palace. The awakening of Antonina, his wife.\net de Eudoxe sa fille unique fut le tableau le plus touchant de la douleur et de l'effroi. Antonine enfin revenue de son \u00e9garement, se rappelant des bont\u00e9s dont l'imp\u00e9ratrice l'honorait, se reprochait comme une faute la frayeur qu'elle avait montr\u00e9e. Admise \u00e0 la familiarit\u00e9 la plus intime de Th\u00e9odore, compagne de tous ses plaisirs, elle \u00e9tait sur son appui, ou plut\u00f4t elle croitait l'\u00eatre. Elle se rendit donc \u00e0 son lever et, en pr\u00e9sence de toute la cour : Madame, lui dit-elle en se jetant \u00e0 ses genoux, si B\u00e9lisaire,\nsaire a eu plus d'une fois le bonheur de sauver l'Empire, il demande pour r\u00e9compense que le crime qu'on lui impute lui soit d\u00e9clar\u00e9 hautement, et que ses ennemis soient oblig\u00e9s d'accuser en face du tribunal de l'empereur. La libert\u00e9 de les confondre est la seule gr\u00e2ce qui soit digne de lui. Th\u00e9odore.\nLui fit signe de se lever, et lui r\u00e9pondit avec un visage de glace: \"If Belisaire is innocent, he has nothing to fear; if he is guilty, he knows enough of his master's clemency to know how to bend him. Go, madame, I will not forget that you have shared in my favors. This cold reception, this brusque farewell, had overwhelmed Antonine. Pal and trembling, she withdrew, without daring to lift her eyes to him, and Barsam\u00e8s, whom she encountered, passed by without seeing her, if she had not approached him. He was the intendant of the finances, the favorite of Theodore. Antonine begged him to tell her what crime Belisaire was accused of. \"Me, madame?\" he said. \"I know nothing, I cannot tell, I do not meddle in anything, but in my duty.\" If everyone did the same, the world would be quiet.\nAh, the plot is formed, she said, and Belisaire is lost. Further on, she encountered a man who owed her fortune and was deeply devoted to her. She wanted to speak to him, but without deigning to engage: \"I know your misfortunes,\" he said, \"and I am sorry, but I have a grace to ask for and no moment to lose.\" Farewell, madame, no one in the world is more attached to you than I.\n\nShe went to find her daughter and an hour later was told that she had to leave the city and go to that old castle marked for their exile.\n\nThe sight of that solitary and ruined castle where Antonine saw herself buried, completed her despair. She fell ill upon arrival, and the sensitive soul of Eudoxe was torn between a father accused, imprisoned in irons, and delivered to his enemies.\nA mother whose life was poisoned by sorrow no longer knew anything but a slow death. The most beautiful days of Belisaire's 54th year were filled with the tender care this lovely girl gave to her mother. Her nights, passed in tears and the moments nature stole from them to give to sleep, were troubled by dreadful dreams. The image of her father at the bottom of a cavern, bent under the weight of heavy chains, pursued her relentlessly, along with her mother's fearsome premonitions. The profound and terrible knowledge Antoinette had of the court made her see hatred and rage unleashed against her husband. What triumph, she said, for all these cowardly envious ones, that for so many years the happiness of a virtuous and humble man had been humiliated and tormented; what triumph.\npour eux de le voir accabl\u00e9! I feign a smile beyond malice, the mysterious air of calumny, which pretends not to reveal all it knows, and seems to want to spare the unfortunate one it assassins. O my daughter, in your misfortune you have the less consolation of having no reproach to make to yourself; and I, I have to blush for my past happiness more than for my present calamities. The wise lessons of your father trouble me: he had urged me to flee the traps of the court, to put my glory and dignity in simple and modest manners, to seek peace and happiness in the interior of my house, and to renounce an enslavement whose shame would be the price. I called it humeur. (Chapter Y. 55)\nsa triste pr\u00e9voyance, je m'en plaignais \u00e0 ses ennemis. Quel \u00e9garement! quel affreux retour! C'est un coup de foudre qui me \u00e9claire, je ne vois l'ab\u00eeme qu'en y tombant. Si tu vas savoir, ma fille, avec quel froideur V\u00e9nus-Persephone m'a renvoy\u00e9e, elle \u00e0 qui mon \u00e2me \u00e9tait asservie, elle dont les fantasies \u00e9taient mes seules volont\u00e9s! Et cette cour qui la veillait me souriait d'un air si complaisant!\n\nAmes cruelles et perfides! ... Aucun, d\u00e8s que j'ai vu sortir les yeux baiss\u00e9s et pleins de larmes, aucun n'a daign\u00e9 me approcher. Le malheur est pour eux comme une peste qui les fait reculer d'effroi.\n\nBelisaire,\n\nTelles \u00e9taient les r\u00e9flexions de cette femme, que sa cour, en la d\u00e9trompant, n'en avait pas d\u00e9tach\u00e9e, et qui aimait encore ce qu'elle m\u00e9prisoit.\n\nUn an \u00e9coul\u00e9, rien ne transpirait du proc\u00e8s de Belisaire. On avait d\u00e9couvert une\nconspiracy charged him with it; and the voice of his enemies, which was called the public voice, accused him of this plot. The obstinate leaders had perished in tortures without naming the author of the conspiracy. The only charge against Belisarius was this, and they left him languishing in prison, hoping that his death would dispel the need for conviction. However, his old soldiers, who were scattered among the people, demanded their general and answered for his innocence. They stirred up the multitude and threatened to force the prisons if he was not released. This uprising irritated Emperor Justina and Theodora, seizing the moment when her anger made her unjust: \"Very well,\" she said, \"give it to them, but out of command.\" (Chapter V)\naffreux prevailed : this was Belisaire's decree.\nAs soon as the people saw him emerge from his prison with sunken eyes, it was only a cry of pain and rage. But Belisaire calmed them.\nMy children, he said to them, the emperor has been deceived; every man is subject to that. We must pity him and serve him. My innocence is the only thing that remains between me and you; let it be. Leave me. Your rebellion will not restore to me what I have lost; it would take away what consoles me for this loss. These words calmed their spirits. The people offered Belisaire all that they possessed. Belisaire thanked them.\nGive me but one of your children, he said, to guide me to where my family awaits me.\nHis adventure among the Bulgarians had diverted him from his route, and Tib\u00e8re had overtaken him. The sound of a chariot in the castle courtyard had startled Antonine.\nEudoxe had arrived, heart seized and pounding, but alas, instead of finding her father, she saw an unfamiliar young man. She turned back towards her mother. \"It's not him,\" she sighed.\n\nB\u00e9lisaire,\nAn old servant of the house, Apollonius, approached Tib\u00e8re and asked if B\u00e9lisaire was hiding there. \"His wife and daughter are waiting for him here,\" replied the faithful Apollonius. \"But their hope is always deceived. Oh, how I wish I could be in his place and know of his freedom! He is free,\" Tib\u00e8re assured him. \"He's coming to see you soon. He should have arrived by now.\"\n\n\"Ah! Come, come, bring this good news to his family,\" Tib\u00e8re exclaimed as he ran towards Antonine. \"Rejoice, madame!\"\nvous est rendu. A young man is here who assures it. At these words, all of Antonine's forces rallied. Where is this stranger, this generous mortal who takes interest in our misfortunes? Let him come, let him come, she cried. Five no more misfortunes, exclaimed Eudoxe, throwing himself on his mother's bed and holding her in his arms. My father is alive; he is free. We will go and see him. Ah!\n\nChapter T.\n\nMy mother, let us forget our pains! The sky loves us; it reunites us.\n\nAntonine asked Tib\u00e8re, \"Do I return to life? Is it true that my husband triumphs over his enemies? The young man, filled with sorrow at not being able to give them false joy, replied that Belisaire was indeed free, that he had seen him, that he had spoken with him, and that the believer was returned to his family.\"\nEudoxe offered the services of a good neighbor to him. Eudoxe, whose eyes were fixed on Tib\u00e8re, was struck by the air of sadness he tried to conceal. \"You bear in our exile the sweetest consolation for us,\" she said. \"And far from enjoying the good you do us, you seem to harbor some deep sorrow! Is it our misery that afflicts you? Ah, may my father come, may he restore health to this half of himself, and you will see if riches are necessary for happiness. Nature, in these moments, is so touching in itself, that Euxode needed only her feelings to console and charm 60 Belisaire, and Tib\u00e8re. He saw in her neither beauty, but a girl, tender and courageous, whose piety, love for her father, raised her above misfortune. Do not take me wrong, madame.\n\"He asked, cannot I find pity for that sentiment? In what state Belisaire and his family may be, their misfortune will be worthy of envy, said the mother. If my husband has been given back his freedom, he would have been restored to his honors and possessions. Madam, Tibere replied, you would be preparing a cruel surprise for yourself. He owed his deliverance only to the people's love. It was out of fear of an uprising that we gave in; but in giving in, we sent Belisaire back as wretched as possible. Never mind, mother, he is still alive, said the sensitive Eudoxe, and if we are allowed to stay here a little longer, we will not have more to complain about than others.\"\n\nChapter V.\nces villageois que je vois dans les champs.\nO ciel! la fille de Belisaire, s'\u00e9cria le jeune homme, serait r\u00e9duite \u00e0 cet indigne \u00e9tat! Indigne! et pourquoi, lui dit-elle? Il n'\u00e9tait pas indigne des h\u00e9ros de Rome verrueuse et libre. Belisaire ne rougirait point d'\u00eatre l'\u00e9gal de R\u00e9gulus. Ma m\u00e8re et moi avons appris les JKails et les petits travaux du menage depuis notre exil; mon illustre p\u00e8re sera v\u00eatu d'un habit fil\u00e9 de ma main.\n\nTib\u00e8re ne pouvait retenir ses larmes, en voyant la joie vertueuse et pure qui remplissait le c\u0153ur de cette aimable fille. H\u00e9las! disait-il en se r\u00e9flectant, quel coup terrible va la tirer de cette douce illusion I et les yeux baiss\u00e9s, il restait devant elle dans le silence de la douleur.\n\nBelisaire entrait en cette m\u00eame instant dans la cour du ch\u00e2teau. Le fid\u00e8le Anselme.\nle voice advances, recognizes his master, and, carried away by joy, hurries towards him. But suddenly, upon realizing he is blind: \"Oh heavens!,\" he cried out, \"oh good master! Is it for your sake that poor Anselme lived in this state?\" Anselme's mutilated words were interspersed with sobs. B\u00e9lisaire recognizes Anselme, who, prostrate, embraces his kinsmen. He lifts him up, urges him to moderate his pain, and is led to his wife and daughter.\n\nEudoxe, upon seeing him, makes only a cry and faints. Antonine, whom I mentioned was consumed by a slow fever, was suddenly seized by a violent transport. She leapt from her bed with the strength given by her rage, and, tearing herself from the arms of Tib\u00e8re and the woman guarding her, she wanted to precipitate herself. Eudoxe, revived by his mother's voice, rushes there and seizes her.\n\"this woman cried out, \"Ah, my mother, have mercy on me. Let me die. I would only live to avenge, to tear out their hearts. Monsters! That is their reward! Twentieth times they would have been buried under the ashes of their palaces, had it not been for him. His crime is to have prolonged their odious tyranny... He is punished; the people are avenged... What ferocity! What horrible baseness!... Their supporter, their liberator! Atrocious court! Council of tigers! O heaven! Is this how you are just? See who you allow to oppress, see who you let prosper.\"\n\nAntonine, in her transports, sometimes tore at her hair and mutilated her face, sometimes threw her arms around her husband, drenched him with her tears.\"\nrepoussant she recoiled from her daughter with horror! Meurs, she said to him. There are no successes in life but for the mediocre, no happiness but for the infamous.\n\nFrom this despair she fell into a mortal abyss, and the violent struggles of nature having weakened her, she expired a few hours later.\n\nA blind old man, a dead woman, a despairing daughter, tears, cries, groans, and to complete her miseries, abandonment, solitude, and indifference. Such is the state in which fortune presents to Tib\u00e8re a house filled with glory and prosperity for thirty years! Ah! he said, recalling the words of a sage:\n\nBehold, therefore, the spectacle which God delights in, the just man struggling against adversity, and subduing it through his courage!\n\nB\u00e9lisaire allowed his daughter's grief to run its course, and he himself gave in to it.\ntous ton affliction ; mais apr\u00e8s avoir pay\u00e9 \u00e0 la nature le tribut d'une \u00e2me sensible, il se releva de son accablement avec la force d'un h\u00e9ros. Exdoxe effoite ses sanglots, de peur de redoubler la douleur de son p\u00e8re. Mais la chapitre ri; 65. Vieillard qui l'embrassoit se sentit baign\u00e9 de ses pleurs. Tu te d\u00e9soles, ma fille, lui dit-il, de ce qui doit nous affermir et nous lever au-dessus des disgr\u00e2ces. Apr\u00e8s avoir expi\u00e9 les erreurs de sa vie, ta m\u00e8re jouit maintenant de une \u00e9ternelle paix ; et c'est elle qui nous plaint de nous survivre. Cette froide immobilit\u00e9 o\u00f9 elle laisse sa d\u00e9pouille, annonce la calme o\u00f9 elle est plong\u00e9e. Voici comment tous les maux d'ici-bas sont vains, un souffle, un instant les dissimule. La cour et l'empire ont disparu aux yeux de ta m\u00e8re et du sein de son Dieu, elle ne voit ce monde que comme un point.\nIn the immensity. Here is what makes, in misfortune, consolation and strength for the wise, \u2014 Ah! give me that strength which nature refuses me, to resist so many evils. I could have endured poverty; but to see a beloved mother die in pain in my arms!... You, father, said the hero, turning away from me, they have only done what aging or death was about to do; and when Belisaire, regarding my fortune, you would have ill-enjoyed it, if you did not know how to get past it. Ah, I swear by heaven, she said, it is not her loss that afflicts me. Do not be afflicted by anything else, she told her father, and with his hand he wiped her tears.\n\nB\u00e9lisaire, instructed that a young unknown was waiting for the moment to speak to him, he had him brought, and asked what troubled Pamenoit.\nCe n'est pas le moment, dit Tib\u00e8re,\nof all to offer consolations. Illustrious and unfortunate old man, I respect your pain. I share it? And I ask the sky to let me alleviate it. Only there, I have but to mix my tears with those I see flowing.\n\nSoon came the moment to render to Antonia the duties of the sepulcher. Belisarius, supported by his daughter, accompanied the body of his wife to the pyre. The hero's grief was that of a sage: it was deep, but without display, and sustained by majesty. On his face was painted mourning, but a silent and grave one.\n\nHis proud countenance, unyielding to fate, exposed itself to its blows.\n\nTib\u00e8re himself attended this sad ceremony. He was witness to the regrets that Eudoxe expressed to his mother. And he returned penetrated.\n\nChapter VI, 67\n\nHis elevated forehead, unyielding to the sort, seemed to challenge its blows.\nBelisaire addressing him: \"Brave young man, you are the one I see, number 5, tell me who you are and what can attract this generous eagerness of mine. I am Tib\u00e8re, replied the young man, number 5. I have served under Narses in Italy. I am one of the hunters whom you have granted asylum, and whom you have so effectively reprimanded for my imprudence. I have not had peace with myself since then, that I have come to ask your pardon and yet another dear grace. I am rich: it may be a misfortune, but if you wanted, it would be a benefit. I have a country house nearby, number 5, and my entire ambition would be to dedicate it, making it the asylum of a hero. My tender veneration for you.\" (Belisaire)\nA simple title I would not dare claim: it is enough to love one's country, to share in Belisaire's disgrace and to seek to console him. But an interest worthy of you is mine, that of a young man who passionately desires to be admitted into the intimacy of a hero, and to draw from his soul, as from the source of wisdom, glory, and virtue.\n\nYou honor me too much, Belisaire replied, but I recognize a fine soul in your sensitivity towards my misfortune. In this moment, I desire to be alone with myself: my wavering soul needs to strengthen itself in silence. But, for the future, I accept a part of what you propose, the pleasure of living as good neighbors and communicating with each other. I love youth: the soul still new in this happy age.\nIf you are susceptible to impressions, dubious one, you inflame and rise up to great heights, and nothing keeps you captive. Come see me, I will be pleased to converse with you.\n\nCHAPTER VI. 69\n\nIf you believe me worthy of this commerce, why shouldn't I possess you entirely? My ancestors will be honored to see their heritage linked to you, and their dwelling your asylum. You will be revered, served with holy respect by all that surrounds me. Five and a young man, Belisaire said to him. You are good, but let us not be hasty. Tell me, for ten years I have been away from my father, what is his state, and what views he has on you. We come from one of those families that Constantine called to Rome.\n\"et qu'il combla de bienfaits. Mon p\u00e8re servit sous le r\u00e8gne de Justin avec assez de distinction. Il \u00e9tait estim\u00e9 et ch\u00e9ri de son ma\u00eetre. Sous le nouveau r\u00e8gne, on obtint sur lui des pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences qu'il croyait injustes. Il se retira, se repentit, et il a pour moi l'ambition qu'il n'eut pas assez pour lui-m\u00eame. Il suffit, lui dit Belisaire; je ne veux mettre aucun obstacle \u00e0 l'avancement de son fils. En suivant le mouvement de votre c\u0153ur, vous ne sentez que le plaisir d'\u00eatre g\u00e9n\u00e9reux; et en effet, c'est une douce chose. Mais je vois pour vous le danger de vous envelopper dans la disgr\u00e2ce d'un proscrit. Quelle que soit la raison de la cour, elle ne revient pas. Elle oublie un coupable qu'elle a puni; mais elle hait toujours un innocent qu'elle a sacrifi\u00e9. Son nom seul est un reproche.\"\net son existence p\u00e8se, comme un remords \u00e0 ses pers\u00e9cuteurs. I charge myself, said the young man, with justifying my conduct. The emperor has not let himself be deceived; but it will suffice that one enlightens.\n\nIt is not necessary even to think about it, said the hero; the harm is done: may he forget it for the repose of his old age!\n\nBut indeed, insisted Tib\u00e8re, be more generous. Spare him the eternal reproach of having left you to languish in misery. The shameful state in which I see you is a disgrace to humanity, shameful for the throne, revolting for the good people, and discouraging for your equals.\n\nThose whom you discourage, replied Belisaire, will not be like me. I believe, in addition, that my state can inspire indignation as well as pity. A poor blind man makes no shadow.\net peut faire compassion. Aussi mon des- \nsein est-il de me cacher 5 et si je me suis \nfait conno\u00eetre \u00e0 vos compagnons , c'est un \nmouvement d'impatience contre de jeu- \nnes \u00e9tourdis qui m'a fait commettre cette \nimprudence. Ce sera la derni\u00e8re de ma vie, \net mon asile sera mon tombeau. Adieu * \nL'empereur peut ne pas savoir que les Bul- \ngares sont dans la Thracej ne n\u00e9gligez pas \nde l'en faire avertir. \nLe jeune homme se retira bien afflig\u00e9 de \nn'avoir pas mieux r\u00e9ussi 5 et il rendit \u00e0 l'em- \npereur ce que lui avoit dit B\u00e9lisaire. Jus- \ntinien fit marcher quelques troupes; et peu \nde jours apr\u00e8s on l'assura que les Bulgares \navoient \u00e9t\u00e9 chass\u00e9s. A pr\u00e9sent, dit-il \u00e0 \nTib\u00e8re , nous pouvons aller sans danger \nvoir ce malheureux vieillard. Je passerai \nrj% BELISAIRE) \npour votre p\u00e8re 5 et vous aurez soin de ne \nrien dire qui puisse le d\u00e9sabuser. Une mai- \nJustinien advanced under an old ruined portico, the place where the father of pleasure, halfway to Belsaire's retirement, had hidden from his court's gaze. The emperor went to see him the next day.\n\nCHAPTER XV\n\n\"Behold, then, where dwells he who made me victorious so often!\" said Justinien, approaching an old man.\n\nBelsaire rose to receive them upon their arrival. The emperor, seeing the venerable old man in the state he had left him, was filled with shame and remorse. He cried out in pain and, leaning on Tib\u00e8re, covered his eyes with his hands, unworthy to see the man whom Belsaire no longer saw.\n\n\"What cry have I just heard?\" asked the old man.\n\n\"I bring you my father,\" said Tib\u00e8re. \"And the malians vote on it.\"\n\nCHAPTER VIT. 7, 3\n\nBelsaire stretched out his hands. \"Where is he?\" he asked. \"Approach.\"\net que je l'embrasse. Il a un fils verrueux. Justinien fut oblig\u00e9 de recevoir les embrassements de Belisaire. Et sentant-moi press\u00e9 contre mon sein, je fus si violemment \u00e9mu, que je ne pus retenir mes sanglots et mes larmes. Mod\u00e9rrez-vous, vous le disais, ce n'est peut-\u00eatre pas si malheureux que cela vous semble. Par votre et ce jeune homme, qui vous donnera de la consolation dans vos anciens ans. Oui, dit l'empereur, interrompant chaque mot, oui. - Si vous m'autorisez... - que ce jeune homme vienne r\u00e9colter les fruits de vos le\u00e7ons. Et que je lui apprenais-je, dit le vieillard, qu'un p\u00e8re sage et homme de bien n'aurait pu lui enseigner avant moi? Ce que je connais peut-\u00eatre le moins, dit l'empereur, c'est la cour, c'est le pays o\u00f9 il doit vivre, et depuis longtemps.\nI have communicated little with men, so the world is almost as new to me as it is to them. But you, who have seen things from so many varied perspectives? 74 BELISAIRE,\nWhat help could you not be to him, if all are willing to enlighten him? If he wants to learn to secure his fortune, said Belisaire, he would fare poorly, as you see, for five months. But if he does not want to be anything but a good man, at his perils and risks, I can be of some use to him. He is indeed born, that is the essential thing.\nIt is true, said Justinien, that his nobility is ancient. -- That is not what I meant; but that very thing is an advantage, provided it is not abused. Young man, do you know what nobility is, continued Belisaire, it is advances that the fatherland makes to you, on the word of your ancestors, until you are of age.\nstate of honoring your guarantees. And these, advances, the emperor remarked, are sometimes haphazardly given. Never mind, replied the old man, this is still a very fine institution. I see, when a noble-born child comes into the world, weak, naked, penniless, and foolish, as the son of a laborer, I see the country receiving him, saying: Child, I salute you; you who will be devoted, you who will be valiant, generous, and magnanimous, like your fathers. They have left you their example and their titles and rank, a double reason for you to acquire their virtues. Admit, continued the old man, that among the most solemn acts, there is nothing more magnificent. It is too much, replied Justinien. When we want to elevate souls, said Boethius, we must act grandly.\nEt vous pensez qu'il n'y a pas d'\u00e9conomie dans cette magnificence ? Ali! Si elle ne produisait que deux ou trois grands hommes par g\u00e9n\u00e9ration, l'\u00c9tat n'en aurait pas \u00e0 se plaindre : c'\u00e9tait bien dommage. Mon ami, dit-il au jeune homme, vous devez \u00eatre l'un de ceux qui le d\u00e9dommagent. L\u00e0, s'adressant \u00e0 l'empereur : Vous m'avez permis, lui dit-il, de lui parler en p\u00e8re ? Ah je vous en conjure, lui dit Justinien. Eh bien! mon fils, commencez donc par vous persuader que la noblesse est comme la flamme, qui se communique, mais qui s'\u00e9teint d\u00e9s que elle manque d'aliment. Souvenez-vous de votre naissance, puisqu'elle impose des devoirs. Souvenez-vous de vos a\u00efeux, puisqu'ils sont pour vous des exemples ; mais gardez-vous de croire que la nature vous a transmis leur gloire comme un h\u00e9ritage dont vous disposeriez.\nn'ayez plus qu'\u00e0 jouir 5 gardez -vous de cet \norgueil impatient et jaloux, qui sur la foi \nd'un nom , pr\u00e9tend que tout lui c\u00e8de , et \ns'indigne des pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences que le m\u00e9rite ob- \ntient sur lui. Comme l'ambition a un faux \nair de noblesse, elle se glisse ais\u00e9ment dans \nle c\u0153ur d'un homme bien n\u00e9 5 mais cette \npassion, dans ses exc\u00e8s , a sa bassesse tout- \ncomme une autre. Elle se croit haute, par- \nce qu'elle range au-dessous d'elle tous les de- \nvoirs de l'honn\u00eate homme 5 et si vous voulez \nsavoir ce qu'elle en fait, regardez un oiseau \nde proie planer le matin sur la campagne , \net choisir d'un \u0153il avide , entre mille ani- \nmaux tremblans , celui dont il lui plaira \nfaire sa p\u00e2ture : c'est ainsi que l'ambition \nd\u00e9lib\u00e8re \u00e0 son r\u00e9veil , pour savoir de quells \nvertu elle fera sa victime . Ah ! mon ami ? \nla personnalit\u00e9 , ce sentiment si nature], \nA man becomes atrocious in public life as soon as he is passionate. I have seen men who, in order to advance, would have been the salvation of an army and the fate of an empire. Envious of successes not their own, they always fear having their honor taken away from them for a brilliant action: if they dared, they would even fail those in which they have no glory. Public good is a misfortune for them if it is not attributed to them. Such men are the most dangerous, whether in councils or armies. The man of good conduct fulfills his duty without looking around him. God and his soul are witnesses whom he will meet with approval. A sincere good will, a deliberate courage, a prompt zeal for the good - these are the signs of a great soul. Envy, vanity, pride - all these things.\nThis text is in French and requires translation into modern English. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nThis is small and weak. It is little to not claim what you do not deserve; one must learn to renounce in advance what you will merit; one must suppose your sovereign subject to err, for he is a man; it is very possible that your country and your century judge you as badly as he does, and that the future is not more just. Then you must consult yourself and ask yourself: if I were reduced to the fate of Belisarius, would I console myself with my innocence and the memory of having done my duty? If you do not have this resolution decided and firmly established, live obscurely, you have no reason to uphold your name.\n\nAh! It is too much to ask of men, replied Justinien with a deep sigh; and your example is frightening. It is frightening at first glance, said the old man.\nbeaucoup moins quand on y pense. Carefin, supposons que la guerre, la maladie ou la vieillesse m'e\u00fbt priv\u00e9 de la vue, ce serait un accident tout naturel. Vous ne seriez point frapp\u00e9. H\u00e9 quoi ! les vices de l'humanit\u00e9 sont-ils pas dans l'ordre des choses, comme la peste qui a d\u00e9sol\u00e9 l'empire ? Qu'importe l'instrument que la nature employe \u00e0 nous d\u00e9truire ? La col\u00e8re d'un empereur, la fl\u00e8che d'un ennemi, un grain de sable, tout est \u00e9gal. En se exposant \u00e0 (i) Democritum pediculi, Socrate malwad pediculorum genus, nequissimi bip\u00e8des intere-\n\nChapter VII. In the scene of the world, it is necessary to expect its revolutions. Yourself, in destining your son to the m\u00e9tier des armes, n'avez-vous pas pr\u00e9visu pour lui mille \u00e9v\u00e9nements p\u00e9rilleux ? \u00c9 bien, comptez-y les assauts de l'envie, les emb\u00fbches de la trahison, les traits de la jalousie.\nl'imposture et de la calomnie; if your son reaches my age without succumbing, you will find that he has had good fortune. Everything is compensated in life. You see me only as blind and poor, and retired in a hut, but recall the last thirty years of victories and prosperities. You will wish for your son the destiny of Belisaire, my neighbor, a little firmness: you have the concerns of a father, but I flatter myself that your son still honors me with envy. \"Assuredly,\" cried Tiberius! \"But it is less to your prosperities than to the courage with which you sustained them,\" said the emperor. \"Quorsum coecus es? Ingessus es vivas, navigasti, vecui es; discede, M. Antoninus imperator.\" \n\nL. Belisaire,\nyou were the adversity. Of courage, there is no lack.\nDoubt, said Belisarius, and it is not enough to face death; it is the bravery of a soldier. The courage of a leader lies in rising above all events. Do you know what is the bravest man to me? He who persists in doing his duty, even at perils, at the expense of his glory; that wise and firm Fabius, who speaks with contempt of his slowness and changes not his conduct; and not that foolish and vain Pompey, who prefers to hazard the fate of Rome and the universe rather than endure a jest. In our first campaigns against the Persians, the foolish remarks of my army made me give battle which I neither should nor wished to risk. I lost it... I will never pardon myself. He who makes his conduct depend on opinion is never certain.\nEt nous serions-nous en quel lieu, si nous devions attendre un si\u00e8cle impartial et un prince infaillible pour \u00eatre des gens honn\u00eates? Toutefois, la calomnie et l'ingratitude vous attendent peut-\u00eatre tout enti\u00e8re de votre carri\u00e8re ; mais la gloire y est avec eux. Si elle n'y est pas, la vertu vous en vaut bien : n'ayez pas peur qu'elle vous manque : dans le sein m\u00eame de la mis\u00e8re et de l'humiliation, elle vous suivra. Ah, mon ami, si vous saviez combien un sourire de la vertu est plus touchant que toutes les caresses de la fortune!\n\nVous me p\u00e9n\u00e9treres, dit Justinien, tendrement et confondu. Que mon fils puisse heureusement recevoir ces hautes le\u00e7ons \u00e0 bonne heure! Ah! pourquoi cette \u00e9cole n'est-elle pas celle des souverains ? Laissons les souverains, dit Belisaire. Ils sont plus \u00e0 eux.\n\"Plaindre que nous are to be blamed, Justinien said, only because we have no friends, or because we do not have enough clear and courageous ones to serve as guides. My son is born to live at court: perhaps one day, admitted into councils or intimacy of the prince, he will have opportunity to use your lessons for the world's good. Do not despise the soul of Belisaire, but raise it to the knowledge of the sublime art of ruling. Educate Belisaire as you would educate the friend of a monarch. Justinian is about to descend to the tomb, but his successor, more fortunate than he, may perhaps have Belisaire as friend. Alas! said the old man, when will I again be useful to my country before I die! But what experience and reflection have shown me\"\nseroit it set for the dreams of old age. And indeed, in speculation, everything arranges itself best in the world: difficulties smooth out; circumstances are born fittingly and combine according to desire: one does with men and things as one pleases, oneself supposed exempt from passions and weaknesses, always enlightened, always wise, as firm as moderate: sweet and deceptive illusion, which a harsh reality would soon have destroyed, if one held the reins of a state. This illusion itself has its utility, said the young man; for the chimera of the best possible becomes the model of the good. I wish it, said Belisarius, but I dare not risk it.\n\nThe worst state of affairs finds supporters everywhere. And I answer you, said the emperor, that the fruits of your wisdom.\n\"If they will not be lost, if you entrust them to the zeal of my son. You deserve, said the hero, that I speak to you with open heart. But I demand your word not to reveal, under this reign, my conversations with you. Why did Justinien ask? Said Belisaire, an old man who feels only too much the pains he cannot repair. Such was their first conversation. What shame for me, said the emperor as he left, to have misunderstood such a man! My dear Tibere, such is how we are deceived, such is how we are made unjust.\n\nThe night following, he saw in his court only the image of Belisaire, and towards evening, at the same hour, he returned to feed his sorrow.\n\nELISIAR,\nCHAPTER VIII.\n\nBelisaire walked with his guide on the road. As soon as the emperor spotted him, Belisaire and his guide were arrested.\"\ncut, he descended from his char and holding him: \"You find us plunged,\" he said, \"in serious reflections. Struck by the injustice done to the unfortunate old man who condemned you, I was meditating with my son on the dangers of the supreme power, and I was telling him that it was indeed surprising that a multitude of free men could ever agree to put their fate in the hands of a single man, a man as foolish and fragile as they, a man easily deceived, and in whom the error of a moment could become so disastrous! And do you really believe, Belisarius asked, that a senate, that a people assembled, is more just and infallible? Is it only under the reign of a Cha\u00eftB.E that the Camilles, the Th\u00e9mistocles, the Aristides have been proscribed? Multipling the means of government is to multiply.\"\nThe wise, valiant, and skillful man has obtained confidence and united the wishes of the greatest number. It is not surprising that a multitude has wanted to entrust the care of commanding all to a single person, but it is surprising that a single person has ever wanted to take on this painful responsibility. \"This is what I don't understand,\" Tib\u00e8re said. \"Instead, put yourselves in the place of both the people and the prince in this first election.\" What are we risking, a people had to ask themselves, what are we risking by giving ourselves over to one another in this election?\nWe make him our own, along with fifty of his forces. We attach his glory to our prosperities, as sovereign, he exists only with us and through us. He has only to love us in order to love his people, and to feel his interests in order to be just and benevolent. Such was their good faith.\n\nThey did not calculate, Justinien said, the passions and errors that would besiege a prince's soul. We only saw, replied Belisaire, the indivisible unity of interest between the monarch and the nation. We regarded it as impossible that one could ever willingly and calmly be an enemy to the other. Tyranny appeared to us as a form of suicide, which could only be the effect of delirium and confusion. And in case a prince was struck by this dangerous vertigo, we armed ourselves.\nThe reflected and wise will of the legislator opposed to the blind and passionate will of the enemy of himself. They had foreseen that they would have to contend with a multitude of interested parties, but they had not doubted that this league, which was always led by the prince, would be easily repressed by the powerful multitude of interested parties. And indeed, before the test, which could never have foreseen that there would be rulers so senseless as to speak with their people and make common cause with their enemies? It is an inconceivable reversal of nature and reason that must be seen to be believed. For my part, I find it quite simple that one should not have expected it. But to whom was the election of a single one for?\nThe one in charge inspires fear in all, it is he whom we have elected. A father of a family with five or six children to raise, establish, and make happy in their state, has so much trouble sleeping tranquilly! What about the head of a family who counts himself in millions? I engage myself, he had to say, to live only for my people, I sacrifice my repose for their tranquility. I make a vow to give them only useful and just laws, to form these laws. The more they make me powerful, the less they leave me free. The more they surrender to me, the more they bind me to them. I owe them account of my weaknesses, of my passions, of my errors; I give them rights over everything that I am: in the end, I renounce myself? As soon as I consent to this.\nr\u00e9gner 5 and the man is annihilated? To yield to the king his entire soul. Recognize - you of more generous, more absolute devotion? Here is how Antonin, Marc-Aur\u00e8le thought. I, one said, palaces themselves are not mine, said the other. And their equals have thought as they did.\n\nThe vanity of the vulgar sees in the supreme rank only the small pleasures that flatter it, desiring palaces, a court, homages, and this pomp that power was thought to require to make it more imposing. But in the midst of all this, the man is most often left with nothing but the man overwhelmed by cares and consumed by anxiety, a victim of his duties if he fulfills them faithfully, exposed to contempt if he neglects them.\n\nCHAPTER V. 89\nexposed to scorn if he neglects them.\nIf, despite his troubles, he betrays them, he is grieved and annoyed without cease, having on one side concerns that devour and cruel watches on the other, the ennui of himself and the disgust of all goods: such is his condition. We have done all we could to equal his pleasures and pains, but his pains are infinite, and his pleasures are limited to the narrow circle of his needs. The entire industry of luxury cannot give him new senses, and while the enjoyments solicit him from all sides, nature denies them to him, and his weakness refuses. Thus, all the superfluous that surrounds him is lost to him. A vast palace is only an immense void where he never occupies more than a point under purple drapes and gilded panels. He seeks in vain the sweet sleep of the laborer under the thatch and at his table.\nThe monarch grows weary, as soon as man is satiated. I sense that Tib\u00e8re spoke of man being 90 Belisaire, too weak to enjoy all things, when he has them in abundance, but what is this if not to have to choose? Ah, young man, young man, cried Belisaire, you do not know the sickness of satiety. It is the most fatal lethargy in which an soul may ever fall. And do you know what causes it? The ease of enjoying all things, which makes us unmoved by anything. Or desire does not have time to be born, or in being born it is smothered by the abundance of goods that yield it. Art exhausts itself in refinements to revive extinct tastes, but the sensitivity of the soul is blunted, and, having lost the goad of need, it recognizes neither attraction nor the price of pleasure. Woe to the man who has all he desires!\nhabitude, which makes the feeling of deprivation so cruel, reduces the sweetness of the possessions we have to insipidity. You will admit, however, that for a prince of delicate and sensitive enjoyments, disgust never follows. For instance? I asked. An old man, replied the young man. But, for instance, glory, he said. \u2014 And which kind? \u2014 But all kinds of glory, that of arms in the first place. \u2014 Do you really believe that victory is a sweet pleasure? Ah, when thousands of men have been left in the dust, can one indulge in joy? I forgive those who have run the risks of a battle to rejoice in having escaped, but for a prince born sensitive, a day that made rivers of blood flow, and which will make streams of tears flow, will never bring pleasure.\nsera jamais un beau jour. Je me suis pro- \nmen\u00e9 quelquefois \u00e0 travers un champ de \nbataille : j'aurois voulu voir \u00e0 ma place \nun N\u00e9ron 5 il auroit pleur\u00e9. Je sais qu'il \nest des princes qui se donnent le plaisir \nde la guerre, comme ils se donneroient \nle plaisir de la chasse , et qui exposent \nleurs peuples comme ils lanceroient leurs \nchiens 5 mais la manie de conqu\u00e9rir est \nune esp\u00e8ce d'avarice qui les tourmente > \net qui ne s'assouvit jamais. La province \nqu'on vient d'envahir est voisine d'une \nQ2 E\u00c9LISAIE.E, \nprovince qu'on n'a pas encore envahie (j); \nde proche en proche l'ambition s'irrite 5 \nt\u00f4t ou tard survient un revers qui afflige \nplus que tous ies succ\u00e8s n'ont flatt\u00e9 5 et ? \nen supposant m\u00eame que tout r\u00e9ussisse ? \non va comme Alexandre , jusques au bout \ndu monde , et comme lui on revient en- \nnuy\u00e9 de l'univers et de soi-m\u00eame ? ne sa- \n\"What to do with these immense lands, where an arpent is enough to feed vanity and a toise to bury it? I have seen in my youth the tomb of Cyrus; it was written on the stone: \"I am Cyrus, the one who conquered the Persian empire.\" \"Man, whatever you are, from wherever you come, I beg you not to disturb this little earth that covers my poor ashes.\" Alas! I said, turning my eyes away, it is indeed the pain of conquest.\n\nIs it Belisarius I hear, said the hero?\n\nParvulus would come, quinqunfidus Agellus (1)\n\nSee Plutarch. Life of Alexander.\n\nCHAPTER VIII.\n\n\"Young man, with surprise!\" said the hero. \"Belisarius knows better than anyone else that the love of war is the most ferocious monster that our pride has engendered. Is there a sweeter glory?\"\n\n\"There is, replied Tibere, a gentler glory?\"\nA monarch cannot enjoy the fruits of his rule, it is those born of his benevolence who reap the public happiness in return. \"Ah, said Bejasais, if on ascending the throne one could be certain of making happy subjects, what a beautiful privilege it would be to hold in one's hands the destiny of an empire! I would not be surprised if a generous soul sacrificed its repose for this noble ambition!\" But ask the old man who governs you, if it is easy for him to fulfill it. It is possible, said the emperor, to persuade the peoples that one has done one's best to soften their lot, to alleviate their pains, and to merit their love. Some good princes have obtained this testimony during their lives, and I have rewarded and consoled them. But without some singular event that makes it echo, it is difficult to maintain this state.\nter l'amour des peuples et rende solennel cet hommage des c\u0153urs, quel prince osera se flatter qu'il est sinc\u00e8re et unanime ? Ses courtisans lui r\u00e9pondent cinq mais qui lui r\u00e9pond de ses courtisans ? Tandis que son palais retentit des chants d'all\u00e9gresse, qui assure qu'au fond de ses provinces, le vestibule d'un proconsul et la cabane d'un laboureur ne retentissent pas de gemissements? Ses f\u00eates publiques sont des sc\u00e8nes jou\u00e9es, ses \u00e9loges sont command\u00e9s, il voit avant lui les plus vils des humains honor\u00e9s de l'apoth\u00e9ose $ et tandis qu'un tyran, plong\u00e9 dans la mollesse, se enivre de l'encens de ses adulateurs, l'homme vertueux qui, sur le tr\u00f4ne, a pass\u00e9 sa vie \u00e0 faire au monde le peu de bien qui d\u00e9pendait de lui, meurt \u00e0 la peine, sans avoir jamais su s'il avait un ami sinc\u00e8re. J'ai le c\u0153ur navr\u00e9 quand je pense que Justinien.\nThe emperor exclaimed, \"No, no, Persuaded that I have betrayed him and never truly loved him, I descend to the tomb. But no, Belisarius said, he knows it; that sweet happiness is still tinged with bitterness. For the more a prince is loved by his people, the dearer their happiness becomes to him, and the good he does them, the suffering he alleviates, seem but trifles in the common mass of blessings and woes. Obliged to struggle ceaselessly against the torrent of adversities, what a pain it must be for him to be unable to vanquish it, in the end of a long life, he still asks himself, what have I done?\"\net de se sentir entrain\u00e9 par les \u00e9v\u00e9nements. Qui m\u00e9rite mieux que Marc Aurele de voir le monde heureux sous ses lois? Toutes les calamit\u00e9s, tous les fl\u00e9aux, se r\u00e9unirent sous son r\u00e8gne. O\u00fbt e\u00fbt dit que la nature enti\u00e8re s'\u00e9tait soulev\u00e9e, pour rendre inutiles tous les efforts de sa sagesse et de sa bont\u00e9, et celui des monarques qui le premier fit \u00e9lever un temple \u00e0 la bienfaisance est peut-\u00eatre celui de tous qui a vu le plus de malheurs. Mais, sans aller chercher un exemple loin de nous, quel r\u00e8gne plus laborieux et plus prosp\u00e8re en apparence que celui de Justinien? Trente ans de guerres et de victoires dans les trois parties du monde ; toutes les pertes que l'Empire avait faites\nSince a century repaired by successes,\nthe peoples of the north and west pushed beyond the Danube and the Alps;\nthe calm restored to the provinces of Asia, the kingdoms of the vanquished kings led in triumph, the ravages of the plague, incursions, and earthquakes as if erased from the universe by a benevolent hand. (1) Ut prope ni hi, quos angoribus intermisis mortelles dicere, seucegitari quod noiij illo imperante scripsi ATTRELT Yict.\n\nCHAPTER VIII.\nfortresses and temples without number, some raised anew, others adorned with more splendor: what could be more impressive and magnificent! And to see afterwards, in his old age, his Empire tottering towards ruin, without his victorious hands ever being able to stop it\u2014this is the end of his works and\n\"Listen to the fruit of its long vigils, my dear Tibere. Do not, my dear Tibere, lament the fate of kings, judge them with indulgence, and above all, do not hate the venerable old man who governs you, either for the harm that has befallen him or for the good he has not done. You reassure me, said Tibere, and the first advice I would give my friend, in charge of a crown, would be to lay it down. Lay it down, replied the hero! No, my friend, you have too much courage for cowardice. Have the fatigues and dangers caused you to abandon the arms? The sword or the scepter, it is the same. One must fulfill one's destiny and duties steadfastly. Hide nothing from him, my friend, for he will be a victim of his own people; but tell him that this sacrifice has its charms and if he wants to be paid for it.\"\n\"He who penetrates it, who is intoxicated by the public good's enthusiasm, who gives himself without reserve to this feeling, and who expects damage and the price of his pains from his virtue (1). Where is this price, asked the young man? It is, said the old man, it is in the pure and intimate sentiment of kindness, in the pleasure of being touched, sensitive, generous, worthy of human love, and of the Eternal's gaze. Do you think a good king calculates his morning wage! Wake up, he told himself, and let your awakening be that of justice and benevolence. Leave behind the small interests of your repose and life: it is not for this (1) that Homo benefits, he did not seek another business, but let the vine bear its grape again in its own time, Mark. L. 3.\"\nCHAPITRE VIII. To you who see. Your soul is that of a great people. Your will is but the public vote. Your law expresses and consecrates it. Reign with it, and remember that your affair is the happiness of the world. (1) You are moved, my dear Tib\u00e8re, and I feel your trembling hand in mine. Ah! Be sure that virtue, even in afflictions, has celestial pleasures. It does not guarantee happiness without mixture, but is it so for the world? Is it in vain, for the wicked, the coward, that it is reserved? A good prince sheds tears over the evils he cannot alleviate. (1) But do you consider these tears bitter, like those of envy, shame, or remorse? They are the tears of Titus, who weeps one day for what he has lost. They are pure as their source. (1) Married to a united people, risen from sleep, I have arisen.\nprompt you to consider yourself for a human task. It is necessary to judge whether you can provide, of which there is no excuse from nature, what is not suitable for you? Yet, knowing this and being humbled, as Hercules says in Book I, verse 100 of Belisarius, do not tell your friend that he has the same authority as if God spoke through you. Announce to him that if he is proven in some pitiful state, reduced by fate, he will never envy the most fortunate Median. But this confidence, the support of virtue, does not establish itself on its own; it requires the soul of a young prince to be prepared. It does what it wants with my soul, said Tibere to Justinian; it raises it, lowers it, and tears it at will. The emperor spoke these words, and I was torn apart by them.\nun sigh, they were followed by a long silence. His court tried, in vain, to draw him out of his sadness; five days he was bothered by the attentions taken for its dispersion. And the following day, having announced that he wanted to proceed alone, he plunged into the forest, unseen. Tib\u00e8re was waiting for him; they set out together and found the hero. The young man did not fail to remind him of his promise, and Belisaire replied:\n\nCHAPTER IX.\n\nIF\n\nCHAPTER IX.\n\nDoes it seem possible to love virtue for itself? It may be the sublime instinct of some privileged souls, but every reflection of love for virtue is interested. Do not think this confession is humiliating for nature: you will see that the interest of virtue purifies and ennobles itself like that of a friend; one will serve as an example to the other.\nThe friendship is produced only by conveniences, agreeableness, and utility. The effect gradually emerges from the cause; the motives fade away, but the feeling remains; there is an inconnu charm in it, and we attach the sweetness of our existence to it. As soon as pains take the place of pleasures we had expected, we sacrifice to friendship all the goods we hoped for from it; and this feeling, born in joy, nourishes and grows in the midst of suffering. The same is true of virtue. To win hearts, it must present the allure of agreeableness or utility: for before loving it, we love ourselves; and before enjoying it, we seek in it another good. When Regulus, in his youth, first saw it triumphant and crowned with glory, he was enamored.\npassionna pour elle 5 et vous savez s'il l'a- \nbandonna, lorsqu'elle lui montra des fers, \ndes tortures et des b\u00fbchers. \nCommencez donc par \u00e9tudier ce qui \nflatte le plus les v\u0153ux d'un jeune prince. \nCe sera vraisemblemenfc d'\u00eatre libre , puis- \nsant et riche , ob\u00e9i de son peuple , estim\u00e9 \nde son si\u00e8cle et honor\u00e9 dans l'avenir 5 eh \nbien ! r\u00e9pondez- lui que c'est de la vertu \nque d\u00e9pendent ces avantages , et vous ne \nle tromperez pas. \nUn secret que l'on cache aux monarques \n(1) Si quid in vit\u00e2 human\u00e2 invenis potius \njusLiti\u00e2, verilale, temperanti\u00e2 ,fortitudine... \nu4dejus amplexum lotis animi viribus con~ \ntendus suadeo. M. Autonin'. Lib. 3. \nCHAPITRE IX. 103 \nsuperbes , et qu'un bon prince est digne de \nsavoir, c'est qu'il n'y a d'absolu que le pou- \nvoir des lois , et que celui qui veut r\u00e9gner \narbitrairement est esclave. La loi est l'ac- \nThe power of a monarch is the collaboration of all the forces of the state. Instead of the will of one, when it is unjust, it faces these same forces, which must be divided, chained, destroyed, or suppressed. Therefore, tyrants resort, at times, to hacks who impose their will on the people, astonish them, and terrify them, and sell the blood of the fatherland. At other times, they resort to vile satellites who, with sword in hand, cut off the heads of those who rise above the yoke and dare to claim the rights of nature. From this come domestic wars, where one brother tells another: Die, or obey the tyrant who pays me to kill you. Proud to reign by the power of arms or by terrifying spectacles, [COMMUIS SPONSIO CWITATIS> PANCHL. IO4 :B \u00c9 LIS AIRE,]\nThe tyrant applauds the prestige of superstition, but trembles, for if he ceases to flatter Forgueil or grant license to these dangerous partisans. In serving them, they threaten him; and for obedience, they demand impunity. Thus, to oppress a part of his nation, he becomes a slave to the other, base and cowardly with his accomplices, as proud and harsh as he is to the rest of his subjects. Let him be careful not to provoke or deceive their expectations, for he knows how atrocious are the passions that support him, having broken all the bonds of nature and humanity for him. The tigers that man raises for the hunt devour their master if he forgets to share the prey with them. Tei is the pact of tyrants.\n\nAs the authority leans...\nThe tyranny grows weak and becomes dependent on its supporters. It must recognize the differences, the favoritism in its laws, the molleness of its police, the senseless privileges it grants to its partisans, all that it is forced to endure, to suffer? In fear that they will abandon her.