[
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1942, "culture": " English\n", "content": "E-text prepared by Cindy Horton, Martin Pettit, and the Online Distributed\navailable by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)\nNote: Images of the original pages are available through\n      Internet Archive. See\n      https://archive.org/details/armeniaandwaran00hacogoog\nARMENIA AND THE WAR\nAn Armenian's Point of View\nwith an Appeal to Britain and\nthe Coming Peace Conference\nby\nA. P. HACOBIAN\nWith a Preface by the Rt. Hon. Viscount Bryce, O.M.\nHodder and Stoughton\nLondon      New York      Toronto\nMCMXVII\n     \"They are slaves who fear to speak\n     For the fallen and the weak:\n     They are slaves who will not choose\n     Hatred, scoffing and abuse,\n     Rather than in silence shrink\n     From the truth they needs must think:\n     They are slaves who dare not be\n     In the right with two or three.\"\n     LOWELL.\n\"_To serve Armenia is to serve civilization._\"\n_W. E. GLADSTONE._\n\"_We have put our money on the wrong horse._\"[1]\n_THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY._\n\" ... _a Government incurably barbarous and corrupt._\"\n_THE DUKE OF ARGYLL._\n\" ... _the Ottoman Empire ... decidedly foreign to Western\ncivilization._\"\n_ALLIES' NOTE TO PRESIDENT WILSON,\nINTRODUCTORY NOTE\nThe end of the war will leave Great Britain and her Allies the practical\narbiters of the destinies of Europe and the Near East. The predominant\npart played in the prosecution of the war by Great Britain and the\nBritish Empire will entitle them to an equally decisive voice in the\ncouncils of the Peace Conference. That proud position carries with it a\nsupreme privilege as well as a heavy moral responsibility. That the\nvoice and weight of Britain and Greater Britain will be cast, on all\noccasions, on the side of justice and liberty, there cannot be the\nslightest doubt. But however just and fair-minded a judge may be, it is\nimpossible for him to dispense justice without hearing all sides of the\ncase before him.\nThat is my plea for placing this statement of the cause of my afflicted\ncountry before the British public, confident that, with its inherent\nlove of fair play, it will give my pleading a fair hearing.\nI am anxious to make one point clear. I hold no authority and claim no\nright whatever to speak for the nation or any national or local\norganization of any kind. The views set forth in this little volume are\nthe views of an individual Armenian who feels, as do no doubt all his\ncompatriots, that the Armenian blood that has flowed so freely in this\nwar, imposes upon every living Armenian the sacred duty of employing all\nlegitimate means in his power to secure to the survivors the justice and\nreparation to which their numerous fallen relatives have given them an\noverwhelming and indisputable title. They are my views, and the\nresponsibility for them rests on myself and myself alone.\nI have stated my views frankly. One or two of my friends were kind\nenough to express the opinion that that might injure our cause. While I\nappreciate their interest and solicitude, I do not share their fears. I\nam convinced that the truth can never be unpopular with the British\npublic or prejudice a good cause.\nI have, of necessity, had to quote freely from many sources, and I take\nthis opportunity to express my apologies and indebtedness to the\nauthorities quoted, in particular to Lord Bryce and Mr. Arnold J.\nToynbee for very kindly permitting me to quote extracts from the Blue\nBook.\nA. P. HACOBIAN.\n_London,\nFebruary, 1917._\nPREFACE\nOf all the peoples upon whom this war has brought calamity and\nsuffering, the Armenian people have had the most to endure. Great as has\nbeen the misery inflicted by the invaders upon the non-combatant\npopulations of Belgium and Northern France, upon Poland, upon Serbia,\nthe misery of Armenia, though far less known to the outer world, has\nbeen far more terrible.\nWhen the European War broke out, in 1914, the Government of the Turkish\nEmpire had fallen into the hands of a small gang of unscrupulous\nruffians calling themselves the Committee of Union and Progress, who\nwere ruling through their command of the army, but in the name of the\nharmless and imbecile Sultan. By means which have not been fully\ndisclosed, but the nature of which can be easily conjectured, this gang\nwere won over to serve the interests of Germany; and at Germany's\nbidding they declared war against the Western Allies, thus dragging all\nthe subjects of Turkey, Muslim and Christian, into a conflict with which\nthey had no concern. The Armenian Christians scattered through the\nAsiatic part of the Turkish dominions, having had melancholy experience\nin the Adana massacres some years previously of what cruelties the\nruling gang were capable of perpetrating, were careful to remain quiet,\nand to furnish no pretext to the Turkish authorities for an attack upon\nthem. But the rulers of Turkey showed that they did not need a pretext\nfor the execution of the nefarious purposes they cherished. They had\nformed a design for the extermination of the non-Mohammedan elements in\nthe population of Asiatic Turkey, in order to make what they called a\nhomogeneous nation, consisting of Mohammedans only. The wickedness of\nsuch a design was equalled only by its blind folly, for the Christian\nArmenians of Asia Minor and the north-eastern provinces constituted the\nmost industrious, the most intelligent, and the best-educated part of\nthe population. Most of the traders and merchants, nearly all the\nskilled artisans, were Armenians, and to destroy them was to destroy the\nchief industrial asset which these regions possessed. However, this was\nthe plan of the Committee of Union and Progress, and as soon as they\nbegan to feel, in the spring of 1915, that the Allied expedition against\nthe Dardanelles was not likely to succeed, they proceeded to execute it.\nThey first disarmed all the Armenians in order to have them at their\nmercy; and in some cases, in order to make it appear that the Armenians\nwere intending to take up arms, they actually sent weapons into the\ntowns and then had them seized as evidence against the Christians. When\nsuch arms as the Christians possessed had been secured, orders for\nmassacre were issued from Constantinople to the local governors. The\nwhole Armenian population was seized. The grown men were slaughtered\nwithout mercy. The younger women were sold in the market place to the\nhighest bidder, or appropriated by Turkish military officers and civil\nofficials to become slaves in Turkish harems. The boys were handed over\nto dervishes to be carried off and brought up as Muslims. The rest of\nthe hapless victims, all the older men and women, the mothers and their\nbabes clinging to them, were torn from their homes and driven out along\nthe tracks which led into the desert region of northern Syria and\nArabia. Most of them perished on the way from hardships, from disease,\nfrom starvation. A few were still surviving some months ago near Aleppo\nand along the banks of the Euphrates. Many, probably thousands, were\ndrowned in that river and its tributaries, martyrs to their Christian\nfaith, which they had refused to renounce; for it was generally possible\nfor women, and sometimes for men, to save themselves by accepting\nMohammedanism. By these various methods hundreds of thousands--the\nnumber is variously estimated at from 500,000 to 800,000--have perished.\nAnd all this was done with the tacit acquiescence of the German\nGovernment, some of whose representatives on the spot are even said to\nhave encouraged the Turks in their work of slaughter, while the\nGovernment confined its action to propagating in Germany, so as to\ndeceive its own people, false stories which alleged that the Armenians\nhad been punished for insurrectionary movements.\nAll these facts, with many details too horrible to be repeated here, are\nset forth in the Blue Book recently published in England, containing\naccounts based upon incontrovertible evidence, and to which no reply has\nbeen made, though some denials, palpably false, have emanated from the\nTurkish gang, and some others from the German Government.\nThe victims who have thus been put to death, a large part of the whole\nArmenian people, belong to what is one of the oldest nations in the\nworld, which has been Christian and civilized ever since the third\ncentury of our era. If any people ever deserved the sympathy of the\ncivilized world, it is they who have clung to their faith and the\ntraditions of their ancient kingdom ever since that kingdom was\noverthrown by the Turkish invaders many centuries ago. They now appeal\nto the Allied Nations who are fighting the battle of Right and Humanity\nagainst the German Government and its barbarous Turkish allies, asking\nthat when the end of the war comes their case may be considered and\nthey may be for ever delivered from the Turkish yoke. Nowhere is their\nhard case better known than in the United States, for it is the American\nmissionaries who have, by their admirable schools and colleges planted\nin many cities of Asiatic Turkey, done more for them than any other\ncountry has done, giving them light, consolation and sympathy.\nThe author of this little book is an Armenian gentleman belonging to a\nfamily originally from Ispahan in Persia, but now settled in England. He\nspeaks with intimate knowledge as well as with patriotic feeling, and\nstates the case of his countrymen with a moderation well fitted to\ninspire confidence. Upon the arguments he puts forward I do not venture\nto express any opinion in detail. But those who know something of\nAsiatic Turkey will recognize with him that the Armenians are, by their\nintelligence and their irrepressible energy, the race best fitted to\nrestore prosperity to regions desolated by Turkish oppression. The\neducated Armenians, notwithstanding all they have suffered, are abreast\nof the modern world of civilization. Among them are many men of science\nand learning, as well as artists and poets. They are scattered in many\nlands. I have visited large Armenian colonies as far west as California,\nand there are others as far east as Rangoon. Many of the exiles would\nreturn to their ancient home if they could but be guaranteed that\nsecurity and peace which they have never had, and can never have, under\nthe rule of the Turk. May we not confidently hope that the Allied Powers\nwill find means for giving it to them at the end of this war, for\nextending to them that security which they have long desired and are\ncapable of using well?\nBRYCE.\nFOOTNOTE:\n[1] _After the massacres of 1895-1896, Lord Salisbury, who had himself\ntaken a prominent part in the consummation of the Treaty of Berlin and\nthe Cyprus Convention, frankly admitted the failure of the policy which\ngave birth to these treaties, and the futility of relying upon Turkish\npromises._\nCONTENTS\n   I. ARMENIA AS A WAR ISSUE--GREATEST SUFFERER\n      FROM TURKO-PRUSSIAN \"FRIGHTFULNESS\"--EFFECT\n  II. ARMENIA AND REPARATION--ARMENIA'S MARTYRDOM--CONDEMNATION\n      AND DEMAND FOR REPARATION INADEQUATELY EXPRESSED            10\n III. \"THE GENTLE AND CLEAN-FIGHTING TURK\"                        22\n  IV. ANGLO-RUSSIAN FRIENDSHIP A VITAL NECESSITY\n      FOR PEACE AND PROGRESS IN ASIA--MOSLEMS\n      AND TURKISH RULE--ARMENIANS PROGRESSIVE\n   V. ARMENIA AS A PEACE PROBLEM--VIEWS OF THE\n      \"MANCHESTER GUARDIAN\" AND THE \"SPECTATOR\"--CAN\n      ARMENIANS STAND ALONE AMONG\n      THE KURDS?--AMERICAN OPINION AND THE FUTURE OF ARMENIA      50\n VII. ARMENIA THE BATTLE-GROUND OF ASIA MINOR\n      AND VICTIM OF CONTENDING EMPIRES                            81\nVIII. THE BLUE-BOOK--THE EPIC OF ARMENIA'S MARTYRDOM,\n      THE REVELATION OF HER SPIRIT AND\n      CHARACTER--\"TRUTH\" ON THE ARMENIANS: A DIGRESSION           94\n   X. GREAT BRITAIN AND ARMENIA--THE LATE DUKE\n      OF ARGYLL'S VIEWS--AN APPEAL TO BRITAIN                    140\n  XI. AN APPEAL TO THE COMING PEACE CONFERENCE                   160\nARMENIA AND THE WAR\nI\n     ARMENIA AS A WAR ISSUE--GREATEST SUFFERER FROM TURKO-PRUSSIAN\n     \"FRIGHTFULNESS\"--EFFECT ON AMERICAN OPINION\nThe first official advance for peace made by Germany and her Allies,\nalthough couched in defiant and menacing terms, was nevertheless an\nunmistakable signal of distress, and has brought the world within\nmeasurable distance of that just and durable peace which the Allies have\nset out to achieve. The prospect of approaching peace has set on foot a\ngeneral reiteration of the issues at stake, and consideration of the\nterms and problems of peace. Public attention in this country will\nnaturally be occupied, in the first place, with the momentous issues and\ninterests of the United Kingdom, the British Empire and her Allies\nraised by the war and to be settled and secured by the impending peace.\nIt will therefore, I hope, not be considered amiss or premature for a\nmember of one of those small and oppressed peoples engulfed in the\nvortex of the war who look to Great Britain and her Allies for\ndeliverance, reparation and the security of their future liberty, to put\nbefore the British public his views, as well as facts and arguments that\nmay be of some service in enabling it to form a just estimate of the\nclaims and merits of one of the smaller problems which run the risk of\nnot receiving a full hearing at the Peace Conference, in the presence of\na multitude of larger and more important questions.\nThe item in the Allied peace terms stated in their reply to President\nWilson's note, \"the setting free of the populations subject to the\nbloody tyranny of the Turks,\" is the bearer to Armenians of a message of\ncomfort and hope. It heralds the dawn of a new day that will mark the\nend of the long and hideous nightmare of Turkish tyranny.\nIf President Wilson, the American people, or other neutrals were in\nsearch of evidence that would prove to them conclusively which of the\ntwo groups of belligerents is sincere in its professions of regard for\n\"the rights and privileges of weak peoples and small states\"; if Belgium\nhad not been violated and ravaged; if the _Lusitania_ and so many\nhospital ships, liners and merchantmen had not been sunk without any\ncare as to the fate of the wounded, the children and women, the\nnon-combatant men and crews; if Zeppelins had not spread death and\ndestruction among women and children in their homes in the night; if all\nthese and so many other outrages had not been committed, and there had\nbeen, in the whole course of the war, no other act of the Quadruple\nAlliance in any degree contrary to the laws and usages of civilized\nwarfare and dictates of humanity, the single word ARMENIA would provide\nthat proof--a crushing, monumental proof--as to who is and who is not\nsincere in the professions of regard for right, justice and humanity.\nThe spirit of desolated Armenia stands at the head of the phantom\nspirits of outraged humanity, which must rise and shatter to atoms\nevery mask of benevolence, righteousness and injured innocence that the\nprotagonists of \"frightfulness\" may assume for the deception of their\nown peoples and neutrals.\nBut in the United States at least there is no need for any fresh proof\nor explanation of the issue at this stage, and the martyrdom of Armenia\nhas contributed largely to that state of American opinion. I have little\ndoubt that President Wilson's Peace Note and speech to the Senate are\nthe first steps towards America casting her whole weight into the scale,\naiming at the realization of a just and lasting peace.\nThe intense interest evinced by the people and Government of the United\nStates in the fate of Armenia and the Armenians is abundantly shown not\nonly by the generous gifts of money for the relief of the survivors and\nthe noble personal services by devoted missionaries and relief agents,\nsome of whom lost their lives in their work of mercy; but also by\ndiplomatic action on behalf of the Armenians in Constantinople (where\nMr. Morgenthau, to his great honour, struggled valiantly to stay the\nhand of the ruthless oppressor), and by the prominence given to any and\nevery scrap of news concerning the holocaust in Armenia. It is no\nexaggeration to say that, military operations apart, no incident of the\nwar, not excepting the violation and martyrdom of Belgium, has been\ngiven more space and prominence in the American Press than anything\nconnected with the martyrdom of Armenia and Syria and the relief of the\nrefugees and exiles.\nIn his reply to the Armenian deputation who on December 14, 1916,\npresented to him an illuminated parchment from the Catholicos expressing\nHis Holiness's gratitude and thanks to the American nation, President\nWilson said, _inter alia_--\n     \"We have tried to do what was possible to save your people from the\n     ravages of war. My great regret is, that we have been able to\n     accomplish so little. There have been many suffering peoples as the\n     result of that terrible struggle, and _the lot of none has touched\n     the American heart more than the suffering of the Armenians_.\"[2]\nNothing in the war has brought home to the people of the United States\nthe moral issues of the war more strongly and vividly than the\nunprecedented barbarities committed by the Turks in their diabolical\nattempt to wipe out the Armenian race. No event of the war has been more\ndamaging to the Central Powers in the eyes of the United States. Here\nthey have seen the ruthless spirit of the twin enemies of humanity and\nliberty--the Turkish _yatagan_ supported by the Prussian jack-boot--in\nits hideous nakedness, at work in the depths of Asia, unrestrained and\nunperceived, as they thought, by the light of civilization.\nThis gospel of the jack-boot and the _yatagan_ will be best illustrated\nby putting side by side two quotations, one from the _Tanine_, the\nofficial organ of the Committee of Union and Progress in Constantinople,\nand the other from a statement made by Count Reventlow in October 1915.\nThe _Tanine_ \"invited the Government to exterminate or forcibly convert\nto Islam all Armenian women in Turkey as the only means of saving the\nOttoman Empire.\"[3] Count Reventlow, the high priest of the gospel of\nBrute Force and Militarism, writing in the _Tageszeitung_ in defence and\napproval of Turkey's appalling crime, said that it was the Ottoman\nGovernment's obvious right and duty to take the strongest repressive\nmeasures against \"the bloodthirsty Armenians\"--the measures advocated by\nthe _Tanine_, which were carried out by Count Reventlow's worthy allies\non the Bosphorus with a completeness and ferocity that must have greatly\npleased him.\nThe German Government and German apologists have made a great parade of\nthe use of Indian and African troops in Europe by the Allies. By all\nreports, these troops have fought as clean a fight as any troops in the\nwar. I think that in the judgment of future historians no incident of\nthis war, whose history is so heavily shadowed on one side with\noutrages and violations of the laws of civilized warfare, will meet with\nso strong a condemnation as Germany's alliance with the Young Turks, the\ndeclaration of a \"holy war\" at her behest, and its dire consequences for\nthe already sorely tried Christian subjects of the Turks. (It should be\nremembered that Germany and Austria are signatories to the Treaty of\nBerlin, Art. 61 of which was to have brought about \"the improvements and\nreforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by the\nArmenians,\" and to have \"guaranteed their security against the Kurds and\nCircassians.\" This point cannot be too strongly emphasized.) She could\nhave foreseen these consequences; and if she did not foresee them, she\ncould have stopped them when they made themselves apparent. Turkey's\nentry into the war placed her Christian subjects in a position of great\nperil, as it has been her custom to wreak upon them her vengeance for\ndefeats; while a state of war freed her from the moral restraint of\nEurope. It was hoped that German and Austrian influence would check\nthis tendency. How cruelly events have shattered that hope! They have\nproved that it was too much to expect humanity and the ordinary feelings\nof chivalry and compassion for the honour and suffering of women and\nchildren from the State policies of these great Christian Governments\nand the majority of their agents in Turkey. I do not believe that this\nungodly and inhuman policy has received general approbation either in\nGermany or Austria-Hungary. This is evident from the quotations from\nGerman missionary journals in the Blue-book on the \"Treatment of\nArmenians in the Ottoman Empire.\"[4] It is also proved by the protests\naddressed to the Imperial Chancellor by several Catholic and Protestant\norganizations.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[2] Quoted in _The New Armenia_ of New York, January 1, 1917. The\nitalics are mine.\n[3] Quoted in _Guerre Sociale_ (Paris), September 16, 1915.\n[4] _The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire._ Documents\npresented to Viscount Grey of Fallodon, Secretary of State for Foreign\nAffairs, with a preface by Viscount Bryce (Hodder & Stoughton).\nII\n     ARMENIA AND REPARATION--ARMENIA'S MARTYRDOM--CONDEMNATION AND\n     DEMAND FOR REPARATION INADEQUATELY EXPRESSED\nThe Governments of the Allies have unanimously declared that peace is\nonly possible on the principles of adequate reparation for the past,\nadequate security for the future, and recognition of the principle of\nnationalities and of the free existence of small states.\n\"Reparation\" means no doubt in the first place reparation for the wanton\nand ruthless destruction of unoffending and defenceless civilian lives\nand property.\nIt is characteristic of the British sense of justice and fair play that\nBelgium, France and Serbia should be given the first place in their\ndemand for reparation, for, of course, there are the British victims of\n\"frightfulness,\" Zeppelin and submarine victims and the victims of\njudicial murders to be atoned for and recompensed.\nThis unanimous demand for reparation to the smaller nations for all they\nhave suffered as a result of the brutal and unscrupulous aggression of\ntheir more powerful neighbours, and their security and free development,\naugurs well for the future. It is an earnest given by the Entente Powers\nto the world, of the sincerity of their declarations regarding the\nunselfish, just and worthy objects which they entered the war to attain.\nI must be excused, however, if I confess to feeling not a little\nperplexity at the fact that, in discussing the peace terms, the great\norgans of British public opinion, with some notable exceptions,[5] have\nmade little or no reference to Armenia in the demand for penalties,\nreparation and redemption. This fact must have impressed Mr. Arthur\nHenderson, who, in his reference to Armenia quoted more fully elsewhere,\nremarked that \" ... Armenian atrocities _were not much talked about_\nhere ... etc.\" My anxiety will be understood when I point out that for\nus it is not a question of a little more or less territory, a little\nlarger or smaller indemnity. For us more than for any other race\ninvolved in the war it is a question of \"to be or not to be\" in a real\nand fateful sense: the rebirth of Armenian nationality from the\nprofusion of its lost blood and heaps of smouldering ashes, or the end\nof that long-cherished and bled-for aspiration, and the consummation of\nthe \"policy\" of Abdul Hamid and the Young Turks.\nThe first general discussion of the terms of peace has coincided with\nthe publication, as a Blue-book, of Lord Bryce's comprehensive\ndocumentary evidence on the attempt of the Turks to murder the Armenian\nnation in cold blood. I gratefully acknowledge the fact that many\nnewspapers wrote sympathetic editorial articles or reviews on the\nBlue-book, emphasizing, with incontestable force, that this conclusive\nevidence of the abominable crimes committed by the Turks in Armenia\nwithout any protest from official Germany, is a crushing reply to the\nGerman Chancellor's protestations of solicitude for humanity.\nBut, opportune as has been the immediate effect of this fresh evidence\nof Lord Bryce's noble and untiring labours in the cause of humanity, as\na tragic and terrible exposure of the irony of the Central Powers'\nprofessions of pity for suffering humanity, that is surely not the only\nor the principal moral to be drawn from these haunting pages. They\nconstitute a terrible and lasting reproach to the European diplomacy of\nour time. They unfold to the horrified gaze of mankind a vast column of\nhuman smoke and human anguish rising to the heavens as the incense of\nthe most fearful yet most glorious mass-martyrdom the world has ever\nseen, but casting a shadow of lasting shame upon Christendom and\ncivilization. The unparalleled outburst of barbarity they reveal did\nnot come as a surprise. Europe had heard its premonitory rumblings these\nlast forty years. As far back as 1880 the representatives of the Great\nPowers in their famous and futile Identic Note to the Sublime Porte,\nsaid: \"So desperate was the misgovernment of the country that it would\nlead in all probability to the destruction of the Christian population\nof vast districts.\" The massacres of 1895-1896 and 1909 cost the lives\nof 250,000 to 300,000 Armenians. But most of the European statesmen of\nthe day persistently refused to believe that \"the gentle Turk\" was\ncapable of such bursts of unspeakable barbarism; while Bismarck declared\nopenly that the whole Eastern Question was not worth \"the bones of a\nPomeranian grenadier.\" His successors have followed and improved upon\nhis ruthless, unchristian policy, and Europe sees the result.\nWith due respect to the small minority of humane Turks, who, I dare say,\nare themselves shocked at what their rulers, their soldiery and populace\nhave proved themselves capable of, the Turk as a race has added yet\nanother and vaster monument than ever before to the long series of\nsimilar monuments that fill the pages of his blood-stained history, in\nproof of the unchangeable brutality of his nature. You cannot reason or\nargue with him. Nor can you expect justice or ordinary human feelings\nfrom such a nature. The only sane and honest way to deal with him is to\nmake him innocuous. It is official Europe that is to blame for leaving\nhim so long at large and his prey at his mercy. It is European diplomacy\nof the past forty years that is responsible for looking on while the\nrelentless mutilation was going on limb by limb, until Moloch saw his\nchance in the war and all but devoured his hapless victim, with the\ntacit acquiescence of the Governments of two great Christian empires,\nand the applause of Count Reventlow and his disciples.\nHow is it to be explained that this deliberately planned destruction of\nmore than half a million human beings by all the tortures of the Dark\nAges, and the deportation and enslavement worse than death of more than\nhalf a million, have not aroused the righteous wrath of the great\nBritish writers and thinkers of the day to nearly the same extent as the\nmartyrdom of Belgium? How is it that great writers and poets have not\nfelt the call of expressing to the world in the language of genius the\nstupefying horror as well as the moral grandeur of this vast,\nunparalleled tragedy?[6] Great Britain has always been, and is to-day\nmore than ever, the champion and \"the hope of the oppressed and the\ndespair of the oppressor.\" That sympathy, horror and indignation exist\nin this country in the fullest measure there is not the slightest doubt.\nOne sees proofs and indications of their existence at every turn. But\nwhy, in Heaven's name, is it not proclaimed to the world that the\nculprits may know and tremble and stay their hand? Bishops have been\nburnt to death, hundreds of churches desecrated, and ministers of Christ\ntortured and murdered; hundreds of thousands of Christian women and\nchildren done to death in circumstances of unspeakable barbarity and\nbestiality. Why are the Churches of Great Britain and all Christendom\nnot raising a cry of indignation that will reverberate throughout the\nworld and strike the fear of God into the hearts of these assassins and\nall powers of darkness? Why is not a word said as a tribute, so richly\ndeserved, to the heroic and indomitable spirit of the men and women and\neven children who chose torture and death rather than deny their Christ,\nsacrifice their honour or renounce their nationality?[7] Here is\nassuredly the most inspiring example of all times of the triumph of the\nspirit of Christ and the fidelity in death to conscience, personal\nhonour and independence, over savage fury and brutal lust at the highest\npitch ever attained in them by fiends in human form; a triumph and an\nexample more inspiring, and with a deeper and more lasting significance\nfor humanity and Christianity, perhaps, than this great and terrible war\nitself; and the Churches and spokesmen and writers of great Christian\ncountries, belligerent and neutral, pass over that aspect of the Great\nTragedy almost in complete silence!\nI do not ask tributes for the martyrs; let their praise be sung by the\nhosts of heaven. Nor is this a complaint; and it would be a presumption\non my part to assume the r\u00f4le of critic or mentor to leaders of\nreligion, thought and learning in great Christian countries. It is far\nindeed from my intention to assume such a r\u00f4le. But these are facts\nwhich I contemplate with inexpressible sorrow, almost despair--facts\nwhich perplex and puzzle me and which surpass my understanding. Perhaps\nmy judgment is dimmed and embittered by my nation's sufferings. If that\nis so, is any one surprised that the Armenian soul should be bitter\nto-day, bitter with a bitterness, anguish and indignation such as the\nsoul of man has never tasted before, or any people can possibly imagine?\nSome papers speak of the sufferings of the Armenians being _equal_ to\nthose of the Belgians.\nArmenians know, if any one does, what bondage and suffering under the\ntyrant's heel mean, and they yield to none in their profound sympathy\nand admiration for heroic Belgium, Serbia and the occupied parts of\nFrance. The martyrdom of 5000 unoffending Belgian civilians is a\nhorrible enough episode, but surely there is some difference between\n5000 and 600,000 victims, to say nothing of the 600,000 who were\nenslaved, forcibly converted to Islam, and driven in caravans of torture\nand death to the Mesopotamian deserts.[8] What is the condition of\nthese unfortunates, and how many have survived, must remain a dread\nsecret of the desert until the end of the war.\nIs it because the victims are Armenians, mere Armenians so used to\nmassacre, so long abandoned by Europe to the lust and pleasure of \"the\nGentle Turk\"? That may be so in the eyes of men. But there is God, and\nin His eyes the life and pain and torture and death of an Armenian\nchild, woman, or man are the same, exactly the same, as those of any\nother child, woman, or man without exception.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[5] Armenians are especially indebted to the _Manchester Guardian_ and\n_The Times_ for their valuable services to their cause, humanity and\ntruth in exposing the reign of terror in Armenia and the Turk's\naffectation of \"clean-fighting.\" Part 101 of _The Times History and\nEncyclop\u00e6dia of the War_ was the first detailed account of what had\nhappened in Armenia since the outbreak of war, and I may add that,\nconsidering the difficulties of obtaining information, it is a\nremarkably well-informed account.\n[6] Mr. Israel Zangwill concludes a moving and eloquent tribute to the\nagony of Armenia in _The New Armenia_ (New York) of March 1, 1917,\nentitled \"The Majesty of Armenia,\" in the following words--\"I bow before\nthis higher majesty of sorrow. I take the crown of thorns from Israel's\nhead and I place it upon Armenia's.\"\nIs it not a strange fact that of all contemporary authors and publicists\nof note, it should have fallen to a famous and gifted Jew to pay the\nfirst tribute to \"the majesty\" of Armenia's martyrdom for the Christian\nfaith?\n[7] Mr. P. W. Wilson's sympathetic and appreciative articles in _The\nWestminster Gazette_ and _The Daily News and Leader_ of February 3,\n1917, appeared after the above was written. While I am most grateful to\nMr. Wilson and the two great organs of British public opinion, I avail\nmyself of this opportunity to make one or two observations on some of\nthe points Mr. Wilson has raised--\n\"The first impulse of the refugee\" has not only been \"to start a shop\"\nbut also to start a school and improvise the means of continuing the\npublication of the newspaper he was publishing in Van before the exile,\nas the Belgians have done here under more favourable circumstances. The\ntoleration practised by Armenians and their Church is not due to\nadversity, but the true understanding of Christianity. The spirit of\ntoleration breathes through the pages of the history of the Armenian\nChurch from the earliest times.\nMr. Wilson says: \"It is doubtless regrettable that the Armenians should\nhave failed to recommend their progressive conception of life to the\nMoslems around them.\" This is a striking example of the misconception\nthat so often exists in the minds of even the most sympathetic observers\nof Armenian affairs. Mr. Wilson knows no doubt for how much prestige\ncounts in the East. If the European missions with all the prestige of\ntheir great nations, governments, embassies, consulates, etc., behind\nthem (to say nothing of the unlimited funds at their disposal) have had\nsuch little success in Moslem countries, is it reasonable to blame the\nArmenians, oppressed, harried, tortured, massacred, plunged into the\ndepths of misery, for not having fared better? What respect could the\nArmenian's religion inspire among his Moslem neighbours who murdered his\nbishops and priests, desecrated his churches and inflicted the most\nrevolting insults upon the outward symbols of his faith, while his\npowerful co-religionists stood by and did nothing? Under these\ncircumstances what better service could the Armenian render his religion\nthan die for it? In happier days, the early Armenian Christians were\nlargely instrumental in converting the Georgians.\n[8] It is some consolation to know, as some reports say, that the Arabs\nhave treated these unfortunates kindly. It is an indication of--and a\ncredit to--their superior civilization.\nIII\n     \"THE GENTLE AND CLEAN-FIGHTING TURK\"[9]\nThe Allies have declared in their reply to President Wilson that one of\ntheir aims is \"the turning out of Europe of the Ottoman Empire, _as\ndecidedly foreign to Western civilization_.\"\nThis fact of the Turk being \"decidedly foreign to Western civilization,\"\naffirmed on the authority and conviction of the Governments of four of\nthe greatest and most advanced nations of Europe, needs no further\nproof. Nevertheless it seems desirable, in the interests of truth, to\nendeavour to dissipate the misconception that has been created by the\nextraordinary myth of \"the clean-fighting Turk.\"\nThere has been a disposition in this country, natural and intelligible\nunder the circumstances, to attribute the recent (let us hope the last)\nand most terrible of the Armenian massacres wholly or largely to German\ninfluence. That the German Government had it in its power to stop this\ngigantic crime if it had so wished, there is no doubt. It seems likely\nalso that the Turk applied to his brutal scheme the method and\nthoroughness he had learned from his German ally. But seriously to\nassert, as some writers and speakers have done, that German influence\ninstigated the massacres, is to shut one's eyes to the Turk's record\never since he became known to history. One need only turn the pages of\nhis history--a veritable chamber of horrors--to convince oneself that\nmassacre, outrage, and devastation have always been congenial to the\nTurk.\nWithout for a moment wishing to absolve the German Government of its\nresponsibility, before God and humanity, for not exerting its influence\nto save more than a million absolutely innocent human beings from death,\nslow torture, and slavery: the fact, nevertheless, remains that Hulagu,\nSultan Selim, Bayazid and Abdul Hamid were not under German influence,\nthat there were no Germans at the sack of Constantinople or the\nmassacres of Bagdad and Sivas, or, in more recent times, at the\nbutcheries of Chios, Greece, Crete, Batak, Macedonia, Sassoon, Urfa, or\nAdana. The Turk, in fact, has nothing to learn from his Teutonic ally\nin \"frightfulness\"; he has a great deal to teach him. I readily admit\nthat there are some Turks who are gentle and good men. Some of these\nhave risked good positions and even their lives to protect Armenian\nwomen and children. But most unfortunately for us, for humanity and for\nthe Turks themselves, such good Turks are few and far between.\nIt is true that orders for the extirpation of the Armenians were issued\nfrom Constantinople, but can any one imagine such revolting orders\n_being carried out_ by \"gentle and clean-fighting\" troops and people? I\nshall be much surprised if any unprejudiced man or woman in any\ncivilized country believes that any but the Turkish populace and\nsoldiery would be capable of carrying out such orders. History at any\nrate has given us no such evidence.\nI believe that, under a just and honest government and better\ninfluences, the Turkish peasant will, in course of time, lose his\nproneness to cruelty, for he has good qualities. But if this war is\nintended to see the end of tyranny, oppression, brutal religious and\npolitical persecution and the discontent and unrest that such\nconditions always produce; if it is to prevent the possibility of a\nrepetition of the hell that the Turks have let loose in Armenia since\nthey entered the war and _so often before the war_; then it is clear\nthat never again must the Turk be allowed to possess the power over\nother races, which he has so abominably abused ever since he \"hacked his\nway through\" to the fair, fertile and once highly prosperous country\nwhich he has devastated and converted into a charnel-house.\nThe Armenians of Turkey had no separatist aspirations. They knew that\nwas impracticable. Nothing would have suited them better than a reformed\ngovernment in Turkey, that would give them security of life, honour and\nproperty, the free development of their national and religious\ninstitutions and an approach to equality with Moslems before the law. On\nthe promulgation of the Constitution, all the Armenian revolutionary\nsocieties were transformed into peaceable and orderly political parties\nas by magic. They had great hopes of achieving these aims and the\nregeneration of the Ottoman Empire from within in co-operation with the\nYoung Turks before the war, and they gave the Committee of Union and\nProgress (was there ever a more incongruous misnomer?) all the support\nthey could, which was by no means negligible; but they had not long to\nwait to be completely and bitterly disillusioned. The Adana massacres\ngave their hopes the first blow. The Armenian leaders proved too earnest\nand sincere democrats for the Committee leaders who, with few\nexceptions, were actuated, as events proved, more by inordinate personal\nambition than the \"liberty\" and \"equality\" which they so loudly\nproclaimed and which have proved such a hideous mockery. The\nchauvinistic wing soon gained complete ascendancy over the party, which\nresolved on the covert or forcible \"Ottomanization\" of all non-Turk\nraces of the Empire (as is proved by the recent exposures of the Grand\nSheriff of Mecca), and ended by joining the Germans in the war in the\nhope of conquering Egypt and the Caucasus.\nIt is a mistake to think that Germany forced Turkey into the war\nagainst her will by the presence of the _Goeben_ and _Breslau_. Those\nwho had any knowledge of Turkish affairs had no doubt of the existence\nof a military understanding between Germany and Turkey for some years\nbefore the war. The arrival of a military mission at Constantinople\nunder Liman von Sanders left no doubt on that point.\nOn the outbreak of the European war, the Armenian Dashnakist Party met\nin congress at Erzerum to determine the attitude to be observed by the\nParty in relation to the war. Hearing of this, the Young Turks forthwith\nsent representatives to ascertain the attitude of the Party in the event\nof Turkey going to war against Russia. (See Blue-book, p. 80.) This took\nplace some weeks before the arrival of the _Goeben_ and _Breslau_ at\nConstantinople. Nor was the war as unpopular with the Turkish masses at\nthe outset as is thought by many. If that were so there would have been\na revolt against the Young Turks, and Turkey would have been detached\nfrom the Central Powers long ago. It may be less popular now, because\ntheir dreams of conquest have been shattered and the whole country is\nsuffering. No Turk, Young or Old, had any particular objection to the\nprospects of the conquest either of Egypt or the Caucasus, and many of\nthem aimed at a Moslem Triple Alliance between Turkey, Persia and\nAfghanistan under German auspices, and even dreamt dreams of an empire\nthat would ultimately embrace India and the whole of Northern\nAfrica![10]\nThe Young Turks have tried their hand at the government of the Ottoman\nEmpire, and have failed more completely and proved infinitely more cruel\nand brutal than the old Turks. Besides this, their betrayal of the\nEntente Powers and the vast and unprecedented crime which they have\ncommitted against humanity have left only one solution possible that\nholds out any promise of peace, justice and normal progress in the\nfuture. That one solution is, to draw up a new map of the Ottoman Empire\non the basis of nationality and historical rights, reparation in\nproportion to services and sacrifices during the war, and the proved\naptitude of the races concerned for progress and development on the\nlines of Western civilization.\nThere has long existed in Europe a school of politicians who have always\nasked: \"If you eliminate Turkish rule over the Turks' subject races,\nwhat will you put in its place?\" After what has happened in Armenia and\nSyria, he would be a bold man or a prejudiced man who would deny that\n_any_ change will be an improvement.\nThe unfitness of the Turk to govern alien, and especially Christian\npeoples has been proved by such an overwhelming accumulation of\nhistorical evidence and rivers of innocent Christian blood, that to urge\nthe contrary must appear like an attempt to obscure the sun by the palm\nof the hand.\nIf this war is to bring peace and progress to Asia Minor instead of\nchronic anarchy, bloodshed and devastation as in the past, there must be\nan end of Turkish domination over alien races in any shape or form. By\nall means give the Turk the chance of governing himself in the provinces\ninhabited purely by Turks.\nDuring the Turkish retreat from Thrace in 1913, the evidence of\nnewspaper correspondents was that the Turk was leaving Europe in the\nsame state--moral, material and intellectual--as he entered it four\ncenturies ago. The fact is, that centuries of contact with civilization\nhas made no difference to the nature of the Turk. War brings to the\nsurface the true nature of a people as nothing else can. The Turk has\nproved by his conduct in this war that he is as cruel and brutal as he\nwas when he first swooped down as the scourge of God in Asia Minor one\nthousand years ago. By centuries of conquest and domination he has\nacquired an attractive free and easy outward manner which has stamped\nhim a \"gentleman\" in the eyes of European travellers. But the same\n\"gentleman\" who will charm you with his manner will murder or enslave\nany number of women and children without the slightest twinge of\nconscience. Such is the Turkish \"gentleman.\" The Turks are to-day\nproving their gratitude for a hundred years of British and French\nsupport by throwing the whole of their man-power and resources--largely\nbuilt up by British and French capital--into the scale on the side of\nGermany. They have put at the disposal of Germany and held for Germany\nthe land routes by which alone she can hope to threaten the British and\nFrench colonial empires. They have done their best to do England and her\nAllies all the injury they can, and have given the enemies of England\nall the help they can. And still the Turk and even the Young Turk have\nfriends and protectors in this country.[11] This, to my mind, is the\nmost astonishing phenomenon of the whole war. It must appear strange to\nthinking Moslems that there should be found, in great and mighty\nChristian countries, respected and prominent men who defend the Young\nTurks at the very moment when their _prot\u00e9g\u00e9s_ are persecuting and\nmassacring their weak and defenceless co-religionists in countless\nthousands. I gravely doubt whether such an act is calculated to enhance\nthe prestige of Christianity in the eyes of the Moslem world.\nHave the apologists of the Turks ever put themselves this question: \"If\nunder German influence the Turks have been capable of attempting the\ncold-blooded murder of a whole nation, how is the fact to be explained,\nthat under the same influence they were able to gain the reputation of\n'clean fighters'?\"\nThe irony of it all is, that in a war in which more than twenty\ndifferent nations are engaged, the Turk and the Turk alone among the\nbelligerents should have gained the epithet of \"clean-fighter,\" though,\nnote well, from one of his adversaries only. How is this fact to be\nexplained? Is it seriously claimed that the Turk has proved himself,\nunder the test of war, superior in morals and chivalry to all the\nnations of Europe?\nTurkish mentality is not understood in Western Europe. The Turk has a\nfanatical bravery which, however, easily degenerates into brutality. The\nRussians, Rumanians and Serbs have fought the Turks for centuries. It\nwould be interesting to have their opinion of his \"clean-fighting\"\nqualities. The fact is, the Turk knows he may need English help again\nsome day. He knows that there has long existed in England a school of\npoliticians which has believed that British interests in the Near East\nwill be best served by supporting the Turk. He knows that England has\nmillions of Mohammedan subjects who have still some sympathy for him on\nreligious grounds, and whose susceptibilities Englishmen are naturally\nanxious to avoid hurting. He also knows that the British soldier is a\nchivalrous warrior who gives full credit to his adversary for any good\nqualities he may seem to possess. He understands the power of public\nopinion in England. He sees, in short, that there is in England a\nfertile and responsive psychological soil ready to nurture and fructify\na hundred-fold the smallest show of \"clean-fighting\" he may make.\nAccordingly, the order goes forth to the Turkish soldier to be on his\nbest behaviour whenever and wherever he is fighting British troops, and\nthe Turkish soldier obeys with the blind obedience which is his chief\ncharacteristic.\nThat is the true explanation of the amazing fact that so many--though\nnot all--British officers and soldiers have written or spoken of the\nTurk as a clean-fighter. It is well-known that some wounded Australians\nwho had the misfortune of falling into the hands of the Turks were most\nbrutally mutilated in the early part of the Dardanelles campaign. A\nwounded and gallant young New Zealander told me at a Hampstead hospital\nthat the Turks \"put three bullets into him,\" while he was being carried\nto the rear of the fighting line on a stretcher. (In case my remarks\nconcerning the clean-fighting qualities of the Turk should be\nmisconstrued or misrepresented as in any way implying a doubt as to the\nevidence of British officers and soldiers, I wish to say emphatically,\nwhat hardly needs affirmation, that I regard such evidence as absolutely\nabove doubt or question.)\nThe Russians said in one of their official _communiqu\u00e9s_ that a number\nof their wounded had been mutilated by the Turks.\nTwo Russian hospital ships have been deliberately torpedoed by\nsubmarines manned by Turks and flying the Turkish flag.\nI do not of course suggest that there are no really clean-fighting men\namong the Turks. There must be many such. It should be borne in mind in\nthis connection that, in the early stages of the war, the Turkish army\ncontained a considerable sprinkling of Christians--Greeks, Armenians,\nSyrians, etc. But to label the Turks _as such and as a whole_ as clean\nfighters and gentle folk is to admit the success of the most subtle\npropagandist make-believe of the war and the biggest hoax ever played\noff by Oriental cunning upon a chivalrous and unsuspecting adversary.\nArmenians have known the Turk for centuries. They have known him _as he\nis_, not as he affects to be in the presence of a European, and they can\nclaim credit for some knowledge of the subject. I venture to predict\nthat there is severe disillusionment in store for those who still\nbelieve in the genuineness of Turkish \"clean-fighting\" and \"chivalry,\"\nwhen the British prisoners in Turkey return. Strange indeed must be\nthis Turkish conception of chivalry to sanction the enslavement and\nslaughter of women and children in hundreds of thousands, instead of\nprotecting them and their honour as the ordinary code of chivalry\ndemands.\nA Reuter telegram from Cairo published in _The Daily Chronicle_ of\nFebruary 13, 1917, contained the following--\n     \"It is learnt on reliable authority that the British, French, and\n     Russian prisoners who are employed on the construction of the new\n     line are treated most roughly by the Germans and Turks, and that a\n     large number are falling ill from dysentery and filling the\n     military hospitals at Aleppo. Those who have not been attacked by\n     dysentery have fallen victims to other diseases, resulting from bad\n     food, rough treatment, and overwork.\n     \"One of the tricks adopted by the Germans and Turks, in order to\n     throw dust in the eyes of the British regarding the treatment of\n     prisoners, was the honour paid to General Townshend, who was\n     returned his sword and accorded the best treatment possible. They\n     brought him to Constantinople, and made him write a letter of\n     thanks for the good treatment he and his men had received at the\n     hands of the Turks.\n     \"General Townshend did not know at the time he wrote this letter\n     what misery and hardship were awaiting his unhappy troops.\"\nI may here quote in support of my contention one of the foremost living\nEuropean authorities on Near Eastern affairs, and one who certainly will\nnot be suspected of anti-Turkish prejudices--I mean Colonel Sir Mark\nSykes, M.P. Addressing a meeting at Kew on January 17, 1917 (I quote\nfrom _The Near East_ of January 19, 1917), Sir Mark said--\n     \"The Turk, who in the last ten years had thrown back to the\n     primitive Turanian Conqueror, was not content with dominating, but\n     was now engaged in exterminating the Armenian, the Syrian\n     Christian, and the Arabs, and was even now beginning to bully the\n     Jews. The Turk had overthrown Islam as Prussia had overthrown\n     Christianity. Prussia had replaced God by Thor and the Cross by\n     his hammer. The Turk had replaced Mohammed by Oghuz and Allah by\n     the \"White Wolf\" of the primitive Turks. No belief was to be placed\n     in that cloak of chivalry under which in exceptional cases the Turk\n     tried to hide his abominable acts.[12] He might treat General\n     Townshend well; but how was he treating the thousands of Indians\n     and Englishmen in his hands? If it were possible that the\n     Teuton-Turanian federation of violence could win this war it would\n     be twenty generations before mankind regained its liberty.\"\nFOOTNOTES:\n[9] Since this chapter was written, the following authoritative and\nimportant piece of evidence on this much-debated subject has appeared in\n_The Weekly Dispatch_ of March 4, 1917, from the pen of General Sir\nO'Moore Creagh, V.C.--\n\" ... I have experience of the Turk. He is a merciless oppressor, whose\nreal character is often hidden behind a pleasant manner, and who is\nready to cut your throat with a sort of savage courtesy. Appeal to his\nfanaticism, and in the trenches he has no fear of death; but he is very\nsubject, in case of reverse, to cowardly panic, which to a considerable\nextent detracts from his worth as a soldier....\n\"I know some of our men who have met the Turk both on the Tigris and in\nGallipoli speak of him as a clean fighter. Certainly when he meets his\nmatch he fights fairly enough, but when he is an easy victor he is\nremorseless and merciless; and robs, murders, and ravishes with the\nunrestrained savagery which lies at the base of his character. The\nBritish prisoners taken by the Turk in the present war have been\ndisgracefully treated, and, as we know, denied clothing, medicine, and\nthe ordinary necessaries of life, starved, and even refused shelter in\nextremes of heat and cold. The people who are always ready to praise the\nTurk as a clean fighter should remember that he has a lot to answer for\nin the present war.\"\n[10] See Appendix, p. 188.\n[11] See Sir Edwin Pears's article in _The Contemporary Review_, October\n1916. (I note this with the deepest regret, for Armenians are under a\nheavy debt of gratitude to Sir Edwin Pears for his generous and\nauthoritative defence of their cause in the past.)\n[12] In reply to a question by Colonel Yate in the House of Commons on\nFebruary 12, 1917: \"Mr. Hope said repeated representation had been made\nto the Turkish Government to allow U.S. representatives to visit the\ncamps, but up to now without success. Efforts, however, would be\ncontinued. Information had reached the Government that the conditions\nunder which officers were interned were fairly satisfactory, but the\ncondition of other prisoners was deplorable.\"--_Evening Standard._\n_Truth_ says, in its issue of February 21, 1917: \"I have in my\npossession a letter written last autumn by a British Army officer, one\nof the defenders of Kut, who was then at a place called Vozga, 160 miles\nfrom Tigris Valley railhead. The unfortunate prisoner complains bitterly\nof the privations which he and others have to endure at the hands of the\nTurks.\"\nIV\n     ANGLO-RUSSIAN FRIENDSHIP A VITAL NECESSITY FOR PEACE AND PROGRESS\n     IN ASIA--MOSLEMS AND TURKISH RULE--ARMENIANS PROGRESSIVE AND\n     DEMOCRATIC BY TEMPERAMENT\nThe exaggerated panegyrics on the virtues of the Turk, while the Turk is\nat war with England and her Allies and Turkish emissaries are busy\nmaking all the mischief they can among loyal subjects of the British\nEmpire, exploiting religion as a weapon of squalid intrigue, point to\nthe existence of influences which have been at work ever since Turkey\njoined the war, to screen from public view and to palliate the enormity\nof Turkish perfidy in making common cause with England's enemies in the\nhour of England's difficulty. These same influences seem to regard with\ndisfavour the growth of Anglo-Russian friendship and would apparently\nnot be sorry to see some hitch or other occur that would weaken or\nendanger the permanence of that friendship.\nThis may be an unfounded assumption, and I hope it is. But if these\npro-Turkish and anti-Russian influences exist in fact, and gain enough\nstrength to exercise any influence on the course of events after the\nwar, it will be a calamity for the smaller nations of the Near and\nMiddle East, and in fact for all Asia. It will be a hindrance and a\ndeterrent to the tranquillity and development that has been so long\ndenied to these regions. Close and cordial friendship between England\nand Russia are almost as indispensable a condition of life and growth\nand progress to these backward countries as light and heat. It is\nscarcely for me to say that it is also necessary for the future peace of\nAsia and the world. The unnatural and unfounded mutual distrust that\nshadowed Anglo-Russian relations throughout almost the whole of the past\ncentury has been chiefly responsible for the woes and miseries of the\npeoples of the Near East, Moslems as well as Christians. It has kept\nback the clock of progress and civilization for at least fifty years. We\nhave felt its effect in our daily lives and regard any prospect of its\nreturn with the utmost apprehension and regret. Pan-Turanian intrigues\nunder the cloak of Pan-Islamism will not end with the war. They will be\ncontinued after the war by their protagonists, whose chief concern is,\nnot the interests of the Mohammedan religion, but the unscrupulous\nexploitation of religious sentiment for personal ends, and the\ndisturbance of the tranquillity and ordered government which in the\npresent chaotic state of these countries are only possible under the\nstrong and just arm of British, Russian, or French protection. Any\nweakening in Anglo-Russian friendship would give these intriguers their\nchance, of which they would not be slow to take the fullest advantage,\nwith injurious consequences to the countries concerned and to the\ngeneral interests of peace. The best elements of Islam, and specially\nthe peasant populations which form the vast majority of the Moslem\nworld, know and have proved by their loyalty that they have nothing to\nfear from Britain, Russia and France, who have always not only\nrespected, but fostered their religious interests and given them, in\naddition, the inestimable blessings of freedom, justice, security and\nprosperity such as they could never expect to enjoy under any other\nr\u00e9gime.\nIt is idle to pretend that any subject race loves any form of\ndomination for its own sake. But many races and countries in Asia and\nAfrica are so situated that independence is beyond the bounds of\npracticability. Any change would result in an exchange of one domination\nfor another. Some forms of domination are sincerely welcomed because, as\nagainst the evil of domination, they have not only conferred upon the\npeoples under their rule benefits and blessings which they themselves\ncould not possibly have achieved, but have allowed them freedom of\ndevelopment on their national lines. Such in varying degrees is the\nnature of British, French, Russian, and I may add, Dutch dominion over\nthe alien races under their rule. What has Turkish domination been to\nits subject races? An unmitigated curse to Christian, Moslem and Jew\nalike, with this difference, that while the Moslem and Jew have been\nreduced by merciless taxation and robbery to extreme poverty, the\nChristian races have been bled almost to death. The Turks have\ndeliberately fostered the criminal propensities of large sections of\ntheir people and encouraged their free indulgence to check the growth\nand progress of the moral and civilizing elements in their dominions. If\nsome of the Moslems of India, Egypt or Tunis, whose sympathy with the\nTurks on religious grounds every one will understand and respect, would\nlive under Turkish rule for a few months, I have no doubt they would be\ncompletely cured of their love for the Turk as such, hasten back to\ntheir homes and beg the British and the French to remain in their\ncountries for ever. Similarly, if it were possible for the most rabid\npro-Turks in this or any European country to live some time under the\nTurk, disguised as Armenians or Syrians, they would also be cured and\nmore than cured of their admiration for the Turk; then only would they\ncome to understand his real nature.\nThe following account of the experiences of some Indian pilgrims at\nKerbela at the outbreak of war, which appeared in _The Times_ of June 6,\n1916, bears out my contention--\n     \"The Bombay Government have published the story of an Indian Moslem\n     pilgrim, Zakir Husain, who recently escaped from Kerbela (Baghdad\n     Vilayet), whither he went on pilgrimage with his mother and sister\n     in the summer of 1914.\n     \"Zakir Husain states that after the outbreak of war all routes\n     homewards were blocked, and the many Indian pilgrims at Kerbela\n     were subjected to the utmost discomfort and cruelty. The Turkish\n     authorities issued orders that the goods and women of Indians were\n     the legal property of those who plundered them. Their houses were\n     searched, their goods taken, and dozens of Indians were arrested\n     and deported to the Aleppo side, while their families and children\n     were left in Kerbela.\n     \"Throughout these fourteen months,\" he continued, \"we never got\n     meals more than once a day. We could not get any work, and\n     consequently we had to beg from door to door in order to get a few\n     scraps of bread to eat, and the state of the women and children was\n     worse even than that of the men. For a man to be an Indian was\n     considered a sufficient reason by Turks to torture and imprison\n     him. We protested that we were Moslems, but they never paid heed.\n     They themselves are no Moslems, and do not act according to the\n     precepts of Islam. According to what I heard, the Indians in\n     Nejef, Kazimain, and Baghdad have also been treated in the same\n     cruel way as we were; hundreds have been deported and their houses\n     pillaged.\"\nThe following from _The Times_ of December 26, 1916, is another\nillustration of the way Turks treat Moslems of another race who refuse\nto become the blind slaves of their political madness--\n     \"Emir Faisal, commander of the Arabian forces in the vicinity of\n     Medina, has telegraphed to Mecca stating that the Turks have hanged\n     and crucified and employed every species of barbarity against the\n     population of Medina.\"\nTurn now from that picture to the following appeal made to Armenians by\none of their principal Tiflis daily papers, _Mschak_ (Labourer), of May\n     \"To-day the Moslem Benevolent Society is organizing a collection\n     for building and maintaining a shelter for the children of the\n     (Moslem) refugees. War causes suffering to the population of the\n     country without distinction of race or creed. Moslems as well as\n     Christians have to face the effects of the war, therefore the\n     scheme of the Moslem Benevolent Society to establish a shelter for\n     the children of Moslem refugees is deserving of all sympathy and\n     support. We are convinced that the Armenian community also, having\n     in mind the universal idea of humanity, will take part in the\n     collection and do their duty as a humane people and good\n     neighbours.\"\nThese incidents, small in themselves, bring into strong relief the\ndifference between the mentality and degree of civilization of the two\nraces. The Armenian appeal on behalf of refugee Moslem children at a\ntime when one half of their own race was in the throes of the most\nferocious of the numerous attacks made upon its existence, is also\nincidentally a reply, more trenchant than the most eloquent argument in\nwords, to those pro-Turks who have from time to time expressed fears for\nthe rights of the Turks, Kurds, Tcherkesses, Kizilbashis, etc., in an\nautonomous Armenia. Such a fear is either due to ignorance of the\ncharacteristics of the races concerned, or to prejudice. It is\ninconceivable that any Armenian Government would tolerate, much less\nimpose upon orderly and good citizens, an injustice which Armenians\nhave themselves endured and struggled against for generations, and which\nis, for that reason, abhorrent to their very nature. A study of the\nArmenian Church organization will prove to the most sceptical that the\nArmenian temperament is essentially democratic. In the smallest village\nthe candidate for priesthood must be elected by a vote of the\ninhabitants before he can be ordained by the bishop of the diocese. The\nArmenian deputies in the Russian State Duma as well as the late members\nof the Ottoman Parliament are and were supporters of the Progressives.\nArmenians who have risen to positions of influence in the service of\nforeign countries have invariably used their influence in the cause of\nprogress. General Loris Melikoff as Minister of the Interior had\nactually prepared a scheme for the reform of the Government of Russia\nwhen his Imperial Master, the Czar Alexander II, died, and the scheme\nwas shelved. Nubar Pasha, the famous Egyptian-Armenian statesman, for\nmany years Prime Minister, was largely responsible for the abolition of\nthe _corv\u00e9e_ in Egypt, and the introduction of many other reforms. The\nwriter of Nubar Pasha's biography in the _Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica_,\nreferring to his substitution of Mixed Courts in place of the\n\"Capitulations,\" says (Eleventh Ed., Vol. 19, p. 843), \"That in spite of\nthe jealousies of all the Powers, in spite of the opposition of the\nPorte, he should have succeeded, places him at once in the first rank of\nstatesmen of his period.\" Prince Malcolm Khan, for some years Persian\nMinister in London, sowed the first seeds of constitutional government\nin Persia, for the defence of which another Armenian, Yeprem Khan, laid\ndown his life while leading the constitutional struggle against Mohamed\nAli Shah. The first constitution of the Ottoman Empire, known as the\nMidhat Constitution, was largely the work of Midhat Pasha's Armenian\nUnder-Secretary, Odian Effendi. These are but a few outstanding\ninstances. It must appear inconceivable to right-minded men that a race\nwith such a past record, achieved under all sorts of handicaps, will\neither establish a r\u00e9gime of tyranny over other races or prove incapable\nof self-government after a transition period under European advisers, as\nis alleged by some.\nV\n     ARMENIA AS A PEACE PROBLEM--VIEWS OF THE \"MANCHESTER GUARDIAN\" AND\n     THE \"SPECTATOR\"--CAN ARMENIANS STAND ALONE AMONG THE\n     KURDS?--AMERICAN OPINION AND THE FUTURE OF ARMENIA\nAlthough the Allies have declared in their reply to President Wilson\nthat one of their aims is \"the liberation of the peoples who now lie\nbeneath the murderous tyranny of the Turks,\" no official or\nauthoritative statement has yet been made by the Allied Governments as\nregards the precise future status of Armenia. Mr. Asquith in his\nGuildhall speech spoke of \"reparation and redemption.\" M. Briand in a\nletter to M. Louis Martin, Senator of the Var, published in the _Courier\ndu Parlement_ (Paris) of November 12, 1916, says: \"When the hour for\nlegitimate reparation shall have struck, France will not forget the\nterrible trials of the Armenians, and, in accord with her Allies, she\nwill take the necessary measures to ensure for Armenia a life of peace\nand progress.\" M. Anatole France, in his speech at the great \"Homage \u00e0\nl'Arm\u00e9nie\" meeting in the Sorbonne in April 1916, used these words:\n\"L'Arm\u00e9nie expire, mais elle renaitra. Le peu de sang qui lui reste est\nun sang pr\u00e9cieux dont sortira une post\u00e9rit\u00e9 h\u00e9ro\u00efque. Un peuple qui ne\nveut pas mourir ne meurt pas. Apr\u00e8s la victoire de nos arm\u00e9es, qui\ncombattent pour la libert\u00e9, les Alli\u00e9s auront de grands devoirs a\nremplir. Et le plus sacr\u00e9 de ces devoirs sera de rendre la vie aux\npeuples martyrs, a la Belgique, a la Serbie. Alors ils assureront la\nsuret\u00e9 et l'independance de l'Arm\u00e9nie. Pench\u00e9s sur elle, ils lui diront:\n'Ma soeur, l\u00e8ve toi! ne souffre plus. Tu es d\u00e9sormais libre de vivre\nselon ton genie et foi!'\"[13]\nM. Paul Deschanel, the President of the French Senate, and M. Painlev\u00e9,\nMinister of Public Instruction, spoke in more or less similar terms.\nThe most recent authoritative reference to Armenia--and one which is of\nspecial importance, coming as it does from a member of the Inner Cabinet\nor War Council--is Mr. Arthur Henderson's statement in his conversation\nwith the correspondent of the _New York Tribune_, reported in _The\nTimes_ of January 8, 1916, as follows: \"Speaking of the part of Turkey\nin the war, Mr. Henderson said that though Armenian atrocities were not\nmuch talked about here, they had undoubtedly made a deep impression on\nthe minds of the working population, who, he thought, were determined\nthat never again should a Christian nation be under the yoke of the\nTurk.\" These are comforting words indeed to Armenians, as were those of\nMr. Asquith at the Guildhall. Nothing could give the Armenian people\nmore comfort and hope for the future than this assurance of the British\nworking man's sympathy--of which they never had any doubt--and his\ndetermination to see them freed from the Turkish yoke once and for all.\nBut here again Mr. Henderson--no doubt for very good reasons--gave no\nintimation of the intentions of the British or Allied Governments\nconcerning the new status of Armenia after its liberation from the\nTurkish yoke.\nIt has been suggested that American opinion would favour annexation by\nRussia as a means of putting an end to Turkish atrocities and\nmisgovernment of Armenia. This reading of American opinion is not\nsupported by President Wilson's statement in his historic speech to the\nSenate that \"no right anywhere exists to hand peoples from sovereignty\nto sovereignty as if they were property.\" All the Allied countries, and\nprobably all neutrals, are determined to see the end of the Turkish\nreign of terror in Armenia. But _annexation_ by Russia or any other\nGreat Power, before the blood is dry of hundreds of thousands of\nArmenians sacrificed for their faith and passionate adherence to their\nideal of nationality, must seem particularly unjust to all fair-minded\nmen in all countries, especially the great American democracy, who\nthemselves put an end to misgovernment of a much milder kind in Cuba,\nbut did not annex it. Indeed, having herself, jointly with her Allies,\nsolemnly laid down the \"recognition of the principle of nationalities\"\nas one of the terms of peace stated in the Allied Note to President\nWilson, it seems unthinkable that Russia, on her part, would entertain\nthe intention of _annexing_, and especially of annexing a country and\npeople who have paid a terrible price largely on account of their\nsympathy with and support of the Allied cause, and rendered services the\nvalue of which Russia herself has generously recognized.\nIt is argued in some quarters that the Armenian highlands are a\nstrategic necessity to Russia. There is a \"scrap of paper\" ring in such\nan argument, and I for one cannot believe that the justice-loving\nRussian people would allow such considerations to override a solemn\npledge and the principle of common justice. An Allied protectorate with\nRussia acting as their mandatory would place these strategically\nimportant regions under practically as effective a Russian control as\noutright annexation, while it would have the additional advantages of\ngiving real effect to the \"recognition of the principle of\nnationalities,\" and avoiding injustice, injury and affront to the\nnational sentiment of a people which has endured such grievous\nsufferings and sacrifices to uphold that sentiment.\nAs I write, two important references to the future of Armenia have\nappeared in the Press. One in the _Manchester Guardian_--that old\nand constant champion of wronged and suffering humanity--quoted\nby _The Times_ of December 30, 1916, as follows: \"Another word\nremains--Armenia--a word of ghastly horror, carrying the memory of deeds\nnot done in the world since Christ was born--a country swept clear by\nthe wholesale murder of its people. To Turkey that country must never\nand under no circumstances go back....\"\nThe other reference is made by the _Spectator_ in its issue of December\n30, in a leading article entitled \"The Allied Terms.\" It says--\n     \"The process of freeing nationalities from oppression must be\n     applied organically to the Turkish Empire. The Armenians, or what\n     remains of the race, whose agonized calls for help and mercy have\n     been heard even through the din of the present war, will probably\n     have to be placed under the tutelage of Russia. They could not\n     stand alone among the Kurds.\"\nIf by \"Russian tutelage\" the _Spectator_ means the setting up of a\nself-governing Armenia under Russian suzerainty, that would amount, in\nmy opinion, to the approximate realization of the hopes and aspirations\nof the Armenian people, provided that by \"Armenia\" is understood the six\nvilayets and Cilicia; provided also that Great Britain and France\nretained the rights of Protecting Powers as in the case of Greece.\nAnything short of this, any parcelling out of Armenia, either by\nannexation or \"tutelage\" of different parts under different Powers,\nwould not only be irreconcilable with the \"recognition of the principle\nof nationalities\" which the Allies have solemnly declared to be one of\ntheir principal aims and terms of peace; it would imply an outrage upon\nthe ideal of nationality which is the ruling passion of Armenians\neverywhere. Lynch, the great Armenian authority, has called the\nArmenians \"the strongest nationalists in the world.\" This ideal of\nnationality has grown stronger, more alive and resolute than ever by\ntheir services and unimaginable sufferings and sacrifices in the war.\n\"The little blood that is left them\" has become doubly and trebly\nprecious to the survivors. They rightly feel that they have established,\nand more than established, their title to autonomy and a strong claim\nupon the whole-hearted support of the Allied Powers to enable them to\nstand on their feet again and make a fair start on the road to\nnationhood. If Armenia is cut up and parcelled out without regard for\nthis fervent living sentiment of Armenian nationalism, and their high\nhopes and expectations are dashed to the ground, it will conceivably\nengender in all Armenians a deep sense of wrong and injustice, an\nintense discontent with the new order of things, that are not likely to\nconduce to that contentment and that smoothness of relations between the\ngovernors and the governed that are the essentials and the fundamental\npreliminary steps towards setting these much-troubled regions on the\nroad towards good government, progress and civilization.\nThe \"principle of nationalities\" and of \"government by the consent of\nthe governed\" will be applied all along the line: Belgium,\nAlsace-Lorraine, Serbia, Poland, Bohemia, Transylvania, Arabia, Syria,\nPalestine, will have restored to them or will be granted the forms of\ngovernment most acceptable to the peoples concerned. These true and\nrighteous principles, which will herald the dawn of universal justice\nand morality in the treatment of their weaker brethren by the Great\nPowers of Europe, will cease to operate only when Armenia comes to be\ndealt with. Armenia alone, who has suffered the most tragic, the most\ngrievous and heartrending Calvary, shall be denied an Easter. Why?\nBecause the Armenian people have lost too much blood; because they have\npaid too high a price for their fidelity to their faith, the\npreservation of their distinctive national life and their strong support\nof the Allied cause. That would be an unspeakably cruel and bitter\nclimax to the unending nightmare of Turkish tyranny, the Great Tragedy\nand martyrdom of the Armenian people. It will be nothing less than a\nconfirmation of the death sentence passed by Abdul Hamid and the Young\nTurks on the ideal of Armenian nationality.\nLet those who speak lightly of _annexation_ by Russia put themselves in\nthe place of the tens of thousands of Armenians who have lost wife and\nchildren, sons, brothers, fathers, near or distant relatives, both in\nmassacre as well as in what they understood to be a sacred struggle for\nliberty, to say nothing of their complete economic ruin. They would be\nmuch more or much less than human if they did not feel a deep and\nsmarting sense of wrong at seeing all their appalling sacrifices and\nimportant services result in a mere exchange of the _Kaimakam_ for the\n_Chinovnik_. It is far indeed from my purpose to put the two types of\nofficial and the respective systems of government they represent on the\nsame level. They differ as day from night. In my opinion and to my\nknowledge the vast majority of Armenians will welcome Russian suzerainty\nwith sincere satisfaction. But, after the ordeal of blood and fire\nthrough which they have passed, they must feel, as I believe they do\nfeel with ample justification, that they have a right to a voice and a\nliberal measure of participation in the government of their own country.\nI cannot do better than quote here a passage from Mr. Gladstone's great\nspeech on the Treaty of Berlin, which is applicable to Armenia, and than\nwhich there could be no wiser, more just or authoritative guidance for\nthe formation of a sound and just view on the Armenian and kindred\nproblems--\n     \"My meaning, Sir, was that, for one, I utterly repelled the\n     doctrine that the power of Turkey is to be dragged to the ground\n     for the purpose of handing over the Dominion that Turkey now\n     exercises to some other great State, be that State either Russia or\n     Austria or even England. In my opinion such a view is utterly\n     false, and even ruinous, and has been the source of the main\n     difficulties in which the Government have been involved, and in\n     which they have involved the country. I hold that those provinces\n     of the Turkish Empire, which have been so cruelly and unjustly\n     ruled, ought to be regarded as existing, not for the sake of any\n     other Power whatever, but for the sake of the populations by whom\n     they are inhabited. The object of our desire ought to be the\n     development of those populations on their own soil, as its proper\n     masters, and as the persons with a view to whose welfare its\n     destination ought to be determined.\"\nIt may be argued that things have changed since 1878. The answer to that\nis that principles are immutable. The only change is the cruel reduction\nof the Armenian population. I ask, first of all: \"Is it fair and right\nand just that we should suffer massacre and persecution for generations,\nand when the time for reparation comes, should be penalized because so\nmany of us have been massacred?\" Secondly, it should not be forgotten\nthat although the Armenian element of the population has been reduced,\nthe Turks and Kurds have also suffered very considerable losses.\nThirdly, the Armenians are much more advanced intellectually to-day than\nthey were forty years ago, while their neighbours--Turks, Kurds, and\nothers--are stagnating in the same primitive state as they were\nforty--or, for that matter, four hundred--years ago. Another\ncircumstance which adds materially to the chances of success of an\nautonomous Armenia is the existence of a number of nourishing Armenian\ncommunities of various sizes in other countries--in the Russian Caucasus\nand the Russian Empire, Persia, the United States, Egypt, the Balkans,\nFrance, Great Britain, India, Java, etc.--which are at the present time\nlooking forward with enthusiasm and readiness for sacrifice, to \"do\ntheir bit\" in the sacred work of the reconstruction of their stricken\nand beloved Motherland.\nComing to the _Spectator's_ contention that \"they (the Armenians) could\nnot stand alone against the Kurds,\" I can assure the _Spectator_ that\nthere is no cause whatever for apprehension on that score, if only the\nRussian Government and Army authorities will agree to allow the\nArmenians to organize under their guidance and supervision, immediately\nafter the war, a number of flying columns from among discharged Armenian\nvolunteers and soldiers in the regular army, for the specific purpose of\ncarrying out a \"drive\" from one end of the country to the other and\ndisarming the Kurds. The Armenian volunteers, of whom I speak in another\nchapter, have had a good deal of fighting to do with the Kurds during\nthe war and have proved more than their match, in many cases against\nsuperior numbers.\nThe prevailing erroneous belief that the Armenians \"could not stand\nalone among the Kurds\" has its origin in the fact that for centuries (up\nto 1908) Armenians have been an easy prey to the Kurds by reason of\ntheir being prohibited to possess or carry arms on pain of death, while\nthe Kurds were supplied with arms from the government arsenals, and\nencouraged and supported in every way by the central government to\nharass the Armenians. What chance would the bravest people in the world\nhave under such circumstances? Since 1908, when the prohibition of\ncarrying arms by Christians was relaxed, it is a well-known fact,\nattested by European travellers, that Kurds never attacked Armenian\nvillages which they knew to be armed. Zeytoon and Sassoon have\ndemonstrated beyond question that when Armenians have met Turks on\nanything like equal terms, they have proved their match. These isolated,\ncompact communities of fearless mountaineers were never entirely\nsubjugated by the Turks until the outbreak of the present war, when the\nZeytoonlis were overwhelmed by Turkish treachery and the Sassoonlis died\nfighting to the last man and woman (_see_ Blue-book, pp. 84 and 87).\nIn 1905 the Tartars, who are nearly twice as numerous as the Armenians\nin the Caucasus, made a sudden attack upon the latter in the Hamidian\nstyle. But thanks to the equity of Russian government, Armenians in the\nCaucasus were as free to carry arms as Tartars, so the Tartars soon\nregained their \"humane sentiments\" and offered peace to stop further\nbloodshed. I would recommend those who entertain any fears of Armenians\nbeing able to defend themselves against Kurds or Tartars to read\nVillari's _Fire and Sword in the Caucasus_ and Moore's _The Orient\nExpress_.\nAt all events Europe will not be taking any risk in giving the Armenians\nthe opportunity of proving that they can \"make good\" in spite of the\nKurds, and also, as we hope, can gradually civilize the Kurds and other\nneighbouring backward races.[14]\nAs far as I know (in fact I have no doubt about it), Armenians are\nprepared to take the risk of \"standing alone among the Kurds\", provided\nthat the Entente Powers afford them the necessary assistance during the\nfirst few years of reconstruction and initiation, and above all,\nprovided that they enjoy the whole-hearted and benevolent good-will of\nRussia, for which, it is as certain as anything human can be, their\ngreat protector and neighbour will reap a rich harvest in the future--as\nrich a harvest as that which Britain is reaping to-day for her act of\njustice and statesmanship in South Africa.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[13] \"Armenia is dying, but she will be born again--the little blood\nthat is left to her is the precious blood from which will arise a heroic\nposterity. A people that refuses to die will not die. After the victory\nof our armies, which are fighting for justice and liberty, the Allies\nwill have great duties to fulfil. And the most sacred of these duties\nwill be to bring back to life the martyred peoples, Belgium and Serbia.\nThen they will assure the security and independence of Armenia. Bending\nover her they will say to her: 'Rise, sister! suffer no more. Henceforth\nyou are free to live according to your genius and your faith!'\"\n[14] Armenians have from time to time opened schools for Kurdish\nchildren, but their efforts were not successful, mainly owing to the\nunfriendly attitude of the Turkish authorities.\nVI\n     ARMENIA'S SERVICES IN THE WAR\nI have spoken earlier in these pages of the services of the Armenians to\nthe Allied cause in the war. What are these services?\nThe Armenian name has been so long and so often associated with massacre\nthat it has given rise to the general but utterly unfounded belief by\nthose who have not gone deeper into the matter, that Armenians are\ndevoid of physical courage and allow themselves to be butchered like\nsheep.[15] Where this belief is not based upon ignorance of the facts\nand circumstances, it is, I am bound to say, a particularly dastardly\npiece of calumny upon a people who have groaned for centuries under a\nbrutal tyrant's heel, with an indomitable spirit that has ever been and\nis even to-day the Turk's despair. The struggle that has gone on for\nfive or six centuries between Armenian and Turk symbolizes, perhaps\nbetter than any event in history, the invincibility of the spirit of\nChristianity and liberty and the ideal of nationality against\noverwhelming odds of ruthless tyranny, the savagery of the Dark Ages and\nthe unscrupulous and mendacious exploitation of religious passion. That\nstruggle has been as unequal as can well be imagined, but we have not\npermitted the forces of darkness to triumph over the spirit of Light and\nLiberty, though the price paid has come very near that of our\nannihilation. Nevertheless, we have been able, in this world-wide\nstruggle, not dissimilar to our own long struggle in the moral issues\ninvolved, to render services to the cause of the Allies, which is the\ncause of Right and Justice, and therefore our cause also, quite out of\nproportion, in their effect, to our numbers as a race or our\ncontribution of fighting men as compared with the vast armies engaged,\nalthough that contribution has been by no means negligible.\nOn the eve of Turkey's entry into the war the Young Turks employed\nevery conceivable means--persuasion, cajolery, intimidation, the promise\nof a large autonomous Armenia, etc.--to induce the Armenian party\nleaders to prevail upon the Russian Armenians to join themselves in a\nmass rally to the Turkish flag against Russia. They sent a number of\nemissaries to Russian Armenia with the same object. The Turk must have a\npeculiar understanding of human nature, and not much sense of humour, to\nhave the _na\u00efvet\u00e9_ to make such overtures to Armenians after having\npersecuted and harried and massacred them for centuries. All the\nArmenian leaders promised was a correct attitude as Ottoman subjects.\nThey would do neither more nor less than what they were bound to do by\nthe laws of the country. They could not interfere with the freedom of\naction of their compatriots in the Caucasus who owed allegiance to\nRussia. They kept their promise scrupulously in the first months of the\nwar. Armenian conscripts went to the d\u00e9p\u00f4ts without enthusiasm. How\ncould it be otherwise? What claim had the Turks upon the sympathy and\nsupport of their Armenian subjects? Is sympathy won by tyranny, or\nloyalty bred by massacre? They (the Armenians) were placed in a most\ndifficult position. They were naturally reluctant to fight against the\nRussians, and the position was aggravated by the fact that the Russian\nCaucasian army was largely composed of Russian Armenians. But in spite\nof these sentimental difficulties, mobilization was completed without\nany serious trouble.\nSoon, however, Armenians began to desert in large numbers; the Young\nTurks had joined the war against their wish and advice; they had not\ntheir heart in the business, and, last, but not least, they were\nharried, ill-treated and insulted by their Turkish officers and comrades\nat every turn: there were exceptions, of course, but that was the\nposition generally in the closing months of 1914. Let me add that there\nwere large numbers of Turkish deserters also, and that the Armenian\nleaders did all they could to send the deserters of their own\nnationality back to the ranks, doing so forcibly in some cases. Then\ncame the defeat of the Turks at Sarikamysh and the ejection of Djevdet\nBey and his force from Azerbaijan. On his return to Van, Djevdet Bey\ntold his friends: \"It is the Armenians much more than the Russians who\nare fighting us.\"\nThe massacres and deportations began soon after the collapse of the\nTurkish invasion of the Caucasus and Northern Persia, and it is only\nafter it was seen clearly that the Turks were determined to deport or\ndestroy them all that the Armenians in many places took up arms in\nself-defence. There was no armed resistance before that, and the Turkish\nand German allegations of an Armenian revolt are a barefaced invention\nto justify a crime, a tithe of which not one but a hundred revolts\ncannot justify or palliate. This is proved beyond all question by Mr.\nToynbee's concise and illuminating historical summary at the end of the\nBlue-book on the Treatment of Armenians by the Turks during the war.\nThere was no revolt. But when the Armenians were driven to self-defence\nunder the menace of extermination, they fought with what arms they could\nscrape together, with the courage of desperation. In Shahin-Karahissar\nthey held out for three months and were only reduced by artillery\nbrought from Erzerum. In Van and Jebel-Mousa they defended themselves\nagainst heavy odds until relieved by the Russians and the Armenian\nvolunteers in the first case, and rescued by French and British cruisers\nin the second. The Turkish force sent against the insurgents of\nJebel-Mousa was detached from the army intended for the attack on the\nSuez Canal.\nOf course ill-armed, poorly equipped bands without artillery, wanting in\nalmost all necessaries of modern warfare, brave as they may be, cannot\npossibly maintain a prolonged resistance against superior forces of\nregulars well supplied with artillery, machine-guns and all that is\nneeded in war. Nevertheless, some of these bands seem to have succeeded\nin holding out for many months, and it is believed in the Caucasus that\nthere are groups of armed Armenians still holding out in some parts of\nthe higher mountains behind the Turkish lines.[16] It will be\nremembered that some weeks ago--I do not recall the date--a\nConstantinople telegram reprinted in _The Times_ from German papers\nstated that there were 30,000 armed Armenian rebels in the vilayet of\nSivas. This is an obvious exaggeration, and it may simply mean that a\nconsiderable number of Armenians were still defending themselves against\nthe menace of massacre. When the Russian army entered Trebizond a band\nof some 400 armed Armenians came down from the mountains and surrendered\nthemselves to the Russians. Quite recently a band of seventy men cut\nthrough the Turkish lines and gained the Russian lines in the\nneighbourhood of Erzinjian.\nThe Turks have repeatedly declared that the \"Armenian revolt\" threatened\nto place their army between two fires. The particle of truth that there\nis in this assertion is, as may be judged by the facts so far known as\ncited above, that the Armenian resistance to massacre and deportation\nproved to be more serious than they had anticipated, and that they had\nto detach large numbers of troops and in some cases artillery and\nmachine-guns to keep these \"rebels\" in check. It is consequently\nundeniable that Armenian armed resistance to deportation and massacre\nhas been a considerable hindrance to the full development of Turkish\nmilitary power during the war and has, in that way, been of material,\nthough, indirect assistance to the Allied forces operating against the\nTurks. To this may be added the demoralizing effect that the deplorable\nstate of affairs created by the Turks in their dominions must have\nexercised on the morale of their people.\nSuch in general outline have been the services of the Turkish Armenians\nto the Allied cause. It is not my purpose here to endeavour to appraise\nthe possibly ill-concealed, but not by any means ostentatious or\nprovocative, sympathy of the Armenians for the Allies, upon the sinister\ndesigns of the Young Turks. I will content myself with the description\nof a significant cartoon that appeared early in the war in the Turkish\ncomic paper _Karag\u00f6z_ in Constantinople. The cartoon depicted two Turks\ndiscussing the war. \"Where do you get your war news from?\" asked Turk\nnumber one. \"I do not need war news,\" replied Turk number two; \"I can\nfollow the course of the war by the expression on the faces of the\nArmenians I meet. When they are happy I know the Allies are winning,\nwhen depressed I know the Germans have had a victory.\"\nThe following extract from a dead Turkish officer's notebook, reproduced\nin the _Russkaia Viedomosti_ (No. 205), throws some light on the Turkish\nestimate of the value of Armenian support in the war. \"If our Armenians\nhad been with us,\" wrote this Turkish officer, \"we would have defeated\nthe Russians long ago.\"[17]\nThe services of the Russian Armenians to the Allied cause, but\nprincipally, of course to the Russian cause during the war, have been of\na more direct and positive character and of far-reaching importance.\nThey may be divided into two distinct parts, namely, military and\npolitical; and in order the better to explain the full meaning of the\nArmenian \"strong support of the Russian cause\" (in the words of _The\nTimes_), I will deal with each of the two parts separately.\nThe Armenian population of Russian Armenia and the Caucasus numbers,\nroughly, 1,750,000 souls, and there are probably another 100,000 to\n200,000 Armenians scattered over the other parts of the empire. They are\nliable to military service as Russian subjects, and it is estimated that\nthey have given to the Russian army some 160,000 men. Apart from this\nnot negligible number of men called to the colours in the ordinary\ncourse of mobilization, the Armenians, as a result of an understanding\nwith the authorities, organized and equipped at their own expense a\nseparate auxiliary volunteer force under tried and experienced guerilla\nleaders, such as Andranik, K\u00e9ri and others, to co-operate with the\nCaucasian army. This force contained a number of Turkish Armenians,\nmostly refugees from previous massacres. Some twenty thousand men\nresponded to the call for volunteers, though I believe not more than\nabout ten thousand could be armed and sent to the front. The greatest\nenthusiasm prevailed. Armenian students at the Universities of Moscow\nand Petrograd and educational institutions in the Caucasus vied with\neach other in their eagerness to take part in the fight for the\nliberation of their kinsmen from bondage. Several young lady students\noffered to enlist, but I believe all but two or three were dissuaded\nfrom taking part in actual fighting. Boys of fourteen and fifteen years\nran away from home and tramped long distances to join the volunteer\nbattalions. It is recorded that an Armenian widow at Kars, on hearing\nthat her only son had been killed in battle, exclaimed, \"Curse me that I\ndid not give birth to ten more sons to fight and die for the freedom of\nour country.\"\nThe volunteer force was not large, but it was a mobile force well\nadapted to the semi-guerilla kind of warfare carried on in Armenia, and\nthe men knew the country. They seem to have done good work as scouts in\nparticular, though they took part in many severe engagements and were\nmentioned once or twice in Russian _communiqu\u00e9s_ as \"our Armenian\ndetachments.\" Generous appreciation of the services and gallantry of\nthe volunteers as well as of Armenians in the army has been expressed by\nRussian military commanders, the Press, and public men. High military\nhonours were conferred upon the volunteer leaders, and His Imperial\nMajesty the Czar honoured the Armenian nation by his visit to the\nArmenian Cathedral in Tiflis, demonstrating his satisfaction with the\npart played by Armenians in the war.[18]\nThere are, of course, many Armenian high officers in the Russian army,\nincluding several generals, but so far they have not had the opportunity\nof producing in this war outstanding military leaders of the calibre of\nLoris Melikoff and Terkhougasoff. General Samsonoff, \"the Russian\nKitchener,\" was killed early in the war in East Prussia in his gallant\nand successful attempt to relieve the pressure on Paris.\nThe political effect of the strong and enthusiastic support of the\nRussian cause by Armenians has been to keep in check the discontented\nand fanatical section of the Tartars and other Moslems of the Caucasus,\nwho would have been disposed to make common cause with the Turks\nwhenever a favourable opportunity should present itself to do so without\nmuch risk to themselves. The Tartars and other Moslem elements of the\nCaucasus are as a whole genuinely loyal to Russia, but the existence of\na minority who would welcome the success of the Turkish invasion cannot\nbe denied. Some of the Ajars did, in fact, join the Turks during their\ninvasion of Ardahan.\nAll things considered, therefore, those who have any knowledge of the\nracial and political conditions in the Caucasus will not, I think,\nregard it as in any sense an exaggeration to assert that the\nwhole-hearted support of the Armenians--and I may also add, though in a\nlesser degree, the Georgians--has contributed very materially to the\nsuccess of Russian arms in the Caucasian theatre of the war. The absence\nof that support, or even mere formal or lukewarm support, would not\nonly most probably have had serious consequences for the Caucasus, it\nwould have left the whole of Persia at the mercy of the Turks; and who\ncan say what the consequences of such a catastrophe would have been on\nArabia, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan and even the northern frontiers of\nIndia itself?\nNearly all the able-bodied Armenians in France, between 1000 and 1500\nstrong, joined the French Foreign Legion quite early in the war. Some\nArmenians came from the United States to fight for France. Only some 250\nhave survived, I understand, most of whom are proud possessors of the\nMilitary Cross.\nPropaganda in neutral countries has played an important part during the\nwar. The just cause of the Allies has had no stauncher supporters or\nbetter propagandists than the hundred and twenty-five thousand or more\nArmenians in the United States, while the Great Tragedy of Armenia has\nincidentally added to the armoury of the Allies a melancholy but\nformidable moral weapon.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[15] Pierre Loti, the well-known French writer, who was an ardent\nTurkophile before the war, after adding his quota to the current, and,\none is constrained to say, cheap, comments on the lack of courage and\nnumberless other failings of the Armenians, adds the following P.S. in\nhis _Turquie Agonisante_ (pp. 94-95) after a longer sojourn in the\ncountry and closer contact with realities. (I give the translation from\nthe French.)--\n\"Before concluding I desire to make honourable, sincere and spontaneous\namends to the Armenians, at least as regards their attitude in the ranks\nof the Ottoman Army. This is certainly not due to the protestations\nwhich they have inserted in the Constantinople Press by the power of\ngold.\" [This is a curious admission by Pierre Loti; one of the stock\ncries of the Turkophiles is that the Turk is above \"bakshish.\"] \"No, I\nhave many friends among Turkish officers; I have learned from them, and\nthere can be no doubt, that my earlier information was exaggerated, and\nthat, notwithstanding a good number of previous desertions, the\nArmenians placed under their orders conducted themselves with courage.\nTherefore, I am happy to be able to withdraw without _arri\u00e8re pens\u00e9e_\nwhat I have said on this subject, and I apologize.\"\nOf all British games and sports Armenians in different parts of the\nBritish Empire, the Dutch Colonies and Persia have manifested a natural\npredilection for Rugby Football, in which physical courage comes into\nplay more than in most other games. In recent years the Armenian College\nof Calcutta won the Calcutta Schools' Cup three years in succession,\nwhich gave it the right to retain the trophy. I am glad to see in the\nMarch issue of _Ararat_ that the Boy Scouts of the same college, under\nScoutmaster Dr. G. D. Hope, have won the King's Flag, presented by His\nMajesty to the troop having the largest number of King's Scouts in India\nand Burmah.\n[16] I may here point out that--though it is stated in the admirable\nhistorical summary in the Blue-book (p. 649) that \"the number of those\nwho have emerged from hiding since the Russian occupation is\nextraordinarily small\"--this number has been growing very considerably\nof late, as may be seen from Mr. Backhouse's telegram to the chairman of\nthe Armenian Refugees (Lord Mayor's) Fund, dated Tiflis, November 27,\n1916, published in the newspapers.\n[17] Compare an Armenian officer's evidence, Blue-book, p. 231, \" ...\nthey laid the blame for this defeat upon the Armenians, though he could\nnot tell why.\"\n[18] In an article on \"The Armenian Massacres\" in the April\n_Contemporary Review_, Mr. Lewis Einstein, ex-member of the staff of the\nUnited States Embassy in Constantinople, says: \"Talaat attributed the\ndisasters that befell the Turks at Sarikamish, in Azerbaijan and at Van,\nto the Armenian volunteers.\"\nVII\n     ARMENIA THE BATTLE-GROUND OF ASIA MINOR AND VICTIM OF CONTENDING\n     EMPIRES\nNo country and people have suffered so severely from the clash of rival\nempires, both in war and diplomacy, as have Armenia and the Armenians,\nso far as is known to the recorded history of the world. Her\ngeographical position has made Armenia the cockpit of ambitious empires\nand conquerors, and the highway of their armies in Western Asia, much as\nBelgium and Poland have been the battle-grounds of Europe. But whereas\nin these European battle-grounds the invading armies have generally\nmoved east and west only, Armenia has endured the horrors of invasion,\ntime after time, from north, south, east and west. Then, again, Armenia\nbeing a much older country, the record of her suffering from the\ninvading armies of her stronger neighbours, \"hacking their way\" through\nher territory, extends over a proportionately longer period than that of\nBelgium and Poland. Armenia has been invaded and ravaged in turn by\nBabylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, Hittites, Parthians, Macedonians,\nPersians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Tartars and Turks. Only during the\nfirst century B.C. did she succeed in subduing all her neighbours, and\nestablishing a short-lived empire of her own, extending from the\nMediterranean to the Caspian.\nThe analogy between Armenia and her European co-sufferers from the ills\nof aggressive Imperialism ceases altogether, however, when we come to\nthe period of Turkish domination. The blood-stained history of that\nr\u00e9gime is well enough known. Periodic explosions have reminded Europe of\nthe existence of the inferno of unbridled lust, corruption and predatory\nbarbarism which this unhappy people have been fated to endure for\ncenturies. What has not been brought into sufficient relief is the fact\nthat this \"bloody tyranny\" could have long since been brought to an end,\nor, at all events, effectively curbed, if it had not been for the\njealousies and rivalries of the great modern Christian empires. The\nhistory of the acts of European diplomacy in regard to Armenia and the\nNear East during the last sixty or seventy years is not one of which the\ndiplomats and statesmen concerned can be particularly proud. Who can\nclaim for them to-day to have served, in the sum total of their results,\neither the interests of the Christian subjects of the Porte, the\nprogress of civilization, the material interests of the Great Powers\nthemselves, or the supreme interests of peace?\nMr. Balfour says in his famous Dispatch to the British Ambassador to the\nUnited States that \"Turkey has ceased to be a bulwark of peace,\" thereby\nimplying, obviously, that Turkey had played that part before. Mr.\nBalfour is a great authority on political history, and when he avers\nthat Turkey has been a \"bulwark of peace\" she must have filled such a\nr\u00f4le at some period of her history. But to his Christian subjects, at\nany rate, the Turk has never brought peace. He has brought them fire and\nsword and a riot of unbridled lust, rapacity, corruption and cruelty\nunparalleled even in the Dark Ages. The only peace he has brought them\nhas been the peace of death and devastation. He has not even left trees\nto break the awful silence of desolation which he has spread over this\nfair and fertile land once throbbing with human life and activity. That\nis the price paid for whatever part Turkey may have played in the past\nas a bulwark of international peace. Professor Valran of the University\nof Aix-en-Provence estimates the Armenian population of Turkey in the\nbeginning of the nineteenth century at 5,000,000.[19] The population of\nthe not too healthy island of Java was the same at the same period.\nUnder the excellent rule of the Dutch, the population of that island has\ngrown up to over 35,000,000 during the century. What has become of the\nArmenians, one of the most virile and prolific races of the world living\nin a healthy country? Let the friends and protectors of the Turk and his\nsystem of government give the answer. In particular let those answer\nwho, with the Turks' black and bloodstained record of centuries before\nthem, have, nevertheless, the effrontery to maintain, at this hour of\nday, that the Turk has not been given a fair chance. The blood of the\nmyriads of innocents who have fallen victims to the Turks' incurable\nbarbarism throughout these centuries, cries aloud against such a brazen\nand deliberate travesty of the truth.\nOne of the principal enactments of the Treaty of Paris was to admit\nTurkey into the comity of the Great Powers of Europe. To-day, after a\nprobation of sixty years, at a fearful cost to her Christian subjects,\nit is at last admitted that Turkey has proved herself \"decidedly foreign\nto Western civilization.\" Could there be a more crushing condemnation of\nthe judgment of the statesmen responsible for that treaty in regard to\nthe Turk? The more one studies the record of the Turk, the more one\nmarvels at the unbounded confidence placed in his promises of reform by\nsome of the greatest statesmen of modern times. In vain have I ransacked\nthe history books in search of an instance where the Turk carried out,\nor honestly attempted to carry out, a single one of his numerous\npromises of reform. Every one of them was a snare and a pretence\ndesigned merely to oil the wheels of a cunning diplomacy or tide over a\nmomentary embarrassment. Whether it was the Sultan or Grand Vizier or\nAmbassador, whenever the Turk made a promise to improve the lot of his\nChristian subjects, he had made up his mind beforehand that that promise\nwould never be performed.[20]\nSince the beginning of last century Russia has been, by reason of her\ngeographical contiguity, practically the only Power which the Turk has\nreally feared. In contrast with the near Eastern policies of the Western\nPowers, Russian policy has been almost invariably hostile to the Turk\nsince the days of Peter the Great. Of course, this was not always pure\naltruism on the part of the rulers of Russia. But, whatever the motive,\nRussian policy certainly coincided absolutely with the interests of\nhumanity and civilization. And while in the West the policy of\n\"buttressing the Turk\" (in the words of the Bishop of Oxford) often met\nwith strong opposition among the democracies of England and France,\nRussian policy in regard to the Turk has always enjoyed the unanimous\nsupport of the Russian people, who being the Turk's neighbour and having\nhad several wars with him, knew his true nature from prolonged personal\ncontact. The one departure from Russia's traditional policy was Count\nLobanoff's regrettable--and I may say inexplicable--refusal to take\njoint action with Britain and France to put a term upon the butcheries\nof 1895-96, and adopt such effective measures as would perhaps have put\nit beyond the power of the Turk to indulge again in his diabolical\norgies of cold-blooded barbarism.\nHis fear of Russia, which acted as a wholesome restraint upon the\npredatory tendencies of the Turk, was weakened by the Treaty of Paris\ntaking away from Russia her effective protectorate over the Christian\nsubjects of the Porte, and was removed altogether by the Treaty of\nBerlin and the Cyprus Convention. The Turk was quick to understand that\nthe Western Powers would not permit Russia to intervene on behalf of his\npersecuted Christian subjects. He saw that conditions were favourable\nfor putting into execution his \"policy\" of getting rid of his Christian\nsubjects, and he forthwith set to work to carry out his foul project.\nEvents have proved the Treaty of Berlin to have been the masterpiece of\nBismarck's policy of \"divide et impera.\" It created, as it was designed\nto create, a deep and bitter feeling of mistrust and antagonism between\nGreat Britain and Russia, which gave Germany her chance of gaining a\nstrong foothold in the Ottoman Empire.\nThe appearance of Germany upon the scene created new dangers, which\nhave proved all but fatal to the Armenian people.\nThe Emperor William II, on his return from his pilgrimage to the Holy\nLand, paid a visit to, and fraternized with, the murderer of 250,000\nArmenians who had died for the sake of the very Christ from the scene of\nwhose life the Christian emperor had just returned. This, by the way,\nwas in characteristic contrast with King Edward's refusal of the\nSultan's offer of his portrait about the same time. This act of the\ngreat and humane English king has touched the hearts of Armenians, who\ncherish a deep and reverent affection for his memory.\nThe result of the Emperor William's visit to Abdul Hamid was the Baghdad\nRailway and many other concessions, and no doubt a great scheme of a\nfuture Germano-Turkish Empire in the East.\nI believe it was Dr. Paul Rohrbach, the well-known German writer on Near\nEastern affairs, who suggested some years ago that the deportation of\nthe Armenians from their homes and their settlement in agricultural\ncolonies along the Baghdad Railway would be the best way to make that\nline pay quick and handsome dividends.\nSome time ago I read in _The Near East_ the account of a conversation\nbetween an American missionary and a German officer travelling together\nin Anatolia. The German officer confessed that what he had seen was\nhorrible, more horrible than anything he had ever seen before; \"but,\" he\nadded, \"what could we do? _The Armenians were in the way of our military\naims._\" Supposing that resistance to massacre by Armenian men was\ninterpreted by the German agents in Turkey as being \"in the way of their\nmilitary aims,\" what possible excuse could there be for the abominable\ntreatment, the torture, the slaughter, and the driving to misery and\ndeath of hundreds of thousands of women and children? Were they also in\nthe way of their military aims?\nWhile the Turks were butchering Christians in their hundreds of\nthousands, the German Emperor was presenting a sword of honour to the\nSultan of Turkey and showering honours upon Enver Pasha at his\nheadquarters. While thousands of Christian children and women were\nbeing mercilessly slaughtered and driven to death by Germany's ally, and\ntheir bodies thrown to the wolves and vultures in the Mesopotamian\ndeserts, the German Government was making provision for the housing and\ntuition of thousands of Turkish youths in the technical schools of\nGermany to fill the places of the \"eliminated\" Armenians. What have\nChristian Germans to say to all this? Do the Johanniter Knights, of whom\nthe Kaiser is himself Grand Master, approve of these proceedings? Do\nthey think that He who said \"inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of\nthese little ones, ye have done it unto Me\" knows of any distinction of\nrace? How can German Christians, from their rulers downwards, face God\nand the Son of God in the intimacy of their prayers after sanctioning\nthese black deeds which are the very negation of God and the teaching of\nChrist? Do the rulers of Germany and Turkey and the protagonists of the\nReventlow doctrine believe that empires, railways, or any other schemes\nof expansion, built upon foundations of the blood and tears of hundreds\nof thousands of human beings, will endure and prosper and bring forth\nharvests of plenty and peace and happiness to their promoters, their\nchildren, and their children's children? They are mistaken. My word may\ncount for naught to the rulers and leaders of mighty states; but it is\ntrue. We are an ancient people. \"We have seen empires come and empires\ngo.\" We have been ground for centuries in the mill of the ruthless clash\nof contending empires; but in spite of our long and bitter sufferings\nour belief to-day is as strong as ever in the existence of another mill,\nthe mill of Divine Justice, which grinds in its own good time, and may\ngrind slow, but \"it grinds exceeding small.\" Who will doubt or deny that\nviolence to women and children and unoffending, defenceless men, \"every\nhair of whose head is numbered,\" will not be forgiven by their just and\nAlmighty Creator; that the sacrifice of them for ulterior selfish\nobjects will not be overlooked? Political and military acts of the\nmightiest empires, entailing injustice, violence and suffering to weaker\npeoples will bring Nemesis in their train in due course. The idol with\nfeet of clay, sunk in the blood of innocents, cannot endure. Sooner or\nlater it must fall.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[19] _Le S\u00e9maphore de Marseille_, November 20, 1915.\n[20] I am indebted to my friend Mr. H. N. Mosditchian for the following\naccount of an incident which throws some light on the ways of the Turk--\n\"The massacres of Sassoon in 1893-1894, first described at the time by\nDr. Dillon in _The Daily Telegraph_, and the first of the series that\ndrenched Armenia with the blood of over 200,000 of her sons and\ndaughters, raised such a cry of horror and indignation throughout the\ncivilised world that Great Britain, France and Russia, through their\nEmbassies at Constantinople, prepared a Scheme of Reforms, known as the\nScheme of the 11th of May 1895, and after much difficulty and long\nnegotiations obtained thereto the approval of Abd-ul-Hamid, 'the Red\nSultan.'\n\"I was with the Patriarch when the Hon. M. H. Herbert, Secretary to the\nBritish Embassy, brought to the Patriarchate the good tidings of the\nSultan's acceptance of the Scheme. Upon his special advice, the\nPatriarch sent there and then telegraphic instructions to all the\nArmenian Bishoprics in the provinces to chant Te Deums in the churches\nand to offer up prayers for the benign and magnanimous Padishah!\n\"I was again with the Patriarch a day or two after when telegrams began\nto pour in from the provinces announcing a fresh outbreak of massacres\nthroughout the country. I hastened to the Embassies of the Six Great\nPowers to give them the appalling news and to ask for their immediate\nassistance. As is well known, they did or could do nothing, and the\nmassacres went on, unchecked and unbridled, assuming every day larger\ndimensions and a better organised thoroughness....\"\nI called on Judge Terrell, the American Ambassador, also. \"I am not at\nall surprised,\" said he, \"at these fresh massacres. I knew they would be\ncoming, so much so that the moment I heard that the Sultan was about to\naffix his signature to the Scheme of Reforms, I hastened to the Grand\nVezir and insisted upon his sending telegraphic orders to all the Valis\nto take good care that no American subject was hurt. The Grand Vezir\nprotested of course that there was no necessity for such orders inasmuch\nas peace and security reigned supreme in all the Vilayets, but I told\nhim that I knew what was going to happen shortly as well as he did, and\nrefused to leave until he had despatched the telegrams in my presence.\"\nJudge Terrell then told me that it had long been known to him that the\nValis of all the Vilayets had received standing orders from the Sultan\nto massacre the Armenians (_a_) whenever they should discover any\nrevolutionary movement among them, (_b_) whenever they should hear of a\nBritish, French or Russian invasion of Turkish territory, and (_c_)\n_whenever they should hear that the Sultan had agreed to and signed a\nScheme of Reforms_.\nVIII\n     THE BLUE-BOOK--THE EPIC OF ARMENIA'S MARTYRDOM, THE REVELATION OF\n     HER SPIRIT AND CHARACTER--\"TRUTH\" ON THE ARMENIANS: A DIGRESSION\nTo realize, even approximately, the unimaginable barbarities that have\nbeen committed by the Turks during the Great Armenian Tragedy of 1915,\nit is necessary to read the Blue-book itself. But the Blue-book is a\nbulky volume, and the average man or woman has so many calls on his or\nher attention in these stirring and momentous times, that I fear it will\nnot be read as widely as it deserves to be read in the interests of\nhumanity, Christianity, and civilization. I have, therefore, thought it\ndesirable to quote a number of extracts which will give the reader some\nidea of the nature and magnitude of the horrors chronicled in that\nfearful epic of a nation's martyrdom, in the hope that they may thereby\nreach a wider circle of the public.\nApart from giving the reader a general idea of the atrocities\nthemselves, I have selected and grouped the extracts with the object of\ncalling attention to the incidental or subsidiary morals and lessons\nthey convey, which have received little or no notice in the Press\nreviews. The Blue-book reveals the spirit, the character and the ideals\nwhich lay hidden under the unattractive outside appearance of the\nArmenians, upon which has been based their mostly superficial judgment\nof them by European travellers. Often under the influence of a sense of\nindebtedness for an escort of Zaptiehs \"graciously placed at their\ndisposal by a kindly vali\" (in whose harem were probably languishing a\ndozen or more enslaved women), they have seldom paused to understand the\ntragedy of the dour, subdued, anxious mien of the Armenian peasant seen\ntrudging wearily along in the highways and byways of Asia Minor. They\nlittle realized that the Armenian lived under the strain of constant\nterrorism; that he never knew when the honour of his wife or sister\nmight be violently assaulted; when he might be stabbed in the back; when\nhis cattle might be driven away or his crops burned or stolen. He was\nafraid even of a too attractive personal appearance, lest he should\nexcite the cupidity and jealousy of his Turkish neighbour. If he fell\nupon his persecutor and slew him in defence of the honour of his\nwomenfolk, it meant the wiping out not only of his family but of his\nwhole village. His own government was his deadly enemy, bent upon his\ndestruction. This has been the tragedy of the Armenian's life for\ngenerations. It has been little known in the West because Armenia is a\nlong way off, and few European travellers have stopped to look below the\nsurface. He has lived with the _yatagan_ hanging over his head, like the\nsword of Damocles, from birth to death. Virile, industrious, patient,\nlong-suffering, but never despondent, he has clung to his faith, his\nsoil, his ancient culture, his nationality and ideals of civilization\nwith a tenacity that centuries of \"bloody tyranny\" have tended only to\nsteel more and more. That he has succeeded in preserving the ideals\nwhich have cost his nation such heartbreaking sacrifices is abundantly\nproved by the Blue-book. Here is one evidence: \"Mr. Yarrow, seeing all\nthis, said, 'I am amazed at the self-control of the Armenians, for\nthough the Turks did not spare a single wounded Armenian, the Armenians\nare helping us to save the Turks'\" (p. 70).\nBut of all the tales of calm, dignified heroism in face of death\nrecorded in the Blue-book, W. Effendi's letter (p. 133, and 504 of the\nBlue-book) written on the eve of his, his young wife's and infant\nchild's deportation to what he knew to be certain death, will ever stand\nout as an impressive example of the noblest heroism, the highest\nconception of the teaching of Christ and a complete triumph of the\nspirit, unsurpassed in the annals of Christian martyrdom. \"May God\nforgive this nation all their sin which they do without knowing,\" wrote\nthis true follower of Christ, while he was making ready for his and his\nloved ones' journey to sorrow and death. It recalls the story of St.\nStephen's martyrdom. W. Effendi's letter and Nurse Cavell's immortal\nwords, \"patriotism is not enough,\" strike me as the two most remarkable\nutterances delivered spontaneously by heroic spirits in proof of the\nbankruptcy of the \"frightfulness\" to which they were on the point of\nfalling victims.\nThere was a short notice in _Truth_ of January 31, 1917, in connection\nwith Armenia Day which contained the following remark: \"Some people\ndespise these 'eleventh Allies' as a mercenary race, but others, like\nMr. Noel Buxton, depict them in a much more attractive light.\"\nWith the reader's indulgence I will digress for a moment to deal briefly\nwith this totally unjustified stigma cast wantonly upon the character of\na sorely tried nation.\nIn the unoffensive sense of the word the whole human family may be\ncalled \"mercenary.\" I have not met or heard of a race of men in any of\nthe explored parts of the earth, whatever their colour, creed, or degree\nof civilization, who had any conscientious objection to the acquiring of\nas much money as they could acquire by legitimate and honourable means.\nI do not suppose _Truth_ itself is dispensing its very helpful \"Rubber\ntips\" week by week solely for the good of humanity. But if it is\nasserted that the Armenian race puts the love of gold before everything\nelse in life, such an assertion at this juncture is a particularly\nill-timed, offensive and unworthy aspersion. A mercenary race, forsooth!\nIf the Armenian race had valued gold above its loyalty to its faith and\nnationality; if it had attached greater value to material prosperity\nthan to spiritual ideals and principles, it would have accepted Islam\ncenturies ago--Heaven knows the temptation was great--and won a\npredominant position for itself in Asia Minor. It would be counted\nto-day not by two or three, but by twenty or thirty millions. But under\nthe longest and bloodiest pressure endured by any people in history,\nculminating almost in its extermination, it refused to sell its soul.\nThousands of Armenians could have saved their lives by feigning to\naccept Islam, but, with few exceptions, they refused to commit even\nthat measure of spiritual dishonesty, which would perhaps not have been\nconsidered unpardonable under the circumstances. There is scarcely any\ninstance of an Armenian woman trafficking her honour for money; which\nis, perhaps, the most eloquent refutation of the calumny.\nWhat good object has _Truth_ served by giving currency in its columns to\nthis libel against an oppressed people, almost wiped out because of its\nChristian faith and its sympathy for and support of the Allied cause?\nEven if there were the remotest justification for it one would have\nthought that _Truth_ would have shrunk, at this dark and bitter hour,\nfrom adding insult to the agony of a people plunged into sorrow and\nmourning for the loss of half its number. But the assertion that the\nArmenians are a mercenary race is not true. It is part of the propaganda\ncarried on by a very few people who are either blinded by unreasoning\nprejudice, or have some special purpose to serve, or believe that they\nare discharging some kind of duty by whitewashing the Turk and\nblackening the Armenian. I believe that these admirers of the votaries\nof \"bloody tyranny\" on the Bosphorus are very few indeed in this\ncountry. Whoever they are and whatever their motives, conscious of my\nobligations to the generous hospitality of this country--for which I\ncannot be too grateful--but taking my stand on the broader ground of\nHumanity, I wish to say to them, \"Though you are in Great Britain, you\nare not of it; though this great, humane and Christian country may be\nyour physical home by accident of birth, you will find your congenial\n'spiritual home' in the offices of Count Reventlow and the _Tanine_.\nCharity, after all, is a matter between a man and his conscience and his\nGod. If you cannot give your money to a starving woman or child without\nmassacring them morally, while the Turk is taking their life, pray spare\nyour money and let the Armenian die; it will please the Turk and his\nallies. Perhaps it would be more in harmony with your sentiments and\npolitical faith to lend your money to your friend the Turk. When the war\nis over he may need a fresh supply of arms, for even the tender limbs of\nthe countless women and children on whom he has practised his\n'chivalry' may well have blunted and worn his old stock.\"\nThere are mercenary Armenian individuals as there are mercenary persons\nin every nation. It may be that, debarred from government posts except\nwhen he was indispensable, the town Armenian in Turkey, like the Greek\nand Syrian, has been compelled to direct his energies into commercial\nchannels in a larger proportion than free and independent nations.\nNaturally, also, through generations of ruthless persecution, the\nArmenian nation has thrown up a flotsam and jetsam of indigents\nwandering far and wide in search of security and the means of earning a\nliving. But to brand the whole Armenian race as \"mercenary\" is\nmalevolent nonsense, or credulity due to a total ignorance of the facts.\nSeventy or eighty per cent. of the Armenians in Turkish as well as\nRussian Armenia are peasants, farmers and artisans. That is\napproximately true also of the Persian Armenians. Even in the United\nStates the majority of the immigrants have taken to fruit-growing in\nCalifornia. Armenians who have the means to give their sons a good\neducation almost invariably make them follow a profession in preference\nto commerce, as witness the number of Armenian university professors,\ndoctors, lawyers and some artists and painters of considerable merit in\nthe United States.[21] Probably no people have made the sacrifices made\nby Armenians, in proportion to their means, for the relief of distress\nduring the war. There have been a few exceptions among the very rich\nwhose moral sense has been blunted by luxury and self-indulgence. They\ncan be counted on the fingers of one hand. They belong to that class of\ncosmopolitan financiers and traders who are no more thrilled by the\nmusic of their country's or any country's name; who are unmoved by the\ncry of starving women and children of their own or any race; whose home\nis the world and whose god is gold; who are no more the masters but the\nslaves of money. But this, again, is not peculiar to Armenians; very far\nfrom it. It is a fraternity that embraces members of every, or almost\nevery, race; and Armenians are barely represented upon it. It is\npalpably misleading as it is inaccurate to assert that these represent\nthe Armenian nation. In fact, as far as my knowledge goes, the masses of\nthe Armenian people are ashamed of them, because their worship of gold\nand vanity are alien to the national spirit, and bring discredit upon\nthe nation. For generations Armenian educational and religious\ninstitutions have been maintained by voluntary grants; and I do not know\nthat any European citizen bears a heavier burden for the needs of his\nnation than does the individual Armenian.\nIt must not be supposed from what I have said that all, or the majority,\nof rich Armenians have been deaf or indifferent to their country's need.\nThat would be a mistake and an injustice. On the whole their response to\nthe call of their afflicted country has been satisfactory, considering\nthat they had obligations to the belligerent countries to which they\nowed allegiance. I know of one contribution of \u00a330,000,[22] while ten\nMoscow merchants raised a million roubles between them for their\nnation's needs. A prominent Armenian physician has relinquished a large\nand remunerative practice at Petrograd to superintend personally the\nadministration of an orphanage at Erzerum, which he has opened on his\nown private account. The Catholicos's palace at Etchmiadzin was\nconverted into a hospital for refugees in the early months of 1915.\nAlmost every Armenian peasant family in the Caucasus have housed and\ncared for one or more refugees in their humble cottages ever since the\ninflux of their distressed kinsmen from the other side of the frontier\nin the spring and summer of 1915. I have not marshalled these facts in a\nspirit of flaunting the virtues of my race--we certainly hold no\nmonopoly of all the virtues, or indeed of all the vices, to which human\nnature is heir--but I know of no better way to disprove the baseless\naspersions assiduously disseminated by some interested people for\npurposes of pro-Turkish propaganda and accepted by the credulous as\ntrue.\nLord Bryce has known the Armenian people longer and more intimately than\nany eminent European statesman, historian and diplomatist has ever done\nbefore, and his dictum will no doubt be generally accepted as that of a\ngreat and final authority. I therefore make no apology for quoting his\nlordship's most recent utterance on the subject reported in the _Journal\nof the Royal Society of Arts_, February 2, 1917--\n     \"Having known a very large number of Armenians, he had been greatly\n     struck, not only with their high level of intelligence and\n     industry, but also by their intense patriotism. He did not know of\n     any people who had shown greater constancy, patience and patriotism\n     under difficulties and sufferings than the Armenians. He personally\n     had always found them perfectly loyal. He had frequently had\n     occasion to give them confidential advice and to trust them with\n     secrets, and never on any occasion had he found that confidence\n     misplaced.... As a proof of their loyalty and devotion to their\n     country he might mention that the Armenians living in America had\n     contributed sums enormous in proportion to their number and\n     resources, for they were nearly all persons of small means, for the\n     relief of the refugees who had been driven out by the Turkish\n     massacres. No people during the war had done more in proportion to\n     their capacities than the Armenians had done for the relief of\n     their suffering fellow-countrymen. A large number of them were also\n     fighting as volunteers in the armies of France, where they had\n     displayed the utmost courage and valour in the combats before\n     Verdun.\"\nTo return to the extracts from the Blue-book. Group \"A\" affords a\nmelancholy abundance of indisputable evidence that it was not Kurds and\nbrigands alone who did Satan's work in Armenia, but that the chief\nculprits were Turkish officials, high and low, officers, soldiers,\ngendarmes and rabble; even a member of parliament took a turn! They not\nonly played the principal part in the vast and revolting carnival of\nblood, lust and savagery, but they took a delight and pride in the part\nthey played, and laughed at the sufferings and tortures of their\nvictims.[23]\nGroup \"B\" bears evidence of a heroism and fidelity in torture and death,\nto faith, honour and the ideal of nationality, unsurpassed in the\nhistory of mankind, which must redound to the eternal glory of\nChristianity and to the honour of the Armenian name. I respectfully\nsuggest for consideration by the Heads of the Christian Churches that a\nday should be fixed to commemorate annually the martyrdom of this vast\nnumber of Armenian Christians.\nGroup \"C\" contains proofs of the conduct of insurgent Armenians in the\nunequal struggles for self-defence, and it should be remembered that\nthese are but a few instances, mainly of what was seen or heard of by\nforeigners. The ruined towns and villages, the silent fields and\nhighways of this land of blood and tears, what secrets of desperate\nheroism in defence of wife and child, mother and sister, these guard\nwill probably never be known. Group \"C\" also contains evidence of the\nfact that the Turks had to employ considerable bodies of troops to\novercome the desperate resistance of Armenians in many places, such as\nMoush, Sassoon, Van, etc. A third feature in this group is, that the\nTurks attributed their defeats in the Caucasus to the Armenians.[24]\nTaken together, these extracts, and the Blue-book from which they are\ntaken, form a better mirror of the characteristics of the two races than\nall that has been written on the subject for a century. They show the\nradical dissimilarity of their natures, and the vast difference between\nthe respective stages of civilization in which the two races find\nthemselves.\nWas it Buddha or Confucius who said that the principal difference\nbetween man and the rest of the animal world is, that man possesses the\nfeeling of pity for the pain and suffering of his fellow-men or animals?\nWhat would they think of this strange race of human beings who delight\nin torture and murder, sparing neither sex nor age, nor even unborn\nbabes and their mothers; who inflict pain and jeer at their victims?\nI remember reading in one of Mr. Lloyd George's speeches not long ago:\n\"It is not the trials one has to go through in life, but the way one\nfaces them that matters,\" or words to that effect. This is as true of\nnations as it is of individuals. \"In the reproof of chance lies the true\nproof of men,\" and of nations. How has the Armenian nation conducted\nitself in this great upheaval and borne the terrible ordeal revealed by\nthe Blue-book: an ordeal the horror and magnitude of which it is\nabsolutely beyond the power of the human mind to imagine? The Blue-book\nitself furnishes the answer. From the first day of the war, Armenians in\nall countries understood the nature of the issues involved. They had no\ndoubt on which side lay their sympathies, which were never influenced by\nthe varying fortunes of the war. They were exposed to grave risks and\npaid a terrible price. Could there be a better proof of intellectual\nrectitude and the sincerity of sentiment? This, I trust, will silence\nfor ever the dastardly reflections often cast upon the honesty of the\nArmenian people. There are some dishonest Armenians as there are some\ndishonest men in all nations. But, whether through prejudice, malice, or\nignorance of the facts, to brand as dishonest a whole people who have\nbeen on the Cross for half a millennium for their religion and\npatriotism, is unworthy of civilized and right-minded men.\nThere are two other important facts which the Blue-book establishes\nbeyond dispute. There was no revolt. Indeed, it would have been sheer\nmadness on the part of the Armenians to attempt a rising when their\nable-bodied manhood was with the colours. The second fact the Blue-book\nreveals is, that the Armenian party leaders did their utmost to dissuade\nthe Young Turks from joining the war. When the veil of war has lifted,\nand Europe comes to know more of what took place behind the scenes in\nConstantinople prior to Turkey's entry into the war, it will be seen how\nnear the personal influence and eloquence of the Armenian deputy Zohrab\ncame to turning the scale against the fateful and suicidal decision.\nThis brilliant young jurist, an intimate personal friend of Enver and\nTalaat who sought his advice almost daily, was murdered by their orders\non the way to Diyarbekir. Armenians have been charged with a lack of\npolitical aptitude as well as with treachery to the Ottoman Empire. I\nwould specially call the attention of those who hold these\nviews--Europeans, Moslems, and thinking Turks themselves--to the fact\nthat, at a time of crisis, it was the Armenians who saw clearly the path\nof safety for the empire, and showed their loyalty to it, in spite of\nall they had suffered in the past, by their councils of prudence to\nwhich the Young Turks lent a deaf ear.\nWhile on the subject of the Blue-book, I cannot refrain from saying\nthat I noted with profound regret the distinction that was evidently\nmade, in many cases, between Catholic and Protestant Armenians on the\none hand, and Gregorians on the other, in the efforts that were made to\nsave them from massacre or deportation. It is no secret that His\nHoliness the Pope and President Wilson intervened through their\nrepresentatives in Constantinople, and possibly in Berlin and Vienna, to\nstop the massacres. I record this fact with the deepest gratitude. Of\ncourse no such distinction can possibly have been made by the Pope or\nPresident Wilson, or their ambassadors; it was probably due to the\nwell-meant activities of subordinates or of local European or American\nresidents.\nNo doubt it was better to save Catholics and Protestants than none at\nall, but the very idea of any distinction being thought of, under such\nfateful circumstances, is obviously contrary to the spirit of\nChristianity, and the passages referring to it make sad reading to a\nChristian.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[21] Visitors to the San Francisco Exhibition will have seen and admired\nthe work of the Armenian sculptor Haik Partigian, whose exhibits, I am\ntold by one who saw them, were among the best, if not the best, of all\nthe exhibits in the Sculpture Section. Russia's great marine painter\nAivazovsky was an Armenian. The recently instituted Society of Armenian\nArtists is holding its first exhibition in Tiflis at the time of\nwriting.\n[22] It was reported in the Tiflis papers, after the above was written,\nthat Mr. Mantashian, the Baku oil king, has made a further donation of\n\u00a360,000 for agricultural improvements, and offered thirty thoroughbreds\nto improve the breed of horses in Armenia.\n[23] Some of the most distressing and disgraceful cases of Turkish\nbestiality appeared in Doctor (Major) Aspland's report on the hospital\nat Van, which was under his charge as representative of the Lord Mayor's\nArmenian Relief Fund. Describing some of the individual cases brought to\nhim for treatment, Dr. Aspland says--\n\"Here is a young woman leaving hospital to-day, who was raped by eight\nKurds. She has suffered for months, and even now, in spite of\noperations, will be crippled for the rest of her life. Here is _a small\ngirl aged five, similarly treated by Turks_, and is now lying in plaster\nof Paris in order to recover from injury to the hip joint.\"--(_Ararat_,\n[24] Compare this with the diary of a Turkish officer, reported in the\n_Russkaia Viedomosti_ (p. 75).\nIX\n     EXTRACTS FROM THE BLUE-BOOK\n_Group A_\n\"The Archbishop of Erzeroum, His Grace Sempad, who, with the Vali's\nauthorization, was returning to Constantinople, was murdered at\nErzindjan by the brigands in the service of the Union and Progress\nCommittee. The bishops of Trebizond, Kaisaria, Moush, Bitlis, Sairt, and\nErzindjan have all been murdered by order of the Young Turk Government\"\n\"The shortest method for disposing of the women and children\nconcentrated in the various camps was to burn them. Fire was set to\nlarge wooden sheds in Alidjan, Megrakom, Khaskegh, and other Armenian\nvillages, and these absolutely helpless women and children were roasted\nto death.... And the executioners, who seem to have been unmoved by this\nunparalleled savagery, grasped infants by one leg and hurled them into\nthe fire, calling out to the burning mothers: 'Here are your lions'\" (p.\n\"The Turks boasted of having now got rid of all the Armenians. I heard\nit from the officers myself, how they revelled in thought that the\nArmenians had been got rid of\" (p. 88).\n\"It was heartrending to hear the cries of the people and children who\nwere being burnt to death in their houses. The soldiers took great\ndelight in hearing them, and when people who were out in the streets\nduring the bombardment fell dead the soldiers merely laughed at them\"\n\"Every officer boasted of the number he had personally massacred as his\nshare in ridding Turkey of the Armenian race\" (p. 90).\n\"Mehmed Effendi, the Ottoman deputy for Gendje (Ginj), collected about\nforty women and children and killed them\" (p. 94).\n\"Of the other children, a girl was taken away and only escaped many\nmonths later when the Russians came. Very reluctantly she poured out\nher story to the Stapletons, from which it appeared that she had been\nhanded round to ten officers after the murder of her husband and his\nmother, to be their sport\" (p. 225).\n\"'See what care the Government is taking of the Armenians,' the Vali\nsaid, and she returned home surprised and pleased; but when she visited\nthe Orphanage again several days later, there were only thirteen of the\n700 children left--the rest had disappeared. They had been taken, she\nlearnt, to a lake six hours' journey by road from the town and drowned\"\n\"Sister D. A. was told, at Constantinople, that Turks of all parties\nwere united in their approval of what was being done to the Armenians,\nand that Enver Pasha openly boasted of it as his personal achievement.\nTalaat Bey, too, was reported to have remarked, on receiving news of\nVartkes's[25] assassination: 'There is no room in the Empire for both\nArmenians and Turks. Either they had to go or we\" (p. 261).\n\"A crowd of Turkish women and children follow the police about like a\nlot of vultures, and seize anything they can lay their hands on, and\nwhen the more valuable things are carried out of a house by the police,\nthey rush in and take the balance. I see this performance every day with\nmy own eyes\" (p. 289).\n\"It was a real extermination and slaughter of the innocents, an\nunheard-of thing, a black page stained with the flagrant violation of\nthe most sacred rights of humanity, of Christianity, of nationality\" (p.\n\"When the Governor was petitioned to allow the infants to be entrusted\nto charitable Moslem families, to save them from dying on the journey,\nhe replied: 'I will not leave here so much as the odour of the\nArmenians; go away into the deserts of Arabia and dump your Armenia\n\"P. P., the college blacksmith, was so terribly beaten that a month\nlater he was still unable to walk. Another was shod with horse-shoes.\nAt Y., Mr. A. D. (brother-in-law of the pastor, A. E., who suffered\nmartyrdom at Sivas twenty-one years ago) had his finger-nails torn out\nfor refusing to accept Islam. 'How,' he had answered, 'can I abandon the\nChrist whom I have preached for twenty-years?'\" (p. 378.)\n\"In Angora I learned that the tanners and the butchers of the city had\nbeen called to Asi Yozgad, and the Armenians committed to them for\nmurder. The tanner's knife is a circular affair, while the butcher's\nknife is a small axe, and they killed people by using the instruments\nwhich they knew best how to use\" (p. 385).\n\"The Ottoman Bank President showed bank-notes soaked with blood and\nstruck through with daggers with the blot round the hole, and some torn\nthat had evidently been ripped from the clothing of people who had been\nkilled--and these were placed on ordinary deposit in the bank by Turkish\nOfficers\" (p. 386).\n\"One girl had hanged herself on the way; others had poison with them.\nMothers were holding out their beautiful babies and begging the\nmissionaries to take them\" (p. 403).\n\"What was the meaning of all this? It was the deathblow aimed at\nChristianity in Turkey, or, in other words, the extermination of the\nArmenian people--their extermination or amalgamation\" (p. 404).\n\"During the weary days of travel I had as my companion a Turkish\ncaptain, who, as the hours dragged by, came to look on me with less of\nsuspicion, growing quite friendly at times. Arrived at ---- the captain\nwent out among the Armenian crowd and soon returned with an Armenian\ngirl of about fifteen years. She was forced into a compartment of an\nadjoining railway coach, in company with a Turkish woman. When she saw\nthat her mother was not allowed to accompany her, she began to realize\nsomething of the import of it all. She grew frantic in her efforts to\nescape, scratching at the window, begging, screaming, tearing her hair\nand wringing her hands, while the equally grief-crazed mother stood on\nthe railway platform, helpless in her effort to save her daughter. The\ncaptain, seeing the unconcealed disapproval in my face, came up and\nsaid: 'I suppose, Effendi, you don't approve of such things, but let me\ntell you how it is. Why, this girl is fortunate. I'll take her home with\nme, raise her as a Moslem servant in my house. She will be well cared\nfor and saved from a worse fate--besides that, I even gave the mother a\nlira gold piece for the girl.' And, as though that were not convincing\nenough, he added: 'Why, these scoundrels have killed two of our Moslems\nright here in this city, within the last few days,' as though that were\nexcuse enough, if excuse were needed, for annihilating the whole\nArmenian race. I could not refrain from giving him my version of the\nrotten, diabolical scheme, which, however, fell from his back like\n\"I learned here, too, of a nurse who had been in one of the mission\nhospitals, who two days before my arrival there had become almost crazed\nby the fear of falling into the hands of the human fiends, and had\nended her life with poison. Were these isolated or unusual instances, it\nwould excite no comment in this year of unusual things, but when we know\nof these things going on all over the empire, repeated in thousands of\ninstances, we begin to realize the enormity of the crimes committed. I\nspoke again to the captain: 'Why are you taking such brutal measures to\naccomplish your aim? Why not accept the offer of a friendly nation,\nwhich offers to pay transportation if you will send these people out of\nthe country to a place of safety?' He replied: 'Why, don't you\nunderstand, we don't want to have to repeat this thing again after a few\nyears? It's hot down in the deserts of Arabia, and there is no water,\nand these people can't stand a hot climate, don't you see?' Yes, I saw.\nAny one could see what would happen to most of them, long before Arabia\nwas reached\" (p. 411).\n\"Crowds of Turkish women were going about insolently prying into house\nafter house to find valuable rugs or other articles\" (p. 411).\n\"The nation is being systematically done to death by a cruel and crafty\nmethod, and their extermination is only a question of time\" (p. 432).\n\"Women with little children in their arms, or in the last days of\npregnancy, were driven along under the whip like cattle. Three different\ncases came under my knowledge where the woman was delivered on the road,\nand because her brutal driver hurried her along, she died of h\u00e6morrhage\"\n\"I saw one young woman drop down exhausted. The Turk gave her two or\nthree blows with his stick and she raised herself painfully\" (p. 484).\n\"I saw two women, one of them old, the other very young and very pretty,\ncarrying the corpse of another young woman; I had scarcely passed them\nwhen cries of terror arose. The girl was struggling in the clutches of a\nbrute who was trying to drag her away. The corpse had fallen to the\nground, the girl, now half-unconscious, was writhing by the side of it,\nthe old woman was sobbing and wringing her hands\" (p. 564).\n\"Sixteen hundred Armenians have had their throats cut in the prisons of\nDiyarbekir. The Arashnort (bishop) was mutilated, drenched with alcohol,\nand burnt alive in the prison yard, in the middle of a carousing crowd\nof gendarmes, who even accompanied the scene with music. The massacres\nat Benia, Adiaman, the Selefka have been carried out deliberately;\n_there is not a single male left above the age of 13 years_; the girls\nhave been outraged mercilessly; we have seen their mutilated corpses\ntied together in batches of four, eight, or ten, and cast into the\nEuphrates. The majority had been mutilated in an indescribable manner\"\n\"Five hundred young men were shot outside the town without any\nformality. During the following two days the same process was carried\nout with heartless and cold-blooded thoroughness in the eighty Armenian\nvillages of Ardjish, Adiljevas, and the rest of the district north of\nLake Van. In this manner some 24,000 Armenians were killed in three\ndays, their young women carried away and their homes looted\" (p. 73).\n\"According to Turkish Government statistics 120,000 Armenians were\nkilled in this district\" (p. 95).\n\"The immense procession, sinking under its agony and fatigue, forces\nitself along and moves forward without respite.... No pen can describe\nwhat this tragic procession has endured, or what experiences it has\nlived through, on its interminable road. The least detail of them makes\nthe human heart quail, and draws an unquenchable stream of bitter tears\nfrom one's eyes.... Each fraction of the long procession has its\nindividual history, its especial pangs.... Here is a mother with her six\nchildren, one on her back, the second clasped to her breast; the third\nfalls down on the road, and cries and wails because it cannot drag\nitself further. The three others begin to wail in sympathy, and the poor\nmother stands stock still, tearless, like a statue, utterly powerless to\n\"Babies were shot in their mothers' arms, small children were horribly\nmutilated, women were stripped and beaten. The villages were not\nprepared for attack; many made no resistance; others resisted until\ntheir ammunition gave out\" (p. 36).\n\"A little bride and a slim young girl sidled up to our wagon to talk. In\nreply to our talk they told us that they were 'busy taking care of the\nbabies.' We asked what babies, and they said: 'Oh, those the effendis\nstop here; the mothers nurse them and then go.' We asked if there were\nmany, and were told that every house was full. We were watched too\nclosely to make calls possible. Afterwards we found an officer ready to\ntalk, who said: 'We take them off after a while and kill them. What can\nwe do? The mothers cannot take them, and the Government cannot take care\nof them for ever'\" (p. 359).\n\"This frightful suffering inspires no pity in the ruthless officials,\nwho throw themselves upon their wretched victims, armed with whips and\ncudgels, without distinction of sex or age\" (p. 414).\n_Group B_\n\"Many Armenian women preferred to throw themselves into the Euphrates\nwith their infants, or committed suicide in their homes. The Euphrates\nand Tigris have become the sepulchre of thousands of Armenians\" (p. 14).\n\"While the Armenian refugees had been mutually helpful and\nself-sacrificing, these Moslems showed themselves absolutely selfish,\ncallous and indifferent to each other's suffering\" (p. 42).\n\"Many went mad and threw their children away; some knelt down and prayed\namid the flames in which their bodies were burning; others shrieked and\ncried for help which came from nowhere\" (p. 86).\n\"Several young women, who were in danger of falling into the Turks'\nhands, threw themselves from the rocks, some of them with their infants\nin their arms\" (p. 87).\n\"Among the massacred were two monks, one of them being the Father\nSuperior of Sourp Garabed, Yeghishe Vartabed, who had a chance of\nescaping, but did not wish to be separated from his flock, and was\nkilled with them\" (p. 96).\n\"In some cases safety was bought by professing Mohammedanism, but many\ndied as martyrs to the faith\" (p. 102).\n\"The mother resisted, and was thrown over a bridge by one of the Turks.\nThe poor woman broke her arm, but her mule-driver dragged her up again.\nAgain the same Turks threw her down, with one of her daughters, from the\ntop of the mountain. The moment the married daughter saw her mother and\nsister thrown down, she thrust the baby in her arms upon another woman,\nran after them, crying, 'Mother, mother!' and threw herself down the\nsame precipice\" (p. 274).\n\"Sirpouhi and Santukht, two young women of Ketcheurd, a village east of\nSivas, who were being led off to the harem, by Turks, threw themselves\ninto the river Halys, and were drowned with their infants in their arms.\nMlle. Sirpouhi, the nineteen-year-old daughter of Garabed Tufenjjian of\nHerag, a graduate of the American College of Marsovan, was offered the\nchoice of saving herself by embracing Islam and marrying a Turk.\nSirpouhi retorted that it was an outrage to murder her father and then\nmake her a proposal of marriage. She would have nothing to do with a\ngodless and a murderous people; whereupon she, and seventeen other\nArmenian girls who had refused conversion, were shamefully ill-treated\nand afterwards killed near Tchamli-Bel gorge\" (p. 325).\n\"Many began to doubt even the existence of God. Under the severe strain\nmany individuals became demented, some of them permanently. There were\nalso some examples of the greatest heroism and faith, and some started\nout on the journey courageously and calmly, saying in farewell: 'Pray\nfor us. We shall not see you again in this world, but some time we shall\nmeet again'\" (p. 335).\n\"'No, I cannot see what you see, and I cannot accept what I cannot\nunderstand.' So the ox-carts came to the door and took the family away.\nThe wife was a delicate lady and the two beautiful daughters well\neducated. They were offered homes in harems, but said: 'No, we cannot\ndeny our Lord. We will go with our father'\" (p. 354).\n\"In a mountain village there was a girl who made herself famous. Here,\nas everywhere else, the men were taken out at night and pitifully\nkilled. Then the women and children were sent in a crowd, but a large\nnumber of young girls and brides were kept behind. This girl, who had\nbeen a pupil in the school at X., was sent before the Governor, the\nJudge, and the Council together, and they said to her: 'Your father is\ndead, your brothers are dead, and all your other relatives are gone, but\nwe have kept you because we do not wish to make you suffer. Now just be\na good Turkish girl and you shall be married to a Turkish officer and be\ncomfortable and happy.' It is said that she looked quietly into their\nfaces and replied: 'My father is not dead, my brothers are not dead; it\nis true you have killed them, but they live in Heaven. I shall live\nwith them. I can never do this if I am unfaithful to my conscience. As\nfor marrying, I have been taught that a woman must never marry a man\nunless she loves him. This is a part of our religion. How can I love a\nman who comes from a nation that has so recently killed my friends? I\nshould neither be a good Christian girl nor a good Turkish girl if I did\nso. Do with me what you wish.' They sent her away, with the few other\nbrave ones, into the hopeless land. Stories of this kind can also be\nduplicated\" (p. 355).\n\"The men were finally convinced of the uselessness of their efforts when\none of the younger and prettiest girls spoke up for herself and said:\n'No one can mix in my decisions; I will not \"turn\" [change her\nreligion], and it is I myself that say it'\" (p. 357).\n\"Mr. A. F., a colporteur, had been willing to embrace Islam, but his\nwife refused to recognize his apostasy, and declared that she would go\ninto exile with the rest of the people, so he went with his wife and\nwas killed\" (p. 378).\n\"Again and again they said to me: 'Oh, if they would only kill me now, I\nwould not care; but I fear they will try to force me to become a\nMohammedan'\" (p. 403).\n\"When we consider the number forced into exile and the number beaten to\ndeath and tortured in a thousand ways, the comparatively small number\nthat turned Moslem is a tribute to the staunchness of their hold on\nChristianity\" (p. 413).\n\"If the events of the past year demonstrate anything, they show the\npractical failure of Mohammedanism in its struggle for existence against\nChristianity--in its attempt to eliminate a race which, because of\nChristian education, has been proving increasingly a menace to\nstagnating Moslem civilization. We may call it political necessity or\nwhat not, but in essence it is a nominally ruling class, jealous of a\nmore progressive Christian race, striving by methods of primitive\nsavagery to maintain the leading place\" (p. 413).\n\"The courage of that brave little doctor's wife, who knew she must take\nher two babies and face starvation and death with them! Many began to\ncome to her home--to her, for comfort and cheer, and she gave it. I have\nnever seen such courage before. You have to go to the darkest places of\nthe earth to see the brightest lights, to the most obscure spot to find\nthe greatest heroes.\n\"Her bright smile, with no trace of fear in it, was like a beacon light\nin that mud village, where hundreds were doomed.\n\"It was not because she did not understand how they felt; she was one of\nthem. It was not because she had no dear ones in peril; her husband was\nfar away, ministering to those who were sending her and her babies to\ndestruction\" (p. 418).\n\"One woman gave birth to twins in one of those crowded trucks, and\ncrossing a river she threw both her babies and then herself into the\n\"And how are the people going? As they came into B. M., weary and with\nswollen and bleeding feet, clasping their babes to their breasts, they\nutter not one murmur or word of complaint; but you see their eyes move\nand hear the words: 'For Jesus' sake, for Jesus' sake!'\" (p. 478).\n\"Let me quote from W. Effendi, from a letter he wrote a day before his\ndeportation with his young wife and infant child and with the whole\ncongregation--\n\"'We now understand that it is a great miracle that our nation has lived\nso many years amongst such a nation as this. From this we realize that\nGod can and has shut the mouths of lions for many years. May God\nrestrain them! I am afraid they mean to kill some of us, cast some of us\ninto most cruel starvation and send the rest out of this country; so I\nhave very little hope of seeing you again in this world. But be sure\nthat, by God's special help, I will do my best to encourage others to\ndie manly. I will also look for God's help for myself to die as a\nChristian. May this country see that, if we cannot live here as men, we\ncan die as men. May many die as men of God. May God forgive this nation\nall their sin which they do without knowing. May the Armenians teach\nJesus' life by their death, which they could not teach by their life or\nhave failed in showing forth. It is my great desire to see a Reverend\nAli, or Osman, or Mohammed. May Jesus soon see many Turkish Christians\nas the fruit of His blood.\n\"'May the war end soon, in order to save the Moslems from their cruelty\n(for they increase in that from day to day) and from their ingrained\nhabit of torturing others. Therefore we are waiting on God, for the sake\nof the Moslems as well as of the Armenians. May He appear soon'\" (p.\n\"Before the girls were taken, the Kaimakam asked each one, in the\npresence of the Principal of the College, whether they wanted to become\nMohammedans and stay, or go. They all replied that they would go. Only\nMiss H. became a Mohammedan, and went to live with G. Professors E. and\nF. F. had been arrested with other Armenians, but in the name of all the\nteachers some \u00a3250 to \u00a3300 were presented to the officials, and so they\nwere let free\" (p. 370).\n\"The priests were among the first to be sent off. A Turk described how\nK. K. was killed. They stripped him of all his clothes, excepting his\nunderclothing. With his hands bound behind his back, he knelt, with his\nson beside him, and they finished him off with axes, while he was\npraying. The same description was given of the execution of L. L.--how\nthey took off his head by hacking down into his shoulders with axes and\ncarving the head out like a bust\" (p. 371).\n_Group C_\n\"But the [Armenian] revolutionists conducted themselves with remarkable\nrestraint and prudence; controlled their hot-headed youth; patrolled the\nstreets to prevent skirmishes; and bade the villagers endure in silence:\nbetter a village or two burned unavenged than that any attempt at\nreprisals should furnish an excuse for massacre\" (p. 33).\n\"Some of the rules for their men [the Armenian defenders of Van] were:\n'Keep clean; do not drink; tell the truth; do not curse the religion of\nthe enemy'\" (p. 35).\n\"But, enraged as Djevdet was by this unexpected and prolonged\nresistance, was it to be hoped that he could be persuaded to spare the\nlives of one of these men, women and children?\" (p. 39).\n\"Not all the Turks had fled from the city [Van]. Some old men and women\nand children had stayed behind, many of them in hiding. The Armenian\nsoldiers, unlike Turks, were not making war on such\" (p. 41).\n\"Our Turkish refugees cost us a fearful price.... Then, for four days\nmore, two Armenian nurses cared for the [Turkish] sick ones at night and\nan untrained man nurse helped me during the daytime\" (p. 42).\n\"Mr. Yarrow, seeing all this, said: 'I am amazed at the self-control of\nthe Armenians, for though the Turks did not spare a single wounded\nArmenian, the Armenians are helping us to save the Turks--a thing that I\ndo not believe even Europeans would do'\" (p. 70).\n\"The Turks offered to the Georgians the provinces of Koutais and of\nTiflis, the Batoum district and a part of the province of Trebizond; to\nthe Tartars, Shousha, the mountain country as far as Vladikavkaz, Bakou,\nand a part of the province of Elisavetpol; to the Armenians they offered\nKars, the province of Erivan, a part of Elisavetpol; a fragment of the\nprovince of Erzeroum, Van and Bitlis. According to the Young Turk\nscheme, all these groups were to become autonomous under a Turkish\nprotectorate. The Erzeroum Congress refused these proposals, and advised\nthe Young Turks not to hurl themselves into the European\nconflagration--a dangerous adventure which would lead Turkey to ruin\"\n\"The Turkish regulars and Kurds, amounting now to something like 30,000\naltogether, pushed higher and higher up the heights and surrounded the\nmain Armenian position at close quarters. Then followed one of those\ndesperate and heroic struggles for life which have always been the\npride of mountaineers. Men, women and children fought with knives,\nscythes, stones, and anything else they could handle. They rolled blocks\nof stone down the steep slopes, killing many of the enemy. In a\nfrightful hand-to-hand combat, women were seen thrusting their knives\ninto the throats of Turks and thus accounting for many of them. On\nAugust 5, the last day of the fighting, the blood-stained rocks of Antok\nwere captured by the Turks. The Armenian warriors of Sassoun, except\nthose who had worked round to the rear of the Turks to attack them on\ntheir flanks, had died in battle\" (p. 87).\n\"In the first week of July 20,000 soldiers arrived from Constantinople\nby way of Harpout with munitions and eleven guns, and laid siege to\nMoush\" (p. 89).\n\"The energetic Armenian committees have taken care of their own people,\nand have been unexpectedly generous to the Syrians who are quartered in\ntheir midst\" (p. 107).\n\"He met an Armenian officer who had escaped from the Turks, who told him\nof the deportation and massacre of the Armenians. He said that the\nattitude of the Turks towards the Armenians was more or less good at the\nbeginning of the war, but it was suddenly changed after the Turkish\ndefeat at Sari-Kamysh, as they laid the blame for this defeat upon the\nArmenians, though he could not tell why\" (p. 231).\n\"The fact cannot be too strongly emphasized that there was no\n'rebellion'\" (p. 34).\nFOOTNOTE:\n[25] Mr. Vartkes was an Armenian deputy in the Ottoman Parliament, who\nwas murdered, together with another deputy, Mr. Zohrab, when he was\nbeing escorted by gendarmes from Aleppo to be court-martialled at\nDiyarbekir (see Documents 7 and 9).--EDITOR.\nX\n     GREAT BRITAIN AND ARMENIA--THE LATE DUKE OF ARGYLL'S VIEWS--AN\n     APPEAL TO BRITAIN\nThere is no brighter page in the glorious history of the British Empire\nthan the records of the liberties that conduce to the contentment and\nhappiness of peoples--freedom of thought and worship, freedom of speech\nand association, freedom of movement and habitation, freedom of\nlanguage, etc.; as well as measures of self-government varying in\naccordance with local needs and circumstances--granted unstintingly to\nthe great family of nations and races constituting that marvellous\ncommonwealth. This policy of broad, liberal justice has proved, under\nthe stern test of this great war, the highest statesmanship and the\nstrongest bond of empire. Freedom, justice, humanity have proved an\ninfinitely stronger impetus to loyalty than \"frightfulness,\" a stronger\ncement, a superior and better \"paying\" stock-in-trade of empire by far\nthan the jack-boot and the _yatagan_. The conclusive and practical\ndemonstration of this great fact by the British Empire will probably\nexercise a far-reaching influence for good on the future policies of\nempires and the liberties of mankind. The British Flag has not only\ncarried security, order and justice wherever it has gone, it has\nscrupulously respected religious and national sentiment everywhere. It\nhas not denied to the peoples under its sway, or attempted to suppress,\nthe sentiments and allegiances which it has itself held sacred. It has\nmaintained the freedom of the seas as I believe no international device\ncould have achieved it. I do not say this to please British readers. I\nhave lived and travelled among small peoples and subject peoples large\nand small, and that is the impression I have gathered. Thus the Union\nJack has become a symbol of freedom and fairplay the world over, and\npersecuted peoples have long had the conviction, deep down in their\nhearts, that British influence is continually at work towards their\nultimate liberation. If we were to reverse Mr. Gladstone's famous\nchallenge concerning Austria, and ask, _mutatis mutandis_: \"Can any one\nput his finger on the map of the world and say, 'Here the British Empire\nhas wrought evil'?\" it may be that Count Reventlow himself and the\nauthor of the \"Hymn of Hate\" might find themselves baffled. However\nopinions may differ as to the justice of some of her wars, the just and\nliberal treatment of the peoples that have come under British dominion\nis an indisputable historical fact to which the masses of mankind owe at\nleast as much gratitude as they do to the French Revolution. Ireland may\nbe singled out, and not without reason, if I may say so, as the one\nshaded spot on this bright page of the story of the spread of British\nliberty. To the neutral observer it certainly seems strange that\nIreland, so near the home of liberty and the stronghold of democratic\ninstitutions, should be so long denied the full and free enjoyment of\nthose blessings liberally bestowed upon the more distant parts of the\nempire. Possibly neutral observers do not and cannot understand the\ndifficulties and obstacles that have hitherto proved insuperable. It is\noutside the scope of my subject and beyond my competence to enter into a\ndiscussion of the Irish question here, but this much I may say, that\nIreland should convince rulers in all countries that material prosperity\nalone \"is no remedy.\" Security, order, prosperity, an efficient and\nequitable administration may palliate but can never heal a political\ninjustice. They can never satisfy the legitimate aspirations for\nself-rule of a high-spirited and cultured people conscious of a strong,\nindestructible will as well as the undoubted capacity to govern itself.\nOn the other hand, to compare the wrongs and sufferings of Ireland (and\nPoland) with the agony of Armenia, as is sometimes done, is to compare a\nheadache, an acute headache if you will, with the Black Death.\nIt is in keeping with the ill-fortune that has dogged the footsteps of\nthe Armenian people for five centuries that Armenia should have been the\none exception to the rule; the one country which has been denied the\nblessings and benefits that have accrued to every small people which has\ncome within the sphere of, or whose fortunes have been directly or\nindirectly affected by, the policy or interests of the British Empire.\nOne of the most striking features of what has been said and written in\nthis country on the treatment meted out by the Turks to their Armenian\nsubjects during the war has been the paucity of reference to the effect,\nincidental and indirect no doubt, but the real and disastrous effect,\nnevertheless, of British policy in Turkey since the Crimean War upon the\nfate of the Armenian subjects of the Turk. This is in contrast with what\nwas said and written during previous massacres, and is no doubt\nattributable to the fact of the country being at war. I am not touching\nthis aspect of the question in the way of a grievance. I well know, and\nmost gratefully recognize what the British Government and people have\ndone and are still doing for us during the long and ghastly nightmare\nthrough which we are passing. The noble and unremitting efforts of Lord\nand Lady Bryce, Lady Frederick Cavendish, Mr. Aneurin Williams, Mr. T.\nP. O'Connor, Miss Robinson, Mrs. and Miss Hickson, Mrs. Cole, Mr. Noel\nBuxton and his brother the Rev. Harold Buxton, Mr. Arthur G. Symonds,\nMr. Llew Williams, the Rev. Greenland, Mr. Arnold J. Toynbee, and so\nmany other friends of Armenia in this country, have placed us under a\nlasting debt of gratitude to them and to Britain. Lord Bryce's name will\nlive in Armenian history as long as Armenia lasts.\nBut I do think it is fair, in justice to the people of this great and\nrighteous empire, to one-half of the Armenian nation who have fallen as\nheroes and heroines both in war and martyrdom, and to \"the little blood\"\nthat is left to the Armenian people, that the facts in this connection\nshould be placed frankly and fully before the British public at this\njuncture, so that it may be able to form an equitable estimate of the\nreparation due to the Armenians, not only for the crimes and ravages\ncommitted by the enemy during the war, but also in the light of the\nobligations and responsibilities incurred by Europe in general and\nGreat Britain in particular for the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman\nEmpire by Art. 61 of the Treaty of Berlin and the Cyprus Convention.\nI have said \"Great Britain,\" but it would be more accurate to say \"the\nBritish Government of the day,\" for I firmly believe--in fact, who will\ndoubt?