\n\nBut authority must conform to the laws, it is only subordinate to the laws. It is founded on the will and the strength of an entire people. It has no enemies but the wicked and the common enemies. Anyone interested in maintaining order and public peace is the natural defender of the power that protects them, and each citizen sees in the enemy of the prince, his own enemy.\n\nTherefore, there is no longer any distinction.\na: In the midst of two interests that clash, the sovereign, allied with his people, is rich and powerful in all the riches and forces of the state. It is then that he is free, and can be just, without rivals to fear or parties to appease. His power, strengthened within, is all the more imposing and respectable abroad. And as pride or caprice never impede him, Belisaire,\n\nb: his forces, which he spares, have all their vigor when it comes to protecting his people against the domestic oppressor or foreign usurper. Oh, my friend! If justice is the basis of supreme power, recognition is its soul and the most active spring. The citizen, free and contented, regrets neither his prison nor his chains.\n\"Jui aims his prince and he who is loved, he wields the scepter as his support, the throne his sanctuary. Ah! Your lessons, Tib\u00e8re said, burn in my heart with traces of flame. Why am I not worthy to penetrate the souls of kings!\n\nYou see clearly, replied Belisarius, that their greatness, that their power is founded on justice, that kindness adds to it still, and that the most absolute monarch is he who is most loved. I see, said the young man, that sound politics is nothing but sound reason, and that the art of ruling consists in following the movements.\"\n\nChapter IX, 107\n\n\"A just and good spirit. That is the simplest, easiest, and most secure thing, said Belisarius.\"\nIn San d'Illyrie, Justin ruled. Was he a clever politician? No, but he was endowed by heaven with a righteous sense and a beautiful soul. If I were king, I would try to imitate him. Oblique and tortuous prudence may have some success; but it only goes through reefs and precipices. A sovereign who forgets himself, and occupies himself only with the happiness of the world, would expose himself to a thousand less anxious, less suspicious, and more cunning tyrants. But he is intimidated, he is frightened; they make him regard his people as an enemy he must fear. And this fear realizes the danger they predict: for it produces distrust, which follows closely on hatred.\n\nYou have seen that in a sovereign, the needs of the isolated man reduce themselves to this:\nHe chose five things that he could enjoy at little cost from the true goods of life, prescribed by the circle I08 BELISAIB.E. He was pressed by nature to be avid for these things. With his people, he would have no other interest, no other concern, than that of the state. We sow between them suspicion, and persuade the prince to be on guard against an unruly and sedition-prone multitude. He arms himself against his people: at the head of his party march ambition and cupidity, and it is to appease this insatiable hydra that he believes he must reserve means for himself. Such is the cause of the division we have had.\nl'Empire ? entre les provinces du peuple et \nles provinces de C\u00e9sar 5 entre le bien pu- \nblic et le bien du monarque. Or ? d\u00e8s qu'un \nsouverain se frappe de l'id\u00e9e de propri\u00e9t\u00e9^ \net qu'il y attache la s\u00fbret\u00e9 de sa couronne \net de sa vie , il est naturel qu'il devienne \navare de ce qu'il appelle son bien , qu'il \ncroie s'enrichir aux d\u00e9pens de ses peuples^ \net gagner ce qu'il leur ravit 5 qu'il trouve \nm\u00eame \u00e0 les af foiblir l'avantage de les r\u00e9- \nduire 5 et de l\u00e0 les ruses et les surprises \ncju'il emploie \u00e0 les d\u00e9pouiller 5 de l\u00e0 leurs \nplaintes et leurs murmures 5 de l\u00e0 cette \nguerre intestine et sourde qui , comme un \nfeu cach\u00e9 , couve au sein de l'\u00e9tat , et se \nd\u00e9clare \u00e7\u00e0etl\u00e0 par des \u00e9ruptions soudaines. \nLe prince alors sent le besoin des secours \nqu'il s'est m\u00e9nag\u00e9s : il croit avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 pru- \ndent 5 il ne voit pas qu'en \u00e9tant juste, il \nIf a young prince were placed above these cautions, and if the servile and cruel passions that he buys and keeps with his wages were unnecessary to him if he had virtues, Tib\u00e8re, this is what a young prince should hear from your mouth. Once convinced that the state and he are one, that this unity is its strength, its base, its grandeur, its repose, and its glory, he will regard property as an unworthy title for the crown. He will consider his true interests only in what he has assured to his people, and he will be just by interest, moderate by ambition, and benevolent by love of himself. In this sense, my friends, truth is the mother of virtue. Courage is certainly required to begin with virtue among sovereigns.\net quand les laches complaisants leur ont persuad\u00e9 qu'ils r\u00e9gnent pour eux-m\u00eames,\nque leur ind\u00e9pendance consiste \u00e0 vouloir tout ce qui leur pla\u00eet, que leurs caprices sont des lois sous lesquelles tout doit se plier, un ami sinc\u00e8re et courageux est mal re\u00e7u d'abord \u00e0 d\u00e9truire ce faux syst\u00e8me. Mais si une fois on l'\u00e9coute, on ne l'\u00e9coutera plus que lui : la premi\u00e8re v\u00e9rit\u00e9 re\u00e7ue, toutes les autres n'ont qu'\u00e0 venir en foule, elles auront un libre acc\u00e8s. Le prince, loin de les fuir, ira lui-m\u00eame au devant d'elles.\n\nLa v\u00e9rit\u00e9 lui aura fait aimer la vertu ; la vertu, \u00e0 son tour, lui rendra la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 ch\u00e8re. Car le penchant au bien que l'on ne conna\u00eet pas n'est qu'un instinct confus, dont l'enflure cause l'affaiblissement de tout le reste du corps.\n\nCHAPITRE IX. III\n\net vague ; et d\u00e9sirer \u00eatre utile au monde.\nThe desire is to be enlightened. For a prince, the truth he should seek is the birth of relationships that concern humanity. For him, the true is the just and the useful. In society, it is the circle of needs, the chain of duties, the accord of interests, the exchange of favors, and the most equitable sharing of public good among those who operate it. This is what should occupy and occupy his entire life. Studying oneself, studying humans, trying to discern in them the depth of nature, the fold of habit, the imprint of character, the influence of opinion, the strength and weakness of spirit and soul, instructing oneself, not with a frivolous and passing curiosity, but with a fixed and imposing volition for the flatterers of manners, faculties, and means. (1) By what means do they soften their minds, to what do they incline?\nA lu student, qui ont en honneur nine qui amant, consider thou naked their minds, Marc Antonin. Lib 9.\nii2 balisairej.\nYour thoughts, and of the conduct of those whom you charge with governing, in order to be better informed, give free access to light in all places, detesting a silent betrayal, encourage, protect those who denounce loudly the abuses committed in your name: such is what I call loving the truth; and this is how he will love it, he said, addressing Tib\u00e8re, a prince firmly convinced that he can only be great to the extent that he is just. You will have taught him to be independent and free in the midst of the court; it is now his liberty itself that he must know how to be proud of; it is to it that I put you in charge, and it is still here that your zeal needs to be courageous. He will be courageous? said he.\njeune homme , et vous n'avez qu'\u00e0 l'\u00e9clai- \nrer. A ces mots ils se s\u00e9par\u00e8rent. \nC'est une chose \u00e9trange, dit l'empereur^ \nque partout et dans tous les temps , les \namis du peuple aient \u00e9t\u00e9 ha\u00efs de ceux qui ? \npar \u00e9tat , sont les p\u00e8res du peuple. Le seul \ncrime de ce h\u00e9ros est d'avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 popu- \nlaire : c'est par-l\u00e0 qu'il a donn\u00e9 prise aux \nCHAPITRE X. Il3 \ncalomnies de ma cour ? et peut-\u00eatre \u00e0 ma \njalousie. H\u00e9las ! on me le faisoit craindre! \nj'aurois mieux fait de l'imiter. \nCHAPITRE X. \nLe lendemain , \u00e0 la m\u00eame heure, B\u00e9lisaire \nles attendoit sur le chemin ? au pied d'un \nch\u00eane antique , o\u00f9 la veille ils s'\u00e9toient as- \nsis 5 et il se disoit \u00e0 lui-m\u00eame : Je suis bien \nheureux dans mon malheur d'avoir trouv\u00e9 \ndes hommes vertueux , qui daignent venir \nine distraire , et s'occuper avec moi des \ngrands objets de l'humanit\u00e9 ! Que ces int\u00e9- \n\"Retes are powerful over a soul! They make me forget my pains. The very thought of influencing the fate of nations makes me exist outside of myself, raising me above myself; and I conceive how benevolence, exercised over an entire people, makes man approach the Divinity. Justinien and Tib\u00e8re, who were advancing, heard these last words. \"You speak of the eloge of benevolence, Your Majesty,\" the emperor said. \"And indeed, of all virtues, there is none that has more charms. Blessed is he who can devote himself freely to this sweet pursuit! Yet, alas, must it not be moderated? And if it is not enlightened, if it is not regulated by justice, it insensibly degenerates into a vice entirely opposed. Listen to me, young man, Tib\u00e8re added, addressing him.\"\n\nIn a sovereign, the sweetest virtue is exercised.\nThe supreme power has the ability to dispense distinctions and graces at its will. The attraction it holds towards this is all the greater as it resembles benevolence. The best prince would be deceived here if he did not guard against seduction. Who approaches him with flattery? And all that approaches him repeats without ceasing that his greatness resides in his court, that his majesty draws all its brilliance from the splendor that surrounds it, and that he enjoys his rights and the most beautiful of his privileges only through the graces he bestows, which are called his \"bienfaits.\"\n\nChapter X. 115\nThe substance of the people! The contemptible body!... This is what is hidden from him.\nAdulation, compliance, illusion surround him; assiduity and habit win him over, unconsciously. He does not see.\npoint les larmes , il n'entend point les cris \ndu pauvre qui g\u00e9mit de sa magnificence ; il \nToit la joie 5 il entend les v\u0153ux du courti- \nsan qui la b\u00e9nit 5 il s'accoutume \u00e0 croire \nqu'elle est une vertu 5 et sans remonter \u00e0 la \nsource des richesses dont il est prodigue , \n\u00eel les r\u00e9pand comme son bien ! Ah ! s'il \nsavoit ce qui lui en co\u00fbte , et combien de \nmalheureux il fait , pour un petit nombre \nd'ingrats ! il le saura , mon ch\u00e8re Tib\u00e8re \u00ab> \ns'il a jamais un v\u00e9ritable ami : il apprendra \nque sa bienfaisance consiste moins \u00e0 r\u00e9pan- \ndre qu'\u00e0 m\u00e9nager 5 que tout ce qu'il donne \n\u00e0 la faveur, il le d\u00e9robe au m\u00e9rite, et \nqu'elle est la source des plus grands maux \ndont un \u00e9tat soit afflig\u00e9. \nVous voyez la faveur d'un \u0153il un peu \ns\u00e9v\u00e8re , dit le jeune homme. Je la vois telle \nqu'elle est , dit le vieillard, comme unepr\u00e9- \ndilection personnelle , qui , dans le choix \nThe employment of men reverses the order,\nBelisarius says,\nof justice, nature, and common sense.\nAnd indeed, justice awards honors to virtue, rewards to services;\nnature assigns great places to great talents, and common sense urges us\nto make the best use of men.\nFavor grants to amiable vices what belongs to virtue;\nit prefers complaisance to zeal, adulation to verity, baseness to elevation of soul, and as if the gift of pleasing were the equivalent or pledge of all gifts, he who possesses it can aspire to all.\nThus, favor is always the harbinger of bad rule,\nand the prince who entrusts his glory and the welfare of his people to his favorites,\nmakes one believe either that he cares little for what he confides to them,\nor that he has at heart.\ntribue \u00e0 son choix la virtu de transformer les aines, et de faire un sage ou un h\u00e9ros d'un vieil esclave ou d'un jeune \u00e9tourdi. Ce seroit une pr\u00e9tention insens\u00e9e, dit Tib\u00e8re : mais il y a dans l'\u00e9tat mille emplois que tout le monde peut remplir. Il n'y en a un, dit Belisaire, qui ne demande, sinon l'homme habile, du moins CHAPITRE X. Phonn\u00eate homme 5 et la faveur recherche aussi peu l'un que l'autre. C'est peu m\u00eame de les n\u00e9gliger, elle les rebute, et par l\u00e0 elle d\u00e9truit jusque aux germes des talents et des vertus. L'\u00e9mulation leur donne la vie, la faveur leur donne la mort. Un \u00e9tat o\u00f9 elle domine ressemble \u00e0 ces campagnes d\u00e9sol\u00e9es ? o\u00f9 quelques plantes utiles naissent d'elles-m\u00eames, sont \u00e9touff\u00e9es par les ronces. Ici ce sont les ronces que l'on cultive.\n\nTranslation:\nTribute to his choice is the virtue of turning elders into wise men or heroes, even from an old slave or a young simpleton. Such a claim is senseless, said Tib\u00e8re : but there are a thousand employments in the state that everyone can fill. There isn't one, said Belisaire, who doesn't ask for the capable man, at least. CHAPTER X. Phonn\u00eate man 5 and favor seeks as little from one as the other. It's little to neglect them, it pushes them away, and thus it destroys even the seeds of talents and virtues. Emulation gives them life, favor gives them death. A state where it reigns resembles these desolate lands ? where useful plants grow from themselves, are choked by brambles. Here we cultivate the brambles.\nThe rare plants we pull up and trample underfoot,\nTiberius insisted, are never in favor, and make no real choice.\nBelisarius said, barely keeping the men we raise in check, we would deceive ourselves much less often. Favor only clings to him who seeks it, and scorns to pursue it. It therefore forgets the useful man who neglects it, and always prefers the ambitious one who pursues it. What access can the wise or the hero have to her? Is he capable of enduring the caprices she demands of her slaves? If his birth places him near the prince and in the circle of his favorites, what role will his frankness, his integrity, his probity play? Is it he who...\n\n[Belisarius,]\n\nCleaned Text: The rare plants we pull up and trample underfoot are never in favor, and make no real choice. Belisarius said, barely keeping the men we raise in check, we would deceive ourselves much less often. Favor only clings to him who seeks it and scorns to pursue it. It therefore forgets the useful man who neglects it and always prefers the ambitious one who pursues it. What access can the wise or the hero have to her? Is he capable of enduring the caprices she demands of her slaves? If his birth places him near the prince and in the circle of his favorites, what role will his frankness, integrity, and probity play? Is it he who... [Belisarius,]\nWho is the best at flattering and studying the whims and faults of a master? Who can feign and dissimulate with the greatest skill? Who can hide and conceal what offends, and say only what pleases? There are a thousand to bet against a favorite not being worthy of the title.\n\nThe favorite of an enlightened, just, and wise prince, the emperor says, is always a good man.\n\nAn enlightened, just, and wise prince, B\u00e9jart says, has no favorite. He is worthy of friends, and he has them; but their favor does them no good. They would blush at obtaining anything from it. Trajan had a worthy friend in Longinus, had he ever had one. This friend was captured by the Dacians, and their king told the emperor that, if he did not renew the peace he offered, he would have him killed.\n\nCHAPTER X.\n\nH9.\nYou: I will clean the given text while adhering to the requirements you've provided. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nDo you know what Trajan's response was? He granted Longinus an honorary title for himself, just as Regulus had done for him. Here are my men, and it is from such a prince that it is glorious to be his friend. Brave Longinus poisoned himself quickly, leaving no chance for the emperor's mercy.\n\n\"You harass me,\" Tibere said. \"Yes?\" I sense that public welfare forsakes all affection of a prince, but he may sometimes have personal preferences that concern him alone.\n\nBelisarius said, \"He cannot show any of that which does not concern the state. Nothing of him is without consequence, and he must distribute even to the favors of his reception.\"\n\nWe believe that favor is a small evil in small matters, but freedom is:\n\n(Note: The last sentence appears to be incomplete and may require further context or correction.)\nThe graceful spread of favors, so appealing and the habit so sweet, that one cannot resist once drawn in. The circle of favor expands, the hope of penetrating it gives rise to intrigue. Ibis, the broken dike, what keeps the soul of a prince from being swept away by the passions and interests of his court? This dike, my dear Tib\u00e8re, must never be pierced by Pintrigue. It is the will of the good. A prince who in choosing men has but equity as his rule, grants hope only to the deserving. Virtues, talents, services are the only titles he acknowledges; and he who aspires to honors is obliged to prove himself worthy. Thus, the disgraced intrigue gives way to emulation and the terrifying perspective of a disgrace without return, forbids ambition its machinations.\nUnder a prince who decides by personal affections, each one has the right to claim anything. It is to the one who can best insinuate himself into her graces, win over her slaves, and gradually rise, step by step. The adroit and supple man advances; the proud man of virtue withdraws and is forgotten. If some important service calls for him in the crowd, I order his employment.\n\nCHAPTER X\u00bb 121\nAll parties, none of which is his own, come together to destroy him. He is reduced to the choice of demeaning himself, opposing intrigue to intrigue, or of surrendering without defense to the envy of the envious. As soon as a court is intriguing, it is the chaos of passions, and I defy wisdom itself to unravel the truth within it. The public utility\nThe personality no longer decides and is no longer guided by blame or praise. The prince, obsessed by lies, tired of doubt and suspicion, seldom leaves his irresolution except to fall into error. What does he believe about the facts? asked Tiberius. They speak loudly. The facts, said the old man, the facts themselves alter and change with witnesses. According to the event, one judges the enterprise, but how often has the event crowned imprudence and confounded skill? We are sometimes more fortunate than wise, sometimes wiser than fortunate, and in fortune, he is very unlucky. Belisarius, easy to please, especially for a prince surrounded by the opinions of his court. Justinien, in his old age, is proof of this, said the emperor; he was cruelly deceived.\nEt qui sait mieux que moi , dit B\u00e9li- \nsaire , combien ses faux amis ont abus\u00e9 de \nsa faveur , et tout ce que l'intrigue a fait \npour le surprendre ! Ce fut par elle que \nNars\u00e8s fut envoy\u00e9 en Italie pour traverser \nle cours de mes prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9s. L'empereur \nne pr\u00e9tendoit pas m'opposer un rival dans \nl'intendant de ses finances; mais Nars\u00e8s \navoit un parti \u00e0 la cour ; il s'en fit un dans \nmon arm\u00e9e ; la division s'y mit 5 et on \nperdit Milan, le boulevard de l'Italie. \nNars\u00e8s fut rappel\u00e9 5 mais il n'\u00e9toit plus \ntemps : Milan \u00e9toit pris , tout son peuple \n\u00e9gorg\u00e9 , et la Ligurie enlev\u00e9e \u00e0 nos armes. \nJe suis bien aise que Nars\u00e8s ait trouv\u00e9 \ngr\u00e2ce aupr\u00e8s de Pempereur : nous devons \nau rel\u00e2chement de la discipline d'avoir \nsauv\u00e9 la vie \u00e0 ce grand homme (1). Mais, \n(1) Iti bello qui rem \u00e0 duce prohibitam fccit \nCHAPITRE X. J23 \ndu temps de la r\u00e9publique , Nars\u00e8s e\u00fbt \nI paid for his head the crime of detaching from me a part of my army and disobeying me. I was recalled to my tour 5 and in place of me, a new intrigue named eleven chiefs, all envious of one another, who could not agree and were defeated. It cost us the entirety of Italy. I was sent back, but without an army. I ran through Thrace and Ionia to raise soldiers. I barely gathered a small number (i) who were not even dressed. I arrived in Italy with these wretched men, without horses, without weapons, without provisions. What could I do in such a state? I had great difficulty saving Rome. However, my enemies were triumphant at the court 5 and they said to one another: All is well, he is at his wits' end and we will go see him succumb. They saw only me in the cause.\naut mandata non senevit, capite poenitur? Sliam si rem bene gesserit. PancL 49, t. 16*\n124 BEIilsAHEye\nQuoiqu'il ne recevit pas les mandats, \u00e9tait-il ch\u00e2ti\u00e9 par la t\u00eate? Sliam, si elle avait bien agi. Pancias 49, t. 16\\*.\n124 BEIilsAHEye\nAnd yet, provided that her ruin brought about mine, they were content! I demanded forces, I received my recall, and was sent off with a powerful army. Narses\njustified doubtless the choice that had been made of him. And it was perhaps a good fortune\nthat he had been put in my place; but for my harm, he would have had to harm the success of my arms: we were buying my loss at the expense of the state. Such is the real malignity of intrigue. To raise or destroy a man, it sacrifices an army, an empire if necessary.\nAh! exclaimed Justinian, you enlighten me on all that was done to obscure your glory. What folly in the emperor's ignorance to have believed his enemies were yours!\nMon voisin, B\u00e9lisaire told him, you don't know how refined the art of harm is at court, how assiduous, active, adroit, insinuating intrigue is. It takes great care not to offend the prince or his will, but it wears him down little by little, like water seeping through a dam. Chapters X. 12-5\nIt has all the more advantage in doing so because the honest man it attacks is trusting and unguarded, having only the facts, which are disguised, and the reputation, whose voice is lost at the palace walls, to rely on. There, envy speaks up, and woe to the absent man it has resolved to blacken! He cannot help but experience some reversals in the course of his successes; they do not lack for making a crime of it 5 and\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete at the end, with missing words or lines.)\nlors m\u00eame qu'il fait le mieux , on lui re- \nproche de n'avoir pas mieux fait : un au- \ntre auroit \u00e9t\u00e9 plus loin, il a perdu ses \navantages. D'un c\u00f4t\u00e9 , le mal se grossit 5 de \nl'autre , le bien se d\u00e9prime 5 et , tout com- \npens\u00e9, l'homme le plus utile devient un \nhomme dangereux. Mais un plus grand \nniai que sa chute , c'est l'\u00e9l\u00e9vation de ce- \nlui que l'intrigue met \u00e0 sa place , et qui \ncommun\u00e9ment ne la m\u00e9rite pas ; c'est \nl'impression que fait sur les esprits l'exem- \nple d'un malheur injuste et d'une ^ndigna \nprosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 Del\u00e0? le rel\u00e2chement du z\u00e8le^ \n12.6 B\u00c9LISAIRE, \nl'oubli du devoir , le courage de la honte , \nl'audace du crime et tous les exc\u00e8s de la \nlicence qu'autorise l'impunit\u00e9. Tel est le \nr\u00e8gne de la faveur. Jugez combien elle doit \nh\u00e2ter la d\u00e9cadence d'un empire. \nSans doute , h\u00e9las ! c'est dans un prince \nune foiblesse malheureuse , dit l'empe- \nreur; yet it is perhaps excusable in an old man, who for thirty years has fought in vain against destiny, and whose vessel of the state, broken by the tempes, is on the point of being engulfed. For indeed, let us not deceive ourselves: the greatness and duration of this empire are the causes of its ruin. It has suffered the same law that before it the vast empire of Belus, that of Cyrus, have suffered. Like them, it has flourished, it must pass away as they did.\n\nI have no faith, said Belisarius there at the fate of these revolutions. It is to reduce to a system the discouragement where I lament that we have fallen. All perishes, the states themselves, I know it at the age of 5, but I do not believe that nature has traced their circle of existence.\n\nChapter X. 327\nA body politic is subject to convulsions that shake it, to lethargy that consumes it, to fits that, due to transport, cause it to fall into despair: labor exhausts its resources, rest relaxes them, contention breaks them; but none of these accidents is fatal. Nations have risen from the most terrible falls, returned from the most desperate states, and after the most violent crises, have recovered with more strength and more vigor than ever. Their decline is not marked as ours is by the passing of years. Their old age is a chimera, and the hope that sustains courage can extend as far as one wishes. This empire is weak, or rather languishing, but the remedy is at hand.\nque le mal est dans la nature des choses, et nous n'avons qu'\u00e0 l'y chercher. He bien, dit l'empereur, daignez faire avec nous Belisaire, this consoling search and, before seeking the remedy, let us return to the sources of the evil. I want this, said Elisaire, and it will be the subject of our conversations.\n\nCHAPTER XL\n\nJustinien, more impatient than ever to see Belisaire, came to press him the following day to tear aside the veil that had hidden the emperor's troubles from him for so long. Elisaire only went back to the time of Constantine. What a shame, he said, that such resolution, courage, and activity, this vast and powerful genius, had been deceived in its views, and had expended more efforts on ruining the empire than were necessary to restore its splendor! His new constitution is a masterpiece.\nChapter XI. The state (1), the authority of the prefect divided and reduced, the veterans established as landowners and border guards, all this was wise and great. Why did he not content himself with such simple means? He did not see or did not want to see that transferring the seat of the Empire was a matter of shaking, both physically and morally, the most solid foundations. It had been his wish that his city be a second Rome (5), that he decorate the new one with the wealth of the old, but this was only a theatrical performance, a fragile and vain spectacle.