--that if the British people had had the slightest suspicion that\nthe Treaty of Berlin and the Cyprus Convention had in them the germs of\nthe disaster that has since overtaken the Christian subjects of the\nPorte, they would never have ratified those treaties. Nor do I suggest,\nI need hardly say, that the statesmen who are responsible for these\ndiplomatic instruments consciously and deliberately jeopardized the\nexistence of an ancient Christian people. Lord Salisbury's sympathetic\nutterances in 1895-96 show unmistakably how deeply distressed he was at\nthe grievous turn events had taken, and still more at the powerlessness\nof the Concert of Europe to save the Armenians from the position of\nextreme peril in which the Concert had placed them in 1878.\nSuccessive British Governments have made frequent attempts to improve\nthe lot of the Armenians; but the more they tried the more the Turks\nmassacred. There is no fairer-minded public than the British, whose\nhospitality and the blessings of whose rule I have gratefully enjoyed\nfor many years, as have some thousands of my compatriots in almost every\npart of the empire. There is also no one more ready and anxious to pay\nhis debt than the Briton when he knows what he owes. I have therefore no\nfear whatever of arousing any resentment by calling the attention of the\nBritish public to the existence of this old liability. On the contrary,\nI am convinced that the fact will be taken note of in good part, and by\nmost even thankfully. I read a Press article not long ago--it was, if I\nremember rightly, a review of Mr. Llew Williams's book, _Armenia Past\nand Present_ in _The Court Journal_--which ended with the following\nquestion: \"If these terrible things are true and we have any\nresponsibility, why are we not told so?\"\nAs regards the nature of the responsibilities and obligations, I refer\nmy readers to the Appendix, where will be found the texts of Art. 61 of\nthe Treaty of Berlin, Art. 18 of the Treaty of San Stefano--which was\ntorn up and superseded by the Treaty of Berlin--the full text of the\nCyprus Convention, and Lord Salisbury's Dispatch to Sir Henry Layard\ncontaining instructions for the negotiation of that Convention.\nI may here point out that though at first sight there appears to be\nlittle difference between the wording of Art. 16 of the Treaty of San\nStefano and Art. 61 of the Treaty of Berlin, there is this fundamental\ndifference between the application of the two clauses that, while the\nformer left the Russian Army in occupation of the Armenian provinces\nuntil the reforms should be an accomplished fact, the latter was a mere\nTurkish promise to be performed after their evacuation by the Russian\nforces. How the Turk performed his promise is well enough known, and\nforms the darkest page of modern history--probably of all history.\nThose who have the interest and the time for fuller information on the\nsubject I recommend to refer to Mr. Gladstone's famous speeches on the\nEastern Question and the Treaty of Berlin, the debates in both Houses of\nParliament on the massacres of 1895-96, Canon Maccoll's \"The Sultan and\nthe Powers,\" Mr. W. Llew Williams's \"Armenia Past and Present,\" and last\nbut not least, \"Our Responsibilities for Turkey,\" by the late Duke of\nArgyll. This frank and admirable commentary on the bearing of British\npolicy upon the Armenian question is now unfortunately out of print. I\ntherefore quote, with apologies, the following lengthy extract for the\nconvenience of those who may have difficulty in procuring a copy. It is\nan authority that will command general and respectful attention.[26]\n(The italics are mine.)\n\"Nothing can be more childish than to suppose that the significance and\neffect of such a change as this[27] can be measured or appreciated by\nlooking at the mere grammatical meaning of the words. The words seemed\nharmless enough. They may even seem to be most benevolent and most wise\nin the interests of the Christian subjects of the Porte in Armenia. But\nwhen we look at the facts which lay behind the words, and at the motives\nwhich were at work among the contracting parties, we must see that\nnothing could have been devised more fatal to their interests. The\nchange which the new words affected in the Treaty of San Stefano wounded\nthe pride and the most justifiable ambition of Russia to be the\nprotector of her co-religionists in provinces with which no other\nChristian Power had any natural connection. On the other hand, it\ndelighted the low cunning of the Turk, in constituting another 'rift\nwithin the lute' which by and by would be quite sure to make the 'music\nmute' of any effective concert between the Powers of Europe. The Turk\ncould see at a glance that, whilst it relieved him of the dangerous\npressure of Russia, it substituted no other pressure which his own\ninfinite dexterity in delays could not easily make abortive. _As for the\nunfortunate Armenians, the change was simply one which must tend to\nexpose them to the increased enmity of their tyrants, whilst it damaged\nand discouraged the only protection which was possible under the\ninexorable conditions of the physical geography of the country._[28]\n\"But this is not the whole of the responsibility which falls on us out\nof the international transactions connected with the Treaty of Berlin.\nAfter that treaty had been concluded, we entered by ourselves into a\nseparate, and for a while a secret, convention with Turkey, by which we\nundertook to defend her Asiatic provinces by force of arms from any\nfurther conquests on the part of Russia, and in return we asked for\nnothing more than a lease of Cyprus, and a new crop of Turkish promises\nthat she would introduce reforms in her administration of Armenia. No\nsecurity whatever was asked or offered for the execution of those\npromises. We simply repeated the old mistake of 1856, of trusting\nentirely to the good faith of Turkey, or to her gratitude. But this time\nthe mistake was repeated after twenty-two years' continued experience of\nthe futility of such a trust. As to gratitude, it must have been quite\nclear to the Turks that we were acting in our own supposed interests in\nresisting the advance of Russia at any cost.\n\"No doubt we had occasion to remember, with some natural bitterness, the\nsacrifice to Russia of all that the gallant General Williams had done\nfor Turkey in his splendid defence of Kars. But we ought to have\nremembered, also, how dreadful had been the account given by that able\nand gallant man of the detestable Government which he was defending. We\nought to have remembered how easy were the reforms which he had\nrecommended, if the Turkish Government had been honest; and how they had\nall been systematically evaded. We ought, above all, to have considered\nthe inevitable effect of this new treaty of guarantee upon the sharp\ncunning of the Turks. They saw how eagerly it was sought by us, and they\nmust have concluded that, whilst we were clearly not only earnest, but\nexcited, in our opposition to Russia, we were comparatively careless and\nlukewarm about any changes in their own system of government. _They must\nhave seen that the new convention_[29] _practically superseded even the\nslightest restraints put upon them by the Treaty of Berlin, and that the\nChristian population of Armenia were practically left entirely at their\nmercy._\n\"Let us look back upon all these transactions as a whole, and try to\nform some estimate of the position of responsibility in which they have\nplaced us towards the Christian populations subject to the Ottoman\ndominion. In 1854-56 we had saved that dominion from destruction by\ndefeating, and locally disarming, its great natural enemy. We had set\nup that dominion with new immunities from attack, and we had choked off\nfrom any protectorate over the Christians the only Power which would or\ncould exert any such influence with effect. We had done this without\nproviding any substitute of our own, except a recorded promise from the\nTurks. We had provided no machinery whereby bad faith on the part of\nTurkey could be proved and punished. Then, twenty years later, in 1876,\nwe had obstinately refused to join the other Powers of Europe in\nremedying this great defect, by putting a combined pressure on Turkey to\ncompel her to establish effective guarantee for the future. In 1878 we\nhad denounced the treaty in which Russia, by her own expenditure of\nblood and treasure, had imposed on Turkey the obligations which we had\nadmitted to be needful, but which we had ourselves declined to do\nanything to enforce. Then, in the same year, at Berlin, we had again\ndone all we could to choke off the only Power which had the means and\nthe disposition to secure the fulfilment of any promises at all.\n_Particularly in Armenia we had substituted for a promise to Russia\nwhich her power, her geographical position, and her pride might have\nreally led her to enforce, another promise to all the Powers which, on\nthe face of it, was absurd--namely, a promise to let all the Powers\n'superintend the execution' of domestic reforms in a remote and very\ninaccessible country._ Lastly, in the same year, as we had already\nchoked off Russia, we now proceeded by a separate Convention to choke\noff also all the other Powers collectively, by inducing Turkey to give a\nspecial promise to ourselves, apart from them altogether. For the\nperformance of this special promise we provided no security whatever,\nbut trusted entirely, as we had done in 1856, to the good faith of a\nPower which we knew had none. _With Russia deeply offended and\nestranged, and the rest of Europe set aside or superseded--such were the\nconditions under which we abandoned the Christian subjects of the Porte\nin Asia to a Government incurably barbarous and corrupt._\n\"And now, we are astonished and disgusted by finding that the terrible\nconsequences of all this selfish folly have fallen on those whom we had\nprofessed, and whom we were bound by every consideration of honour, to\nprotect. Surely these years might have brought us a reconsideration of\nour position. The fever of our popular Russophobia had sensibly abated.\nWe had secured our \"scientific frontier\" in India, and Russian expansion\nhad taken a new direction in the Far East. New combinations--and some\nnew disseverments--had taken place in Europe. The whole position of\naffairs was favourable to a policy of escape from bad traditions--from\nobsolete doctrines--and from duties which it was impossible we could\ndischarge. Surely we might have asked ourselves, What had we been doing\nall these years to fulfil those duties? Nothing. And yet all along we\nwere not ignorant that the vicious Government which we had so long\nhelped to sustain against all the natural agencies that would have\nbrought it to an end long ago was getting no better, but rather worse.\nWe knew this perfectly well, and we have recorded our knowledge of it in\na document of unimpeachable authority. In the second year after the\nTreaty of Berlin, when the obligations we had undertaken under it were\nstill fresh in our recollection, we had made one more endeavour to\nrecall the Ottoman Power to some sense of shame, if not to some sense of\nduty. In 1880 we had a special Envoy at the Porte, one of our most\ndistinguished public men--Mr. Goschen; and we had called together at\nConstantinople a meeting of all the Ambassadors of the six Powers of\nEurope who were signatories of the Treaty of Berlin. They drew up an\nIdentic Note, which they all signed and presented to the Porte. In that\nNote they declared that no reforms had been, or were even on the way to\nbeing, adopted, and that so desperate was the misgovernment of the\ncountry, that 'it would lead in all probability to the destruction of\nthe Christian population of vast districts.' Could a more dreadful\nconfession have been made in respect to the conduct and policy of any\nChristian Government?\n\"This Identic Note commented severely on the calculated falsehoods of\nall kinds, and on the cunning procrastinations, which characterized the\nconduct and language of the Porte. It concluded by reminding that\nGovernment, as an essential fact, 'that by treaty engagements Turkey was\nbound to introduce the reforms which had been often indicated,' and that\nthese reforms were to be 'carried out under the supervision of the\nPowers.'\n\"We might as well have addressed our representations to a convict just\nreleased from a long sentence, and determined at once to renew his\ncareer of crime. And so we had gone on for fifteen more years since\n1880, failing to take, or even attempt taking, any effectual measures to\nprotect the helpless populations subject to a Government which we knew\nto be so cruel and oppressive--_populations towards whom we lay under so\nmany responsibilities, from our persistent protection of their\noppressors_. At last comes, in 1894, one of those appalling outbreaks of\nbrutality on the part of the Turks which always horrify, but need never\nastonish, the world. They are all according to what Bishop Butler would\nhave called the 'natural constitution and course of things,' that is to\nsay, they are the natural results of the nature and government of the\nOttoman Turks.\"\nSuch is the nature of Great Britain's debt to us. It was rashly incurred\nby her statesmen. Successive British Governments have made strenuous\nefforts and run great risks to discharge it. But it has proved\nundischargeable for forty years, with consequences to us which are well\nknown. This terrible war and the ensuing peace will give Great Britain\nboth the power and the opportunity to discharge that obligation, and our\nweapons for enforcing our claim are the honour, the conscience and the\nnever-failing sense of justice of England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and\nthe British Empire. I appeal to these in the name of my sorely-stricken\nnation, pale, prostrate and bleeding almost to death, to stand by us and\nfight our battle at the Peace Conference. And if my appeal reaches a\nwide enough circle of British and Irish men and women, I am confident\nthat my nation will not die, but will live and prosper, and carve out a\nfuture that will amply compensate her for the past.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[26] _Our Responsibilities for Turkey_, by the Duke of Argyll, K.G.,\nK.T., John Murray, 1896, p. 72.\n[27] The supersession of Article 16 of the Treaty of San Stefano by\nArticle 61 of the Treaty of Berlin.\n[28] _Town Topics_ of February 10, 1917, had the following: \"The idiotic\nand ignorant criticism of the Navy one hears occasionally, recalls an\nimmortal answer by a harassed First Lord, during an earlier Armenian\natrocity (1895-96)--\n\"'Will the right honourable gentleman tell the House definitely whether\nit is proposed to send a British battleship to Armenia?' asked the bore\nwho worried about every country but his own.\n\"'It is not proposed to send any ships there,' replied the Minister\ngravely. 'Navigation, I am informed by expert advisers at the Admiralty,\nhas not been good in the vicinity of Ararat since the cruise of the\nArk.'\"\nWould to God that this intelligence had reached the Foreign Offices of\nEurope twenty years earlier, before the signing of the Treaty of Berlin.\n[29] The Cyprus Convention.\nXI\n     AN APPEAL TO THE COMING PEACE CONFERENCE\nGentlemen, this historic conference has come together to draw up a map\nof a new Europe and a new Near East which will in no part violate the\nprinciple of nationality--the great weakness and inherent injustice of\nformer treaties, which has been largely responsible for the disastrous\nwar now happily come to an end.\nYou have also assembled as a great international tribunal to uphold the\nsanctity of law and humanity, and to give judgment as to the just\nreparation that must be made, and as to the penalties to be exacted for\nall outrages committed during the war against humanity and the laws and\nusages of civilized warfare.\nAmong the multitude of problems, great and small, that await a just and\nwise settlement at your hands, there is also the Armenian question.\nThis question may appear, to some of you at least, a small and\ninsignificant one in the presence of the great and weighty questions of\nworld-wide importance that await settlement. I claim for it without any\nfear of contradiction that in point of outraged humanity and\ncivilization, measured by the sacrifice of innocence, the magnitude and\nunspeakable horrors of the martyrdom, destruction and ruin that has been\nbrought upon this people with a calculated, deliberate object, and\nwithout the slightest provocation; I maintain that, on these\nincontestable grounds, this is the greatest Wrong that ever demanded\njustice and reparation at the bar of a great International Tribunal.\nAnd it is not Turkey and Germany alone who owe us reparation, although\nupon their shoulders lies the guilt for the innocent blood that has been\nruthlessly shed, the wanton destruction that has been wrought and the\nuntold suffering and sorrow brought upon this people during the war. All\nthe Great Powers of Europe have their share of responsibility for\nleaving them at the mercy of the Turk to be murdered, burned, outraged,\nenslaved, to provide this or that European Statesman the satisfaction of\nhaving scored a point against his opponent in the sordid jealousies and\nrivalries of conflicting interests.\nIn 1877 Russian armies, partly under Armenian generals, occupied our\ncountry, and we hoped and believed that the hour of our liberation from\nthe hideous nightmare of Turkish domination had struck.\nIt was a short-lived joy. The Congress of Berlin assembled soon after,\ntore up the Treaty of San Stefano which had given us the blessing of\neffective Russian protection, compelled the liberating Russian armies to\nevacuate our country, and left us once again the sport and prey of our\nTurkish and Kurdish tormentors.\nAfter the butcheries of 1895-96 Great Britain was prepared to exact\neffective guarantees from the Sultan Abdul Hamid, if necessary by force\nof arms, against a repetition of these unspeakable barbarities; but the\nRussian Government of the day, sore at the rebuff administered to it by\nthe Treaty of Berlin and the Cyprus Convention, opposed Great Britain's\nproposal of taking coercive measures to stay the hand of the Great\nAssassin.\nIn 1913 a Scheme of Reforms proposed by Russia formed the subject of\ndiscussion by the Powers, and was finally agreed to by Turkey after it\nhad undergone such modifications and revisions at the instance of the\nTurks, backed by Germany, as to render it of little practical value. The\nwar intervened before the scheme could be put into operation, and it\nremained a dead letter, as had all its predecessors. Meanwhile massacre,\noutrage, rapine, plunder, and all conceivable forms of oppression and\npersecution went on without respite, though in varying degrees of\nintensity, culminating in the frightful hecatombs of the last two years.\nAlthough, of course, such was not their object and intention, the net\nresult of these transactions was to give the Turk the opportunity, as\nevents have unfortunately proved, of murdering, burning, drowning,\ntorturing, violating, enslaving and forcibly converting to Islam at\nleast 2,000,000 unoffending and defenceless Christians within the\ncomparatively short space of forty years. I do not for a moment suggest\nthat the authors of these Treaties themselves foresaw such a result of\ntheir efforts. But that makes no difference to the result. Europe backed\n\"the wrong horse,\" as Lord Salisbury had the courage to say, and the\nstakes were the lives of hundreds of thousands of innocent\nChristians--men, women and children--and a sum of human suffering and\nmisery such as the world has probably never seen before.\nI gratefully acknowledge the efforts made by the successive British,\nFrench, Russian and Italian Governments, from time to time, to bring\nmoral or diplomatic pressure upon the Turks to treat us with less\nharshness and inhumanity. But the Turk, Young and Old, knew that\ncoercion would never be used against him. He treated all European\nrepresentations with amusement and contempt and went his way\nrelentlessly, intent upon wiping out the whole race. He felt more secure\nfrom the danger of coercion after the Christian Emperor William II, on\nhis return from his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, paid a visit to and\nfraternized with the Sultan Abdul Hamid while his hands were still red\nwith the blood of the fearful massacres of 1895-96.\nThat, gentlemen, has been the net result of the solemn promises given by\nthe Turks in the Treaty of Berlin, for which every Signatory Power has\nits share of responsibility. Since that Treaty became the law of Europe\nwe have made numerous appeals and representations for the application of\nArt. 61. The reply we received from the Ministers of the Signatory\nPowers was almost the same every time and everywhere. \"Insistence on the\napplication of Art. 61 will lead to complications; you must wait for a\nfavourable opportunity.\"\nGentlemen, that long-looked-for opportunity has at last come.\nArmenia--\"the little blood that is left to her\"--stands at the bar of\nthis Conference, full of hope and expectation that the Entente Powers\nwill compel Turkey in the first place to make full reparation for the\nuntold horrors, outrages and injustices that she has inflicted upon her;\nthat they will compel Germany to compensate her for her acquiescence in\nthe atrocities committed by the Turks while Turkey was under her\ninfluence and control; and that they will add their own quota as a debt\nof honour and conscience in return for a part at least of what she has\nhad to endure as a result of the diplomatic transactions cited above,\nfor which they have their share of responsibility. You cannot give us\nback our dead, but this Conference gives you the opportunity of exacting\nand making a reparation as generous as our trials and sacrifices have\nbeen heavy.\n\"What do you expect this Conference to give the Armenian people as their\nadequate reparation and just rights?\" I would probably be asked.\nThis is what I should expect the Conference to give to my nation, in all\njustice and equity:\nThe formation of an autonomous Armenia, comprising the vilayets of Van,\nBitlis, Erzeroum, Kharput, Diyarbekir and Eastern Sivas, also Cilicia\nwith an outlet on the Gulf of Alexandretta, say from the port of\nAlexandretta to a few miles south-west of Mersina.\nThis State to be an internationally guaranteed neutral State with its\nports and markets open to all nations. It would have an Organic Statute\ndrawn up for it by the Protecting Powers, England, France, and Russia,\ngiving equality before the law to all the different elements of the\npopulation with extra-territorial rights and consular courts for\nEuropeans for a term of years. Russia to act as mandatory of the\nProtecting Powers, and during the first few years the executive to\nconsist of a Governor-General or High Commissioner and a mixed\nLegislative Council appointed by the Protecting Powers. A Legislative\nAssembly to be called together as soon as the country regains its normal\nstate.\nThe country being at present in a more or less chaotic state, an army of\noccupation will be necessary for as many years as will be required to\norganize and train an efficient gendarmerie from the local population.\nEuropean advisers and heads of departments would be necessary, but there\nare large numbers of experienced Armenian administrators, magistrates,\npost and telegraph inspectors, engineers, etc., etc., in the Ottoman\nEmpire as well as in the Caucasus, Egypt and the Balkans, who would\ngladly put their services at the disposal of their own country. Some\nwould probably come from America, India and elsewhere. Adequate\nfinancial compensation by Turkey[30] and Germany would place at the\ndisposal of the executive ample funds to begin the work of rebuilding\nthe ruined towns and villages and reconstruction generally, and to carry\non the Government of the country until the first year's harvest is sown\nand gathered and revenue begins coming into the Treasury.\nThis is the scheme I would propose in broad outline, it being impossible\nto go into details here.\n\"But there is not a large enough number of Armenians left to form a\nState,\" I may be told, as I have been told so often recently. (I may say\nhere, in parenthesis, that the Turkish and German delegates cannot\nadvance this objection, as their Governments have denied the existence\nof any massacres.)\nThat is an entirely mistaken assumption, created by the frequent but\ninaccurate use of the phrase \"Armenian extermination.\" The Turks did\nmake a final ruthless attempt to exterminate us, and have dealt us a\nstaggering blow as a race; but, gentlemen, they have not quite succeeded\nin their nefarious design, and it would be a sad day, indeed, for\ncivilization if such a design had succeeded.\nThere are to-day 500,000 Turkish Armenians in the parts of vilayets in\noccupation of the Russian armies, in the Caucasus and Northern Persia.\nFar from their spirits being broken, these people are animated with the\nunshakable determination that their beloved country shall rise again\nfrom its ashes and their nation revive and enter upon a new era of\nsecurity and free development. Armenians all over the world are animated\nwith the same spirit and determination. Of the above half-million 50,000\nor 60,000, mostly able-bodied men, are in different parts of the\noccupied provinces. There are a little over 250,000 refugees in the\nCaucasus and Persia, and some 200,000 emigrants and refugees from\npre-war massacres; most of them are ready to return to their homes, one\npotent reason for the readiness of the pre-war emigrants to return\nbeing the growing scarcity and dearness of land in the fertile parts of\nthe Caucasus. Then there are the hundreds of thousands of Armenians in\nconcentration camps in Northern Mesopotamia and Syria. How many are\nalive to return to their devastated homes, I cannot say. Perhaps the\nTurkish delegate will be able to inform the Conference on that point.\nThen there are still large numbers of Armenians--though mostly old men,\nwomen and children, so far as our information goes--in Anatolia and\nThrace, and over 200,000 mostly young, intelligent, ambitious men, who\nhave emigrated since the beginning of Abdul Hamid's reign of terror, to\nthe United States, Egypt, the Balkans, and different other countries. A\nnot unimportant number of these will return to their native land ready\nto \"do their bit\" in the--to them--sacred work of its reconstruction and\nregeneration with invincible industry.\nThis will give us within a very short time an Armenian population of not\nmuch under one million souls in the proposed Autonomous Armenia. It may\nnot form a majority taken as a whole, but it will form the largest\ncoherent ethnological element. In many important centres, such as Van,\nAlashgerd, etc., where there are almost no Turks left and a much smaller\nnumber of Kurds than there was before the war, it will form an absolute\nmajority. This is an important fact which the Conference should bear in\nmind. Although the Armenian element is sadly reduced in numbers, the\ngreat majority of the Turkish and kindred elements in these occupied\nprovinces have, as is their wont, followed the retreating Turkish armies\nand will probably never return. On the other hand, Armenians have for\nsome time past and do still percolate through the Turkish lines in\ngroups of various sizes and gain the Russian lines. This movement of\npopulation will almost certainly continue for some years, tending to\nincrease the Armenian and reduce the Turkish element in the proposed\nArmenian State, if such a State is set up. Similar movements of\npopulations have always taken place whenever any piece of Turkish\nterritory has passed under Christian rule.\nI may also remind the Congress that when Greece achieved her\nindependence, the population of Greece proper did not exceed 400,000.\nAnother important point bearing on this question of population is the\nfact, to which most students of Near Eastern affairs have borne witness,\nthat the Armenian race is endowed with extraordinary powers of\nrecuperation, is almost entirely free from the diseases that impede the\nrapid growth of population, and is one of the most prolific races in the\nworld. Their neighbours, on the evidence of travellers and students, are\nless free from disease and, in spite of polygamy, or perhaps partly\nbecause of it, are much less prolific.\nBut apart from mere counting of heads, it is, I believe, generally known\nand admitted that there is a vast difference between the moral,\nintellectual, economic, and industrial value of the Armenian population\nas compared with most of its neighbours, the Armenians being markedly\nsuperior in every field of human activity. They have proved this even\nunder the most trying handicaps, and when they have had a fair field\nthey have easily proved themselves the equals of Europeans. In fact,\nthe Armenian mind is much more European than Asiatic.[31]\nLord Cromer has said that \"the Armenians with the Syrians, are the\nintellectual cream of Near Eastern peoples.\"\nBut apart from all these practical and certainly essential and vital\nconsiderations there remains, messieurs, the moral argument which, I\nfeel quite certain, this august Conference, representing the will and\nthe conscience of Europe, is not minded to ignore.\nAfter the massacres and deportations of 1915 Talaat Bey is reported to\nhave said: \"I have killed the idea of Armenian autonomy for at least\nfifty years.\" Whether he said it or not, that was clearly the object--to\nkill the Armenian question by wiping out the Armenian race, and\nincidentally to destroy the roots of Christianity in Asia Minor.\nIs this Conference going to condone and justify the barbarous and\nrevolting practice, as a State policy, of the deliberate attempt to\nmurder a whole nation in cold blood, by permitting that infamous policy\nto succeed in its object?\nIs it conceivable that this historic Conference can bring itself to\ndecree that the myriads of our brothers and sisters who have fallen\nvictims to the super-tyrants' fury, for their religion and their nation,\nas well as those who have fallen in the common struggle for Right, have\nsuffered and died in vain?\nIn the name not only of the living, but also of the dead, I appeal to\nyou; I appeal to the heart and conscience of Europe to desist from\nenacting such a flagrant and cruel injustice.\nM. Paul Doumer, late President of the French Senate, declared in Paris\nnot long ago, with a fine sense of French chivalry and outraged\nhumanity, that when the question of Armenian population came to be\nconsidered at the end of the war, the dead must be counted with the\nliving. Who but my martyred nation has the moral right to invoke the\nmemorable and exalted words of the French officer who, at a moment of\ndire straits for men, looked at his fallen heroes around him and\nexclaimed \"Debout les morts!\"?\nI appeal to you, in particular, great and noble-hearted Russia, our\nmighty neighbour and protector. Our destiny is indissolubly bound up\nwith yours. Without the protection of your mighty sword and your most\ngenerous grants to our refugees, the Turk would have succeeded in his\nsinister design. We will remain ever grateful to you, and loyal to the\ndeath. We have always proved our unswerving loyalty to you in your hour\nof peril. We in our turn have rendered services which have been of value\nto you. Your generals gave our men great praise. Your foremost\nnewspapers hailed our soldiers and volunteers, and with truth, as the\nsaviours of the Caucasus. Your great Statesmen and Ministers declared in\nthe Duma that our terrible sufferings were chiefly due to our loyalty to\nRussia. Have trust in us. Help us to stand on our feet again and rebuild\nour devastated homes. _Leave us freedom to develop and progress\naccording to our own national genius._ Some of your newspapers are\nspeaking of a scheme to plant Russian colonies in Armenia, \"to create a\ndividing zone between the Russian and Turkish Armenians.\"[32] If this is\ntrue, it is an injustice. I am speaking candidly as a friend of Russia,\nand a supporter of my nationality as my birthright. Russians will always\nbe welcome amongst us. To show our feelings towards you I may mention\nthe fact that in conversation between themselves Armenians do not speak\nof you as \"Russians\" but as \"k\u00e9ri,\" which means \"uncle.\" But it is\nmanifestly unfair to establish colonies and apportion lands before the\nrepatriation of our numerous refugees, some of whom may be the owners of\nthe land given away. Besides, what is the object or the necessity of a\n\"dividing zone\" between the Turkish and Russian Armenians? We are all\nready to rally to your support again if the need should arise, as we\nhave always done in your righteous struggle against barbarism. Such\nmeasures, before the blood of our numerous victims is dry on our land,\ngrieve and perplex us. I say again, we welcome your protection, but\nenable us to say always, as Sir Wilfrid Laurier said of the French\nCanadians, \"We are loyal because we are free.\" With such just and\nliberal treatment from you, we will not only create in a short time\nimportant markets for your trade down to the shores of the\nMediterranean, but you will have in us a reliable bulwark and\ncounterpoise, on your southern frontier, against the turbulent elements\nwho are a standing menace to that frontier. The stronger you help us to\ngrow, the more secure that frontier of your empire will be.\nTo England, France and Italy I appeal jointly with Russia, to prevent\nthe Congress from finally condemning to death our long-cherished and\nlegitimate aspirations of national regeneration, for which we have paid\nsuch a fearful price. In particular I appeal to you to give us an outlet\nto the sea, not only as an indispensable necessity of our economic life\nand development, but also as the avenue of Western Culture which a hard\nand cruel fate has so long withheld from us.\nLet the radiant sun of liberty and security shine again on our land of\nsorrow and drive away for ever the stifling miasma of the Turkish\nblight, and there will spring to life, within a generation, a people\nwith a passionate craving for the light and progress of the West--a\npeople morally and mentally equipped and adapted for the assimilation of\nthe New Dispensation not only for its own benefit, but also for its\ndissemination amongst its less advanced neighbours--a well-qualified and\nwilling instrument and leaven of Christian civilization.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[30] A friend of mine, a Turkish Armenian well acquainted with local\nconditions, told me that \u00a350,000,000 would be a conservative estimate of\nthe material loss of the 1,200,000 massacred, deported, enslaved, but in\nall cases despoiled, Armenians.\n[31] M. J. de Morgan says in an article in _La Revue de Paris_ (May 1,\n1916): \"Les Arm\u00e9niens sont des Orientaux par leur habitat seulement,\nmais des Europ\u00e9ens par leurs origins, leur parler, leur religion, leurs\nmoeurs et leurs aptitudes.\"\n[32] The _Retch_, the organ of the Constitutional Democrats in Russia,\nhas published the following in its issue of July 28, 1916 (O.S.)--\n\"The scheme of settling Russian emigrants in the occupied parts of\nTurkish Armenia, recently discussed in the Duma, is being energetically\ncarried out. This matter has been the subject of a lively discussion\nbetween the Emigration and Military authorities. Investigations are in\nprogress, not only in the districts near the frontier, but also further\nafield, the fertile Mush valley being the object of special attention.\nAgricultural battalions have been in course of organization since last\nautumn and already number 5000 men. More will be found presently.\n_Armenians and Georgians are excluded._ The task of these young arms is\nto cultivate the fields on which investigations have been carried out,\nunder the supervision of agricultural experts, in order to facilitate\nthe provisioning of the army. The question of emigrating the families of\nthese men is also under consideration.\n\"Side by side with this scheme there exists another scheme of settling\nCossacks in Turkish Armenia, on similar lines to what has already been\ndone in Northern Caucasus with good results. _Those who have conceived\nthese schemes have in view the creation of a sufficiently broad zone\ninhabited by Russians, separating the Russian Armenians from the Turkish\nArmenians._\n\"Armenian refugees are gradually returning to their country and resuming\nthe work of cultivating their lands. They usually settle in the villages\nthat have suffered least, their own villages having been totally ruined.\n\"To avoid confusion, the Grand Duke Nicholas issued a Ukase in March\nlast, warning these returned refugees to keep themselves in readiness to\nvacate these districts on the establishment of Russian Civil\nAdministration. In the same Ukase the Commander-in-Chief of the\nCaucasian Army has decreed that the vacant lands in the plains of\nAlashkert, Diadin and Bayazid may be given in hire up to the time of the\nreturn of their rightful owners. _General Yudenitch has issued orders,\nhowever, prohibiting the settlement in these places of any other\nimmigrants except Russians and Cossacks._ Only those natives are\npermitted to return who are able to prove ownership of land or property\nby legal documents. This arrangement makes it impossible for the natives\n(Armenians) to return to their homes because it is ridiculous to speak\nof title-deeds, when dealing with land in Turkey; and as for other\ndocuments which prove ownership, these always get lost during flight.\n\"In the above three plains, also in parts of the plain of Bassain, the\nsurviving native inhabitants are debarred from returning to their homes\nand resuming their peaceful occupations.\"\nPOSTSCRIPT\nSince the foregoing pages were written and before they had left the\nprinter's hands, two momentous events have occurred which must\nprofoundly influence not only the remaining course of the war, but also,\nand more especially, the settlement of the peace on its termination: two\nevents that together mark the greatest triumph of democracy and\ncivilization the world has seen. The Russian revolution and the entry of\nthe great American Republic into the ranks of the champions of Right and\nHumanity have not only brought peace nearer, they have banished any\ndoubt that may have existed in the minds of sceptics both in belligerent\nand neutral countries that this war of wars is a struggle between the\nforces of Light and Liberty and the powers of Darkness and Reaction.\nAfter watching the course of the struggle for more than thirty months,\ntaking note of the difference between the methods of warfare employed by\nthe opposing groups of belligerents; after ascertaining their respective\naims; after long, patient and careful deliberation, the greatest of all\nthe neutral judges came to the conclusion that \"civilization itself\nseems to be in the balance.\" (It will not be forgotten in the Entente\ncountries, I feel sure, that though unlimited submarine \"frightfulness\"\nwas the immediate _casus belli_, the martyrdom of Armenia played an\nimportant part in leading President Wilson and the people of the United\nStates to that conclusion.) The world's greatest Democracy, imbued with\na deep-rooted love of peace and abhorrence of war as to which no doubt\nor suspicion anywhere exists, has broken away from a century-old\ntradition, which was the very foundation of its external policy, and\ndrawn the sword impelled not by ambition or the furtherance of material\ninterests of any kind, but by honour and the instinctive call of true\nchivalry to stand by those who have carried on a long and fierce\nstruggle to save the \"desperately assaulted\" free institutions,\nprinciples and ideals which are its own and humanity's most precious and\nsacred possessions. For the first time in history--I think one can\nsafely say that--a great nation, led by a great and sagacious leader,\nhas gone to war prompted almost entirely with the disinterested motive\nof upholding its own ideals and the ideals and rights of humanity--truly\nan event of which the best elements of the human race will always be\nproud; which will ever stand out as a bright and noble landmark in the\nhistory of the world.\nWhile these epoch-making events have stamped the cause of the Allies\nwith the seal of supreme moral sanction, they have also made assurance\ndoubly sure that the end of the war will confer upon the world a lasting\npeace based upon _real_ justice and equity. The presence of the\ndelegates of the United States at the Peace Conference side by side with\nthe representatives of the British Empire, France, Italy, and free\nRussia will constitute a sure and sterling guarantee to the world that\nthe determining factors in the moulding of its destinies will not be\nthe selfish interests, avowed or veiled, of this or that empire, not the\nwhims and ambitions of despots and ruling castes or the greed of\ncosmopolitan financiers, but \"the pure milk,\" of the broad interests of\njustice and peace, the rights of nations great and small and the freedom\nand welfare of mankind itself.\nTo the Armenian people it is a final pledge that the reparation to be\ndemanded and obtained for them, in the terms of peace will be\ncommensurate, in full measure, with the magnitude of the wrongs and\nsufferings inflicted upon them because, in a vast waste of ancient\nbarbarism and fraud, they formed an oasis embodying the ideals and\nprinciples which the democracies of Europe and America are struggling to\nvindicate.\nIf the great and free nations of Europe have greeted these auspicious\nevents with the satisfaction and enthusiasm we have witnessed in these\nlast days, it can be readily imagined how intense is the rejoicing they\nhave evoked in the hearts of the most ruthlessly oppressed of all\npeoples, so long denied the blessings whose advent has been placed\nbeyond all doubt by President Wilson's clarion call to Democracy and by\nthe declarations of the Provisional Government of free Russia.\nThat the declarations of the Provisional Government of free and\nregenerated Russia have been received with profound satisfaction by\nArmenians, goes without saying. These declarations added to those\nalready made by the Allied Governments in regard to their war-aims, and\nPresident Wilson's \"Declaration of Liberty\"--as his inspiring and\nmemorable address to Congress has been rightly called--finally ensure\nthe realization of Armenia's legitimate aspiration to freedom and\nself-government. And if the Russian people should decide that the new\nRussia shall be a Republic, that would open out the vista of a\nthoroughly democratic, integral and united Armenian State free to work\nout her regeneration according to her own national genius, under the\nguidance of the Protecting Powers and with their and America's generous\nmoral and material support.\nAmerica's interest in Armenia and the excellent work of her Missions in\nnumerous Armenian centres both in Armenia itself and throughout Asia\nMinor leave no doubt that when the time for reconstruction comes,\nAmerican aid--moral, material and cultural--will be forthcoming on a\nscale and in a manner worthy of that great country and the lofty aims\nfor which she entered the war. For, what part of the vast war-stricken\narea in Europe and the Near East more acutely and tragically exemplifies\nthe evils which the Allies and the United States are determined to put\nan end to once and for all, and what nobler and more fitting culmination\nto their gigantic efforts and sacrifices for humanity, than the\nredemption and re-birth of this thrice-martyred ancient Christian\npeople?\nBefore concluding, I take this opportunity to call attention to a\npassage in Mr. Asquith's speech in the House of Commons on the entry of\nthe United States into the war, which brings into strong relief the\nguilt of the Governments of the Central Powers in the stupendous crime\nof attempting the murder of a nation, although the occasion of the\nspeech was of course the very antithesis of the attitude of the Central\nPowers towards the Armenian atrocities.\n\"In such a situation,\" said Mr. Asquith, \"aloofness is seen to be not\nonly a blunder but a crime. To stand aside with stopped ears, with\nfolded arms, with an averted gaze, when you have the power to intervene\nis to become not a mere spectator, but an accomplice.\"[33]\nI am quoting this striking utterance by one of England's greatest living\nstatesmen also in the hope that it may furnish food for reflection to\nthose pro-Turks who have maintained during pre-war massacres, and still\nmaintain, with Count Reventlow and his followers, that the massacre of\nhis Christian subjects by the Turk is his own concern, and that nobody\nhas the right or the obligation to intervene and create new conditions\nthat will eliminate the possibility of its recurrence.\nFOOTNOTE:\nAPPENDIX\nARTICLE XVI OF THE TREATY OF SAN STEFANO\nAs the evacuation by the Russian troops of the territory which they\noccupy in Armenia, and which is to be restored to Turkey, might give\nrise to conflicts and complications detrimental to the maintenance of\ngood relations between the two countries, the Sublime Porte engages to\ncarry into effect, without further delay, the improvements and reforms\ndemanded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by Armenians,\nand to guarantee their security from Kurds and Circassians.\nARTICLE LXI OF THE TREATY OF BERLIN\nThe Sublime Porte undertakes to carry out, without further delay, the\nimprovements and reforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces\ninhabited by the Armenians, and to guarantee their security against the\nCircassians and Kurds. It will periodically make known the steps taken\nto this effect to the Powers, who will superintend their application.\nTHE CYPRUS CONVENTION\nTURKEY NO. 36 (1878)\nCorrespondence respecting the Convention between Great Britain and\nTurkey, of June 4, 1878.\nPresented to the Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty 1878.\nLIST OF PAPERS\n     No. 1. The Marquis of Salisbury to Mr. Layard, May 30, 1878.\n     No. 2. Sir A. H. Layard to the Marquis of Salisbury, one Inclosure\n     No. 3. Sir A. H. Layard to the Marquis of Salisbury, one Inclosure\nNo. 1 is the letter which conveys to Mr. Layard Lord Salisbury's\ninstructions for entering into the Convention (as follows)--\nTHE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY TO MR. LAYARD.\n     Foreign Office, May 30, 1878.\n     The progress of the confidential negotiations which have for some\n     time past been in progress between Her Majesty's Government and the\n     Government of Russia make it probable that those Articles of the\n     Treaty of San Stefano which concern European Turkey will be\n     sufficiently modified to bring them into harmony with the interests\n     of the other European Powers, and of England in particular.\n     There is, however, no such prospect with respect to that portion of\n     the Treaty which concerns Turkey in Asia. It is sufficiently\n     manifest that, in respect to Batoum and the fortresses north of the\n     Araxes, the Government of Russia is not prepared to recede from the\n     stipulations to which the Porte has been led by the events of the\n     war to consent. Her Majesty's Government have consequently been\n     forced to consider the effect which these agreements, if they are\n     neither annulled nor counteracted, will have upon the future of the\n     Asiatic provinces of the Ottoman Empire and upon the interests of\n     England, which are closely affected by the condition of those\n     provinces.\n     It is impossible that Her Majesty's Government can look upon these\n     changes with indifference. Asiatic Turkey contains populations of\n     many different races and creeds, possessing no capacity for\n     self-government[34] and no aspirations for independence, but owing\n     their tranquillity and whatever prospect of political well-being\n     they possess entirely to the rule of the Sultan. But the Government\n     of the Ottoman Dynasty is that of an ancient but still alien\n     conqueror, resting more upon actual power than upon the sympathies\n     of common nationality. The defeat which the Turkish arms have\n     sustained and the known embarrassments of the Government will\n     produce a general belief in its decadence and an expectation of\n     speedy political change, which in the East are more dangerous than\n     actual discontent to the stability of a Government. If the\n     population of Syria, Asia Minor, and Mesopotamia see that the Porte\n     has no guarantee for its continued existence but its own strength,\n     they will, after the evidence which recent events have furnished of\n     the frailty of that reliance, begin to calculate upon the speedy\n     fall of the Ottoman domination, and to turn their eyes towards its\n     successor.\n     Even if it be certain that Batoum and Ardahan and Kars will not\n     become the base from which emissaries of intrigue will issue forth,\n     to be in due time followed by invading armies, the mere retention\n     of them by Russia will exercise a powerful influence in\n     disintegrating the Asiatic dominion of the Porte. As a monument of\n     feeble defence on the one side, and successful aggression on the\n     other, they will be regarded by the Asiatic population as\n     foreboding the course of political history in the immediate future,\n     and will stimulate, by the combined action of hope and fear,\n     devotion to the Power which is in the ascendant, and desertion of\n     the Power which is thought to be falling into decay.\n     It is impossible for Her Majesty's Government to accept, without\n     making an effort to avert it, the effect which such a state of\n     feeling would produce upon regions whose political condition deeply\n     concerns the Oriental interests of Great Britain. They do not\n     propose to attempt the accomplishment of this object by taking\n     military measures for the purpose of replacing the conquered\n     districts in the possession of the Porte. Such an undertaking would\n     be arduous and costly, and would involve great calamities, and it\n     would not be effective for the object which Her Majesty's\n     Government have in view, unless subsequently strengthened by\n     precautions which can be taken almost as effectually without\n     incurring the miseries of a preliminary war. The only provision\n     which can furnish a substantial security for the stability of\n     Ottoman rule in Asiatic Turkey, and which would be as essential\n     after the re-conquest of the Russian annexations as it is now, is\n     an engagement on the part of a Power strong enough to fulfil it,\n     that any further encroachments by Russia upon Turkish territory in\n     Asia will be prevented by force of arms. Such an undertaking, if\n     given fully and unreservedly, will prevent the occurrence of the\n     contingency which would bring it into operation, and will, at the\n     same time, give to the populations of the Asiatic provinces the\n     requisite confidence that Turkish rule in Asia is not destined to a\n     speedy fall.\n     There are, however, two conditions which it would be necessary for\n     the Porte to subscribe before England could give such assurance.\n     Her Majesty's Government intimated to the Porte, on the occasion of\n     the Conference at Constantinople, that they were not prepared to\n     sanction misgovernment and oppression, and it will be requisite,\n     before they can enter into any agreement for the defence of the\n     Asiatic territories of the Porte in certain eventualities, that\n     they should be formally assured of the intention of the Porte to\n     introduce the necessary reforms into the government of the\n     Christian and other subjects of the Porte in these regions. It is\n     not desirable to require more than an engagement in general terms;\n     for the specific measures to be taken could only be defined after a\n     more careful inquiry and deliberation than could be secured at the\n     present juncture.\n     It is not impossible that a careful selection and a faithful\n     support of the individual officers to whom power is to be entrusted\n     in those countries would be a more important element in the\n     improvement of the condition of the people than even legislative\n     changes; but the assurances required to give England a right to\n     insist on satisfactory arrangements for these purposes will be an\n     indispensable part of any agreement to which Her Majesty's\n     Government could consent. It will further be necessary, in order to\n     enable Her Majesty's Government efficiently to execute the\n     engagements now proposed, that they should occupy a position near\n     the coast of Asia Minor and Syria. The proximity of British\n     officers, and, if necessary, British troops, will be the best\n     security that all the objects of this agreement shall be attained.\n     The Island of Cyprus appears to them to be in all respects the most\n     available for this object. Her Majesty's Government do not wish to\n     ask the Sultan to alienate territory from his sovereignty or to\n     diminish the receipts which now pass into his Treasury. They will,\n     therefore, propose that, while the administration and occupation of\n     the island shall be assigned to Her Majesty, the territory shall\n     still continue to be part of the Ottoman Empire, and that the\n     excess of the revenue over the expenditure, whatever it at present\n     may be, shall be paid over annually by the British Government to\n     the Treasury of the Sultan.\n     Inasmuch as the whole of this proposal is due to the annexations\n     which Russia has made in Asiatic Turkey, and the consequences which\n     it is apprehended will flow therefrom, it must be fully understood\n     that, if the cause of the danger should cease, the precautionary\n     agreement will cease at the same time. If the Government of Russia\n     should at any time surrender to the Porte the territory it has\n     acquired in Asia by the recent war, the stipulations in the\n     proposed agreements will cease to operate, and the island will be\n     immediately evacuated.\n     I request, therefore, your Excellency to propose to the Porte to\n     agree to a Convention to the following effect, and I have to convey\n     to you full authority to conclude the same on behalf of the Queen\n     and of Her Majesty's Government--\n     \"If Batoum, Ardahan, Kars, or any of them shall be retained by\n     Russia, and if any attempt shall be made at any future time by\n     Russia to take possession of any further portion of the Asiatic\n     territories of the Sultan, as fixed by the definitive Treaty of\n     Peace, England engages to join the Sultan in defending them by\n     force of arms. In return, the Sultan promises to England to\n     introduce necessary reforms (to be agreed upon later between the\n     two Powers) into the government of the Christian and other subjects\n     of the Porte in these territories; and, in order to enable England\n     to make necessary provision for executing her engagement the Sultan\n     further consents to assign the Island of Cyprus to be occupied and\n     administered by England.\"\n     (Signed) SALISBURY.\nNo. 2 is the Convention itself, as follows--\nARTICLE I\nIf Batoum, Ardahan, Kars, or any of them shall be retained by Russia,\nand if any attempt shall be made at any future time by Russia to take\npossession of any further territories of His Imperial Majesty the Sultan\nin Asia, as fixed by the definitive Treaty of Peace, England engages to\njoin His Imperial Majesty the Sultan in defending them by force of arms.\nIn return, His Imperial Majesty the Sultan promises to England to\nintroduce necessary reforms, to be agreed upon later by the two Powers,\ninto the government and for the protection of the Christian and other\nsubjects of the Porte in these territories; and in order to enable\nEngland to make necessary provision for executing her engagement His\nImperial Majesty the Sultan further consents to assign the Island of\nCyprus to be occupied and administered by England.\nARTICLE II\nThe present Convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications thereof\nshall be exchanged, within the space of one month, or sooner if\npossible.\nIn Witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the\nsame, and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.\nDone at Constantinople, the fourth day of June, in the year One thousand\neight hundred and seventy-eight.\n(L.S.) A. H. LAYARD.\n(L.S.) SAFVET.\nNo. 3 is the Annex to the above Convention, consisting of Six Articles,\nsigned at Constantinople on July 1, 1878, by A. H. Layard and Safvet\nrespectively. The first five Articles deal with the manner in which the\nIsland of Cyprus would be governed, whilst under British occupation. The\nfinal Article, viz. Article VI, is as follows--\n     \"That if Russia restores to Turkey Kars and the other Conquests\n     made by her in Armenia during the last war, the Island of Cyprus\n     will be evacuated by England; and the Convention of June 4, 1878,\n     will be at an end.\"\nNOTE\n\"The Turanian movement is not the spasmodic effort of a few enthusiasts.\nIt represents a carefully matured plan most elaborately studied in its\nphilosophical and practical aspects, and carried out on a vast and\nambitious scale. The spirit of its teaching has been made to permeate\nall classes of the purely Turkish population, including women; while, in\nthe army, it has been taught in the shape of a patriotic creed, and the\nforce of military discipline has been laid at the service of its\npromoters. The movement, therefore, no longer expresses the creed of a\nlimited number of nationalist fanatics, represented by the Central\nCommittee of Union and Progress, or the extremist section of it, but of\npractically the whole of the Turkish people, backed by the formidable\npower of the army. Thus, the view that would represent the Turkish\npeople as unwitting or unwilling tools in the hands of the Unionist\nGovernment can no longer be accepted. The Turkish race as a whole, with\nbut few exceptions, stands convicted of indulging in a wanton political\ndream, for the realization of which it seized the opportunity of the\nworld-war to commit most atrocious crimes. It is true that the initial\nresponsibility lies with the C.U.P., but the whole of the Turkish nation\nhas since shared the responsibility by its ready response. This is borne\nout by the easy success attained by the Unionist Government in\nmodifying--with hardly a dissentient voice--the system of State\neducation, embracing even the elementary schools, and in\nmisappropriating the _Wakfs_ funds.\n\"Military officers of the higher grades were instructed to pay\nperiodical visits to the barracks and there deliver lectures of a mixed\nreligious and racial character, prepared by the Government. Were not the\nTurkish heart a ready soil, such sowings would not have yielded such an\nearly and abundant harvest. In spite of successive admixtures of blood,\nthe Turks have retained the original instincts of the wild men of the\nSteppes, and a creed aiming at conquest and domination through\ndestruction and bloodshed found eager response in their souls. Islam,\nsympathetic as it is, despite its militant character, was sacrificed for\nthe realization of this widest of human dreams. There was not enough of\n'iron and blood' in its teaching. The Turanian creed, framed on the\nPrussian pattern of militarism, appealed a thousand times more to the\nTurks' savage nature; and the proof is that, without any compulsion\nbeing employed, it quickly supplanted the religious heritage of\ncenturies. The troops took up readily the heroic Turanian songs in place\nof the usual prayers which had, until lately, been compulsory, but are\nso no more. The simplest of Anatolians willingly accepted the idea that\nthe prophet of later days is Enver! The fundamental rules of Islam\nbecame, for them, the Testimony (for the unity of God), Reason,\nCharacter, and the Collection of contributions for the Government and\nthe War under the Turkish banner.\"\n(From an article entitled \"Turanian and Moslem\" in _The Near East_,\nFOOTNOTE:\n[34] By a curious irony of events, at the time these lines were written\nby the great English statesman, Egypt was governed by an Armenian Prime\nMinister, Nubar Pasha, while the victorious Russian Army in the Caucasus\nwas under the command of the Armenian General Loris Melikoff, the victor\nof Kars, who later became Minister of the Interior and one of the most\ntrusted advisers of the Czar Liberator. It is interesting to note that\nEgypt had an Armenian Prime Minister during the reign of the Khalif\nAl-Mustansir (1036-94) by the name of Badr-el-Gamali (probably a\nvariation of Bedros Gamalian), \"who governed wisely and well for twenty\nyears (1073-94).\"--_See_ ADRIAN FORTESCUE: _The Lesser Eastern\nChurches_, p. 237.\nPRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED, BRUNSWICK ST.,\nSTAMFORD ST., S.E., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Armenia and the War\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1942, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Charlie Howard and the Online Distributed\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive/American Libraries.)\nTranscriber's Note:\nThe original text contained images of three handwritten letters and one\ntyped letter. Their positions are indicated here as \u201cIllustrations\u201d,\nidentified as \u201cfac-simile\u201d, and followed by printed transcriptions. The\nidentifications were not in the original text and have been copied from\nthe List of Illustrations. The transcriptions were not in the original\ntext and have been added to this eBook by the transcribers.\n    LEE AND LONGSTREET\n    AT HIGH TIDE\n[Illustration:\n  Yours Truly\n  James Longstreet\n  Lieutenant-General]\n    LEE AND LONGSTREET\n    AT HIGH TIDE\n    GETTYSBURG IN THE LIGHT OF THE\n    OFFICIAL RECORDS\n    HELEN D. LONGSTREET\n    PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR\n    GAINESVILLE, GA.\n    COPYRIGHT, 1904\n    BY HELEN D. LONGSTREET\n    Electrotyped and Printed by J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia\n    LONGSTREET AT GETTYSBURG\n    FROM HER WHO SINCE CHILDHOOD HAS HELD\n    HIS HEROIC DEEDS AS SOLDIER AND CITIZEN\n    AMONG THE PRICELESS INHERITANCES OF THE\n    GREAT REPUBLIC\nPREFACE\nThis brief story of a gigantic event, and General Longstreet\u2019s part\ntherein was arranged for publication in book form in the fall of 1903,\nbefore his death, which occurred January 2, 1904. It is the carefully\nsifted story of the records and contemporaneous witnesses, and for\nclearness I have here and there introduced General Longstreet\u2019s\npersonal version of some of the disputed points. But the reader will\nperceive that at last it is the _story of the records_.\nFor my undertaking I drew liberally from General Longstreet\u2019s memoirs\nof the war, \u201cManassas to Appomattox;\u201d from his stores of knowledge in\nthe military art, and his treasure-house of memories of the Titanic\nencounter on the field of Gettysburg. The war-pictures included herein\nare also from the above-mentioned volume. And I am gratefully indebted\nto Captain Leslie J. Perry, formerly of the War Records Office,\nWashington City, for valuable assistance.\nAn appendix, added since General Longstreet\u2019s death, includes a small\nselection from the thousands of tributes from every quarter of the\nrepublic.\nOne of the last of the brilliant generals of the Civil War, whose valor\nand skill in the command of great armies, is to-day the common glory\nof the restored Union, has contributed an introduction. No survivor\nof the great struggle has a better right to speak of Gettysburg than\nGeneral Daniel E. Sickles. In this connection the following letter is\nappreciatively reproduced.\n            \u201cWASHINGTON, September 19, 1902.\n    \u201cGENERAL D. E. SICKLES,\n      \u201cGettysburg, Pennsylvania:\n  \u201cMY DEAR GENERAL SICKLES,--My plan and desire was to meet you at\n  Gettysburg on the interesting ceremony attending the unveiling\n  of the Slocum monument; but to-day I find myself in no condition\n  to keep the promise made you when last we were together. I am\n  quite disabled from a severe hurt in one of my feet, so that I\n  am unable to stand more than a minute or two at a time. Please\n  express my sincere regrets to the noble Army of the Potomac, and\n  accept them, especially, for yourself.\n  \u201cOn that field you made your mark that will place you prominently\n  before the world as one of the leading figures of the most\n  important battle of the Civil War. As a Northern veteran once\n  remarked to me, \u2018General Sickles can well afford to leave a leg\n  on that field.\u2019\n  \u201cI believe it is now conceded that the advanced position at the\n  Peach-Orchard, taken by your corps and under your orders saved\n  that battle-field to the Union cause. It was the sorest and\n  saddest reflection of my life for many years; but, to-day, I can\n  say, with sincerest emotion, that it was and is the best that\n  could have come to us all, North and South; and I hope that the\n  nation, reunited, may always enjoy the honor and glory brought to\n  it by the grand work.\n  \u201cPlease offer my kindest salutations to your governor and your\n  fellow-comrades of the Army of the Potomac.\n            \u201cAlways yours sincerely,\n          (Signed)   \u201cJAMES LONGSTREET,\n            \u201c_Lieutenant-General Confederate Army_.\u201d\nEarly in December advance chapters were given to the press for January\n3; by strangely pathetic coincidence that being the date on which\npublic announcement was made of General Longstreet\u2019s death.\nThis hour does not clamor for the charity of silence, but for the white\nlight of truth which I reverently undertake to throw upon the deeds of\nthe commander who, from Manassas to Appomattox, was the strong right\narm of the Confederate States Army.\nI was writing for love of him whose dear name and fame had been\nattacked; to place before his fading vision enduring appreciation of\nhis valiant deeds as a soldier and high qualities as a gentleman.\nProvidence decreed otherwise. While the opening chapters were running\ninto type, the Great Captain on High called him hence, where he can at\nlast have his wrongs on earth forever righted.\nThe warrior sleeps serenely to-day, undisturbed by all earthly\ncontentions, the peace of God upon him. And I bring to his tomb\nthis little leaf fragrant with my love, bedewed with my tears,\nheavy-weighted with my woe and desolation.\nGAINESVILLE, GEORGIA, August 1, 1904.\nCONTENTS\n  LEE AND LONGSTREET AT HIGH TIDE\n      CHAPTER I\n      CHAPTER II\n      CHAPTER III\n      CHAPTER IV\n  GORDON\u2019S \u201cESTABLISHED FACTS\u201d AND PENDLETON\u2019S FULMINATIONS       53\n      CHAPTER V\n  LONGSTREET\u2019S VERSION OF THE OPERATIONS OF JULY 2                68\n      CHAPTER VI\n      CHAPTER VII\n      CHAPTER VIII\n  GENERAL LONGSTREET\u2019S AMERICANISM                                85\n      CHAPTER IX\n  LONGSTREET THE MAN\n  LIFE-LONG FRIENDSHIP OF GRANT AND LONGSTREET                   100\n  HEROIC CITIZEN OF THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD                    112\n  THE CHRISTIAN PATRIOT LOVED THE SOUTH TO THE LAST              115\n  WORSHIPPED BY THE SOLDIERS OF THE CONFEDERACY                  119\n  HIS COUNTRY HOME IN PICTURESQUE NORTH GEORGIA                  123\n  LONGSTREET ON THE FIELDS OF MEXICO\n      CHAPTER I\n  THE WINNING OF OUR WESTERN EMPIRE                              127\n      CHAPTER II\n  PECULIARITIES OF SCOTT AND TAYLOR                              134\n      CHAPTER III\n  UNPRETENTIOUS LIEUTENANT GRANT                                 139\n      CHAPTER IV\n  PLEASANT INCIDENTS OF CAMP LIFE AT CORPUS CHRISTI              144\n      CHAPTER V\n      CHAPTER VI\n      CHAPTER VII\n  GREAT BATTLES BEFORE AND AFTER GETTYSBURG\n  MARCH AGAINST POPE AND THE SECOND MANASSAS                     173\n  THE INVASION OF MARYLAND AND THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM            180\n  APPENDIX\n  RESOLUTIONS BY CAMPS AND CHAPTERS                              272\n  LETTER OF GENERAL FREDERICK D. GRANT                           334\n  TRIBUTE FROM THE GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC                    345\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS\n  General James Longstreet in 1863 (from the painting in\n    the Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington)             _Frontispiece_\n  Retreat from Gettysburg (Accident during the Night-Crossing\n    of the Potomac on a Pontoon Bridge)                           78\n  Defeat of the Federal Troops by Longstreet\u2019s Corps, Second\n  Battle of Fredericksburg (from the Battery on Lee\u2019s Hill)      190\n  Battle of Chickamauga (Confederates flanking the Union\n  The Assault on Fort Sanders, Knoxville                         196\n  The Wounding of General Longstreet at the Wilderness,\n  General Alexander arranging the Last Line of Battle formed\n    in the Army of Northern Virginia, at Appomattox              212\n  Fac-simile of Letter from President Theodore Roosevelt         330\n  Fac-simile of Letter from Archbishop John Ireland              332\n  Fac-simile of Letter from General Frederick D. Grant           334\nINTRODUCTION\nBY MAJOR-GENERAL D. E. SICKLES, U.S.A.\nI am glad to write an introduction to a memoir of Lieutenant-General\nLongstreet.\nIf it be thought strange that I should write a preface to a memoir\nof a conspicuous adversary, I reply that the Civil War is only a\nmemory, its asperities are forgotten, both armies were American, old\narmy friendships have been renewed and new army friendships have been\nformed among the combatants, the truth of history is dear to all of\nus, and the amenities of chivalrous manhood are cherished alike by the\nNorth and the South, when justice to either is involved. Longstreet\u2019s\nsplendid record as a soldier needs neither apologies nor eulogium. And\nif I venture, further along in this introduction, to defend him from\nunfair criticism, it is because my personal knowledge of the battle\nof July 2, 1863, qualifies me to testify in his behalf. It was the\nfortune of my corps to meet Longstreet on many great fields. It is now\nmy privilege to offer a tribute to his memory. As Colonel Damas says in\n\u201cThe Lady of Lyons,\u201d after his duel with Melnotte, \u201cIt\u2019s astonishing\nhow much I like a man after I\u2019ve fought with him.\u201d\nOften adversaries on the field of battle, we became good friends after\npeace was restored. He supported President Grant and his successors in\ntheir wise policy of restoration. Longstreet\u2019s example was the rainbow\nof reconciliation that foreshadowed real peace between the North and\nSouth. He drew the fire of the irreconcilable South. His statesmanlike\nforecast blazed the path of progress and prosperity for his people,\nimpoverished by war and discouraged by adversity. He was the first\nof the illustrious Southern war leaders to accept the result of the\ngreat conflict as final. He folded up forever the Confederate flag he\nhad followed with supreme devotion, and thenceforth saluted the Stars\nand Stripes of the Union with unfaltering homage. He was the trusted\nservant of the republic in peace, as he had been its relentless foe in\nwar. The friends of the Union became his friends, the enemies of the\nUnion his enemies.\nI trust I may be pardoned for relating an incident that reveals the\nsunny side of Longstreet\u2019s genial nature. When I visited Georgia, in\nMarch, 1892, I was touched by a call from the General, who came from\nGainesville to Atlanta to welcome me to his State. On St. Patrick\u2019s\nDay we supped together as guests of the Irish Societies of Atlanta,\nat their banquet. We entered the hall arm in arm, about nine o\u2019clock\nin the evening, and were received by some three hundred gentlemen,\nwith the wildest and loudest \u201crebel yell\u201d I had ever heard. When I\nrose to respond to a toast in honor of the Empire State of the North,\nLongstreet stood also and leaned with one arm on my shoulder, the\nbetter to hear what I had to say, and this was a signal for another\noutburst. I concluded my remarks by proposing,--\n  \u201cHealth and long life to my old adversary, Lieutenant-General\n  Longstreet,\u201d\nassuring the audience that, although the General did not often make\nspeeches, he would sing the \u201cStar-Spangled Banner.\u201d This was, indeed,\na risky promise, as I had never heard the General sing. I was greatly\nrelieved by his exclamation:\n\u201cYes, I will sing it!\u201d\nAnd he did sing the song admirably, the company joining with much\nenthusiasm.\nAs the hour was late, and we had enjoyed quite a number of potations of\nhot Irish whiskey punch, we decided to go to our lodgings long before\nthe end of the revel, which appeared likely to last until daybreak.\nWhen we descended to the street we were unable to find a carriage, but\nLongstreet proposed to be my guide; and, although the streets were dark\nand the walk a long one, we reached my hotel in fairly good form. Not\nwishing to be outdone in courtesy, I said,--\n\u201cLongstreet, the streets of Atlanta are very dark and it is very late,\nand you are somewhat deaf and rather infirm; now I must escort you to\nyour head-quarters.\u201d\n\u201cAll right,\u201d said Longstreet; \u201ccome on and we\u2019ll have another handshake\nover the bloody chasm.\u201d\nWhen we arrived at his stopping-place and were about to separate, as I\nsupposed, he turned to me and said,--\n\u201cSickles, the streets of Atlanta are very dark and you are lame, and\na stranger here, and do not know the way back to your hotel; I must\nescort you home.\u201d\n\u201cCome along, Longstreet,\u201d was my answer.\nOn our way to the hotel, I said to him,--\n\u201cOld fellow, I hope you are sorry for shooting off my leg at\nGettysburg. I suppose I will have to forgive you for it some day.\u201d\n\u201cForgive me?\u201d Longstreet exclaimed. \u201cYou ought to thank me for leaving\nyou one leg to stand on, after the mean way you behaved to me at\nGettysburg.\u201d\nHow often we performed escort duty for each other on that eventful\nnight I have never been able to recall with precision; but I am quite\nsure that I shall never forget St. Patrick\u2019s Day in 1892, at Atlanta,\nGeorgia, when Longstreet and I enjoyed the good Irish whiskey punch at\nthe banquet of the Knights of St. Patrick.\nAfterwards Longstreet and I met again, at Gettysburg, this time as the\nguests of John Russell Young, who had invited a number of his literary\nand journalistic friends to join us on the old battle-field. We rode in\nthe same carriage. When I assisted the General in climbing up the rocky\nface of Round Top, he turned to me and said,--\n\u201cSickles, you can well afford to help me up here now, for if you had\nnot kept me away so long from Round Top on the 2d of July, 1863,\nthe war would have lasted longer than it did, and might have had a\ndifferent ending.\u201d\nAs he said this, his stern, leonine face softened with a smile as sweet\nas a brother\u2019s.\nWe met in March, 1901, at the reception given to President McKinley on\nhis second inauguration. In the midst of the great throng assembled on\nthat occasion Longstreet and I had quite a reception of our own. He\nwas accompanied on this occasion by Mrs. Longstreet. Every one admired\nthe blended courtliness and gallantry of the veteran hero towards the\nladies who were presented to him and his charming wife.\nAt the West Point Centennial Longstreet and I sat together on the\ndais, near President Roosevelt, the Secretary of War, Mr. Root, and\nthe commander of the army, Lieutenant-General Miles. Here among his\nfellow-graduates of the Military Academy, he received a great ovation\nfrom the vast audience that filled Cullum Hall. Again and again he was\ncheered, when he turned to me, exclaiming,--\n\u201cSickles, what are they all cheering about?\u201d\n\u201cThey are cheering you, General,\u201d was my reply.\nJoy lighted up his countenance, the war was forgotten, and Longstreet\nwas at home once more at West Point.\nAgain we stood upon the same platform, in Washington, on May\n30,--Memorial Day,--1902. Together we reviewed, with President\nRoosevelt, the magnificent column of Union veterans that marched past\nthe President\u2019s reviewing-stand. That evening Longstreet joined me in a\nvisit to a thousand or more soldiers of the Third Army Corps, assembled\nin a tent near the White House. These veterans, with a multitude of\ntheir comrades, had come to Washington to commemorate another Memorial\nDay in the Capitol of the Nation. The welcome given him by this crowd\nof old soldiers, who had fought him with all their might again and\nagain, on many battle-fields, could hardly have been more cordial if he\nhad found himself in the midst of an equal number of his own command.\nHis speech to the men was felicitous, and enthusiastically cheered. In\nan eloquent peroration he said, \u201cI hope to live long enough to see my\nsurviving comrades march side by side with the Union veterans along\nPennsylvania Avenue, and then I will die happy.\u201d This was the last time\nI met Longstreet.\nLongstreet was unjustly blamed for not attacking earlier in the day,\non July 2, 1863, at Gettysburg. I can answer that criticism, as I know\nmore about the matter than the critics. If he had attacked in the\nmorning, as it is said he should have done, he would have encountered\nBuford\u2019s division of cavalry, five thousand sabres, on his flank, and\nmy corps would have been in his front, as it was in the afternoon.\nIn a word, all the troops that opposed Longstreet in the afternoon,\nincluding the Fifth Army Corps and Caldwell\u2019s division of the Second\nCorps, would have been available on the left flank of the Union army in\nthe morning. Every regiment and every battery that fired a shot in the\nafternoon was on the field in the morning, and would have resisted an\nassault in the morning as stubbornly as in the afternoon. Moreover,\nif the assault had been made in the morning, Law\u2019s strong brigade of\nAlabamians could not have assisted in the attack, as they did not\narrive on the field until noon. On the other hand, if Lee had waited\nan hour later, I would have been on Cemetery Ridge, in compliance with\nGeneral Meade\u2019s orders, and Longstreet could have marched, unresisted,\nfrom Seminary Ridge to the foot of Round Top, and might, perhaps, have\nunlimbered his guns on the summit.\nGeneral Meade\u2019s telegram to Halleck, dated 3 P.M., July 2, does not\nindicate that Lee was then about to attack him. At the time that\ndespatch was sent, a council of corps commanders was assembled at\nGeneral Meade\u2019s head-quarters. It was broken up by the sound of\nLongstreet\u2019s artillery. The probability is that Longstreet\u2019s attack\nheld the Union army at Gettysburg. If Longstreet had waited until a\nlater hour, the Union army might have been moving towards Pipe Creek,\nthe position chosen by General Meade on June 30.\nThe best proof that Lee was not dissatisfied with Longstreet\u2019s\nmovements on July 2 is the fact that Longstreet was intrusted with\nthe command of the column of attack on July 3,--Lee\u2019s last hope at\nGettysburg. Of the eleven brigades that assaulted the Union left\ncentre on July 3, only three of them--Pickett\u2019s division--belonged\nto Longstreet\u2019s corps, the other eight brigades belonged to Hill\u2019s\ncorps. If Longstreet had disappointed Lee on July 2, why would Lee,\non the next day, give Longstreet a command of supreme importance, of\nwhich more than two-thirds of the troops were taken from another corps\ncommander?\nLongstreet did not look for success on July 3. He told General Lee that\n\u201cthe fifteen thousand men who could make a successful assault over that\nfield had never been arrayed for battle,\u201d and yet the command was\ngiven to Longstreet. Why? Because the confidence of Lee in Longstreet\nwas unshaken; because he regarded Longstreet as his most capable\nlieutenant.\nLongstreet was never censured for the failure of the assault on July\n3, although General Lee intimates, in his official report, that it was\nnot made as early in the day as was expected. Why, then, is Longstreet\nblamed by them for the failure on July 2, when no fault was found by\nGeneral Lee with Longstreet\u2019s dispositions on that day? The failure\nof both assaults must be attributed to insurmountable obstacles,\nwhich no commander could have overcome with the force at Longstreet\u2019s\ndisposal,--seventeen thousand men on July 2, and fifteen thousand men\non July 3, against thirty thousand adversaries!\nIn General Lee\u2019s official report not a word appears about any delay in\nLongstreet\u2019s movements on July 2, although, referring to the assault of\nJuly 3, General Lee says, \u201cGeneral Longstreet\u2019s dispositions were not\ncompleted as early as was expected.\u201d If General Lee did not hesitate to\npoint out unlooked for delay on July 3, why was he silent about delay\non July 2? His silence about delay on July 2 implies that there was\nnone on July 2. _Expresio unius exclusio alterius._\nGeneral Lee says, in his report, referring to July 3,--\n  \u201cGeneral Longstreet was delayed by a force occupying the high,\n  rocky hills on the enemy\u2019s extreme left, from which his troops\n  could be attacked in reverse as they advanced. His operations\n  had been embarrassed the day previous by the same cause, and he\n  now deemed it necessary to defend his flank and rear with the\n  divisions of Hood and McLaws.\u201d\nAnother embarrassment prevented an earlier attack on July 2. It was\nthe plan of General Lee to surprise the left flank of the Union army.\nGeneral Lee ordered Captain Johnson, the engineer officer of his staff,\nto conduct Longstreet\u2019s column by a route concealed from the enemy.\nBut the formation and movements of the attacking column had been\ndiscovered by my reconnoisance; this exposure put an end to any chance\nof surprise. Other dispositions became necessary; fresh orders from\nhead-quarters were asked for; another line of advance had to be found,\nless exposed to view. All this took time. These circumstances were,\nof course, known to General Lee; hence he saw no reason to reproach\nLongstreet for delay.\nThe situation on the left flank of the Union army was entirely changed\nby my advance to the Emmitsburg road. Fitzhugh Lee says, \u201cLee was\ndeceived by it and gave orders to attack up the Emmitsburg road,\npartially enveloping the enemy\u2019s left; there was much behind Sickles.\u201d\nThe obvious purpose of my advance was to hold Lee\u2019s force in check\nuntil General Meade could bring his reserves from his right flank,\nat Rock Creek, to the Round Tops, on the left. Fortunately for me,\nGeneral Lee believed that my line from the Peach-Orchard north--about a\ndivision front--was all Longstreet would have to deal with. Longstreet\nsoon discovered that my left rested beyond Devil\u2019s Den, about twelve\nhundred yards easterly from the Emmitsburg road, and at a right\nangle to it. Of course, Longstreet could not push forward to Lee\u2019s\nobjective,--the Emmitsburg road ridge,--leaving this force on his flank\nand rear, to take him in reverse. An obstinate conflict followed, which\ndetained Longstreet until the Fifth Corps, which had been in reserve on\nthe Union right, moved to the left and got into position on the Round\nTops. Thus it happened that my salient at the Peach-Orchard, on the\nEmmitsburg road, was not attacked until six o\u2019clock, the troops on my\nline, from the Emmitsburg road to the Devil\u2019s Den, having held their\npositions until that hour. The surprise Lee had planned was turned\nupon himself. The same thing would have happened if Longstreet had\nattacked in the morning; all the troops that resisted Longstreet in the\nafternoon--say thirty thousand--would have opposed him in the forenoon.\nThe alignment of the Union forces on the left flank at 11 A.M., when\nLee gave his preliminary orders to Longstreet for the attack, was\naltogether different from the dispositions made by me at 3 P.M.,\nwhen the attack was begun. At eleven in the morning my command was\non Cemetery Ridge, to the left of Hancock. At two o\u2019clock in the\nafternoon, anticipating General Lee\u2019s attack, I changed front,\ndeploying my left division (Birney\u2019s) from Plum Run, near the base\nof Little Round Top, to the Peach-Orchard, at the intersection of\nMillerstown and Emmitsburg roads. My right division (Humphrey\u2019s) was\nmoved forward to the Emmitsburg road, its left connecting with Birney\nat the Orchard, and its right _en echelon_ with Hancock, parallel with\nthe Codori House.