\n\n\"I am surprised, interrupted Tibere, and the capital of the world seemed to me more worthy, more advantageously placed on the Bosphorus?\" In the midst of these considerations, the thought suddenly occurred to him that the Bosphorus, with its two arms, might serve as a bulwark against the barbarians, and that the Empire might be preserved by being extended towards the East. He saw that the Danube, which marked the northern frontier, was too long and too exposed, and that the Rhine, which marked the western frontier, was too far from the heart of the Empire. He saw that the Alps, which formed a natural barrier in the north, were not impassable, and that the Danube, which flowed at their feet, could be easily crossed. He saw that the Rhine, which flowed at the feet of the Alps, was not a natural barrier, and that the Germans, who lived beyond it, were a formidable people, who, if they were not kept in check, could invade Italy. He saw that the Danube, which marked the eastern frontier, was not a natural barrier, and that the Sarmatians, who lived beyond it, were a formidable people, who, if they were not kept in check, could invade Moesia and Pannonia. He saw that the Red Sea, which marked the southern frontier, was too far from the heart of the Empire, and that the Arabs, who lived beyond it, were a formidable people, who, if they were not kept in check, could invade Egypt and Africa. He saw that the Mediterranean Sea, which surrounded the Empire on three sides, was not a natural barrier, and that the pirates, who infested its waters, could disrupt the commerce and communications of the Empire. He saw that the Empire could only be preserved by being extended towards the East, and that the Bosphorus, with its two arms, could serve as a bulwark against the barbarians. He saw that the Bosphorus, with its two arms, could serve as a bridge between Europe and Asia, and that the Empire could be united under the rule of a single emperor. He saw that the Bosphorus, with its two arms, could serve as a means of communication between the East and the West, and that the Empire could be united under the rule of a single emperor. He saw that the Bosphorus, with its two arms, could serve as a source of wealth and prosperity for the Empire, and that the Empire could be united under the rule of a single emperor. He saw that the Bosphorus, with its two arms, could serve as a symbol of the unity and power of the Empire, and that the Empire could be united under the rule of a single emperor. He saw that the Bosphorus, with its two arms, could serve as a symbol of the unity and power of the Empire, and that the Empire could be preserved and strengthened by extending its frontiers towards the East. He saw that the Bosphorus, with its two arms, could serve as a symbol of the unity and power of the Empire, and that the Empire could be preserved and strengthened by extending its frontiers towards the East. He saw that the Bosphorus, with its two arms, could serve as a symbol of the unity and power of the Empire, and that the Empire could be preserved and strengthened by extending its frontiers towards the East. He saw that the Bosphorus, with its two arms, could serve as a symbol of the unity and power of the Empire, and that the Empire could be preserved and strengthened by extending its frontiers towards the East. He saw that the Bosphorus, with its two arms, could serve as a symbol of the unity and power of the Empire, and that the Empire could be preserved and strengthened by extending its frontiers towards the East. He saw that the Bosphorus, with its two arms, could serve as a symbol of the unity and power of the Empire, and that the Empire could be preserved and strengthened by extending its frontiers towards the East. He saw that the Bosphorus, with its two arms, could serve as a symbol of the unity and power of the Empire\n(1) When a father declared he couldn't nurse his child, the state was responsible; the child had to be nursed and raised at the republic's expense. Constantin wanted this inscribed on marble, so it would be eternal.\n\nIsidore of Seville, from two seas and between Europe and Asia,\nat the bottom of Italy, by the brink of this river that barely supports a boat.\n\nConstantin thought as you did, Belisarius said,\nand he was mistaken. A state compelled to spread its forces outside should be easy to govern, contain, and defend within. Such is the advantage of Italy.\n\nThe mountains and seas surrounding it ensure, at little cost, protection from neighbors' insults; and Rome, for its security, only needed to guard the Alps. If an enemy...\nNemi, the powerful and bold, crossed these barriers. The Apennines served as refuge for the Romans and as a bulwark for half of Italy: it was there that Camille defeated the Gauls, and there that Narses won a beautiful victory over Totila. Here we no longer have a fixed and immutable center. The government's authority is exposed to the shock of all reverses. Demands are made to the Scythians, Sarmatians, and Slaves, if the Ebro, Danube, and Tanais are barriers that impose upon them. Byzantium is their only refuge, and the weakness of its walls is not what bothers me the most.\n\nAt Rome, the laws that ruled in the city could extend their vigilance and action from the center of the state to the extremities: Italy was under their eyes and under their hands, and could be easily moderated.\nThe same habits formed the manners, and the manners, in turn, provided faithful dispensers. Here we have the same laws, but everything is transplanted, nothing is in agreement, nothing is similar. The national spirit has no character. The country has not even a name. Italy produced men who loved their country from birth and who grew up in Mars' field. But where is the cradle, what is the school of warriors? The Dalmatians, Illyrians, Thracians are as foreign to us as the Numidians and Moors. No common interest binds them, no spirit of state or body animates and makes them act.\n\nRemember that you are Romans, said a captain of ancient Rome to his soldiers, and this speech renewed their tireless efforts in work and endurance.\n\"Trepides in combat. Now, what shall we tell our troops to encourage them? Remember that you are Armenians, Numidians, or Dalmatians. The state is no longer a body, it is the principle of its weakness. It took centuries to restore the unity we call the fatherland, an invisible and slow work of habit and opinion. Constantine decorated his city with the statues of Rome's heroes, a vain strategy: alas! These images were alive at Capitol, but the genius that animated them did not board our ships: they only transported marbles. The Paul-Emiles, the Scipions, the Catons are mute for us: Byzantium is foreign to them. But in Rome they spoke to the people, and they were heard.\"\n\n\"I do not see,\" said Justinian, \"why at Rome...\" [CHAPITRE XI.]\nThe empire had been less tranquil and happier for a long time. The people were weakened, and the senate even more so. An empire is weak and unhappy when it is in bad hands, said Belisarius. But at Rome, all it took was a good reign to change the course of things. See how the state sank under Hadrian, and how it rose to glory and majesty under Marcus Aurelius. Roman virtue was fading without dying out. The prince, worthy of reviving it, found the seed in the hearts. This seed had perished in Byzantium; it must be sown anew, and this should be the great work of a just and moderate reign. Without this miracle, all is lost. \"The very successes of our arms are ruinous for the state. The Empire has a hundred enemies who are one. We think we are destroying them; they reappear.\"\nIls se succ\u00e8dent one after another, and, through rapid diversions, they give each other time to recover. However, their common enemy weakens by dividing: his races ruin him, his labors consume him, his victories are wounds that do not have time to heal. And, after immense efforts to strengthen his power, a single day shakes and overturns twenty years of the happiest works. How many times, under this reign, have our flags not stolen from the Tiber to the Euphrate, from the Euphrate to the Danube? And all our weapons, under Mundus, Germain, Salomon, Narsetes and me, if I dare name myself, are reduced to submitting to the law of peace. It is necessary, says the emperor, for we are overwhelmed by war.\n\nThe means of avoiding war, says the old man,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in French, but it is written in a very old and difficult to read form of the language. I have made my best effort to translate and clean the text while staying faithful to the original content. However, there may still be errors or inconsistencies due to the challenging nature of the text.)\nlard is not for purchase is peace. The northern bars do not seek anything but prey; and the weaker it shows itself, the surer they are of taking it. The Persians have nothing more interesting than coming, weapons in hand, to plunder our Asian provinces every year. We send them back with gold! What means to keep them away, but to present to them the bait that attracts them! The ransom itself of peace becomes an instigator of war. And our emperors, in exhausting their peoples, have only made their enemies more eager and more powerful.\n\nYous trouble me, said Justinien. What barrier do you want us to oppose to them? Good armies, said Belisaire, and above all, happy peoples. When the barbarians spread in our provinces, they seek only plunder. They care little about leaving desolation behind.\net la haine, pourvu que ils laissent la terreur. An empire that wants to keep what it possesses doesn't do so by not asserting its dominion; if it doesn't make amends for its rule, it must renounce it. Authority founded on fear weakens and disappears in the distance, and it is impossible to rule by force from Taurus to the Alps, from the Caucasus to the foot of Atlas. What difference does it make to unfortunate people, whose sweat is expressed, whether their oppressors are Romans or Persians? We defend poorly a power that oppresses us ourselves; and if we dare not free ourselves, at least we let ourselves be delivered. Humanity, benevolence, righteousness, good faith, vigilant care for the happiness of the peoples we have subjugated - these are what bind us. Therefore, the heart of the state is in these things.\nI. Every province is a center of activity, strength, and vigor. I will often speak of myself, a young man, and you allow it as long as I consult my experience. When I waged war in Africa, I began by managing these lands as my patrimony \"Discipline established in my army attracted abundance, and soon I had the pleasure of seeing the peoples around me take my camp as refuge and arrange themselves under my flags. The day I entered Carthage at the head of a victorious army, not a complaint was heard, nor was the repose of the citizens disturbed: commerce and industry were exercised as usual, and it seemed that we were in full peace. It only remained for me to rule over a people who seemed to be looking for their father. I have also seen the same in Italy.\nThe natural inhabitants of the country flock to us, and the Goths at Ravenna submit their conqueror's will to be their king.\n\nCHAPTER XI. i3y\n\nSuch is the empire of clemency. Do not think that I boast of this: I have only followed the lessons the barbarians gave me. Yes, the barbarians have had their Titus and their Marc Aureles. Theodoric and Totila have deserved the world's love. O cities of Italy! exclaimed the old man, what a comparison you have made of these barbarians with us! I have seen women, the elderly, and infants butchered before my eyes in Naples. I ran, I tore victims from the hands of my soldiers, but I was alone, my cries were not heard, and those who should have supported me were occupied with pillage. The same thing happened here.\nThe city was taken by the generous Totila...\nHappy prince! He had the glory of saving it from the fury of his people. He conducted himself there as a tender father among his family. Humanity has nothing more touching than the care he took for the salvation of this people, who came to render themselves to him. He was the same in Rome, in this Rome where our commanders had recently exercised power - Belisarius, in the midst of the horrors of famine, the terrible pinches. Such is how our enemies have won the hearts of the people. Their justice and moderation have done us more harm than their value.\nBut on the contrary, what has truly harmed us is their avarice, harshness, and tyranny of our leaders. As soon as I had left Italy, these same Goths, whom I came to reconcile the crown, were indignant at the vexations of those who had replaced me and resolved\nRenting to relieve the yoke: from there, the reign of Totila and our misfortunes in Italy. After having defeated the Vandals in Africa, I managed to persuade the Moors to live in peace with us. But when I had departed, our illustrious brigands, our people of luxury and plunder, far from treating them as friends, exercised the most horrible violence on their cities and countryside. The Moors took the part of revenge and despair: our provinces were inundated with blood. Thus oppression excites revolt, which breaks all the bonds of peace. It is the same within. Indolent prefects, avid proconsuls, tyrants absolute and merciless in the provinces and cities: such are the things I have seen everywhere. Through them, public charges have become so intolerable that, to keep them under control, I was forced to...\nThe main citizens (i), it was necessary to forbid them the militia, the priesthood, even the sale of their own goods, and, what will never be believed, the resource of slavery. How do you want these cruelly oppressed peoples to love a yoke that crushes them? Can they believe they are bound, or by interest, or by duty, with such harsh oppressors? At the first murmur that misery and despair attach to them, there is a cry for revolt, for infidelity; armies are marched in the provinces to quell them. Sad and cruel means to reduce men, that of ruining them! And what to do with a people brought low by weakness? It must be docile and strong. It will be one and the other, if it is not exceeded by tyrants (i) - the subaltern tyrants, these tyrants under the reign of one.\n\n(i) The decurions or magistrates.\nA prince who is equitable and gentle often makes an intolerable reign. It depends on these depositories of authority to make it loved or hated. Therefore, the prince must fix his vigilant and severe eye on them. He has no more dangerous or cruel enemies than they, for they expose him to public opinion, and this is his greatest affliction. Whatever they dictate from pride, greed, or caprice, they call it his will. Therefore, hold firm, they only obey while exercising their violence, and through them, the prince is, unwittingly, the scourge of the peoples he loves.\n\nTiberius, added the hero, if a sovereign has the fortune to have you as a friend, tell him never to let go of the reins of authority and let all those who exercise it under him feel the restraint of his justice. For excesses committed in his name tarnish his reputation.\nThe son reigns, and the tears of the weak oppressed fall upon him instead of the peoples knowing that he protects them and avenges them. Chapter XI. The beautiful thing in speculation, according to Justinien, is a prince attentive and present to all that happens in his empire. But if he must listen to the complaints of his people, examine and judge them, it will never be enough. It is with these phantoms of difficulties that one frightens him, said Belisaire, but they vanish when observed closely, and you will see tomorrow that the art of governing is less complicated than one thinks.\nAdieu, my friends. You see that I engage further than I ever wanted. To reign is the folly of the majority of men, and few, in their reveries, do not amuse themselves, as I do, in regulating the fate of states. It is the delirium of the vulgar, said Justinien, but the most worthy meditation of the sage.\n\nThe emperor retired, struck by all this, l42 B\u00c9 LIS AIRE,\nwhat he came to hear from you, and that very evening at his supper, he heard tell his courtiers that the Empire had never been more flourishing and happier. Indeed, said he, the Empire is flourishing, and we swim in abundance; it is happy, for you live in luxury and idleness. Here the people count for nothing, and the court is the Empire for you. These words made them lower their eyes. They had no doubt.\nA prince who wants to rule alone must simplify all things, said Jeur. His first concern is to know what is useful to his people and what they expect from him. This alone is an immense study, said Tib\u00e8re. It is simple, said Beros, for the needs of one are the needs of all, and each of us knows by himself what is useful to the human race. For instance, asked Tib\u00e8re.\nYoung man, if you were a laborer, what would you expect from the prince's kindness? He assured me of the demon's fruit of my toil, letting me enjoy it, the tribute taken, with my children and my wife; he protected my inheritance against fraud and plunder, and my family and me against violence, insult, and oppression. Well then, said Belisarius, is that not enough for every citizen? And the prince, in turn, pursued the hero, \"What does he demand of his subjects? -- Obedience, the tribute, and forces for the maintenance of his power and laws. -- That is still simple and just, said Belisarius. And what are their reciprocal duties?\" -- To live.\nIn peace, not harming ourselves, letting each one have their own, and observing harmony and good faith in commerce. That, my friend, is the summary of the good man's creed, and for this reason, you see, it needs no volumes of laws. There was a time when Rome's were written on twelve tables; that time was as good as this. The just person is only the balance of what is useful, and the measure of what returns to each from the common good. Only equity presides over this distribution, and its code will not be long. What confuses and enlarges it is the minute caprice of an arbitrary will, which erects its fantasies into laws, changing them at will. It is the timid fear of not giving liberty enough bonds to enchain her. It is the jealous pride of dominating.\nChapter XII. In this reign, an ample collection of edicts and decrees was made, but it is not the school of the people; rather, it is the people who should be instructed in their duties and rights. Each person should be their own judge. Each person, therefore, must know what is prescribed, forbidden, and permitted by law. To achieve this, there should be simple, clear, sensible, few, and easily applicable laws. This is especially what will shorten the details of administration. Once the people are instructed in what they should do and what is due to them, they are proud of their security and content.\ndependence; he sees what returns to him from the sacrifices he made: this is the virtue of laws - to command, to veil, to permit, to punish. Why then do we see him so often impatient under the yoke of (1) the laws? What is this law, the virtue of Jupiter, Jupiter's law?\n\nBecause rigor is all on the side of the laws that hinder him, and softness and negligence on the side of the laws that favor him and should protect him. But the simplicity of a popular code would remedy this abuse, for the judges, seeing the people sufficiently instructed to judge for themselves and in a state to demand a precise and constant law from them, would not dare to bend the rule or change its weight at their will.\n\nThe most abusive of laws are those that seize upon property. For one does not seize upon them.\nThe people are not fond of life or freedom very much, and when their hands are bound, it is only to plunder them. Thus, among the many excesses committed by those in authority, scarcely one is not the crime of avarice. Therefore, it is the prince's duty to lighten the burden, and begin by clarifying the perception of taxation.\n\nAs long as the tax is multiplied and complicated as it is, regulation, no matter what is done, will be troubled and fraudulent: it must therefore be simplified. The law that regulates it should be clear and inalterable, as should the tax itself, which, if necessary, should be equal, easy, natural, uniform, applied to real and solid goods, regulated by their value and the law.\nm\u00eame partout, le tribut est pay\u00e9 partout ; par exemple, la heureuse Sicile payait volontiers aux Romains, celui dont douceur fit adorer C\u00e9sar dans les provinces de l'Asie. La fraude n'aura plus \u00e0 se r\u00e9fugier dans un d\u00e9dale t\u00e9n\u00e9breux d'\u00e9dits absurds et arbitraires, imperatorum processerunt. (1) Quoniam neque quies sine armis, neque utrumque sans tributs peut \u00eatre maintenue. Liv. I.1.\n\nOrnais ager Sicili\u0153 decumanus. (2) Ubi sup.\n\nAppius de Bellum, civ.h 5. Pro anno copia vel inopidum, uberius ex Asi\u00e2 vel angustius exactum est. Item Dio, L. 4-5.\n\nLes empereurs avaient mis des imp\u00f4ts sur l'urine, sur la poussi\u00e8re, sur les ordures, sur les cadavres, sur la fum\u00e9e, l'air et l'ombre. (4) B\u00e9lisaire, bizarres : l'\u00e9vidence m\u00eame du droit marquera les limites, et en cessant d'\u00eatre.\narbitraire will cease to be odious. You know well, said the emperor, what is opposed to your principles. Simplifying the tax would reduce it. I hope so, said the hero. And then, added the emperor, if the people are too comfortable, they will be, as it is said, lazy, arrogant, rebellious, unyielding. O just heaven, cried Belisaire! What means to disgust the people with work, except to assure them of its fruits! What means to make them unyielding and rebellious, except to make them happier! We fear he may be arrogant! Ah, I well know that they want him to tremble like a slave under the whips. But who should tremble, if he is without crime and reproach? Under what power should he bend, if not under that of the laws and the legitimate sovereign? What empire had rights of gazon, of rivage, of rouer.\n\"de Timon, de la b\u00eate somme; et quee, according to Tacitus, carried out the exactions of the Ullicites. Publi-cani named. Above, in Chapter XII. But more on his obedience, rather than the one who, through kindness, recognition, and love, has acquired all the rights of a father? Believe me, I know the people; they are not as you paint them.\n\nWhat angers and repels him is misery and suffering; what saddens and revolts him is the despair of acquiring ceaselessly and never possessing. That is the truth, and it is well known; but it is concealed: we have established a system that we try to legitimize.\n\nThis system of the great is that the human race lives only for a small number of men, and that the world is made for them. It is an inconceivable pride, says the emperor; but it is true that it exists.\"\nDans bien des \u00e2mes. Non, dit Belisaire, il est jou\u00e9 : il n'a jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 sinc\u00e8re. Il n'y a pas un homme de bon sens, quelque \u00e9lev\u00e9 qu'il soit, qui se comparant en secret avec le peuple qui le nourrit, qui le d\u00e9fend, qui le prot\u00e8ge, ne soit humble au-dedans de lui-m\u00eame. Sa hauteur n'est qu'un personnage qu'il a pris pour en imposer et parvient \u00e0 persuader. Fasse le ciel, mon \u00e2me Tib\u00e8re, que votre ami ne donne pas dans cette absurde illusion ! Obtenez que il jette les yeux sur la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 primitive : il la verra divis\u00e9e en trois classes, et toutes les trois occup\u00e9es \u00e0 s'aider r\u00e9ciproquement, l'une \u00e0 tirer du sein de la terre les choses n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la vie, l'autre \u00e0 donner \u00e0 ces productions la forme et les qualit\u00e9s relatives.\nIn their use, and the third to its regulation and defense for the common good. There is no idle person in this institution; the circle of mutual aid is filled: each one, according to their abilities, contributes assiduously: forces, industry, intelligence, lights, talents, and virtues, all serve, all pay the tribute of 5 and it is to this simple, natural, regular order that the economy of an equitable government reduces itself.\n\nYou can see that it would be senseless for one of these classes to despise its companions, for they are all equally useful, equally dependent, and supposing that there was some advantage, it would be:\n\nCHAPTER XII.\n\nfor the laborer, for he is the first of the arts. But it is easy and clear that he does not expose the man.\net it demands only the most common faculties from him: he is good that the useful arts, which require talents, virtues, and rare qualities, be also encouraged. Thus, the arts of primary need will not be the most esteemed, and they do not aspire to be. But as superfluous as it would be to bestow vain preferences upon them, it is unjust and inhumane to attach a harsh contempt to them. Your friend, my dear Tib\u00e8re, be careful not to harbor this stupid contempt that he nurtures like a nurse and like that of the state, this part of humanity so useful and so despised. It is just that the people work for the classes that support them, and that they contribute with them to the maintenance of the power that ensures their security: it is to the earth to feed men. But the first that it must feed are the arts of primary need.\nThose who make it fertile are the ones we have no right to demand more than the excess of 52 from, Belisaire, of their needs (i.e., their share). If they did not obtain, through the most arduous and constant labor, an unhappy existence, they would no longer be in the state of associates but of slaves: their condition would become odious and intolerable; they would renounce it, change class, or cease to reproduce and perpetuate their own. It is true, Justinien says, that we hold our friends too tightly; but fortunately, this species of men is hardened to toil! Their ambition goes no further than the first needs of life: if they have bread, they are content. In truth, my neighbor, Belisaire, it is said that you have spent your life at court, since you know the language so well.\n\"qu'on y dit sans cesse, pour en gager le principe \u00e0 d\u00e9pouiller ses peuples, \u00e0 les accabler sans remords. Oui, je conviens avec vous, qu'ils n'ont pas les insens\u00e9s besoins du luxe. Mais plus leur vie est frugale et modeste, plus on est s\u00fbr, quand ils se plaignent, qu'ils se plaignent avec raison. In the language of the court, manquer du n\u00e9cessaire, c'est n'avoir pas de quoi nourrir vingt chevaux inutiles, vingt valets fa\u00eeneants : dans le langage du laboureur, c'est n'avoir pas de quoi nourrir son p\u00e8re accabl\u00e9 de vieillesse, ses enfants, dont les faibles mains ne peuvent pas l'aider encore, et sa femme enceinte ou nourrice d'un nouveau sujet de l'\u00e9tat. Chapitre XII\u00bb Ils sont plus reconnaissables sobres et patientes, plus nous sommes s\u00fbrs, quand ils se plaindront, qu'ils se plaindront \u00e0 raison. In the language of the court, to lack the necessary, is not to have anything to feed twenty idle horses, twenty lazy valets : in the language of the farmer, it is not to have anything to feed his aged father, his children, whose weak hands cannot help him yet, and his wife pregnant or nursing a new subject of the state.\"\n\"What she asks for, to support a year of hail or sterility, to provide for oneself or one's own in old age or illness, the reliefs, the aid that nature requires. Or, my friends, do I not ask if this first destination of agricultural products is not sacred and inviolable, more so than the treasure of Janus should be? Alas! said the emperor, there are times of calamity when one cannot dispense with infringing upon it.\n\nBut is it necessary, said Belisarius, that all the resources of the superfluous be exhausted and that there be no other means of saving a people but to ruin them: I have never seen such times. But let us speak the truth: Do you know what oppresses the laboring and suffering class with a burden? It is the burden that the idle and pleasure-seeking class casts upon it.\"\nThose who, through their wealth, participate the least in the advantages of society are those who contribute the least to its expenses and defense. It seems that idleness is a privilege for them. Put an end to this abuse. In a pressing need, rather than burdening the people with new taxes, Marc-Aur\u00e8le sold the imperial palace's furnishings. He sold the golden vessels, his wife's jewelry and his own, as well as many other ornaments for two continuous months. Aurelian. Vice.\n\nOne cannot help but notice that the wealthiest of men crush the people with their triples tributes, the paupers and the tax collectors are oppressed by them. Salvius, Book 5, Proprietas. Gaius Hapex Tertius, Book I, 55, et cetera. The weight of public expenses, the emperor said, will be light for all.\n(1) To establish this desired equality, haven't the unfaithful decurions been punished with fire? They, in distributing their city's tax, overcharged some to exempt others (2). Alas! Belisarius said, it is not to these unfortunate ones that we show favor. To avoid vexing the people with sufficient harshness, we put them in irons, we beat them with blows, we reduced them to envying the condition of slaves (3). But are there no rods, dungeons, tortures for your governors, your proconsuls, and your prefects? And what would be more intolerable if we silenced the peoples and stifled their cries? Give them less severe laws, with the full freedom to prosecute infractors.\n\n(1) Code of Justinian, De anmondeo\n(2) Code i. De censibus et censibus\n{jj) Treatise, (the law of the Goiiv, Er,~}\nBelisarius spoke: \"Justinian has always allowed peoples to complain, he said. Yes, Belisarius replied, but only if their tyrants permit it. Haven't we demanded the attachment of magistrates and prefects so that cities and provinces could denounce to the court the excesses they themselves commit or are accomplices of? And wasn't there a greater means of ensuring impunity?\n\nThe laws command their depositories [to oppose] vexations; and these are the ones who inflict them. The laws make it a religious duty for them to protect the faithful from injuries; and it is in their hands that the power lies, with the right to abuse it. The laws determine the sum of illicit exactions, violent acts, extortions, and other things to be prohibited.\"\n(1) Processes of the provinces. Pandects. L. 1. T. 18.\n(3) The more powerful men injure the humbler ones in the provinces, permitting this at the religion of the presides of the provinces. Ibid.\n(1) (4) Those who rule over all the provinces have the power of the sword, Ibid.\nCHAPTER XII.\nof the tax and the prefects, proconsuls, presidents, (1) they distribute, (2) and they never lack pretexts for aggravating. The laws allow the creatures of the prefect to be cited before the prefect's own tribunal, but they forbid appealing from this tribunal to that of the prince, because, they say, the prince raises men to this dignity only from those of proven integrity and wisdom. He cannot therefore be mistaken in his choice? What folly to risk a people's fate on the faith of a man! Justinian felt the abuse of this: he restored the praetors with the right to oppose the decisions of the magistrates.\n(1) Prefets' predations, new oppressors, (2) You could not appeal to the pretorium of a prefect. Cod. Theod. L. 1 T* 10, (3) You could not call upon the prefect's court. The prince believed those who, for each individual matter, had been examined by Jude and Gratian, and had been found to be capable of carrying out the duties of the office, would not judge otherwise, for wisdom and dignity, than he himself would be judged by. Pand. L. i. T. il, l58 BEL ISA! RE, (1) servants for the people (2). Their residence in the provinces soon gave rise to contagion, as they became accomplices, they only added to the number of tyrants. This is where we see so many abuses going unpunished, so many good laws being useless, (2) What would you do, he asked the emperor? \"I would listen to the cry of the weak,\" said Belisarius, \"and the unjust and powerful man would tremble.\"\nAmong the institutions of our emperors, there is one that I reverence and earnestly desire to see revived. When, among the functionaries in charge of maintaining sovereign authority, I encountered agents specifically tasked with preventing tax collectors from receiving and executing mandates that, in bad practice, departed from the seat of the prefect, for receiving ripe grapes, for correcting roads, and for other similar matters. Novell. 24.\n\n(1) Vit. Pandec. L, 48. Leg, Jul. repelundum. Leg. Jul. de annona. Leg. Jul. pecunia I censibus et censitis.\n\n(2) Or I call them Curiae s L\n\nCHAPTER XIX. 15(|\n\nIn charge of receiving the people's complaints in the provinces and informing the emperor, I have felt my soul flourish and humanity breathe in me. I make vows for a good prince to give this important charge the distinction it deserves.\navois five the he it names his friends the most virtuous, the most trusted, the most intimate, in the pomp the most solemn and imposing, he receives at the foot of the altars the oath they will make to the heavens? to his peoples and to himself, never to betray the interests of the weak in favor of the powerful man, whom he sends every year to his peoples under the sacred name of guardians, and calls back to himself as soon as their task is completed, lest they be tainted by corruption. What effect will their presence and expectation produce! See at the arrival of the just man, the provinces, liberty lift up its head, and license and tyranny lower their eyes trembling: see your prefects, your presidents, your proconsuls and their subalterns tremble before the elders.\nTheir judge, and the peoples surround him as their father and avenger. The monarchs complain that the truth eludes them! Ah, my friends, she seeks them even behind lances and swords. How easily would she approach them if they granted her free access! And this would not be the cry of a seditious mob, but the moderate voice of the wise and virtuous man who would bring the complaint of humanity to the throne. O that the abuses, the excesses committed in the name of the prince would be much rarer, if they all passed annually under the watchful and severe eyes of justice, and if his sword from the throne was raised to punish!\n\nOf all conditions, the militia is certainly that where license and disorder seem to reign most impotently. But let us restore discipline.\nson austerity, its vigor; may favor not interfere in any way with the severe laws of which Justinian gave five examples. This will soon deter the most audacious.\n\nCHAPTER XII. 161\n\nWhat is this example, asked the emperor? \"Here it is,\" replied Belisarius: \"it is, in my opinion, the most beautiful moment of Justinian's reign. In Colchis, his generals had dipped their hands in the blood of the Lazian king, an ally. Justinian sent an honest man (i) to the scene with full power to pronounce judgment and punish, after he had heard the complaint of the Lazian people and their defense. This supreme and terrible judge chose one of the Caucasus hills for his tribunal and, in the presence of the Lazian army, he made a spectacle of this great cause.\n\"But all that requires at least a few incorruptible men, yet such species are rare, especially since the lowering and debasement of the senate. What, said Tiberius, do you regret these tyrants of freedom, these slaves of tyranny?\n\n(i) Atilius Regulus, one of the principal senators,\nsaid the hero, I regret in the senate, not what it has been, but what it could be. All dominion tends toward tyranny: for it is natural to man to suppose that his will makes law. The senate's duplicity toward the people, and its inflexible pride, made its reign preferable to that of a master whom one hoped to find more just and gentler. This master, jealous of exercising authority without sharing it, made the senate's pride bend under the yoke.\"\nThe senate, seized by fear, was lower and more base than its master would have wished: Tircus claimed to complain about this to himself (1). But it is easy to imagine that, in ceasing to be dangerous, the senate became useful. It gave authority a more imposing character and established itself as a mediator between the people and the sovereign, thus becoming the support of all the forces of the empire. However, I do not view the senate from this perspective. I regret in it a nursery of experienced men, nourished in councils and in battles, instructed in governing and by laws and arms. It is from this order of citizens, contained within just bounds and honored as it should be, that an emperor would have drawn his generals and his ministers, his prefects and his magistrates.\nWhere can we find a skilled, virtuous, and wise man today? Will we give him the fate of a people to decide? Is it in the obscure employment of the palatine militia where Regulus, Fabius, and Scipio formed? In the absence of a school where souls are exercised, talents measure their strengths, character is revealed, genius develops, and virtues and intelligence distinguish themselves, we have almost entirely given in to the chance of birth and favor. Thus, the evils accumulate under which a state succumbs.\n\n(i) This fictitious militia was composed of the police and finance. The politics of the emperors had reduced the senate in it.\n\n64 BELISARIUS,\n\nWhat do you want, emperor? When women are degraded, when the species is in decline,\n\"en is corrupted, and with all the care possible, one can only make bad choices there. Yet, Belisaire insisted, one should never be discouraged. Corruption is never total; there are always good people, and if there aren't enough, one can create them. It suffices that a prince loves and knows how to discern them. Farewell, my friends. This will be a consoling conversation for us; for it is clear that, to remedy the worst state of affairs, one need only will it.\n\nBelisaire makes everything depend on our weak will, Justinien told Tib\u00e8re; Are we free to give ourselves discernment and the choice of men? And does he not know how well they disguise themselves with us? What confuses me, Tib\u00e8re added, is that he claims men are born\"\nYou asked for the cleaned text of the given input. Here it is:\n\n\"You want to know what I am? As if nature were subject to you. Chapter XIII. Upon their arrival the next day, they found him in his garden, occupied with agriculture together with Paulin, his gardener. A moment earlier, he had said to them, \"You would have learned, as I did, a good lesson in the art of governing had you been here earlier. For nothing resembles the government of men more than this garden, and my gardener here reasons like a Solon.\" The emperor and Tibere were promenading with the hero. The young man proposed to him the reflections and reasons they had considered, and their fears that he might be deluded. \"Yes,\" he told them, \"he who, in the depths of his palace, is surrounded by a thick circle of courtiers,\"\nThe adulators around him knew little of B\u00e9lisaire, the man, no doubt; but what prevents him from escaping his narrow prison, communicating, becoming accessible? The affability in a prince is the lover of truth. His slaves disguise it, but the man of the people, the laborer, the old soldier blunt and sincere, will not disguise it from him. He will hear the public voice: it is the oracle of sovereigns, the most integrity judge of merit and truth, and one makes only good choices when deciding by it. A monarch's choices depend on two things: his advisors and his agents. If he has wisely chosen the former, I respond to his choice of the latter. Everything depends on having a few worthy friends near him. Theodoric had only one, the virtuous one.\nCassiodorus ruled with wisdom and glory. There are certain signs by which one can choose his counsel and guides even at court. Severity in manners, disinterest, honesty, courage in truth, zeal to protect the weak and innocent, constancy in friendship, a tendency toward the bond, a fixed attachment to the laws of equity: these are traits by which a prince can distinguish men of integrity and choose true friends. The motives for exclusion seem even more sensitive: for virtue can be feigned, but vice is not played. As soon as it announces itself, it can be believed. For instance, if I were a king, he who had once spoken ill of my people to me would be excluded.\navec m\u00e9pris, de mes devoirs avec l\u00e9g\u00e8ret\u00e9 y \nou de l'abus de mon pouvoir avec une ser- \nYi\\e et basse complaisance 5 celui-l\u00e0 seroit \n\u00e0 jamais exclu du nombre de mes amis. \nOr , rien n'est plus ais\u00e9 ? en observant les \nhommes , que de surprendre , \u00e0 leur ms\u00e7u , \ndes traits de caract\u00e8re qui trahissent et qui \nd\u00e9c\u00e8lent m\u00eame les plus dissimul\u00e9s, J'ai \nbeaucoup entendu parler de cette dissimu- \nlation profonde attribu\u00e9e aux courtisans : \nil n'en est pas un qui ne soit connu comme \ns'il \u00e9toit la franchise m\u00eame 5 et si le prince \na pu s'y m\u00e9prendre , la voix publique ie d\u00e9- \nI \nl68 B ELIS AIRE , \ntrompera. Il ne tient donc qu'a lui de pla- \ncer dignement son estime et sa confiance 5 \net la vertu , la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 , une fois admises \ndans ses conseils , il peut se reposer sur \nelles du soin de l'\u00e9clairer sur tous ses au- \ntres choix. \nMais pensez-vous , dit l'empereur , \u00e0 \nIn nature, Belisarius said, it produces what one knows how to direct. To direct it, he had other means than just and severe laws, Belisarius continued. But what would he do, demanded Justinian, to change these long-depraved mores? My gardener will tell you, Belisarius replied and called him. Listen, Paulin, he said, when some bad weed comes among your plants, what do you do? The good man replied, the arracich. Instead of pulling it out, why not cut it? It would keep coming back, and I would never finish. And my good master, Belisarius added, this is how it is with bad habits among men.\nThe text speaks of preventing the root from drawing earth's succes: Belisaire says this is your laws' criticism. They suppress crimes of society as much as they can, but they let vices persist that should be extirpated. Almost all vices, at least those of the court, have a common root. And what is it, Tib\u00e8re asked? It's greed, the old man replied. Yes, under that name, whether it's the desire to accumulate or the desire to enjoy, greed doesn't spawn anything base or unworthy. Cruelty, ingratitude, dishonesty, iniquity, envy, and even atrocity itself are branches of this passion. From its prey, it still nourishes softness, voluptuousness.\nThe dissolution, debauchery, and this lazy idleness that harbor them. Thus, Elise had 170 b aversion, all the mass of manners is corrupted by the allure of riches. If he animates the literature, he will make it perfidious and black; if he meddles with courage, he dishonors it with excesses. He stains the talents most esteemed with the mark of venality, and the soul that is their slave is incessantly exposed for sale, to live with the most enticing offer. From this, all public crimes are committed to amass. And this tyranny that the universe groans from, it is luxury that is its father: for it gives birth to needs, and these needs give birth to avarice, and avarice, to satisfy itself, has recourse to oppression. Therefore, it is to luxury that one must take hold; it is through it that the revolution in manners must begin.\nAttaque le luxe, dit l'empereur, c'est attaquer une hydre : on lui coupe une t\u00eate, il en repousse mille. Ou plut\u00f4t, c'est comme un Prot\u00e9e, qui, sous mille formes diverses, \u00e9chappe \u00e0 qui veut l'encha\u00eener. Je vous dirai bien plus, ajouta-t-il : les causes du luxe et ses influences, ses liaisons et ses rapports font un m\u00e9lange de biens et de maux si compliqu\u00e9s dans ma pens\u00e9e, que supposant qu'il \u00e9tait possible de l'encha\u00eener ou de le d\u00e9truire, je douterais si l'un se permettrait, et si l'autre serait utile. Oui, je conviens, dit Belisaire, que le luxe est dans un \u00e9tat, comme ces malhonn\u00eates gens qui ont fait de grandes alliances : on les m\u00e9nage par \u00e9gard pour elles, mais on les finit par enfermer. Je n'irai pourtant pas si loin. Commen\u00e7ons par les faits que je have seen myself. On dit que le luxe:\n\nChapter XIII. 171\n\nattaque le luxe, the emperor said, is like attacking a hydra: we cut off one head, and a thousand more grow back. Or rather, it's like Protes, who, in a thousand different forms, escapes the one who wants to chain him. I'll tell you more, he added: the causes and influences, the connections and relationships of luxury are so complicated in my mind that, supposing it were possible to chain or destroy it, I would doubt if one were allowed, and if the other would be useful. Yes, I agree, said Belisaire, that luxury is in a state, like those dishonest men who have made great alliances: we indulge them out of respect for them, but we end up imprisoning them. I will not go so far. Let us begin with the facts that I have seen myself. It is said that luxury:\nEst bon dans les villes. I have difficulty believing; but I am sure it is fatal in armies. Pompey, on seeing C\u00e9sar's soldiers eat wild roots, said: \"These are brutish beasts.\" He should have said: \"These are men. The first courage of a warrior is to expose his life; the second is to reduce it to the bare necessities of nature; and this is the most painful for one who has lived softly. A people who want to enjoy peace in the midst of war cannot sustain either successes or reverses. It is little of victory they require, but abundance; and as soon as this is lacking, they threaten to desert, the other. Belisaire, I would call in vain. A sober army has wings; luxury enervates and makes heavy the army where it is spread. Frugality manages.\nThe resources within and without, from the fifth degree to prosperity, exhaust and leave none for need. It leads to devastation, famine, terror, and shameful flight. All is painful for men whom softness has nourished; courage remains but forces lack: the enemy, who knows how to tire them, does not need to conquer, and the slowness of war serves him instead of battles. But luxury enrages bodies more than it softens and corrupts souls. The rich man, who drags luxury with him in the camps, gives the poor man emulation, who, to avoid the humiliation of being erased by his equal, seeks resources in dishonor itself. Time attaches itself to the rich, consideration to magnificence, contempt to poverty, ridicule to modest virtue.\ndisinterested in it, yet here you are? said Tib\u00e8re. How did you manage to get involved? The easiest way in the world, replied the old man: I was banished from my tent, and I was devoted to contempt. Contempt is a powerful antidote against the poison of Pride! A young Asian had brought the delights of his homeland into my camp; he slept under a purple pavilion, drank from golden cups, and served the most exquisite wines and rarest dishes at his table. I invited him to dinner; and in the presence of his comrades: Young man, I said to him, you see that we make poor fare here sometimes, it's the price to pay: for those who chase after glory are exposed to...\nmanque de pain. Believe me, your delicateness would have suffered too much from the life we are about to lead: I advise you not to follow us. He was sensitive to this reproach. He asked for mercy, obtained it but then sent his belongings back. And this lesson was enough? the young man asked. Yes, doubtless, the hero replied; Belisaire supported this, and I am known to have a firm will. \u2014You say we complain a lot!\u2014 When the law is equal and necessary, no one complains. \u2014No, but it is hard for the rich to be put on the same level as the poor. \u2014In return, it is sweet for the poor to see the rich at their level, and all the poor are the greatest number. \u2014But the rich are the most powerful and best heard at court. \u2014So they do not suffer much.\nI have successfully harmed myself. But what I have done, I would do it again five times, for the strength of the soul, like that of the body, is the fruit of temperance. Without it, there is no disinterest, no virtue. I asked a shepherd why his dogs were faithful. He told me, it is because they live only on bread. If I had fed them meat, they would turn into wolves. I was struck by his response. In general, my friends, the most reliable way to suppress vices is to deny their needs.\n\nAll of this is possible in an army?\n\nCHAPTER XIII.\n\"It is possible for the emperor,\" but impractical in a state. It is not like civil laws, which can be compared to military laws: the latter restrain liberty in a much tighter circle. No law can prevent a citizen from enriching himself honestly.\n\"Cune cannot prevent him from disposing of his riches and enjoying them peacefully. He is supposed to have acquired them through his work, industry, savings, or merit, or that of his ancestors. He has the right to disperse or hide them. I agree, said Belisaire. I go further, said the emperor: if the riches of a state are accumulated in the hands of one class, it is good that they spread and that labor and industry draw them from idleness. I also agree, said the hero. I add, continued Justinien, that licentiousness, sensuality, ostentation, magnificence, whims of taste, caprices of fashion, searches for softness and vanity are details that escape the most severe police.\"\nThe laws should not interfere without some form of tyranny, said the old man. God forbid that I want the laws to interfere! Thus speaks Justinian, protecting luxury with all that is most inviolable among men: freedom, property, perhaps even public utility. I agree with everything, except for that point, said Belisarius. But, said the prince, you will admit that luxury animates and causes the arts to flourish. It makes men industrious, active, capable of emulation, and opposes their indolence and penchant for idleness with the goad of new desires and the pleasure of enjoyment. I concede, said Belisarius, that luxury is sweet to those who enjoy it and profitable to those who enable enjoyment, and that the laws should allow this commerce.\net tranquille. N'est-ce pas ce que vous \nvoulez? \nJe veux plus , reprit l'empereur ; je pr\u00e9- \ntends que , de proche en proche , son in- \nfluence se r\u00e9pandent sur toutes les classes \nde l'\u00e9tat r m\u00eame sur celle des laboureurs, \nCHAPITRE XIII. VJJ \n\u00e0 qui elle procure un d\u00e9bit plus facile et \nplus avantageux des fruits de leurs travaux. \nC'est ici , dit B\u00e9lisaire , que l'apparence \nvous s\u00e9duit : car ce qui revient \u00e0 la classe \ndes laboureurs des prodigalit\u00e9s du luxe a \nd\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 pris sur elle 5 et tous les hommes \nqu^il emploie sont autant d'\u00e9trangers qu'il \nlui donne \u00e0 nourrir\u00bb Rappelez-vous l'id\u00e9e \nque nous nous sommes faite de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \nprimitive. Quel en est le but? n'est-ce pas \nde rendre l'homme utile \u00e0 l'homme? Et \ndans cette institution , le droit de l'un sur \nle travail de l'autre n'est-il pas le droit de \nl'\u00e9change ? Si donc un homme en occupe \nA thousand to his needs multiplied, not contributing to the needs of one, is it not like a sterile and greedy plant in the midst of the harvest? Such is the rich idler amidst luxury and sloth. Object of constant care and labor from society, he receives the tribute as a pure parasite. It is to flatter his tastes, to fill his desires, that nature is occupied: it is for him that the seasons produce the most delicious fruits and the finest elements, the most exquisite dishes; the arts, the rarest masterpieces. He enjoys all, contributes nothing, robs society of a multitude of useful men, fills no role, and dies leaving behind no other void than that of the goods he has consumed. I do not know, said Tib\u00e8re, but it seems to me that he is less burdensome, less injurious.