\nLongstreet was ordered to conceal his column of attack, for which the\nground on Lee\u2019s right afforded excellent opportunities. Lee\u2019s plan was\na repetition of Jackson\u2019s attack on the right flank of the Union army\nat Chancellorsville. In the afternoon, however, in view of the advance\nof my corps, General Lee was obliged to form a new plan of battle. As\nhe believed that both of my flanks rested on the Emmitsburg road, Lee\ndirected Longstreet to envelop my left at the Peach-Orchard, and press\nthe attack northward \u201cup the Emmitsburg road.\u201d\nColonel Fairfax, of Longstreet\u2019s staff, says that Lee and\nLongstreet were together at three o\u2019clock, when the attack began.\nLieutenant-General Hill, commanding the First Corps of Lee\u2019s army, says\nin his report,--\n  \u201cThe corps of General Longstreet (McLaws\u2019s and Hood\u2019s divisions)\n  was on my right, and in a line very nearly at right angles to\n  mine. General Longstreet was to attack the left flank of the\n  enemy, and sweep down his line, and I was ordered to co-operate\n  with him with such of my brigades from the right as could join\n  in with his troops in the attack. On the extreme right, Hood\n  commenced the attack about two o\u2019clock, McLaws about 5.30\n  o\u2019clock.\u201d\nLongstreet was not long in discovering, by his artillery practice,\nthat my position at the Peach-Orchard was a salient, and that my left\nflank really rested twelve hundred yards eastward, at Plum Run, in the\nvalley between Little Round Top and the Devil\u2019s Den, concealed from\nobservation by woods; my line extended to the high ground along the\nEmmitsburg road, from which Lee says, \u201cIt was thought our artillery\ncould be used to advantage in assailing the more elevated ground\nbeyond.\u201d\nGeneral J. B. Hood\u2019s story of his part in the battle of July 2, taken\nfrom a communication addressed to General Longstreet, which appears\nin Hood\u2019s \u201cAdvance and Retreat,\u201d pages 57-59, is a clear narrative of\nthe movements of Longstreet\u2019s assaulting column. It emphasizes the\nfirm adherence of Longstreet to the orders of General Lee. Again and\nagain, as Hood plainly points out, Longstreet refused to listen to\nHood\u2019s appeal for leave to turn Round Top and assail the Union rear,\nalways replying, \u201cGeneral Lee\u2019s orders are to attack up the Emmitsburg\nroad.\u201d[A]\nThese often repeated orders of General Lee to \u201cattack up the Emmitsburg\nroad\u201d could not have been given until near three in the afternoon of\nJuly 2, because before that hour there was no Union line of battle on\nthe Emmitsburg road. There had been only a few of my pickets there in\nthe morning, thrown forward by the First Massachusetts Infantry. It\ndistinctly appears that Lee rejected Longstreet\u2019s plan to turn the\nFederal left on Cemetery Ridge. And Hood makes it plain enough that\nLongstreet refused to listen to Hood\u2019s appeal for permission to turn\nRound Top, on the main Federal line, always replying, \u201cNo; General\nLee\u2019s orders are to attack up the Emmitsburg road.\u201d Of course, that\nplan of battle was not formed until troops had been placed in positions\ncommanding that road. This, we have seen, was not done until towards\nthree in the afternoon.\nThe only order of battle announced by General Lee on July 2 of which\nthere is any record was to assail my position on the Emmitsburg\nroad, turn my left flank (which he erroneously supposed to rest on\nthe Peach-Orchard), and sweep the attack \u201cup the Emmitsburg road.\u201d\nThis was impossible until I occupied that road, and it was then that\nLongstreet\u2019s artillery began its practice on my advanced line.\nI am unable to see how any just person can charge Longstreet with\ndeviation from the orders of General Lee on July 2. It is true enough\nthat Longstreet had advised different tactics; but he was a soldier,--a\nWest Pointer,--and once he had indicated his own views, he obeyed\nthe orders of the general commanding,--he did not even exercise the\ndiscretion allowed to the chief of a _corps d\u2019arm\u00e9e_, which permits\nhim to modify instructions when an unforeseen emergency imposes fresh\nresponsibilities, or when an unlooked-for opportunity offers tempting\nadvantages.\nWe have seen that many circumstances required General Lee to modify\nhis plans and orders on July 2 between daybreak, when his first\nreconnoisance was made, and three o\u2019clock in the afternoon, when my\nadvanced position was defined. We have seen that if a morning attack\nhad been made the column would have encountered Buford\u2019s strong\ndivision of cavalry on its flank, and that it would have been weakened\nby the absence of Law\u2019s brigade of Hood\u2019s division. We have seen that\nLongstreet, even in the afternoon, when Law had come up and Buford had\nbeen sent to Westminster, was still too weak to contend against the\nreinforcements sent against him. We have seen that Lee was present all\nday on July 2, and that his own staff-officer led the column of attack.\nWe have seen that General Lee, in his official report, gives no hint of\ndissatisfaction with Longstreet\u2019s conduct of the battle of July 2, nor\ndoes it appear that Longstreet was ever afterwards criticised by Lee.\nOn the contrary, Lee points out that the same danger to Longstreet\u2019s\nflank, which required the protection of two divisions on July 3,\nexisted on July 2, when his flank was unsupported. We have seen that\nagain and again, when Hood appealed to Longstreet for leave to swing\nhis column to the right and turn the Round Tops, Longstreet as often\nrefused, always saying, \u201cNo; General Lee\u2019s orders are to attack up\nthe Emmitsburg road.\u201d The conclusion is irrefutable, that whilst the\noperations were directed with signal ability and sustained by heroic\ncourage, the failure of both assaults, that of July 2 and the other\nof July 3, must be attributed to the lack of strength in the columns\nof attack on both days, for which the commanding general alone was\nresponsible.\nIt was Longstreet\u2019s good fortune to live until he saw his country hold\na high place among the great powers of the world. He saw the new South\nadvancing in prosperity, hand in hand with the North, East, and West.\nHe saw his people in the ranks of our army, in Cuba, Porto Rico, the\nPhilippines, China, and Panama; he saw the Union stars and the blue\nuniform worn by Fitzhugh Lee, and Butler, and Wheeler. He witnessed the\nfulfilment of his prediction,--that the hearty reunion of the North\nand South would advance the welfare of both. He lived long enough to\nrejoice with all of us in a reunited nation, and to know that his name\nwas honored wherever the old flag was unfurled. His fame as a soldier\nbelongs to all Americans.\nFarewell, Longstreet! I shall follow you very soon. May we meet in the\nhappy realm where strife is unknown and friendship is eternal!\nLEE AND LONGSTREET AT HIGH TIDE\nCHAPTER I\nTHE STORY OF GETTYSBURG\n  Back of the day that opened so auspiciously for the Confederate\n  cause at the first Manassas, and of the four years that followed,\n  lies Longstreet\u2019s record of a quarter of a century in the Union\n  army, completing one of the most lustrous pages in the world\u2019s\n  war history. That page cannot be dimmed or darkened; it rests\n  secure in its own white splendor, above the touch of detractors.\nThe detractors of General Longstreet\u2019s military integrity assert that,\nbeing opposed to fighting an offensive battle at Gettysburg, he was\n\u201cbalky and stubborn\u201d in executing Lee\u2019s orders; that he disobeyed the\ncommanding general\u2019s orders to attack at sunrise on the morning of July\n2; that, again ordered to attack with half the army on the morning\nof July 3, his culpably slow attack with only Pickett\u2019s division,\nsupported by some of Hill\u2019s troops, caused the fatal Confederate defeat\nin that encounter.\nGeneral Gordon has seen fit, in a recent publication, to revive this\ncruel aspersion.\nWhen General Longstreet surrendered his sword at Appomattox his war\nrecord was made up. It stands unassailable--needing no defenders. Back\nof the day that opened so auspiciously for the Confederate cause at\nthe first Manassas, and of the four years that followed, lies the\nrecord of a quarter of a century in the Union army.\nIn those times General Longstreet, at Cerro Gordo, Molino del Rey,\nand Chapultepec, was aiding to win the great empire of the West; in\nsubsequent hard Indian campaigns lighting the fagots of a splendid\nwestern civilization, adding new glory to American arms and, in the\nstruggles of a nation that fell, a new star of the first magnitude to\nthe galaxy of American valor, completing one of the most lustrous pages\nin the world\u2019s war history. That page cannot be dimmed or darkened; it\nrests secure in its own white splendor, above the touch of detractors.\nGeneral Longstreet has of late years deemed it unnecessary to make\ndefence of his military integrity, save such as may be found in his\nmemoirs, \u201cManassas to Appomattox,\u201d published nearly ten years since. He\nhas held that his deeds stand on the impartial pages of the nation\u2019s\nrecords--their own defender.\nThe cold historian of our Civil War of a hundred years hence will\nnot go for truth to the picturesque reminiscences of General John B.\nGordon, nor to the pyrotechnics of General Fitzhugh Lee, nor yet to\nthe somewhat hysterical ravings of Rev. Mr. Pendleton and scores of\nother modern essayists who have sought to fix the failure of Gettysburg\nupon General Longstreet. The coming chronicler will cast aside the\nrubbish of passion and hate that followed the war, and have recourse\nto the nation\u2019s official war records, and in the cool, calm lights of\nthe letters and reports of the participants, written at the time, will\nplace the blunder of Gettysburg where it belongs. Longstreet\u2019s fame has\nnothing to fear in that hour.\n[Illustration: R. E. Lee]\nBut for the benefit of the present--of the young, the busy, who\nhave neither time nor inclination to study the records, and for that\nsentiment that is increasingly shaped by the public press,--for these\nand other reasons it appears fitting that in this hour historical truth\nshould have a spokesman on the Gettysburg contentions. In the absence\nof one more able to speak, this little story of the truth is written.\nThe writer belongs to a generation that has come up since the gloom\nof Appomattox closed the drama of the great \u201cLost Cause\u201d of American\nhistory--a generation that seeks the truth, unwarped and undistorted by\npassion, and can face the truth.\nIn the prosecution of my researches for the origin of the extraordinary\ncalumnies aimed at General Longstreet\u2019s honor as a soldier, two most\nsignificant facts have continually pressed upon my attention.\nFirst, not one word appears to have been published openly accusing him\nof disobedience at Gettysburg until the man who could forever have\nsilenced all criticism was in his grave--until the knightly soul of\nRobert Edward Lee had passed into eternity.\nSecond, General Longstreet\u2019s operations on the field of Gettysburg\nwere above the suspicion of reproach until he came under the political\nban in the South, for meeting in the proper spirit, as he saw it, the\nrequirements of good citizenship in the observance of his Appomattox\nparole, and, after the removal of his political disabilities, for\nhaving accepted office at the hands of a Republican President who\nhappened to be his old West Point comrade,--Grant.\nThen the storm broke. He was heralded as traitor, deserter of his\npeople, deserter of Democracy, etc. In the fury of this onslaught\noriginated the cruel slander that he had disobeyed Lee\u2019s most vital\norders, causing the loss of the Gettysburg battle and the ultimate fall\nof the Confederate cause. Most singularly, this strange discovery was\nnot made until some years after the battle and General Lee\u2019s death.\nThereafter for two decades the South was sedulously taught to believe\nthat the Federal victory was wholly the fortuitous outcome of the\nculpable disobedience of General Longstreet.\nThe sectional complaint that he deserted \u201cDemocracy\u201d is about as\nrelevant and truthful as the assertion that he lost Gettysburg. He was\na West Pointer, a professional soldier. He had never cast a ballot\nbefore the Civil War; he had no politics. Its passions and prejudices\nhad no dwelling-place in his mind. The war was over, and he quietly\naccepted the result, fraternizing with all Americans. It was no great\ncrime.\nBut the peculiar circumstances favored an opportunity to make\nLongstreet the long-desired scape-goat for Gettysburg. There was\nan ulterior and deeper purpose, however, than merely besmirching\nhis military record. Short-sighted partisans seemingly argued that\nthe disparagement of Longstreet was necessary to save the military\nreputation of Lee. But Lee\u2019s great fame needed no such sacrifice.\nThe outrageous charges against Longstreet have been wholly disproved.\nMuch of the partisan rancor that once pursued him has died out. Many of\nthe more intelligent Southerners have been long convinced that he was\nthe victim of a great wrong.\nIt was unworthy of Major-General John B. Gordon, once of the army\nof Northern Virginia, to revive this dead controversy. He simply\nreiterates the old charges in full, produces no evidence in their\nsupport, and gratuitously endorses a false and cruel verdict. His\ncontribution is of no historical value. It carries inherent evidence\nthat General Gordon made no critical examination of the documentary\nhistory of Gettysburg. He assumes to render a verdict on the say-so of\nothers.\nGordon\u2019s unsupported assertions would require no attention but for one\nfact. Both South and North there is a widespread impression that Gordon\nwas a conspicuous figure at Gettysburg. This is erroneous. He was\nmerely a brigade commander there, stationed five miles from Longstreet.\nIt is not certain that he personally saw either Lee or Longstreet while\nthe army was in Pennsylvania.\nIn his official report Gordon uses this language regarding the\noperations of his own small command at Gettysburg when the heaviest\nfighting was going on, finely showing the scope of his opportunities\nfor observation:\n  \u201cThe movements during the succeeding days of the battle, July 2\n  and 3, I do not consider of sufficient importance to mention.\u201d\nIt is but just to Gordon, however, to say that in his subordinate\ncapacity at the head of one of the thirty-seven brigades of infantry\ncomprising Lee\u2019s army, he performed excellent service on the first\nday\u2019s battle. But in estimating his value as a personal witness,\nthe foregoing undisputed facts must be taken into consideration.\nHis testimony is obviously of the hearsay kind. In fact, as will be\nobserved from his own admission, it is no more than his own personal\nconclusions, wholly deduced from the assertions of others, based on an\nassumed state of facts which did not exist.\nIn his recent publication, \u201cReminiscences of the Civil War,\u201d Gordon\nsays,--\n  \u201cIt now seems certain that impartial military critics, after\n  thorough investigation, will consider the following facts\n  established:\n  \u201cFirst, that General Lee distinctly ordered Longstreet to attack\n  early on the morning of the second day, and if Longstreet had\n  done so two of the largest corps of Meade\u2019s army would not have\n  been in the fight; but Longstreet delayed the fight until four\n  o\u2019clock in the afternoon, and thus lost his opportunity of\n  occupying Little Round Top, the key of the position, which he\n  might have done in the morning without firing a shot or losing a\n  man.\u201d\nIt is competent to point out that Longstreet\u2019s orders from General\nLee were \u201cto move around to gain the Emmitsburg road, on the enemy\u2019s\nleft.\u201d In short, he was \u201cto attack up the Emmitsburg road,\u201d as all the\nauthorities agree. He therefore could not well \u201coccupy\u201d Little Round\nTop up the Emmitsburg road, because it was but a fraction less than a\nmile to the east of that road. It is as clear as noonday that Lee had\nno thought at first, if ever, that Little Round Top was the \u201ckey to the\nposition.\u201d Lee merely contemplated driving the enemy from some high\nground on the Emmitsburg road from which the \u201cmore elevated ground\u201d of\nCemetery Hill in its rear, more than a mile to the northward of Little\nRound Top, could be subsequently assailed.\nLee\u2019s luminous report of the battle, dated July 31, 1863, only four\nweeks after, has escaped Gordon\u2019s notice, or has been conveniently\nignored by him. It is found at page 305 _et seq._, of Part II., Vol.\nXXVII., of the printed War Records, easily accessible to everybody. At\npage 308, Lee\u2019s report:\n  \u201c... In front of General Longstreet the enemy held a position\n  from which, if he could be driven, it was thought our artillery\n  could be used to advantage in assailing the more elevated ground\n  beyond, and thus enable us to reach the crest of the ridge. That\n  officer was directed to carry this position.... After a severe\n  struggle, Longstreet succeeded in getting possession of and\n  holding the desired ground.... The battle ceased at dark.\u201d\nThe \u201cdesired ground\u201d captured was that held by Sickles\u2019s Federal Third\nCorps,--the celebrated peach-orchard, wheat-field, and adjacent\nhigh ground, from which Cemetery Hill was next day assailed by the\nConfederate artillery as a prelude to Pickett\u2019s infantry assault.\nIt was the \u201ccrest of the ridge,\u201d not the Round Top, that Lee wished\nto assail. His eye from the first appears to have been steadily fixed\nupon the Federal centre. That is why he ordered the \u201cattack up the\nEmmitsburg road.\u201d\nLongstreet\u2019s official report is very explicit on this point. It was\nwritten July 27, 1863. On page 358 of the same book he says,--\n  \u201cI received instructions from the commanding general to move,\n  with the portion of my command that was up, around to gain the\n  Emmitsburg road, on the enemy\u2019s left.\u201d\nLieutenant-General R. H. Anderson, then of Hill\u2019s corps, also makes\nthis definite statement:\n  \u201cShortly after the line had been formed, I received notice that\n  Lieutenant-General Longstreet would occupy the ground on my\n  right, and that his line would be in a direction nearly at right\n  angles with mine, and that he would assault the extreme left of\n  the enemy and drive him towards Gettysburg.\u201d\nJust here it is pertinent to say that General Longstreet had the\nafternoon previous, and again that morning, suggested to General Lee\nthe more promising plan of a movement by the Confederate right to\ninterpose between the Federals and their capital, and thus compel\nGeneral Meade to give battle at a disadvantage. On this point General\nLongstreet uses the following language in a newspaper publication[B]\nmore than a quarter of a century ago:\n  \u201cWhen I overtook General Lee at five o\u2019clock that afternoon [July\n  1], he said, to my surprise, that he thought of attacking General\n  Meade upon the heights the next day. I suggested that this course\n  seemed to be at variance with the plan of the campaign that had\n  been agreed upon before leaving Fredericksburg. He said, \u2018If the\n  enemy is there to-morrow, we must attack him.\u2019 I replied: \u2018If he\n  is there, it will be because he is anxious that we should attack\n  him--a good reason in my judgment for not doing so.\u2019 I urged\n  that we should move around by our right to the left of Meade and\n  put our army between him and Washington, threatening his left\n  and rear, and thus force him to attack us in such position as\n  we might select.... I called his attention to the fact that the\n  country was admirably adapted for a defensive battle, and that we\n  should surely repulse Meade with crushing loss if we would take\n  position so as to force him to attack us, and suggested that even\n  if we carried the heights in front of us, and drove Meade out, we\n  should be so badly crippled that we could not reap the fruits of\n  victory; and that the heights of Gettysburg were in themselves\n  of no more importance to us than the ground we then occupied,\n  and that the mere possession of the ground was not worth a\n  hundred men to us. That Meade\u2019s army, not its position, was\n  our objective. General Lee was impressed with the idea that by\n  attacking the Federals he could whip them in detail. I reminded\n  him that if the Federals were there in the morning it would be\n  proof that they had their forces well in hand, and that with\n  Pickett in Chambersburg, and Stuart out of reach, we should be\n  somewhat in detail. He, however, did not seem to abandon the idea\n  of attack on the next day. He seemed under a subdued excitement\n  which occasionally took possession of him when \u2018the hunt was up,\u2019\n  and threatened his superb equipoise.... When I left General Lee\n  on the night of the 1st, I believed that he had made up his mind\n  to attack, but was confident that he had not yet determined as to\n  when the attack should be made.\u201d\nBut General Lee persisted in the direct attack \u201cup the Emmitsburg\nroad.\u201d Hood, deployed on Longstreet\u2019s extreme right, at once perceived\nthat the true direction was by flank against the southern slopes of\nBig Round Top. He delayed the advance to advise of the discovery he\nhad made. Soon the positive order came back: \u201cGeneral Lee\u2019s orders are\nto attack up the Emmitsburg road.\u201d He still hesitated and repeated\nthe suggestion. Again it was reiterated: \u201cGeneral Lee\u2019s orders are to\nattack up the Emmitsburg road.\u201d Then the troops moved to the attack.\nThere was no alternative. Lee\u2019s orders were imperative, and made after\nhe had personally examined the enemy\u2019s position. Longstreet was ordered\nto attack a specific position \u201cup the Emmitsburg road,\u201d which was _not_\nLittle Round Top, as assumed by Gordon. This point is particularly\nelaborated because in it lies the \u201cmilk in the cocoanut\u201d of the\ncharges against Longstreet. Without consulting the records Gordon\nhas merely followed the lead of some of General Lee\u2019s biographers,\nnotably Fitzhugh Lee, who asserts that his illustrious uncle \u201cexpected\nLongstreet to seize Little Round Top on the 2d of July.\u201d The records\nclearly show that nothing was farther from General Lee\u2019s thoughts.\nAfter the war it was discovered that a very early attack on Little\nRound Top would perhaps have found it undefended, hence the afterthought\nthat General Longstreet was ordered to attack at sunrise. But whatever\nthe hour Longstreet was ordered to attack, it was most certainly not\nLittle Round Top that was made his objective.\nCHAPTER II\nLEE CHANGES PLAN OF CAMPAIGN\n  \u201cGeneral, I have been a soldier all my life. I have been with\n  soldiers engaged in fights by couples, by squads, companies,\n  regiments, divisions, and armies, and should know as well as\n  any one what soldiers can do. It is my opinion that no fifteen\n  thousand men ever arrayed for battle can take that position,\u201d\n  pointing to Cemetery Hill.--LONGSTREET to LEE.\nGeneral Longstreet\u2019s personal account of this magnificent battle \u201cup\nthe Emmitsburg road\u201d will not be out of place here. In the newspaper\narticle previously quoted from he very graphically describes the\nadvance of the two divisions of McLaws and Hood, for when he went into\nbattle it must be understood that even yet one of his divisions, that\nof Pickett, was still absent. He states his total force at thirteen\nthousand men. An account of this clash of arms must send a thrill of\npride through every Southern heart:\n  \u201cAt half-past three o\u2019clock the order was given General Hood to\n  advance upon the enemy, and, hurrying to the head of McLaws\u2019s\n  division, I moved with his line. Then was fairly commenced what I\n  do not hesitate to pronounce the best three hours\u2019 fighting ever\n  done by any troops on any battle-field. Directly in front of us,\n  occupying the peach-orchard, on a piece of elevated ground that\n  General Lee desired me to take and hold for his artillery, was\n  the Third Corps of the Federals, commanded by General Sickles.\n  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL D. E. SICKLES]\n  \u201cPrompt to the order the combat opened, followed by artillery of\n  the other corps, and our artillerists measured up to the better\n  metal of the enemy by vigilant work....\n  \u201cIn his usual gallant style Hood led his troops through the\n  rocky fastnesses against the strong lines of his earnest\n  adversary, and encountered battle that called for all of his\n  power and skill. The enemy was tenacious of his strong ground;\n  his skilfully handled batteries swept through the passes between\n  the rocks; the more deadly fire of infantry concentrated as our\n  men bore upon the angle of the enemy\u2019s line and stemmed the\n  fiercest onset until it became necessary to shorten their work\n  by a desperate charge. This pressing struggle and the cross-fire\n  of our batteries broke in the salient angle, but the thickening\n  fire, as the angle was pressed back, hurt Hood\u2019s left and held\n  him in steady fight. His right brigade was drawn towards Round\n  Top by the heavy fire pouring from that quarter, Benning\u2019s\n  brigade was pressed to the thickening line at the angle, and G.\n  T. Anderson\u2019s was put in support of the battle growing against\n  Hood\u2019s right.\n  \u201cI rode to McLaws, found him ready for his opportunity, and\n  Barksdale chafing in his wait for the order to seize the battery\n  in his front. Kershaw\u2019s brigade of his right first advanced and\n  struck near the angle of the enemy\u2019s line where his forces were\n  gathering strength. After additional caution to hold his ranks\n  closed, McLaws ordered Barksdale in. With glorious bearing he\n  sprang to his work, overriding obstacles and dangers. Without\n  a pause to deliver a shot, he had the battery. Kershaw, joined\n  by Semmes\u2019s brigade, responded, and Hood\u2019s men, feeling the\n  impulsion of relief, resumed their bold fight, and presently the\n  enemy\u2019s line was broken through its length. But his well-seasoned\n  troops knew how to utilize the advantage of their ground and put\n  back their dreadful fires from rocks, depressions, and stone\n  fences, as they went for shelter about Little Round Top.... The\n  fighting had become tremendous, and brave men and officers were\n  stricken by hundreds. Posey and Wilcox dislodged the forces about\n  the Brick House.\n  \u201cGeneral Sickles was desperately wounded!\n  \u201cGeneral Willard was dead!\n  \u201cGeneral Semmes, of McLaws\u2019s division, was mortally wounded!...\n  \u201cI had one brigade--Wofford\u2019s--that had not been engaged in the\n  hottest battle. To urge the troops to their reserve power in the\n  precious moments, I rode with Wofford. The rugged field, the\n  rough plunge of artillery fire, and the piercing musket-shots\n  delayed somewhat the march, but Alexander dashed up with his\n  batteries and gave new spirit to the worn infantry ranks....\n  While Meade\u2019s lines were growing my men were dropping; we had\n  no others to call to their aid, and the weight against us was\n  too heavy to carry.... Nothing was heard or felt but the clear\n  ring of the enemy\u2019s fresh metal as he came against us. No other\n  part of the army had engaged! My seventeen thousand against the\n  Army of the Potomac! The sun was down, and with it went down the\n  severe battle.\u201d\nSurely these are not the utterances of one who had been slow, balky,\nand obstructive on that field. The ring of these sentences tells no\ntale of apathy or backwardness because his advice to pursue a different\nline of operations had been ignored by Lee.\nGeneral Gordon, continuing, very complacently assumes that \u201ctwo of the\nlargest corps of Meade\u2019s army would not have been in the fight\u201d of the\n2d had Longstreet attacked early in the morning. He refers to the Union\nFifth and Sixth Corps. That statement is correct only as regards the\nSixth Corps, which, it is true, did not arrive on the field until late\nin the afternoon. But it took only a slight part at dark on the 2d,\nwhen the battle was over. Indeed, as it was so slightly engaged, the\nhour of its arrival at Gettysburg is unimportant. The losses of the\ndifferent corps conclusively show what part the Sixth, which was the\nlargest in the army, took in the battle of the 2d of July; as given in\nthe Rebellion Records:\nKilled and wounded: First Corps, 3980; Second Corps, 3991; Third Corps,\n3662; Fifth Corps, 1976; Sixth Corps, 212; Eleventh Corps, 2353;\nTwelfth Corps, 1016.\nIts non-participation strongly militates against the spirit of\nGordon\u2019s argument, in that Meade entirely frustrated Lee\u2019s plans and\ndefeated the Confederate army, scarcely using the Sixth Corps, some\nfifteen thousand men, at all. This is a significant commentary on the\nanti-Longstreet assumption of how easy it was to win at Gettysburg if\nonly Longstreet had obeyed orders!\nAt sunrise on the 2d, the hour at which Longstreet\u2019s critics would have\nhad this attack delivered, the Federal Fifth Corps was as near the\nbattle-ground of that day as Longstreet\u2019s troops. Longstreet\u2019s troops\nwere bivouacked the night previous at Marsh Creek, four miles west of\nGettysburg. They began to arrive near Lee\u2019s head-quarters on Seminary\nRidge not earlier than 7 A.M. of the 2d, and the last of the column\ndid not get in until near noon. Then they were still five miles by the\nroute pursued from the chosen point of attack.\nThe Union Fifth Corps was bivouacked five miles east of Gettysburg\nabout the same hour on the 1st that Longstreet\u2019s tired infantry reached\nMarsh Creek. At four o\u2019clock A.M. of the 2d they marched on Gettysburg,\narriving about the same hour that Longstreet\u2019s troops were being massed\nnear Lee\u2019s head-quarters, and were thereupon posted upon the extreme\nFederal right.\nUpon the first manifestation of Confederate movements on the right and\nleft, we know that the Fifth Corps was immediately drawn in closer,\nand about nine o\u2019clock massed at the bridge over Rock Creek on the\nBaltimore pike, ready for developments. Meade thought Lee intended\nto attack his right. That Lee contemplated it is quite certain.\nColonel Venable, of his staff, was sent about sunrise to consult with\nLieutenant-General Ewell upon the feasibility of a general attack from\nhis front. Lee wanted Ewell\u2019s views as to the advisability of moving\nall the available troops around to that front for such a purpose.\nVenable and Ewell rode from point to point to determine if this should\nbe done. Finally, Venable says, Lee himself came to Ewell\u2019s lines, and\neventually the design for an attack on the Union right was abandoned.\nWhere the Fifth Corps was finally massed, it was only one and a half\nmiles in the rear of General Sickles\u2019s position. Moreover, it had\nan almost direct road to that point. This facility for reinforcing\nincidentally illustrates the advantages of the Union position. At\nthe same hour General Longstreet\u2019s troops were still massed near the\nChambersburg pike, three miles on a straight line from the point of\nattack. That is to say, Longstreet had twice as far to march on an\nair-line to strike Sickles \u201cup the Emmitsburg road\u201d as Sykes had to\nreinforce the threatened point. But, in fact, Sykes\u2019s advantage was\nfar greater in point of time, because, by order of Lee, Longstreet was\ncompelled to move by back roads and lanes, out of sight of the enemy\u2019s\nsignal officers on Round Top. His troops actually marched six or seven\nmiles to reach the point of deployment.\nLongstreet eventually attacked about 4 P.M., and the Fifth Corps was\nused very effectively against him. But no historian who esteems the\ntruth, with the undisputed records before him, will deny that it\ncould and would have been used just as effectively at seven or eight\no\u2019clock in the morning. The moment Longstreet\u2019s movement was detected\nit was immediately hurried over to the left and occupied Round Top. If\nLongstreet had moved earlier, the Fifth Corps also would have moved\nearlier. It could have been on Sickles\u2019s left and rear as early as\nseven o\u2019clock A.M., had it been necessary. If Ewell and not Longstreet\nhad delivered the general attack it would have been found in his front.\nIt is mathematically correct to say that the troops which met\nLongstreet on the afternoon of the 2d could have been brought against\nhim in the morning. The reports of General Meade, General Sykes, the\ncommander of the Fifth Corps of Sykes\u2019s brigade, and regimental\ncommanders, and various other documentary history bearing on the\nsubject, are convincing upon this point.\nGeneral Sickles\u2019s advance was made in consequence of the Confederate\nthreatening, and would have been sooner or later according as that\nthreatening was made. The critics ignore this fact.\nGeneral Longstreet says on this point:\n  \u201cGeneral Meade was with General Sickles discussing the\n  feasibility of moving the Third Corps back to the line originally\n  assigned for it; the discussion was cut short by the opening of\n  the Confederate battle. If that opening had been delayed thirty\n  or forty minutes, Sickles\u2019s corps would have been drawn back to\n  the general line, and my first deployment would have enveloped\n  Little Round Top and carried it before it could have been\n  strongly manned. The point should have been that the battle was\n  opened too soon.\u201d\nSo much for one part of Gordon\u2019s assumption, based upon other\nassumptions founded upon an erroneous presumption, that if Longstreet\nhad taken wings and flown on an air-line from his bivouac at Marsh\nCreek to the Federal left and attacked at sunrise he would have found\nno enemy near the Round Tops.\nIn another equally unwarranted assumption of what the \u201cimpartial\u201d\nmilitary critic will consider an \u201cestablished fact,\u201d Gordon declares:\n  \u201cSecondly, that General Lee ordered Longstreet to attack at\n  daylight on the morning of the third day, and that the latter\n  did not attack until two or three o\u2019clock in the afternoon, the\n  artillery opening at one.\u201d\nLee himself mentions no such order. In his final report, penned six\nmonths afterwards, he merely mentions that the \u201cgeneral plan was\nunchanged,\u201d and Longstreet, reinforced, ordered to attack \u201cnext\nmorning,\u201d no definite hour being fixed. It is significant, however,\nthat in his letter to Jefferson Davis from the field, dated July 4, Lee\nuses this language:\n  \u201cNext day (July 3), the third division of General Longstreet\u2019s\n  corps having come up, a more extensive attack was made,\u201d etc.\nThe \u201cthird division\u201d was Pickett\u2019s, which did not arrive from\nChambersburg until 9 A.M. of the 3d. In the same report, Lee himself\nstates that \u201cPickett, with three of his brigades, joined Longstreet the\nfollowing morning.\u201d There is no dispute, however, about the hour of\nPickett\u2019s arrival.\nSo that, as Pickett was selected by Lee to lead the charge, and as Lee\nknew exactly where Pickett was, it is morally impossible that it was\nfixed for daylight, five hours before Pickett\u2019s troops were up.\nIn one place Lee remarks in his report: \u201cThe morning was occupied in\n_necessary_ preparations, and the battle recommenced in the afternoon\nof the 3d.\u201d Time was not an essential element in the problem of the\n3d. The Federal army was then all up, whereas Pickett\u2019s Confederate\ndivision was still absent. The delay of a few hours was therefore a\ndistinct gain for the Confederates, and not prejudicial, as Gordon\nwould have the world believe.\nBut Longstreet\u2019s official report is decisive of the whole question. He\nsays,--\n  \u201cOn the following morning (that is, after the fight of the 2d)\n  our arrangements were made for renewing the attack by my right,\n  with a view to pass round the hill occupied by the enemy\u2019s left,\n  and gain it by flank and reverse attack. A few moments after my\n  orders for the execution of this plan were given, the commanding\n  general joined me, and ordered a column of attack to be formed of\n  Pickett\u2019s, Heth\u2019s, and part of Pender\u2019s divisions, the assault to\n  be made directly at the enemy\u2019s main position, the Cemetery Hill.\u201d\nClearly this shows that Longstreet had no orders for the morning of\nJuly 3. As Longstreet\u2019s report passed through Lee\u2019s hands, the superior\nwould most certainly have returned it to the subordinate for correction\nif there were errors in it. This he did not do, neither did Lee indorse\nupon the document itself any dissent from its tenor.\nAs Pickett did not come up until 9 A.M., and as General Lee says \u201cthe\nmorning was occupied in _necessary_ preparations,\u201d it was logistically\nand morally impossible to make an attack at daylight, and General\nLongstreet states that it could not have been delivered sooner than it\nwas.\nFinally, Longstreet emphatically denies that Lee ordered him to attack\nat daylight on the 3d. He says that he had no orders of any kind on\nthat morning until Lee personally came over to his front and ordered\nthe Pickett charge. No early attack was possible under the conditions\nimposed by Lee to use Pickett\u2019s, Pettigrew\u2019s, and Pender\u2019s troops,\nwidely separated.\nBut without any orders from Lee, as is quite apparent, Longstreet\nhad already given orders for a flank attack by the southern face of\nBig Round Top, as an alternative to directly attacking again the\nimpregnable heights from which he had been repulsed the night before.\nThat would have been \u201csimple madness,\u201d to quote the language of the\nConfederate General Law. But such an act of \u201csimple madness\u201d was the\nonly daylight attack possible from Longstreet\u2019s front on the morning\nof the 3d. Lee substituted for the feasible early attack projected by\nLongstreet the Pickett movement straight on Cemetery Heights which it\nrequired hours of preparation to fulminate, and which proved the most\ndisastrous and destructive in Confederate annals. It was, in fact, the\ndeath-knell of the Southern republic.\nIn his published memoirs,[C] page 385, General Longstreet makes this\nconcise statement in regard to Lee\u2019s alleged orders for the early\nmorning operations on the 3d: \u201cHe [General Lee] did not give or send\nme orders for the morning of the third day, nor did he reinforce me by\nPickett\u2019s brigades for morning attack. As his head-quarters were about\nfour miles from the command, I did not ride over, but sent, to report\nthe work of the second day. In the absence of orders, I had scouting\nparties out during the night in search of a way by which we might\nstrike the enemy\u2019s left and push it down towards his centre. I found\na way that gave some promise of results, and was about to move the\ncommand when he [Lee] rode over after sunrise and gave his orders.\u201d\nBut in his paper of 1877, on Gettysburg, herein-before freely quoted\nfrom, General Longstreet goes more into detail with relation to Lee\u2019s\nplans and orders for the morning of the 3d, and more fully discloses\nthe genesis of the Pickett charge. In this account his own opposition\nto a renewal of the attack on Cemetery Hill is developed and the\nobvious reasons therefor. As he is confirmed in nearly every particular\nby participants and by the records, his account is here reprinted:\n  \u201cOn the next morning he came to see me, and, fearing that he was\n  still in his disposition to attack, I tried to anticipate him by\n  saying, \u2018General, I have had my scouts out all night, and I find\n  that you still have an excellent opportunity to move around to\n  the right of Meade\u2019s army and man\u0153uvre him into attacking us.\u2019 He\n  replied, pointing with his fist at Cemetery Hill, \u2018The enemy is\n  there, and I am going to strike him.\u2019 I felt then that it was my\n  duty to express my convictions. I said, \u2018General, I have been a\n  soldier all my life. I have been with soldiers engaged in fights\n  by couples, by squads, companies, regiments, divisions, and\n  armies, and should know as well as any one what soldiers can do.\n  It is my opinion that no fifteen thousand men ever arrayed for\n  battle can take that position,\u2019 pointing to Cemetery Hill.\n  \u201cGeneral Lee, in reply to this, ordered me to prepare Pickett\u2019s\n  division for the attack. I should not have been so urgent had I\n  not foreseen the hopelessness of the proposed assault. I felt\n  that I must say a word against the sacrifice of my men; and\n  then I felt that my record was such that General Lee would or\n  could not misconstrue my motives. I said no more, however, but\n  turned away. The most of the morning was consumed in waiting for\n  Pickett\u2019s men and getting into position.\u201d\nTo make the attitude of the superior and his subordinate more clear in\nrelation to the proposed desperate throw of General Lee for victory,\nand to further explain the foregoing protest of General Longstreet,\nquotations from a second paper of the series printed in 1877 are here\ngiven, in which he says,--\n  \u201cIn my first article I declared that the invasion of Pennsylvania\n  was a movement that General Lee and his council agreed should\n  be defensive in tactics, while of course it was offensive in\n  strategy; that the campaign was conducted on this plan until\n  we had left Chambersburg, when, owing to the absence of our\n  cavalry and our consequent ignorance of the enemy\u2019s whereabouts,\n  we collided with them unexpectedly, and that General Lee had\n  lost the matchless equipoise that usually characterized him,\n  and through excitement and the doubt that enveloped the enemy\u2019s\n  movements, changed the whole plan of the campaign and delivered a\n  battle under ominous circumstances.\u201d\nCHAPTER III\nPICKETT\u2019S CHARGE\n  \u201cPickett swept past our artillery in splendid style, and the men\n  marched steadily and compactly down the slope. As they started\n  up the ridge over one hundred cannon from the breastworks of the\n  Federals hurled a rain of canister, grape, and shell down upon\n  them; still they pressed on until half-way up the slope, when\n  the crest of the hill was lit with a solid sheet of flame as the\n  masses of infantry rose and fired. When the smoke cleared away\n  Pickett\u2019s division was gone. Nearly two-thirds of his men lay\n  dead on the field.\u201d--LONGSTREET ON PICKETT\u2019S CHARGE.\nGeneral Longstreet\u2019s description of the Pickett charge itself also\nthrows much light on these old controversies. It is confirmed in all\nessential particulars by General Alexander and others who have written\non the subject since the war, and also by the reports:\n  \u201cThe plan of assault was as follows: Our artillery was to be\n  massed in a wood from which Pickett was to charge, and it was to\n  pour a continuous fire upon the cemetery. Under cover of this\n  fire, and supported by it, Pickett was to charge. General E. P.\n  Alexander, a brave and gifted officer, being at the head of the\n  column, and being first in position, and being besides an officer\n  of unusual promptness, sagacity, and intelligence, was given\n  charge of the artillery. The arrangements were completed about\n  one o\u2019clock. General Alexander had arranged that a battery of\n  seven 11-pound howitzers, with fresh horses and full caissons,\n  were to charge with Pickett, at the head of his line, but General\n  Pendleton, from whom the guns had been borrowed, recalled them\n  just before the charge was made, and thus deranged this wise plan.\n  \u201cNever was I so depressed as upon that day. I felt that my men\n  were to be sacrificed, and that I should have to order them to\n  make a hopeless charge. I had instructed General Alexander,\n  being unwilling to trust myself with the entire responsibility,\n  to carefully observe the effect of the fire upon the enemy, and\n  when it began to tell to notify Pickett to begin the assault. I\n  was so much impressed with the hopelessness of the charge that I\n  wrote the following note to General Alexander:\n    \u201c\u2018If the artillery fire does not have the effect to drive off\n    the enemy or greatly demoralize him, so as to make our efforts\n    pretty certain, I would prefer that you should not advise General\n    Pickett to make the charge. I shall rely a great deal on your\n    judgment to determine the matter, and shall expect you to let\n    Pickett know when the moment offers.\u2019\n  \u201cTo my note the general replied as follows:\n    \u201c\u2018I will only be able to judge the effect of our fire upon the\n    enemy by his return fire, for his infantry is but little exposed\n    to view, and the smoke will obscure the whole field. If, as I\n    infer from your note, there is an alternative to this attack, it\n    should be carefully considered before opening our fire, for it\n    will take all of the artillery ammunition we have left to test\n    this one thoroughly, and if the result is unfavorable, we will\n    have none left for another effort, and even if this is entirely\n    successful it can only be so at a very bloody cost.\u2019\n  \u201cI still desired to save my men, and felt that if the artillery\n  did not produce the desired effect I would be justified in\n  holding Pickett off. I wrote this note to Colonel Walton at\n  exactly 1.30 P.M.:\n    \u201c\u2018Let the batteries open. Order great precision in firing. If the\n    batteries at the peach-orchard cannot be used against the point\n    we intend attacking, let them open on the enemy at Rocky Hill.\u2019\n  \u201cThe cannonading which opened along both lines was grand. In a\n  few moments a courier brought a note to General Pickett (who was\n  standing near me) from Alexander, which, after reading, he handed\n  to me. It was as follows:\n    \u201c\u2018If you are coming at all you must come at once, or I cannot\n    give you proper support; but the enemy\u2019s fire has not slackened\n    at all; at least eighteen guns are still firing from the cemetery\n    itself.\u2019\n  \u201cAfter I had read the note Pickett said to me, \u2018General, shall I\n  advance?\u2019 My feelings had so overcome me that I would not speak\n  for fear of betraying my want of confidence to him. I bowed\n  affirmation and turned to mount my horse. Pickett immediately\n  said, \u2018I shall lead my division forward, sir.\u2019 I spurred my\n  horse to the wood where Alexander was stationed with artillery.\n  When I reached him he told me of the disappearance of the seven\n  guns which were to have led the charge with Pickett, and that\n  his ammunition was so low that he could not properly support\n  the charge. I at once ordered him to stop Pickett until the\n  ammunition had been replenished. He informed me that he had no\n  ammunition with which to replenish. I then saw that there was\n  no help for it, and that Pickett must advance under his orders.\n  He swept past our artillery in splendid style, and the men\n  marched steadily and compactly down the slope. As they started\n  up the ridge over one hundred cannon from the breastworks of the\n  Federals hurled a rain of canister, grape, and shell down upon\n  them; still they pressed on until half-way up the slope, when\n  the crest of the hill was lit with a solid sheet of flame as the\n  masses of infantry rose and fired. When the smoke cleared away\n  Pickett\u2019s division was gone. Nearly two-thirds of his men lay\n  dead on the field, and the survivors were sullenly retreating\n  down the hill. Mortal man could not have stood that fire. In\n  half an hour the contested field was cleared and the battle of\n  Gettysburg was over.\n  \u201cWhen this charge had failed I expected that of course the enemy\n  would throw himself against our shattered ranks and try to crush\n  us. I sent my staff-officers to the rear to assist in rallying\n  the troops, and hurried to our line of batteries as the only\n  support that I could give them, knowing that my presence would\n  impress upon every one of them the necessity of holding the\n  ground to the last extremity. I knew if the army was to be saved\n  those batteries must check the enemy.\u201d\nCHAPTER IV\nGORDON\u2019S \u201cESTABLISHED FACTS\u201d AND PENDLETON\u2019S FULMINATIONS\n  No officer in a position to know anything about the matter\n  confirmed Pendleton\u2019s statement, while everybody who should have\n  been aware of such an important order directly contradicted it,\n  as do all the records.\nContinuing on the subject of Longstreet\u2019s alleged disobedience, Gordon\nconsiders the following as another of the \u201cfacts established:\u201d\n  \u201cThirdly, that General Lee, according to the testimony of Colonel\n  Walter Taylor, Colonel C. S. Venable, and General A. L. Long,\n  who were present when the order was given, ordered Longstreet\n  to make the attack on the last day with the three divisions of\n  his own corps and two divisions of A. P. Hill\u2019s corps, and that\n  instead of doing so Longstreet sent only fourteen thousand men to\n  assail Meade\u2019s army in the latter\u2019s strong and heavily intrenched\n  position.\u201d\nThis is the old story that Longstreet was culpable in not sending\nMcLaws and Hood to the attack with Pickett.\nBut, in fact, Lee\u2019s own utterances show that McLaws and Hood were not\nto join in the Pickett attack, but, on the contrary, were excluded\nfor other vital service by Lee\u2019s specific directions. It is true this\nwas done upon Longstreet\u2019s strenuous representations that twenty\nthousand Federals were massed behind the Round Top to swoop down on\nthe Confederate flank if Hood and McLaws were withdrawn. After viewing\nthe ground himself Lee acquiesced. The eye-witnesses quoted by Gordon\nheard only the original order; they evidently did not know of its\nnecessary modification, after Lee was made aware by his own personal\nobservations and by Longstreet\u2019s explanations that it was impossible to\nwithdraw Hood and McLaws.\nThe official reports of both Lee and Longstreet are conclusive on this\npoint, and they substantially agree. In the paragraph quoted in the\npreceding chapter, Longstreet states explicitly that \u201cthe commanding\ngeneral joined me\u201d (on the far right on the morning of the 3d) \u201cand\nordered a column of attack to be formed of Pickett\u2019s, Heth\u2019s, and part\nof Pender\u2019s divisions,\u201d etc. If this was a misstatement, why did not\nLee correct it before sending the report to the War Department? He did\nnot; on the contrary, Lee corroborates Longstreet in these paragraphs\nof his own official report, in which he also explains in detail why\nMcLaws and Hood were not ordered forward with Pickett:\n  \u201cGeneral Longstreet was delayed by a force occupying the high\n  rocky hills on the enemy\u2019s extreme left, from which his troops\n  could be attacked in reverse as they advanced. His operations\n  had been embarrassed the day previous by the same cause, and\n  he now deemed it necessary to defend his flank and rear with\n  the divisions of Hood and McLaws. He was therefore reinforced\n  by Heth\u2019s division and two brigades of Pender\u2019s.... General\n  Longstreet ordered forward the column of attack, consisting of\n  Pickett\u2019s and Heth\u2019s divisions in two lines, Pickett on the\n  right.\u201d\nNow, one of Lee\u2019s favorite officers, General Pickett, had personal\nsupervision of the formation of the attacking column. General Lee was\nfor a time personally present while this work was going on, conversing\nwith Pickett concerning the proper dispositions and making various\nsuggestions. He therefore knew by personal observation, before the\ncharge was made, exactly what troops were included and what were not.\nHe knew that the extreme right of Hood\u2019s division was at that moment\nfully three miles away, holding a difficult position in face of an\noverwhelming force of Federals, and McLaws almost equally distant.\nWith these documents before him, how can Gordon believe it an\n\u201cestablished fact\u201d that Lee expected McLaws and Hood to take part in\nthe Pickett charge?\nIt is admitted by almost if not quite all authority on the subject\nthat Pickett\u2019s charge was hopeless. The addition of McLaws and Hood\nwould not have increased the chances of success. The Confederates\nunder Longstreet and R. H. Anderson had tested the enemy\u2019s position on\nthat front thoroughly in the battle of the 2d, and with a much larger\nforce, including these same divisions of McLaws and Hood, who had been\nrepulsed. There was every reason to believe that the position was much\nstronger on the final day than when Longstreet attacked it on the 2d.\nThe troops of Hood and McLaws, in view of their enormous losses, were\nin no condition to support Pickett effectively, even had they been free\nfor that purpose. But it has been shown above by the testimony of both\nLee and Longstreet that they were required to maintain the position\nthey had won in the desperate struggle of the evening previous to\nprevent the twenty-two thousand men of the Union Fifth and Sixth Corps\nfrom falling _en masse_ upon Pickett\u2019s right flank, or their own flank\nand rear had they moved in unison with Pickett.\nHaving proved from Lee\u2019s own official written utterances that the\nthree foregoing points set up by Gordon cannot possibly be accepted as\n\u201cestablished facts,\u201d we now come to his \u201cfourthly,\u201d which is really a\nsumming up of the whole case against Longstreet,--viz., that he was\ndisobedient, slow, \u201cbalky,\u201d and obstructive at Gettysburg. He says,--\n  \u201cFourthly, that the great mistake of the halt on the first day\n  would have been repaired on the second, and even on the third\n  day, if Lee\u2019s orders had been vigorously executed, and that\n  General Lee died believing that he lost Gettysburg at last by\n  Longstreet\u2019s disobedience of orders.\u201d\nThe first positive utterance holding General Longstreet responsible for\nthe defeat at Gettysburg, through failure to obey Lee\u2019s orders, came\nfrom Rev. Dr. William N. Pendleton, an Episcopal clergyman of Virginia,\non the 17th of January, 1873. General Lee had then been dead more than\ntwo years. In view of what follows it is well to bear in mind these two\ndistinct dates. There had been some vague hints, particularly among\nsome of the higher ex-Confederates from Virginia prior to Pendleton\u2019s\ncategorical story, but Pendleton was the first person to distinctly\nformulate the indictment against Longstreet for disobedience of orders.\nIn an address delivered in the town of Lexington, Virginia, on the date\nmentioned, in behalf of a memorial church to General Lee, Pendleton\nuses this language, referring to the battle of Gettysburg:\n  \u201cThe ground southwest of the town [Gettysburg] was carefully\n  examined by me after the engagement of July 1.... Its practicable\n  character was reported to our commanding general. He informed\n  me that he had _ordered Longstreet to attack on that front at\n  sunrise next morning_. And he added to myself: \u2018I want you to be\n  out long before sunrise, so as to re-examine and save time.\u2019 He\n  also desired me to communicate with General Longstreet, as well\n  as himself. The reconnoissance was accordingly made as soon as it\n  was light enough on the 2d.... All this, as it occurred under my\n  personal observation, it is nothing short of imperative duty that\n  I thus fairly state.\u201d\nRev. Dr. Pendleton was a brigadier-general and chief of artillery\non Lee\u2019s staff. He was a graduate of West Point, and was the cadet\nfriend of Lee for more than three years in the Military Academy. After\nthe war they were closely associated at Lexington, Virginia. His\nfulmination had the effect of a bombshell. There was a hue and cry at\nonce; corroborative evidence of the easy hearsay sort was forthcoming\nfrom various interested quarters, but most markedly and noisily from\nthe State of Virginia, as if by preconcert. Pendleton\u2019s fulmination\nappeared to have been expected by those who had previously been\npursuing Longstreet. The late General Jubal A. Early was particularly\nstrenuous in unreserved endorsement of the Pendleton story. The Rev. J.\nWilliam Jones, of Richmond, the self-appointed conservator of General\nLee\u2019s fair fame, also quickly added his testimony to the reliability of\nthe Rev. Dr. Pendleton\u2019s discovery and dramatic disclosure. Those who\napproved generally fortified Pendleton with additional statements of\ntheir own.\nPendleton\u2019s statement is characteristic of the whole, but it was for\na time the more effective because it was more definite, in that it\npurported to recite a positive statement by Lee of an alleged order to\nLongstreet. If Pendleton\u2019s statement falls, the whole falls.\nGeneral Longstreet was astounded when Pendleton\u2019s Lexington story was\nbrought to his attention. He had previously paid but little attention\nto indefinite gossip of a certain coterie that he had been \u201cslow\u201d and\neven \u201cobstructive\u201d at Gettysburg, and had never heard before that he\nwas accused of having disobeyed a positive order to attack at any given\nhour. That false accusation aroused him to action. He categorically\ndenied Pendleton\u2019s absurd allegations, and at once appealed to several\nliving members of Lee\u2019s staff and to others in a position to know the\nfacts, to exonerate him from the charge of having disobeyed his chief,\nthereby causing disaster.\nColonel Walter H. Taylor, a Virginian, and General Lee\u2019s\nadjutant-general, promptly responded as follows:\n            \u201cNORFOLK, VIRGINIA, April 28, 1875.\n  \u201cDEAR GENERAL,--I have received your letter of the 20th inst. I\n  have not read the article of which you speak, nor have I ever\n  seen any copy of General Pendleton\u2019s address; indeed, I have\n  read little or nothing of what has been written since the war.\n  In the first place, because I could not spare the time, and in\n  the second, of those of whose writings I have heard I deem but\n  very few entitled to any attention whatever. I can only say that\n  I never before heard of \u2018the sunrise attack\u2019 you were to have\n  made as charged by General Pendleton. If such an order was given\n  you I never knew of it, or it has strangely escaped my memory.\n  I think it more than probable that if General Lee had had your\n  troops available the evening previous to the day of which you\n  speak he would have ordered an early attack, but this does not\n  touch the point at issue. I regard it as a great mistake on the\n  part of those who, perhaps because of political differences, now\n  undertake to criticise and attack your war record. Such conduct\n  is most ungenerous, and I am sure meets the disapprobation of\n  all good Confederates with whom I have had the pleasure of\n  associating in the daily walks of life.\n            \u201cYours very respectfully,\n  \u201cTO GENERAL LONGSTREET.\u201d\nTwo years afterwards Colonel Taylor published an article strongly\ncriticising General Longstreet\u2019s operations at Gettysburg, but in that\narticle was this candid admission:\n  \u201cIndeed, great injustice has been done him [Longstreet] in the\n  charge that he had orders from the commanding general to attack\n  the enemy at sunrise on the 2d of July, and that he disobeyed\n  these orders. This would imply that he was in position to attack,\n  whereas General Lee but anticipated his early arrival on the\n  2d, and based his calculations upon it. I have shown how he was\n  disappointed, and I need hardly add that the delay was fatal.\u201d\nThe fact that Colonel Taylor was himself a somewhat severe critic of\nGeneral Longstreet, through a misapprehension of certain facts and\nconditions, gives additional force and value to this statement.\nColonel Charles Marshall, then an aide on Lee\u2019s staff, who succeeded\nLong as Military Secretary and subsequently had charge of all the\npapers left by General Lee, wrote as follows:\n            \u201cBALTIMORE, MARYLAND, May 7, 1875.\n  \u201cDEAR GENERAL,--Your letter of the 20th ult. was received\n  and should have had an earlier reply but for my engagements\n  preventing me from looking at my papers to find what I could\n  on the subject. I have no personal recollection of the order\n  to which you refer. It certainly was not conveyed by me, nor\n  is there anything in General Lee\u2019s official report to show the\n  attack on the 2d was expected by him to begin earlier, except\n  that he notices that there was not proper concert of action on\n  that day....\n            \u201cRespectfully,\n              \u201cCHARLES MARSHALL.\n  \u201cTO GENERAL LONGSTREET, NEW ORLEANS.\u201d\nColonel Charles S. Venable, another of Lee\u2019s aides and after the war\none of his firmest partisans, made the following detailed statement,\nwhich not only refutes Pendleton\u2019s Lexington story, but bears\nluminously upon every other point at issue concerning the alleged early\nattack order of the 2d:\n            \u201cUNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, May 11, 1875.\n  \u201cGENERAL JAMES LONGSTREET:\n  \u201cDEAR GENERAL,--Your letter of the 25th ultimo, with regard\n  to General Lee\u2019s battle order on the 1st and 2d of July at\n  Gettysburg, was duly received. I did not know of any order for an\n  attack on the enemy at sunrise on the 2d, nor can I believe any\n  such order was issued by General Lee. About sunrise on the 2d of\n  July I was sent by General Lee to General Ewell to ask him what\n  he thought of the advantages of an attack on the enemy from his\n  position. (Colonel Marshall had been sent with a similar order\n  on the night of the 1st.) General Ewell made me ride with him\n  from point to point of his lines, so as to see with him the exact\n  position of things. Before he got through the examination of the\n  enemy\u2019s position General Lee came himself to General Ewell\u2019s\n  lines. In sending the message to General Ewell, General Lee was\n  explicit in saying that the question was whether he should move\n  all the troops around on the right and attack on that side. I do\n  not think that the errand on which I was sent by the commanding\n  general is consistent with the idea of an attack at sunrise by\n  any portion of the army.\n            \u201cYours very truly,\nGeneral A. L. Long, a Virginian, was General Lee\u2019s Military Secretary\nand aide at Gettysburg. After the war he wrote a book,--\u201cMemoirs of\nGeneral Lee,\u201d--in which he endeavored to hold Longstreet largely\nresponsible for the Gettysburg disaster. But in it he made no assertion\nthat Longstreet had disobeyed an order for a sunrise attack on the 2d,\nor at any other specific hour on that or the next day. He wrote as\nfollows:\n            \u201cBIG ISLAND, BEDFORD, VIRGINIA, May 31, 1875.\n  \u201cDEAR GENERAL,--Your letter of the 20th ult., referring to an\n  assertion of General Pendleton\u2019s, made in a lecture delivered\n  several years ago, which was recently published in the _Southern\n  Historical Society Magazine_ substantially as follows: \u2018That\n  General Lee ordered General Longstreet to attack General Meade\n  at sunrise on the morning of the 2d of July,\u2019 has been received.\n  I do not recollect of hearing of an order to attack at sunrise,\n  or at any other designated hour, pending the operations at\n  Gettysburg during the first three days of July, 1863....\n            \u201cYours truly,\n  \u201cTO GENERAL LONGSTREET.\u201d\nThe foregoing letters, all written by members of General Lee\u2019s military\nfamily, all his close friends and personal partisans, are worth a\ncareful study. They not only negative General Pendleton\u2019s \u201csunrise\u201d\nstory, but as a whole they go to prove that it was not expected by Lee,\nLongstreet, Pendleton, nor any other high officer, that an early attack\nwas to have been delivered on the 2d of July. Both Generals McLaws and\nHood, Longstreet\u2019s division commanders, made statements disclosing that\nthey were totally unaware at Gettysburg of any order for a sunrise\nattack on that day. No officer in a position to know anything about the\nmatter confirmed Pendleton\u2019s statement, while everybody who should have\nbeen aware of such an important order, directly contradicted it, as do\nall the records.\nThe statement of General McLaws appeared in a narrative of Gettysburg\npublished in a Savannah paper nearly thirty years ago. Besides\nits direct bearing on the Pendleton story, it furnishes valuable\ninformation as to some of the causes of delay encountered by\nLongstreet\u2019s troops in their long march from Chambersburg on the 1st of\nJuly:\n  \u201cOn the 30th of June I had been directed to have my division\n  in readiness to follow General Ewell\u2019s corps. Marching towards\n  Gettysburg, which it was intimated we would have passed by\n  ten o\u2019clock the next day (the 1st of July), my division was\n  accordingly marched from its camp and lined along the road in the\n  order of march by eight o\u2019clock the 1st of July. When the troops\n  of Ewell\u2019s corps (it was Johnston\u2019s division in charge of Ewell\u2019s\n  wagon-trains, which were coming from Carlisle by the road west of\n  the mountains) had passed the head of my column I asked General\n  Longstreet\u2019s staff-officer, Major Fairfax, if my division should\n  follow. He went off to inquire, and returned with orders for\n  me to wait until Ewell\u2019s wagon-train had passed, which did not\n  happen until after four o\u2019clock P.M.\n  \u201cThe train was calculated to be fourteen miles long, when I\n  took up the line of march and continued marching until I arrived\n  within three miles of Gettysburg, where my command camped along\n  a creek. This was far into the night. My division was leading\n  Longstreet\u2019s corps, and of course the other divisions came up\n  later. I saw Hood\u2019s division the next morning, and understood\n  that Pickett had been detached to guard the rear.\n  \u201cWhile on the march, at about ten o\u2019clock at night I met General\n  Longstreet and some of his staff coming from the direction of\n  Gettysburg and had a few moments\u2019 conversation with him. He said\n  nothing of having received an order to attack at daylight the\n  next morning. Here I will state that until General Pendleton\n  mentioned it about two years ago, when he was on a lecturing\n  tour, after the death of General Lee, I never heard it intimated\n  even that any such order had ever been given.\u201d\nThe following is an extract from a letter[D] of General Hood to General\nLongstreet on the subject of the sunrise order, which indirectly,\nthough conclusively, shows there could have been no such order, besides\nbeing interesting and instructive as to other points:\n  \u201cI arrived with my staff in front of the heights of Gettysburg\n  shortly after daybreak, as I have already stated, on the morning\n  of the 2d of July. My division soon commenced filing into an\n  open field near me, when the troops were allowed to stack arms\n  and rest until further orders. A short distance in advance of\n  this point, and during the early part of the same morning, we\n  were both engaged in company with Generals A. P. Hill and Lee\n  in observing the position of the Federals. General Lee, with\n  coat buttoned to the throat, sabre belt around his waist, and\n  field-glasses pending at his side, walked up and down in the\n  shade of large trees near us, halting now and then to observe\n  the enemy. He seemed full of hope, yet at times buried in\n  deep thought. Colonel Fremantle, of England, was ensconced in\n  the forks of a tree not far off with glasses in constant use\n  examining the lofty position of the Federal army.\n  \u201cGeneral Lee was seemingly anxious that you should attack that\n  morning. He remarked to me, \u2018The enemy is here, and if we do not\n  whip him he will whip us.\u2019 You thought it better to await the\n  arrival of Pickett\u2019s division, at that time still in the rear, in\n  order to make the attack, and you said to me subsequently, while\n  we were seated together near the trunk of a tree, \u2018General Lee is\n  a little nervous this morning. He wishes me to attack. I do not\n  wish to do so without Pickett. I never like to go into a battle\n  with one boot off.\u2019\u201d\nAnother letter, which in a way is still more important than any of the\nforegoing, is one from Colonel John W. Fairfax, a member of General\nLongstreet\u2019s staff. It tends to show that the sunrise-order story was\nconjured up by Dr. Pendleton and others at Lexington after Lee\u2019s death;\nin other words, it is strong circumstantial confirmation of General\nLongstreet\u2019s belief in a conspiracy. Written more than twenty-six years\nago, the manner in which it dovetails with all the foregoing statements\nand documents as to the various events involved is peculiarly\nsignificant. Colonel Fairfax is a Virginian and was always an ardent\nadmirer of General Lee, but not to the extent of desiring to uphold his\nfame at the expense of honor or the ruin of another:\n            \u201cFREESTONE P. O., PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY, VIRGINIA.\n  \u201cMY DEAR GENERAL LONGSTREET,-- ... The winter after the death\n  of General Lee I was in Lexington, visiting my sons at the\n  Virginia Military Institute. General Pendleton called to see me\n  at the hotel. General Custis Lee was in my room when he came in.\n  After General Lee left, General Pendleton asked me if General\n  Longstreet was not ordered to attack on the 2d of July at six\n  o\u2019clock in the morning, and did not attack until four in the\n  evening. I told him it was not possible. When he left me I was\n  under the impression I had convinced him of his mistaken idea. I\n  told General Pendleton that you and General Lee were together the\n  greater part of the day up to about three o\u2019clock or later; that\n  you separated at the mouth of a lane not long thereafter. You\n  said to me, \u2018Those troops will be in position by the time you get\n  there; tell General Hood to attack.\u2019\n  \u201cWhen I gave the order to General Hood he was standing within a\n  step or two of his line of battle. I asked him to please delay\n  his attack until I could communicate to General Longstreet that\n  he can turn the enemy--pointing to a gorge in the mountain, where\n  we would be sheltered from his view and attack by his cavalry.\n  General Hood slapped me on the knee, and said, \u2018I agree with you;\n  bring General Longstreet to see for himself. When I reported to\n  you, your answer was, \u2018It is General Lee\u2019s order; the time is\n  up,--attack at once.\u2019 I lost no time in repeating the same to\n  General Hood, and remained with him to see the attack, which was\n  made instantly. We had a beautiful view of the enemy\u2019s left from\n  Hood\u2019s position, which was close up to him. He gave way quickly.\n  General Hood charged, and I spurred to report to you; found you\n  with hat in hand, cheering on General McLaws\u2019s division....\n            \u201cTruly your friend,\nGeneral Longstreet\u2019s views at the time of the Gettysburg operations are\nconveyed in a personal letter of a confidential nature, written only\ntwenty days after the event to his uncle in Georgia, upon being made\naware that there was a sly undercurrent of misrepresentation of his\ncourse current in certain circles of the army:\n            \u201cCAMP CULPEPER COURT-HOUSE,\n  \u201cMY DEAR UNCLE,--Your letters of the 13th and 14th were received\n  on yesterday. As to our late battle I cannot say much. I have\n  no right to say anything, in fact, but will venture a little\n  for you alone. If it goes to aunt and cousins it must be under\n  promise that it will go no farther. The battle was not made as\n  I would have made it. My idea was to throw ourselves between the\n  enemy and Washington, select a strong position, and force the\n  enemy to attack us. So far as is given to man the ability to\n  judge, we may say with confidence that we should have destroyed\n  the Federal army, marched into Washington, and dictated our\n  terms, or at least held Washington and marched over as much of\n  Pennsylvania as we cared to, had we drawn the enemy into attack\n  upon our carefully chosen position in his rear. General Lee chose\n  the plans adopted, and he is the person appointed to choose and\n  to order. I consider it a part of my duty to express my views\n  to the commanding general. If he approves and adopts them, it\n  is well; if he does not, it is my duty to adopt his views and\n  to execute his orders as faithfully as if they were my own. I\n  cannot help but think that great results would have been obtained\n  had my views been thought better of, yet I am much inclined to\n  accept the present condition as for the best. I hope and trust\n  that it is so. Your programme would all be well enough had it\n  been practicable, and was duly thought of, too. I fancy that no\n  good ideas upon that campaign will be mentioned at any time that\n  did not receive their share of consideration by General Lee.\n  The few things that he might have overlooked himself were, I\n  believe, suggested by myself. As we failed, I must take my share\n  of the responsibility. In fact, I would prefer that all the blame\n  should rest upon me. As General Lee is our commander, he should\n  have the support and influence we can give him. If the blame, if\n  there is any, can be shifted from him to me, I shall help him\n  and our cause by taking it. I desire, therefore, that all the\n  responsibility that can be put upon me shall go there and shall\n  remain there. The truth will be known in time, and I leave that\n  to show how much of the responsibility of Gettysburg rests on my\n  shoulders....\n            \u201cMost affectionately yours,\n  \u201cTO A. B. LONGSTREET, LL.D., COLUMBUS, GA.\u201d\nAside from all this irrefragable personal testimony of conspicuous\nparticipants disproving Pendleton\u2019s apocryphal story, there is other\nevidence still more conclusive that no sunrise order for attack by\nLongstreet was given by Lee, and equally strong that an early attack on\nthat day was out of the question. The position of Longstreet\u2019s troops,\nall still absent from the field and on the march, forbade an attack by\nhim at sunrise, or at any other hour much before noon, at the point\ndesignated by Lee. General Lee was well aware of its impossibility. At\nsunrise Longstreet\u2019s infantry was still distant from the field, but\nrapidly coming up. One brigade (Law\u2019s) was not less than twenty miles\naway at the very hour Pendleton would have had Longstreet attack.\nMcLaws\u2019s and Hood\u2019s divisions had encamped at Marsh Creek, four miles\nfrom Gettysburg, at midnight of the 1st, and did not begin to arrive on\nSeminary Ridge until more than three hours after sunrise on the 2d.\nThe corps artillery did not get up until nine or ten o\u2019clock, and part\nof it not until noon or after. Pickett\u2019s division did not begin its\nmarch from the vicinity of Chambersburg, some thirty miles away, until\nthe 2d. Pendleton\u2019s report, herein quoted, shows how the artillery was\ndelayed, and the deterrent effect that delay had upon Longstreet\u2019s\nadvance after he received the order. Pendleton himself was the chief of\nartillery, and largely responsible for its man\u0153uvres.\nAfter their arrival upon Seminary Ridge, the infantry of Hood and\nMcLaws was massed in a field within musket shot of General Lee\u2019s\nhead-quarters, and there rested until the troops took arms for the\nmarch to the point of attack. From this point of rest near Lee\u2019s\nhead-quarters to the point of attack, by the circuitous route selected\nby Pendleton, was between five and seven miles.\nSo that Longstreet\u2019s infantry, the nearest at hand, had from nine\nto eleven miles to march to reach the selected point of attack, the\ngreater part of which march by the back roads and ravines, to avoid\nthe observation of the enemy, was necessarily slow at best, and made\ndoubly so by the mistakes of Pendleton\u2019s guides, who put the troops\nupon the wrong routes. The artillery, still back on the Chambersburg\nroad, did not all get up until noon, causing a further delay of the\nwhole column, as shown by the Pendleton report. General Law\u2019s brigade,\nmarching from 3 A.M., arrived about noon.\nAfter they came up all movements were still several hours delayed,\nawaiting Lee\u2019s personal reconnoissances on the left and right to\ndetermine the point of attack.\nColonel Venable says that \u201cabout sunrise\u201d he was sent to General\nEwell on the left to inquire if it were not more feasible to attack\nin that quarter. While he was riding from point to point with Ewell,\nLee himself came over to see Ewell in person. Lee did not return\nto Longstreet\u2019s front until about nine o\u2019clock. Meanwhile, his\nstaff-officers, Pendleton, Long, Colonel Walker, and Captain Johnston,\nby Lee\u2019s orders, had been examining the ground to the right. Upon Lee\u2019s\nreturn from the left he rode far to the right and joined Pendleton.\nNot until then was the attack on the enemy\u2019s left by Longstreet finally\ndecided upon. Longstreet said it was not earlier than eleven o\u2019clock\nwhen he received his orders to move; from the time consumed by Lee and\nhis staff it was probably later. The front of the Confederate army was\nsix miles in extent.\nHence matters on the morning of July 2 were not awaiting Longstreet\u2019s\nmovements. All that long forenoon everything was still in the air,\ndepending upon Lee\u2019s personal examinations and final decisions.\nIt is perfectly clear from this indecision on the 2d that Lee could not\nhave arrived at a decision the previous night, as asserted by Pendleton\nat Lexington long after the war.\nCHAPTER V\nLONGSTREET\u2019S VERSION OF THE OPERATIONS OF JULY 2\n  \u201cGeneral Lee never in his life gave me orders to open an attack\n  at a specific hour. He was perfectly satisfied that when I had my\n  troops in position and was ordered to attack, no time was ever\n  lost.\u201d--LONGSTREET ON THE SECOND DAY AT GETTYSBURG.\nThe hour, the feasibility, and point of attack have now been thoroughly\ndiscussed, mainly from the stand-point of the official records. As\nsupplementary to the recitations of the official reports of Lee,\nLongstreet, Pendleton, and others quoted on these heads, it seems\ndesirable to introduce just here General Longstreet\u2019s version of his\noperations on July 2, published so long ago as 1877, only twelve\nyears after Appomattox and two decades before he knew the tenor\nof Pendleton\u2019s report. It was given to the world long before the\npublication of the official records by the government, to which he\ncould therefore have had no access. How closely he is confirmed in all\nessential particulars by the records is marvellous. In this regard it\nis to be noted that in all these controversies his statements have\nalways stood analysis in the light of all the evidence far better than\nthose of his reckless critics. The following is useful because it\ncomprehensively sums up from Longstreet\u2019s stand-point all the movements\nrelating to fixing the point and time of his attack, the movement and\ndisposition of his troops, and other incidents:\n[Illustration: SECOND DAY\u2019S BATTLE, GETTYSBURG.]\n  \u201cGeneral Lee never in his life gave me orders to open an attack\n  at a specific hour. He was perfectly satisfied that when I had\n  my troops in position and was ordered to attack, no time was\n  ever lost. On the night of the 1st I left him without any\n  orders at all. On the morning of the 2d I went to General Lee\u2019s\n  head-quarters at daylight and renewed my views against making\n  an attack. He seemed resolved, however, and we discussed the\n  probable results. We observed the position of the Federals and\n  got a general idea of the nature of the ground. About sunrise\n  General Lee sent Colonel Venable, of his staff, to General\n  Ewell\u2019s head-quarters, ordering him to make a reconnoissance of\n  the ground in his front, with a view of making the main attack on\n  his left. A short time afterwards he followed Colonel Venable in\n  person. He returned at about nine o\u2019clock and informed me that it\n  would not do to have Ewell open the attack. He finally determined\n  that I should make the main attack on the extreme right. It was\n  fully eleven o\u2019clock when General Lee arrived at this conclusion\n  and ordered the movement. In the mean time, by General Lee\u2019s\n  authority, Law\u2019s brigade, which had been put upon picket duty,\n  was ordered to rejoin my command, and upon my suggestion that\n  it would be better to await its arrival, General Lee assented.\n  We waited about forty minutes for these troops and then moved\n  forward. A delay of several hours occurred in the march of the\n  troops. The cause of this delay was that we had been ordered by\n  General Lee to proceed cautiously upon the forward movement so\n  as to avoid being seen by the enemy. General Lee ordered Captain\n  Johnston, of his engineer corps, to lead and conduct the head\n  of the column. My troops therefore moved forward under guidance\n  of a special officer of General Lee, and with instructions to\n  follow his directions. I left General Lee only after the line had\n  stretched out on the march, and rode along with Hood\u2019s division,\n  which was in the rear. The march was necessarily slow, the\n  conductor frequently encountering points that exposed the troops\n  to the view of the signal station on Round Top. At length the\n  column halted.\n  \u201cAfter waiting some time, supposing that it would soon move\n  forward, I sent to the front to inquire the occasion of the\n  delay. It was reported that the column was awaiting the movements\n  of Captain Johnston, who was trying to lead it by some route by\n  which it could pursue its march without falling under view of the\n  Federal signal station. Looking up towards Round Top, I saw that\n  the signal station was in full view, and, as we could plainly\n  see this station, it was apparent that our heavy columns were\n  seen from their position and that further efforts to conceal\n  ourselves would be a waste of time.\n  \u201cI became very impatient at this delay, and determined to take\n  upon myself the responsibility of hurrying the troops forward.\n  I did not order General McLaws forward because, as the head of\n  the column, he had direct orders from General Lee to follow the\n  conduct of Colonel Johnston. Therefore I sent orders to Hood,\n  who was in the rear and not encumbered by these instructions, to\n  push his division forward by the most direct route so as to take\n  position on my right. He did so, and thus broke up the delay. The\n  troops were rapidly thrown into position and preparations were\n  made for the attack.\n  \u201cWe had learned on the night of the 1st, from some prisoners\n  captured near Seminary Ridge, that the First, Eleventh, and\n  Third Corps had arrived by the Emmitsburg road and had taken\n  position on the heights in front of us, and that reinforcements\n  had been seen coming by the Baltimore road just after the fight\n  of the 1st. From an intercepted despatch we learned that another\n  corps was in camp about four miles from the field. We had every\n  reason, therefore, to believe that the Federals were prepared to\n  renew the battle. Our army was stretched in an elliptical curve,\n  reaching from the front of Round Top around Seminary Ridge, and\n  enveloping Cemetery Heights on the left; thus covering a space of\n  four or five miles. The enemy occupied the high ground in front\n  of us, being massed within a curve of about two miles, nearly\n  concentric with the curve described by our forces. His line was\n  about fourteen hundred yards from ours. Any one will see that\n  the proposition for this inferior force to assault and drive out\n  the masses of troops upon the heights was a very problematical\n  one. My orders from General Lee were \u2018to envelop the enemy\u2019s left\n  and begin the attack there, following up as near as possible the\n  direction of the Emmitsburg road.\u2019\n  \u201cMy corps occupied our right, with Hood on the extreme right\n  and McLaws next. Hill\u2019s corps was next to mine, in front of the\n  Federal centre, and Ewell was on our extreme left. My corps, with\n  Pickett\u2019s division absent, numbered hardly thirteen thousand\n  men. I realized that the fight was to be a fearful one; but\n  being assured that my flank would be protected by the brigades of\n  Wilcox, Perry, Wright, Posey, and Mahone, moving _en echelon_,\n  and that Ewell was to co-operate by a direct attack on the\n  enemy\u2019s right, and Hill to threaten his centre and attack if\n  opportunity offered, and thus prevent reinforcements from being\n  launched either against myself or Ewell, it seemed that we might\n  possibly dislodge the great army in front of us.\u201d\nCHAPTER VI\nPENDLETON\u2019S REPORT\n  \u201cPendleton\u2019s report will destroy many illusions of Lee\u2019s\n  misguided friends who are unwittingly doing deadly injury to\n  his military fame by magnifying the mistakes of Gettysburg and\n  ascribing them to another.\u201d--LESLIE J. PERRY, formerly of the War\n  Records Department.\nThere is even more positive proof than has yet been produced. That\nLee gave no such order as described in Pendleton\u2019s Lexington lecture,\nor for an \u201cearly attack,\u201d as asserted by Gordon now, is absolutely\nproved by an official report of Gettysburg, penned by General Pendleton\nhimself. That Pendleton was an oral falsifier of history is established\nby his own hand, under date of September 12, 1863, only nine weeks\nafter the battle.\nConfident in his own rectitude of purpose and conduct, and far from\nbeing an expert controversialist, for he was without guile himself,\nit is not at all singular that the significance of Pendleton\u2019s report\nin connection with the Lexington story should for years have entirely\nescaped General Longstreet\u2019s notice. He knew that the document was\nprinted in its sequence in the Gettysburg volumes of the War Records,\nand for certain purposes had even quoted from it regarding other\nquestions. He was also fully aware that General Pendleton had long\nbeen distinguished for the unreliability of his memory. Nevertheless\nGeneral Longstreet had never analyzed the report to the extent of\nobserving that it made ridiculous the reverend gentleman\u2019s version of\nIt is most striking that the extraordinary tenor of this old\nPendletonian exhumation of the War Records office in Washington\nshould so long have passed entirely unnoticed by everybody, despite\nthe researches of the most industrious. It remained for Mr. Leslie J.\nPerry, one of the historical experts then in charge of the government\npublication of the Union and Confederate records of the Civil War, to\npoint out some nine years ago how glaringly the Pendleton report of\n1863 stultified the Pendleton story of 1873.\nThe immediate result of the exploitation of the Pendleton report\nwas the elimination of the sunrise story from the repertory of the\nanti-Longstreet crusaders. In the subsequent literature of the\nsubject a decided change of tone regarding other allegations was\nsoon perceived, more favorable to Longstreet. General Longstreet was\nastounded by this bald disclosure of his old military associate\u2019s\ntergiversation, to call it nothing worse. For a time after the\nappearance of the Lexington story, he had charitably presumed that, in\nan excess of zeal to protect General Lee\u2019s military fame, Pendleton\nmight really have harbored in good faith the belief that his Lexington\nstatements were true. But after reading the detailed analysis of the\nPendleton report, and carefully studying the report itself, General\nLongstreet speedily arrived at the conclusion that he was the victim\nof a deliberate conspiracy. It is not strange that he found it hard\nto forgive the conspirators, even after becoming fully aware that the\nworld was practically convinced that he had been cruelly misrepresented.\nLet us see how \u201cfairly\u201d Pendleton stated the case against General\nLongstreet in his Lexington lecture. His official report[E] of\nGettysburg was written only about sixty days after the battle. It was\ndated September 12, 1863. It is a detailed report of the operations of\nthe Confederate artillery in the Pennsylvania campaign, embodying a\nminute description of General Pendleton\u2019s personal movements on that\nday. That is its only value to this discussion. The paragraphs having a\nbearing upon the time of Longstreet\u2019s attack are as follows:\n  \u201cFrom the farthest occupied point on the right and front, in\n  company with Colonels Long and Walker and Captain Johnston\n  (engineer), soon _after sunrise_ I surveyed the enemy\u2019s position\n  towards some estimate of the ground and best mode of attack.\n  So far as judgment could be formed from such a view, assault\n  on the enemy\u2019s left by our extreme right might succeed, should\n  the mountain there offer no insuperable obstacle. The attack on\n  that side, if practicable, I understood to be the purpose of the\n  commanding general.\n  \u201cReturning from this position more to the right and rear, for the\n  sake of tracing more exactly the mode of approach, I proceeded\n  some distance along the ravine road noticed the previous evening,\n  and was made aware of having entered the enemy\u2019s lines by meeting\n  two armed dismounted cavalrymen. Apparently surprised, they\n  immediately surrendered, and were disarmed and sent to the rear.\n  \u201cHaving satisfied myself of the course and character of this\n  road, I returned to an elevated point on the Fairfield road,\n  which furnished a very extensive view, and despatched messengers\n  to General Longstreet and the commanding general. This front was,\n  after some time, examined by Colonel Smith and Captain Johnston\n  (engineers), and about midday General Longstreet arrived and\n  viewed the ground. He desired Colonel Alexander to obtain the\n  best view he then could of the front. I therefore conducted the\n  colonel to the advanced point of observation previously visited.\n  Its approach was now more hazardous from the fire of the enemy\u2019s\n  sharp-shooters, so that special caution was necessary in making\n  the desired observation. Just then a sharp contest occurred in\n  the woods to the right and rear of this forward point. Anderson\u2019s\n  division, Third Corps, had moved up and was driving the enemy\n  from these woods. These woods having thus been cleared of the\n  enemy, some view of the ground beyond them, and much farther\n  to the right than had yet been examined, seemed practicable. I\n  therefore rode in that direction, and when about to enter the\n  woods, met the commanding general _en route_ himself to survey\n  the ground.\n  \u201cThere being here still a good deal of sharp-shooting, the front\n  had to be examined with caution.... Having noticed the field and\n  the enemy\u2019s batteries, etc., I returned to General Longstreet\n  for the purpose of conducting his column to this point, and\n  supervising, as might be necessary, the disposition of his\n  artillery. He was advancing by the ravine road (as most out of\n  view), time having already been lost in attempting another, which\n  proved objectionable because exposed to observation. On learning\n  the state of facts ahead, the general halted, and sent back to\n  hasten his artillery. Members of my staff were also despatched to\n  remedy, as far as practicable, the delay. Cabell\u2019s, Alexander\u2019s,\n  and Henry\u2019s battalions at length arrived, and the whole column\n  moved towards the enemy\u2019s left.... The enemy opened a furious\n  cannonade, the course of which rendered necessary a change in\n  the main artillery column. Cabell\u2019s deflected to the left, while\n  Alexander\u2019s was mainly parked for a season, somewhat under cover,\n  till it could advance to better purpose.... Soon after, at about\n  4 P.M., the general assault was made.\u201d\nHere is the whole of Pendleton\u2019s celebrated report, so far as it bears\nupon the hour of Longstreet\u2019s attack on the 2d of July. Nothing is\nomitted relating to the preliminary movements of Longstreet\u2019s column\nof attack, or that in any manner modifies the tenor of the parts\nintroduced.\nCHAPTER VII\nPENDLETON\u2019S UNRELIABLE MEMORY\n  All the battle worthy the name for the Southern cause at\n  Gettysburg on the 2d and 3d was made by Longstreet. The whole\n  superstructure of the contentions against his honor as a soldier\n  is based solely on the statements since the war, and since Lee\u2019s\n  death, of two or three obscure individuals. They are easily\n  exploded by the records of the battles; they are corroborated by\n  none.\nWhen the Rev. Dr. Pendleton told that dramatic story to his breathless\nhearers at Lexington in 1873, under \u201cpressure of imperative duty,\u201d had\nhe forgotten the tenor of his official report, made in 1863? The story\nas modified by the prior report forms the greatest anticlimax in all\nhistory. Several decisive facts are disclosed by this unbiassed report.\n1. Instead of being dilatory and obstructive, Pendleton himself\nestablishes that Longstreet was personally exerting himself to \u201chasten\nforward\u201d the very artillery of which he, Pendleton, was the chief.\n2. As late certainly as eleven o\u2019clock, if not noon, General Lee and\nhis staff-officers were still rambling all over a front six miles\nlong, yet undetermined either as to the point or proper route of\nattack. According to both Pendleton and Venable, they did not _begin_\nthis necessary preliminary survey until \u201cabout sunrise,\u201d the specific\nhour at which General Lee on the night previous had already ordered\nLongstreet to begin his attack, as asserted by Pendleton at Lexington.\n3. Not until Lee and Pendleton had devoted the entire forenoon to the\nexamination of the ground, did Pendleton go to conduct Longstreet to\nthe point of attack thereupon decided upon. Evidently Longstreet was\nnot delaying action; he was awaiting their motions.\nThe following general conclusions upon the state of facts disclosed by\nPendleton\u2019s remarkable report are therefore inevitable and unavoidable.\n1. At sunrise of the 2d, General Lee himself did not know where to\nattack. He did not know as late as ten or eleven o\u2019clock. His mind\nwas not fully made up until after he came back from Ewell\u2019s front\n(about nine o\u2019clock, according to all authorities), and had made the\nfinal examination on the right. General Longstreet says he received\nhis orders to move about eleven o\u2019clock, and this corresponds with\nPendleton\u2019s report. But if anything, it was later, rather than earlier.\n2. These painstaking, time-consuming reconnoissances of the commanding\ngeneral and his staff-officers, the journey of Colonel Venable to\nEwell, three miles to the left, and Lee\u2019s later visit to Ewell,\ntogether with the unavoidable absence of General Longstreet\u2019s troops\nuntil late in the morning, prove absolutely that Lee issued no order\nfor Longstreet to attack at any specific hour on July 2.\n3. Longstreet\u2019s preliminary movements from start to finish were\nunder the personal supervision of Lee\u2019s confidential staff-officer,\nPendleton, and the subordinate staff-officers. So Longstreet has\npositively stated, so has General McLaws, and both are confirmed by\nPendleton\u2019s report. The staff guide caused a loss of three hours by\nputting the head of McLaws\u2019s column upon a wrong road. This compelled\nLongstreet to \u201chasten matters\u201d by assuming personal direction of the\nmovement, and pushing Hood\u2019s division rapidly to the front past McLaws.\n4. Pendleton\u2019s official utterances make it an \u201cestablished fact\u201d that\nGeneral Longstreet made his tremendous and successful attack on July\n2 at the earliest moment possible after receiving Lee\u2019s orders to\nadvance, under the conditions imposed by Lee,--viz., to be conducted to\nthe point of attack by Pendleton himself and the other staff-officers.\nThus the misapprehensions respecting Longstreet\u2019s great part at\nGettysburg were cleared away, and a better general understanding of\nwhat actually occurred was obtained from the Rev. Mr. Pendleton\u2019s\nreport of September 12, 1863. Few military students now hold that\nLongstreet was in the remotest degree culpable for Lee\u2019s defeat. On\nthe contrary, most of them severely criticise Lee\u2019s operations from\nstart to finish, particularly the hopeless assaults he persisted in\nmaking, and for the lack of concert. It is held generally now that the\ndreadful result fully justified Longstreet\u2019s protests against attacking\nthe Federals in that position, and that his suggestion of a turning\nmovement was far more promising of success.\nIn all the circumstances it is not only entirely improbable, but the\ndeveloped facts of the battle make it impossible that \u201cGeneral Lee died\nbelieving that he lost Gettysburg at last by Longstreet\u2019s disobedience\nof orders.\u201d Longstreet disobeyed no orders at Gettysburg, and Lee\nwas well aware of the fact. General Gordon has simply reiterated the\nclaque set up after Lee\u2019s death by his fond admirers to shift the\nresponsibility of defeat from his shoulders upon Longstreet. It was\nnecessary to the success of that folly to make the world believe Lee\nalways quietly held that view, and only imparted it in the strictest\nconfidence to close friends like the ex-army chaplain, Rev. J. William\nJones, and the Rev. William N. Pendleton.\nThe evidence is totally insufficient. Its gauzy character is fully\nexposed by the Pendleton report. But apocryphal after-war evidence of\nthis kind was the only reliance of the conspirators. It is absolutely\ncertain that there is no evidence of any such belief in any of Lee\u2019s\nofficial utterances during the progress of the war, nor a hint of it\nin his private correspondence then or afterwards, so far as has been\nproduced. The whole superstructure of the contention is based solely on\nthe statements since the war, and since Lee\u2019s death, of two or three\nobscure individuals. Pendleton\u2019s Lexington yarn is an example. They are\neasily exploded by the records of the battle; they are corroborated\nby none. All the battle worthy the name for the Southern cause at\nGettysburg on the 2d and 3d was made by Longstreet.\nAnother evidence of the falsehoods concerning Longstreet\u2019s disobedience\nand Lee\u2019s alleged belief is found in the relations of the two men.\nTheir personal friendship continued after Gettysburg as it was before.\nIt was of the closest and most cordial description. General Lee always\nmanifested the highest regard for General Longstreet, and continued to\nmanifest undiminished confidence in his military capacity, fighting\nqualities, and subordination. There is no manifestation of a withdrawal\nof that confidence after Gettysburg. I here cite a few illustrations of\ntheir relations after Gettysburg. Just after his corps was ordered to\nreinforce Bragg before Chattanooga, Longstreet wrote Lee from Richmond,\nwhere he had temporarily stopped on his journey to the new field:\n  \u201cIf I did not think our move a necessary one, my regrets at\n  leaving you would be distressing to me.... Our affections for you\n  are stronger, if it is possible for them to be stronger, than our\n  admiration for you.\u201d\n[Illustration: RETREAT FROM GETTYSBURG. ACCIDENT DURING THE\nNIGHT-CROSSING OF THE POTOMAC ON A PONTOON BRIDGE]\nAfter the battle of Chickamauga Lee wrote to Longstreet:\n  \u201c... My whole heart and soul have been with you and your brave\n  corps in your late battle.... Finish the work before you, my\n  dear General, _and return to me. I want you badly, and you cannot\n  get back too soon._\u201d\nThese letters, printed in the official records, were written less than\nninety days after the battle of Gettysburg.\n\u201cI want you badly\u201d does not indicate that Longstreet had ever failed\nGeneral Lee. They are significant words, so soon after the event\nwherein Longstreet, by mere obstinacy and obduracy, had defeated\nhis chief\u2019s plans, if we may believe Gordon, Pendleton, and Jones.\nAfter the forlorn campaign in East Tennessee against overwhelming\nnumbers, when General Longstreet was on his way back to the Army of\nNorthern Virginia with his troops to aid in repelling Grant, Lee\u2019s\nadjutant-general wrote him as follows at Gordonsville or Orange\nCourt-House:\n            \u201cHEAD-QUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA,\n  \u201cMY DEAR GENERAL,--I have received your note of yesterday and\n  have consulted the General about reviewing your command. He\n  directs me to say that he has written to the President to know if\n  he can visit and review the army this week, and until his reply\n  is received, the General cannot say when he can visit you. He is\n  anxious to see you, and it will give him much pleasure to meet\n  you and your corps once more. He hopes soon to be able to do\n  this, and I will give you due notice when he can come. I really\n  am beside myself, General, with joy of having you back. It is\n  like the reunion of a family.\n            \u201cTruly and respectfully yours,\n  \u201cTo GENERAL LONGSTREET.\u201d\nAfter the war was over and the Southern cause lost, there are warm\nletters from General Lee, written before Longstreet had accepted\nappointment at the hands of a Republican President. A few months after\nthe surrender General Lee wrote:\n[Illustration: Fac-simile of General Lee\u2019s Letter to General Longstreet]\n  My dear Genl\n  Upon my return from Richmond, where I have been for a week,\n  on business connected with Washington College, I found your\n  letter of the 26th ulto. I regret very much that you never\n  recd my first letter, as you might then perhaps have given me\n  the information I desired, with more ease to yourself, & with\n  more expedition than now. I did not know how to address it,\n  but sent it to a friend in Richmond, who gave it to one of our\n  officers going south, who transferred it to another etc., & after\n  travelling many weary miles, has been recently returned to me. I\n  start it again in pursuit of you, though you did not tell me how\n  to address you. I have almost forgotten what it contained, but I\n  hope it will inform you of my purpose in writing a history of the\n  campaigns in Viga, & of the object that I have in view so that\n  you may give me all the information in your power. I shall be in\n  no hurry in publishing, & will not do so, until I feel satisfied\n  that I have got the true story, as my only object is to\n  disseminate the truth. I am very sorry to hear that your records\n  were destroyed too, but I hope Sorrel & Latrobe will be able to\n  supply you with all you require. I wish to relate the acts of all\n  the corps of the Army of N. Va. wherever they did duty, & do not\n  wish to omit so important a one as yours. I will therefore wait\n  as long as I can.\n  I shall be very glad to receive anything you may give to Mr.\n  Washington McLean, as I know you recommend no one but those who\n  deserve your good opinion.\n  I am delighted to hear that your arm is still improving & hope it\n  will soon be restored. You are however becoming so accomplished\n  with your left hand, as not to need it. You must remember me\n  very kindly to Mrs. Longstreet & all your children. I have\n  not had an opportunity yet to return the compliment she paid\n  me. I had while in Richmond a great many inquiries after you, &\n  learned that you intended commencing business in New Orleans. If\n  you become as good a merchant as you were a soldier I shall be\n  content. No one will then excel you, & no one can wish you more\n  success & more happiness than I. My interest & affection for\n  you will never cease, & my prayers are always offered for your\n  prosperity--\n            I am most truly yours\n\u201cIf you become as good a merchant as you were a soldier I shall be\ncontent. No one will then excel you, and no one can wish you more\nsuccess and more happiness than I. My interest and affection for\nyou will never cease, and my prayers are always offered for your\nprosperity.\u201d Strange words from the commander to the subordinate whose\ndisobedience at Gettysburg, according to Rev. Dr. Pendleton and others,\nled the way to Appomattox.\nWhile General Longstreet held General Lee to be a great strategist, he\nthought him to be less able as an offensive battle tactician. Those\nviews are shared by many other military officers, who have of late\ngiven free expression to them. The Gettysburg controversies, followed\nby such criticisms, led to the belief that Longstreet was the open\nenemy of Lee\u2019s fame, and lost no opportunity to maliciously decry his\nmilitary ability. But this is a mistake. General Longstreet\u2019s intimate\nfriends know that he has always born for General Lee the most profound\nlove and respect, both as a man and as a commander. His views of Lee\u2019s\nmilitary capacity are discriminating and just, and they are probably\ncorrect. Longstreet saw things military with a practical eye. A fine\nprofessional soldier himself, who had taken hard knocks on many great\nfields, he clearly discerned General Lee\u2019s incomparable attributes as\na commander, and was never loath to praise them. He also knew Lee\u2019s\nweaknesses, and has sometimes spoken of them, but never in malice or\ncontemptuously. Those who read his utterances in that sense are very\nnarrow indeed. He has never, like the mass of Southerners, looked upon\nLee as infallible, yet in one particular Longstreet has held him to be\none of the very greatest of commanders.\nAs an example of General Longstreet\u2019s estimate of Lee\u2019s professional\nplace in history, one of his interviews when on a visit to the Antietam\nbattle-field, published a few years ago, is quoted: \u201cGeneral Lee, as\na rule, did not underestimate his opponents or the fighting qualities\nof the Federal troops. But after Chancellorsville he came to have\nunlimited confidence in his own army, and undoubtedly exaggerated its\ncapacity to overcome obstacles, to march, to fight, to bear up under\ndeprivations and exhaustion. It was a dangerous confidence. I think\nevery officer who served under him will unhesitatingly agree with me on\nthis point.\u201d\nIn answer to a question as to which he regarded as Lee\u2019s best\nbattle: \u201cWell, perhaps the second battle of Manassas was, all things\nconsidered, the best tactical battle General Lee ever fought. The grand\nstrategy of the campaign was also fine, and seems to have completely\ndeceived General Pope. Indeed, Pope failed to comprehend Lee\u2019s purpose\nfrom start to finish. Pope was outgeneralled and outclassed by Lee,\nand through improper dispositions his fine army was out-fought. Still,\nit will not do to underrate Pope; he was an enterprising soldier and a\nfighter.\u201d\nGeneral Longstreet, in the interview at Antietam, summed up Lee\u2019s\ncharacteristics as a commander in the following succinct manner:\n\u201cGeneral Lee was a large-minded man, of great and profound learning in\nthe science of war. In all strategical movements he handled a great\narmy with comprehensive ability and signal success. His campaigns\nagainst McClellan and Pope fully illustrate his capacity. On the\ndefensive General Lee was absolutely perfect. Reconciled to the single\npurpose of defence, he was invincible. But of the art of war, more\nparticularly that of giving offensive battle, I do not think General\nLee was a master. In science and military learning he was greatly the\nsuperior of General Grant, or any other commander on either side.\nBut in the art of war I have no doubt that Grant and several other\nofficers were his equals. In the field his characteristic fault was\nheadlong combativeness. His impatience to strike, once in the presence\nof the enemy, whatever the disparity of forces or relative conditions,\nI consider the one weakness of General Lee\u2019s military character.\nThis trait of aggressiveness led him to take too many chances--into\ndangerous situations. At Gettysburg, all the vast interests at\nstake and the improbability of success would not deter him. In the\nimmediate presence of the enemy General Lee\u2019s mind, at all other times\ncalm and clear, became excited. The same may be said of most other\nhighly educated, theoretical soldiers. General Lee had the absolute\nconfidence of his own troops, and the most unquestioning support of his\nsubordinates. He was wholesomely feared by the Federal rank and file,\nwho undoubtedly considered him the easy superior of their own generals.\nThese were tremendous advantages.\u201d\nIt is very difficult to detect malice or hatred in these calm and\ndispassionate conclusions.\nIt is most probable that General Longstreet would have never written or\nuttered one word concerning Gettysburg had it not been for the attempt\nof wordy soldiers to specifically fix upon him the whole burden of that\nbattle, their rashness carrying them so far as to lead them to put\nfalse orders in the mouth of the great captain, and charge Longstreet\nwith having broken them. To disprove these untrue assertions, and\nto give the world the truth concerning the battle, then became what\nGeneral Longstreet considered an imperative duty. He has always\nregretted deeply that this discussion was not opened before the death\nof General Lee. If the charges so vehemently urged had been preferred\nor even suggested in Lee\u2019s lifetime, Longstreet does not believe they\nwould have needed any reply from him. General Lee would have answered\nthem himself and set history right.\nBut after all, Longstreet does not fear the verdict of history on\nGettysburg. He holds that time sets all things right. Error lives but a\nday--truth is eternal.\nCHAPTER VIII\nGENERAL LONGSTREET\u2019S AMERICANISM\n  \u201cThe strongest laws are those established by the sword. The ideas\n  that divided political parties before the war--upon the rights of\n  the States--were thoroughly discussed by our wisest statesmen,\n  and eventually appealed to the arbitrament of the sword. The\n  decision was in favor of the North, so that her construction\n  becomes the law, and should be so accepted.\u201d--GENERAL LONGSTREET\n  in \u201cFrom Manassas to Appomattox.\u201d\nIt seems advisable here to introduce General Longstreet\u2019s personal\nversion of the animus of the after-the-war criticism of his operations\non the field of Gettysburg, taken from his war history, \u201cFrom Manassas\nto Appomattox:\u201d\n\u201cAs the whole animus of the latter-day adverse criticisms upon, and\nuncritical assertions in regard to, the commander of the First Corps\nof the Army of Northern Virginia had its origin in this matter of\npolitics, a brief review of the circumstances is in order.\n\u201cAs will be readily recalled by my older readers (while for the\nyounger it is a matter of history), President Johnson, after the war,\nadopted a reconstruction policy of his own, and some of the States\nwere reorganized under it with Democratic governors and legislatures,\nand all would have followed. But Congress, being largely Republican,\nwas not satisfied, and enacted that the States could not be accepted\nunless they provided in their new constitutions for _negro suffrage_.\nIn case they would not, the State governments should be removed and the\nStates placed in the hands of general officers of the army as military\ngovernors, who should see that the States were reorganized and\nrestored to the Union under the laws.\n\u201cUnder the severe ordeal one of the city papers of New Orleans called\nupon the generals of Confederate service to advise the people of the\ncourse that they should pursue,--naming the officers. I thought it\nbetter policy to hold the States, as they were organized, under the\nPresident\u2019s policy, shape their constitutions as directed by Congress,\nand have the States not yet reorganized follow the same course. My\nletter upon the subject was as follows:\n  \u201c\u2018J. M. G. PARKER, ESQ.:\n  \u201c\u2018DEAR SIR,--Your esteemed favor of the 15th ultimo was duly\n  received.\n  \u201c\u2018I was much pleased to have the opportunity to hear Senator\n  Wilson, and was agreeably surprised to meet such fairness and\n  frankness from a politician whom I had been taught to believe\n  harsh in his feelings towards the people of the South.\n  \u201c\u2018I have considered your suggestion to wisely unite in efforts\n  to restore Louisiana to her former position in the Union,\n  \u201cthrough the party now in power.\u201d My letter of the 6th of April,\n  to which you refer, clearly indicates a desire for practical\n  reconstruction and reconciliation. There is only one route left\n  open, which practical men cannot fail to see.\n  \u201c\u2018The serious difficulty arises from want of that wisdom so\n  important for the great work in hand. Still, I will be happy\n  to work in any harness that promises relief to our discomfited\n  people and harmony to the nation, whether bearing the mantle of\n  Mr. Davis or Mr. Sumner.\n  \u201c\u2018It is fair to assume that the strongest laws are those\n  established by the sword. The ideas that divided political\n  parties before the war--upon the rights of the States--were\n  thoroughly discussed by our wisest statesmen, and eventually\n  appealed to the arbitrament of the sword. The decision was in\n  favor of the North, so that her construction becomes the law, and\n  should be so accepted.\n  \u201c\u2018The military bill and amendments are the only peace-offerings\n  they have for us, and should be accepted as the starting-point\n  for future issues.\n  \u201c\u2018Like others of the South not previously connected with\n  politics, I naturally acquiesced in the ways of Democracy, but,\n  so far as I can judge, there is nothing tangible in them, beyond\n  the issues that were put to test in the war and there lost. As\n  there is nothing left to take hold of except prejudice, which\n  cannot be worked for good for any one, it seems proper and right\n  that we should seek some standing which may encourage hope for\n  the future.\n  \u201c\u2018If I appreciate the issues of Democracy at this moment, they\n  are the enfranchisement of the negro and the rights of Congress\n  in the premises, but the acts have been passed, are parts of the\n  laws of the land, and no power but Congress can remove them.\n  \u201c\u2018Besides, if we now accept the doctrine that the States only can\n  legislate on suffrage, we will fix the negro vote upon us, for he\n  is now a suffragan, and his vote, with the vote that will go with\n  him, will hold to his rights, while, by recognizing the acts of\n  Congress, we may, after a fair trial, if negro suffrage proves\n  a mistake, appeal and have Congress correct the error. It will\n  accord better with wise policy to insist that the negro shall\n  vote in the Northern as well as the Southern States.\n  \u201c\u2018If every one will meet the crisis with proper appreciation\n  of our condition and obligations, the sun will rise to-morrow\n  on a happy people. Our fields will again begin to yield their\n  increase, our railways and water will teem with abundant\n  commerce, our towns and cities will resound with the tumult of\n  trade, and we will be reinvigorated by the blessings of Almighty\n  God.\n            \u201c\u2018Very respectfully yours,\n              \u201c\u2018JAMES LONGSTREET.\u2019\n\u201cI might have added that not less forceful than the grounds I gave\nwere the obligations under which we were placed by the terms of our\nparoles,--\u2018To respect the laws of Congress,\u2019--but the letter was enough.\n\u201cThe afternoon of the day upon which my letter was published the\npaper that had called for advice published a column of editorial\ncalling me traitor! deserter of my friends! and accusing me of joining\nthe enemy! but did not publish a line of the letter upon which it\nbased the charges! Other papers of the Democracy took up the garbled\nrepresentation of this journal and spread it broadcast, not even giving\nthe letter upon which they based their evil attacks upon me.\n\u201cUp to that time the First Corps, in all of its parts, in all of its\nhistory, was above reproach. I was in successful business in New\nOrleans as cotton factor, with a salary from an insurance company of\nfive thousand dollars per year.\n\u201cThe day after the announcement old comrades passed me on the streets\nwithout speaking. Business began to grow dull. General Hood (the only\none of my old comrades who occasionally visited me) thought that he\ncould save the insurance business, and in a few weeks I found myself at\nleisure.\n\u201cTwo years after that period, on March 4, 1869, General Grant was\ninaugurated President of the United States, and in the bigness of his\ngenerous heart called me to Washington. Before I found opportunity to\nsee him he sent my name to the Senate for confirmation as surveyor of\ncustoms at New Orleans. I was duly confirmed, and held the office until\n1873, when I resigned. Since that time I have lived in New Orleans,\nLouisiana, and in Gainesville, Georgia, surrounded by a few of my old\nfriends, and in occasional appreciative touch with others, South and\nNorth.\u201d\nCHAPTER IX\nFINALE\n  Mr. Valiant summoned. His will. His last words.\n  Then, said he, \u201cI am going to my Father\u2019s.... My sword I give to\n  him that shall succeed me in my pilgrimage, and my courage and\n  skill to him that can get it.\u201d ... And as he went down deeper, he\n  said, \u201cGrave, where is thy victory?\u201d\n  So he passed over, and all the trumpets sounded for him on the\n  other side.--BUNYAN\u2019S \u201cPilgrim\u2019s Progress.\u201d\nThe personal letters and official reports of Robert E. Lee, reproduced\nin this work, clearly established that from Gettysburg to Appomattox\nLongstreet continued to be Lee\u2019s most trusted Lieutenant; their mutual\naffection and admiration had no diminution.\nThe official reports of Lee and Pendleton herein given make it clear as\nnoonday that Longstreet disobeyed no orders of his chief at Gettysburg,\nand was at no time \u201cslow\u201d or \u201cobstructive\u201d on that great field.\nThe man who, under the weight of official evidence massed in this\nlittle story, can still raise his voice to assert that \u201cLongstreet was\nslow and balky\u201d at Gettysburg, takes direct issue with the official\nreports of Robert E. Lee and the Rev. Mr. Pendleton, and his becomes a\nquarrel with the war records.\nLongstreet had unhesitatingly thrown up his commission in the old\narmy and joined the Southern cause at the very outset. He was a\nchief participant in the first and last great scenes of the drama in\nVirginia. He had copiously shed his blood for the South. The sum of\nGeneral Longstreet\u2019s offending was,--\n1. When the war was over he placed himself on the high plane of\nAmerican citizenship, where all patriots now stand. He accepted office\nat the hands of a Republican President (pardonable offence in this good\nday); these were crimes which the temper of the South could not condone\nsome forty years ago.\n2. He had protested against wrecking the Confederate cause on the\nrocks of Cemetery Hill. In sheer self-defence he was compelled to\nrecapitulate in plainest terms General Lee\u2019s tactical mistakes and\ntheir fatal consequences. To many that was a crime never to be\nforgiven. Yet at the time and on the spot General Lee was morally brave\nenough to place the blame where it belonged,--on his own shoulders. Lee\nnever sought a scape-goat for the mistakes of Gettysburg.\nThis is the story, short enough for the busy; clear and straight enough\nfor the young. It is the story of sentiment as well as reverence and\nadmiration, growing up from childhood, of him who led the forlorn hope\nat Gettysburg.\nBut behind the sentiment is the unassailable truth. It is undeniably\nthe story of the records, of the events exactly as they occurred. It\nis fully corroborated by all the probabilities; in no part disputed by\none. It is the story told by General Longstreet himself, and nobody\nfamiliar with his open character and candid manner of discussing its\nvarious phases can doubt for one instant that he tells the details of\nGettysburg exactly as they occurred, in so far as his personal part was\nconcerned.\n[Illustration: GENERAL LONGSTREET IN 1901]\nOf him I would say, as his sun slants towards the west and the evening\nhours draw near, that his unmatched courage to meet the enemies of the\npeace time outshines the valor of the fields whereon his blood was\nshed so copiously in the cause of his country. I would tell him that\nhis detractors are not the South; they are not the Democratic party;\nthey represent nobody and nothing but the blindness of passion that\ndesires not light. I would tell him that the great, loyal South loves\nhim to-day as in the old days when he sacrificed on her altars a career\nin the army of the nation; when the thunder of his guns was heard\naround the world and the earth shook beneath the tread of his soldiers.\nAnd as he journeys down to the Valley of Silence, the true sentiment of\nthe generous South that he loves so well is voiced by Hon. John Temple\nGraves, in the Atlanta, Georgia, _News_:\n  \u201cAs there walks \u2018thoughtful on the silent, solemn shore of that\n  vast ocean he must sail so soon,\u2019 one of the last of the great\n  figures that moved colossal upon the tragic stage of the Civil\n  War,--Longstreet, the grim and tenacious, the bulldog of war\n  whose grip never relaxed, whose guns never ceased to thunder,--as\n  the eye grows dim that blazed like lightning over so many stormy\n  fields, let the noble woman who bears his name read to her heroic\n  soldier the message that the South of the present, the not\n  ignoble offspring of the past, compasses the couch of Longstreet\n  with love, and covers his fading years with unfading admiration\n  and unforgetting tenderness.\u201d\n      WASHINGTON, D. C., December, 1903.\nLONGSTREET THE MAN\nHIS BOYHOOD DAYS\nThe original plan of this little work was to publish only the short\nstory of Gettysburg which was written while General Longstreet lived.\nMy friends have insisted that the generous public, although it has\nreceived the prospectus of the work with such warm appreciation, will\nbe disappointed if I discuss only the one event of his most eventful\nlife. And so have been added the paper on the Mexican War and chapters\non his famous campaigns of the Civil War.\nThey have insisted further that I must speak of Longstreet the man.\nI have replied that I could not. My heart is sore. I cannot forget\nthat he poured out his heroic blood in defence of the Southern people,\nand when there was not a flag left for him to fight for many of them\nturned against him and persecuted him with a bitterness that saddened\nhis last years. They undertook to rob him of the glories of his many\npeerless campaigns; to convict him of treason to his cause on the field\nof battle. And when he lay dead, forty years after his world-famous\nvictories, perhaps from an opening of the old wound received at the\nWilderness, a Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy of the State\nbeneath whose sod rests his valiant dust, refused to send flowers to\nhis grave, because, they said, he disobeyed orders at Gettysburg. And\na Southern Camp of the Sons of Confederate Veterans refused, for the\nsame alleged reason, to send a message of sympathy to his family. If I\nshould now undertake to write about him I might speak of such things as\nthese with bitterness; and I must not so speak, because I am a Southern\nwoman, and the Southern people--my people--must forever be to me as\nthey were to him, \u201cdear as the ruddy drops about his heart.\u201d\nI must not write about him until I can write bravely, sweetly,\ncheerfully, and in this hour it is, perhaps, more than my human nature\ncan do. And I cannot take the public into my confidence about the man\nI loved. The subject is too sacred. But my friends demand at least one\npage on the man as I knew him, that the South at last--the dear South\nthat I love with all my heart--may know him and love him as I did.\nAnd so I undertake to string together disjointedly a few incidents\nof a life that was lived upon high levels, brave and blameless, and\nthat the days give back to me a glorified memory, coupled with a great\nthankfulness that I had a small part in it.\nFrom my childhood he had been the fine embodiment of my ideals of\nchivalry and courage. The sorrows of his later years aroused all the\ntender pity of my heart. His wounds and sufferings enveloped him with\npoetic interest. He was fighting the battles of my country before I was\nborn. The blood of my ancestors had dyed the brilliant fields whereon\nhe led. He was ever the hero of my young dreams; and throughout a long\nand checkered career always to me a figure of matchless splendor and\ngallantry.\nHis life was set to serious work. His father died before he was old\nenough to understand the meaning of a father\u2019s care. He had but little\nschooling before he went to West Point as cadet of the Military\nAcademy. From West Point he went into service in the Mexican War,\nand was in every battle, save one, of the war that gave to us an\nempire in wealth and territory; winning promotions for gallantry on\nthe field. After the Mexican War he saw long service on the Western\nfrontier. He entered the Civil War of 1861-65, and the greatest\nConfederate victories of that greatest war of civilized times are\ninscribed upon his battle-flags. The glories of Manassas, Williamsburg,\nFredericksburg, Chickamauga, the East Tennessee campaigns, the\nWilderness, the campaigns about Richmond, and the last desperate\nstruggles on the way to Appomattox, gather about his name.\nAfter the Civil War came the most trying period of his life,--the dark\ndays of reconstruction, the fierce dissensions between the sections,\nand between those holding different views in the same section, the\nhot feeling and prejudices of the time, the struggle to repair the\nruined fortunes of war. When he was finally gathered to his fathers,\nat the ripe old age of eighty-three, he was still in harness, holding\nthe position under the government of United States Commissioner of\nRailroads.\nThis busy, exciting, and strenuous life was calculated to develop\nin him the qualities of the soldier, the man of affairs, the blood\nand iron of nature rather than her gentler qualities. Nevertheless,\nhis heart was as tender as a woman\u2019s, the sentiment and romance of\nhis being never ceased to be exerted, and he exhibited to the last a\ntenderness of feeling and thoughtfulness regarding others which were in\nsingular and beautiful contrast to the main currents of his life. This,\nI think, will appear without any special effort to show it as this\nsketch goes on.\nGeneral Longstreet was born in Edgefield District, South Carolina,\nJanuary 8, 1821. His early years were spent in the country. His father\nwas a planter. Natural to him was all the vigor and fire of that heroic\nsection, and still there was in him a coolness, conservatism, and iron\nwill tempered by justice and fair judgment embracing the best of his\nDutch ancestry. His ancestors on this side of the water were chiefly\nthe Dents, Marshalls, and Randolphs, of Virginia. On the maternal side,\nhis grandfather, Marshall Dent, traced his line back to the Conqueror.\nHis mother was Mary Ann Dent, of the family that furnished the lady who\nbecame famous as the wife of the soldier-President, Grant. His father\nwas James Longstreet. His grandfather on his father\u2019s side was William\nLongstreet.\nIt is interesting here to note that this William Longstreet was the\ninventor of the steamboat. He discovered the principle in a series of\nexperiments about the kitchen and the mills, and after much care and\ntrouble he was able to apply the principle. He made a rather pudgy\nsteamboat, rigged it up with all necessary equipment, and successfully\nran it for some miles up and down the Savannah River. He did not have\nthe means to develop it to such extent as to demonstrate to the world\nits possibilities. Fully appreciating the importance of the invention,\nhe appealed to Governor Telfair, the then governor of Georgia, for\naid. Very naturally, the aid was refused him, for that was a day of\nscepticism regarding new-fangled things. He was made sport of by the\npeople around, and called \u201cBilly Boy,\u201d the dreamer, and made the\nsubject of doggerel poetry. As an authentic part of the story, I give\nhere the letter which he wrote to Governor Telfair, which is still\npreserved in the State archives of Georgia:\n            \u201cAUGUSTA, GEORGIA, September 26, 1790.\n  \u201cSIR,--I make no doubt but you have often heard of my steamboat,\n  and as often heard it laughed at, but in this I have only shared\n  the fate of other projectors, for it has uniformly been the\n  custom of every country to ridicule the greatest inventions until\n  they had proved their utility. In not reducing my scheme to\n  active use it has been unfortunate for me, I confess, and perhaps\n  the people in general; but, until very lately, I did not think\n  that artists or material could be had in the place sufficient.\n  However, necessity, that grand mother of invention, has furnished\n  me with an idea of perfecting my plan almost entirely of wooden\n  material, and by such workmen as may be had here; and, from a\n  thorough confidence of its success, I have presumed to ask your\n  assistance and patronage. Should it succeed agreeably to my\n  expectations, I hope I shall discover that sense of duty which\n  such favors always merit; and should it not succeed, your reward\n  must lay with other unlucky adventures.\n  \u201cFor me to mention all of the advantages arising from such\n  a machine would be tedious, and, indeed, quite unnecessary.\n  Therefore I have taken the liberty to state, in this plain and\n  humble manner, my wish and opinion, which I hope you will excuse,\n  and I shall remain, either with or without your approbation,\n  \u201cYour Excellency\u2019s most obedient and humble servant,\n            \u201cWM. LONGSTREET.\n  \u201cGOVERNOR TELFAIR.\u201d\nSome time afterwards Robert Fulton took up and developed the idea.\nAt first he, too, was laughed at and discredited fully as much as\nwas William Longstreet; but he finally succeeded in enlisting the\npatronage of Gouverneur Morris, a rich New Yorker, and the success of\nthe steamboat, with all its tremendous meaning to civilization, was the\nresult.\nHis father having died when he was but twelve years old, General\nLongstreet\u2019s mother moved shortly afterwards to Augusta, Georgia,\nwhere she resided a few years, after which she moved to Alabama. The\neducation of young Longstreet was then intrusted to his uncle, Judge A.\nB. Longstreet, for many years president of Emory College, at Oxford,\nGeorgia, and one of the most illustrious presidents of that famous\nold college. Judge Longstreet was noted as lawyer, judge, educator,\nand writer. He is a very poorly read Georgian, a rather poorly read\nSoutherner, who has not enjoyed and talked to his friends about that\nbook of wonderful naturalness, humor, and human philosophy, \u201cGeorgia\nScenes.\u201d The author of this book was Judge A. B. Longstreet. In later\nyears its authorship has been often erroneously credited to General\nLongstreet.\nEntirely immersed in his college duties, Judge Longstreet had but\nlittle time to give to his youthful nephew. Of those early days, it is\nonly known that the boy was not much of a student; that the massive old\noaks of Oxford appealed to him more than the school-room; that fishing\nin the streams around and chasing rabbits over the fields formed his\ndearest enjoyment. In his habits and feeling he was then and always\nnear to nature. The flash of the lightning in mid-heaven interested him\nmore than the Voltaic sparks of the lecture-room. He was mischievous,\nfull of fun and frolic, but beneath all that he was almost from\nbabyhood planning for a larger career in the outside world and longing\nto be a soldier and fight his country\u2019s battles. The books that he\nloved most told of Alexander and C\u00e6sar, of Napoleon and his marshals,\nof George Washington and the Revolution. He wanted to do things, not to\nstudy about them.\nHe received his West Point appointment through a relative in Alabama,\nwho was a member of Congress. The appointment came naturally from\nAlabama, because his mother was living there. He went to West Point at\nthe age of sixteen. This was one of the proudest days of his life; it\nwas the beginning of the fulfilment of his dreams; he had not an idea\nthat any human agency could turn him from the soldier course in which\nhe was directed, or could delay him for an instant. And yet, while\nhe was in New York City arranging for the change from the cars to the\nHudson River boat, he was approached by two little boys of guileless\nappearance, who told him that their father had recently died away down\nin South Carolina, that they had no money, that their mother had no\nmoney, that they just must get to their dead father, and wouldn\u2019t he\nhelp them out. With a tenderness of heart characteristic of him then\nand always, he was about to open to them his purse and take the chances\nof never reaching West Point, when a policeman who had observed the\nperformance approached and prevented the innocent embryo soldier from\nbeing fleeced by the youthful bunco steerers of the city.\nArriving at West Point, he proudly went to the hotel to register and\ntake a room, and was much chagrined upon being told by the proprietor\nthat they didn\u2019t \u201ctake in kids.\u201d He was directed to the cadets\u2019\nquarters, and his first humiliation there was the further discovery\nthat instead of being waited on as a dignified soldier should be by\nhalf a dozen servants, he had to keep his own room, make his own bed,\nblack his own boots.\nHis thoughts of war had been associated with fierce fighting, the\nkilling of many enemies, the capturing of many prisoners. His\npreconceived idea of a prisoner was gained while a small boy in\nAlabama. He had heard that a prisoner was down at the station, and\nran there full of expectancy to see what a \u201cprisoner\u201d was like. He\ndiscovered a big buck negro, black as midnight, large as two ordinary\nmen, with countenance ferocious. His first West Point assignment which\ngave promise of the heroic was to guard a \u201cprisoner.\u201d He was given\na gun for the purpose. The figure of the Alabama darky came to his\nmind, and he wondered if the gun were big enough to kill him in case\nthat should be necessary. Examining it, he discovered, alas! that\nit was not even loaded. Sent to guard a terrible prisoner with an\nunloaded gun! When he got to the place of service he was relieved,\nsurprised, and equally disgusted by the discovery that the prisoner\nwas a fellow-student who had broken the rules--a poor little weakly,\ncadaverous fellow, whom he could pick up and throw into the Hudson\nwithout half trying.\nAs a West Point cadet, so far as the drilling, the field practice,\nthe athletics, all the out-door work was concerned, he sustained\nhimself well. He was very large, very strong, well proportioned. He\nhad dark-brown hair, blue eyes, features that might have served for a\nGrecian model. He was six feet two inches tall, of soldierly bearing,\nand was voted the handsomest cadet at West Point. As a student of\nbooks, however, he was not a success. They seemed to contain so much\nthat did not properly belong to the life of a soldier that he could not\nbecome interested enough in them to learn them. In his third year he\nfailed in mechanics, and did not \u201crise\u201d until given a second trial. In\nscholarship, he always ranked much closer to the foot than to the head\nof his class. He was just a little better student than his friend, U.\nS. Grant, which was poor praise, indeed. But their after careers told a\ndifferent story.\nLIFE-LONG FRIENDSHIP OF GRANT AND LONGSTREET\nI may be pardoned for digressing here to speak of the strong school-boy\nfriendship which began at West Point between Grant and Longstreet and\nlasted throughout their lives. Grant was of the class after Longstreet,\nbut somehow their silent serious natures were in spontaneous accord,\nand they became fast friends from their first meeting. That one was\nfrom the West and one from the South made no difference, just as later\nit made no difference in their feeling of personal affection that one\nled the army of the Union and the other the army of the Confederacy.\nAfter their graduation at West Point they were both stationed at\nJefferson Barracks near St. Louis. The Dent family lived near by;\nLongstreet was a cousin. And he was particularly fond of his cousin\nJulia Dent! He took his friend Grant out to see her, and the result of\nthe introduction was their marriage five years later. There was such a\ncontrast between her tall cousin James and her short admirer, Ulysses,\nthat her friends often joked her about \u201cthe little lieutenant with the\nbig epaulettes.\u201d\nGrant and Longstreet went through the Mexican War together, and their\nboyhood friendship was indissolubly cemented by the associations of\ncamp life on the Mexican border. Longstreet went in as a lieutenant\nand came out as a major. General Worth apologized, giving Longstreet\u2019s\nyouth as an excuse for not recommending him for higher promotion.\nPromotions in the army in those days were not so rapid as at the\npresent time.\nThe first meeting of Grant and Longstreet during the Civil War was not\na personal meeting; it was when they were leading opposing forces at\nthe battle of the Wilderness. It is known to all students of our Civil\nWar history that the Confederate forces led by Longstreet were getting\nall the better of it at the Wilderness and that the Union forces under\nGrant were being driven back, when Longstreet was shot down and carried\nfrom the field. He was _leading_ his men, after his custom,--he never\nfollowed, never told them to go, but always bade them come. He was at\nthis crucial point at the battle of the Wilderness far in advance of\nhis men--so far in advance that they mistook him for the enemy and\nfired upon him. Shot through the shoulder and the throat, wounded nigh\nunto death, he was taken from the field. With this calamity discovered,\nthe Confederates held up in their swift advance. The impression rapidly\nspread that Longstreet was killed. The surgeons and attendants who\nwere bearing him to the rear called out to the soldiers and asked that\nthe cry be sent down the lines: \u201cLongstreet is not killed, he is only\nwounded.\u201d The men who had seen him fall cried out, \u201cThey are fooling\nus; he is dead.\u201d General Longstreet has said that he heard both cries;\nhe knew he was not dead, but did not know how soon he might be; he had\njust strength enough left to lift his hat. For this purpose he exerted\nthat strength, and waved his hat to his men that they might see that he\nstill lived. But the genius of the battle of the Wilderness borne to\nthe rear, even the ever dauntless Confederates could not follow up the\nadvantage they had won.\nThe next meeting of these two personal friends and opposing generals\nwas at Appomattox. In the beginning of that momentous conference\nGeneral Lee called General Longstreet to him and asked him, in case\nhonorable terms of surrender should not be offered, and in the ensuing\ndevelopments it should be necessary for the Confederates to fight their\nway out, if he would stand by him. Longstreet replied that he would\nfight and die fighting.\nGeneral Longstreet often spoke of the details of the capitulation at\nAppomattox. He said that when he went into the conference-room, in\nthe McLean residence, as one of the Confederate Commissioners, he was\ncompelled to pass through the room occupied by General Grant as his\nhead-quarters. He felt curious to know how General Grant would receive\nhim. He had loved Grant as one of his closest boyhood friends, but\ntimes were much changed. Grant was victor, he was vanquished. He was\ntherefore prepared to observe the rigid demeanor of those between whom\nceremony only forces recognition. But immediately he entered the room\nGrant rose, approached him with a greater show of demonstration than\never in the olden days, and slapped him on the shoulder, exclaiming,\n\u201cWell, Old Pete, can\u2019t we get back to the good old days by playing a\ngame of brag?\u201d At West Point the nickname among the boys for General\nLongstreet was \u201cOld Pete.\u201d No one ever knew why, any more than they\nknow why this or that college president is designated Peleg or Squeers.\nIt has often been related by General Longstreet and by others that\nGeneral Lee went into the Appomattox conference dressed in full\nuniform, and making withal the best appearance that this most noble\nsoldier in his dire defeat could make. General Grant, on the contrary,\nhad not dressed up for the occasion. He wore his old fighting uniform,\nmud bespattered, evidencing no acquaintance even with a dusting-brush.\nThe important part of that meeting, the splendid bearing of the\nconquered Confederates, the modest demeanor of the Union victors,\nand, above all, the noble generosity of Grant in refusing to accept\nthe sword of Lee and in giving the fairest terms possible under the\nexisting conditions,--these are known to all who have read United\nStates history. When General Lee rode back to his head-quarters\nfrom this fateful conference, his half-starved, ragged, worn-out,\nworshipful followers saluted him from both sides of the road. Overcome\nwith emotion, he dared not look directly into their faces. He held\nhis hat in his hand and fixed his eyes straight between his horse\u2019s\nears. The parting at Appomattox between Lee and his officers was\nmost kindly, affectionate, and touching in every instance. But when\nGeneral Longstreet approached, General Lee threw his arms about him,\nand, locked in each other\u2019s embrace, the two wept with a bitterness of\nregret that ordinary mortals can never understand.\nSoon after the war General Longstreet visited Washington and was\ninvited to be the guest of a Union officer. He protested against\naccepting the invitation, saying that it was too soon after the\nfighting. But the insistence was so cordial as to leave no excuse for\nrefusal. Once under an officer\u2019s roof, it became his pleasant duty\nto pay his respects to the commanding general, who was, of course,\nGeneral Grant. Grant received him with all his old-time cordiality, and\ninvited him to take supper at his house that evening, saying quickly,\nas enforcement of the invitation, that his wife would be anxious to\nsee him. The evening was pleasantly spent, and upon taking his leave,\nGeneral Grant walked to the gate with General Longstreet, where he\nsaid, \u201cNow that it is all over, would you not like to have pardon?\u201d\nGeneral Longstreet replied, with a touch of Southern fire, that he\nwas unaware of having done anything in need of pardon. General Grant\nreplied that he had perhaps used the wrong word, as he was more of a\nsoldier than a linguist; that he meant to ask if General Longstreet\nwould like to have amnesty. General Longstreet answered that he was\nback in the Union, meant to live in the Union, was ready at that\nmoment to fight for the Union, and would be happy if his old friend\ncould place him in the way of restored citizenship. General Grant\nrequested him to come again to his office the following morning, and\nsaid that in the mean time he would see the President and Secretary\nof War in General Longstreet\u2019s behalf. In the morning he gave General\nLongstreet a letter to President Johnson full of warm interest and\nbroad-mindedness characteristic of Grant, which is here reproduced:\n            \u201cHEAD-QUARTERS ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES,\n              WASHINGTON, D. C., November 7, 1865.\n    \u201cHIS EXCELLENCY, A. JOHNSON,\n      \u201cPresident:\n  \u201cKnowing that General Longstreet, late of the army which was in\n  rebellion against the authority of the United States, is in the\n  city, and presuming that he intends asking executive clemency\n  before leaving, I beg to say a word in his favor.\n  \u201cGeneral Longstreet comes under the third, fifth, and eighth\n  exceptions made in your proclamation of the 29th of May, 1865.\n  I believe I can safely say that there is nowhere among the\n  exceptions a more honorable class of men than those embraced\n  in the fifth and eighth of these, nor a class that will more\n  faithfully observe any obligation which they may impose upon\n  themselves. General Longstreet, in my opinion, stands high among\n  this class. I have known him well for more than twenty-six years,\n  first as cadet at West Point and afterwards as an officer of\n  the army. For five years from my graduation we served together,\n  a portion of the time in the same regiment. I speak of him,\n  therefore, from actual personal acquaintance.\n  \u201cIn the late rebellion, I think, not one single charge was ever\n  brought against General Longstreet for persecution of prisoners\n  of war or of persons for their political opinions. If such\n  charges were ever made, I never heard them. I have no hesitation,\n  therefore, in recommending General Longstreet to your Excellency\n  for pardon. I will further state that my opinion of him is such\n  that I shall feel it as a personal favor to myself if this pardon\n  is granted.\n            \u201cVery respectfully, your obedient servant,\n            \u201c_Lieutenant-General_.\u201d\nArmed with this letter, General Longstreet sought President Johnson.\nIn the interview that followed the presentation of the letter the\nPresident was nervous, ill at ease, and somewhat resentful. He would\nnot decide to grant the request, and he would not positively refuse.\nFinally, he asked General Longstreet to call again the following\nmorning. At this next meeting he was still non-committal, and at\nlength closed the interview by saying, \u201cThere are three men this\nUnion will never forgive. They have given it too much trouble.\nThey are Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, and James Longstreet.\u201d\nGeneral Longstreet said, \u201cThose who are forgiven much, love much,\nMr. President.\u201d Johnson answered, \u201cYou have high authority for that\nstatement, General, but you cannot have amnesty.\u201d It was shortly\nafterwards granted by act of Congress, General Longstreet\u2019s name being\nadded to a list of prominent Confederate officers by the especial\nrequest of Grant.\nThese incidents in the associations of Grant and Longstreet come in\nnaturally in a paper of this kind. I always think of them together,--as\nchums at West Point; as comrades in the West and on the fields\nof Mexico; as opposing forces in the mightiest war the world has\nwitnessed; and after that war was ended, as good friends again in the\nstronger nation.\nPresident Johnson, who had started out with the plan of being generous\nto the South, and for some unknown reason departed from that policy,\nconceived the idea of having arrested and thrown into prison and tried\nfor treason a number of the high officers of the Confederacy. He called\nfor a Cabinet meeting to get an endorsement of this plan, and sent for\nGeneral Grant to attend the meeting. He forcibly presented his reasons\nfor the procedure, and asked for the opinions of those present. After\nmuch discussion there was general acquiescence by the Cabinet. \u201cThe\nsilent man of destiny\u201d was the last member of the conference to open\nhis lips. He said, \u201cI will resign my commission in the army before I\nwill, as commanding general, sign a warrant for the arrest of any of\nthese Confederate officers as long as they observe the honorable terms\nof surrender made to me.\u201d\nIt would be easy to write a book about a statement like that, but the\nbook when written would not be as good as the unadorned statement.\nThe illustrious Union general\u2019s noble generosity to the conquered South\nis an old tale. But it is so beautiful that it bears repetition, and I\nlove to repeat it. I have digressed from the main line of this paper\nto pay to General Longstreet\u2019s boyhood friend the modest tribute of my\nadmiration. From early childhood I reverenced Grant. I always regarded\nhim as the greatest man, the greatest general, the greatest hero on\nthe Union side. I have now a life-size steel-engraving of him that I\nsecured when a girl. This was long before I knew much of that side of\nhis life which has since most appealed to me. My admiration of him\nhas been in every way strengthened by the stories General Longstreet\ntold me of him, particularly the stories showing his generosity to his\nfoes and his many private and official kindnesses to the widows and\norphans of Confederate officers and privates. Of these stories I give\none typical of many: When Grant was President, a widow of a Confederate\nofficer applied for a post-office in a small Southern town. Hearing\nnothing of her application, she came to Washington to press it. She was\nunable to move the authorities at the Post-Office Department, and was\nabout to go home in despair, when a friend suggested that it might be\nworth while for her to see the President. With much effort she summoned\ncourage and appeared at the White House. The President received her\nin a most friendly manner, and after hearing her story took her\napplication and wrote a brief but strong endorsement on the back of\nit. She hurried in triumph to the Post-Office Department. The official\nto whom she presented the application frowned and pondered over it\nfor some time, and then wrote under the President\u2019s endorsement:\n\u201cThis being a fourth-class office, the President does not have the\nappointing power.\u201d The application was handed back to her, and she\nwent away in deep distress, and was again preparing to return home,\nwhen another friend told her by all means to take the paper back to the\nPresident so that he might see how his endorsement had been received.\nShe did so. The President wrote under the last endorsement: \u201cWhile the\nPresident does not have the appointing power in this office, he has the\nappointment of the Postmaster-General,\u201d and, summoning his secretary,\ndirected him to accompany the lady to the Department and in person\ndeliver her application to the Postmaster-General. It is needless to\nadd that she received the commission before leaving the office.\nWhile on a tour through the West in 1899, General Longstreet was\nentertained in San Diego, California, at a dinner at the home of U.\nS. Grant, Jr. After dinner he requested the company to stand while he\nproposed a toast. We expected, perhaps, some pleasantry or gallant\ncompliment to the hostess. He said: \u201cThirty-odd years ago I first met\nGeneral Grant in the Civil War at the Wilderness, and there received\nthe wound that paralyzed my right arm. During the fiercest warfare this\nnation has seen, General Grant was the strongest obstacle that stood\nbetween me and my people and the consummation of the dearest hopes that\nthey then cherished. Now, in this day of peace and union, with not a\ncloud upon the sky of a reunited country, in the presence of General\nGrant\u2019s descendants, under the roof of his namesake son, I want to\ndrink this toast to the memory of Grant, revered alike by the brave men\nwho fought with him and the equally brave men who fought him.\u201d\nHIS FIRST ROMANCE\nFifty years before the pleasant day in San Diego, fresh from the fields\nof his honors and victories in Mexico, young Major Longstreet had come\nhome to wed the daughter of his old brigade commander, Colonel John\nGarland. She was Marie Louise Garland, a very charming woman, and so\nsmall of figure as to be in striking contrast to her husband of six\nfeet two. They were engaged for some time before the breaking out of\nthe Mexican War. With a lofty deference, which he bravely overcame in\nlater life, he had never kissed his fianc\u00e9e. In setting out for the\nMexican War, he said that he thought, inasmuch as he might get killed\nand never see her again, it might not be improper, under all the sad\ncircumstances, to kiss her. They had ten children, five of whom died\nin infancy. A word as to the living five. A son born in Virginia\nduring the war was named Robert Lee, after the Southern Commander.\nThis son served in the recent Spanish-American War, and was, by happy\nfortune, a member of the staff of General Fitzhugh Lee. He is now in\nthe government service at Washington City. Another son, named James,\nafter his father, was born in Virginia not long after the surrender. At\nthe time, General Longstreet wrote to an absent relative: \u201cThis is my\nUnion son, but he has a yell like the rebel yell when trying to reach\nthe breastworks. I have named him James, after myself, and I know he\nwill always be as good a Union man as I am going to be hereafter.\u201d\nThis son likewise saw volunteer service in the Spanish-American War.\nHe afterwards received a commission in the regular army, and is now\nserving in the Philippines in the Thirteenth Cavalry. This Union\nofficer son is a strong Democrat; his brother in Washington is an\nequally strong Republican. The General always taught that political\nalignment should be based upon conviction alone. His oldest son, John,\nan architect, lives in Atlanta, the youngest son, Randolph, a farmer,\nlives on the home place at Gainesville; the only daughter is Mrs.\nWhelchel, of Gainesville, Georgia. There are five grandchildren.\nGeneral Longstreet said that he started out in his married life with\nthe purpose of preserving military discipline in the family,--managing\nthe family as he would manage soldiers on the field. He soon found that\nthis would not work, and turned over the chief control of his home to\nhis wife.\nGeneral Longstreet was a great admirer of ladies, and has often said\nthat he never saw enough of them, never knew as many as he wanted to\nknow. Into his soldier life few ladies had come. When he got into\ncivil life he wondered where all the ladies came from. After the\nCivil War he was much petted and kissed by the ladies of the South,\nas was the custom with the old heroes of the war. He submitted to it\nwith something more than willingness, particularly from the younger\nand prettier girls. He always had for woman in the abstract the\ntenderest love and reverence. He considered her the human temple of all\nloveliness. He preserved to the end of his long life the romance and\nsentiment which, having but half a chance to develop in his youth, had\ncontinued to develop in his later years. The home was ever to him the\nholy of holies.\nLast summer, at Chicago, he met the daughter of his first sweetheart,\nand told her, with beautiful _na\u00efvet\u00e9,_ that her mother had been his\nsweetheart before going to West Point; that he had meant to marry her\nwhen he got back, though he had not told her so; and on returning, to\nhis disgust, he found her married to another fellow.\nAfter the Mexican War General Longstreet served extensively in the\nIndian campaigns out West. He considered it his duty and made it his\ndelight, as do all good soldiers, to go willingly where he was sent.\nWhen choice was allowed him he went where the service was hardest. He\ndid not ask to dine nicely nor to sleep warm. A storm cloud was not\ntoo rough a covering for him. He did not seek Olympian sunshine. He\ncould gladly make the Rocky Mountains his bed, and the war-whoop of\nthe Indian seeking to disturb the peace of his country was music to\nhis ears. The highest word that he knew was duty. His country he loved\nabove all things else. He served in the United States army for almost a\nquarter of a century, nearly always west of the Mississippi.\nWhen the Civil War broke out he was paymaster at Albuquerque, New\nMexico, with the rank of major. The country had for years been in\ncomparative peace, and he had given up the cherished idea of military\nglory and high promotion. Where did his duty lie in this hour? He had\nloyally served in the Union army for nearly twenty-five years and\nthrough the war that gave to the nation a rich empire. His State and\nhis people were now going to fight the Union. The Union officers with\nwhom he was serving and the Union soldiers whom he had commanded,\npleaded with him to stay with the Union; their wives and daughters\nentreated him and wept over him; the power of vast association appealed\nwonderfully to him; but he thought that duty called him to the service\nof the South, and no earthly power could keep him from that service.\nHe sent in his resignation, and set out at once for Richmond. His\nrelatives and friends along the way, only taking time to speak to him\nas he passed, hastened him on to Richmond. It was a gala journey that\nhe made through the Southern country. The music of Southern songs was\nborne upon every breeze. The wildest enthusiasm electrified town\nand hamlet; from the open doors of every farm-house came salutations\ncheering the passengers on to Richmond. He was not allowed to pay for\nentertainment at any Southern hotel. Everything was free for those who\nwere going to join \u201cJeff. Davis for Dixie and for Southern rights.\u201d\nHEROIC CITIZEN OF THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD\nLongstreet entered the Confederate service as brigadier-general,\nand reported for duty to General Beauregard at the first Manassas.\nAfter the baptism of fire at Antietam, in 1862, Longstreet was made\nlieutenant-general, next in rank to Lee. This rank he retained to the\nend of the war, ranking even Stonewall Jackson. This fact is especially\nmentioned, because the last generation of the South have often confused\nthe rank secured by their fathers in the war with the paper ranks given\nby the Confederacy when the war was over and that government, heroic in\nits ruins, had nothing else to give.\nI have heard it said by many Union officers that Longstreet\u2019s corps,\nthe First Corps, was the terror of the Union army. I have heard it\nsaid that Longstreet was the only officer in the Confederate army whom\nGrant and Lincoln wholesomely feared. He was Lee\u2019s right arm in very\ntruth. The morning of the battle of the Wilderness, while President\nLincoln was at the War Department, some one asked him, \u201cWhat is the\nbest thing that can happen to the Union to-day?\u201d He answered, \u201cTo kill\nLongstreet.\u201d It nearly happened, but by the bullets of Longstreet\u2019s own\nmen, because in so gallantly leading them he went too far in front.\nAfter the fall of the curtain at Appomattox General Longstreet went\nto New Orleans and engaged in the cotton and insurance business.\nHe developed in business the splendid ability that marked him as a\nsoldier. He was making ten thousand dollars a year at the time the\ncelebrated difference of opinion came up as to the course the South\nshould pursue in the rehabilitation of the war-wasted land. It was\nthen that he wrote the famous political letter of 1867 that turned the\nSouth against him and made it practically impossible for him to do\nbusiness in that section of the country. The idea that this letter was\nwritten to secure political preferment from the powers in authority is\nperfectly absurd. He was making more in business, and would have made\nstill more and more as the years went on, than he could make then or\never afterwards in politics. Besides, to me, and to any one who ever\nknew the real man, the idea of his changing his convictions a hair\u2019s\nbreadth for any sort of gain is too far-fetched for serious discussion.\nThe very head and front of his offending consisted in his belief that\nit was better for the South to accept the situation then presented;\nbetter for the high-class men of the South to hold the offices than\nto have the negroes and scallawags hold them; better for the South\nto keep faith with its Appomattox parole, which promised obedience\nto constituted authority. It was a few years after this letter that\nPresident Grant appointed him Surveyor of the Port at New Orleans.\nHe never asked for this appointment, and was not consulted about it.\nPresident Grant, in the generosity of his heart, voluntarily sent his\nname to the Senate, and the first news General Longstreet had of it\ncame through the press.\nGeneral Longstreet never affiliated with the controlling element of the\nRepublican party in the South. He believed in a white man\u2019s Republican\nparty in the South, and therefore was never in favor with the dominant\nRepublican party in that section that believed differently. The\npolitical appointments that came to him came because of his high\ncharacter and his record of substantial achievement, and in spite of\nthe opposition of miscellaneous competitive place-seekers. He led a\npolitical movement that has had no following in the Southern section.\nIt would seemingly have been easy for him to have acquiesced in the\nmethods of the Republican machinery in the Southern States which would\nnaturally have made him the head and front of the Southern Republican\nparty. It would have seemed easier in an earlier day for him to have\ngone with the Democracy, which would have made him the political idol\nof the South, as he had been its military idol. Is is so much easier\nto be a demagogue than it is to be a man. It requires no unusual\nmoral caliber to take a seat on the band-wagon and go with the crowd.\nConscience compelled James Longstreet to oppose politically, for their\nown good, as he saw it, his Southern fellow-countrymen. He announced\nhis convictions and stood by them. He never profited, as we measure\nmaterial benefits; he lost. The qualities he exhibited in these crucial\nperiods of his life differentiated the man from the time-server and\nplace-seeker.\nOne who loved him and was close to him in life said, regretfully,\nnot long ago, in speaking of him, that he never did anything after\nAppomattox that \u201cturned out for his own good.\u201d I felt a sudden\ntightening about my heart at this criticism. Perhaps as we view worldly\nhonors and earthly goods the things he did after Appomattox did not\n\u201cturn out for his own good.\u201d But to me he has always been a figure of\nmore sublime courage in the gathering storms of \u201967 and the years that\nfollowed than on any of the brilliant fields of the Civil War. And\nI love best to think of him, not as the warrior leading his legions\nto victory, but as the grand citizen after the war was ended, nobly\ndedicating himself to the rehabilitation of his broken people, offering\na brave man\u2019s homage to the flag of the established government, and\nstanding steadfast in all the passions, prejudices, and persecutions\nof that unhappy period. It was the love and honor and soul of the man\ncrystallized into a being of wonderful majesty, immovable as Gibraltar.\n\u201cThere be things, O sons of what has deserved birthright in the land\nof freedom, the \u2018good of which\u2019 and \u2018the use of which\u2019 are beyond all\ncalculation of earthly goods and worldly uses--things that cannot\nbe bought with a price and do not die with death;\u201d these, gathering\nstrength and beauty in James Longstreet\u2019s character, through the four\nterrible years of warfare, assumed colossal proportions in the dark\nreconstruction era. And when the story of his life has finally been\ntold, in all its grandeur, the finer fame will settle not about the\nvalorous soldier, but about Longstreet, the patriot-citizen.\nTHE CHRISTIAN PATRIOT LOVED THE SOUTH TO THE LAST\nWhen General Longstreet quit fighting, he quit fighting for good. He\nconsidered that the South was back in the Union to stay. There is\nno doubt in the minds of many with whom I have talked that General\nLongstreet\u2019s conciliatory course, because of its effect in holding\nthousands obedient to the laws of the government, prevented the\nconfiscation of much property in the South immediately after the war,\nand greatly alleviated the trials of that distressing period. The\nlocal ostracism of that day and subsequently cut General Longstreet\ndeeply. He loved the South with all the tenderness of one who was\nwilling to die for it. In all the quiet hours that he discussed the\nmisrepresentations of the Southern people, the resentment they bore\nhim, the criticisms and slanders that had been hurled at him, I never\nheard him utter a word against them or give expression to a note of\nbitterness. But I think towards the last, exhausted by much suffering,\nhe had a pitiful yearning for complete reconciliation with all his\npeople. Not many months before he died an officer of the Northern\narmies was calling on him at his hotel in Washington, and in discussing\nthe Civil War and subsequent events, and General Longstreet\u2019s part\ntherein, said, \u201cThe Southern people have not appreciated you since the\nwar, General, but when you are dead they will build monuments to you.\u201d\nGeneral Longstreet said nothing, but his eyes slowly filled. While he\nbore unjust criticism in silence, he was visibly moved by any evidence\nof affection from the Southern people.\nI recall two very beautiful press tributes that appeared last summer\nwhile he was lying desperately ill at his home in Gainesville, Georgia;\none was from the pen of Hon. John Temple Graves, in the Atlanta,\nGeorgia, _News_; the other by Mrs. W. H. Felton, an old-time friend,\nin the Atlanta _Journal_. Mr. Graves, a representative of the splendid\nnew South, spoke of the new generations as worthy descendants of the\nheroic days, and the place General Longstreet would always hold in\ntheir hearts; and Mrs. Felton, one of the important figures of the\nold South, told of the undying love for him of the soldiers of the\nConfederacy, and of the place he had worthily won in the affections of\nall the people; she wanted to speak these words to him for the comfort\nthey would give him; and because he had nobly earned the right to hear\nthem, and ten thousand times more from the people whose battles he had\nfought. When he seemed out of immediate danger, and strong enough to\nunderstand, I read these tributes to him, and he wept like a child.\nThe forbearance of the man and his generous feeling towards those who\nused him harshly finally became a wonder, and is to-day a joy for me to\nremember. I will here give an instance or two touchingly illustrative\nof this side of his character. General Wade Hampton, as stoical as ever\na Roman was, felt very bitterly against General Longstreet because\nof his Republican politics. He expressed his feelings freely both in\npublic and private, and was embittered to the extent that he refused\nto speak to General Longstreet. When General Longstreet succeeded him\nas United States Commissioner of Railroads, he would not come to the\noffice to turn it over to his successor. General Longstreet went to the\noffice, took the oath alone, and endeavored as best he could to make\nhimself acquainted with the duties of the position. When he came home\nthat evening and told me, with evident surprise, that General Hampton\nwas still bitter against him, I asked, rather in the hope of getting\na reply in criticism of General Hampton, \u201cWhat sort of a soldier was\nGeneral Hampton, since he seems so intractable in civil life?\u201d General\nLongstreet replied, without a moment\u2019s hesitation: \u201cThere was not a\nfiner, braver, more gallant officer in the Confederate service than\nWade Hampton.\u201d And when General Hampton died, I think the most splendid\ntribute paid him came from the pen of General Longstreet.\nYears ago there were political differences between General Longstreet\nand Judge Emory Speer, now of the Federal Bench of Georgia, then a\nmember of Congress from the old Eighth District of Georgia. General\nLongstreet felt that he had been wronged. The summer before his death\nwe were at Mt. Airy, Georgia, for a short time. One day I saw Judge\nSpeer in the hotel where we were stopping, and asked General Longstreet\nhow he was going to receive him if Judge Speer should come to speak\nto him, in view of their past differences. The General replied, \u201cAs I\nwould receive any other distinguished American. And as for our past\ndifferences, that has been a long time ago, and I have forgotten what\nit was all about.\u201d\nGeneral John B. Gordon, during recent years, did General Longstreet\ninjustice. I know he caused him much pain. At a time when General\nLongstreet was suffering horribly,--one eye had already been destroyed\nby the dreadful disease; he had long been deaf and paralyzed from war\nservice; the wound in his throat was giving him severest pain,--at this\nsad time General Gordon revived the old, threadbare story that he had\ndisobeyed orders at Gettysburg. But when a reporter from one of the\nNew York dailies called to interview him about General Gordon and his\ncharges, he refused to say one word. It was then that I said, \u201cIf you\nwill not reply to General Gordon, I will. And in the future, so long\nas I shall live, whenever your war record is attacked, I will make\nanswer.\u201d And so it happened that the little story of Gettysburg was\nwritten while General Longstreet was nearing the grave. During these\nlast, sorrowful days he had heard that General Gordon was not in good\nhealth, and he asked me, with touching concern, about his condition.\nI expected to tell General Gordon of these occurrences, but I never\nsaw him again. The Reaper gathered him in, ten days after General\nLongstreet answered the call.