\ntile que vous ne croyez. Car si dans la \nmasse des biens communs il ne met pas \nle fruit de ses talens , de son activit\u00e9 et de J \nson industrie , il y met son argent, et c'est \nla m\u00eame chose. \nEh ! mon ami , l'argent , dit le vieil- \nlard , n'est que le signe des biens que l'on \nc\u00e8de, et le gage de leur retour. Dans le \ncommerce de ces biens il en exprime la va- \nleur 5 mais celui qui dans ce commerce ne \npr\u00e9sente que le signe , et jamais la r\u00e9alit\u00e9, \nabuse \u00e9videmment du moyen de l'\u00e9change, \npour se faire c\u00e9der sans cesse ce qu'il ne \nremplace jamais. Le garant mobile qu'il \ndonne le dispense de tout , au lieu de l'en- \ngager. Que \u00eee magistrat veille, que le sol- \nCHAPITRE x'il\u00ee. \ndat combatte , que l'artisan et le labou- \nreur travaillent sans cesse pour lui , ses \ndroits acquis sur leurs services se renou- \nvellent tous les ans , et le privil\u00e8ge qu'il a \nThe unnecessary white spaces and unreadable text have been removed. The text is in modern English and does not require translation. No OCR errors were detected.\n\nThe opulence keeps the world in its grasp, the young man said. Yes, my friend, the old man replied, without it costing the opulent man any additional effort or care beyond rendering in detail to society the titles of servitude it has contracted with him. And why this servitude, asked Tiberius? Why are the rich in a state? Because the laws keep what is acquired by each person, Tiberius said. Nothing is more acquired than the fruit of labor, industry, and intelligence, or the freedom to acquire and accumulate, and both property and freedom should be inviolable rights. (1)\n\nA philosopher in Athens, having found a treasure in his field, wrote to Trajan: I have found a treasure. Trajan replied, use it. (1)\n\n[Reference: (1) An allusion to a story from Plutarch's \"Life of Tiberius Gracchus\"]\nDoubt there are men who could impose on society all the costs of their existence, and of a crowd of men they employ only for themselves; but it would be an even greater evil to take away from emulation, work, and industry the hope of possession and the security of enjoyment. Do not be troubled by an inevitable evil. As long as there are men more active, more industrious, more economical, and happier than others, there will be inequality in the distribution of goods; this inequality will even be excessive in primitive states, without our having the right to destroy it.\n\nAdmit it then, said the emperor, that luxury is good for something, for it is he who, through his expenses, diminishes and destroys this inequality. That is to say, luxury is good at draining the sources of luxury.\n\"I admit it, said Belisarius. Trajan replied, \"Let him abuse it.* Alexander-Severus could deny it. CHAPITRE XIII, line 8\n\"Let the riches have all the means to flow away. I do not mean that one who possesses them is forced to bury them, nor that their use is prescribed for him. The laws should only interfere in imposing the burden of public needs on common property, leaving intact and sacred the portion of subsistence, touching only the excess of each estate's ease. Opinion will make up the rest. Opinion!\" said the emperor. \"Yes, it is she,\" said Belisarius, \"who, without hindrance and without violence, puts each thing back in its place; and it is from her that we must expect the revolution in mores.\"\"\nThis revolution seems difficult to you, it depends on the sovereign's will and example. As soon as a man of equal merit, the most modest and simple in his manners, is received by the prince, announcing his contempt for extravagant expenses and effeminate luxury, casting a scornful eye on the slaves of indulgence, and fixing a respectful gaze on the victims of the public good, the taste for noble simplicity and sound economy will soon prevail in his court. Faste, far from being honorable there, will not even be decent. Pure and austere mores will take the place of licentious and frivolous ones. All respects will turn towards personal merit, and leave luxury and vanity to admire and indulge in each other. Oh my friends! With this revolution, the court will become a model of simplicity and economy, far removed from the excesses and frivolities that have long reigned there.\n\"The rapidity with which they would fall! You know how attentive, docile, and quick the city is in following the example of the court. What is in honor soon becomes fashionable. The ancient frugality restored would produce indifference, and this, in turn, would lead to heroic morals. A man in a position to be useful, no longer having a motive for greed in the social graces, and freed from the slavery of insatiable needs for luxury, feels himself developing in himself the germ of honest sentiments: the love of country, the desire for glory seizes an free and proud soul; all the springs of a noble emotion would unfurl at the same time. Ah, if a sovereign knew what influence he has over spirits, and how he can move them without constraint and without violence!\"\n\nCHAPTER XIII. 1 83.\nC'est de toutes ses forces la plus irr\u00e9 resistible et c'est la seule qu'il ne conna\u00eet pas*\n\nWhat force, Justinien asks, can quench the taste for pleasures, the attraction to enjoyments, the desire for possession, equal to all goods? What matters to man that voluptuousness intoxicates him through all his senses, that the court blames or praises him? A sovereign can he prevent this man, all to himself, from disposing at his whim of an industrious and ardent people? That pleasures surround him rather than the arts subject to him? No, says Be\u00efsaire$ but, if he so desires, he can attach shame to idleness, contempt to sloth. He can forbid idleness, vice, and incapacity from holding the first offices of the state. He can make enjoyments the most sensual the last to be sought.\nLet the softest pleasures of life be attached to public esteem, and may Belisaire go before it in merit. He may at least humble luxury and take away its pride. Enough of this: humbled luxury will no longer humiliate kindness, virtue will no longer be eclipsed, and the baseness of soul will no longer hide under the arrogant display of wealth. My friends, believe me, luxury has few pleasures independent of gold. Its most refined tastes are but facades, and the opinion that is attached to its vain and fantastical pleasures is what flatters them. Destroy this opinion, you shall.\nReduce richesses to their proper and real value, and he who possesses them,\nif he wants to honor and ennoble them, will make a more worthy use. Luxury places the opulent man in the impossibility of being generous; his needs make him greedy? And his greed is a mixture of all the passions that are satisfied with gold. But if the most ardent of these passions, pride, ambition, even love itself, for it follows glory, do not cling to the objects of luxury, you see how much it loses its attraction, and the greed of its strength.\n\nThe real advantages of wealth: ease, comforts, delights of abundance, independence and peace? In a word, I say, all this is more than sufficient to move the small souls.\nHoping or fearing the complete ruin of the arts, whose wealth is their sustenance. But if honorable distinctions are no longer attached to them, the souls that nature has given energy and elevation, the souls capable of noble passions and great virtues, will despise the objects of vanity and seek praise and glory elsewhere.\n\nIt will never be, replied Tibere, in an opulent empire, that the sterile glitter of honors will eclipse that of riches. Their lustre is the only one that dazzles the people and dignities, even the majesty itself. Which of the two, in your opinion, Tibere added most to the dignity, to the majesty of the Roman senate, of the rich Lucullus, or of the poor Cato? This question forbids me to speak further.\nIn a time of luxury, the hero recalled, in that very same time, how the healthiest part of the state, the people, did not forget the beautiful days of free and virtuous Rome, the age when their modest domain was cultivated by triumphant hands, and where the handle of the plow was crowned with laurels. Give more justice to the people; and believe that a wise monarch, surrounded by warriors and ministers devoid of pomp but charged with years and honors, will offer a spectacle a hundred times more impressive than a voluptuous prince surrounded by a brilliant court. Those in power, who want to be honored without cost, never cease to say their rank to instill respect. A need to be clothed in pomp and magnificence, as if its amplitude hid defects.\n\nCHAPTER XIII. 187\nfaults of the body, number 5, but this is all the more reason to reject this apparatus which disguises and confuses men. When virtue appears in prominent places, such as the athlete in the arena, it will be distinguished by its strength and beauty; and if vice, baseness, incapacity show themselves, they will have much to blush about. Another advantage of simple manners in greatness is to alleviate the burdensome state of decoration and lighten for it the weight of rewards. Honors well distributed take the place of the most generous gifts, and the prince who is economical with them will be doing a favor to his people. This is the essential objective. It is not a matter of preventing the rich from indulging in luxury: it is a fire that will soon consume its own nourishment. It is a matter of preventing the taste for luxury and the thirst for riches.\ncheeses those who, having only talents, lights and virtues, would be tempted to put a price on them. For this, one must reserve distinctions that nothing erases, and which should never be profaned. I have served my prince with zeal and with enough happiness. I know for myself how base gold is at the price of oak and laurel, when these are the pledge of recognition and esteem of the sovereign. But this esteem, so touching when the public voice applauds it, the prince has the right to reserve for what is useful and praiseworthy, constantly refusing it to what is merely frivolous or dangerous. His great economy. But all this requires a courageous and unwavering resolution, equity constantly on guard against surprise and seduction, a firm will.\nqui jamais ne varie, et qui enleve jusqu'\u00e0 l'espoir de la voir mollir ou changer. Elle sera telle, si elle est \u00e9clair\u00e9e et soutenue par l'amour du bien 5 et c'est alors que l'opinion du prince formera l'opinion publique, et son exemple d\u00e9cidera le caract\u00e8re national.\n\nVous avouerais-je, lui dit Tib\u00e8re, nue inqui\u00e9tude qui me reste? Cette cour de laquelle vous voulez bannir la faveur, l'intrigue et le luxe, sera peut-\u00eatre bien s\u00e9rieuse 5 et un jeune prince. Je entends, vous avez peur qu'il ne s'ennuie ; niais, mon ami, je ne vous ai pas dit que r\u00e9gner \u00e9tait un passe-temps. Peut-\u00eatre cependant, au milieu de ses peines, aura-t-il des moments bien doux. Un ministre, par exemple, lui annonce les progr\u00e8s de l'agriculture dans des provinces qui languissaient 5 et il se dit \u00e0 lui-m\u00eame : Un acte de ma volont\u00e9 vient de faire cent mille heureux.\nSes magistrats lui apprendront que une de ses lois a sauv\u00e9 l'h\u00e9ritage de l'orphelin des mains de l'usurpateur avide. Il dira : B\u00e9ni soit le ciel! Le faible en moi trouve un appui. Ses guerriers ne lui donneront pas des consolations si pures. Mais lorsqu'ils lui raconteront avec quel z\u00e8le et quelle ardeur ses fid\u00e8les sujets ont verr\u00e9 leur sang pour leur prince et pour leur patrie, la piti\u00e9, le regret de les avoir perdus seront m\u00e9lang\u00e9s d'un sentiment d'amour et de reconnaissance qui mouillera ses yeux de pleurs. Enfin, les v\u0153ux et les louanges du I\u00c7O B\u00c9LISAIRE, si\u00e8cle heureux qui le poss\u00e8de, la jouissance anticip\u00e9e des b\u00e9n\u00e9dictions de l'avenir, tels sont les plaisirs d'un monarque. Si, pour le sauver de l'ennui, ce n'est pas assez, il ira, comme les anciens rois de Perse, parcourir des yeux ses provinces.\ndistributor of rewards to those who make agriculture and industry flourish in it, and deposing those whose pride, indolence, or harshness have caused harm. In Byzantium as in Rome, the employers took upon themselves the care of visiting the public granaries; would it not be more shameful for them to go see if in the countryside, under the humble roof of the farmer, there is bread for his children? Oh, how little a prince knows his interests and duties if he allows ennui to approach! However, do not believe that, in the few quiet moments that his rank allows him, majesty refuses all familiarities of confidence and friendship. He will have friends, they will make him taste the charm of sensitive souls. People of CHAPTER XIII. 1\u00c71.\nBien, containing little, had in their genuine commerce a serene laughter, which derived from the peace of Fame, and what of the besieged pomp of needs? The vice turned away from remorse knew not. The duties of an honest man left him little leisure, yet the instants were delightful. Neither reproach, nor fear, nor ambition troubled them, and the court of a prince with whom innocence, truth, and rectitude dwelt? The zealous eagerness for good had no pitfalls to avoid, no disgrace to foresee, no revolution to fear. It would not be the most brilliant, but the happiest court in the universe. It would be a small number, the emperor said. Why, Belisarius? What ambitious idlers, what cowardly voluptuaries will depart, but useful men, men of virtue, will remain.\n\"You hide among the crowd, my dear Tib\u00e8re. I say this to the praise of humanity. When virtue is honored, it germinates in all hearts. Respect is like a sun that makes it bloom and grow with extreme vigor. Do not judge the ancients by their state of inertia and lethargy. How can a son be who has never heard his father praise anything but money, who has never heard him admire and envy opulence, who, in cities and countryside, has seen nothing more despised than industry and labor since childhood, who knows that greatness declines, that rigor bends laws, that the ways of honors level out, that the doors of favor open before fortune, and that by fortune alone, and by it alone, one can escape force, and act impunely?\"\nUntil vice, which she ennobles even in baseness, taking the place of talents, lights, and virtues, how do you want a man, imbued with such ideas, not to confuse the honest with the futile? But let opinion change, let us be rid of these manners, the sovereign sets the example. Let education and habit make the first need of a man his own esteem and that of his peers. Chapter XIII.\n\nAccustoming his soul to leap beyond itself to gather the suffrages of his century and the future: let his renown and memory be for him, after virtue, the most precious of all goods; let the care of this moral existence render honor more dear than life, and shame more frightening, more horrible than nothing. We will see how base inclinations fare.\n\"Auront peu d'empire sur lui. Eh! mes anciens, qu'\u00e9tataient les D\u00e9cius, R\u00e9gulus et Caton, sinon des hommes dont l'\u00e2me exalt\u00e9e vivait de gloire et de vertu? Bias cette institution demande des encouragements r\u00e9els. On aurait beau prescrire aux p\u00e8res de famille d'\u00e9lever leurs enfants \u00e0 la vertu si la vertu languissait oubli\u00e9e, et si le vice, honor\u00e9 seul, avait le droit l'insulter. Il faut donc, pour r\u00e9tablir l'ordre, attacher le bien au bien, le mal au mal, le utile au juste et \u00e0 l'honn\u00eate. Ce ordre r\u00e9tabli, vous pr\u00e9vois sans peine comment les m\u0153urs se conformeraient aux lois, et comment l'opinion soulagerait la force. Les esp\u00e9rances et les craintes, les r\u00e9compenses et les peines, les jouissances et les privations, voil\u00e0 les poids que la politique doit savoir mettre \u00e0 propos dans la balance de la loi.\"\n\"bert\u00e9 is certain she can rule the world at her pleasure. But I will stick to what concerns us. The extravagant manners of the great render them greedy and unjust. The simple manners make them moderate, human, generous, and the greatest interest in vice has shifted to virtue, drawing them all towards it. This is a beautiful dream, said Justinien. Not only Justinien, said Belisaire, to lead men by love and interest. Do you not recall how this senate was formed in the new republic, where so much virtue and heroism shone? There was nothing above a great soul in Rome at that time, and the Roman empire grew.\" (1) \"There was no Justitia genus in which virtue did not flourish.\" CHAPTER XIII. It is public opinion that was attached to Testime.\naux m\u0153urs honn\u00eates, la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration aux m\u0153urs virtuelles, la gloire aux m\u0153urs h\u00e9roiques. Such have been, in all times, the great motivators of the human heart. I know that a long-standing habit, and especially that of tyranny, does not yield without resistance to even the strongest motives. But for an unjust and violent man, who stiffens against the fear of reproach, disgrace, and contempt, there are thousands who this restraint, combined with the goad of glory, will follow the right path of honor and virtue. I therefore pursue, and I suppose that honest men lead the peoples. Then I respond, on my life, for the obedience, loyalty, zeal of this multitude of men, whom we shall no longer oppress, vex, and whose days, liberty, goods will be protected by the laws. Then the empire rises up.\nThe members gather, the plan of Constantin, raised on the sand, seeks solid foundations; and from the seat of Belisaire, I see the public happiness reborn. With Belisaire speaking thus, Justinian admired his enthusiasm in silence, this old man, forgetting his age, his misery, and the cruel state he was in, triumphing at the mere thought of making his homeland happy and prosperous. It is beautiful, he said, to take such intense interest in ingrats. My friends, Icurs said the hero, the happiest day of my life would be the one where they would tell me: Belisaire, we will open your veins, and in exchange for your blood, your desires will be fulfilled.\n\nAt these words, his dear daughter Eudoxia,\nvint he warn that his supper was waiting. 11 He entered and took his seat at the table: Eudoxe, with a grace mixed with modesty and nobility, served him a dish of vegetables and took a seat beside him. What! That's your supper? said the emperor in confusion.\n\nReally, said Beisaire, it was Fabrice's supper. And Fabrice had made it worthwhile for me.\n\nCHAPTER XIII. 197\n\nLet's not go there, said Justinien to Tib\u00e8re, this man confuses me.\n\nHis court, hoping to dispel the confusion, had prepared a feast for him; he did not deign to attend. At the table, he occupied himself only with Belisaire's supper, and retiring, he said to himself: He is more unfortunate than I, for he went to bed without remorse.\n\nCHAPTER XIV.\n\nI no longer see anyone but him, said the emperor to Tib\u00e8re, the following day as he went to visit the hero: the calm and serenity of his demeanor.\nI. son ames communicate with mine, but as soon as I depart, those clouds he dispersed gather again, and all becomes obscure once more. Yesterday I believed I saw in his plan the picture of public happiness, but now to my eyes it is nothing but a heap of difficulties. For instance, this empire, which is burdened with immense fresh funds that Belisarius requires, could ease the burden on the people. The means of renewing armies, which have been devastated by twenty years of war, and of reducing taxes to a simple and light tribute! He has planned it all, Tilere said, and he will have made it smooth. Propose your thoughts to him. It was there that they began.\n\nII. The old man knew, after hearing this, that I would leave you with doubts, but I hope to dispel them. The court expenses have been reduced: we have banished luxury and favor.\nPassons \u00e0 la ville , et dites-moi pourquoi \nun peuple oisif et innombrable est \u00e0 la \ncharge de l'\u00e9tat? Le bl\u00e9 qu'on lui distri- \nbue ( 1 )nourriroit vingt l\u00e9gions. C'est pour \npeupler sa ville et pour imiter Rome que \n(1) Quatre mille boisseaux par jour. Le bois- \nseau , modiuSj d'un pied carr\u00e9, surquatrepou- \nces de hauteur. Le pied romain de dix de nos pou- \nces. Le soldat n'ayant que cinq boisseaux par \nmois , ou le sixi\u00e8me d'un boisseau par jour, qua- \nrante mille boisseaux d\u00e9voient nourrir deux cent \nquarante mille hommes. \nCHAPITRE XIV. 199 \nConstantin a pris sur lui cette d\u00e9pense \nruineuse. Mais a quel titre un peuple fai- \nn\u00e9ant , qui n'est plus ni roi ni soldat , est- \nil \u00e0 la charge publique? Le peuple romain, \ntout militaire, avoitle droit d'\u00eatre nourri, \nm\u00eame au sein de la paix , du fruit de ses \nconqu\u00eates 5 encore ne demandoit-il , dans \nThe most beautiful days of his glory were those of lands to cultivate, and when the state allowed it, you know with what joy he immersed himself in the fields. Here, what shall we do with this multitude that besieges the palace gates (1)? Is it with them that I drove out the Huns who ravaged Thrace? Let us retain only what industry can occupy and feed, and the rest let us make into colonies: they will repopulate the state, and live on the fruit of their toil. The agriculture is the mother of the militia (5) and it is not in the idle indolence that good soldiers rise up. All simplified laws, and especially\n\n(1) And what bread nourishes the strong, dispersed on high. Prud. L, in Symm. Panes Palatini libres. The Roman book makes twenty pounds of our pound.\n200 B.C. ELISIUS AIRA,\nagriculture is the source of strength and this is not in a lazy idleness that good soldiers are raised.\nThe cell of the tribute, the Palatine militia, falls into disuse by itself, relieving us of it and its immense costs. The most terrifying expense that remains is for the troops, but it is reduced to only the legions. The colonies of veterans, established on the borders, live off their labor and their immunities serve as their pay. These colonies, the masterpiece of Constantine's genius, are not yet extinct, and they can be revived simply by willing it: so many (1) V.M. the abb\u00e9 Garnier, Origin of the French Government. (2) It is clear that for all veterans, the generous emperor granted them this concession, so that none of them would be required for any civil duty or public works. They receive the land and hold it as their immunity, Code of Theodosius, Law J.T* 20, Chapter XIT. 20T.\nbraves soldiers who are left to languish in misery and idleness do not ask for anything better than to cultivate and guard their camp of victory. It is the same for scattered troops along the rivers (i) ; these borders, which they make fertile, nourish their cultivators.\nSwarms of barbarians present themselves in crowds to be admitted into our provinces. They have been received there sometimes with too little caution (3), but the danger lies only in the numbers. Scatter them and give them vague and uncultivated lands, you have too many of them, alas! A soft and firm government will make them loyal subjects and disciplined soldiers.\n(1) They were called Riphenians. Alexander the Great had established them. V. Lamprid. In Alex.*\n(2) These were called Lethians and the lands given to them to cultivate, Lethic lands.\n(3) Comme les Goths sous l'empereur Valens.\n(4) Celles du fis \u00e9taient immenses, la peine\nde Ja principale \u00e9tant la confiscation\nde biens. Voyez Garn, d'origine du Gouv.P\u00bb\nIl n'y a donc plus que les l\u00e9gions qui soient\n\u00e0 la solde du prince, et le seul but\nde l'\u00c9gypte, de l'Afrique et de Sicile en\nnourrissant trois fois autant que\nl'empire en a jamais eu (i). Ce n'est donc\npas sur elles que doit porter l'\u00e9pargne, et\nce n'est pas de leur entretien, mais de leur\nr\u00e9tablissement que l'\u00e9tat doit s'int\u00e9resser.\nIl fut un temps o\u00f9 l'honneur d'y \u00eatre admis\n\u00e9tait r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux citoyens (3) et o\u00f9 l'\u00e9lite\nde la jeunesse se disputait cet avantage.\nCe temps n'est plus; il faut le r\u00e9tablir.\n\n(1) La Sicile donnait pour tribut aux Romains 7,200,000 boisseaux de bl\u00e9,\nl'\u00c9gypte en donnait autant par boisseau, il y avait de quoi nourrir\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete and contains some errors. The translation provided is based on the given text and may not be entirely accurate.)\nThe soldier's pay, per month, was 400 as, worth 25 deniers d'argent, each denier worth a nummus aureus* gold denier. The as was once a line of copper, weaker than one sixth of our own; the denier d'argent weighed a gross, and the denier of silver, 140 grains.\n\nFor those in the provinces with the right to citizenship at Rome.\n\nCHAPTER XIV. 203\n\nBring them back. And why not make men live with honor and bread!\n\nMen are not the same, the emperor said. Nothing has changed, said Belisarius, but the sovereign opinion of manners. It only requires Fame, a man of genius and example, to draw all spirits. Among a thousand proofs I cite one that I believe worthy of the finest days of the republic, and which shows that, in all times, men are worth what is made of them.\nRome was taken by Totila. One of our valiant captains, Paul, at the head of a small number of men, had escaped from the city and taken refuge on a height where the enemy surrounded him. It was not certain that hunger would not force him to surrender, and indeed he lacked everything. Reduced to this extremity, he addressed his troop: \"My friends,\" he said, \"we must either die or become slaves. Will you not hesitate, I ask you, to choose the former? But it is not only a matter of dying; we who have been raised in combat, let us seek a glorious death: let us die, but not without vengeance, let us die covered in the blood of our enemies.\"\ncc: \"But instead of an insulting smile, it is our death that causes their tears. What use would it be for us to dishonor ourselves to live a few more years, when in a short time we would have to die? Glory can extend the limits of life, but nature cannot. He said this. The soldier replied that he would follow him. They marched towards the enemy, and, judging from their countenance, they came to attack him with the courage of despair. Without waiting for them, he offered them his sword and freedom (1).\n\nI believe, my friends, that there are two thousand men in the empire capable of achieving the same, if they had a Paul to lead them. And you still have such worthy commanders: victory has named them.\"\n\n(1) \"Leonard of Afa and Bell. ItaL Adversus Gothos. Book 4\"\nDo not believe that all is lost with such resources. Disregard to what extent prosperity, abundance, and population can multiply a state's forces? Just recall what were once, not the Gauls, but Spain, Greece, Italy, the Carthaginian republic, and all these Asian kingdoms, from the Nile to the Euxine's depth. Remember that Romulus, who had only an legion at his side (1), left them in dying (1) states.\n\n(1) The emperors, to deliver Rome and Italy from the Goths' yoke, had ceded to them the most beautiful provinces of Gaul. Facta servitus nostra preliis securitatis ahenae.\n(2) The legion consisted of only 3,000 infantrymen and 300 cavalrymen. Hear Denys of Halicarnassus and Plutarch, Life of Romulus, 206.\nFourteen thousand citizens, under my jurisdiction and that of the judges, ponder what a capable, active, and vigilant man's reign can achieve. The state is said to be ruined. What! Is Hesperia and Sicily, Spain, Libya and Egypt, B\u00e9otia and Macedonia, and those rich plains of Asia that made Darius and Alexander great, now barren? They lack men! Ah, how fortunate they would be if they had men; they would flock there in crowds. And for the time being, my friends, I will dare to propose the vast plan that I have in mind, a plan that would make this empire more powerful than it has ever been. What then is this plan, Your Majesty? asked the emperor. Here it is, replied Belisarius.\n\nWar, as we wage it, exhausts armies through prolonged marches and excessive labor. It gives our enemies the opportunity to surprise us with sudden incursions.\nThe lines of veterans and cultivators, who border our limits, do not have the strength to endure; and before the legions had reached the point of the terror, the panic, the desolation, and the ravage, had made rapid progress. (1)\n\nTo oppose these torrents with a constant dam, I would ask that the entire military empire be mentioned; so that every free man would be a soldier, but only for the defense of the country. Thus, each prefecture would compose an army, where the cities formed the cohorts, the provinces the legions, and the rallying points, where the soldier, at the sound of the trumpet, would rank under the flags.\n\nThese troops would have the advantage of being attached to their native land, which they would cultivate, make flourish, and people themselves. And you, Previous.\nUnder Augustus, the marches or borders numbered only nine. There were established legions at fixed posts. However, as the number of provinces to be guarded had increased, the legions could no longer suffice, and Constantine, in withdrawing them into the interior of the provinces, had only weakly supplemented them with lines of veterans.\n\n208 Belisarius,\nsee with what ardor they would defend their hearth (1).\n\nIn a vast empire, nothing is more difficult to establish than the opinion of the common cause. Peoples separated by the seas take little interest in one another. The south takes no part in the dangers threatening the north. The Dalmatian, Illyrian does not know why he is not passed over in Asia: it is equal to him whether the Tigis flows under our laws or under Persian laws. Discipline keeps him in line, hope sustains him.\nLutin encourages him; but reflection, fatigue, ennui, the first movement of impatience or fear, make him abandon a cause that is not his. In my plan, the fatherland is no longer a vague name, an empty chimera for the soldier; it is a present and dear object to which each one is attached. The land gives its laborers the courage to defend it: it offers its fruits at no price, in the midst of the game, for the victor. Citizens, by the laws of nature, this could be told to you as you are led to the enemy. It is the field that has nourished you, it is the roof that has seen you born, it is the tomb of your fathers, the cradle of your children, the bed of your wives that you defend. These are sensitive and powerful interests. They have made us.\nplus de li\u00e9ros que l'amour,m\u00eame de la gloire. Judgez de leur effet sur des \u00e2mes accoutum\u00e9es depuis l'enfance aux rigueurs de la discipline et \u00e0 l'image des combats. Rien ne me pla\u00eet tant, je l'avoue, que le tableau de cette jeunesse laborieuse et guerri\u00e8re, r\u00e9pandue autour des drapeaux dans les villes et les campagnes, pr\u00e9serv\u00e9e par le travail des vices de l'oisivet\u00e9 endurcie par l'habitude \u00e0 des exercices p\u00e9nibles, utile \u00e0 l'ombre de la paix, et toute pr\u00eate \u00e0 courir aux armes au premier signal de la guerre. Parmi ces troupes, la d\u00e9sertion serait un crime contre nature. Cr\u00e9 au monde r\u00e9pondrait de leur courage et de leur fid\u00e9lit\u00e9. L'\u00e9tat n'en auroit pas moins ses l\u00e9gions imp\u00e9riales, qui, comme autant de forteresses mobiles, se porteraient. (1) Commuis utilitalis derclictio contra natura. (1) Cic, OjJ 3\u00bb\n\n2TO EESAIRE,\n\ncreates in the world would respond for their courage and their loyalty. The state would not lack its imperial legions, which, like as many moving fortresses, would position themselves. (1) Commuis utilitalis derclictio contra natura. (1) Cic, OjJ 3\u00bb\n\n(Note: The text appears to contain a mix of French and Latin, with some missing words and characters. It's difficult to clean the text without additional context or a clear understanding of the original source. However, I have attempted to preserve as much of the original text as possible while making it more readable. The text seems to be discussing the virtues of youth and their importance in maintaining the military strength of a state.)\nIn one post to another, where danger called. The military spirit was present, emulation given to the one who deserved best to pass in these illustrious corps. Instead of these hasty levies, if favor, collusion, fraud or negligence made the acceptance without examination (1), we would have the people's elites. Then what comparison of the Empire's forces with what it ever had, even in its happiest times (2)? And what peoples of the south or north would dare come to trouble us, (2) Hinc Lotus ubique ab hostibus illatas clades, dum longa pax militari incuriosis legibus; dum possessoribus indicati Lyrones per gratiam aut dissimulatio m probantur, Veget. (2) Under Augustus, 23 legions; under Tiberius, 25; under Hadrian, 30,000 men, half Roman troops, half auxiliaries.\nCHAPITRE XI. We, who have repelled them so many times with undisciplined troops, almost unarmed and without food? And who answers you, Justinien asks, that in a purely military empire the people will be obedient? Who responds? Their interest, the old man replies, the kindness of your laws, the equity of a moderate government. Forget that I asked that the people be happy? You are not forgetting, Justinien replies, that they are friends of novelties, inclined to change, restless, credulous for the first audacious one who promises them a softer fate. You see the people in their present state, Belisaire says, in their state of suffering, and such as they were at Rome when they were unhappy. But believe that men know what is missing from them and what is owed to them.\n(1) Hi mores vulgi: occlisse presents, preterita celebrate... With mobile ingenuity, sediliosan, discordiosan, cupidam novaruiTi) quiesce el otio adycrsam. Sallust, 212 BE LIS AIRE^\n\nThey would not be insensible to the care of a benevolent prince, and the love he showed them would be repaid by their love. He should be just, sensitive, and helpful towards them; he should not employ men unworthy of consideration to regulate his conduct, and he should watch over his children as a father. I reply to him that they will be obedient. And by what prestige do you suppose that some discontented, some seditionists, make a wealthy people a perjuring and rebellious one? It is the prince who allows his subjects to languish in oppression that has reason to fear their abandonment, but the one who is known to be occupied with repose and the welfare of his subjects.\nThere is no need to clean the text as it is already written in modern English and the content is coherent. The text appears to be a passage from a book or essay discussing the security of a ruler's reign and the importance of justice in an empire. The text does not contain any meaningless or unreadable content, and there are no line breaks, whitespaces, or other meaningless characters that need to be removed. Additionally, there are no introductions, notes, logistics information, publication information, or other modern additions to the text. Therefore, the text can be outputted as is:\n\nThere's no point for an usurper to fear. Is it in celebrating his virtues and publishing his benefits that one will dare to disturb his reign? Is it in the countryside where ease, calm, and liberty reign, in the cities where industry and fortune thrive, their state, their rights, and their lives will be under the guard of the laws? In the families where innocence, honor, peace, and the sanctity of Pyrrhus' and nature's nuptials have a sacred asylum, is that where the rebels will seek allies? No: if the empire of justice is not unshakable, nothing is on earth. I suppose, with you, that there is risk and audacity in making one's subjects powerful, to make them happy and tranquil. It is this audacity that I would have, had it led to my ruin.\n\"et je leur dirais hautement: Je vous mets \u00e0 tous les armes \u00e0 la main pour me servir, si je suis juste, et pour me r\u00e9sister si je ne le suis pas. Vous me trouvez tem\u00e9raire! mais je me crois bien prudent de m'assurer ainsi \u00e0 moi-m\u00eame et aux miens un frein contre nos passions et surtout une digue contre celles des autres! Avec ma couronne, et au-dessus d'elle, je transmettrait \u00e0 mes successeurs la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d'\u00eatre justes. C'est pour ma m\u00e9moire le monument le plus glorieux que un monarque e\u00fbt jamais laiss\u00e9. Je sais, mes amis, que la vertu n'a pas besoin du frein de la crainte; mais quel homme est St\u00e9 Belisaire, sar d'\u00eatre vertueux \u00e0 tous les instants de sa vie? Un prince est au-dessus des lois: vos lois le disent, et cela doit \u00eatre. Mais cela serait la premi\u00e8re chose que je oublierais.\"\nBlierois, ascending the throne at age 5, I am weary of the flattering infamous one who would remind me of it. Farewell, my friends. It is a painful trial to change the face of an empire. We need rest, but I still wish to speak to you tomorrow, my dear Tib\u00e8re, about a calamity that deeply afflicts me.\n\nThe emperor, as he departed, said, \"He has grand designs, no doubt. But if it is possible, it is only for a young prince who will bring a masculine spirit, a righteous soul, courage, and virtue to the throne. Alas! He will still need a long reign to complete a great revolution.\" Tib\u00e8re replied, \"I don't know, but it seems to me that the project of Princeps has been resolved in the boy Pande\u00e7.\"\n\nCHAPTER XI Y. 2,1 5\nOf this I\u00e9ros - The link of things that do not de-\n\"mandet que seulement un seul acte d'une volont\u00e9 ferme termine a cinq et si le reste veut du temps, ce temps du moins n'est pas si \u00e9loign\u00e9 que nous ne puissions \u00e0 tout \u00e2ge esp\u00e9rer d'y atteindre. Mon cher Tib\u00e8re, lui dit l'empereur, vous voyez les difficult\u00e9s avec les yeux de la jeunesse. Votre activit\u00e9 les franchit mais ma faiblesse s'en effraie. Si l'on veut faire de grandes choses, ajouta-t-il en g\u00e9missant, il faut s'y prendre de bonne heure. Il n'est pas temps de commencer \u00e0 vivre quand on n'a plus besoin que de sa voir mourir. Je veux pourtant r\u00e9voir encore cet homme juste. Il m'afflige, mais je pr\u00e9f\u00e8re aller me soigner avec lui que de participer \u00e0 la insolente joie de tous ces hommes froids et durs dont je me vois environn\u00e9.\n\nCHAPTER XV.\n\nLe jour suivant, l'empereur et Tib\u00e8re \u00e9tant arriv\u00e9s \u00e0 l'heure accoutum\u00e9e, trouv\u00e8rent Belisaire.\"\nThe hero sits in his garden as the sun sets. He no longer illuminates me, but he still warms me, Justinian says with a serene expression. Five and I love in him magnificence and kindness of the one who made him. \"I love to see the wise in a hero!\" Justinian says. \"It is the triumph of religion. Its triumph, Belsaire says, is to console man in misfortune, to mix sweetness with the bitterness of life. And who proves it better than I? Accursed with old age, deprived of sight, friendless, alone with myself, and having only the fleeting, pain, and tomb before me, I might be reduced to despair. The good man is with God; he is assured that God loves him: that is what gives him strength and joy in the midst of afflictions. I too am with God.\nI remember, in moments of despair, I would say: \"Courage, Belisarius, you are without reproach, and God sees you. This thought would comfort my heart, which sadness had squeezed. It still does, and when my daughter is with me, weeping, and I feel her tears on my face: \"Fear not, my daughter, does he who created us abandon and forget us? Your heart is pure, sensitive, and honest. Your father is not more wicked than you. Why should the goodness itself neglect the good?\" Let go, my daughter, let the moment come when he who sees all will appear.\nd'un souffle a produit mon ame l'enveloppe dans son sein; et nous verrons si les m\u00e9dians y viendront troubler mon repos. Ma fille, que ce langage \u00e9claire et persuade, pleure en m'\u00e9coutant. Ces sont d\u00e9liceses larmes et peu \u00e0 peu je l'accoutume \u00e0 regarder la vie comme un petit voyage o\u00f9 on est dans la barque assez mal \u00e0 son aise, mais dont le port sera d\u00e9licieux.\n\nVous vous faites, dit F empereur, une religion en effet! C'est la bonne, r\u00e9pondit Belisaire. Ne voulez-vous pas que je me repr\u00e9sente le Dieu que je dois adorer comme un triste et faible tyran qui ne demande qu'\u00e0 punir? Je sais bien que lorsque des hommes jaloux, superbes, m\u00e9langes nous le repr\u00e9sentent, ils le font col\u00e8re et violent. Mais ils ont beau lui attribuer leurs vices, je tache, moi, de ne voir en lui.\nque ce que je dois imiter. Si je me trompe, \nau moins suis-je assur\u00e9 que mon erreur \nest innocente. Dieu m'a cr\u00e9\u00e9 foible , il \nsera indulgent 5 il sait bien que je n'ai ni \nla folie , ni la malice de vouloir l'offenser $ \nc'est une rage impuissante et absurde que \nje ne con\u00e7ois m\u00eame pas. Je lui suis plus \nfid\u00e8le encore et plus d\u00e9vou\u00e9 mille fois que \nje ne le fus jamais \u00e0 l'empereur 5 et je suis \nbien s\u00fbr que l'empereur , qui n'est qu'un \nhomme, ne m'e\u00fbt jamais fait aucun mal, \ns'il avoit pu lire comme lui dans mon c\u0153ur. \nH\u00e9las ! ce Dieu , reprit Justinien , n'en \n&st pas moins un Dieu terrible. Terrible \nCHAPITRE XV, 219 \naux m\u00e9dians , je le crois , dit B\u00e9lisaire 5 \nmais je suis bon ; autant Pame d'un sc\u00e9- \nl\u00e9rat est incompatible avec cette divine \nessence, autant je me plais \u00e0 penser que \nl'ame du juste lui est analogue. Et qui de \nThe emperor asked, \"Is it just?\" Belisaire replied, \"He who does his best, says Belisaire, for truth lies in distance. I am not surprised, young Tib\u00e8re, if your thought rises only to itself: you see how favorable it is! Alas! said the old man, I sense well that in my efforts to conceive him, I tire my weak intelligence in gathering all that I know of the best and the most beautiful, and yet it never results in anything but a very imperfect idea. But what does it matter if a man who strives to know a God grows weary? If this incomprehensible being takes pleasure in something, it is in the love of his children: and what could I grasp more avidly to compose an image of him,\n\nBelisaire,\n\nIt is not enough, said the emperor.\nse le peintre bienfaisant, il faut ajouter que je suis juste. C'est la m\u00eame chose, dit le vieillard : se plaire au bien, ha\u00efr le mal, r\u00e9compenser l'un, punir l'autre, c'est \u00eatre bon. Je m'en tiens l\u00e0. N'avez-vous jamais, comme moi, assist\u00e9 en id\u00e9e au lever de Titus, de Trajan et des Antonins? C'est une de mes r\u00eaveries les plus fr\u00e9quentes et les plus d\u00e9licieuses. Je crois \u00eatre au milieu de cette cour, toute compos\u00e9e de vrais amis du prince, je le vois sourire avec bont\u00e9 \u00e0 cette foule d'honn\u00eates gens, r\u00e9pandre sur eux les rayons de sa gloire, se communiquer \u00e0 eux avec une majest\u00e9 pleine de douceur, et remplir leur \u00e2me de cette joie pure qu'il ressent lui-m\u00eame en faisant des heureux. Eh bien ! la cour de celui qui m'attendra sera infiniment plus auguste et plus belle. Elle sera compos\u00e9e de ces Titus, de ces Trajan, de ces Antonins.\nCes Antonins, who brought joy to the world. It is with them and all good people from all countries and all ages that the poor blind Belisaire will find himself\n\nCHAPTER XV. 221\n\nbefore God the just and good. And the wicked, Tib\u00e8re said, what will you do?\u2014 They will not be there. I hope, he added, to see the august and unfortunate old man there: for he did good, and he did it willingly; and if he did evil, he did it unexpectedly. He will be happy, I believe, to find my two eyes again! In speaking thus, his face was all radiant with joy, and the emperor wept, leaning on Tib\u00e8re's breast.\n\nBut soon the tenderness gave way to reflection: You expect to find the pagan heroes, Belisaire, you said.\nIn the sky (i)? Do you think so? Listen,\n(i) The fathers of the church decided that God\nwould perform a miracle rather than letting\nhim who had faithfully followed the natural law die.\nBut we know that Justinien was fanatical and persecutor.\nSuarez, and almost all the authors of his time, teach that\nthe knowledge of the mysterious truths of the Christian religion\nis sufficient for salvation for persons.\nIs this not so, Belisaire, my neighbor? You don't want\nto distress my old age? I am one who are in the impossibility\nof distinguishing them; it is enough, in this case, to know and believe,\nwith a true faith, the wrath of God and his providence, and to observe\nfaithfully the natural law.\nThis sentiment has never been condemned by the church^\nand the authors who combat it.\nme Sylvius, Haber, et al. do not reject Suarez's view as less probable. Innocent XI and the French clergy, in the assembly of 1700, gave no indication of this sentiment. The healthiest part of the theologians agrees that infidels, whose error is in good faith, can, with supernatural grace given by God, observe natural law; and if they do, God will never allow them to die without the necessary knowledge for salvation.\n\nSaint Thomas, in his commentary on the Sentences, poses the problem of the unbelievers.\n\nIsidore damns [them] in this respect: but some man born in the woods, or among infidels, cannot distinctly receive the articles of faith; therefore, he is not damned; and the poor man who has no other consolation than the future that I make for myself. If this is so,\n\"Une illusion, laissez-la-moi : elle me fait du bien, et Dieu n'en est point offens\u00e9 : car je l'aime davantage. Je ne peux me r\u00e9soudre \u00e0 croire qu'entre mon \u00e2me et celle d'Aristide, de Marc-Aur\u00e8le et de Gaton, il y ait un \u00e9ternel ab\u00eeme. Et si je le crois, je sens que j'en aimerais moins l'\u00c9tre excellent qui nous a faits. Jeune homme, dit l'empereur \u00e0 Tib\u00e8re, en honorant dans ce h\u00e9ros cet enthousiasme g\u00e9n\u00e9reux, n'allez pas le prendre pour guide. Belisaire s'est jamais piqu\u00e9 d'\u00eatre lamen non habit\u00e9 de foi : ergo, vide quod explicatio fidei non sit necessitate salutis. Voici sa r\u00e9ponse. In eis qu\u0153 sunt necessari\u0153 ad salutem, Dieu n'est jamais manqu\u00e9 ou d\u00e9fait \u00e0 l'homme qui le recherche, ni s'il en reste des reproches, l'explication de ce qui est n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la salut ou \u00e0 la divinit\u00e9 ne serait apport\u00e9e par la pr\u00e9dication de la foi.\"\n\"as Cornelius pales, or is revealed, it is in your power, distinct. 2d. question 2, article 1.\n^024 iillSAIHB\ndeep in these matters. Deep! alas! And who can be, the old man asks? What man is audacious enough to claim to have sounded out eternal decrees! But God has given us two guides, which must agree, the light of faith and that of sentiment. What a natural and irresistible sentiment assures us, faith cannot deny. Revelation is but the supplement of consciousness: it is the same voice that is heard from heaven above and from the depths of my soul. It is not possible for it to contradict itself; and if on the one hand I hear it telling me that the just and benevolent man is dear to the divinity, from the other hand\"\nElle didn't tell me that he is the object of her vengeances. And who responds to you, said the emperor, that this voice speaking to your heart is a secret revelation? If it is not, God deceives me, said Belisaire; and all is lost. It is she who announces a God to me, she who prescribes his worship, she who dictates his law. Could the irresistible evidence of truth have been given to what was only an error?\n\nCHAPTER XV, 225\n\nWhatever you may be, let me keep my conscience: it is my guide and my support. Without it, I no longer know the true from the false, the just from the unjust and the honest from the lying, the bond from the evil; I no longer know if I have done my duty; I no longer know if there are duties: it is then that I am blind; and those who have deprived me of the light of day have been less barbarous.\n\"Who would obscure this inner light in me? What clarity does this faint and deceitful light show you, Justinien asked. Is it a religion that announces a benevolent and merciful God that is the true one? Belisaire replied, and whatever in it repels the idea and feeling I have conceived, I will acknowledge it. What binds me to it is that it makes me better and more human. If it made me harsh, hard, unmerciful, I would abandon it, and I would say to God: In the fatal alternative of being an unbeliever or a villain, I choose the one that offends you least. Happy Elis, she is according to my heart. To love God, to love one's neighbors: what could be simpler and more natural! To will good to those who do us harm: what could be greater?\"\net de plus sublime ! Ne voir dans les afflictions que les \u00e9preuves de la vertu : quoi de plus consolant pour l'homme! Apr\u00e8s cela, quelque chose me propose des myst\u00e8res inconcevables, je m'y soumet et je plains ceux dont la raison est moins \u00e9clair\u00e9e, ou moins docile que la mienne. Mais j'esp\u00e8re pour eux en la bont\u00e9 d'un p\u00e8re dont tous les hommes sont les enfants, et en la cl\u00e9mence d'un juge qui peut faire gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l'erreur.\n\nPar-l\u00e0, vous allez sauver bien du monde ! Est-il besoin, dit Belisaire, que il y ait tant de r\u00e9prouv\u00e9s? Je sens comme vous, dit l'empereur, que c'est plus doux d'aimer son Dieu que de craindre ; mais toute la nature atteste ses vengeances et la rigueur de ses d\u00e9crets.\n\nMoi, dit Belisaire, je suis certain qu'il ne punit qu'autant qu'il ne peut pardonner, que le mal ne vient point de lui.\n\nCHAPITRE XV.\nHe brought the world all the good he could. This is my religion. Let it be proposed to all peoples, let it be asked if it is not worthy of veneration and love. All voices of nature will rise in its favor. But if violence and cruelty place the flame and iron in its hand, if the princes who profess it make this world an inferno, tormenting in the name of a God of peace those they should love and pity, one will believe either that their religion is barbaric like them, or that they are not worthy of it.\n\n(1) Belisarius is attributed here with the opinion of the Stoics, adopted by Leibniz and all optimists. Bonum nulla ea jusquam bono invidia est, fecit illud quam optimum potuit. Seneca. Epistol. L. 5. Quid nobis negatum est, dari non potuit illa.\nDe benefie\u00eeis. L. 2. C. 28. Magna accepimus; \nmajora non cepimus. Ibidem. C 29. \nDeum sine consilio agenlem ne coptare \nquideni facile est: qua? autem fuisset causa \n^ropler quant maie mil \u00e0 consultuni fuisset? \nMaie-\u00c0nt. ^ 6, \n228 BELIS A IRE, \nVous \u00e9levez l\u00e0 , dit Justinien , une ques- \ntion bien s\u00e9rieuse ! Il ne s'agit pas de \nmoins que de savoir si un prince a le droit \nd'exiger dans ses \u00e9tats l'unit\u00e9 de dogme et \nde culte 5 car, s'il a ce droit, il ne peut \nl'exercer sur des rebelles obstin\u00e9s que par \nla force et les ch\u00e2tiinens. \nComme je suis de bonne foi , dit B\u00e9li- \nsaire , je conviens d'abord que tout ce qui \npeut influer sur les m\u0153urs et int\u00e9resser \nl'ordre public est du ressort du souverain, \nnon pas comme juge de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 et de \nl'erreur, mais comme juge du bien ou du \nmal qui en r\u00e9suite : car le premier prin- \ncipe de toute croyance est que Dieu est \nI am of the order, and allow nothing that may disturb me. \"Indeed!\" said the emperor. \"Do you doubt that public mores have intimate and necessary relationships with belief? I acknowledge that there are truths which offend mores, but observe that God makes these truths truths of sentiment, of which no sensible man has any doubt. Instead of mysterious truths, those which need to be revealed have no relation to morality. Examine them carefully: God has detached these sublime truths from the chain of our duties, so that without revelation, there would be honest men everywhere. But if Providence has made these truths independent of these truths, why do sovereigns not make the order of society, the state of men, the destiny of empires, the good and bad successes of things here below, independent of these truths?\"\nI's not like her? Let them examine in good faith if, believing or not believing in this or that point of doctrine, we will be better or worse, good or less good citizens, and a subject more or less faithful. This examination will be their rule number 5, and you can see from this how many disputes I think they will get involved in.