\nGeneral Longstreet was a most devout churchman. In early life he was\nan Episcopalian, and he regularly attended that church in New Orleans\nuntil the political differences developed between himself and his\nfriends. After that he noticed that even his church associates avoided\nhim. They would not sit in the same pew with him. Cut to the quick\nby such treatment, he began to wonder if there was any church broad\nenough to withstand differences caused by political and sectional\nfeeling. He discovered that the Roman Catholic priests extended him\nthe treatment he longed for. He began to attend that church, and has\nsaid that its atmosphere from the first appealed to him as the church\nof the sorrow-laden of earth. He was converted under the ministration\nof Father Ryan. After accepting the faith of the Catholic Church he\nfollowed it with beautiful devotion. He regarded it as the compensation\nsent him by the Almighty for doing his duty as he saw it. He clung to\nit as the best consolation there was in life. He went to his duties as\ndevoutly as any priest of the church, and was on his knees night and\nmorning, with the simple, loving faith of a little child.\nWORSHIPPED BY THE SOLDIERS OF THE CONFEDERACY\nThe political estrangements between General Longstreet and many of the\nleaders of the South never extended to the soldiers who did any large\namount of fighting for the South. There was a Confederate reunion in\nAtlanta in 1898. A camp of Confederate Veterans, of Augusta, Georgia,\nmade up of his old command, sent General Longstreet a special request\nto come down from his home in Gainesville, and to wear his old uniform.\nHe replied that his uniform had been destroyed years ago in the fire\nwhich burned his home and practically everything else he had, but that\nhe would gladly go down with what was left of himself--that his old\ntrunk of a body was the only relic of the Confederacy remaining to him.\nThey then secured his measure and had a new Confederate uniform made\nfor him to represent the old as nearly as possible. During all his\nstay at that reunion the old soldiers flocked about him with a devotion\nthat Napoleon would have envied. They went wild over him. When he went\nto the dining-room at the hotel, the doors had to be closed so that he\ncould take his meals without interruption. One evening, in the Kimball,\nhis old \u201cboys\u201d surged about him by the thousands for hours, eager to\ntouch his hand, to touch his garments, to look into his face, and the\ntears streamed down his cheeks. Just before that, one day, outraged at\nsome unkindness that had come from the South, I had said to General\nLongstreet, \u201cThe Southern people are no longer my people. I have no\nhome and no country.\u201d In the midst of the splendid demonstration at the\nreunion of 1898, when the thousands who had followed his colors stood\nwith uncovered heads in his honored presence, I said to him, \u201cThis is\nthe South that I love, because it loves you; it is the magnificent,\ngenerous, loyal South that I love with every impulse of my heart; these\nare my people.\u201d\nI think he never forgot the Confederate reunion in Atlanta in 1898. His\nold soldiers came to his room in a continuous stream. One afternoon,\nwhen he was asleep, utterly worn out, a one-legged, one-armed veteran,\npoorly clad, looking poorly fed, came to his room. I told him of the\nGeneral\u2019s exhausted condition--that he needed the rest, and I was\nreally afraid to disturb him. Then he said, \u201cWon\u2019t you let me go in and\nlook at my old commander, asleep. I haven\u2019t seen him since Appomattox.\nI came all the way from Texas to see him, and I may never see him\nagain.\u201d Without a word I opened the door, and as the worn veteran\nlooked upon his old chieftain we both cried. In the midst of it General\nLongstreet wakened and called the veteran to him. They embraced like\nbrothers and wept together.\nOn the eve of the Spanish-American War General Longstreet received\nhundreds of letters from his old soldiers in every part of the country,\nasking for the privilege of seeing service with him under the flag of\nthe Union. One of them wrote: \u201cIf this country is going to have another\nwar, I want to be in it, and I want to follow my old commander.\u201d\nGeneral Longstreet answered that he was seventy-eight, deaf, and\nparalyzed; that he had two sons he would send to fight for him, but\nthat if his country needed his services, his sword was at its command.\nAs Commissioner of Railroads, General Longstreet made a tour of the\nWest in 1899. He was received with beautiful consideration everywhere,\nbut the welcome which touched him most was that of his old soldiers who\ngreeted him in every State. It was marvellous to see how the veterans\nof a war that was over forty years ago had scattered through the West,\nand it certainly seemed that every one there had heard that General\nLongstreet was coming, and came to the nearest station to see him. With\nthem were many Union veterans who gave him an equally cordial greeting.\nI will digress here to say that General Longstreet could never stand\non a foot of Northern soil where he was not received with every\nmanifestation of earthly honor and esteem by the Union veterans and\ntheir descendants, and this touched him as nothing else in the world\ncould have done. I wish to offer the humble tribute of my love to the\nchivalrous section that is to-day so close to my heart; the honors\nthey paid General Longstreet, their tributes to him, did not end with\nthe grave. Two weeks after the prospectus of this little volume had\nbeen sent out, the first edition had been bought, long before it was\nready for delivery, by the Grand Army of the Republic, and the orders\nwere accompanied by testimonials to General Longstreet as soldier and\npatriot that would make a memorial volume of rich value, and a brief\nselection, at least, I hope to give in future editions.\nAt one place, on his Western tour in 1899, it became necessary for him\nto telegraph to an official of the Rock Island road to ask if he would\n\u201cpass\u201d his car. It happened that this official had been a Union officer\nwho had received hard blows from Longstreet on many bloody fields. He\nreplied that in the old days that tried the courage of men he was much\nmore anxious to \u201cpass\u201d Longstreet than to meet him; that now he was\ngoing to insist on meeting him first, and afterwards he would \u201cpass\u201d\nanything the General wanted him to \u201cpass.\u201d\nNext to the pleasure of meeting his old friends on this Western tour,\nGeneral Longstreet most enjoyed the wonderful development of the\ncountry that had taken place since he was chasing wild Indians across\nits wide plains. The smiling farms that greeted him, the magnificent\ncities, the marvellously fertile irrigated sections that he had last\nbeheld as deserts, the net-work of competing railroads which had\ntaken the place of the trail and the half-worked wagon-roads, the\nevidences everywhere of a magnificent country built up by progressive\npeople,--all these, with all the suggestiveness attaching to them,\nappealed with mighty force to his heart and to his mental appreciation.\nThe picture of industrial growth is a beautiful and impressive one. It\nis a story in itself that needs only a suggestion to make it as large a\npart of this as it should make.\nGenuine Americanism, a love of his country in every sentiment that\nconcerns it and every line of development affecting it, formed a very\nlarge and attractive phase of General Longstreet\u2019s character. And so,\nfrom every stand-point he enjoyed this Western trip to the full.\nHIS COUNTRY HOME IN PICTURESQUE NORTH GEORGIA\nNext to the smoke of battle in the cause of his country, he loved\nnature in her gentlest and most quiet moods. He was fond of the\nforest and farm. He owned a small farm near Gainesville, Georgia,\nwhich was one of the delights of his life. Here he set out an orchard\nand a vineyard on a scale somewhat extensive, in which he found much\npleasure. It is a hilly, uneven country, this rugged Piedmont section\nof north Georgia, noted for its red clay, its rocks, its mighty trees,\nthe wild honeysuckles that carpet its woods, and the purity of the air\nthat sweeps over it and the water that gushes in abundance from its\ndepths. General Longstreet made his little farm in this picturesque\nsection as productive and attractive as he could. It was mostly hills,\nand had to be terraced extensively to keep it from washing away. He had\nit terraced with much care, and laid off something after the manner\nof a battle-field. Thereupon the people around jokingly called it\n\u201cGettysburg.\u201d\nHere he had built and lived in a splendid home of the old colonial\nstyle of architecture, such as has long been popular in the South.\nThe house was richly furnished. He had one of the finest libraries\nin the South, and had collected interesting and valuable souvenirs,\nand furnishings from all over the world. His residence was situated\non a lordly eminence; beyond, the everlasting mountains stretched\nin unbroken length; in the valley between, the placid waters of the\nmountain streams wound lazily to the sea. The location was most\nbeautiful, and has often been called \u201cInspiration Point.\u201d Amid these\nromantic surroundings General Longstreet dispensed a hospitality\ncharacteristic of the most splendid days of the old South. He often\nlaughingly said that his house became a rendezvous for old Confederates\nwho were hastily going West, and needed a \u201clittle aid.\u201d They never\nknocked in vain at his door. He has said that a favorite tale of theirs\nwas that they \u201chad just killed a Yankee, and had to go West hurriedly;\u201d\nthinking, of course, that this plea would strike a sympathetic chord.\nSome twenty years ago General Longstreet\u2019s home and everything it\ncontained, save the people, vanished in flames. After that he lived\nin one of the out-houses, a small frame cottage such as any carpenter\nmight build and any countryman might own.\nSome years ago Hamlin Garland visited Gainesville for the purpose of\ncalling on General Longstreet. After talking with him Mr. Garland\nwrote a very interesting article about him. He especially marvelled\nthat he should find so great a man, so colossal a character, living in\nsuch modest fashion, seemingly almost forgotten by all sections of the\ncountry in whose destiny he had played so important a part. He said he\nfound a world-famous general pruning grape-vines on a red hill-side of\nthe picturesque mountain region of Georgia. He was delighted with his\nversatility, his information, and, most of all, with his glowing love\nof country and his broad ideas of the future greatness of America.\nWhen the imposing house stood and when he afterwards occupied the\ncottage, his home was still the boasted \u201cshow-place\u201d of Gainesville.\nHe was Gainesville\u2019s grand historic character, her first gentleman,\nand her best-loved citizen. Whatever resentment towards him because of\npolitical views may have been felt in other parts of the country where\nmen were striving to be at the head of state processions, in his little\nhome city there was never a break in the loving and proud esteem in\nwhich he was held by his home people.\nHere life remained interesting to him to the last. His heart was ever\nyoung; when he died he was eighty-three years young. Only a day or\ntwo before he was taken away he was planning things that were to take\nplace years in the future. Blindness, deafness, paralysis, the decay of\nphysical faculties, failed to move his dauntless courage or quell his\nsplendid determination.\nGeneral Longstreet\u2019s last days were spent in revising his memoirs\nof the Civil War, as were Grant\u2019s in writing his. The two colossal\ncharacters passed away suffering the excruciating pains of the same\ndread disease,--cancer,--both disdaining death, heroic to the end.\nOn the eve of the Spanish-American War General Longstreet was invited\nby the New York _Herald_ to contribute to its columns a paper on the\nsubject of the threatened trouble with Spain.\nThe closing paragraph of that paper comes across the years a prophecy\nand prayer for all mankind:\n  \u201cAs the evening hours draw near, the bugle calls of the eternal\n  years sound clearer to my understanding than when drowned in\n  the hiss of musketry and the roar of cannon. By memory of\n  battle-fields and prophecy of coming events, I declare the hope\n  that the present generation may witness the disbandment of\n  standing armies, the reign of natural justice, the ushering in of\n  the brotherhood of man. If I could recall one hour of my distant\n  but glorious command, I would say, on the eve of battle with a\n  foreign foe, \u201cLittle children, love one another.\u201d\nLONGSTREET ON THE FIELDS OF MEXICO[F]\nCHAPTER I\nTHE WINNING OF OUR WESTERN EMPIRE\n  Mexico will always be a land of romance. Her ruins are yet\n  fragrant with memories of the mighty plans of Louis Napoleon.\nAfter an absence of fifty years, General Longstreet revisited Mexico\nin the eventful summer of 1898, leisurely passing over some of the\nscenes of his early military experiences. Half a century had stolen\naway, yet architecturally he found Mexico but little changed. Few of\nthe old landmarks were effaced. Modern ideas and inventions have been\nencouraged and do prevail in our sister republic, but the dream-like\nstrangeness of its civilization is still all-pervading. Mexico is not\nunlike Egypt in some respects. Everywhere is the poetry of a past age.\nEgypt has its sphinx and the pyramids to illustrate a mysterious past;\nin Mexico we find the temples of the Aztecs and the monuments of their\ncruel conquerors. The Montezumas have left the impress of their race\nand civilization on every hand. To the northern visitor Mexico will\nalways be the land of the Aztecs, worshippers of the sun.\nTo me the battle-fields of 1846-47 were of supreme interest. They\nare to most Americans doubtless the chief magnet of attraction. But\nthe eye of an active participant in those glorious achievements of\nAmerican arms sees more as it sweeps over the valley of Mexico than\nis comprehensible to the unprofessional casual observer. It was my\ngreat privilege--to-day a cherished memory--to go over the fields that\nstretch away from Chapultepec with a war-worn soldier who fifty years\nearlier had there learned his first lessons in real warfare.\nMexico will always be a land of romance. Her civilization stands apart.\nHer ruins are yet fragrant with memories of the mighty plans of Louis\nNapoleon. From the ill-fated Maximilian empire to our own war with\nMexico seems but a step back, and yet between the steps great history\nhas been written.\nExcepting Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo, the scene of all the leading\nevents of General Scott\u2019s campaign lie almost within cannon-shot of the\nMexican capital.\nThe four battles of Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and\nChapultepec, which decided the fate of the war, occurred within a\nperiod of four weeks and within a radius of a dozen miles. The Mexican\nGeneral Valencia was disastrously routed at Contreras August 19, 1847,\nand Churubusco was fought and won by the Americans next day. Then\nthere was a short truce between the two belligerents, and terms of\npeace were proposed by an American plenipotentiary. These not proving\nsatisfactory, hostilities were resumed. Scott moved with energy. On\nSeptember 8 the battle of Molino del Rey occurred, the Americans\nwinning, but at heavy sacrifice in killed and wounded. The successful\nassault on Chapultepec hill was made on the 13th, five days later,\nand on the morning of the 14th Scott\u2019s splendid little army entered\nthe Mexican capital and hoisted its flag over the public buildings.\nThe belligerents engaged in these affairs were comparatively small\nand the losses on both sides very severe. The Mexicans fought well,\nbut were execrably led. With the fall of Mexico Scott had conquered a\nnation with an army fewer in numbers than the single corps Longstreet\ncommanded at Gettysburg.\nScott\u2019s army, for the most part, was composed of veteran\ntroops,--regulars, with a considerable contingent of fine and\nwell-officered volunteers. Most of them were already battle-seasoned,\nhaving participated in General Taylor\u2019s initiatory campaign of 1846 on\nthe Rio Grande, where they had signally defeated the Mexicans at Palo\nAlto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterey. Taylor\u2019s crowning victory at\nBuena Vista, February 23, 1847, did not occur until after Scott had\ndrafted away the best part of his regulars for the march on Mexico.\nAmong them were the Fourth and Eighth Infantry regiments. Lieutenant\nLongstreet had served in both,--in the Fourth as brevet second\nlieutenant after graduating from the Military Academy in 1842, up to\n1845, when he was promoted and transferred to the Eighth, and he was\nlucky enough to be with the latter in the action at Palo Alto, May 8,\n1846, at Resaca de la Palma next day, and in the siege and capture of\nMonterey, September 21 to 23, of the same year. It was on these fields\nthat most of the young fellows who afterwards became conspicuous in the\nUnion and Confederate armies flashed their maiden swords.\nIn the Fourth, among Longstreet\u2019s earlier official and social intimates\nat Jefferson Barracks and Camp Salubrity, were Captain George A.\nMcCall, Lieutenants Augur, Grant, Alex. Hays, and David A. Russell,\nall afterwards distinguished Union generals. Captain McCall was then\nforty-three years old, and was graduated from West Point in 1822, just\ntwenty years ahead of Longstreet\u2019s class.\nThe subsequent Civil War produced some singular anticlimaxes to these\nold Mexican War friendships. It so happened, for instance, that\nsixteen years afterwards, at the battle of Glendale before Richmond,\nLongstreet\u2019s Confederate division was pitted against McCall\u2019s smaller\nUnion division, and the Confederates had the best of it. About dusk,\nafter the heavy fighting was over, McCall and his staff accidentally\nrode into the Forty-seventh Virginia. Curiously enough, the Union\ngeneral alone was captured and brought to Longstreet\u2019s head-quarters.\nHaving for a time been a brevet second lieutenant under McCall in the\nold Fourth Infantry, and really commiserating his personal mishap,\nGeneral Longstreet cordially advanced, offering his hand and proffering\nsuch hospitality as was permissible in the untoward circumstances. But,\ndeeply chagrined by his defeat and capture, McCall sullenly repelled\nLongstreet\u2019s friendly advances. It only remained for the Union general\nto be sent back to Richmond in charge of a staff-officer and guard. It\nwas the last meeting between the old captain and his former lieutenant,\nand, strangely, was McCall\u2019s last appearance in battle, though he\nwas exchanged in a few weeks. He somehow fell into disfavor with the\nWashington authorities, resigned in March, 1863, and died on a farm\nnear Westchester, Pennsylvania, in 1868. McCall was a fine soldier of\nthe old school. Grant was also a second lieutenant with McCall in the\nFourth, and liked him very much.\nAlex. Hays and Longstreet had been associated in both regiments. Like\nLongstreet, Hays was promoted and transferred from the Fourth to\nthe Eighth, though upward of a year subsequently. Grant never left\nthe Fourth until he resigned as captain, about seven years after the\nMexican War. Hays and Grant had been friends at West Point, though not\nclassmates, and very chummy afterwards while subs. in the old Fourth\nInfantry. The official personnel of General Taylor\u2019s army, scant\nthree thousand men, was so small that they were almost like a family.\nEverybody knew everybody else.\nHays was detached from the Eighth when Scott advanced into the\nvalley of Mexico, but was engaged in several severe affairs in\ndefence of convoys of supplies to the front, and also at Heamantle\nand Sequaltiplan. After that war was over he resigned, but in 1861\nimmediately sought service again, and soon rose to the command of a\nUnion division. His division contributed materially to the repulse of\nLongstreet\u2019s attack at Gettysburg on July 3. But poor Hays was killed\nin front of Longstreet\u2019s lines at the Wilderness in 1864, the first\nbattle in Virginia after his old comrade, Grant, had assumed command of\nthe Union armies. Such was the fortune of war of the civil struggle.\nThe Eighth Infantry furnished from its Mexican War contingent few\nconspicuous leaders to either side in the subsequent Civil War. The\nregiment was compelled to surrender to the local authorities of Texas\nearly in 1861, and were detained at the South many months. Only a few\nof its old officers then remained. All those of Southern proclivities\nhad already withdrawn. Longstreet left the Eighth in 1858, ten years\nafter peace with Mexico, having been promoted to major and paymaster.\nBy detention as prisoners of war the Union soldiers of the Eighth were\ndeprived of the early promotion which fell to the lot of most regulars.\nOut of all the officers of the two regiments engaged in Mexico,\nonly seven, it appears, espoused the Southern cause, and of these\nbut three attained to any considerable rank in the Confederate\narmies,--Longstreet, Pickett, and Cadmus E. Wilcox. Pickett was a\nmagnificent soldier, one of the most daring in the Confederate army.\nIn the two campaigns of Taylor and Scott the Fourth and Eighth lost no\nfewer than twelve officers killed and fatally wounded, and eighteen\nothers seriously wounded, a very heavy percentage. This alone proves\nthat the Americans had no walkover. Every foot of the ground was\nbravely contested by the Mexicans.\nTo continue this digression a little farther, it may be said that the\ngenesis of the two Mexican campaigns is not well understood. Winfield\nScott was and had long been the commanding general of the United\nStates army, and entitled as such, aside from his military renown, to\nthe Mexican command. But Scott, a Southern Whig, was ambitious to be\nPresident. The Democratic administration of Polk was quite naturally\nchary of giving Scott an opportunity to win public applause through\na victorious military campaign. Scott had early submitted a plan of\noperations, with request for permission to lead an American army into\nMexico. But Zachary Taylor, then only a colonel and brevet brigadier,\nwas chosen for the purpose, to the discomfiture of Scott and his\ncoterie. Of course, the general-in-chief chafed because he had thus\ndesignedly been over-slaughed by a junior.\nThe administration overreached itself. Taylor\u2019s small victories in\nnorthern Mexico in the Spring of 1846 were so greatly magnified by the\npress of the States that he at once became the hero of the hour. Soon\nhe was the open candidate of the Whig party for the Presidency; for\nTaylor, like Scott, was a Southern Whig. Polk and his advisers were\nnow between the devil and the deep sea. To beat back and neutralize the\nrising Taylor tide they precipitately turned to Scott. His original\nplan for bringing Mexico to terms _via_ Vera Cruz was adopted, and he\nassigned to the command, with fulsome assurances of ample and continued\nsupport, which were never fulfilled.\nScott was thereupon given _carte blanche_ to withdraw such force\nof regulars from Taylor as he deemed necessary to the successful\nprosecution of his proposed invasion, and meanwhile Taylor, with some\nfive thousand volunteers and a slight leaven of regular troops, was to\nremain on the defensive. Then something happened. Taylor did not choose\nto remain stock still, but advanced. A few weeks after the depletion of\nhis army, which began in January, 1847, and before Scott had landed at\nVera Cruz with his raw volunteers, Taylor worsted Santa Anna at Buena\nVista. He not only signally defeated the foreign enemy, but completed\nthe rout of the Democratic administration at Washington, and the next\nyear was nominated by the Whigs and elected President hands down,\nwholly on the strength of his military achievements. Scott, nominated\nin 1852, was disastrously beaten by the Democratic candidate, Franklin\nPierce, one of his inconspicuous civilian brigadiers in Mexico. It must\nhave been a galling blow to the old General\u2019s pride. His defeat was the\ndeath-blow of the Whig party.\nCHAPTER II\nPECULIARITIES OF SCOTT AND TAYLOR\n  As we gazed down from Chapultepec\u2019s heights, on that fragrant day\n  of 1898, across the beautiful valley of Mexico, the war of fifty\n  years agone seemed but yesterday to him who on those fields had\n  added a new star of the first magnitude to the galaxy of American\n  valor.\nSince those old days General Longstreet often speculated on the result\nif Taylor and Scott had been required to handle the armies of Lee and\nGrant and meet the conditions which confronted the great Union and\nConfederate leaders at the crucial periods of their campaigns. He\nconcluded that both would have maintained their high reputations at the\nhead of much larger bodies of troops than they marshalled in Mexico,\neven though confronted by abler opponents than Santa Anna, supported\nby stronger and better-disciplined armies than the half-starved,\nill-appointed levies he brought against them at Buena Vista and Cerro\nGordo. At all events, the young fellows of 1846-47 to a man believed\nTaylor and Scott adequately equipped to successfully meet any military\nemergency.\nThey were extraordinary characters. Both were practised officers dating\nback to the war of 1812, though neither was a West Point graduate.\nScott on the Canadian frontier had commanded against considerable\nbodies of disciplined British troops in pitched battle, and came off\nwith increased reputation. He had then visited Europe and observed the\ncontinental armies. He was well educated; had studied for the bar,\nbut by preference took up the military profession, of which he was a\ndiligent student. Scott was thoroughly up in the literature of war. To\na cultivated mind he added a colossal person and a fine presence.\nGeneral Scott\u2019s chief fault was an overweening personal vanity\nwhich often took the form of mere pedantry, not unseldom bringing\nhim into personal ridicule. Insufferably pompous, he invariably\nmaintained a vast, unbending dignity, both of manner and speech,\nwhether oral or written. The subalterns of the army looked upon him\nwith absolute awe. Many a brevetted cadet would readily have chosen\nto go against a Mexican intrenchment rather than into the commanding\ngeneral\u2019s presence. He brooked no familiarity from high or low. While\nhe sometimes indulged in a sort of elephantine affability, he was\nnaturally dictatorial towards all subordinates, though always within\nthe limits of decency. Scott\u2019s was not at all the overbearing insolence\nof the coward. He always rode in full uniform, with all the insignia of\nhis rank visible to the naked eye.\nSuch a queer combination of bigness and littleness, learning, practical\nability, and whimsicality formed a character sure to create enemies,\nand it must be said that Scott had plenty of them, both in and out of\nthe army. By them he was derisively dubbed \u201cOld Fuss and Feathers.\u201d\nNotwithstanding his weakness, the General was physically and morally\na very brave man. He was cool and deliberate in forming his military\nplans, and once determined upon they were prosecuted with unhesitating\nenergy and precision. Above all he was an honest man. Undoubtedly\nGeneral Scott possessed a comprehensive military mind.\nEqually cool and careful in planning, equally energetic in execution,\nand equally brave, honest, and true, in other respects Taylor was an\nentirely different type of man. Personally he was the antipodes of the\nhandsome giant, Scott, being only of middle stature. His complexion was\nswarthy and his face rugged and homely, but with a kindly expression.\nUnlike Scott again, Taylor\u2019s schooling had been limited, yet without\nany affectation of style he wrote clearly and vigorously. From the age\nof one year he had lived the life of a Kentucky frontier farmer boy up\nto his entry into the army as a lieutenant in 1808.\nTaylor\u2019s military experience, confined wholly to the Western border in\n1812, was limited to outpost affairs with Indians and the few squads\nof British soldiers and borderers who supported them. As an officer he\nhad never met so much as a full company of disciplined soldiers until\nPalo Alto. Taylor never wore his uniform, or almost never. He dressed\nin rough clothes no better than those worn by the common soldier. He\nwas often seen riding without his staff or other attendant, seeing\nthings with his own eyes. He was frank and somewhat rough, but kindly\nin speech. While he was not without proper dignity, he talked and acted\nstraight to the mark without much consideration for appearances. He\ntreated his subordinates with easy consideration, and was often seen\njoking and laughing with mere subalterns. He was given the sobriquet\nof \u201cOld Rough and Ready\u201d by the army, in which he was dearly loved by\nall. It was a title which rang through the country in the political\ncampaign of 1848. He not only inspired universal good will, rough and\nuncultivated as he was, but confidence. Such were the two Mexican\ncommanders.\nAs we gazed down from Chapultepec\u2019s heights, on that fragrant day of\n1898, across the beautiful valley of Mexico, the war of fifty years\nagone seemed but yesterday to him who on those fields had added a new\nstar of the first magnitude to the galaxy of American valor. Memories\nof the glorious past rushed through his mind. Here Grant and Lee had\ntaken their first lessons in practical warfare on a considerable\nscale. Here had been won not only Texas, but the vast domain away\nto the Pacific. Since then what social, industrial, and political\nrevolutions had he not witnessed. From the Mississippi had spread out a\ngreat republic, reaching from ocean to ocean. He had seen the Southern\nConfederacy rise and fall, and colossal history, along the way from\nChapultepec to Manila, written in the blood of the nation\u2019s strong\nmen. And Mexico has not been behind in the mighty changes that have\nswept over the continent since her bitter humiliation in 1847. She has\nadvanced by heroic strides, especially under the wise leadership of\nDiaz.\nBut after all it was not wholly the great events of half a century\nthat crowded upon General Longstreet\u2019s memory at this interesting\njuncture. Curiously enough, his mind persisted in fixing itself upon\nminor incidents,--social and personal relations,--on the comrades who\nhad here and elsewhere laid down their lives in the service, on others\nwho had risen to distinction or dropped out of the running. The \u201cboys\u201d\nof \u201946 and \u201947 again crowded upon him. It could hardly be otherwise,\nfor they were a band of brothers then. When General Taylor\u2019s little\nArmy of Observation was collected in western Louisiana, the whole\nregular establishment of the United States consisted of no more than\n12,139 officers and men. The Army of Occupation which was concentrated\nat Corpus Christi, Texas, in the fall of 1845, numbered only three\nthousand men.\nThe days of Corpus Christi still formed a vivid picture in General\nLongstreet\u2019s mind. The oldest officers present--even General Taylor\nhimself--had never seen so large a body of the regular army together.\nAdjoining the camp were extensive level prairies, admirably adapted to\nmilitary man\u0153uvres. Many of the officers had not taken part in even\na battalion drill since leaving West Point, and with most of them\nevolutions of the line had only been read in tactics. So widely had\nthe troops been scattered, and in such small detachments, to meet the\nrequirements of the country\u2019s extensive frontiers, that there were\ncolonels who had never seen their entire regiments.\nThis concentration afforded opportunity for practical professional\ninstruction and discipline which was appreciated and availed of.\nBut with this preparatory work there were amusements, and lasting\nfriendships were formed; perhaps a few equally lasting enmities.\nGame and fish abounded. There were no settlements; the country was\nabsolutely wild. Within a few hours\u2019 ride of the camps were wild\nturkeys in flocks of twenty to forty; deer and antelope were numerous,\nand not far afield were vast droves of wild mustangs. Wolves and\ncoyotes were everywhere, and occasionally a Mexican lion (cougar) was\nfound. Many of the young officers became expert hunters. Muzzle-loading\nshot-guns were used mainly; there were no breech-loaders in those\ndays. The camp tables fairly groaned with game dishes; wild turkey\nand venison finally so palled upon many of the soldiers as actually\nto become distasteful, and the old reliable beef and pork of the\ncommissariat was resorted to in preference.\nWild horses were lassoed and brought into camp by Mexicans and tame\nIndians, and sold to the Americans for two or three dollars a head.\nAn extra good animal would sometimes bring twelve dollars, which was\nthe tip-top price. A good many were purchased by the quartermaster for\nthe use of the army, and proved very serviceable. These animals looked\nsomething like the Norman breed; they had heavy manes and tails, and\nwere much more powerful than the plains ponies farther north of a later\ndate. They foraged for themselves and flourished where the American\nhorse would deteriorate and soon die.\nCHAPTER III\nUNPRETENTIOUS LIEUTENANT GRANT\n  It was not until Grant came East during the Civil War that\n  Longstreet began fully to appreciate his military ability.\n  Grant\u2019s successes at Donelson, Shiloh, and Vicksburg were but\n  vaguely understood in the Army of Northern Virginia, where they\n  were mainly ascribed to bad generalship on the Confederate side,\n  and some blundering good luck on Grant\u2019s part.\nLieutenant Grant, of the Fourth, had acquired great reputation at the\nMilitary Academy as an expert horseman. He was always the show rider\nupon great occasions. He greatly added to this reputation at Corpus\nChristi. He was regimental quartermaster, and had much to do with these\nhorses. He bought several of the better class for his own use. While\nriding one and leading the others to water one day, just before the\narmy moved to the Rio Grande, his colored servant lost the whole bunch,\nor perhaps sold them for his own account. He claimed that, throwing him\noff, they jerked loose and stampeded away. There was a joke among the\nboys that, upon being told of the incident, General Taylor humorously\nremarked, \u201cYes, I understand Mr. Grant lost five or six dollars\u2019 worth\nof horses recently,\u201d satirically referring to their extraordinary\ncheapness. Grant declined to buy more horses for his private use. Soon\nafter, the army advanced to the Rio Grande, and foot officers had no\nuse for horses.\nThe unpretentious Grant was soon famous throughout the army as a\n\u201cbronco buster,\u201d in the sense the term is now familiarly used. He would\nunhesitatingly mount and soon bring to terms the most vicious of wild\nhorses. On horseback he was a very centaur. In no other manner could an\nanimal unhorse Grant than by lying down and rolling over. A large group\nof interested officers one day had opportunity to observe his success\nin dealing with an unbroken horse. An Indian had brought to camp a\nsplendid specimen which had struck Grant\u2019s fancy, and for which he paid\nthe record price of twelve dollars. It seemed to prance on springs\nof steel; its beautiful head was carried on high, and the noble eyes\nshot sparks of fire. While two grooms held it by lariats from either\nside, Grant blindfolded the stallion. Then the regulation accoutrements\nof Spanish saddle and heavy-bitted bridle were adjusted, and Grant\nmounted, his heels armed with an enormous pair of Mexican spurs.\nThus blindfolded, the beautiful animal had stood stock still, trembling\nlike an aspen. The instant his eyes were uncovered he sprang forward\nlike a shot. Grant held his seat firmly. Then the horse began to\n\u201cbuck,\u201d--that is, to jump high into the air, at the same moment\nsuddenly crooking his back upward with intent to throw off his burden.\nThis was repeated time after time, of course without dislodging\nGrant, who was up to that sort of thing. The proceeding was greeted\nby the by-standers with shouts of laughter and yells of \u201cHang on,\nGrant,\u201d \u201cDon\u2019t let him down you, old boy,\u201d etc. The animal presently\ntired of this work, and at the proper juncture the cool-headed rider\nvigorously applied the spurs, at the same time loosening the rein,\nwhen the stallion plunged straight forward at a breakneck pace through\nthe chaparral and cacti of the plain. The soldiers watched them until\nthey disappeared, and the uninitiated wondered if they should ever see\nGrant alive again. Two hours later they returned at a slow walk, both\nexhausted, the horse\u2019s head down and his sides wet with sweat and foam.\nHe was conquered, and was thereafter as docile as any well-trained\nAmerican horse.\nWhen not on duty, Grant\u2019s chief amusement at Corpus Christi was\nhorseback riding. He was no sportsman, and only occasionally played\n\u201cbrag\u201d for small stakes. Longstreet\u2019s classmate, Lieutenant Benjamin,\nof the Fourth Artillery, came in one day with a story about Grant\u2019s\none attempt at gunning for turkeys. The two, on a short leave with\nother officers, had made a journey on horseback to Austin late in\nthe fall of 1845, accompanying a train of supplies. Returning, the\nparty was reduced to three,--Benjamin, Grant, and Lieutenant Augur,\nafterwards major-general in the Union army. Augur fell sick and was\nleft at Goliad, to be picked up by a train following. At Goliad Grant\nand Benjamin went out to shoot turkeys. Benjamin was a good shot and\nsoon returned to camp with several fine birds. He found Grant already\nin, but without any game. The latter said that a large flock of turkeys\nhad taken flight in twos and threes from branches of the pecan-trees\noverhead, some of them calmly looking at him several moments before\ntaking wing. He had watched them with much interest until the last\nturkey had disappeared. Then it suddenly occurred to him that he\nhad come out to shoot turkeys. \u201cI concluded, Benjamin, from this\ncircumstance,\u201d explained Grant, with much chagrin, \u201cthat I was not\ncut out for a sportsman, so I returned to the house, confident you\nwould bring in plenty of birds.\u201d This explanation was offered with the\nutmost simplicity, and Benjamin repeated it with much unction. Poor\nBenjamin did not live to see the heights of fame reached by the little\nlieutenant who did not know enough to shoot wild turkeys in 1845. He\nwas killed at the storming of the city of Mexico, September 13, 1847.\nThese anecdotes of a distinguished man naturally find place in a\npotpourri paper of this kind, but their special purpose is to show\nGrant\u2019s personal characteristics, and in some sort the estimate\nplaced upon him by his comrades of sixty years ago. But in those\ndays the young fellows of the army fooled away no time in estimating\nupon the intellectual capacity of even the most promising associate.\nGrant was just simply an unobtrusive, every-day second lieutenant,\nwithout special promise or remarkable traits. It must be said that\nno one looked upon him then as the coming great man of the greatest\nwar of civilized times. Rather quiet, seldom seeking crowds, Grant\nnevertheless enjoyed his friends, and among them was both a voluble\nand interesting talker. The alleged taciturnity of the later time was\nassumed to shut off busybodies--it was only judicious reticence. He\nwas quickly known as a very brave and enterprising soldier in action,\nand, in fact, distinguished himself under both Taylor and Scott. He\nand Longstreet were intimate friends from 1839 through the seven years\nending with the Mexican War, and often met in friendliest relations\nafter the Civil War. Grant never forgot a friend in need.\nIt was not until Grant came East during the Civil War that Longstreet\nbegan to fully appreciate his military ability. Grant\u2019s successes at\nDonelson, Shiloh, and Vicksburg were but vaguely understood in the\nArmy of Northern Virginia, where they were mainly ascribed to bad\ngeneralship on the Confederate side, and some blundering good luck on\nGrant\u2019s part. But after the war was over and access was had to the\ninside history of those events, Longstreet soon perceived that the\nVicksburg campaign was one of the greatest in military history, and\nthat Pemberton\u2019s destruction was almost wholly due to Grant\u2019s bold\nconception of the military requirements to fulfil the expectations of\nhis government.\nLongstreet had been near by when Grant attacked and defeated Bragg\nat Chattanooga, and also thought that victory was largely due to\noverwhelming numbers and Bragg\u2019s incapacity to perceive the impending\nstorm. Longstreet wrote to General Lee from East Tennessee, some\ntime in the winter of 1863-64, that he need have no fear of Grant,\nthen presumptively booked for the Army of the Potomac; that he was\noverestimated, largely from his prestige acquired against inferior\ncommanders, etc. But in the very beginning of the Wilderness campaign\nin 1864 the commander of the First Corps of the Army of Northern\nVirginia saw a power displayed in man\u0153uvring the Army of the Potomac\nwhich the Confederates had never met before. There is no doubt that\nGeneral Lee himself appreciated that he had a new and puzzling force to\ndeal with. At the Wilderness Lee assumed the offensive the moment Grant\ncrossed the Rapidan, essaying the same tactics that had been practised\nupon Hooker at Chancellorsville, but he failed. The Confederates\nwithstood Grant in the Wilderness, but it was the last time General Lee\nattempted a general offensive. This was somewhat due to his inferior\nnumbers and waning morale, but it was mainly because of Grant\u2019s\npresence. The year before, after what was practically a drawn battle at\nChancellorsville, Hooker, with double Lee\u2019s force, withdrew across the\nriver. He had between twenty-five thousand and thirty thousand men who\nhad scarcely fired a gun in battle. Grant, with fewer men than Hooker,\nfought a larger Confederate army at the Wilderness. It, too, was no\nmore than a drawn battle, yet Grant had no thought of recrossing the\nriver to recuperate. He moved forward and immediately put General Lee\non the defensive.\nGeneral Lee at last realized that the Confederacy\u2019s only hope was\ndefensive battle, and his fame as a General will rest wholly on that\ncampaign. If he had persisted in the tactics employed against Hooker\nand Pope and McClellan, his army would have been destroyed in ten days\nafter the Wilderness. Grant really had the Army of Northern Virginia\non the go on the morning of the 6th of May; it was saved from utter\nrout only by the timely arrival of the First Corps, which rolled back\nHancock\u2019s victorious lines upon the Brock road and beyond.\nCHAPTER IV\nPLEASANT INCIDENTS OF CAMP LIFE AT CORPUS CHRISTI\n  The reunion at Corpus Christi made a deep impression upon the\n  fledglings of the service. The long encampment there formed a\n  green spot in the memory of the little army that bore our colors\n  in triumph to the city of Mexico.\nAmong General Longstreet\u2019s pleasant memories of camp life at Corpus\nChristi was a rude theatre erected by a joint stock company of the\nyoung officers, who acted in the plays produced on its boards, taking\nboth male and female parts. Many roaring comedies were billed, and\ncheered the garrison from time to time. The enlisted men were of\ncourse permitted to pay the entrance fee and see the best that was\ngoing. General Worth was always a delighted auditor, General Taylor\noccasionally honored the entertainments with his presence, and General\nTwiggs rarely. After exhausting the field of comedy and having already\nreimbursed themselves for all outlays, the officers concluded to enter\nthe more expensive and difficult field of tragedy. The first play\nchosen was the Moor of Venice. Lieutenant Porter, brother of Admiral\nPorter, was assigned the part of Othello, whilst Lieutenant Longstreet\nwas nominated for Desdemona; but upon inspection the manager protested\nthat six feet dignified in crinoline would not answer even for a tragic\nheroine. So Longstreet was discarded and Grant substituted. Finally,\nafter a rehearsal or two, Grant, too, had to give way under protests\nof Porter that male tragediennes could not give the proper sentiment\nto the play. Then the officers \u201cchipped in\u201d and sent to New Orleans\nfor a real actress, and thereafter all went well. The play was pulled\noff eventually with as much _\u00e9clat_ as followed General Taylor\u2019s first\nvictory a few months later on the Rio Grande.\nA volume could be filled with incidents of those sunny days on the\nMexican Gulf, the incipient stage of the first campaign in real war\nfor the young officers. They gave little heed of the morrow. Their pay\nwas small, but their requirements were on even a less scale. There\nwas a good deal of drilling, but otherwise their duties were far from\nonerous. A large proportion of the cadets Longstreet had known at West\nPoint from 1838 to 1842 were there congregated, and old associations\nwere renewed. Of course, all these officers were not intimates, but\nnearly all were personal acquaintances on the most friendly footing.\nEvery one brought his share to the common aggregate of interest and\npleasure.\nAmong the officers there collected who afterwards became prominent\nin the Union and Confederate armies, in addition to those already\nmentioned, were William J. Hardee, Thomas Jordan, John C. Pemberton,\nBraxton Bragg, Earl Van Dorn, Samuel G. French, Richard H. Anderson,\nRobert S. Garnett, Barnard E. Bee, Bushrod R. Johnson, Abram C. Myers,\nLafayette McLaws, and E. Kirby Smith, of the Confederate service;\nand J. K. F. Mansfield, George G. Meade, Don Carlos Buell, George H.\nThomas, N. J. T. Dana, Charles F. Smith, Joseph J. Reynolds, John\nF. Reynolds, Abner Doubleday, Alfred Pleasanton, Thomas J. Wood,\nSeth Williams, and George Sykes, distinguished Union generals in the\nCivil War. There were many others too numerous to mention. Longstreet\nafterwards met many of these officers as mortal foes on the field of\nbattle. He served with others in the Confederate armies, and others\nserved under him. McLaws and Pickett were long fighting division\ncommanders in his corps.\nRobert E. Lee, George B. McClellan, G. T. Beauregard, and Joseph E.\nJohnston were not with Taylor, and they and others, notably E. R. S.\nCanby, Isaac I. Stevens, and John G. Foster, did not join the army\nuntil Scott\u2019s campaign opened in 1847, though it appears that Lee was\nwith General Wool\u2019s column in the movement towards Chihuahua. They\nwere among the great names of the subsequent Civil War. Jefferson\nDavis, colonel of the Mississippi Rifles, joined Taylor after Scott had\nwithdrawn the regulars, but in time to turn the tide of battle at Buena\nVista. Altogether it was a brilliant roster. They were all graduates of\nthe Military Academy. Of all the officers collected at Corpus Christi,\nit is doubtful if there is to-day a score of survivors. A large number\nwere killed in action. A far greater number died of disease in the\nMexican or Civil War campaigns.\nBesides the long list of West Pointers, there were at Corpus Christi\nmany regulars appointed from civil life, meritorious officers who\nafterwards made their mark. One of these was Lawrence P. Graham, a\nVirginian, already a captain in the Second Dragoons. He was some six\nyears Longstreet\u2019s senior. After Mexico Graham stuck to the old army,\nrose to the colonelcy of the Fourth Cavalry in 1864, and was a Union\nbrigadier of volunteers. He had been in the army nearly ten years when\nthe Mexican War broke out. He still survives at the green old age of\neighty-eight, a retired colonel since 1870, thirty-three years. He has\nbeen carried on the rolls of the United States army nearly sixty-seven\nyears. That is one of the rewards for having been lucky enough to\nespouse the winning side in 1861. But self-interest had little to do\nwith the choice of sides; conscience pointed the way in that hour of\npassion.\nThe reunion at Corpus Christi made a deep impression upon the\nfledglings of the service. The long encampment there formed a green\nspot in the memory of the little army that bore our colors in triumph\nto the city of Mexico. Those who have left memoirs of their military\ncareers have to a man dwelt largely upon the various interesting,\nthough generally unimportant, incidents of this delightful episode.\nMarch, 1846, brought the hour of their ending; on the 9th the bugles\nof the line sounded the assembly, and in obedience to instructions\nfrom Washington General Taylor put his army in motion by easy stages\nfor the line of the Rio Grande River. That movement immediately\nproduced a result which the government had long secretly desired,--war.\nNegotiations for the amicable possession of Texas and the territory to\nthe Pacific had failed.\nIt is not the purpose of this paper to write the history of the Mexican\nWar, but a few of its salient features may be recounted perhaps with\nprofit.\nUnder the Texas treaty of annexation and the act admitting Texas into\nthe American Union the United States claimed all the territory down\nto the Rio Grande and westward to the border of New Mexico. Mexico,\non her part, denied that Texas was a free agent, although President\nSanta Anna, captured by the Texans the next day after the battle of\nSan Jacinto in 1836, while in durance had consented to a treaty which\nacknowledged Texan independence. Texas had adopted a constitution\nand set up an independent government. Mexico repudiated Santa Anna\u2019s\nagreement, but nevertheless had subsequently never been able to conquer\nthe lost territory. The entrance of the American troops into Texas was\ntherefore by Mexico considered a _casus belli_, and her troops, under\nGeneral Arista, crossed the river and began aggressive war upon the\nUnited States detachments as soon as they reached the vicinity.\nThe Mexican General Torrejon captured a detachment of United States\ndragoons April 25, including Captains Thornton and Hardee and\nLieutenant Kane, besides killing Lieutenant George J. Mason and sixteen\nmen. Mason was a classmate of Longstreet. Thornton, Hardee, and Kane\nwere well treated, and soon after exchanged. Small bands of Mexicans\ncommitted other depredations. Shortly after the unfortunate incident\nabove recited, Lieutenant Theodoric Porter and a small party were fired\nupon from an ambuscade in the chaparral, and Porter and one soldier\nkilled. Porter had been one of the theatrical stars at Corpus Christi.\nThe march to Point Isabel, the siege of Fort Brown by General Ampudia,\nand the stirring affairs at Palo Alto and Resaca soon followed. The\nspirit of _camaraderie_ and patriotic zeal which animated the Army\nof Occupation was vividly illustrated when Captain Charles May was\nordered by Taylor, at Resaca de la Palma, to charge a Mexican battery.\nAs May drew up his own and Graham\u2019s squadrons for the work, Lieutenant\nRandolph Ridgely, of Ringgold\u2019s artillery, called out, \u201cHold on,\nCharlie, till I draw their fire,\u201d and he \u201cturned loose\u201d with his six\nguns upon the enemy. The return fire was prompt, but Ridgely\u2019s wise\npurpose was accomplished. Then the invincible heroism with which\nMay rushed forward at the head of a handful of the Second Dragoons\nsignalized the qualities which unerringly foreshadowed the result of\nthat war. The opposing battery was secured in the twinkling of an eye,\nand the Mexican General La Vega captured amid his guns. May\u2019s gallant\nexploit was the theme of the army. May, Ridgely, and Longstreet were\nclose friends, of the trio Longstreet being youngest in years and\nservice. Ridgely was killed at Monterey that fall. May lived until\n1864, having resigned in 1861. He took no part in the Civil War.\nThe first successes of the Mexican War were easy and decisive. The\nreal hardships began with the march over the sterile wastes towards\nMonterey. Monterey was equally as decisive, but it was found to be a\nmuch harder nut to crack, and here the American losses were very heavy.\nThe general effect of Taylor\u2019s operations, in conjunction with Wolf\u2019s\ncampaign and the overland march of General Kearny to California, was\ndemoralizing to the Mexicans.\nCHAPTER V\nINTO THE INTERIOR OF MEXICO\n  In after-years Lee\u2019s admirers claimed that much of Scott\u2019s glory\n  on the fields of Mexico was due to Lee\u2019s military ability. Scott\n  gave him great praise.\nWhen it was learned that two divisions of Taylor\u2019s army had been\nordered to the coast, there was much speculation at the front as to the\nmeaning of the movement. The younger contingent immediately jumped to\nthe conclusion that the war was over, and that Twiggs\u2019s and Patterson\u2019s\ntroops were ordered home. This proved not to be the case, but the army\nwas not much disappointed to learn that another campaign farther south\nwas projected. There was some friction between Taylor and Scott over\nthe withdrawal of the regulars. Some of Scott\u2019s letters to Taylor\nmiscarried, and Scott, pressed for time, was compelled to order the\ntroops he wanted down to the coast without Taylor\u2019s knowledge, the\nlatter at times being far in the interior. When Taylor learned that his\nbest troops had been ordered away without an hour\u2019s previous notice,\nthe old general was naturally very much incensed. He was afterwards\nsomewhat mollified when he received Scott\u2019s delayed correspondence, and\nsaw that his chief had endeavored to reach him in the proper spirit.\nScott was the senior, and of course it was for him to order; besides,\nScott himself had orders from the President to withdraw the troops.\nTaylor, however, made, both to Scott and the Secretary of War, a sharp\nprotest against the manner of carrying out the design. Doubtless Taylor\nfelt sore upon learning that the administration intended leaving him\nupon the defensive, without means to continue his victorious advance.\nBuena Vista, a few weeks later, probably melted the old fellow\u2019s rancor\ninto sardonic satisfaction.\nOnce started, the troops rapidly retrograded to the Rio Grande.\nThe weather was fairly cool, and the marches made from twenty to\ntwenty-eight miles per day. One rather warm day, while the troops were\non this move, a burnt district was passed over, and the heat and flying\nsmoke and ashes choked the tired men and officers. When the column\ncamped, it was upon a beautiful mountain stream, into which all rushed\nfor a bath. First Lieutenant Sydney Smith, of the Fourth, one of the\nfirst to start for the water, while passing through the timber which\nfringed the stream, was attacked by peccaries, a species of wild pig\ncommon in Mexico. They are not very large, but travel in droves, and\nare very fierce. They treed Smith upon a low-hanging limb barely out\nof reach of his excited pursuers. The limb was very slender for his\nweight, and as he swung to the ground, the maddened peccaries reared\nupon their hind feet and snapped savagely at Smith\u2019s pendent feet and\nlegs. The woods were now full of the officers and men going to the\nstream, and a party soon relieved Smith from his precarious perch.\nSmith was a brave fellow. He was the next year wounded at Molino del\nRey, and within a week after killed at the attack on Belen Gate.\nThere was a considerable delay at the mouth of the river, awaiting\ntransports. The point of assemblage of the troops from New Orleans,\nMobile, and Taylor\u2019s army was Lobos Island, some three hundred miles\nsouth of the Rio Grande\u2019s mouth. The march began January 9, 1847, but\nit was not until about February 12 that the first of the regulars\nsailed from the Rio Grande to Lobos Island. Scott had expected the\nconcentration at Lobos to have been completed three weeks earlier. The\nfault was in the transport service.\nThe fleet did not leave Lobos Island until March 2. A week later a\nlanding was effected near Vera Cruz, and on the 10th the first guns\nof the new campaign were heard,--shots from the castle of San Juan de\nUlloa at Worth\u2019s troops encamped upon the sand-hills. The investment of\nthe city was speedily completed and siege operations begun. The army\nheard of Taylor\u2019s remarkable victory at Buena Vista on the 15th of\nMarch. It took away their breath to learn that Santa Anna had marched a\ngreat army against Taylor after they had left, and had been defeated.\nIt explained why there had been so little opposition to the landing of\nthe American forces. Vera Cruz surrendered on the 29th.\nThen the march into the interior of Mexico began, led by Twiggs\u2019s\ndivision. The first objective point was Jalapa. Scott\u2019s design was to\nget upon the mountain plateau before the yellow-fever season approached\non the coast. It was deadly in that region. The precision with which\nScott\u2019s plans were carried forward, and their uniform success, made\na profound impression upon the army. His reputation was very high\nbefore he had struck the first blow, but after Vera Cruz no one of that\narmy doubted that he would soon enter the Mexican capital. The army\u2019s\nmorale was high from the outset; it was small, consequently but little\nbothered with the impedimenta which make the movements of a large army\nso slow and oftentimes tortuous. It marched rapidly, and Scott sent it\nsquare at the mark every time occasion offered.\nNevertheless there was great delay in the advance to the valley of\nMexico. Operations were very energetic in the beginning. The battle\nof Cerro Gordo occurred on the 18th of April, where a complete and\ntechnically brilliant victory was won. It was here Santa Anna, already\nreturned from his ill-fated movement against Taylor, undertook to\ndefend the passage of the mountains against Scott\u2019s advance. After\ncareful reconnoissances, the American general turned his position,\nattacked his flank, and after a short fight broke up his army in utter\nrout, very nearly cutting off and capturing the whole. As it was, the\nAmericans captured about four thousand prisoners, forty-three cannon,\nand three thousand five hundred small-arms. All this was done with a\nforce of less than nine thousand Americans against some twelve thousand\nMexicans strongly fortified.\nThis extraordinary victory opened the road to the valley. Thus within\ntwenty days Scott had effected a landing, captured Vera Cruz, signally\ndefeated the enemy in pitched battle, and taken the road into the heart\nof Mexico. Jalapa was entered on the 20th. At Jalapa seven regiments\nof volunteers were discharged, and the American force was too greatly\nreduced to attack the capital. The enforcements promised did not\narrive. The advance, however, was pushed on to Puebla, a city then\nof some seventy thousand inhabitants, which was occupied by Worth on\nthe 15th of May; Lieutenant Longstreet was with the division occupying\nPuebla. Here there was a long wait of weeks for the required forces\nto attack the capital, now less than three marches away. From Jalapa\nScott set out for the front on May 23, arriving at Puebla on the 28th.\nMany of the higher officers rode out to meet and give the General a\nproper reception, and he entered the city in considerable state. \u201cEl\nGeneralissimo! El Generalissimo!\u201d was shouted by the citizens as the\ngeneral-in-chief rode through the streets to his head-quarters. The\narmy welcomed him with enthusiasm.\nIt was at the siege of Vera Cruz and the operations at Cerro Gordo that\nthe engineer officers, R. E. Lee, G. B. McClellan, I. I. Stevens, G.\nT. Beauregard, and others, began to attract the notice of the line.\nTaylor had made little use of engineers in northern Mexico. He largely\ndepended upon his own practised military eye to determine positions,\neither for the offensive or defensive. Scott\u2019s methods were entirely\ndifferent. He depended more upon reconnoissances led by his staff\nengineers, and their reports of situations, approaches, etc. He saw\nlargely through the eyes of these officers, and his fine strategy was\nbased on their information. Hence under Scott the engineer officers\nsoon began to fill a large space in the eyes of the army. They became\nfamiliar figures.\nLongstreet\u2019s personal acquaintanceship with Lee began in this campaign.\nHe was graduated from the Academy, No. 2 of the class of 1829, nine\nyears before Longstreet entered it. Lee was already a captain of\nengineers when Longstreet entered as a cadet in 1838. He was past\nforty when the American forces landed before Vera Cruz. So in years\nhe was much older, as in rank and prestige he was away above the line\nsubalterns of that campaign, many of whom subsequently served under\nhim and against him in 1861-65. He evinced great admiration, even\nreverence, for Scott\u2019s generalship. In after-years his admirers claimed\nthat much of Scott\u2019s glory was due to Lee\u2019s military ability. Scott\ngave him great praise. But while Lee was much respected in the army,\nit is due to say that nobody then ascribed the victories of American\narms to him. Besides which, Colonel Joseph G. Totten was Scott\u2019s\nchief-engineer, and Lee had another superior present in the person of\nMajor J. L. Smith. The army thought General Scott entitled to the full\ncredit of leadership in the campaign of 1847.\nAbout August 14 sufficient reinforcements had arrived to warrant\nanother forward movement. Scott had now about ten thousand men, with\nmore coming on from the coast. His army was composed of four divisions,\ncommanded by Generals Twiggs, Worth, Pillow, and Quitman, the two\nlatter volunteer major-generals. The army began its final advance on\nthe 8th of August, 1847. It had been idle nearly three months, awaiting\nthe action of the government. It was General Longstreet\u2019s opinion\nthat with five thousand more men Scott could have followed Santa Anna\nstraight into Mexico from Cerro Gordo. Owing to dilatoriness in raising\ntroops at home, his active force at Puebla was at one time reduced to\nfive thousand men. The three months\u2019 halt gave the demoralized enemy\ntime to recover courage and recruit their numbers.\nThe American advance from Puebla to the valley of Mexico was over\nthe Rio Frio Mountain. The pass is over eleven thousand feet above\nthe ocean. It was easily susceptible of successful defence, but the\nexperience of the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo probably led their generals\nto conclude that Scott\u2019s strategy was irresistible in a mountain\nregion. At any rate there was no resistance, and after a toilsome\nclimb of three days in the mountains, the Americans debouched into the\nbeautiful valley without firing a shot.\nThis valley is one of the most singular of natural features. It is\nsimply a basin in the mountains without any visible outlet. In seasons\nof heavy rainfall and snowfall on the stupendous mountains which\nsurround it, the small lakes in this basin overflow, and sometimes\ninundate the capital itself. It is only in recent years that a channel,\nor tunnel, has been cut to drain off the superfluous water in time of\nneed. At some time in the past the basin was probably a lake. There\nmust have been some unknown subterranean outlet which originally\ndrained it down and afterwards prevented it refilling. Before the\nartificial drain was made, however, there were indubitable signs that\nthe lakes were much smaller than in the beginning of the sixteenth\ncentury when Cort\u00e9s conquered the Aztec capital. The bed of this valley\nis seven thousand feet above the sea level. There are five shallow\nlakes in the basin. The capital is located on the west side of Lake\nTezcuco. It contained about two hundred thousand people in 1847.\nThe army entered the valley from the east, at first aiming to pass\nbetween Lakes Chalco and Tezcuco, but the fortified hill of El\nPenyon and other obstructions made that approach very difficult, if\nnot impossible, and after the engineers had examined the ground,\nScott concluded to pass around to the southward of Lake Chalco and\nXochimilco. The movement was inaugurated on the 15th of August,\nfour days after entering the valley. On the 17th, the border of\nLake Xochimilco was skirted, and that night Worth bivouacked in San\nAugustin, the Tlalpan of Cort\u00e9s, on the road approaching the capital\nfrom the south and west of the lakes. It became for the time the depot\nand base of the army. These preliminary movements consumed a week\u2019s\ntime.\nCHAPTER VI\nFROM CONTRERAS TO CHAPULTEPEC\n  While rushing up the heights of Chapultepec with the regimental\n  flag in his hands, Longstreet was severely wounded by a\n  musket-ball through the thigh. After Longstreet fell, George E.\n  Pickett carried the old Eighth\u2019s flag to the works on the hill\n  and to the top of the castle.\nOn the 18th the brilliant action of Contreras was fought. Here Scott\noutman\u0153uvred the enemy completely, employing again the Cerro Gordo\ntactics, and striking him in flank and rear. The routed Mexicans fled\nback to the fortified lines about Churubusco. Many prisoners were\ncaptured at Contreras. The attack was pressed against the position\nof Churubusco on the 19th and 20th, resulting in the severest battle\nof the war, except perhaps Buena Vista. Longstreet\u2019s regiment, the\nEighth Infantry, of which he was adjutant, here distinguished itself,\naiding in the capture of many prisoners and some guns. At one crucial\npoint Longstreet had the proud honor to carry forward the regimental\ncolors mentioned in Worth\u2019s despatches. After the surrender some of the\nprisoners attempted to escape by a rush, and many of them did get away.\nOthers were shot down and some were recaptured. A company of Americans\nwho had deserted the year before from Taylor\u2019s army and joined the\nMexicans were here captured in a body. Their resistance had caused\nsevere loss to the American army. They were tried for desertion, found\nguilty and a score or so of them shot to death.\nScott won Churubusco with less than nine thousand men. The routed enemy\nfled into the city and to the fortified hill of Chapultepec, and were\nfollowed pell mell by the American cavalry. It was in this charge that\nPhil Kearny lost his arm. He was afterwards killed at Chantilly, in\nPope\u2019s campaign of 1862, a Union major-general. The Americans could\ncertainly have entered the city that day on the heels of the flying\nfoe, but Scott thought it wisest to hold back and not disperse the\nMexican government, to give the American peace commissioner, Mr. Trist,\nan opportunity to propose terms. An armistice followed, but the Mexican\ngovernment declined the basis of peace proposed.\nThe Americans were in possession of the whole country practically; at\nleast there was nothing left to successfully oppose their occupation of\nits territory to the farthest limits. Yet after these victories, they\nproposed to take only Texas, New Mexico, and California, and to pay for\nthem a large sum of money. Texas was counted our own before the war\nbegan. The terms of our government were so liberal that the Mexicans\nprobably suspected that there was alarm for the result of future\noperations. Perhaps they judged the terms would be no worse after\nanother trial of arms. And they were not.\nMolino del Rey and Chapultepec followed on September 8 and 13\nrespectively. At the first affair the Americans lost seven hundred\nand eighty-seven men in the two hours of severe fighting, but won a\ncomplete victory, as usual. The fight was made by Worth\u2019s division,\nand Longstreet\u2019s regiment was engaged, of course. Thus far he had got\nthrough without a scratch.\nScott\u2019s army, at the outset not over-large for the contract he had\nundertaken, was now very much reduced, but its morale was still fine.\nIt was a critical question to determine the point of attack on the\ncity. On the 11th there was a council of nearly all the generals and\nengineer officers at Piedad. Major Smith, Captain Lee, and Lieutenants\nTower and Stevens, of the engineers, reported in favor of attacking\nthe San Antonio or southern gate. Generals Quitman, Shields, Pierce,\nand Cadwalader concurred. General Scott, on the contrary, favored the\nChapultepec route, and General Twiggs supported the general-in-chief.\nAlone of the engineers, Lieutenant Beauregard favored the Chapultepec\nroute. After hearing Beauregard\u2019s reasons, General Pierce changed his\nopinion. At the conclusion of the conference General Scott said, \u201cWe\nwill attack Chapultepec and then the western gate.\u201d\n\u201cThe Hill of the Grasshopper,\u201d Chapultepec, is an isolated mound rising\none hundred and fifty to two hundred feet above the valley. Nearly\nprecipitous in some parts, it slopes off gradually to the westward.\nHeavy batteries frowned from its salient positions, sweeping the\napproaches from all directions. To the southward the ground was marshy.\nThe position was regarded by both belligerents as the key to the\ncapital.\nThe American batteries opened fire upon Chapultepec on the 12th,\ncausing great destruction and killing and wounding many of its\ndefenders. The Mexican leader, Santa Anna, a very brave fellow with\nonly one leg, was under this heavy fire for a time, taking observations\nof its effect. On the 13th this fire was resumed, followed by an\nassault of infantry. The volunteers of Quitman and Pillow, led by\npicked storming parties, made the assault on two fronts. The hill was\ncarried with a rush after Scott gave the signal of attack. Pillow\ncalling for reinforcements, Longstreet\u2019s brigade was ordered forward by\nGeneral Worth, and he went into the enemy\u2019s works on the hill with the\nothers.\nLongstreet did not quite reach the works, for while rushing up the\nhill with the regimental flag in his hands he was severely wounded by\na musket-ball through the thigh. The castle, all the enemy\u2019s guns, and\nmany prisoners were captured. General Scott rode to the summit soon\nafter and surveyed the work of his gallant army. It was well done.\nGeneral Worth chased the fleeing enemy to the city\u2019s gates. After\nLongstreet fell George E. Pickett carried the flag to the works on the\nhill, and to the top of the castle. The old Eighth\u2019s flag was hoisted\nfrom the staff which but a month before flaunted the Mexican banner.\nThis was the last action in the valley. There was some fighting at the\ngates, and desultory firing from the houses as the American troops\npushed in, but the city fell without much loss after Chapultepec. The\nMexicans evacuated the capital that night, and General Scott entered\nthe next day. The Mexican War was practically over. In a few months a\ntreaty was made giving the United States about what was demanded by Mr.\nTrist after Churubusco in August, the United States salving up Mexico\u2019s\nwounded pride with fifteen million dollars.\nCHAPTER VII\nLONGSTREET\u2019S HONEYMOON\n  After reaching home from Mexico, Longstreet soon regained his\n  strength. He then wrote to Colonel John Garland, of Virginia, his\n  old brigade commander, asking for his youngest daughter. Colonel\n  Garland promptly replied, \u201cYes, with all my heart.\u201d\nWith several wounded comrades Longstreet was assigned quarters with\nthe Escandons, a kind-hearted, refined Mexican family. They could\nnot conceal their deep chagrin at the defeat of their army, and were\ndoubtless mortified by the enforced presence of the wounded Americans.\nNevertheless they insisted that those officers confined to their beds\nshould be supplied from their own table. Delicacies without stint were\nsent. The days of confinement were greatly brightened by their delicate\nattentions. On the 1st of December the accomplished surgeons, Satterlee\nand DeLeon, thought that Longstreet was strong enough to travel, and\nannounced that he was to be ordered out of the country on sick-leave.\nWith others he left Mexico on December 9. A few days later he sailed\nfrom Vera Cruz with a large number of sick and wounded, among whom\nwas Brigadier-General Pierce, who was very popular in the army. After\nreaching home Longstreet soon regained his strength. He then wrote to\nColonel John Garland, of Virginia, his late brigade commander, asking\nfor his youngest daughter. Colonel Garland promptly replied, \u201cYes,\nwith all my heart.\u201d He had won fame in Mexico and returned home on\nleave a month before Longstreet was well enough to travel, and was then\nwith his family. The young lady and her soldier sweetheart already\nhad a pretty good understanding on the subject, and her answer was\nequally flattering. On the 8th of March, 1848, the marriage occurred at\nLynchburg. After a brief honeymoon orders were received from the War\nDepartment detailing Longstreet for recruiting service, with station\nat Poughkeepsie, New York. Before autumn of that year nearly all the\ntroops in Mexico were withdrawn, and the Eighth, Longstreet\u2019s old\nregiment, was ordered to Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, where he had\nbeen stationed before the war, then a brevet second lieutenant in the\nFourth.\nAfter fifty years General Longstreet found that many of the physical\ndetails of the battle terrain in the valley of Mexico differed quite\nmaterially from the memory conveyed by his younger eyes in the heat\nof action. There was no real change in fixed landmarks, but the\ndepressions were not so deep, nor the impregnable hills the Americans\nattacked so high, as they appeared when the Mexicans were defending\nthem with sword, musket, and cannon. In instants of supreme danger it\nis very difficult for the soldier or subordinate officer to see things\nexactly as they are on a battle-field. His eye and mind are inevitably\nand anxiously concentrated on the enemy or the battery that is dealing\ndeath and destruction round about.\nGREAT BATTLES BEFORE AND AFTER GETTYSBURG[G]\nTHE FIRST MANASSAS\nThe armies that prepared for the first grand conflict of the Civil\nWar were commanded by West Point graduates, both of the Class of\n1838,--Beauregard and McDowell. The latter had been assigned to the\ncommand of the Federal forces at Washington, south of the Potomac,\nin the latter part of May, 1861. The former had assumed command of\nthe Confederates at Manassas Junction about the 1st of June. To him,\nBrigadier-General Longstreet reported for duty.\nMcDowell marched on the afternoon of the 16th of July at the head\nof an army of five divisions of infantry, supplemented by nine\nbatteries of the regular service, one of volunteers, besides two guns\noperating separately, and seven companies of regular cavalry. In his\ninfantry columns were eight companies of regulars and a battalion of\nmarines,--an aggregate of thirty-five thousand men.\nBeauregard stood behind Bull Run with seven brigades, including\nHolmes, who joined on the 19th, twenty-nine guns, and fourteen hundred\ncavalry,--an aggregate of twenty-one thousand nine hundred men, all\nvolunteers. To this should be added, for the battle of the 21st,\nreinforcements aggregating eight thousand five hundred men, under\nGeneral Johnston, making the sum of the aggregate thirty thousand four\nhundred men.\nThe line behind Bull Run was the best between Washington and the\nRapidan for strategy, tactics, and army supplies.\nGeneral Longstreet always believed that by vigorous and concentrated\nwork the Confederates, after the battle of the first Manassas, might\nhave followed McDowell\u2019s fleeing columns into Washington, and held the\ncapital. But this is not a part of my story.\nOn the eve of the battle the Confederates had occasional glimpses\nbehind the lines about Washington, through parties who managed to evade\nthe eyes of guards and sentinels, which told of McDowell\u2019s work since\nMay, and heard on the 10th of July that he was ready to march. Most of\nthe Confederates knew him and of his attainments, as well as those of\nBeauregard, to the credit of the latter, and on that point they were\nsatisfied. But the backing of an organized government, and an army\nled by the foremost American war-chief,--that consummate strategist,\ntactician, and organizer, General Scott,--together with the splendid\nequipment of the field batteries and the presence of the force of\nregulars of infantry, gave serious apprehension.\nA gentleman who was a boy in Washington during the Civil War, said not\nlong ago, in speaking of the first Manassas, that he would never forget\nthe impression made upon his youthful mind by McDowell\u2019s army in moving\ntowards Manassas Junction. Their arms glistened in the sunshine; the\nnew uniforms added to the splendid bearing of the ranks; the horses\nwere garlanded with flowers; the silken folds of regimental flags,\nlifted caressingly by the breezes of mid-summer, made an ocean of\ncolor above the noble columns. It was an inspiring sight; every flag\nin the capital was a beckoning call to arms in the nation\u2019s defence.\nMcDowell\u2019s army seemed setting out for some festal occasion, and gayly\nmoved to the sound of music and song. But oh, what a different sight\nafter Manassas, when his weary and routed columns straggled back to\nWashington, before the victorious Confederates. Their gala day had been\nof short duration.\nOn the 16th of July the Confederates learned that the advance of\nMcDowell\u2019s army was under definite orders for next day. Longstreet\u2019s\nbrigade was at once ordered into position at Blackburn\u2019s Ford, and all\nothers were ordered on the alert.\nAt eight o\u2019clock A.M. on the 18th McDowell\u2019s army concentrated about\nCenterville, his immediate objective being Manassas Junction. His\norders to General Tyler, commanding the advance division, were to look\nwell to the roads on the direct route to Manassas Junction and _via_\nthe Stone Bridge, to impress an advance upon the former, but to have\ncare not to bring on a general engagement.\nUnder the instructions, as General Tyler construed them, he followed\nthe Confederates to the heights of Centerville, overlooking the valley\nof Bull Run, with a squadron of cavalry and two companies of infantry.\nFrom the heights to the Run, a mile away, the field was open, and\npartially disclosed the Confederate position on his right. On the left\nthe view was limited by a sparse growth of spreading pines.\nThe enemy was far beyond the range of Confederate guns, his position\ncommanding as well as his metal, so Longstreet ordered the guns\nwithdrawn to a place of safety, till a fair opportunity was offered\nthem. The guns were limbered and off before a shot reached them.\nArtillery practice of thirty minutes was followed by an advance of\ninfantry. The march was quite up to the bluff overlooking the ford,\nwhen both sides opened fire.\nThe first pouring-down volleys were most startling to the new troops.\nPart of Longstreet\u2019s line broke and started at a run. To stop the\nalarm he rode with sabre in hand for the leading files, determined to\ngive them all that was in the sword and his horse\u2019s heels, or stop the\nbreak. They seemed to see as much danger in their rear as in front, and\nsoon turned and marched back to their places, to the evident surprise\nof the enemy. Heavy firing was renewed in ten or fifteen minutes, when\nthe Federals retired. After about twenty minutes a second advance was\nmade to the top of the bluff, when another rousing fusilade followed,\nand continued about as long as the first, with like result. Longstreet\nreinforced the front line with part of his reserve, and, thinking to\nfollow up his next success, called for one of the regiments of the\nreserve brigade.\nThe combat lasted about an hour, when the Federals withdrew to their\nground about Centerville, to the delight of the Confederates, who felt\nthemselves christened veterans; their artillery being particularly\nproud of the combat against the famed batteries of the United States\nregulars.\nGeneral McDowell\u2019s order for the battle on the 21st of July was issued\non the afternoon of the 20th.\nBeauregard\u2019s order for battle, approved by General Johnston, was issued\nat five A.M. on the 21st.\nThe orders for marching were only preliminary, coupled with the\ncondition that the troops were to be held ready to move, but to wait\nfor special order for action. The brigade at Blackburn\u2019s Ford had been\nreinforced by the Fifth North Carolina and Twenty-fourth Virginia\nRegiments, under Lieutenant Jones and Colonel Kemper. Longstreet\ncrossed the Run under the five o\u2019clock order, adjusted the regiments\nto position for favorable action, and gave instructions for their\nmovements on the opening of the battle.\nThis first clash of arms tested the fighting qualities of the\nConfederates; but the soil was Virginia, and for them it was to be\ndeath or victory.\nThe close of the battle of the 21st found the Federals beaten and\nfleeing towards the shelter of their capital. They had fought\nstubbornly. McDowell made a gallant effort to recover his lost power,\nriding with his troops and urging them to brave effort. Although his\nrenewed efforts were heroic, his men seemed to have given confidence\nover to despair when fight was abandoned and flight ensued. Over the\ncontested field of the first battle of the war, Longstreet had borne\nthe victorious banners of the South.\nWILLIAMSBURG\n  \u201cGeneral Longstreet\u2019s clear head and brave heart left no apology\n  for interference at Williamsburg.\u201d--JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON.\nThis battle was fairly fought and dearly won by the Confederacy, May\n5, 1862. General Joseph E. Johnston was chief in command and General\nLongstreet had the active direction of the battle.\nIn his official report upon the battle, General Johnston said,--\n  \u201cThe action gradually increased in magnitude until about three\n  o\u2019clock, when General Longstreet, commanding the rear, requested\n  that a part of Major-General Hill\u2019s troops might be sent to his\n  aid. Upon this I rode upon the field, but found myself compelled\n  to be a spectator, for General Longstreet\u2019s clear head and brave\n  heart left no apology for interference.\u201d\nThe battle was fought by Sickles\u2019s Federal Third Corps, that heroically\ncontested every inch of the ground.\nIt was at the close of the battle that General Hancock distinguished\nhimself by holding his position in and about the forts with five\nregiments and two batteries against the assault of the Fifth North\nCarolina and Twenty-fourth Virginia Regiments, and it was on this field\nthat he won the title of \u201cThe Superb,\u201d given to him by McClellan in his\nreport.\nThe object of the battle on the part of the Confederates was to gain\ntime to haul their trains to places of safety. The effect besides\nwas to call two of the Federal divisions from their flanking move to\nsupport the battle, thereby greatly crippling their expedition.\nGeneral McClellan was at Yorktown during most of the day to see several\nof the divisions of his army aboard the transports for his proposed\nflanking and rear move up York River. Upon receiving advice that the\nWilliamsburg engagement was serious and unsatisfactory, he hastened to\nthe battle with the divisions of Sedgwick and Richardson, which he had\nexpected to send up the river.\nThere were about nine thousand Confederates and twelve thousand Union\ntroops engaged. The Confederate casualties were 1565; the Federal\ncasualties, 2288. Johnston had anticipated McClellan\u2019s move up the York\nRiver, and considered it very important to cripple or break it up.\nTherein he used the divisions of Longstreet, Magruder, D. R. Jones,\nMcLaws, G. W. Smith, and D. H. Hill.\nThere was a tremendous downpour of rain the night before the battle,\nflooding thoroughfares, by-ways, woodlands, and fields so that many of\nthe Confederate trains were unable next day to move out of the bogs\nthat were developed during the night.\nGeneral Hooker\u2019s division of the Third Corps, on the Federal side, came\nto the open on the Hampton road, and engaged by regiments,--the First\nMassachusetts on the left, the Second New Hampshire on the right.\nAfter the advance of his infantry in the slashes, General Hooker, with\nthe Eleventh Massachusetts and Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania, cleared the\nway for communication with the troops on the Yorktown road and ordered\nWebber\u2019s six-gun battery into action. As it burst from the woods\nthrough which it had come, the Confederate infantry and every gun in\nreach opened upon it a fire so destructive that it was unmanned before\nit came into practice. New Federal troops immediately came to the\nrescue, and the guns reopened fire. Osborn\u2019s and Bramhall\u2019s batteries\njoined in, and the two poured an unceasing fire into the Confederate\ntroops about the fort and redoubts. The Fifth New Jersey Regiment was\nadded to the battery guard, and the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth were\ndeployed on the left in the woodland. The brigades of R. H. Anderson,\nWilcox, Pryor, A. P. Hill, and Pickett were taking care of the\nConfederate side.\nGeneral Longstreet, hearing the swelling noise of battle, rode to the\nfront and ordered Colston\u2019s brigade and the batteries of Deering and\nStribling to follow, as well as Stuart\u2019s horse artillery under Pelham.\nIt soon became evident that the fight was for the day. D. H. Hill was\nasked to return with the balance of his division. Hooker was bracing\nthe fight on his left. He directed Emory to reconnoitre on his extreme\nleft. Grover was called to reinforce the fighting in the edge of\nthe woods. Several New York regiments came into the action, but the\nConfederates nevertheless continued to gain ground until they got\nshort of ammunition. While holding their line, some of the regiments\nretired a little to fill their cartridge-boxes from those of the\nfallen enemy and their fallen comrades. This move was misconstrued\ninto an order to withdraw, and the Confederate line fell back, but the\nmistake was soon discovered and the lost ground regained. The Eleventh\nMassachusetts, Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania, and Second New Hampshire\ncame into the action. On the Confederate side, Colston\u2019s brigade, the\nFlorida regiment, and the Mississippi battalion came to the rescue,\nand General Anderson, who was in immediate charge, grouped his forces,\nmade a concentrated move upon the Federal batteries, cleared them of\nthe gunners, and captured four of Webber\u2019s guns and forty horses.\nGeneral Stuart rode up about this time, decided that the Federals were\nin retreat, and insisted upon a charge and pursuit. He was, however,\nconvinced that Federal reinforcements were coming up and that the break\nwas only of their front line. About three o\u2019clock Kearny\u2019s division\ncame to the Federal aid.\nBefore the reinforcements arrived for Hooker\u2019s relief, Anderson had\nestablished his advanced line of skirmishers so as to cover with their\nfire Webber\u2019s guns that were abandoned. The Federal reinforcing column\ndrove back his advance lines; then he reinforced and recovered his\nground. Then he met General Peck, the leader of the last reinforcing\nbrigade, who put in his last regiment, the Ninety-eighth Pennsylvania;\nbut the night was approaching, both armies were exhausted, and little\nfurther aggressive work was done.\nFRAYSER\u2019S FARM\nStonewall Jackson was in the Shenandoah Valley and the rest of the\nConfederate troops were east and north of Richmond. In front General\nMcClellan\u2019s army was encamped, a hundred thousand strong, about the\nChickahominy River preparing for a regular siege of the Confederate\ncapital. His army was unassailable from the front, and he had a small\nforce at Mechanicsville and a much larger force farther back at Beaver\nDam Creek.\nA Confederate conference was called. Longstreet suggested that Jackson\nbe called down from the Valley to the rear of the Federal right, in\norder to turn the position behind Beaver Dam, and that the rest of\nthe Confederate forces who were to engage in the attack cross the\nChickahominy and get ready for action. General Lee then sent General J.\nE. B. Stuart on his famous ride around McClellan. He made a favorable\nreport of the situation. Upon further conference, the 26th was selected\nas the day for moving upon the Federal position at Beaver Dam. There\nwas some spirited fighting between the two armies, but the advance of\nJackson, which had been some time delayed, made the Federals abandon\ntheir position at Beaver Dam. They were closely followed, and were\nagain encountered at Gaines Mill, where battle followed.\nLongstreet came up with reserve forces, and was preparing to support\nHill, when he was ordered by General Lee to make a demonstration\nagainst the Federal left. He threw in three brigades, and for a time\nthe battle raged with great fierceness. General Jackson could not reach\nthe point of attack, and General Lee ordered Longstreet to throw in all\nthe force he could. The position in front of him was very strong. An\nopen field led to a difficult ravine beyond Powhite Creek. From there\nthe ground made a steep ascent, and was covered with trees, slashed\ntimber, and hastily made rifle-trenches. General Whiting came up with\ntwo brigades of Jackson\u2019s men. Longstreet\u2019s column of attack then was\nthe brigades of R. H. Anderson and Pickett and the divisions of Law,\nHood, and Whiting. They attacked and defeated the Federals on their\nleft and captured many thousand stands of arms, fifty-two pieces of\nartillery, a large quantity of supplies, and many prisoners, among them\nGeneral Reynolds, who afterwards fell at Gettysburg.\nOn the 29th General Lee ascertained that McClellan was marching towards\nthe James, and decided to intercept his forces in the neighborhood of\nCharles City Cross-Roads. Longstreet was to march to a point below\nFrayser\u2019s Farm with General A. P. Hill. Holmes was to take up position\nbelow on the New Market road; Jackson was to pursue the Federal rear;\nHuger to attend to the Federal right flank. Thus the Federal rear was\nto be enveloped and a part of McClellan\u2019s army destroyed. Longstreet\nfound himself in due time in front of General McCall with a division\nof ten thousand Federals near Frayser\u2019s Farm. Finally artillery firing\nwas heard, which was taken for the expected signal for the beginning of\nbattle, and Longstreet\u2019s batteries replied as the signal that he was\nready. While the order was going around to the batteries, President\nDavis and General Lee, with their staff and followers, were with\nLongstreet in a little open field near the firing lines, but not in\nsight of the Federals.\nThe Federal batteries opened up spitefully. They did not know of the\ndistinguished Confederates near by, yet a battery had by chance their\nexact range and distance, and poured a terrific fire in their midst.\nThe second or third shell killed two or three horses and wounded\nseveral men. The little party speedily retired to safer quarters.\nLongstreet sent Colonel Micah Jenkins to silence the Federal battery\nwith his long-range rifles. He charged the battery, and that brought on\na general fight between Longstreet\u2019s division and the troops in front.\nThe Federal lines were broken and a number of batteries taken. At\npoints during the day McCall several times regained his lost position.\nHe was finally pushed back. At length McCall\u2019s division was driven off\nand fresh troops came to the Federal relief. Ten thousand men of A. P.\nHill\u2019s division, held in reserve, were now brought into action.\nAbout dark General McCall, while looking up a fragment of his\ndivision, ran into Longstreet\u2019s arms and was taken prisoner. General\nLee was there at the time. Longstreet had served with McCall in the\nold Fourth Infantry, and offered his hand as McCall dismounted. The\nFederal general did not regard this as an occasion for renewing old\nfriendships, and he was promptly offered an escort of Longstreet\u2019s\nstaff to take him to Richmond.\nMARCH AGAINST POPE AND THE SECOND MANASSAS\nEven as early as 1862 the Union army had been using balloons to\nexamine the position of the Confederates, and even that early, the\nscanty resources of the Confederates made the use of balloons a luxury\nthat could not be afforded. While gazing enviously upon the handsome\nballoons of the Federals floating serenely at a distance that their\nguns could not reach, a Confederate genius suggested that all the silk\ndresses in the Confederacy be got together and made into balloons. This\nwas done, and soon a great patch-work ship of many and varied hues\nwas ready for use. There was no gas except in Richmond, and so the\nsilk-dress balloon had to be inflated there, tied to an engine, and\ncarried to where it was to be sent up. One day it was on a steamer down\nthe James River, when the tide went out and left the vessel and balloon\non a sand-bar. The Federals gathered it in, and with it the last silk\ndress in the Confederacy. General Longstreet used to say, laughingly,\nthat this was the meanest trick of the war.\nWhen General Pope came down into Virginia as Federal\ncommander-in-chief, with the double purpose of drawing McClellan away\nfrom Westover and checking the advance of the new enemy approaching\nfrom Washington, General Lee sent Stonewall Jackson to Gordonsville and\nordered General Longstreet to remain near Richmond to engage McClellan\nif he should attempt an advance on that city. On the 9th of August,\n1862, Jackson encountered the Federals near Cedar Mountain and repulsed\nthem at what is known as the battle of Cedar Run. About five o\u2019clock\nin the afternoon of this fight the Federals, by a well-executed move,\nwere pressing the Confederates back, when the opportune approach of two\nbrigades converted seeming defeat into victory. The Federals were more\nnumerous than the Confederates, and Jackson deemed it unwise to follow\nin pursuit, so the Confederates retired behind the Rapidan to await the\narrival of General Lee with other forces.\nGeneral Lee then began preparations for a vigorous campaign against\nGeneral Pope. On the 13th of August Longstreet\u2019s corps was ordered to\nGordonsville, and General Lee accompanied it there. General Jackson\u2019s\ntroops were near by. The Rapidan River was to the north. Farther on\nat Culpeper Court-House was the army of Pope, and the Rappahannock\nRiver was beyond them. Clark\u2019s Mountain, rising several hundred feet\nabove the surrounding hills, was a little in advance of Longstreet\u2019s\nposition. The Federal situation was observed from the summit of this\nmountain.\nThe flags of Pope\u2019s army were in full view above the tops of the trees\naround Culpeper Court-House. General Lee was very anxious to give\nbattle as soon as possible, but operations were in some way delayed\nuntil General Pope captured a despatch from Lee to Stewart containing\ninformation of the contemplated advance. Pope then withdrew to a\nstronger position behind the Rappahannock River. Longstreet approached\nthe Rappahannock at Kelly\u2019s Ford, and Jackson approached higher up at\nBeverly Ford, near the Orange and Alexandria bridge. They found Pope in\nan almost unassailable position, with heavy reinforcements summoned to\nhis aid.\nThe Confederate idea was to force a passage and make the attack before\nreinforcements could reach Pope. Some sharp marching to this end was\ndone by Longstreet and Jackson. On the 23d Longstreet had a spirited\nartillery combat at Beverly Ford with a Federal force. The Federals\nhad the superior position, the better guns; the Confederates had more\nguns, and fought with accustomed persistence. Before night the Federals\nwithdrew. Incidentally, they set fire to a number of farm-houses in\nthe locality. Henry W. Grady, afterwards a distinguished Georgian, who\nwas a small boy during the war, frequently said that one of the worst\nthings about the Union forces was the carelessness with which they\nhandled fire.\nPope was meanwhile on the alert, and Lee found it impracticable to\nattack him in his stronghold behind the Rappahannock. Lee then decided\nto change his plan of operations by sending Jackson off on a long\nmarch to the rear of the Federal army while keeping Longstreet with\nthirty thousand men in front to receive any attack that might be\nmade. Jackson crossed the Rappahannock at Hinson\u2019s Hill, four miles\nabove Waterloo Bridge, and that night encamped at Salem. The next\nday he passed through Thoroughfare Gap, moved on by Gainesville, and\nwhen the sun next set he was in the rear of Pope\u2019s army and between\nit and Washington. The sudden appearance of his army gave much\nterror to the Federals in the vicinity; when he arrived at Bristoe\nStation just before night the Federal guard at that point sought\nsafer quarters, and two trains of cars coming from towards Warrenton\nwere captured. Jackson sent a force forward seven miles and captured\nManassas Junction. He left a force at Bristoe Station and proceeded\nhimself to the Junction. During the afternoon the Federals attacked the\nConfederates at Bristoe Station in such force as to make it appear that\nPope had discovered the situation and was moving upon Jackson with his\nentire army. The Confederates then hastened away from Bristoe Station\nand the Federals halted there. Jackson\u2019s forces then moved over to a\nposition north of the turnpike leading from Warrenton to Alexandria,\nand there awaited results.\nOn the evening of the 28th King\u2019s division attacked Jackson, but was\nrepulsed. That same evening Longstreet arrived at Thoroughfare Gap.\nDuring the time of Jackson\u2019s march he had been engaging Pope\u2019s army at\ndifferent points along the Rappahannock, to impress them with the idea\nthat he was attempting to force a passage in front and with the hope of\npreventing his discovery of Jackson\u2019s movement. Pope was not deceived,\nhowever, but turned his army to meet Jackson\u2019s daring and unexpected\nmove. Longstreet decided to follow at once. To force a passage of the\nriver, much swollen by recent rains, seemed impossible, and so he took\nthe route by which Jackson had gone. Finding that Thoroughfare Gap was\nunoccupied, he went into bivouac on the west side of the mountain and\nsent a brigade under Anderson to occupy the pass.\nAs the Confederates approached from one side, Ricketts\u2019s division of\nFederals approached from the other and took possession of the east\nside. Thoroughfare Gap is a rough pass in the Bull Run Mountains, in\nsome places not more than a hundred yards wide. A swift stream rushes\nthrough it, and the mountains rise on both sides several hundred feet\nabove. On the north the face of the Gap is almost perpendicular; the\nsouth face is less precipitous, but is covered with tangled mountain\nivy and projecting boulders; the position, occupied by a small force,\nwas unassailable. The interposition of Ricketts\u2019s division at this\nmountain pass showed a disposition to hold Longstreet back while\noverwhelming Jackson. This necessitated prompt and vigorous measures by\nLongstreet. Three miles north was Hopewell Gap, and it was necessary\nto get possession of this in advance of the Federals to provide for a\nflank movement while forcing the way by foot-paths over the mountain\nheights of Thoroughfare Gap. During the night Longstreet sent Wilcox\nwith three brigades to Hopewell Gap, while he sent Hood and his forces\nby a trail over the mountain at Thoroughfare.\nTo the great delight of the Confederates, in the morning it was\ndiscovered that Ricketts had given up the east side of the Gap and\nwas going towards Manassas Junction. Longstreet\u2019s corps then went\nalong unimpeded. Hearing the artillery combat around Gainesville, they\nquickened their steps. As the fire became more spirited their movements\nbecame more rapid. Passing through Gainesville, they filed to the left\ndown the turnpike, and soon came in sight of the Federal troops held\nat bay by Jackson. They were on the left and rear of the Federals; the\nartillery was ordered up for action, but the advance was discovered,\nand the Federals withdrew from attack and retired behind Groveton on\ndefensive ground. The battalion of Washington Artillery was thrown\nforward to a favorable position on Jackson\u2019s right, and Longstreet\u2019s\ngeneral line was deployed so as to extend it to the right some distance\nbeyond the Manassas Gap Railroad.\nThe two great armies were now face to face, both in good positions,\neach anxious to find a point for an entering wedge into the stronghold\nof the adversary. What troubled the Confederates was the unknown\nnumber of Federals at Manassas Junction. Each side watched the\nmovements of the other until the day was far spent. Orders were\ngiven for a Confederate advance under the cover of night until the\nmain position of the enemy could be more carefully examined by the\nearliest light of the next day. It so happened that a similar order\nwas issued at the same time by the Federals, and the result was a\nspirited engagement, which was a surprise to both sides. Longstreet\u2019s\ncorps was, however, successful, so far, at least, as to capture a\npiece of artillery and make reconnoissance before midnight. The next\nday Longstreet did not deem an attack wise, and the Confederate forces\nwere ordered back to their original positions. Then each side was\napprehensive that the other was going to get away.\nPope telegraphed to Washington that Longstreet was in full retreat and\nhe was preparing to follow; while Longstreet, thinking Pope was trying\nto escape, was arranging to move to the left across Bull Run, so as\nto get over on the Little River pike and between Pope and Washington.\nJust before nine o\u2019clock that day (the 30th) Pope\u2019s artillery began to\nplay a little, and some of his infantry was seen in motion. Longstreet\nconstrued this as a display to cover his movements to the rear. Later\na large division of Pope\u2019s army began an attack on the left along\nthe whole of Jackson\u2019s line. Pope evidently supposed that Longstreet\nwas gone, and intended to crush Jackson with a terrific onslaught.\nLongstreet was meanwhile looking for a place to get in. Riding along\nthe front of his line, he could plainly see the Federals as they rushed\nin heavy masses against Jackson\u2019s obstinate ranks. It was a splendidly\norganized attack.\n[Illustration: DEFEAT OF THE FEDERAL TROOPS BY LONGSTREET\u2019S CORPS,\nSECOND MANASSAS.]\nLongstreet received a request from Jackson for reinforcements, and\nabout the same time an order from General Lee to the same effect.\nLongstreet quickly ordered out three batteries. Lieutenant Chapman\u2019s\nDixie Battery of four guns was the first to report, and was placed in\nposition to rake the Federal ranks. In a moment a heavy fire of shot\nand shell was poured into the thick columns of the Federals, and in ten\nminutes their stubborn masses began to waver. For a moment there was\nchaos; then there was order, and they reformed to renew the attack.\nMeanwhile, Longstreet\u2019s other eight pieces had begun deadly work. The\nFederal ranks broke again and again, only to be reformed with dogged\ndetermination.\nA third time the Longstreet batteries tore the Federals to pieces, and\nas they fell back under this terrible fire Longstreet\u2019s troops leaped\nforward with the famous rebel yell. They pressed onward until, at ten\no\u2019clock at night, they had the field. Pope was across Bull Run and the\nvictorious Confederates lay down to sleep on the battle-ground, while\naround them thousands of friend and foe slept the last sleep together.\nThe next morning the Federals were in a strong position at Centerville.\nLongstreet sent a brigade across Bull Run under General Pryor to occupy\na point near Centerville. General Lee ordered Jackson to cross Bull\nRun near Sudley\u2019s and turn the position of the Federals occupying\nCenterville. On the next day (September 1) Longstreet followed, but\nthe Federals discovered the move, abandoned Centerville, and started\ntowards Washington. On that evening a part of the Federal force at Ox\nHill encountered Jackson and gave him a sharp fight. Longstreet went to\nJackson\u2019s rescue.\nWith the coming darkness it was difficult to distinguish between the\nscattered ranks of the opposing armies. General Philip Kearny, a\nmagnificent Federal officer, rode hastily up looking for the broken\nlines of his command. At first he did not know that he was in the\nConfederate line, and the Confederates did not notice that he was a\nFederal. He began quietly to inquire about some command, and was soon\nrecognized. He was called upon to surrender, but instead of doing so\nhe wheeled his horse, pressed spurs to his sides, lay flat on the\nanimal\u2019s neck, and dashed away like the wind. A dozen shots rang out,\nand in less time than it takes to tell the story the heroic Kearny fell\ndead. He had been in the army all his life; the Confederate generals\nwho had formerly been in the Union army knew him; Longstreet loved him\nwell; General A. P. Hill, who was standing by, said, sorrowfully, \u201cPoor\nKearny! he deserved a better death than this.\u201d The next day his body\nwas sent over the lines with a flag of truce and a note from General\nLee referring tenderly to the manner in which he had met his death. The\nFederal forces which had been fighting the Ox Hill battle proved to be\nthe rear guard covering the retreat of the Federals into Washington.\nTHE INVASION OF MARYLAND AND THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM\nGeneral Longstreet always thought that the division of the Confederate\narmy after they moved into Maryland proved their downfall. This,\nhowever, is not a part of my story.\nAt this time General Pope had been relieved and General McClellan\nrestored to the command of the Union army. With ninety thousand troops,\nhe marched towards Antietam to avenge the second Manassas.\nGeneral D. H. Hill was at South Mountain with five thousand men;\nLongstreet\u2019s First Corps was at Hagerstown, thirteen miles farther on;\nGeneral Lee was with him, and on the night of the 13th of September,\n1862, information was received that McClellan was at the foot of South\nMountain with his great army. It was decided to withdraw the forces\nof Longstreet and Hill from their respective positions and unite\nat Sharpsburg, which afforded a strong defensive position. On the\nafternoon of the 15th of September the commands of Longstreet and Hill\ncrossed the Antietam Creek and took position in front of Sharpsburg,\nLongstreet on the right and Hill on the left. They soon found their\nweak point was on the left at the famous Dunkard Church. Hood, with\ntwo brigades, was put to guard that point. That night, after the fall\nof Harper\u2019s Ferry, General Lee ordered Stonewall Jackson to come to\nSharpsburg as quickly as possible.\nOn the forenoon of the 15th the blue uniforms of the Federals appeared\namong the trees that crowned the heights on the eastern bank of the\nAntietam. Their numbers increased in proportions distressing to their\nopponents, who were shattered by repeated battles, tired by long\nmarches, and fed most meagrely. On the 16th Jackson arrived and took\nposition on Longstreet\u2019s left. Before night the Federals attacked, but\nwere driven back. Hood was ordered to replenish his ammunition during\nthe night and resume his position on Longstreet\u2019s right in the morning.\nGeneral Jackson\u2019s forces were extended to the left, and reached well\nback towards the Potomac, where most of the Confederate cavalry was.\nGeneral Robert Toombs was placed as guard on the bridge at Longstreet\u2019s\nright.\nOn the Federal side General Hooker, who had been driven back in the\nafternoon, was reinforced by the corps of Sumner and Mansfield; Sykes\u2019s\ndivision was also drawn into position for battle; Burnside was over\nagainst Longstreet\u2019s right threatening the passage of the Antietam.\nOn the morning of the 17th the Federals were in good position and in\ngood condition. Back of McClellan\u2019s line was a high ridge, upon which\nhe had a signal-station overlooking every point of the field. D. R.\nJones\u2019s brigades of Longstreet\u2019s command deployed on the right of the\nSharpsburg pike, while Hood\u2019s brigades awaited orders; D. H. Hill was\non the left towards the Hagerstown-Sharpsburg pike; Jackson extended\nout from Hill\u2019s left towards the Potomac.\nThe battle opened heavily with attacks by Hooker, Mansfield, and Sumner\nagainst Longstreet\u2019s left centre, which consisted of Jackson\u2019s right\nand D. H. Hill\u2019s left. So persistent were the attacks that Longstreet\nsent Hood to support the Confederate centre. The Confederates were\nforced back somewhat; McClellan\u2019s forces continued the attacks; the\nline swayed forward and back like a rope exposed to rushing currents;\na weak point would be driven back and then the Confederate fragments\nwould be collected and the lost ground recovered; the battle ebbed and\nflowed with fearful slaughter on both sides. The Federals came forward\nwith wonderful courage, and the Confederates heroically held their\nground, while they were mown down like grass.\nHow Lee\u2019s ragged army withstood McClellan\u2019s troops no one will ever\nbe able to tell. Hood\u2019s ammunition gave out; he retired for a fresh\nsupply; the Federals continued to come up in great masses. At one\npoint, under the crest of a hill occupying a position that from four\nto six brigades should have held, there were only the stranded troops\nof Cooke\u2019s regiment of North Carolina Infantry, who were without a\ncartridge. As Longstreet rode along the line of his staff, he saw\ntwo pieces of Washington Artillery (Miller\u2019s battery), but there\nwere not enough men to handle them. The gunners had all been killed\nor wounded--and this was the Confederate centre. Longstreet held the\nhorses of his staff-officers, put them to man the guns, and calmly\nsurveyed the situation. He saw that if the Federals broke through\nthe line at that point the Confederate army would be cut in two and\nprobably destroyed. Cooke sent him word that his ammunition was\nentirely out. Longstreet replied that he must hold his position as\nlong as he had a man left. Cooke responded that he would show his\ncolors as long as there was left a man alive to hold them up. The two\nguns were rapidly loaded with canister by the staff-officers, and they\nrattled leaden hail into the Federals as they came up over the crest\nof the hill. That little battery, with superhuman energy, had to hold\nthousands of Federals at bay, or the whole battle would be lost.\nThe Confederates sought to make the Federals believe that many\nbatteries were before them. As they came up, they would see the colors\nof Cooke\u2019s North Carolina regiment waving as placidly as if the whole\nof Lee\u2019s army were back of them, while a shower of canister came from\nthe two lonely guns. General Chilton, General Lee\u2019s chief of staff,\nmade his way to Longstreet and asked, \u201cWhere are the troops you are\nholding your line with?\u201d Longstreet pointed to his two pieces and to\nCooke\u2019s regiment, and replied, \u201cThere they are; but that regiment\nhasn\u2019t a cartridge.\u201d Chilton, dumb with astonishment, rode back to tell\nthe story to General Lee. Then an enfilade fire from General D. H.\nHill\u2019s line ploughed the ground across the Federal front and kept them\nback; meanwhile, R. H. Anderson and General Hood came to the support\nof this fearfully pushed Confederate centre. In a little while another\nFederal assault was made against D. H. Hill and extending far to the\nConfederate left, where McLaws and Walker were supporting Jackson.\nIn this fearful combat the lines swung back and forth, the Federals\nattacking with invincible motion and the Confederates holding their\npositions with irresistible force.\nMeanwhile, General Lee was over towards the right, where Burnside was\nmaking the attack. General Toombs, assigned as guard at that point,\nhad only four hundred weary and footsore soldiers to meet the Federal\nNinth Corps, which pressed the brave little band slowly back. The\ndelay that Toombs caused, however, saved that part of the battle, for\nat the last moment A. P. Hill came in to reinforce him and D. H. Hill\ndiscovered a place for a battery and lost no time in opening it. Thus\nthe Confederates drove the Federals back, and when night settled down\nthe army of Lee was still in possession of the field. But it was a\nvictory that was not a victory, for thousands of Confederates were\ndead on the field and gallant commands had been torn into fragments.\nNearly one-fourth of the troops who went into the battle were killed or\nwounded. This day has been well called the bloodiest day of the Civil\nWar.\nGeneral Longstreet was fond of telling how during the battle he\nand General Lee were riding along his line and D. H. Hill\u2019s when\nthey started up a hill to make a reconnoissance. Lee and Longstreet\ndismounted, but Hill remained on his horse. General Longstreet said\nto Hill, \u201cIf you insist on riding up there and drawing the fire, give\nus time to get out of the line of the fire when they open up anew.\u201d\nWhile they were all standing there viewing with their glasses the\nFederal movements, Longstreet noticed a puff of white smoke from a\nFederal cannon. He called to Hill, \u201cThat shot is for you.\u201d The gunner\nwas a mile away, but the cannon-shot took off the front legs of Hill\u2019s\nhorse. The horse\u2019s head was so low and his croup so high that Hill was\nin a very ludicrous position. With one foot in the stirrup he made\nseveral efforts to get the other leg over the croup, but failed. Lee\nand Longstreet yelled at him to dismount from the other end of the\nhorse, and so he got down. He had a third horse shot under him before\nthe close of the battle. General Longstreet said that that shot at Hill\nwas the second best shot he ever saw. The best was at Yorktown, where a\nFederal officer came out in front of the Confederate line, sat down to\na little platting table, and began to make a map. A Confederate officer\ncarefully sighted a cannon, touched it off, and dropped a shell into\nthe lap of the man at the little table a mile or more away.\nAfter the battle closed, parties from both sides, by mutual consent,\nwent in search of fallen comrades.\nAfter riding along the lines, giving instructions for the night and\nmorning, General Longstreet rode for general head-quarters to make\nreport, but was delayed somewhat, finding wounded men hidden away under\nstone walls and in fence-corners, not yet looked after, and afterwards\nin assisting a family whose home had been fired by a shell, so that all\nthe other officers had arrived, made their reports, and were lounging\nabout on the sod when General Longstreet rode up. General Lee walked up\nas he dismounted, threw his hands upon his shoulders, and hailed him\nwith, \u201cHere is my old war-horse at last!\u201d\nFREDERICKSBURG\nWhen General Lee learned that General McClellan had been succeeded by\nGeneral Burnside, he expressed regret at having to part with McClellan,\nbecause, he said, \u201cWe always understood each other so well. I fear they\nmay continue to make these changes till they find some one whom I don\u2019t\nunderstand.\u201d\nThe Federal army was encamped around Warrenton, Virginia, and was\ndivided into three grand divisions, under Generals Sumner, Hooker, and\nFranklin. Lee\u2019s army was on the opposite side of the Rappahannock\nRiver, divided into two corps, the First commanded by General\nLongstreet and the Second by General Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson.\nAt that time the Confederate army extended from Culpeper Court-House,\nwhere the First Corps was stationed, across the Blue Ridge, down the\nValley of Virginia, to Winchester, where Jackson was encamped with the\nSecond Corps. Information was received about the 19th of November that\nSumner with his grand division of more than thirty thousand men was\nmoving towards Fredericksburg. Two of General Longstreet\u2019s divisions\nwere ordered down to meet him. After a forced march they arrived on the\nhills around Fredericksburg about three o\u2019clock on the afternoon of the\n21st (November, 1862). Sumner had already arrived, and was encamped on\nStafford Heights overlooking the town from the Federal side.\nAbout the 26th it became evident that Fredericksburg would be the scene\nof a battle, and Longstreet advised the people who were still in town\nto leave. A previous threat from the Federal forces that they might\nhave to shell the town had already forced many to leave. Distressed\nwomen, little children, aged and helpless men, many of them destitute\nand with nowhere to go, trudged away as best they could. Soon the\nremainder of Longstreet\u2019s corps came up from Culpeper Court-House, and\nit was then known that all the Army of the Potomac was in motion for\nthe prospective scene of battle, when Jackson was drawn down from the\nBlue Ridge. In a short time the Army of Northern Virginia was face to\nface with the Army of the Potomac. On the Confederate side nearest\nthe Rappahannock was Taylor\u2019s Hill, and South of it Marye\u2019s Hill;\nnext, Telegraph Hill, the highest Confederate elevation, afterwards\nknown as Lee\u2019s Hill, because General Lee was there during the battle.\nLongstreet\u2019s head-quarters in the field were there. Next was a\ndeclination through which Deep Run Creek passed on to the Rappahannock,\nand next was Hamilton\u2019s Crossing, upon which Stonewall Jackson massed\nthirty thousand men. Upon these hills the Confederates prepared to\nreceive Burnside whenever he might choose to cross the Rappahannock.\nThe Federals occupied the noted Stafford Heights beyond the river, and\nhere they carefully matured their plans of advance and attack. General\nHunt, chief of artillery, skilfully posted one hundred and forty-seven\nguns to cover the bottoms upon which the infantry was to form for the\nattack, and at the same time play upon the Confederate batteries.\nFranklin and Hooker had joined Sumner, and the Federal army were\none hundred and sixteen thousand strong. The Federals had been seen\nalong the banks of the river investigating the best places to cross.\nPresident Lincoln had been down with General Halleck, who had suggested\nthat a crossing be made at Hoop-Pole Ferry, about twenty-eight or\nthirty miles below Fredericksburg. The Confederates discovered this\nmovement, and it was then abandoned. There were sixty-five thousand\nConfederates well located upon the various hills on the other side\nof the river. Anderson, McLaws, Ransom, Hood, A. P. and D. H. Hill,\nLongstreet, Stonewall Jackson, and the great Robert E. Lee himself were\nall there.\nOn the morning of the 11th of December, 1862, an hour or so before\ndaybreak, the slumbering Confederates were awakened by a cannon\nthundering on the heights of Marye\u2019s Hill. It was recognized as the\nsignal of the Washington Artillery, and it told that the Federal\ntroops were preparing to cross the Rappahannock and give battle. The\nFederals came down to the river and began to build their bridges, when\nBarksdale and his heroic Mississippians opened fire, which forced them\nto retire. The Federals then turned their whole artillery force on\nFredericksburg, demolishing the houses with a cyclone of fire. The\nonly offence of the little town was that it was situated where the\nbattle raged. The little band of Mississippians kept up their work, and\nlike so many angry hornets stung the whole Army of the Potomac into\nfrenzy. Longstreet ordered Barksdale to withdraw, and the Federals\nthen constructed their pontoons without molestation, and the next\nday Sumner\u2019s grand division passed over into Fredericksburg; General\nFranklin\u2019s grand division passed over on pontoon bridges lower down\nand massed on the level bottoms opposite Hamilton\u2019s Crossing, in front\nof Stonewall Jackson\u2019s corps. Opposite Fredericksburg the formation\nalong the river bank was such that the Federals were concealed in their\napproaches, and they thereby succeeded in getting over and concealing\nthe grand division of Sumner and a part of Hooker\u2019s grand division in\nFredericksburg, and so disposing of Franklin in the open plain below\nas to give out the impression that the great force was there to oppose\nJackson.\nBefore daylight of the eventful 13th Longstreet rode to the right\nof his line, held by Hood\u2019s division, which was in hearing of the\nFederals who were marching their troops to the attack on Jackson.\nLongstreet ordered Hood, in case Jackson\u2019s line should be broken, to\nwheel around to his right and strike in on the attacking bodies, while\nhe ordered Pickett with his division to join in the flank movement. He\ntold them at the same time that he himself would be attacked near his\nleft centre, that he would be personally at that point, and that his\nposition was so well defended that he would not need their troops. He\nreturned to Lee\u2019s Hill soon after sunrise.\nThere was a thick fog that morning, and the preparations of the\nFederals were concealed thereby. The Confederates grimly awaited the\nonslaught. About ten o\u2019clock the sun burst through the fog and revealed\nthe mighty panorama in the valley below. Franklin\u2019s forty thousand\nmen, reinforced by two divisions of Hooker\u2019s grand division, were in\nfront of Jackson\u2019s thirty thousand. The flags of the Federals fluttered\ngayly, their polished arms shone brightly, and the beautiful uniforms\nof the buoyant troops gave a holiday air to the scene. A splendid\narray it was. Awaiting their approach was Jackson\u2019s ragged infantry,\nand beyond was Stuart\u2019s battered cavalry. The majority of the Federal\ntroops were in Fredericksburg almost in reach of the Confederate guns.\nThere was some lively firing between a part of Franklin\u2019s command and\na part of Stuart\u2019s Horse Artillery under Major John Pelham. Franklin\nadvanced rapidly towards Jackson; silently Jackson awaited his approach\nuntil within good range, and then opened with a terrific fire, which\nthrew the Federals into some confusion. The Federals again massed and\nadvanced, and pressed through a gap in Jackson\u2019s line. Then they came\nupon Gregg\u2019s brigade, and a severe encounter ensued in which Gregg was\nmortally wounded. The concentration of the divisions of Taliaferro and\nEarly against this attack drove the Federals back.\nOn the Confederate side near the town was a stone wall, shoulder high.\nBehind this stone wall Longstreet had placed General T. R. R. Cobb\u2019s\nbrigade and a portion of the brigade of General Kershaw,--about two\nthousand five hundred men in all. To reach Longstreet\u2019s weakest point\nthe Federals had to pass directly over this wall.\nJust before noon Longstreet sent orders to all his batteries to open\nfire as a diversion in favor of Jackson. This fire began at once\nto develop work for Longstreet. The Federal troops swarmed out of\nFredericksburg and came in double-quick towards Cobb\u2019s wall. From the\nmoment of their appearance fearful carnage began. The Confederate\nartillery from the front, right, and left tore through their ranks,\nbut the Federals pressed forward with almost invincible determination.\nThus they marched upon the stone fence behind which Cobb\u2019s brigade\nwas quietly waiting. When the Federals came within its reach they\nwere swept from the field like chaff before the wind. A vast number\nwent pell-mell into an old railroad cut to escape fire from the right\nand front. A battery on Lee\u2019s Hill saw this, and turned its fire into\nthe entire length of the cut, and wrought frightful destruction.\nThough thus repulsed and scattered in its first attempt to drive the\nConfederates from Marye\u2019s Hill, the determined Federal army quickly\nformed again and filed out of Fredericksburg to another charge. Again\nthey were forced to retire before the well-directed guns of Cobb\u2019s\nbrigade and the fire of the artillery on the heights.\n[Illustration: THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG, FROM THE BATTERY ON LEE\u2019S\nHILL.]\nStill again they formed and advanced, and again they were driven off.\nBy this time they had difficulty in walking over the dead bodies of\ntheir comrades. So persistent were they in their continuing advances\nthat General Lee, who at the time was with Longstreet on Lee\u2019s Hill,\nbecame uneasy and said that he feared the Federals would break through\nhis line. To this Longstreet replied, \u201cGeneral, if you put every man\nnow on the other side of the Potomac on that field to approach me over\nthe same line, and give me plenty of ammunition, I will kill them\nall before they reach my line. Look to your right; you are in some\ndanger there, but not on my line.\u201d As a precaution, General Kershaw\nwas ordered with the remainder of his brigade down to the stone wall\nto carry ammunition to Cobb and to reinforce him if necessary. Kershaw\narrived just in time to succeed Cobb, who was falling from a Federal\nbullet, to die in a few minutes from loss of blood. A fifth time\nthe Federals formed, charged, and were repulsed, and likewise a\nsixth time, when they were again driven back, and night came to end\nthe dreadful carnage. The Federals then withdrew, leaving the field\nliterally piled up with the bodies of their dead. The Confederate\nmusketry alone killed and wounded at least five thousand, while the\nartillery brought the number of those killed and wounded at the foot of\nMarye\u2019s Hill to over seven thousand.\nDuring the night a Federal strayed beyond his line, was taken up by\nLongstreet\u2019s troops, and on his person was found a memorandum of\nGeneral Burnside\u2019s arrangements and an order for the renewal of the\nbattle next day. Upon receiving this information General Lee gave\nimmediate orders for a line of rifle-pits on the top of Marye\u2019s Hill\nfor General Ransom, who had been held somewhat in reserve, and for\nother guns to be placed on Taylor\u2019s Hill. The Confederates were up\nbefore daylight on the morrow, anxious to receive General Burnside\nagain. The Federal troops, however, had left the field. It was at first\nthought that the memorandum was intended as a ruse of war, but it was\nafterwards learned that General Burnside expected to resume attack, but\ngave it up when he became fully aware of the fate of his soldiers at\nthe foot of Marye\u2019s Hill.\nCHICKAMAUGA\nThis battle marked the only great Confederate victory won in the\nWest, and was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. Indeed, the\ncontest for the bloodiest day in this great war is, I believe, between\nAntietam and Chickamauga. Official reports show that on both sides the\ncasualties embrace the enormous proportion of thirty-three per cent. of\nthe troops actually engaged. On the Union side there were over a score\nof regiments in which the losses in this single fight exceeded 49.4 per\ncent. The \u201cCharge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava,\u201d immortalized by\nTennyson, did not suffer by ten per cent. as much as did thirty of the\nUnion regiments at Chickamauga; and a number of Confederate regiments\nsuffered even more than their Federal opponents.\nLongstreet\u2019s command in less than two hours lost nearly forty-four\nper cent. of its strength. Of the troops that received their splendid\nassaults, Steedman\u2019s and Brannan\u2019s commands lost respectively\nforty-nine and thirty-eight per cent. in less than four hours. The loss\nof single regiments showed a much heavier percentage. For instance, the\nTenth Tennessee Regiment lost sixty-eight per cent.; the Fifth Georgia,\n61.1; the Second Tennessee, 60.2; the Sixteenth Alabama, 58.6; a great\nnumber of them more than fifty per cent.\nThe total Confederate losses were about 18,000 men; the total\nFederal losses, about 17,000. Viewed from the stand-point of both\nsides, Chickamauga was the fifth greatest battle of the war, being\nexceeded only by Gettysburg, Spottsylvania, the Wilderness, and\nChancellorsville. But each of these battles were of a much longer time.\nThe total Confederates engaged in the battle were 59,242; the total\nFederals, 60,867. The battle was fought on the 20th of September, 1863.\n[Illustration: BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA. CONFEDERATES FLANKING THE UNION\nFORCES.]\nThe movements of both sides were too complex to be followed here.\nDuring a very hot part of the battle, General Hood, on the Confederate\nside, was fearfully wounded; General Benning, of his \u201cRock Brigade,\u201d\nlost his own horse, and thought that General Hood was killed and that\neverything was gone to smash. He cut a horse loose from a captured\ngun, grabbed a rope trace as a riding whip, mounted, and rode to meet\nGeneral Longstreet and report. He had lost his hat in the m\u00eal\u00e9e, and\neverything was in terrible shape. He reported,--\n  \u201cGeneral Hood killed, my horse killed, my brigade torn to pieces,\n  and I haven\u2019t a single man left.\u201d\nGeneral Longstreet smiled, and quietly asked him if he did not think he\ncould find _one_ man. Quieted by the tone of the question, he began to\nlook for his men, found quite a number of them, and quickly joined the\nfighting forces at the front, where he discovered that the Confederates\nhad carried the first line, that Johnson\u2019s division was in the breach\nand pushing on, with Hindman spreading battle to the enemy\u2019s limits,\nStuart\u2019s division holding bravely on, and the brigades of Kershaw and\nHumphreys coming along to help restore the battle to good organization.\nAbout one o\u2019clock in the day lunch was ordered spread for a number of\nthe officers. General Longstreet meanwhile rode with General Buckner\nand the staffs to view the changed conditions of the battle. He could\nsee but little of the enemy\u2019s line, and only knew it by the occasional\nexchange of fire between the skirmishers. Suddenly the party discovered\nthat they had passed the Confederate line and were within the fire of\nthe Federal sharp-shooters, who were concealed behind the trees and\nunder the brush. They came back in more than double-quick. General\nLongstreet ordered General Buckner to establish a twelve-gun battery on\nthe right and enfilade the Federal works. Then he rode away to enjoy a\nsumptuous spread of Nassau bacon and Georgia sweet potatoes. They were\nnot accustomed to potatoes of any kind in Virginia, and the Georgia\nvariety was a peculiar luxury. While the lunch was in its first stages\na fragment of shell came tearing through the woods, passed through\na book in the hands of a courier who sat his horse hard by reading,\nand struck down the chief of ordnance, Colonel T. P. Manning. Friends\nsprang forward to look for the wound and give relief. Manning had\njust taken an unusually large bite of sweet potato, and was about\nsuffocating thereby. He was supposed to be gasping for his last breath\nwhen General Longstreet suggested that he be relieved of the potato and\ngiven a chance to breathe. This done, he soon revived, and was ready\nto be taken to the hospital, and in a few days he was again ready for\neither a Federal shell or a Georgia potato.\nThe vicissitudes of the battle were many and varied, but finally\nthe Federal forces quit the field and the different wings of the\nConfederate army came together and greeted each other with loud huzzas.\nThe Army of the Tennessee was ready to celebrate its first grand\nvictory, in spite of the great losses sustained. The twilight dews\nhung heavy over the trees, as if to hush the voice of victory in the\npresence of death, but nevertheless, the two lines, which neared as\nthey advanced, united their shouts in increasing volume, not as the\ncannon\u2019s violent noise, but as one great burst of harmony that seemed\nalmost to lift from their rooted depths the great forest trees. Before\ngreetings and congratulations upon the success had passed it was night,\nand the mild beams of the quartering moon were more suggestive of Venus\nthan of Mars, as Longstreet rested in the white light of the one great\ntriumph of Confederate arms in the West.\nIN EAST TENNESSEE\nAbout the 1st of November, 1863, it was determined at Confederate\nhead-quarters that Longstreet should be ordered into East Tennessee\nagainst General Burnside\u2019s army.\nOn the 22d of October General Grant joined the army, and it was known\nthat General Sherman was marching to join him.\nOn the 20th of October General Burnside reported by letter to General\nGrant an army of twenty-two thousand three hundred men, with ninety-odd\nguns, but his returns for November gave a force of twenty-five thousand\ntwo hundred and ninety, and over one hundred guns. Eight thousand of\nhis men were on service north of Knoxville and about Cumberland Gap.\nTo march, capture, and disperse this formidable force, fortified at\npoints, Longstreet had about fifteen thousand men, after deducting\ncamp guards and foraging parties. Marching and fighting had been his\nalmost daily occupation from the middle of January, 1863, when he left\nFredericksburg to move down to Suffolk, Virginia, until the 16th of\nDecember, when he found bleak winter again breaking upon him, away from\nfriends, and dependent upon his own efforts for food and clothing for\nhis ragged and hungry Confederates.\nIt is not in the purview of this paper to more than briefly refer to\nLongstreet\u2019s work in East Tennessee in the bitter winter of 1863-64. He\nhas said that Washington\u2019s men at Valley Forge did not suffer more than\nhis command on the hard campaigns of that severe winter. Much of the\ntime half-clad and shoeless, the snow-covered ground bore the bloody\nimprint of their naked feet. They were compelled to dig holes in the\nfrozen ground, which were thawed out by fires to furnish their usual\ncouch. They had nothing to eat but parched corn. But the brave fellows\nnever lost heart. They undertook to make a joke of their dire straits.\nAs General Longstreet rode out among them, they would call cheerily to\nknow if they might not have a little fodder to eat with their corn.\nIt is now generally conceded that no more valorous service was rendered\nthe Confederate cause during the four years\u2019 fighting than Longstreet\u2019s\nwork in East Tennessee, cut off from supplies, improperly supported by\nhis government, and sent with an inadequate force to attack Burnside in\nhis stronghold.\nMrs. Grant, a few years before her death, in discussing the events of\nthose campaigns, said to me that General Grant had come to Nashville\nto spend Christmas with her. She had scarcely given him greeting when\na hurried message came from Knoxville,--\u201cLongstreet is coming!\u201d He\nwas much perturbed at having to forego his Christmas with his family\nand return immediately to his works about Knoxville. In parting she\nsaid to him, \u201cNow, Ulysses, you know that you are not going to hurt\nLongstreet.\u201d Grant quickly replied, \u201cI will if I can get him; he is in\nbad company.\u201d\n[Illustration: THE ASSAULT ON FORT SANDERS, KNOXVILLE.]\nTo \u201cget\u201d Longstreet or to drive him out of Tennessee came to be the\nchief concern of Grant and his government. General Halleck was much\nconcerned about the Confederate army in East Tennessee, the only\nstrategic field then held by Southern troops. It was inconveniently\nnear Kentucky and the Ohio River. President Lincoln and his War\nSecretary added their anxiety to Halleck\u2019s on account of its\npolitico-strategic bearing. General Halleck urged his views upon\nGeneral Grant, and despatched General Foster that it was of first\nimportance to \u201cdrive Longstreet out of Tennessee and keep him out.\u201d\nGeneral Grant ordered: \u201cDrive Longstreet to the farthest point east\nthat you can.\u201d It was easier to issue that order than to execute it.\nAnd Grant reported to the authorities:\n\u201cIf Longstreet is not driven out of the valley entirely, and the road\ndestroyed east of Abingdon, I do not think it unlikely that the last\ngreat battle of the war will be fought in East Tennessee. Reports\nof deserters and citizens show the army of Bragg to be too much\ndemoralized and reduced by desertions to do anything this winter. I\nwill get everything in order here in a few days and go to Nashville\nand Louisville, and, if there is still a chance of doing anything\nagainst Longstreet, to the scene of operations there. I am deeply\ninterested in moving the enemy beyond Saltville this winter, so as to\nbe able to select my own campaign in the spring, instead of having the\nenemy dictate it to me.\u201d\nAbout the middle of December orders were given the Confederate army,\nwhich was on the west bank of the Holston River, to cross and march for\nthe railroad, only a few miles away.\nThe transfer of the army to the east bank of the river was executed\nby diligent work and the use of such flatboats and other means of\ncrossing as could be collected and constructed. They were over by\nthe 20th, and before Christmas were in camps along the railroad near\nMorristown. Blankets and clothes were scarce, shoes more so. But to\nthe hungry Confederates the beautiful country in which they found\nthemselves seemed a land of milk and honey. The French Broad River and\nthe Holston are confluent at Knoxville. The country between and beyond\nthem contains as fine farming-lands and has as delightful climate as\ncan be found. Stock and grain were on all farms. Wheat and oats had\nbeen thoughtfully hidden away by the Federals, but the fields were\nfull of maize, still standing. The country around the French Broad had\nhardly been touched by the foragers. The Confederate wagons immediately\non entering the fields were loaded to overflowing. Pumpkins were on the\nground in places like apples under a tree. Cattle, sheep, and swine,\npoultry, vegetables, maple sugar, and honey were all abundant for\nimmediate wants of the troops.\nWhen the Federals found that the Confederates had moved to the east\nbank, their cavalry followed to that side. They were almost as much in\nwant of the beautiful foraging lands as the Confederates, but there\nwas little left for them. With the plenitude of provisions for the\ntime, and many things which seemed luxuries, the Confederates were\nnot altogether happy. Tattered garments, blankets, and shoes (the\nlatter going, many gone) opened ways, on all sides, for piercing\nwinter blasts. There were some hand-looms in the country, from which\nthere was occasionally picked up a piece of cloth, and here and there\nother comforts were received, some from kind and some from unwilling\nhands, which nevertheless could spare them. For shoes the men were\ncompelled to resort to the raw hides of beef cattle as temporary\nprotection from the frozen ground. Then soldiers were discovered who\ncould tan the hides of beeves, some who could make shoes, some who\ncould make shoe-pegs, some who could make shoe-lasts; so it came about,\nthrough the varied industries of Longstreet\u2019s men, that the hides\npassed rapidly from the beeves to the feet of the soldiers. Thus the\nsoldier\u2019s life was made, for a time, passably pleasant in the infantry\nand artillery. Meanwhile, the Confederate cavalry were looking at\nthe Federals, and the Federals were looking at them, both frequently\nburning powder between their lines.\nGeneral Sturgis had been assigned to the cavalry of the other side,\nto relieve General Shackelford, and he seemed to think that the dead\nof winter was the time for cavalry work; and the Confederate General\nMartin\u2019s orders were to have the enemy under his eye at all hours. Both\nwere vigilant, active, and persevering.\nAbout December 20 a raid was made by General Averill from West Virginia\nupon a supply depot of General Sam Jones\u2019s department, at Salem, which\nwas partially successful, when General Grant, under the impression that\nthe stores were for East Tennessee, wired General Foster, \u201cThis will\ngive you great advantage.\u201d And General Foster despatched General Parke,\ncommanding his troops in the field, December 26, \u201cLongstreet will feel\na little timid now, and will bear a little pushing.\u201d\nGeneral Grant made a visit to Knoxville about New Year\u2019s, and remained\nuntil the 7th. He found General Foster in the condition of the\nConfederates,--not properly supplied with clothing, especially in want\nof shoes. So he authorized a wait for clothing, then in transit and\nlooked for in a week; and that little delay was a great lift for the\nConfederates.\nBefore leaving General Foster, General Grant ordered him, on receipt of\nclothing, to advance and \u201cdrive Longstreet at least beyond Bull\u2019s Gap\nand Red Bridge.\u201d And to prepare for that advance, he ordered the Ninth\nand Twenty-third Corps to Mossy Creek, the Fourth Corps to Strawberry\nPlains, and the cavalry to Dandridge.\nThe Union army--equipped--marched on the 14th and 15th of January. The\nbitter freeze of two weeks had made the rough angles of mud as firm\nand sharp as so many freshly quarried rocks, and the bare feet of the\nConfederates on this march left bloody marks along the roads.\nGeneral Sturgis rode in advance of the army, and occupied Dandridge by\nElliott\u2019s, Wolford\u2019s, and Garrard\u2019s divisions of cavalry and Mott\u2019s\nbrigade of infantry. The Fourth and Twenty-ninth Corps followed the\ncavalry, leaving the Ninth Corps to guard at Strawberry Plains.\nGeneral Martin gave prompt notice that the march was at Dandridge\nand in full force. Dandridge is on the right bank of the French\nBroad River, about thirty miles from Knoxville. Its topographical\nfeatures are bold and inviting of military work. Its other striking\ncharacteristic was the interesting character of its citizens. The\nConfederates--a unit in heart and spirit--were prepared to do their\nshare towards making an effective battle, and the plans were so laid.\nAt the time ordered for his advance General Foster was suffering from\nan old wound, and General Parke became commander of the troops in the\nfield. The latter delayed at Strawberry Plains in arranging that part\nof his command, and General Sheridan, marching with the advance, became\ncommander, until superseded by the corps commander, General Gordon\nGranger.\nThe Confederate plans were laid before the army was all up. Their\nskirmish line was made stronger, and relieved the cavalry of their\ndismounted service. A narrow, unused road, practicable for artillery,\nwas found that opened a way for the Confederates to reach the enemy\u2019s\nrearward line of march. Sharp-shooters were organized and ordered\nforward by it, to be followed by our infantry columns. It was thought\nbetter to move the infantry alone, as the ringing of the iron axles of\nthe guns might give notice of the Confederate purpose; the artillery to\nbe called as the Confederate sharp-shooters approached the junction of\nthe roads. The head of the turning force encountered a picket-guard,\nsome of whom escaped without firing. General Granger decided to retire,\nand was in time to leave the crossroads behind him, his rear guard\npassing the point of intersection before the Confederate advance party\nreached it about midnight.\nThe weather moderated before night, and after dark a mild, gentle rain\nbegan to fall.\nWhen Longstreet rode into Dandridge in the gray of the morning the\nground was thawing and hardly firm enough to bear the weight of his\nhorse. When the cavalry came at sunrise the last crust of ice had\nmelted, letting the animals down to their fetlocks in heavy limestone\nsoil. The mud and want of a bridge to cross the Holston made pursuit by\nthe heavy Confederate columns useless. The cavalry was ordered on, and\nthe troops at Morristown, on the Strawberry Plains road, were ordered\nto try that route, but the latter proved to be too heavy for progress\nwith artillery.\nWhile General Longstreet rode through the streets of Dandridge, giving\ndirections for such pursuit of the fleeing Federals as could be made, a\nlady came out upon the sidewalk and invited him into her parlors. When\nthe orders for pursuit were completed, he dismounted, and with some\nmembers of his staff walked in. After the compliments of the season\nwere passed, the Confederates were asked to be seated, and the lady\ntold, with evident great enjoyment, of General Granger during the night\nbefore. She had never heard a person swear about another as General\nGranger did about General Longstreet. Some of the officers proposed to\nstop and make a battle, but General Granger swore, and said, \u201cIt\u2019s no\nuse to stop and fight Longstreet. You can\u2019t whip him. It don\u2019t make any\ndifference whether he has one man or a hundred thousand.\u201d Presently she\nbrought out a flask that General Granger had forgotten, and presented\nit to General Longstreet. It had about two horizontal fingers left\nin it. Though not left with compliments, it was accepted. Although\nthe weather had moderated, it was very wet and nasty, and as General\nLongstreet had taken his coffee at three o\u2019clock, it was resolved to\ncall it noon and divide the spoils. Colonel Fairfax, who knew how to\nenjoy good things, thought the occasion called for a sentiment, and\noffered, \u201cGeneral Granger--may his shadow never grow less.\u201d\nThe cavalry found the road and its side-ways so cut up that the\npursuit was reduced to a labored walk. The previous hard service and\nexposure had so reduced the animals that they were not in trim for real\neffective cavalry service. They found some crippled battery forges and\na little of other plunder, but the enemy passed the Holston and broke\nhis bridges behind him, and Longstreet\u2019s men returned to their huts and\nwinter homes.\nTo seek some of the fruits of his advantage at Dandridge, the roads\nbeing a little firmer, General Longstreet ordered his leading division,\nunder General Jenkins, on the 21st, to proceed to march towards\nStrawberry Plains, and the Richmond authorities were asked to send a\npontoon bridge, tools of construction, and to hurry forward such shoes\nas they could send.\nOn the 24th, as the official records show, General Grant sent word to\nGeneral Halleck of Longstreet\u2019s return towards Knoxville; that he had\nordered General Foster to give battle, if necessary, and that he would\nsend General Thomas with additional troops to insure that Longstreet\nwould be driven from the State. He also directed General Thomas to\ngo in person and take command, and said, \u201cI want Longstreet routed\nand pursued beyond the limits of Tennessee.\u201d And he ordered General\nFoster to put his cavalry on a raid from Cumberland Gap to cut in upon\nLongstreet\u2019s rear.\nOn the 6th of February General Grant reported from Nashville,--\n    \u201cMAJOR-GENERAL H. W. HALLECK,\n      \u201cGeneral-in-Chief:\n  \u201cI am making every effort to get supplies from Knoxville for the\n  support of a large force--large enough to drive Longstreet out.\n              \u201c_Major-General Commanding_.\u201d\n    \u201cMAJOR-GENERAL THOMAS:\n  \u201cReports of scouts make it evident that Joe Johnston has removed\n  most of his force from our front, two divisions going to\n  Longstreet. Longstreet has been reinforced by troops from the\n  east. This makes it evident the enemy intends to secure East\n  Tennessee if they can, and I intend to drive them out or get\n  whipped this month. For this purpose you will have to detach at\n  least ten thousand men besides Stanley\u2019s division (more will be\n  better). I can partly relieve the vacuum at Chattanooga by troops\n  from Logan\u2019s command. It will not be necessary to take artillery\n  or wagons to Knoxville, but all the serviceable artillery horses\n  should be taken to use on artillery there. Six mules to each two\n  hundred men should be taken, if you have them to spare. Let me\n  know how soon you can start.\nOn the 9th Major-General J. M. Schofield arrived at Knoxville, and\nassumed command of the Army of the Ohio.\nGeneral Grant reported on the 11th,--\n    \u201cMAJOR-GENERAL H. W. HALLECK,\n      \u201cGeneral-in-Chief:\n  \u201cI expect to get off from Chattanooga by Monday next a force to\n  drive Longstreet out of East Tennessee. It has been impossible\n  heretofore to subsist the troops necessary for this work.\n    \u201cMAJOR-GENERAL J. M. SCHOFIELD,\n      \u201cKnoxville, Tennessee:\n  \u201cI deem it of the utmost importance to drive Longstreet out\n  immediately, so as to furlough the balance of our veterans, and\n  to prepare for a spring campaign of our own choosing, instead of\n  permitting the enemy to dictate it for us. Thomas is ordered to\n  start ten thousand men, besides the remainder of Granger\u2019s corps,\n  at once. He will take no artillery, but will take his artillery\n  horses, and three mules to one hundred men. He will probably\n  start next Monday.\nHow General Grant abandoned the move against Longstreet, while\nLongstreet kept Schofield bottled up all through that trying winter in\nhis works about Knoxville, is old history.\nThe Confederate government finally abandoned the plan of occupying\nEast Tennessee, and on the 7th of April Longstreet was ordered, with\nthe part of his command that had originally served with the Army of\nNorthern Virginia, to join General Lee on the Rapidan.\nI have gone thus far into the East Tennessee campaigns for the pleasure\nit gives me to reproduce the following resolutions passed by the\nConfederate Congress during General Longstreet\u2019s arduous work in the\nwinter of 1863-64:\n  \u201cNo. 42. Joint Resolutions of Thanks to Lieutenant-General\n  Longstreet and the officers and men of his command.\n  \u201c_Resolved by the Congress of the Confederate States of America_,\n  That the thanks of the Congress are due, and hereby cordially\n  tendered, to Lieutenant-General James Longstreet and the\n  officers and men of his command, for their patriotic services\n  and brilliant achievements in the present war, sharing as they\n  have the arduous fatigues and privations of many campaigns in\n  Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Tennessee, and\n  participating in nearly every great battle fought in those\n  States, the commanding general ever displaying great ability,\n  skill, and prudence in command, and the officers and men the most\n  heroic bravery, fortitude, and energy, in every duty they have\n  been called upon to perform.\n  \u201c_Resolved_, That the President be requested to transmit a copy\n  of the foregoing resolutions to Lieutenant-General Longstreet for\n  publication to his command.\n  \u201cApproved February 17, 1864.\u201d\nTHE WILDERNESS\nThe Wilderness is a forest land about fifteen miles square, lying\nbetween and equidistant from Orange Court-House and Fredericksburg.\nIt is broken occasionally by small farms and abandoned clearings, and\ntwo roads,--the Orange Plank Road and the turnpike, which are cut at\nright angles by the Germania road,--in general course nearly parallel,\nopen ways through it between Fredericksburg and the Court-House. The\nGermania Ford road joins the Brock road, the strategic line of the\nmilitary zone, and crosses the turnpike at Wilderness Tavern and the\nplank road about two miles south of that point.\nGeneral Grant was making his head-quarters near the Army of the\nPotomac, in Culpeper County, Virginia, commanded by Major-General\nGeorge G. Meade. The aggregate of the Federal command was about one\nhundred and thirty thousand men.\nThe Army of Northern Virginia was on the west side of the Rapidan\nRiver. Its total number at the beginning of the campaign was then put\nby Colonel Taylor, chief of staff, at about sixty-four thousand.\nHowever, the numerical strength of the armies did not decide the\nmerits of the campaign. The commanders on both sides had chosen their\nground after mature deliberation. They knew of each other\u2019s numbers\nand resources, and made their plans accordingly. A number of their\nrespective leaders had known each other personally for more than\ntwenty years. They had the undivided support and confidence of their\ngovernments and their armies. General Lee was as always the trusted\nleader of the Confederates; General Grant by his three years\u2019 service\nin the West had become known as an all-round soldier seldom if ever\nsurpassed. General Longstreet, who thought most highly of General\nGrant from every stand-point, always said that the biggest part of him\nwas his heart.\nIn this case General Grant had no fixed plan of campaign except to\navoid the strong defensive line occupied by General Lee, and to draw\nhim out to open battle.\nGeneral Lee\u2019s orders were against a general engagement until the\nFederal forces should attack, but in the midst of varied man\u0153uvrings\nthe battle was begun in half a dozen quarters before either commanding\ngeneral had expected it. Hancock advanced before sunrise ready\nfor battle, just as Longstreet\u2019s command, which had come up from\nMechanicsville, reported to General Lee. Longstreet\u2019s line was formed\nalong the right and left of the plank road, Kershaw on the right,\nField on the left. Hancock\u2019s musketry was doing considerable damage to\nthe forces in front, and as Longstreet\u2019s lines were forming the men\nbroke files to give free passage for their comrades to the rear. The\nadvancing fire was getting brisk, but not a shot was fired in return by\nLongstreet\u2019s troops until the divisions were ready. Three of Field\u2019s\nbrigades were formed in the line of the left, and three of Kershaw\u2019s on\nthe right. The advance of the six brigades was ordered, and Hancock\u2019s\nlines, thinned by their previous fighting and weaker than the fresh\nmen now coming against them, were checked and pushed back to their\nintrenched lines. Then the fighting became steady and firm.\n[Illustration: THE WOUNDING OF GENERAL LONGSTREET AT THE WILDERNESS,\nFinally Hancock\u2019s line began to break. As they retreated and the\nConfederates advanced, a fire was started in the dry leaves and began\nto spread. The Confederate forces, in spite of the fire, moved on.\nAs the battle waged, General Wadsworth, who was gallantly leading\na division of the Federal forces, fell mortally wounded, and there\nwas then a general break in the Union line. Jenkins\u2019s brigade was\nconspicuous among the Confederates in pursuit. Jenkins exclaimed to\nthose around him, \u201cI am happy; I have felt despair of the cause for\nsome months, but am relieved, and feel assured that we will put the\nenemy back across the Rapidan before night.\u201d A few minutes later he\nfell mortally wounded. In the general m\u00eal\u00e9e Longstreet was leading in\nadvance of his troops, and in the midst of close firing was shot by his\nown men. This caused the Confederate lines to slow up in their advance.\nOrders were given General Field by Longstreet to push on before the\nenemy could have time to rally, but in the midst of the general\nconfusion, General Lee ordered the broken lines to be reformed, and the\nadvantage already gained was not followed up.\nGeneral Field, in his subsequent account of the day, said,--\n  \u201cI was at Longstreet\u2019s side in a moment, and in answer to my\n  anxious inquiry as to his condition, he replied that he would be\n  looked after by others, and directed me to take command of the\n  corps and push on. Though at this moment he could not have known\n  the extent or character of his wounds (that they were severe was\n  apparent), he seemed to forget himself in the absorbing interest\n  of the movement he was making.\n  \u201cHad our advance not been suspended by this disaster, I have\n  always believed that Grant would have been driven across the\n  Rapidan before night; but General Lee was present, and ordered\n  that our line, which was nearly a right angle, should first\n  be straightened out. The difficulty of man\u0153uvring through the\n  brush made this a tedious operation, so that when we did advance\n  with large reinforcements from Ewell\u2019s Corps placed under my\n  orders, the enemy was found awaiting us behind new breastworks,\n  thoroughly prepared.\u201d\nIn a letter touching this subject to General Longstreet, Colonel\nFairfax said,--\n  \u201cOn reaching the line of troops you were taken off the horse and\n  propped against a tree. You blew the bloody foam from your mouth\n  and said, \u2018Tell General Field to take command, and move forward\n  with the whole force and gain the Brock road,\u2019 but meantime hours\n  were lost.\u201d\nA Northern historian[H] said, on the same point,--\n  \u201cIt seemed indeed that irretrievable disaster was upon us; but in\n  the very torrent and tempest of the attack it suddenly ceased and\n  all was still. What could cause this surcease of effort at the\n  very height of success was then wholly unknown to us.\u201d\nSome years after, General Hancock said to General Longstreet,--\n  \u201cYou rolled me up like a wet blanket, and it was some hours\n  before I could reorganize the battle.\u201d\nTHE CURTAIN FALLS AT APPOMATTOX\nIn discussing the war, General Longstreet always dwelt with peculiar\ntenderness on the last days that culminated with the surrender at\nAppomattox. His mental belief for two years before the surrender was\nthat from the very nature of the situation the Union forces would in\nall probability finally triumph, but his brave heart never knew how to\ngive up the fight, and the surrender was at last agreed upon while he\nwas still protesting against it.\nThe incident is well known of a number of the leading Confederate\ngenerals, who, having decided that further resistance was useless, went\nto General Lee and suggested surrender upon the best terms that could\nbe had as the wisest thing to do. General Longstreet declined to join\nwith them. General Pendleton was spokesman for the party. His account\nof the conference is thus related by General A. L. Long in his Memoirs\nof Lee:\n  \u201cGeneral Lee was lying on the ground. No others heard the\n  conversation between him and myself. He received my communication\n  with the reply, \u2018Oh, no; I trust that it has not come to that,\u2019\n  and added, \u2018General, we have yet too many bold men to think of\n  laying down our arms. The enemy do not fight with spirit, while\n  our boys do. Besides, if I were to say a word to the Federal\n  commander, he would regard it as such a confession of weakness as\n  to make it the condition of demanding an unconditional surrender,\n  a proposal to which I will never listen.... I have never believed\n  we could, against the gigantic combination for our subjugation,\n  make good, in the long run, our independence, unless some foreign\n  power should, directly or indirectly, assist us.... But such\n  considerations really make with me no difference. We had, I am\n  satisfied, sacred principles to maintain, and rights to defend,\n  for which we were in duty bound to do our best, even if we\n  perished in the endeavor.\u2019\n  \u201cSuch were, as nearly as I can recall them, the exact words of\n  General Lee on that most pitiful occasion. You see in them the\n  soul of the man. Where his conscience dictated and his judgment\n  decided, there his heart was.\u201d\nNo words of eulogy show up so clearly the characters of Lee and\nlikewise of Grant as their own direct words and deeds. On the evening\nof April 7, 1865, General Grant wrote General Lee as follows:\n  \u201cThe results of the last week must convince you of the\n  hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of\n  Northern Virginia in this struggle. I feel that it is so, and\n  regard it as my duty to shift from myself the responsibility of\n  any further effusion of blood by asking of you the surrender\n  of that portion of the Confederate army known as the Army of\n  Northern Virginia.\u201d\nGeneral Longstreet was with General Lee when he received this note.\nIt was handed to General Longstreet without a word. After reading it\nGeneral Longstreet handed it back, saying, \u201cNot yet.\u201d General Lee\nreplied to General Grant that same evening:\n  \u201cI have received your note of this day. Though not entertaining\n  the opinion you express on the hopelessness of further resistance\n  on the part of the Army of Northern Virginia, I reciprocate your\n  desire to avoid useless effusion of blood, and therefore, before\n  considering your proposition, ask the terms you will offer on\n  condition of its surrender.\u201d\nWhile this correspondence was pending, both armies, under the\nrespective directions of Grant and of Lee, continued their preparations\nfor battle as if there was no thought of cessation. The next day, April\n8, General Grant wrote General Lee as follows:\n  \u201cYour note of last evening, in reply to mine of the same date\n  asking the conditions on which I will accept surrender of the\n  Army of Northern Virginia, is just received. In reply I would say\n  that, peace being my great desire, there is but one condition I\n  would insist upon,--namely, that the men and officers surrendered\n  shall be disqualified for taking up arms again against the United\n  States government until properly exchanged. I will meet you, or\n  will designate officers to meet any officers you might name for\n  the same purpose, at any point agreeable to you, for the purpose\n  of arranging definitely the terms upon which the surrender of the\n  Army of Northern Virginia will be received.\u201d\nTo this General Lee replied, under the same date:\n  \u201cI received at a late hour your note of to-day. In mine of\n  yesterday I did not intend to propose the surrender of the Army\n  of Northern Virginia, but to ask the terms of your proposition.\n  To be frank, I do not think the emergency has arisen to call for\n  the surrender of this army, but as the restoration to peace\n  should be the sole object of all, I desired to know whether your\n  proposals would lead to that end. I cannot, therefore, meet you\n  with a view to the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia;\n  but as far as your proposal may affect the Confederate States\n  forces under my command and tend to the restoration of peace,\n  I should be pleased to meet you at ten A.M. to-morrow on the\n  old stage road to Richmond, between the picket-lines of the two\n  armies.\u201d\nThat night General Lee spread his couch about a hundred feet from the\nsaddle and blanket that were General Longstreet\u2019s pillow for the night,\nand it is not probable that either had a more comfortable bed than\nthe other. Of the early hours of the next day, the last day of active\nexistence of the Army of Northern Virginia, Colonel Venable, of General\nLee\u2019s staff, has written a touching account, which is published in\nGeneral Long\u2019s \u201cMemoirs of General Lee.\u201d When further resistance seemed\nuseless, he quoted General Lee as saying,--\n  \u201cThen there is nothing left me but to go and see General Grant,\n  and I would rather die a thousand deaths.\u201d\nMany were the wild words of passionate grief spoken by the officers\naround him. Said one, \u201cOh, General, what would history say of the\nsurrender of the army in the field?\u201d According to Colonel Venable,\nGeneral Lee replied, \u201cYes, I know they will say hard things of us; they\nwill not understand how we are overwhelmed with numbers. But that is\nnot the question; the question is, Is it right to surrender this army?\nIf it is right, then I will take all the responsibility.\u201d\nPresently General Lee called General Longstreet to ride forward with\nhim. He said that the advance columns stood against a very formidable\nforce which he could not break through, while General Meade was at\nLongstreet\u2019s rear ready to call for all the work that the rear\nguard could do. He added that it did not seem possible for him to\nmake further successful resistance. General Longstreet asked if the\nsacrifice of his army could benefit the cause in other quarters. He\nthought not. Then, said Longstreet, \u201cThe situation speaks for itself.\u201d\nSeveral other leading generals were consulted, and all of them held the\nsame view.\nMeanwhile, the Federal forces appeared plainly to be preparing for\nattack. The Confederates continued work on their lines of defence.\nGeneral Longstreet ordered parts of the rear guard forward to support\nthe advance forces, and directed General E. P. Alexander to establish\nthem with part of his batteries in the best position for support or\nrallying line in case the front lines were forced back.\nThus the last line of battle formed in the Army of Northern Virginia\nwas by the invincible First Corps, twice conqueror of empire!\n[Illustration: GENERAL ALEXANDER ARRANGING THE LAST LINE OF BATTLE\nFORMED IN THE ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA.]\nIn talking over the delicate situation, General Lee told General\nLongstreet that he feared his refusal to meet General Grant\u2019s\nproposition might cause him to demand harsh terms. General Longstreet\nassured him that he knew General Grant well enough to be certain that\nthe best terms possible would be given--even such terms as he himself\nwould be willing to give a gallant foe under similar circumstances. How\ntrue this estimate proved all the world now knows.\nAPPENDIX\nLONGSTREET\n    He lies in state, while by his flag-draped bier\n      Pass the long ranks of men who wore the gray--\n    Men who heard shriek of shot and shell unmoved--\n      Sobbing like children o\u2019er the lifeless clay.\n    Through the fair South the heroes whom he led\n      Against the blue lines in the stricken field\n    Muse on the days ere Appomattox wrenched\n      The laurel wreath from Dixie\u2019s shattered shield.\n    The glories of Manassas, Chancellorsville,\n      And all the triumphs those gray legions gained\n    Seem gathered in a shadowy host beside\n      That casket and those colors battle-stained!\n    While in the frozen North the men who strove\n      Against his squadrons, bartering blow for blow,\n    Bow silvered heads, exclaiming lovingly,\n      \u201cMay he rest well! He was a noble foe!\u201d\n    Genius and courage equally were his--\n      He fought in cause his heart maintained as right,\n    And when the sword clanked in the rusted sheath\n      He murmured not against the losing fight,\n    But made endeavor, with a loyal soul,\n      To heal the wounds the years of strife had wrought--\n    And in the fields of peace more glories won\n      Than in the battles his gray warriors fought!\n            --W. A. P., in Chicago Journal.\nJAMES LONGSTREET\nJames Longstreet was born in Edgefield District, South Carolina,\nJanuary 8, 1821, son of James and Mary Ann (Dent) Longstreet, and a\ndescendant of the Longstreets and Randolphs of New Jersey and the Dents\nand Marshalls of Maryland and Virginia. Richard Longstreet, progenitor\nof the name in America, settled in Monmouth County, New Jersey.\nJames Longstreet, subject of this sketch, removed with his parents to\nAlabama in 1831, from which State he received his appointment to West\nPoint, and was graduated from the United States Military Academy in\n1842. He was promoted in the army as brevet second lieutenant of the\nFourth Infantry, July 1, 1842, and served in garrison at Jefferson\nBarracks, Missouri, 1842-44; on frontier duty at Natchitoches,\nLouisiana, 1844-45; was promoted second lieutenant of the Eighth\nInfantry, March 4, 1845; was in military occupation of Texas, 1845-46,\nand served in the war with Mexico, 1846-47. He participated in the\nbattle of Palo Alto; May 8, 1846; the battle of Resaca de la Palma,\nMay 9, 1846; was promoted first lieutenant Eighth Infantry, February\n23, 1847, and participated in the siege of Vera Cruz, March 9-29,\n1847; the battle of Cerro Gordo, April 17 and 18, 1847; the capture of\nSan Antonio and the battle of Churubusco, August 20, 1847; the battle\nof Molino del Rey, September 8, 1847; the storming of Chepultepec,\nSeptember 13, 1847, where he was severely wounded in the assault on\nthe fortified convent. He was brevetted captain, August 20, 1847,\n\u201cfor gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Churubusco and\nContreras,\u201d and major, September 8, 1847, \u201cfor gallant and meritorious\nconduct at the battle of Molino del Rey.\u201d He served as adjutant of\nthe Eighth Infantry, 1847-49; was in garrison at Jefferson Barracks,\n1848-49; and served on frontier duty in Texas in 1849. He was chief\nof Commissariat of the Department of Texas, 1849-51, and served on\nscouting duty in Texas, Kansas, and New Mexico, 1851-61. He was\npromoted captain, December 7, 1852, and major of staff and paymaster\nJuly 19, 1858. He resigned his commission in 1861 and was appointed\nbrigadier-general in the Confederate States army, and commanded a\nbrigade at Blackburn\u2019s Ford, Virginia, from July 18 to and including\nJuly 21, 1861. He was promoted major-general and commanded the rear\nguard of Joseph E. Johnston\u2019s army during the retreat from Yorktown,\nVirginia. He commanded the Confederate forces in the field, composed of\nhis own and part of D. H. Hill\u2019s division and Stuart\u2019s cavalry brigade,\nat the battle of Williamsburg, May 5, 1862; commanded the right wing\nof Johnston\u2019s army at Seven Pines, May 31 and June 1, 1862; his own\nand A. P. Hill\u2019s division, in the Seven Days\u2019 Battle before Richmond;\nand commanded the right wing of Lee\u2019s army of Northern Virginia in the\nsecond battle of Bull Run, August 29 and 30, 1862; and in the Maryland\ncampaign, September, 1862; the First Corps (Confederate left) at the\nbattle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862. He was on duty south of\nthe James River in April, 1863, and was ordered to rejoin General Lee\nat Chancellorsville, Virginia, but Lee, without awaiting his return\nmade precipitate battle May 2 to 4, 1863. He commanded the right wing\nof the Army of Northern Virginia at Gettysburg July 1 to 3, 1863. He\nserved under General Bragg in the Army of the Tennessee, and commanded\nthe left wing of that army, composed of Hindman\u2019s division, Polk\u2019s\ncorps, Buckner\u2019s corps, and two divisions and artillery of Longstreet\u2019s\ncorps, at the battle of Chickamauga, September 19 and 20, 1863. He was\nsent with part of his corps and Wheeler\u2019s cavalry against Burnside\u2019s\narmy in East Tennessee, in November, with orders to recover possession\nof that part of the State. He drove Burnside back into his works around\nKnoxville, and held him there under siege from November 17 to December\n4, 1863, when Sherman approached with twenty thousand of Grant\u2019s army,\nnear Chattanooga, for relief of the besieged army. Bragg ordered\nprecipitate attack of the fortifications, but they were too strong\nto be carried by assault. Just then orders came from President Davis\nfor Longstreet to return to Bragg\u2019s army in distress at Chattanooga.