\n\nThe emperor spoke, \"You do not leave them anything but what concerns men: but is there anything for them to be holier than to be ministers of the will of heaven? Ah, let them be ministers of its goodness, exclaimed Belisarius, and let them leave the infernal enmity to the demons.\" It is in the order of goodness, said the emperor, \"for man to be enlightened and for truth to triumph. It will triumph, said Belisarius, \"but your weapons are not the means.\"\nYou shall not see, then, that in giving truth the right of the sword, you give it to error, for in order to exercise it, it requires authority in hand, and persecution changes banners and victims, at the whim of the strongest? Thus Anastasius persecuted those whom Justin protected and the children of those who were being beheaded at that time, and in their turn, they behead the position of their persecutors. Here are two princes who believed they pleased God by massacring men. Which of the two is certain that the blood he caused to flow is pleasing to the Eternal One? In the vast spaces of error, truth is but a point. Who seized this unique point? Each claims it is he, but on what proof? And evidence itself does not put him on trial, with iron in hand.\nAnother person convinced? The persuasion comes from heaven or men. If it comes from heaven, it has a victorious ascendancy; if from men, it has only the reason's rights over reason. Each man is accountable for his soul. Therefore, it is up to him, and him alone, to decide on a choice that never depends on his loss or salvation. You want to make me think as you do! And if you are mistaken, see what it costs me. You yourself, whose error could be innocent, would you be innocent of leading me astray? Alas! What is it for a mortal to give his belief as law? A thousand others, with equally firm faith, have been seduced and deceived. But is it my duty to suppose him infallible? If he believes that God enlightens him to enlighten me.\nIf he believes in human faith, what guarantee is there for him and for me? The only point on which all parties agree is that none of them understand what they dare to decide. You want to make me commit a crime of doubt: about what they decide! Belisaire, let the faith from heaven descend; it will make converts. But with edicts, we will never make anything but rebels or scoundrels. The brave men will be martyrs, the weak will be hypocrites; the fanatics of all parties will be tigers unleashed. See this wise king of the Goths, Theodoric, whose reign yielded only to his reign at the end to our miserable princes. He was Arian, but far from demanding that his feelings be adopted, he punished with death his favorites' infamous and sacrilegious complaisance.\n\"ment you not betray me, not seven said he, I, who am but a man here, since you betray for me him who your fathers have worshiped? The emperor Constance thought the same. He did not commit a crime against his subjects for being faithful to their belief, but against his courtiers for abandoning theirs to please him. Oh, how I wish Heaven had renounced the right to enslave the mind! He let himself be drawn into endless intrigues which cost him more sleepless nights than his most useful works. What have they produced? Seditions, revolts, and massacres. They disturbed his repose and that of his states. The repose of the states, replied the emperor, depends on the unity of minds. It is an equivocal maxim, said Belisarius.\"\nThe spirits are not united when each one is not free to think as they please. Do you know what makes opinion jealous, tyrannical, and intolerable? It's the importance that sovereigns attach to it, the favor they bestow upon a sect, to the prejudice and exclusion of all rival sects. No one wants to be ridiculed, rejected, deprived of the rights of a citizen and a loyal subject, and every time in a state where two classes of men are created, one oppressing the other, regardless of the reason for the exclusion, the proscribed class will regard the fatherland as its stepmother. The most trivial object becomes serious when it influences the state of citizens. And believe me, this influence is what animates the parties.\nQuon attach\u00e9 le m\u00eame int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 une dispute \u00e9lev\u00e9e sur le nombre des grains de sable de la mer, on verra na\u00eetre les m\u00eames haines. Le fanatisme n'est le plus souvent que l'envie, la cupidit\u00e9, l'orgueil, l'ambition, la haine, la vengeance, qui se exercent au nom du ciel et voil\u00e0 de quels dieux un souverain cr\u00e9dule et violent se rend implacable ministre. Qu'il n'y ait plus rien \u00e0 gagner sur la terre \u00e0 se d\u00e9battra pour le ciel que le z\u00e8le de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 ne soit plus un moyen de perdre son rival ou son ennemi, de s'\u00e9lever sur leurs d\u00e9bris, de s'enrichir de leurs d\u00e9pouilles, d'obtenir une pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 laquelle ils pouvaient pr\u00e9tendre ; tous les esprits se calmeront, toutes les sectes seront tranquilles.\n\nPrivat\u00f4e caus\u00f4e pietatis aguntur obtentu, et cupiditatem quisque suarum religionem habet velut pedisequam (Le pape L\u00e9on \u00e0 l'empereur Th\u00e9odose.)\nCHAPTER API TUE XVJ 235\n\nEt la cause de Dieu sera abandonn\u00e9e, said Justinien.\nGod does not need you to uphold his cause, said Belisaire. Is it in virtue of your edicts that the sun rises and the stars shine in the sky? Truth shines of its own accord; and we do not enlighten spirits with the flame of pyres.\n\nGod entrusts the care of judging actions to princes, but reserves to himself the right to judge thoughts. And the proof that truth has not taken men as judges is that there is no one who is exempt from error.\n\nIf the freedom to think is unchecked, said the emperor, so will be the freedom to act.\n\nIn a nutshell, said Belisaire, this is where man comes under the rule of law; and the more this empire contracts within its natural limits, the less it will need.\nforce pour maintenir l'ordre et la paix. La justice est le point d'appui de l'autorit\u00e9 et elle n'est chancelante que lorsqu'elle est hors de sa base. Comment voulez-vous habituer les hommes \u00e0 voir un homme s'\u00e9riger en Dieu, et commander, les armes \u00e0 la main, croire ce qu'il croit, penser comme il pense? Demandez \u00e0 vos g\u00e9n\u00e9raux si l'on persuade \u00e0 coups d'\u00e9p\u00e9e. Demandez-leur ce qu'a fait en Afrique la rigueur et la violence exerc\u00e9e sur les Vandales. Je \u00e9tait en Sicile. Salomon y arriva furieux et d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9. Tout est perdu en Afrique (me disait-il) : les Vandales sont r\u00e9volt\u00e9s. Carthage est prise, elle est au pillage. Et dans ses murs et dans les campagnes, on nage dans des flots de sang. Cela, pour quelques r\u00eaveurs qui ne s'entendent pas eux-m\u00eames, et qui jamais ne seront.\n\"If the emperor interferes, if he issues edicts about matters he doesn't understand, he only needs to put his doctors in charge of his armies. For my part, I renounce it. Between us, he was right. It's enough with human passions to trouble such a vast empire, without fanaticism yet coming to stir its torches.\n\nCHAPTER XV. 287\n\nWho will calm the raised troubles? demanded the emperor. \"The ennui, replied Belisaire, the ennui of disputing about what one doesn't understand, without being heard. It's the attention given to novelties that has produced so many innovators. Pay no importance to it; soon the mode will pass, and they will take other means to become notable persons.\" I compare all these men-\"\nIn the arena, champions face each other. If they were alone, they would embrace. But we watch, and they slaughter one another. In truth, the young man said, their rays would persuade me. What bothers me, the emperor said, is that the zeal of a prince is rendered useless to the religion. Heaven protect me! Belisaire said. I am certain I will let him keep the most infallible means to make it dear to his people: it is to have the saintliness of his belief judged by the saintliness of his actions. It is to give his reign as an example and pledge of the truth that enlightens and guides him. Nothing is easier than making happy men than proselytes. And a just monarch alone is more harmful to spirits than all persecutors combined. It is more convenient to slaughter men than...\nLes persuaders, if sovereigns commanded to God: What weapons will we employ to make you be adored as you should be? And God would respond to them with His virtues.\n\nWhen the soul of Justinian, moved by this dispute, was calm in silence, he recalled the maxims and the teachings of the sectarians who surrounded him, their violence, their pride, their cruel animosities. What a contrast, he thought to himself? Here is a man white in combat, breathing humanity, moderation, indulgence, and the ministers of a God of peace have never recommended to me anything but tyrannical constraint and inflexible rigor! Belisarius is pious and just: he loves his God, he desires that all adore Him as he does, but he wants this cult to be voluntary and free. It is I.\nCHAPTER XV, 2.3g I had become too carried away by this zeal, which in my soul may not have been anything but pride in dominating spirits.\n\nCHAPTER XVI.\nThe emperor and Tib\u00e8re went to find the hero the next day. They encountered a danger they had not foreseen, and the glory of delivering him was a triumph that heaven still wanted to give to Belisaire.\n\nThe Bulgarians, whom we had pursued only as far as the foot of the mountains in high Thrace, had not yet seen the open camp, when they were spreading out anew. One of their detached corps was making runs along the road to Belisaire's castle, when they saw a chariot announcing a rich booty. They envied it and cut off its passage. The passengers, in giving what they had, obtained their lives easily. But their freedom was made to cost something.\nBE LISE AIRE, if they were not in a position to pay on the spot, and we took them captive. The emperor saw only one way to escape the Bulgarians without being discovered: Tell us, he said, where we intend to make ourselves 5 miles away; we will provide the ransom you demand. I answer on my life that you have no reason to fear surprise, and if I fail to keep my word or make you regret trusting me, I consent to losing my life.\n\nThe emperor's air of assurance and majesty impressed the Bulgarians. Where do we need to take you? their chief asked. Six miles from here, at the castle of Belisarius, replied the emperor. Belisarius! exclaimed the Bulgarian. Do you know this hero? Certainly, replied the emperor, and I dare believe he is my friend. If he is.\nThe chief spoke true, he said. You have nothing to fear, we will accompany you. Belisarius, at the sound of their arrival, believes they come to take him away a second time. His daughter, trembling, clings to him with cries. \"My father,\" she says, \"my father! Must we be separated again!\"\n\nAt that moment, they are told that the courtyard of the castle is filling with armed men who surround a chariot. Belisarius appears, and the Bulgarian chief presents himself with his captives: \"Hero of Thrace,\" he says to Belisarius, \"here are two men who claim to be your friends. Who are they?\" \"I am Tib\u00e8re,\" says one of them, \"and my father is taken with me.\" \"Yes,\" exclaimed Belisarius, \"yes, these are my neighbors, my friends. But you, who bring them to me, on what right are you?\"\n\"You are who? We are Bulgarians, said the chief. Our rights are those of arms. But there is nothing that does not yield to the respect we have for you. It would be a disservice to a prince who honors you to lack respect for those who are dear to you. Great man, your friends are free. And it is their liberty you owe them. At these words, the emperor and Tib\u00e8re embraced their liberator. Belisarius felt himself enveloped by their clasps: What, your hands are in chains! And he detached their bonds.\"\n\n\"In Pamphilus, the emperor's astonishment, joy, and confusion! O virtue! he said to himself, what is your power! A poor blind man, from the depths of his misery, commands respect from kings, disarms the hands of the barbarians, and breaks the chains of him!\"\n\"Dieu ! ... if the universe saw my shame! ... Ah! it would still be too gentle a punishment! The Bulgarians wanted to give him back everything he had given them. No, they replied, keep these gifts, and be sure I will pay the promised ransom. Their chief, on leaving Belisarius, asked him if he was charging him with any orders before his king. Tell him I am dealing with them, replied the hero, so that such a valiant prince may be the ally of my country and friend of my emperor. O Belisarius! exclaimed Justinian when he returned from the trouble caused by this peril, O Belisarius! what power you have over the souls of peoples! Even the enemies of the empire are your friends! Do not be surprised, replied Belisarius, smiling. (Chapter XYJ, 243 I have great credit with the Bulgarians; I am doing well with their king. There is even very-)\"\njpeu de jours que nous avons soupe en- \nfieniMe. O\u00f9 donc? lui demanda Tib\u00e8re. \njDans sa tente , dit \u00eee vieillard : j'ai ou- \nbli\u00e9 de vous le dire. Lorsque je me rendois \nici , ils m'ont arr\u00eat\u00e9 comme vous sur la \nroute , et ils m'ont men\u00e9 dans leur camp. \nLeur roi m'a bien re\u00e7u , m'a donn\u00e9 \u00e0 sou- \nper , m'a fait coucher sous ses pavillons ; \net le lendemain je me suis fait remettre \nau lieu m\u00eame o\u00f9 l'on m'avoit pris. Quoi! \ndit Justinien, ce roi sait qui vous \u00eates, \net il ne vous a pas retenu ! Il en avoit bien, \nquelque envie, dit B\u00e9lisaire 5 mais ses vues, \net mes principes ne se sont pas trouv\u00e9s \nd'accord. Il me parloit de me venger ! Me \nvenger , moi ! La digne cause pour mettre \nmon pays en feu ! Je l'ai remerci\u00e9, comme \nvous croyez , et il m'en estime davantage. \nAh ! quels remords ! quels remords \u00e9ter- \nnels pour l'ame de Justinien , lui dit Jus- \nBelisaire spoke, \"Do not revile him. Respect his old age. You see how he was taken unawares. My ruin, the Book of Belisaire, had three periods. The first was my arrival in Carthage. G\u00e9limer, master of the palace, I turned his throne into a tribunal where I sat to administer justice. I intended to give the laws greater authority, but it was not necessary to read my thoughts. Sitting on a throne, one looks the part. I committed an imprudence there - not the only one. I was curious to have myself served at G\u00e9limer's table, and in the Vandal manner, by his officers.\"\nFrom their king. It was enough to make it believed I wanted to take his place. The rumor spread to the court. To destroy it, I asked for my return after my victory, and Justinian rewarded my loyalty with the most beautiful triumph. I led Gelimer captive with his wife and children, and the accumulated treasures that the Vandals, for a century, had carried off from the nations. The emperor received me in the circus 5 and, seeing me on this raised throne surrounded by an countless people, he extended his hand to his subject with a grace mixed with sweetness and majesty, I trembled with joy within myself, and I said to myself: this example will give him a multitude of heroes: he knows the great art of exciting emulation and love of glory.\n\nCHAPTER XVI.\n\nIf my triumph prepared him successes, it announced to me many trials.\nIt was then that envy chained itself against me. Five years of victories imposed silence upon her, but, weary of my successes, she lost all modesty. I besieged Ravenna, where the Goths had retreated, the last refuge in all of Italy. They could no longer escape me. It was reported to the emperor that the place was impregnable, that the ruin of his army would be the result of my obstinacy, and when, reduced to extremities, the Goths offered to surrender, ambassadors arrived whom Justinien had sent to offer them peace. I clearly see that he had been caught off guard, and that it would have been a betrayal not to seize the moment to conquer Italy: I hesitated to consent to peace, and the city surrendered. I was accused of revolt and treason. This was not without some justification.\n\"parentage, as you see : I had obeyed, I had done more. The besieged, displeased with their king, had offered me his crown: should I refuse? In feigned submission, it passed like a puff of wind. BELISARIUS,\nsincerely before the court. I was recalled; and my obedience confounded my enemies. I led captive to the feet of the emperor this king of the Goths (i) whom I was accused of having accepted the crown but this time the triumph was not granted to me. I suffered a mortal sorrow, not because I was humiliated, my pompous procession and the people's acclamations surrounding me would have satisfied a more ambitious vanity than mine. But the cold reception of Justinian announced that he was not dissuaded; and unfortunately, this cruel blow,\"\n\"qu'on avait port\u00e9 \u00e0 son \u00e2me, fut encore envenim\u00e9e par l'enthousiasme imprudent d'un peuple enivr\u00e9 de ma gloire. Ici je de bonne foi, mettez-vous \u00e0 la place de l'empereur, d\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00e9venu contre moi. N'auriez-vous pas \u00e9t\u00e9 bless\u00e9 des \u00e9loges que l'on m'donnait, et qui \u00e9taient des reproches pour lui? N'auriez-vous pas pris quelque ombrage de l'ambition d'un sujet que la voix publique \u00e9levait au ciel? Avez-vous pas vu avec quelque d\u00e9pit tout un peuple, dans son ivresse, affecter de me venger de vous, en me d\u00e9cernant un triomphe plus beau que celui que l'on me refusait? Auriez-vous ferm\u00e9 l'oreille aux r\u00e9flexions de la cour, sur l'insulte faite \u00e0 la majest\u00e9 par ce tumulte populaire? Mon voisin, le plus grand prince, est homme, il n'en est point qui ne soient jaloux de leur gloire et de leur pouvoir et quand\"\nJustinien could not overcome him and forgive me, this should not surprise us. Yet he did; he rose above the weaknesses of vanity and the suspicions of jealousy, and granted me once more the honor of bearing his arms and defending his states. But a final event caused him to lean towards my enemies.\n\nI was at the end of my career. Narses, who had succeeded me in Italy, consoled me with his victories for my sad uselessness. I believed I had nothing left but to die in misery, when the Huns came to ravage Thrace. The emperor remembered me and deigned to entrust my old age with an expedition whose outcome decided the fate of the state. I covered my wrinkles and my white hair with a rusty helmet from ten years of repose. Fortune favored me; I hunted (1).\n\n(1) In the meantime, the entire city was in turmoil.\nmaximum in modum, PerlurbareLur. Belisarius clarissimus olim pr\u00e6fectus, et si pr\u00e6sai les Huns qui n'etoient plus qu'\u00e0 quelques milles de nos murailles. The success of a ambush made me regard him as a God. It was throughout the city, upon my return, a madness, a distraction that I lamented within myself, but how to appease it? The emperor was old: this age has weaknesses and the extreme favor of the people, the excessive honors they rendered me, made me believe that this prince was weary of his reign, and that I should warn him to yield the throne to him who defended it. The anxiety and sorrow seized his soul, and without treating me as a criminal, he banished me as dangerous. It was then that a conspiracy formed against him, whose accomplices were killed in tortures without having named me.\nchef: The calumny supplanted the silence of the culprits, and this silence was taken in itself as a confession accusing me. I was arrested after the people complained for a long prison term, which moved them to pity and indignation, producing a revolt. The emperor, forced by his advanced age to be lenient, pardoned them...And himself, with remarkable promptness of spirit, acted as a young man in this contest; nor did his glory suffer any diminution, as much as that of Van- &lu, the Goths, and A^atmas, L*.\n\nCHAPTER X TI.\n\nOf delivering myself to the people, he did not believe that by removing my means to harm them, he was disarming his enemy. I was never his enemy, heaven is my witness; but heaven, which reads in the hearts, did not allow the memories to read it, and the one you accuse is:\n\n(The text seems to be cut off at the end.)\nplus malheureux que coupable d'avoir cru des apparences qui vous auraient peut-\u00eatre abus\u00e9 comme lui. Oui, il est malheureux, et le plus malheureux des hommes, dit Justinien en se pr\u00e9cipitant sur lui et l'embrassant. Quel est le transport de douleur, lui demanda Belisaire, \u00e9tonn\u00e9 ? C'est le tourment d'une \u00e2me d\u00e9chir\u00e9e, lui r\u00e9pondit Justinien. O mon cher Belisaire! ce ma\u00eetre injuste, ce tyran barbare qui t'as fait crever les yeux, et qui t'a r\u00e9duit \u00e0 la mendicit\u00e9, c'est lui, c'est lui qui t'embrasse. Vous, seigneur! s'\u00e9cria le h\u00e9ros. \u2014 Oui, mon ami, mon d\u00e9fenseur, oui, le plus vertueux des hommes, c'est moi qui ai donn\u00e9 au monde cet horrible exemple d'ingratitude et de cruaut\u00e9. Laissez-moi subir \u00e0 vos pieds l'humiliation que je m\u00e9rite. Je oublie un tr\u00f4ne que j'ai eu.\nsouille, a crown I am unworthy of. It is the dust that you stir up that I must wet with my tears. There, my forehead should hide the shame that covers it.\n\nBelisaire,\nAh, Belisaire said, holding him in his arms, suffocated by sobs.\n\nLien! Lord, are you yielding to the repentance of a fault? You are in despair as if you were the first man that calumny had seduced, or as if appearance had deceived! But if your error was a crime, is there anything that can degrade and debase you in your own eyes? No, great prince, a moment of surprise should not take away your esteem for yourself and the courage of virtue. Let your withered and consternated soul revive at the memory of all the good you have done to men in their unfortunate moment.\nBelisaire is blind, yet five peoples are delivered from the yoke of the barbarians. The damages caused by all plagues are repaired by your benevolence. Five years of a reign marked by useful works have proven to the entire universe that you are not a tyrant. Belisaire is blind; yet he forgives you. And if you believe you can expunge the harm you have done to him, see how easily that can be done. Come, the emperor said, embracing him once more, come and atone for your crime. Come, expose yourself in all your horror to my faithful court, and your presence, in attesting my shame, also testifies to my repentance.\n\nBelisaire tried to conjure him to leave, but...\n\nCHAPTER xxi.\nIn its entire horror, show it to the eyes of my faithful court, and your presence, in recalling my shame, also attests to my repentance.\n\nBelisaire had begged him to desist, but...\nIn his solitude, Justinien had to consent to follow in order to console him. Justinien then addressed Tib\u00e8re: \"What more do I owe you, my friend? What acts of kindness will ever equal the service you have rendered me? No, my lord, replied the young man, you are not rich enough to repay me. But B\u00e9lisaire spoke up: \"My treasure is my daughter, and I would rather give her to you than all your riches.\" At these words, he summoned Eudoxia. \"My daughter,\" he said, \"kneel before the emperor and ask for his permission to give your hand to the virtuous Tib\u00e8re.\" At the sight of Justinien, the first movement in Eudoxia's heart was one of fear.\nMissette and horror. She throws a painful cry, recoils and turns away. Justinian advances towards her. Eudoxe, he says to her, pity me and look at me, you will see me bathed in tears: they express the repentance that will follow me to the grave. Neither these tears nor my good deeds can erase my crime; but Belisaire gives you his daughter as a sign of his pardon. It was a consolation for Justinian to unite Eudoxe with Tib\u00e8re 5, and he began at that moment to feel the sweet peace of innocence returning to his heart. No more sudden revolution had overturned ideas and interests at court. The arrival of Belisaire brought trouble and consternation. \"This is he,\" said the emperor to his courtiers, \"this is the hero? This just man, whom you praise?\"\nYou have provided a text that is primarily in French with some Latin words, and there is also some modern English added at the end. I will first translate the French text into modern English, then remove the modern English additions, and finally correct some minor errors.\n\nThe original text, translated and cleaned:\n\n\"You have condemned him. Cowards, tremble: his innocence and virtue are known to me, and your life is in his hands. Pale, shame, and terror were painted on all faces; Belisarius was believed to be an inexorable judge, a terrible and threatening god; he was modest as in his disgrace; he knew none of his accusers and was honored only by his master's confidence. He inspired him only with indulgence for the past, vigilance for the present, and imposing severity for all future crimes. But he lived too long, for the happiness of the world and the glory of Justinian. This weak and discouraged old man contented himself with giving him tears; and the advice of Belisarius was forgotten with him.\"\n\nTherefore, the cleaned text is:\n\n\"You have condemned him. Cowards, tremble: his innocence and virtue are known to me, and your life is in his hands. Pale, shame, and terror were painted on all faces; Belisarius was believed to be an inexorable judge, a terrible and threatening god; he was modest as in his disgrace; he knew none of his accusers and was honored only by his master's confidence. He inspired him only with indulgence for the past, vigilance for the present, and imposing severity for all future crimes. But he lived too long, for the happiness of the world and the glory of Justinian. This weak and discouraged old man contented himself with giving him tears; and Belisarius' advice was forgotten with him.\"\nTreatment Date: Jan. 2008 \nPreseryationTechnologies \nA WOfiLD LEADER iN COLLlCTIUNS PRESERVATION \n\\f. f 111 Thomson Park Drive \nCranberry Township, PA 16066 \nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS^ \niiiiiiiiiiiiiinr ", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"} ]