\nLongstreet held his army in possession of East Tennessee, keeping the\nFederal forces close about their works, until January, 1864, when he\nwas ordered to withdraw towards General Lee\u2019s army in Virginia, and\nhe participated in the battle of the Wilderness, May 5 and 6, 1864,\nwhen he commanded the two divisions of the First Corps forming the\nright of Lee\u2019s army, and was severely wounded. After convalescing he\nparticipated in all the engagements of the Army of Northern Virginia\nin 1864. He commanded the First Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia\nfrom the date of its organization until surrendered by General Lee at\nAppomattox Court-House, Virginia, April 9, 1865. He was called the\nhardest fighter in the Confederate army, and the fairest military\ncritics of the century have estimated his military genius as second to\nno commander in the Confederate States service.\nHe removed to New Orleans and engaged in commerce immediately after\nthe surrender. He was Surveyor of Customs of the Port of New Orleans,\n1869; Supervisor of Internal Revenue, 1878; Postmaster at Gainesville,\nGeorgia, 1879, and was appointed by President Hayes United States\nMinister to Turkey, serving 1880. He was United States Marshal of the\nNorthern District of Georgia, in 1881, and was appointed United States\nCommissioner of Railroads by President McKinley in October, 1897,\nserving until the date of his death in 1904.\nOn the 8th day of March, 1848, at Lynchburg, Virginia, he was married\nto Marie Louise Garland, daughter of General John Garland, U.S.A., of\na noted Virginia family, hero of two wars. Mrs. Longstreet died at\nGainesville, Georgia, December 29, 1889.\nOn the fiftieth anniversary of the battle of Molino del Rey, September\n8, 1897, at the Executive Mansion in Atlanta, Georgia, he was married\nto Helen Dortch, daughter of the late Colonel James S. Dortch, a\nbrilliant Georgia lawyer, of a distinguished North Carolina family.\nGeneral Longstreet died at Gainesville, Georgia, January 2, 1904, and\nwas buried at Alta Vista Cemetery, that place, with military honors,\nJanuary 6.\nTHE FUNERAL CEREMONIES\n(_A. S. Hardy, in the Constitution, Atlanta, Georgia._)\n            GAINESVILLE, GEORGIA, January 6, 1904.\nThe funeral of General James Longstreet, which was held at eleven\no\u2019clock to-day at the county court-house, was the most impressive\nceremonial ever held in Gainesville. Several thousand people gathered\nin and around the court-house, and when the guards threw open the doors\nto the public just preceding the service, which occurred in the main\ncourt-room instead of in the rotunda as originally intended, there was\na great crush, though every endeavor was made to handle the vast throng\nwith every possible ease. Only a few minutes were consumed in filling\nevery available seat, and outside there appeared to be absolutely no\ndiminution in the size of the crowd.\nA few moments before twelve o\u2019clock, the active pall-bearers bore the\ncasket up the stairway from the rotunda, where it had lain in state\nfrom two o\u2019clock yesterday, and placed it in position just in front of\nthe judge\u2019s rostrum. It was banked in a profusion of exquisite floral\nofferings, many of which came from out-of-town Confederate camps, other\norganizations, and from personal friends. Across the head and foot were\nthrown a Confederate and a United States flag, and standing near was\nthe handsome silk flag of the Candler Horse Guards.\nIf any should doubt that the people among whom the General lived\ndid not love him and revere his memory, this doubt would have been\ndispelled to-day if they had seen the demonstration over his casket\nas the last sad rites were being said. Not a business house in town\nwas open, everything in the city closing tight their doors from the\nbeginning of the funeral until after the body was placed to rest in\nAlta Vista Cemetery. From every quarter the people came and upon every\nlip there was praise of the immortal deeds of the great Confederate\ncommander.\nAs the body was being placed in position, Bishop Keiley, Father\nSchadewell, of Albany, and Father Gunn, of Sacred Heart Church,\nAtlanta, emerged from the judge\u2019s private chambers on the left and\nwere escorted to a position in front of the casket. The burial service\nof the Roman Catholic Church was conducted by the Right Rev. Bishop\nKeiley, of Savannah; Father Schadewell, of Albany, and Dr. Gunn, of the\nSacred Heart Church, of Atlanta. Father Schadewell read the liturgical\nLatin service, then gave the same in English. Some of the beautiful\nprayers are given elsewhere.\nAfter reading the service and the blessing of the remains the right\nreverend bishop, who himself had served as a soldier from 1860 to 1864\nin the Confederate army under Longstreet, spoke as follows:\n\u201cHad it pleased God that the cause which met defeat at Appomattox\neight and thirty years ago had been crowned with that success for\nwhich both its justice and the singular devotedness of its defenders\nhad given us right and warrant to hope, a far different scene had been\nwitnessed here to-day. It might have been that Federal as well as State\nauthorities had met to pay a merited tribute to this dead hero, who\nvaliantly sustained on many a bloody field the imperishable principles\nof the right of self-government.\n\u201cHad it pleased God to spare the precious lives of those of his\ncompanions in arms who have passed over the river, then we had seen\nthe peerless Lee, the brave Johnston, and the dashing Hampton sharing\nour grief and mingling their tears with ours over the remains of the\nsoldier whom Lee loved. Is there e\u2019en a suggestion of irreverence in\nthe thought which would people this hall with the dauntless spirits of\nour dead?\n\u201cHaving met defeat in an unequal struggle and having loyally accepted\nthe results of that struggle; having devoted our time and scanty means\nto the upbuilding of our loved land; having been blessed by a merciful\nGod beyond our dreams or deserts, we lay aside our tasks to-day for\nawhile to recall the glories of our past and to tell of the valor of\none who fought and bled for us.\n    \u201cThe foeman need not frown,\n      They are all powerless now;\n    We gather here and we lay them down,\n    And tears and prayers are the only crown\n      We bring to wreathe each brow.\n\u201cHaving passed the span which Providence ordinarily allots as the term\nof human life, General James Longstreet has answered the roll-call of\nthe great God.\n\u201cWhat a brilliant page in history is filled with his grand career. Born\nmore than eighty years ago in the neighboring State of South Carolina,\nhe entered West Point in his seventeenth year and graduated therefrom\nin his twenty-first. He served with marked distinction in the Mexican\nWar and was more than once complimented for his gallant conduct and\nmerited and received promotion.\n\u201cWhen the Southern States withdrew from the Union by reason of attacks\non their reserved rights which were guaranteed by the Constitution, and\nwere forced into the war between the States, James Longstreet offered\nhis services and sword to the cause of self-government. No history of\nthe war may be written which does not bear emblazoned on every page the\nstory of his deeds. Why need I recount them here? Assuredly no one will\nquestion the gross impropriety of discussing incidents of the career of\nLongstreet during the war which have been the subject of criticism by\nsome.\n\u201cWe who knew him forty-odd years ago; we who shared his convictions\nand in humble ways bore a part in the good cause; we know what a tower\nof strength Longstreet was to the noblest knight who has graced tented\nfield since the peerless Bayard passed from earth,--Robert E. Lee; we\nfeel and know to-day that neither boundless praise nor fullest words of\ngratitude can exaggerate the worth of James Longstreet or pay him what\nwe owe.\n\u201cBy what I deem is a peculiarly fortunate coincidence, we are\ncommitting his remains to the tomb on a day when the Catholic Church\ncommemorates the manifestation of our Saviour to the Gentiles in the\npersons of the wise men, who, led by a star, came from their distant\nhomes to Bethlehem. The Bible tells us that they found the Child and\nMary, His Mother. God has sent stars which have been beacon-lights\non our pathway through the world, though in their gleaming we have\nfoolishly failed at times to see the guiding hand of a merciful\nProvidence. Joy and sorrow, sickness, and even death have been stars\nwhich should have led us nearer and nearer to God.\n\u201cIt is my duty as a priest of God to call your attention to the\nobvious lesson of this occasion,--the vanity of mere earthly greatness\nand the certainty of death and the necessity of preparation for it.\nJames Longstreet was a brave soldier, a gallant gentleman, but better\nstill--a consistent Christian. After the war between the States he\nbecame a member of the Catholic Church, and to his dying day remained\nfaithful to her teaching and loyal to her creed.\n\u201cDeep down in the heart and breast of every man when touched by\nthe correcting hand of God there is a longing for some means of\ncommunicating with loved ones who have been taken from us by death. Oh\nthat we might reach them or tell them of our love or do something for\nthem!\n\u201cIn that familiar profession of faith, which comes down to us even\nfrom the days of the immediate followers of the Master, there is a\nclause which brings comfort to the afflicted heart of the sorrowing\nand answers the longings of the grief-stricken. It is that solemn\nprofession of our belief in the communion of saints.\n\u201cTo the Catholic heart it tells of a golden chain of intercession\nlonger than the ladder of the patriarch and reaching from the cold\ndead clods of earth even to the great throne of God; a golden chain\nwhich links and binds together the children of God here and above; a\nbrilliant and mystic tie which binds and unites the blessed ones who\nnow see God in heaven to us who yet labor and wait in this vale of\ntears. It tells us of their interest in our salvation and their prayers\nin our behalf. But it brings yet more solace and comfort to aching\nhearts when it soothes the grief of those who are in doubt as to the\ndead who have had their garments soiled with the warfare of this world\nand have left it not prepared to meet that God before whom scarce the\nangels are pure; for it tells, too, that even we may aid by our prayers\nthose who are yet in the communion of saints.\n\u201cThe last words of Mother Church have been said for James Longstreet.\nSoftly and tenderly they fall on every Christian ear, for the children\nof the Church they have a deeper meaning.\n\u201cMay his soul rest in peace. Amen.\u201d\nThis concluded the funeral services and the body was borne from the\ncourt-house to the hearse by the active pall-bearers. The procession\nthen formed in the following order: Queen City Band, Candler Horse\nGuards, and Governor\u2019s Horse Guards, honorary escort; hearse with\npall-bearers, family and relatives, Confederate Veterans, Daughters of\nthe Confederacy, mayor and council and county officers, Brenau College,\nChildren of the Confederacy, citizens and public generally. The\nprocession moved up North Bradford Street to Spring Street, out Spring\nStreet to Grove, down Grove to West Broad, thence Broad to Alta Vista\nCemetery.\nFather Schadewell accompanied the remains to the cemetery, where a\nshort service was held, the crowd baring their heads when the following\nprayer was read:\n\u201cAlmighty and most merciful Father, who knowest the weakness of our\nnature, bow down thine ear in pity unto Thy servants upon whom Thou\nhast laid the heavy burden of sorrow. Take away out of their hearts the\nspirit of rebellion and teach them to see Thy good and gracious purpose\nworking in all the trials which Thou dost send upon them. Grant that\nthey may not languish in fruitless and unavailing grief, nor sorrow\nas those who have no hope, but meekly look up to Thee, the God of all\nconsolation, through Christ our Lord. Amen.\n\u201cGrant, O Lord, that whilst we lament the departure of our brother,\nThy servant, out of the life, we may bear in mind that we are most\ncertainly to follow him. Give us grace to make ready for that last\nhour by a devout and holy life and protect us against a sudden and\nunprovided death. Teach us how to watch and pray that when the summons\ncomes we may go forth to meet the bridegroom and enter with him into\nlife everlasting, through Christ our Lord. Amen. Eternal rest grant\nunto him, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon him.\u201d\nA volley was then fired over the grave of the dead leader by the\nCandler Horse Guards and a detachment from the Governor\u2019s Horse Guards,\nunder command of Colonel A. J. West, and Captain W. N. Pillow, taps\nwere sounded, and the grave closed over one of the greatest warriors\nthe world has ever known.\n(From the Atlanta, Georgia, Constitution.)\n(By Alan Rogers.)\nPathetic Scenes Marked the Interment of Lee\u2019s \u201cOld War-Horse.\u201d\n    With muffled drums and the flag that was furled\n    With the cause that was lost, when the last smoke curled\n    From the last old gun, at the last brave stand--\n    His soul marched on with the old command;\n    And the step was slow, as they bore away,\n    To await the eternal muster day,\n    Their old-time comrade, lost awhile,\n    But loved long since for the brave old smile\n    That cleared the way when he only knew\n    His ways were Gray and their ways were Blue;\n    And if for a time, he walked alone,\n    He\u2019s all right now, for \u201cLongstreet\u2019s home:\u201d\n    Back to his old command he\u2019s gone,\n    With Lee and Jackson looking on,\n    And cheering him back to the ranks again\n    With the Blue and the Gray all melted in.\n            GAINESVILLE, GEORGIA, January 6, 1904.\nSlowly the bells of Gainesville toll a requiem, the last taps have\nsounded only to be lost again across the winter-browned fields of\nGeorgia, but the reveille of awakening still rings out clear and\ntrue that to-day old comrades in arms, citizens, soldiers, admirers,\nfriends, women of the South, children of a rising generation, Georgia,\nand all Dixieland may know that Lieutenant-General James Longstreet,\nthe \u201cwar-horse\u201d of the Confederacy, has at last again joined his old\ncommand.\nAnd the thousands who marched to the little cemetery just as the sun\nstarted on its sleeping journey in the west did not come to say a last\ngood-by; with uncovered heads they simply said good-night.\nIn the court-house which but a few months ago was a converted hospital\nfor the care of those maimed by a terrible cyclone, the body of General\nLongstreet rests beneath the Stars and Bars of the Confederacy and the\nStars and Stripes of the Union. Old soldiers passed in a never-ending\nprocession with uncovered heads for one last look upon the face of\ntheir commander. Look if you will behind that curtain of mist before\nthe eyes of that wearer of a gray uniform and you will see quite\nanother picture. It is that of his beloved \u201cOld Pete,\u201d as he was known\nby his own command, hurrying on to the support of General Jackson at\nManassas. Or his indomitable courage on the retreat from Gettysburg\n\u201cleading on and on as strong in the adversity of defeat as in the\nsuccess that follows victory.\u201d Or perhaps hurrying towards the front\nat the Wilderness, the intrepid leader so far in the van that he was\nwounded by his own men. Or at the last succumbing at Appomattox to\nthe inevitable and with Lee reaping the reward of honor that belonged\nto a surrender that cost more bravery than all of the battles of that\nblood-drained period of history.\nThe sentinels that guard the bier are withdrawn. The body is carried\nby loving hands to the court-room above. Here in the presence of his\nnearest relatives and friends that taxed not alone the capacity of the\nbuilding, but overflowed into an acre of mourning humanity outside.\nHere in the closely crowded hall of justice converted into a sanctuary\nby lighted candles and the priestly robes of the officiating clergy,\nthe services were held. There was no music save the stifled sob of\nbrave men whose hearts were awakened to the sacred ties of old-time\nmemories in a way beyond their control. Bishop Keiley, himself an old\nsoldier of General Longstreet, and Rev. Fathers Gunn, of Atlanta, and\nSchadewell, of Albany, officiated. After the reading of the prayers\nof the impressive service of the Roman Catholic Church, Bishop Keiley\nin a beautiful eulogy revered again the memory of his old friend and\ncommander. His address appears in another column, but the choking\nof his voice, the closed eyes shutting back the tears that would\ncome,--these things are lost in the reproduction of printer\u2019s ink and\ncan only remain in the memories of those who were so privileged as to\nbe present.\nThe picture was most inspiring. Look, if you will, at the one-time\nforest of battle-flags, hewn down and water-logged in the blood of many\nvictories to a tiny grove of priceless ribbons that rise and fall with\nthe wavering strength of the old soldiers who carry them. And in this\nsame sweetly sad procession march with faltering steps the men who wore\nthe gray and the sturdy step of those who, now belonging to a rising\ngeneration, wear the blue of the reunited union.\nBut perhaps even more inspiring than the uniforms of gray were the\nwomen of the South, Daughters of the Revolution, school-girls,\nDaughters of the Confederacy, many of them wives or widows of old\ncomrades--the bravest army of home-defenders, valor-inspiring soldiers\nthat ever dared not only to die but to let die all that was highest and\ndearest in one common cause. Impressive is the marching of men. But the\nmarching of women--it is different, wonderfully, beautifully different.\nWhat was said may soon be forgotten, but what was seen by those who\ngathered at the grave will live forever in the memory of all those who\nsaw. Above the opening of the last resting-place of General Longstreet\nthe two flags he loved so well were again crossed and stacked for the\nbivouac that knows no waking. Just as the near relatives and dearest\nfriends were gathered about the grave, there stepped up an old veteran\nand delivered the Stars and Bars as the last, loving message from\nGeneral Jenkins, of North Carolina. With this old flag and the Stars\nand Stripes, the General was buried.\nThen, just as the body was about to be lowered, another figure bent\nwith the ravages of time and trembling with the emotion that bespeaks\na tender heart and brave courage made his way to the circle about the\ngrave. His interruption of the services was beautiful beyond all hope\nof describing.\n\u201cI want,\u201d he said, and he hesitated not as one who has forgotten some\ncarefully prepared speech, but rather as one whose heart was getting\nthe better of his attempt at expression, \u201cI want to bury this jacket,\nmy old gray jacket, with my General. I\u2019ve got my papers, too, my\nenlistment papers. They\u2019re all here, and they\u2019re all clean. I wasn\u2019t\nan officer, but I belonged to Longstreet\u2019s command, and I\u2019d rather be\na private in the old corps than, than---- Well, I\u2019ve served my time,\nand the General, he\u2019s served his time, too. And I reckon I won\u2019t need\nmy uniform and papers again. But I\u2019d like to leave them with him for\nalways. They were enlisted under his command, and as I don\u2019t ever want\nto be mustered out again, I\u2019d just like to leave them with him always,\nif you don\u2019t mind.\u201d\nAnd as no one minded unless it was in the most beautiful way possible,\nthe faded gray jacket and the enlistment papers were lowered with the\ncrossed flags of two republics and many floral offerings as a last\nloving tribute to General Longstreet, who, with the final sounding of\ntaps, again passed for ever and ever to his waiting commander and his\nold command.\nTRIBUTES FROM THE PRESS\n(_Washington, D. C., Post._)\n  \u201cHis are as noble ashes as rest beneath the sod of any land.\u201d\nWe think it safe to say that there is something in the suggestion that\nthese late attacks on General Longstreet\u2019s action at the battle of\nGettysburg have for their inspiration a political bitterness of more\nthan thirty years\u2019 standing. Certainly, it is true that up to the\nclose of the Civil War, and, indeed, for several years afterwards,\nno one ever heard a question raised as to his military ability. On\nthe contrary, it was everywhere conceded, especially by his immediate\ncomrades and associates, that he stood almost at the top of the list of\nConfederate warriors, not only in the matter of professional equipment,\nbut in that of personal integrity and character. With the exception\nof Robert E. Lee, Longstreet was regarded as the very prince of the\nfighters, strategists, and great commanders of that heroic episode. If\nany one had hinted, even as late as 1869, that there was the smallest\nflaw in his fame, either as a soldier or a gentleman, the author of the\nintimation would have had enough quarrels on his hands to last him to\nhis dying day.\nAlong in the later sixties, however, Longstreet was a resident\nof New Orleans. He had engaged in business there, having as his\npartner Colonel Owen, another Southern soldier of high standing and\ndistinguished service. The shadow of reconstruction was then brooding\nover the South, and thoughtful men, who had accepted the result of the\nwar in loyal faith, consulted together as to the best means of averting\nits evils, which were at that time sufficiently defined. Finally, in\n1870 or 1871, the so-called \u201cUnification Movement\u201d was launched. At\nits head were numbers of the most prominent and influential men in\nLouisiana, and conspicuous among them was Beauregard. The project\nwas discussed by the newspapers and generally approved in the more\nsubstantial and responsible circles. At last a meeting was called for\nthe purpose of bringing together the best representatives of both\nraces and arranging, if possible, a course of action which would make\nfor peace and order and avert the turmoil that afterwards succeeded\nto the irruption of the carpet-baggers and the consequent _r\u00e9gime_\nof chaos. Before the appointed day, however, Longstreet\u2019s coadjutors\nexperienced a change of heart. They abandoned the experiment which\nthey themselves had devised, and Longstreet was left almost without\ncountenance or sympathy. With characteristic determination, he adhered\nto the policy his judgment and conscience had originally approved.\nOf course, it came to nothing, and he, stung by what he regarded as\nthe desertion of the others, and still more deeply hurt by criticisms\nshowered on him, often from the ranks of his quondam associates,\nwent on as he had begun. Then began the breach which in time widened\nto animosity, ostracism, and lifelong alienation. He may have been\nmistaken. At least he was courageous and consistent. But we feel sure\nit cannot be successfully denied that doubts as to his military genius\nwere cradled in that unhappy episode.\nWe have no idea of participating in any controversy over the details of\nGettysburg. That may be left to the survivors who were in a position\nto form intelligent opinions. For our part, we think of Longstreet now\nas all of his compatriots thought of him up to 1870--that he was one\nof the finest figures on the stage of the Civil War; a spectacle of\nperfect gallantry; an example of warlike force and splendor. We do not\nbelieve he ever received an order from Lee which he did not execute\nwith instant energy. We do not believe he failed in anything, either\nthere or elsewhere, that became a valorous and brilliant soldier. He\nis dead now, and cannot answer his accusers, but nearly forty years\nhave elapsed since he sheathed his stainless sword in 1865, and, in our\ncalm, dispassionate opinion, his are as noble ashes as rest beneath the\nsod of any land.\n(_Jacksonville, Florida, Times-Union._)\n  \u201cPeace and honor to his storm-driven soul.\u201d\nNow that James Longstreet is no more, the South should forgive the\nestrangement that followed long years of service. Perhaps he was wiser\nthan we--perhaps to-day we are not very far from the position he took\na generation ago. Perhaps his greatness as a soldier was largely due\nto the same qualities which set his people in opposition to him in\ncivil life--he had utter confidence in his own judgment, and he went\nstraight for what he thought was right regardless of all prudential\nconsiderations.\nWe have accepted the result of the war in good faith--let us accept\nall that goes with it in our hearts and minds. Others advised while\nLongstreet acted--once we hated him because he headed our foes to\nmake us keep order; were the riots against which Longstreet stood\nin New Orleans to be repeated in Atlanta, we know Gordon or Wheeler\nwould head the regulars to restore peace and order if their counsels\nwere disregarded. The time makes a difference to the sufferers--but\nnot to the historian through whose glasses we can now afford to look.\nLongstreet is dead--weave violets and amaranth in his wreath of\nlaurel--peace and honor to his storm-driven soul.\n(_Shelby, North Carolina, Aurora._)\n  \u201cHero of two wars punished for his politics in days of peace.\u201d\nA camp of United Confederate Veterans at Wilmington, at a regular\nmeeting, declined to send resolutions of condolence and sympathy to the\nfamily of General Longstreet on his death.\nAnd yet General Longstreet was a\nHero of two wars.\nHe was the \u201cWar-Horse of the Confederacy.\u201d\nHe was in the thickest of the fight from Manassas to Appomattox.\nHe was familiarly known throughout the army as \u201cOld Pete,\u201d and was\nconsidered the hardest fighter in the Confederate service.\nHe had the unbounded confidence of his troops, and \u201cthe whole army\nbecame imbued with new vigor in the presence of the foe when it became\nknown down the line that \u2018Old Pete\u2019 was up.\u201d\nWhy, then, did not the Wilmington camp pass those resolutions?\nBecause General Longstreet was a Republican. For this reason he was\nHated,\nAbused,\nSlandered.\nHe was charged with disobeying General Lee\u2019s most vital orders at\nGettysburg, causing the loss of the battle and the ultimate destruction\nof the Confederacy.\n(_Biblical, North Carolina, Record._)\n  \u201cSo long as Lee lived no one attacked Longstreet\u2019s military\n  honor.\u201d\nGeneral Longstreet was a great general. He was an able strategist,\na hard fighter, and a faithful soldier. So long as Lee lived no one\ncharged Longstreet with failure to make the fanciful sunrise attack on\nthe second day at Gettysburg. But when Lee had died, this calumny was\nstarted, and it was used in hounding him to the day of his death--on\nthat day certain misguided Daughters of the Confederacy refusing\nto send flowers for his bier. Longstreet was the victim of a foul\npersecution by a partisan press--the like of which we see nowadays at\never-increasing intervals. They did not approve his ideas, and they\nruined him. He advised the South to accept the results of the war; his\nbusiness was taken from him, his friends were estranged, and his life\nwas made a burden.\nHis magnificent services deserved better reward. But history will give\nhim his place; intolerance even now is departing; and as for Longstreet\nhimself, he stands to-night before the Judge of all the world.\n(_St. Louis Globe-Democrat._)\n  \u201cRepublicanism does not necessarily involve treason to the South.\u201d\nOne aspect of General Longstreet\u2019s career from Appomattox till his\ndeath the other day brings out a very unlovely attribute which was\nobtrusive in the South during these years. That was the ostracism\nto which he was subject because he joined the Republican party and\naccepted two or three offices from Republican Presidents. This\nantagonism towards him by a large portion of the old Confederate\nelement gradually diminished as a new generation in the South appeared\non the scene. Some of the feeling, however, remained to the close of\nhis days, and evinced itself in the obituaries of many of the Southern\npapers.\nA few facts are sufficient to expose the absurdity of this Southern\nantagonism to Confederates who cast their fortunes with the Republicans\nafter the Confederacy fell--this feeling that an adherent of the lost\ncause must cling everlastingly to the Democratic party through evil and\ngood reports under the penalty of eternal proscription. In the score of\nyears from Longstreet\u2019s graduation from West Point to his resignation,\nshortly after Sumter\u2019s fall, he was in the army, and a participant\nin the wars in Mexico and along the frontier in which the army was\nengaged. The probability is that until after Appomattox he never cast\na ballot in his life. Moreover, at the time of his graduation, many of\nthe South\u2019s most prominent statesmen--Tyler, Brownlow, Toombs, Legare,\nBell, Clayton, Upshur, Henry T. Wise, Botts, Alexander H. Stephens, and\nothers--were Whigs. The Whig, Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, carried\nmore Southern States than did his Democratic antagonist, Cass.\nWhat warrant had the South for proscribing Longstreet, because he,\na soldier who never had any politics in the old days, joined the\nRepublican party just as soon as he became a civilian and got a\nchance to exercise his privileges as a citizen? Mosby, Mahone, and\nmany other ex-Confederates who had been civilians before the war, and\nwho, presumably, had taken some part in politics, also joined the\nRepublican party, though they did not do this quite so promptly as did\nLongstreet. When Foote, of Mississippi, and Orr, of South Carolina,\nboth of whom had been prominent in Democratic politics before the war,\nthe latter of whom had been Speaker of the House in part of Buchanan\u2019s\ndays in the Presidency, and both of whom had been in the Confederate\nservice, became Republicans soon after the Confederacy collapsed, their\nneighbors ought to have grasped the fact that there must have been\nsomething in this party which appealed to intelligent public-spirited\nmen of all localities, and that membership in it by a South Carolinian,\na Georgian, or a Louisianian did not necessarily and inevitably involve\ntreason either to the South\u2019s interests or to its traditions. Mixed\nin with the many shining virtues of the people below Mason and Dixon\u2019s\nline, there was, as shown in their attitude for many years towards\nLongstreet, one very unattractive trait.\n(_Vicksburg, Mississippi, Herald._)\n  \u201cThere was no more magnificent display of heroism during the\n  entire war than at Gettysburg.\u201d\nAs truly as Warwick was the last of the barons of the feudal era, was\nLongstreet the last of the great Confederate commanders. He rose to\nprominence in the early engagements of the war--his was a household\nname as one of the chief hopes of the cause, when those of all the\nremaining survivors of like rank were colonels and brigadiers. At\nthe first Manassas, Williamsburg, Seven Pines, Seven Days\u2019 fight,\nthe second Manassas, Sharpsburg, and Fredericksburg he was the chief\nsubordinate figure except where he divided the honors with Stonewall\nJackson. And after the death of that very Napoleon of war, until the\n_ultimo suspiro_ at Appomattox, Longstreet was Lee\u2019s right hand; or, as\nour great commander fondly called him, \u201cmy old war-horse.\u201d How highly\nhe was held at head-quarters and the war department was shown in his\nbeing made the senior lieutenant-general, even over Jackson, after the\n1862 test by fire.\nAt Gettysburg Longstreet was in charge of the fighting line, of placing\nthe divisions in action, on the second and third days of that Titanic\nstruggle. Whatever may be said of the result,--of the errors which\nmisinformation and sycophancy have attempted to make him the scapegoat\nof,--there was no more magnificent display of heroism during the entire\nwar.\nIt has not been the Southern fashion of late years to praise, or even\npractise justice towards, Longstreet. But now that the stout warrior\nis dead and gone to eternal judgment, all should speak of his virtues,\nhis glorious deeds of arms, without thought or reference to that sad\nerror of judgment that, no smaller in its intent and inception than \u201ca\nman\u2019s hand,\u201d grew to a dark cloud between Longstreet and his people.\nThis will be appreciated by survivors of the old First Corps, no good\nsoldier of which has ever failed to repeat with pride, \u201cI followed\nLongstreet.\u201d As one of that band the editor of the _Herald_ has always\nleft criticism of our old chief\u2019s politics to others. If ever the\ninclination came to us, there rose up two pictures of the past that\nforbade,--the heroic and inspiring figure of Longstreet as he rode up\nto Colonel Humphreys of the Twenty-first Mississippi, towards the close\nof that grand \u201ccentre rush\u201d of Barksdale\u2019s brigade that swept Sickles\nand his Third Corps off of the \u201cPeach-Orchard Hill,\u201d at Gettysburg, to\ntell him that Barksdale was killed and to take command of the brigade;\nand Longstreet as he was borne from the front at the Wilderness, all\nfaint and bloody from what seemed a death wound.\nLongstreet is now no more. But there is a thrill in the name that\ncarries his surviving followers backward forty years--recalling the\nroar of cannon, the charging column, the \u201crebel\u201d yell, the groans of\nwounded and dying comrades. For,\n    \u201cThere where Death\u2019s brief pang was quickest,\n    And the battle\u2019s wreck lay thickest--\n    There be sure was Longstreet charging,\n    There he ne\u2019er shall charge again.\u201d\n(_Bainbridge, Georgia, Searchlight._)\n  \u201cRobbed of the laurels won in peerless campaigns.\u201d\nThe death of General Longstreet at his Gainesville home the other day\nremoves one of the few grand actors of the war drama of the sixties.\nHe was known as the \u201cold war-horse of the Confederacy,\u201d and perhaps\nin point of military ability he ranked next to the great Lee himself.\nHis soldiers had the most remarkable confidence in him, and he it was\nwho could inspire them to deeds of valor unparalleled. At times since\nthere have been those who have attempted to cast aspersions on his\nillustrious name, saying that he disobeyed Lee\u2019s orders at Gettysburg.\nA timely article has just been published, and curiously in the same\npaper that conveyed the sad intelligence of his death, from the pen of\nMrs. Longstreet, presumably composed with the aid of the General in\nhis last feeble days, that answers completely and satisfactorily all\ncharges of stubbornness or disobedience at that famous battle. It is\na pity that so great a soldier and military genius should not have\nbeen allowed to have worn the laurels of so many peerless campaigns\nundisturbed and without envy. Now that he is dead his memory should be\nenshrined in the hearts of a grateful people for whose cause he did\nbattle, and the remembrance of his illustrious deeds should be handed\ndown to future generations as those of the knights of the round table.\n(_Thompson, Georgia, Progress._)\n  \u201cWould have been court-martialed for disobeying orders at\n  Gettysburg.\u201d\nIt is passing strange that any one should make such a charge against\nGeneral Longstreet, in view of the fact that General Lee never made any\nsuch charge; and any sane man knows that he would have made the charge\nhad it been true, and no doubt General Longstreet would have been\ncourt-martialed for such an offence, especially as it is charged that\nthis probably lost the battle to the Confederates.\nGeneral Longstreet was one of the greatest and bravest of the\nConfederate generals, and no man should endeavor to dim the lustre of\nhis brilliant military record or cast reflections upon his good name as\na citizen or doubt his loyalty to the South. No hero that wore the gray\ndeserves more honor and thanks than this gallant Southern hero, who,\nlike Lee, Jackson, Johnston, and a long list of other loyal Southern\nsons resigned a position of prominence in the army of the United States\nand cast his fortunes with his Southern brethren in defense of Southern\nrights, homes, and firesides, and many of whom died for Southern honor.\nSleep on, noble and illustrious soldier and patriot! Thy good name and\nrecord as a soldier is safe from the attacks of politicians, rivals,\nand so-called Daughters of the Confederacy of Savannah!\n(_Houston, Texas, Chronicle._)\n  \u201cHe was superior to human vanity or ambition.\u201d\nIt should not be forgotten that when the war began General Longstreet,\nlike General Lee and many others of the South\u2019s illustrious leaders,\nwas an officer in the army of the United States. Had he adhered to the\nUnion, high command awaited him; the siren voice of ambition whispered\nto him of a splendid future of fame and honor and rich reward, while\nhe knew more doubtful was the issue if he heeded the call of duty\nand offered his sword to the South. Yet he did not hesitate. To his\nmother\u2019s cry he responded like the faithful son and hero that he was,\nand proved superior to human vanity or ambition.\nThis being true, it is but fair to presume that whatever step he took\nafterwards was inspired by the high sense of duty, and that he took it\nonly after having taken counsel with his conscience and with due regard\nfor the requirements of patriotism and honor.\nIn every position in civil life, many and responsible as they were,\nhe bore himself with ability, dignity, efficiency, and with stainless\nhonor; there was never a spot upon his official record, but the\ncivilian, as was the soldier, was without reproach.\nIf any man or woman doubts or calls in question the record of James\nLongstreet as a soldier, let him or her ask the veteran Southern\nsoldier who followed him (and there are a number in Houston) what\nthey think of him, and with one voice they will say, \u201cHe was Lee\u2019s\n\u2018war-horse.\u2019 When we heard Longstreet was in the lead or in command, or\nwas coming, we knew that victory would follow the fighting; we trusted\nhim; Lee trusted him; the army trusted him.\u201d\n\u201cWhere beyond these voices there is peace,\u201d the old hero is at rest.\nLittle it recks whether men praise or blame him now--\u201cThe peace of God\nwhich passeth all understanding\u201d is upon him, and history will write\nhim down as he was, a brave, able, faithful soldier, who so loved his\nnative land as to pour out his heroic blood in its defence. Than this\nhe asks no higher praise.\n(_Atlanta, Georgia, Constitution._)\n  \u201cTruth will take hold upon the pen of history.\u201d\nA great soldier, in the ripeness of years and yet enduring to the\nlatest breath the pangs of the wounds of four decades ago, has fallen\nupon earth\u2019s final sleep.\nIn the brave days of his earlier soldiership, and then in the strenuous\nyears of one of the world\u2019s most tragic wars, wherein his genius\nlifted him to the next highest rank of generalship, General James\nLongstreet was a conspicuous figure and always a force to be reckoned\nwith. The finest and justest military critics of America and Europe\nhave pronounced him a commander in whom were combined those abilities\nof initiative, strategy, and persistent daring that make the historic\ngeneral of any age or people.\nWhile to others who were concerned in the great campaigns and battles\nof which he was a distinguished factor there may have appeared in his\nacts some incidents for criticism, yet to his immediate officers and\nmen he was ever the ideal soldier and the peerless commander. But in\nthe presence of his shrouded frame, in the revived memories of his\nloyalty and his heroism, and in the knowledge that the seeming errors\nof men in pivotal crises are often the misunderstood interferences of\nthe Supreme Ruler, judgments cease and reverence, gratitude, and honor\nform the threnody at the tomb.\nThe war record of General Longstreet will always remain a theme of\nlaudation by the sons of Southerners. For the reward of it thousands\nrefused to sanction the rebukes his subsequent career sometimes\nengendered among his compatriots. Who that witnessed it can forget the\nembrace given Longstreet by ex-President Davis here in Atlanta and\nthe tremendous ovation that greeted the old hero in his veteran gray\nuniform as he joined in the gala-day made in honor of his disfranchised\nchief?\nGeneral Longstreet\u2019s taking of office under President Grant has\nbeen always a misunderstood transaction. It was not a surrender of\nhis Southern sentiments or an act of disloyalty to the Southern\npeople. At the time when General Grant, feeling the impulses of\nformer comradeship, tendered an office and its emoluments to General\nLongstreet, whose fortunes were in sore straits, the old soldier\nrefused to consider acceptance of the offer until urged to it by\nhis later fellow-soldiers in New Orleans, including Generals Hood,\nBeauregard, Harry Hayes, Ogden, and even Jefferson Davis himself. He\naccepted it in the belief that it was his duty to take any occasion\nfor public service that otherwise would be held in the hands of alien\ncarpet-baggers and haters of the Southern people. But the occasion was\ntoo soon--the passions of the people yet too inflamed. Without full\nknowledge of the inwardness of his conduct the people whom he loved\nheaped upon him a penetrating scorn and livid coals of indignation. He\nwas too brave to complain; too considerate to expose his advisers, and\nhis heroism was never more chivalrous than the long patience with which\nuntil now he has endured the misjudgments of his Southern fellow-men.\nBut these things are naught now to the flown spirit. Hereafter truth\nwill take hold upon the pen of history and rewrite much that has been\nmiswritten of this great son of the South. His stainless integrity, his\ndevotion to the cause of his militant people, his incomparable bravery\nin battle, his superb generalship on campaign, and his later chivalry\nin the calm conduct of his citizenship and public service remain as\nwholesome memories of a world-acclaimed Southern hero.\n(_St. Paul, Minnesota, Pioneer Press._)\n  \u201cOstracised by men who did no fighting.\u201d\nThe pestiferous pertinacity with which certain women of the South seize\nevery opportunity to fan the embers of a dying sectional animosity,\nand to blazon their adherence to the principles of the \u201cLost Cause,\u201d\nis again illustrated in the refusal of the Savannah Daughters of the\nConfederacy to send a wreath to be laid on General Longstreet\u2019s grave.\nNext to Robert E. Lee, Longstreet had the reputation of being the\nablest of the officers who fought on the Southern side in the Great\nRebellion. But at the close of the war, satisfied that the Lost Cause\nwas lost forever, and that it was useless to attempt to keep alive\na spirit of revenge,--heart-won, too, by the splendid generosity of\nGrant in his dealings with the defeated army of Lee,--he \u201caccepted the\nsituation;\u201d accepted, too, from the Republican soldier-president the\noffice of surveyor of the port of New Orleans, and addressed all his\npowers to the work of healing the wounds of war and of reuniting the\nsections. For this he was ostracised by the ultra element of Southern\nirreconcilables--an element made up principally of women and of men who\ndid no fighting, and which nurses its bitterness with the unsatisfied\nspirit of the child who, not having finished his cry yesterday,\ninquires to-day, \u201cWhat was I crying about?\u201d in order that he may\nindulge in the luxury of tears once more. The men who fought under and\nwith Longstreet honor his later loyalty to the Union as much as they\ndo his steadfast courage and ability under the \u201cStars and Bars\u201d in the\nbloody sixties. The women who refuse his bier a tribute dishonor only\nthemselves.\n(_Atlanta, Georgia, Journal._)\n  \u201cOne of the most gallant spirits of the century.\u201d\nWith the death of General James Longstreet, who was the first ranking\ngeneral of the Confederate army, passes one of the most gallant spirits\nof the nineteenth century.\nOf all the men who fought with conspicuous valor and prowess for the\nConfederate cause, there was none who possessed more leonine courage\nor inspired in his men a greater degree of enthusiastic affection than\nthis chieftain whom Lee dubbed with the title of \u201cMy Old War-Horse\u201d\non the battle-field. That remark of Lee\u2019s was like the touch of an\naccolade upon his shoulders, and no subsequent misunderstandings or\ncriticisms have ever been able to rob him of the place among the\nchivalrous souls of the South to which he was elevated by their\nirreproachable King Arthur, General Lee.\nAnd, in view of the fact that the most choice and master military\nspirits of his age esteemed him to possess tactical ability and\nmilitary judgment equal in degree to his undisputed qualities of\npersistent bravery, such criticisms as there were are scarcely worthy\nof mention and demand no refutation now in any backward glance at his\nbrilliant career. The South can point to his record with pride, as his\nmilitary associates have ever pointed to the man himself with a quick\nand affectionate appreciation. No note of apology should mingle with\nthe praise and grief of those who look to-day with tear-blurred eyes\nupon the soldier\u2019s bier.\nAnd the memory of his actions on the boisterous stage of battle and of\nthe single-hearted, loyal _r\u00f4le_ he played through all the shifting\nscenes of that greatest war-drama of the century should in itself\nconstitute a rebuke to those who have sought to rebuke him for certain\ngenerally misunderstood actions in his subsequent career. He became an\noffice-holder under General Grant, a very, very human thing to do. It\nwas a very, very natural thing that General Grant, who had married the\ncousin of the \u201cOld War-Horse,\u201d and who was, besides, actuated by the\nspirit of a remembered, youthful comradeship, should give his friend,\ncomrade, and relative an office when Longstreet was walking along\nthorny financial paths. And his acceptance, urged as he was to accept\nby his Confederate comrades, was, under the circumstances, very human\nand very natural. He made a good public servant--where could Grant\nhave found a better in those reconstruction days, which were not noted\nfor the excellence of their public servants? Where could Longstreet\nhave better served his own people than by taking an office which might\notherwise have been given to men who were still so inflamed by partisan\nprejudice as to hate those people? His motives were of the highest\nin this acceptance, and his attitude of silently bearing the remarks\nof those who criticised him under a misapprehension stamps his moral\ncourage with the golden seal of a serene nobility.\nHe was misjudged, but he happily lived to see most of those who\nmisjudged him silenced by an exposition of facts which he was too proud\nto set forth himself.\nThe debtor years have rendered back to him the refined coin of a fixed\nfame for his life labor. He is dead, and his place--a high one in the\nworld\u2019s history--is enduring.\n(_Newport, Virginia, News._)\n  \u201cThe bravest of the brave.\u201d\nThe Savannah Daughters of the Confederacy, whose custom it is to send\na laurel wreath for the tomb of deceased Confederates, refused to send\none upon the death of General Longstreet a few days ago.\nThe Daughters at Savannah have, we suppose, satisfactorily to\nthemselves, settled the mooted question of the Gettysburg controversy,\nbut we do not believe their action will find applause generally\namong the ex-Confederate soldiers. Whatever may have been the fact\nat Gettysburg, it is beyond dispute that his actions there did not\nestrange his loyal soldiers, nor impair the esteem in which he was held\nby General Lee. The close of the war found him in command of the left\nwing of the army, and he joined General Lee on the way to Appomattox.\nIn referring to his death the Richmond _Times-Dispatch_ says,--\n  \u201cWe recall General Longstreet as one of the bravest of the\n  brave, one who struck many blows for the Confederacy, and one on\n  whom General Lee often leaned and whose name is identified with\n  world-famous battles. These are things we cannot forget, nor do\n  we wish to.\u201d\nWhatever may be said of the attitude of the South since the war\ntowards General Longstreet, the fact remains that his espousal of the\nRepublican cause in politics did most to invite criticism, and this he\nalways felt was unjust to him.\nIt seems strange that General John B. Gordon should have so bitterly\nattacked General Longstreet, and it is charity to say that he did it\nfrom political reasons, and not by way of challenging war records.\nWith his fresh grave denied its laurel wreath at the hands of the\nSavannah Daughters, and his lifeless lips beyond reply to carping\ncritics, it is refreshing to see that the loyal wife, who walked with\nhim in the evening of life, brings her own wreath of the roses of\nlove, dewy with her tears, and places it upon the grave that holds his\nvaliant dust.\n(Birmingham, Alabama, Ledger.)\n  \u201cIn the military annals of the Anglo-Saxon race there is nothing\n  finer than his fighting record.\u201d\nThe author of the article on Longstreet, which recently appeared in\nthe _Ledger_ and which we republish below, has been a close student of\nmilitary history, and was personally observant of great movements in\nVirginia during the war:\n  \u201cMen of Southern blood who recall the days when the civilized\n  world was thrilled with the renown of those great Confederate\n  captains, \u2018Lee, Longstreet, and Jackson,\u2019 can scarcely realize\n  that the grave has just closed over all that is mortal of the\n  stoutest, the steadiest, the most practical, pushing, resolute,\n  and stolidly unimaginative fighter of that goodly and immortal\n  group. In the military annals of the Anglo-Saxon race there\n  is nothing finer than the fighting record of this Old Lion of\n  the South. It does not need the formal observances of official\n  commemoration to perpetuate the memory of a man who led the\n  stanch legions of the Confederacy in victorious fellowship with\n  Jackson and Lee. Tradition alone will uplift and applaud his\n  name long after monuments have crumbled and Camps and Chapters\n  have ceased to exist. None knew better than the great Virginian\n  leader that the neck of the \u2018Old War-Horse\u2019 was always clothed\n  with thunder when the shock of battle came. Lee never dreamed\n  that Longstreet was faithless.\n  \u201cEvery American who is proud of our common race must deplore the\n  openly manifest disposition of Southern veterans and sons of\n  veterans to discredit for all time the great historic soldiers of\n  the South. It needs not the perspicacity of a Verulam to inform\n  us that the highest virtues are not visible to the common eye.\n  The disposition to suspect and besmirch a glorious soldier--a man\n  whose leadership immortalized the armies that he led--not only\n  betokens a radical change in popular ideals, but apparently marks\n  the decadence of that traditional sentiment of chivalry which is\n  truly \u2018the unbought grace of life,\u2019 and that generous martial\n  spirit which for generations has characterized the great Southern\n  branch of the Anglo-American race.\n  \u201cThe humblest citizen of this republic has an inalienable\n  interest in the heroic memories of the South. Let the Dead Lion\n  sleep in peace. Nothing is alien to the true American heart that\n  in the least degree concerns the glory of the Old South or the\n  interest of the New. It is precisely this sentiment that was\n  expressed in the fine chivalry of Grant at Appomattox and won for\n  that iron conqueror the lasting affection and respect of the men\n  that he had fought. The heroic Longstreet needs no higher eulogy\n  than the single phrase, He was the friend of Grant and Lee.\u201d\n(_Macon, Georgia, Telegraph._)\n  \u201cNo reproach can be cast upon his bravery and devotion.\u201d\nThe Savannah Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy has made\nitself ridiculous by throwing a brick at the dead lion at Gainesville!\nIt seems a pity that the enterprising news gatherers in the Forest City\nshould have given out to the public the silly action of these young\nwomen. Their offence was a resolution \u201crefusing\u201d to send a wreath to\nlay upon the grave of General Longstreet \u201cbecause he disobeyed orders\nat Gettysburg.\u201d\nThe causes for the drawn battle at the critical point in the history of\nthe struggle of the \u201960\u2019s will be debated while time lasts. So will the\ncauses for the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo. This debate has been and\nwill be participated in by the great commanders of the world. But no\nreproach has been, can, or will be cast upon the bravery or devotion of\nthe famous old fighter whose courage knew no abatement in the hundreds\nof engagements participated in during the trying experiences of three\nwars. Alexander and C\u00e6sar and Napoleon and Grant and Lee made their\nmistakes. So did Longstreet. But how does it seem for a bevy of young\nwomen to pounce upon the cold remains of this battle-scarred veteran\nand hero lying in state and attempt to punish him for an alleged\nmistake made forty years ago in the midst of the roar and clash of the\ngreatest battle in history! Their mothers knew better.\nWe are not surprised that veterans in Savannah feel aggrieved, as they\nmust feel everywhere that the action is known.\nGeneral Gordon believes that Longstreet made a mistake at Gettysburg,\nbut Lee said, \u201cIt is all my fault.\u201d The great chieftain in command made\nno charge against his great fighting arm. Touching this controversy,\nColonel McBride, writing to the Atlanta _Constitution_, says,\n\u201cLongstreet, although a prudent and cautious fighter, was not only\nalways ready to fight, but he was always anxious and wanted to fight.\nOn the second day he was not slow, but was simply putting himself\nin shape to do the bloodiest fight of the war. At least two-thirds\nof the casualties in America\u2019s greatest battle happened in front of\nLongstreet\u2019s corps. Reports show this. The records also show that he\nonly obeyed Lee\u2019s orders to the letter.\u201d\nGrant, however, that Longstreet made a costly mistake, there are times\nother than those at the grave to discuss them; there are persons\nother than young women unborn in those days to administer rebuke or\npunishment.\nIf these young women who sit in judgment at the tomb could not lay a\nflower on the new-made grave of an old war-horse of the Confederacy, it\nseems as if they might have restrained their tongues while the muffled\ndrum passing by rolled its last tattoo.\n(_New York Journal._)\n  \u201cAfter a while Southern capitals will be adorned with statues of\n  Longstreet; upon his grave \u2018his foeman\u2019s children will loose the\n  rose.\u2019\u201d\nAt the age of eighty-three General Longstreet has passed away--a\nnoble character, a good soldier, one of the hardest fighters of the\nCivil War. General Longstreet was pretty badly treated by the people\nwhose battles he fought with so great courage and capacity. He was\nno politician--just a soldier, and at the close of the war committed\nthe error of \u201cfraternizing\u201d with all his countrymen. He \u201caccepted\nthe situation,\u201d not wisely, but too early. With a fine and generous\nunwisdom he laid away the animosities of the war-time and put himself\nat once where all stand now,--on the broad, high ground of American\ncitizenship. No part had he in the provincial conceit of the thing\nthat has the immodesty to call itself a \u201cSouthern gentleman.\u201d It\nprobably never occurred to him that the qualities distinguishing\na gentleman from a pirate of the Spanish Main had so narrow a\ngeographical distribution as the term implies. He paid for his breadth\nof mind--became a kind of social outlaw and political excommunicant\nin \u201cthe land once proud of him.\u201d Briefly, his shipmates marooned him.\nWell, he has escaped--he has \u201cbeaten the game,\u201d as, sooner or later, we\nall conquer without exertion. After a while Southern capitals will be\nadorned with statues of Longstreet and upon his grave posterity will\nsee \u201chis foemen\u2019s children loose the rose.\u201d\n(_New York Tribune._)\n  Lee and Longstreet.\nThe death of General James Longstreet, as was to be expected, has\nrevived to some extent the controversies which have raged over\ncertain memorable incidents in his military career. For the last\ntwenty-five years persistent efforts have been made to throw on General\nLongstreet\u2019s shoulders responsibility for Lee\u2019s defeat at Gettysburg.\nNot a few Southern writers have gone so far as to accuse him, if not\nof insubordination, at least of culpable inattention to orders given\nhim by the Confederate commander-in-chief. General John B. Gordon,\nin his recently published reminiscences, revived and amplified these\ncharges against Longstreet, stating explicitly--as his own conclusion\nand as that of impartial military critics generally--that Longstreet\u2019s\nblunders had blasted Confederate hopes at Gettysburg, and that General\nLee \u201cdied believing he had lost by Longstreet\u2019s disobedience.\u201d\nStrangely enough, General Longstreet\u2019s wife had prepared an elaborate\nrefutation of General Gordon\u2019s theories, and had arranged for its\npublication on January 3--the day following General Longstreet\u2019s death.\nWe do not think that history will sustain the contentions of General\nLongstreet\u2019s critics. They are interesting enough as post-mortem\ndemonstrations of what might have been. But they ignore actual\nconditions. They picture a situation which could have existed only as a\nmilitary after-thought. General Longstreet cannot be made a scapegoat\nfor all the sins of hesitation or omission chargeable to Confederate\ncommanders at Gettysburg. General Gordon is himself disposed to censure\nGeneral Lee for not vigorously attacking the Federal forces in their\nnew position on the evening of July 1. He condemns utterly Longstreet\u2019s\nfailure to assault the Federal left wing early in the morning of July\n2. But he waves aside entirely the exhaustion of A. P. Hill\u2019s corps at\nthe conclusion of the first day\u2019s battle and the physical impediments\nto forming and executing an attack on the Federal left wing before noon\nof July 2. That Longstreet\u2019s assault suffered in effectiveness from the\ndelays of July 2 is greatly to be doubted. The fighting done by his\ncorps far excelled in dash and brilliance anything done at Gettysburg\nby Ewell\u2019s corps or A. P. Hill\u2019s. Longstreet bore the brunt of both the\nsecond and third day\u2019s struggle and emerged from the conflict with his\nreputation as a corps commander unimpaired. There is no reason to think\nthat he could have fought more brilliantly or more successfully if he\nhad attempted the attack which General Gordon philosophizes about in\nthe early morning of the second day.\nGeneral Lee at the close of the battle justly and honorably assumed\nentire responsibility for the Confederate defeat. Lee lost at\nGettysburg because on the offensive he seemed incapable of rising to\nthe full height of his military talent. His generalship in his two\nbrief invasions of Northern territory was commonplace.\nIn Lee\u2019s own lifetime not a word of criticism was aimed at Longstreet.\nIt is needless to inquire what influences have conspired to foist\non him the blame for the Confederate failure at Gettysburg. Another\ngeneration of Southern writers will do him more impartial justice. He\nwill certainly be classed hereafter by open-minded critics as one of\nthe ablest and most intelligent of the commanders who fought under the\nSouth\u2019s flag in the Civil War.\n\u201cNo Southern man suffered more or deserved it less.\u201d\nThe death of General Longstreet removes from the world\u2019s stage of\naction one who in time of war had his name and his deeds sounded by the\ntrumpet of fame throughout the civilized world. He was a conspicuous\nfigure in the eyes of the world, and his name was at one time familiar\nto and honored in every Confederate household. He was Lee\u2019s Rock of\nGibraltar that never failed to stem the tides of assault, and when he\nled, in his turn, the attack, he was a thunder-bolt of war that never\nfailed to strike with terrible effect. In council he was calm and\ncalculated well and closely all the chances of conflict, in scales well\nbalanced, and, as a rule, with almost unerring exactness.\nHe was essentially a soldier, whose education, training, and services\nfor a generation in years made his enforced change to civil life\npractically the adoption of a new life at total variance to that\nin which he has always been a conspicuous and a noted figure. His\nwas a lovable nature, loyal to principle and to truth, and when his\nconfidence was secured his trust was sure to follow.\nThat trait in his character was the cause of the ban under which he\nsuffered for such a long period from the Southern people, and, as many\nan old Confederate veteran will now say, with such injustice.\nAt the time the storm of ostracism first burst in fury over his head I\nwas an official of the State of Mississippi and resided at Jackson, the\nState capital, and I was then, as I am now, familiar with the cause of\nthe outbreak of public sentiment against him. Let me explain that there\nhad been on the part of the Southern people a practical nullification\nof the Federal laws regarding the negro and his rights so recently\nconferred, and it was hard for Southern people to swallow the doctrine\nof equality in anything where the negro was concerned.\nThe entire South was in a tempestuous turmoil that threatened the\nvery foundations of society, by rising like the storm-tossed waves of\ntempestuous seas and sweeping away the barriers that had been erected\nagainst the domination of the Southern whites. At this juncture\nprominent and influential leaders of public thought, who saw the coming\nstorm, at a conference held in New Orleans explained the situation\nto certain popular and influential ex-Confederate generals then\nresidents of that city, and represented to them that an appeal by them\nto their old soldiers to accept the situation, obey the Federal laws,\nand maintain peace and order would result in great good and assist in\nallaying the suppressed, indeed often open, excitement of the people.\nThey were appealed to as patriots to come to the rescue of their people\nand lead them in peace as they had in war.\nThe text of a letter to be written by each was then outlined, and at\na second conference each submitted his letter. The substance of all\nthe letters was identical, each with the others. They were published\nin the New Orleans papers simultaneously to insure the object in view,\nthe influencing of public opinion. Their publication aroused a storm of\nreproach and denunciation that was without measure.\nInstead of acting like oil on the troubled waters, they provoked the\nfury of the tempest, and the authors of the letters were overwhelmed\nwith letters of protest and reproach.\nExplanation after explanation by the authors (save General Longstreet)\nthat amounted to public retraction, followed. Longstreet, firm as the\nrock of Gibraltar, bared his breast to the storm and proudly declared\nthat he had nothing to retract. He explained the circumstances under\nwhich he had written the letter, cited its approval by leaders of\npublic thought, and declared that the sentiment of the letter but\nexpressed his honest convictions, and he stood by it. Every old veteran\nof Longstreet\u2019s corps who reads this will say, \u201cThat\u2019s just like old\nPete.\u201d He could have saved his popularity had he sacrificed principle.\nBut like the noble Roman that he was, he could, in weighing one against\nthe other, defiantly proclaim\n    \u201cThese walls, these columns fly\n    From their firm base as soon as I.\u201d\nI was among the few who saw nothing then in any of the letters to merit\nthe disapproval of the Southern people; and looking through \u201cthe vista\nof time\u201d back to those days, I can say in all candor and sincerity\nthat had the seed of Longstreet\u2019s advice fallen in ground ripe for\nit, reconstruction would have been shorn of many of the evils that\naccompanied it and blighted the land. Some time after these occurrences\nGeneral Longstreet made a trip through territory in Mississippi from\nwhich his mercantile firm derived much business. One day Governor\nHumphreys said to me, \u201cGeneral Longstreet is coming this way. If he\ncomes here, what would you do?\u201d Instantly I replied, \u201cI would not wait\nfor him to come, but I would insist on his coming, and tell him that he\nwould be welcomed at the governor\u2019s mansion.\u201d He directed me to write\nthe invitation, saying, \u201cI had made up my mind to so act, for nothing\ncould make me turn my back on \u2018old Pete.\u2019 I served under him too long\nto do that.\u201d He accepted the invitation and was the guest of the\ngovernor. In honoring him the governor set an example that the whole\ntown followed, and the period of his stay was almost a constant levee.\nOn me was placed the special and agreeable duty of attendance upon him.\nI was with him much of the time and participated in conversations in\nwhich the letter that brought to him only woe was discussed. Never did\na bitter word pass his lips in denunciation of those who led him to the\nslaughter and themselves stepped aside and raised no hand to help him.\nHe declared that the letter expressed his true sentiments, and that it\nwas written after deliberate thought. It proved to be unfortunate, and\nthough he was then reaping only thorns from it, time would vindicate\nhim and his course. He bore his fate like an ancient Stoic. I count\nmy association with him at this time as among the most pleasant of a\ncheckered life. I never saw him again.\nGeneral Joseph E. Johnston, of whose staff I was a member, told me\nwith his own lips that the plan by which the army of Stonewall Jackson\nwas withdrawn from the valley and hurled on the flank of McClellan\nwas first suggested to him by Longstreet. He said that the idea had\noccurred to him, but at a time when it was not feasible. But just\nprevious to the battle of Seven Pines, Longstreet submitted a plan that\nhe had matured, that met his favor and determined him to adopt it.\nAt the battle that almost immediately occurred he was incapacitated\nby wounds and General Lee assumed command. Shortly after, Jackson\u2019s\nforce was transferred from the valley and hurled on the Federal flank.\nWe know with what result. The plan was communicated to General Lee\nshortly after his accession to command. The plan which General Lee\nadopted may have been his own, but the idea first originated in the\nsoldierly brain of Longstreet. Again, at the second Manassas, when\nLongstreet, to the rescue of Jackson, debouched through \u201cThoroughfare\nGap,\u201d a glance at the field showed him Jackson\u2019s peril, and his\nmasterful, soldierly ability needed no general in command to direct\nhim as to the placing of his battalions. Like a thunder-bolt of war\nhis command struck the Federal army. Jackson was saved and the victory\nwas won. Space forbids further prolixity, while the theme invites it.\nLet me say that no Southern man suffered more at the hands of the\nSouthern people and deserved it less. I uncover my head in honor to his\nmemory and bid him \u201call hail and farewell!\u201d Little cares he now for the\nplaudits of the world or the censure of his critics. When a chapter\nof the Daughters of the Confederacy refused a wreath to his remains,\nJeff Davis, Lee, Stonewall Jackson, the two Johnstons, and a host of\nothers gone before, were giving him brotherly welcome in the city of\nthe living God, and his old corps who have crossed the river joined in\nshouts of welcome to his knightly soul. Let us all feel that\n    \u201cAfter life\u2019s fitful fever he sleeps well.\u201d\n  _Ex-Colonel and Chief Ordnance Officer, Army of Tennessee, C. S. A._\n(_New Orleans Picayune, Special._)\n  \u201cThe Confederates had no better fighter than Longstreet.\u201d\nNEW YORK, January 4.--\u201cLongstreet fought hard enough to suit me--he\ngave me all I wanted. I was perfectly satisfied when the second day\u2019s\nfight was over.\u201d This was General Sickles\u2019s comment to-day at the city\nhall with reference to criticism by General John B. Gordon, who seems\nto think that the defeat of the Confederates at Gettysburg was due to\nGeneral Longstreet.\n\u201cGordon is a gallant gentleman, and he was a gallant soldier,\u201d\ncontinued General Sickles, \u201cbut he commanded a brigade, while\nLongstreet commanded a corps. Lee told Longstreet afterwards that he\nhad done as well as he could. He had no criticism to make. Gordon was\nin no position to judge the merits of the case. Longstreet was on my\nfront. I led the Third Corps on the second day. The fighting was on\nHancock\u2019s front on the third day. He was in the centre. I guess every\none who was there knew that Longstreet fought brilliantly. Longstreet\nwas practically in command of the Confederate fighting on both the\nsecond and third days. If Lee had been dissatisfied on the second day,\nhe would not have let Longstreet command on the third day. As a matter\nof fact the Confederates had no better fighter than Longstreet.\u201d\n(_Macon, Georgia, Telegraph._)\n  \u201cHis record needs no defence.\u201d\nTo THE EDITOR OF THE TELEGRAPH:\nThe able editorial in your issue of several days ago touching the\nSavannah incident in which the Daughters of the Confederacy refused to\nsend flowers to the funeral of General Longstreet, assigning as the\nreason \u201cthat General Longstreet refused to obey the order of General\nLee at Gettysburg,\u201d met a responsive chord in the hearts of many old\nveterans of the Confederate army.\nLongstreet\u2019s war record, like that of Stonewall Jackson\u2019s, needs no\ndefence. History is replete with his grand deeds of chivalry, and\nplaces his name high in the ranks of the great commanders of the\nCivil War. The rank and file who fought under this great and intrepid\ncommander know that he was incapable of such conduct, and the only\ntongue that could convince them otherwise was forever stilled when our\npeerless Lee passed over the river.\nIn the first battle of Manassas, at Seven Pines, when he lead the main\nattack, at Gaines Mill, Frazier\u2019s Farm, Malvern Hill, and at second\nManassas, when the illustrious Stonewall Jackson was being sorely\npressed by the entire army of General Pope, he hurried to Jackson\u2019s\nrelief, and together gained one of the greatest victories of the\nwar. He commanded the right wing of our army on the bloody field of\nSharpsburg, and was in the thickest of the fight during the entire\nbattle. At the battle of Fredericksburg he commanded the left wing of\nthe army, where the assault proved most fatal to the enemy. In all\nof these battles, and others I do not now recall, General Longstreet\nparticipated, winning fresh laurels in each fight.\nAt Gettysburg during the second and third days of the battle he\ncommanded the right wing of the army, and I never saw an officer more\nconspicuous and daring upon the battle-field. One of the most lasting\npictures made upon my mind during the war, and which still lingers\nin my memory, was in connection with this officer. While in line of\nbattle during the terrible cannon duel between the two armies, when\nat a signal our cannons ceased firing, I saw General Longstreet as he\nmotioned his staff back, sitting superbly in his saddle, gallop far out\nin our front in full view and range of more than one hundred of the\nenemy\u2019s cannon, stop his horse, and, standing up in his stirrups, place\nhis field glasses to his eyes and deliberately and for some time view\nthe enemy\u2019s line of battle, while shells were bursting above and around\nhim so thick that at intervals he was hidden from sight by the smoke\nfrom exploding shells. His object having been accomplished, he turned\nhis horse and slowly galloped back to his line of battle. No officer\nupon the battle-field of Gettysburg displayed greater courage than\nLongstreet, and his presence upon the battle-field, like that of Lee\nand Jackson, was always worth a thousand men.\nGeneral Lee trusted Longstreet implicitly, and every act of his from\nthe time he assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia to\nAppomattox Court-House sustains this assertion. When President Davis\nrequested General Lee to send to the relief of General Bragg, who was\nhard pressed by Sherman, he sent his old \u201cwar-horse,\u201d and, true to\nhis mission, Longstreet reached Chickamauga in time to turn the tide\nof battle in favor of the South. Afterwards he was ordered to drive\nthe Federal army under General Burnside from East Tennessee, which he\nably accomplished, driving him behind his entrenchment at Knoxville,\nTennessee.\nWhen General Grant attacked General Lee at the Wilderness--the second\nbattle in magnitude of the war--and by overwhelming numbers was driving\nour army back, Longstreet by forced marches reached the field in time\nto snatch from Grant a victory almost won. Here he received a wound\nwhich nearly cost him his life, and which, perhaps, saved Grant\u2019s army\nfrom being driven into the Rappahannock.\nAt Appomattox Court-House, \u201cwhere ceased forever the Southern soldiers\u2019\nhope,\u201d General Lee asked his old war-horse, if the necessity should\narise, to lead the remnant of the army out, and he was ready to do so,\nand would have done so had not General Grant granted honorable terms of\nsurrender. Would General Lee have trusted General Longstreet after the\nbattle of Gettysburg had he been in the least disloyal to his commands?\nImpartial history will ever link the names of Lee, Jackson, and\nLongstreet upon the brightest page of the history of the incomparable\nArmy of Northern Virginia. One word more about Gettysburg. I happened\nto be there (but at the time would have liked to have been elsewhere),\nand I decided then and am still of the opinion that the Yankees are to\nblame for our defeat.\n            Respectfully,\n(_Raleigh, North Carolina, Post._)\n  \u201cThe idol of the Army of Northern Virginia.\u201d\nIf the conduct of some of our people towards General Longstreet, the\ngreat soldier, just dead, was not pitiful, it would be brutal.\nHe, the stubborn fighter of all our armies, the trusted arm of General\nLee, the idol of the Army of Northern Virginia, dead, forty years after\nhis many battles and the establishment of his undying fame, is refused\nby some of the daughters and granddaughters of the men who fought and\nfell under his banners, a wreath of flowers for his grave--a grave\nthat makes hallowed the land that holds it; is refused a resolution of\npraise, by the sons and grandsons of the men who cheered his plume,\nas it waved them to victory. Why is this? A silly story attributed\nto General Lee, published after Lee\u2019s death, by General Gordon upon\nthe authority of Fitz. Lee. The story contained the charge that the\nfaithful \u201cOld War-Horse,\u201d as General Lee affectionately dubbed him,\nfailed, wilfully, or from other cause, to obey orders at Gettysburg.\nCan this story be true? That depends upon two contingencies, neither\nof which the wildest of General Longstreet\u2019s defamers have dared to\nformulate: first, that General Lee was lacking in candor, or, secondly,\nhe did not know his best soldiers. Can either of these propositions be\ntrue? A thousand times no.\nWe all, or at least those of us who had the honor of serving in the\nArmy of Northern Virginia, recall that in September, 1863, it became\nnecessary to detach a portion of that army to send west to relieve\nBragg, then being driven south by Rosecrans from Chattanooga; we\nalso remember that, with all of his general officers to select from,\nincluding Gordon and Fitz. Lee, General Lee selected General Longstreet\nto lead his immortal battalion, and the fame of how well he performed\nthat proud duty is still ringing in the ears of all who love honor and\nglory.\nWould General Lee have selected General Longstreet, miscalled by malice\nand envy \u201cthe slow,\u201d \u201cthe disobeyer of orders,\u201d \u201cthe loser of the\nbattle of Gettysburg,\u201d and so of the Southern cause, if he could have\nfound in all his army one general braver or more competent? Surely not.\nThis fact established, and established it is (and it also establishes\nGeneral Lee\u2019s unshaken confidence in his \u201cOld War-Horse\u201d), what becomes\nof the improbable story of Fitz. Lee? It is a matter of common history\nthat the fighting soldiers of 1861-65 have been silent since. This at\nleast is true of the Southern soldiers, and pity \u2019tis true, because our\nown General R. F. Hoke, fighting then, silent since, could add rich\nchapters to the history of those Titanic days, if he would only speak.\nWith this conclusive evidence of General Lee\u2019s faith in General\nLongstreet, how pitiful is the unearned slander that has made the\nreputation of so many babblers. Longstreet a traitor or imbecile! Out\nupon it!\nOne other equally conclusive refutation of this miserable story is:\nIn 1866 General Lee, it seems, determined to write the story of his\ncampaigns,--\u201chis object to disseminate the truth\u201d (would his example\nhad been contagious),--at the close of an affectionate letter to\nGeneral Longstreet uses these words--words which General Longstreet\nmight have claimed as a charter of nobility, had he not already had\nhis glorious war record to ennoble him:\n  \u201cI had while in Richmond a great many inquiries after you, and\n  learned you intended commencing business in New Orleans. If\n  you make as good a merchant as you were a soldier, I shall be\n  content. No one will excel you, and no one can wish you more\n  success or more happiness than I. My interest and affection for\n  you will never cease, and my prayers are always offered for your\n  prosperity.\n            \u201cI am most truly yours,\nDoes any sane man, or silly woman either, believe the noble heart that\ninspired these words could have asked its tongue to utter the things\nof General Longstreet that have been falsely attributed to it. Can\nargument be more cogent or conclusion more conclusive?\nGeneral Gordon is, I hope, with General Longstreet. Both are at rest,\nand I know the \u201cOld War-Horse\u201d of the Army of Northern Virginia, in\nthe presence of his grand old chief, has forgiven his comrade the\nwrongs done him here. Peace to the ashes of both, the wronged and the\nwrong-doer.\n              _Formerly of First N. C. Infantry_.\n(_Washington, D. C., Star._)\n  \u201cLongstreet came out of the war with a record for courage and\n  loyalty second to none.\u201d\nGeneral Thomas L. Rosser, of Virginia, who commanded a regiment at\nGettysburg, and who was with the Army of Northern Virginia from the\nfirst battle to the surrender, bitterly resents the criticism of\nGeneral Longstreet\u2019s course at Gettysburg. General Rosser was appointed\nan officer in the Spanish War by President McKinley, and in recent\nyears has been acting with the Republican party. Reviewing the work\nof some of the great Confederate generals, General Rosser said to a\nreporter for the _Star_:\n\u201cWith the death of General Longstreet passes the last of the great\nsoldiers of the Army of Northern Virginia. He fought alone the battle\nof the 18th of July, 1861, and won the first victory of that splendid\narmy. He shared in the glory of the great battles that army fought.\n\u201cLongstreet and Lee, as soldiers, were similar in many respects. Both\nwere great defensive generals, but neither can be classed among the\nsuccessful offensive generals of history.\n\u201cTake Jackson, for instance. His campaign from Kernstown to Port\nRepublic, in the Valley of Virginia, in 1862, was as brilliant as\nthe first Italian campaign of the great Napoleon. He drew McDowell\nfrom Fredericksburg. He left Shields, Fremont, and Banks confused as\nto his whereabouts, dashed across the mountains, joined Lee on the\n26th of June, striking McClellan the surprise blow, forced him to\nthe James, and raised the siege of Richmond. With the despatch of\nlightning he wheeled around, met Pope at Cedar Mountain, stopped his\nadvance upon Lee\u2019s rear and flank, held him until Lee could arrive with\nreinforcements, passed to his rear, and fought the battle of the 28th\nof September at Groveton Heights; opened the way for Lee to press on\nwith his army, and crowned the campaign with the successful battle of\nthe second Bull Run. He crossed the Potomac with Lee, was detached,\nsent back, captured Harper\u2019s Ferry, and joined Lee at Sharpsburg in\ntime to stop McClellan and save Lee\u2019s army. In May, 1863, when Lee was\nhesitating in the Wilderness, believing that Hooker\u2019s movement below\nFredericksburg was a serious one, with the foresight of genius Jackson\npronounced it a feint, urged Lee to allow him to move around Hooker\u2019s\nright, which, in audacity, boldness, and brilliancy seemed to paralyze\nLee, and while on this wonderful march Sickles got between him and Lee\nwith an army nearly equal his own. Jackson pressed on, turned Hooker\u2019s\nright, as he contemplated, dissipated the Eleventh Corps and all its\nsupport, and was within a half-mile of his goal, the Bullock house,\nhad he gained possession of which Hooker\u2019s retreat would have been\nimpossible and he would have been at the mercy of the Confederate army,\nwhen he was shot and mortally wounded by his own men.\n\u201cLee, then in command of an army that knew no defeat, and not realizing\nthat his great offensive general had been taken from the army,\ncommitted the fatal blunder of attempting an invasion of the North.\nAt no time during that campaign did he move with celerity, man\u0153uvre\nto the surprise of the enemy, or do anything of a brilliant character\nmarking him with the genius of war. The battle of Gettysburg was lost\nthe first day, although the Confederates claimed a victory, and it\nmight have been turned into a victory had Lee been a master of the art\nof aggressive warfare. But he followed up the first day with a stubborn\nattack of the enemy in an intrenched position, and, failing to dislodge\nhim, seemed to hesitate and his plans seemed to be confused. Finally he\ncommitted a great error in attacking a superior enemy in an intrenched\nposition at the strongest point.\n\u201cIn the history of battles very few generals have ever made an attack\nof the centre of the enemy\u2019s position, and history gives only one\nexample of where such an attack has been successful. That was the\nbattle of Wagram, where the great Napoleon deceived the Archduke\nCharles by so threatening his flank as to cause him to weaken his\ncentre, when, quick as a flash, Napoleon struck the centre of the enemy\nwith MacDonald and his reserves. But then the world has only given us\none Napoleon, and the Western hemisphere has given us only one Jackson.\n\u201cWhen Lee\u2019s army was beaten from the fatal attack which he ordered\non the 3d of July, he rode among his fleeing soldiers, begging them\nto rally and reform on Seminary Ridge, telling them that it was his\nfault that they had failed and not their own. No criticism was made of\nLongstreet at that time. Longstreet was retained in the most important\ncorps of Lee\u2019s army and served honorably and faithfully under Lee to\nthe end.\n\u201cAt Appomattox Longstreet, with Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia,\nat the close of a most glorious achievement, honestly surrendered. The\nSouthern Confederacy was eliminated from the map of the world, its flag\nwas forever furled, and all soldiers who surrendered there had either\nto return to the Union and become loyal to the flag of their country\nor remain hypocrites and traitors, which they could not do if they had\nhonestly surrendered and accepted the terms that Grant had given them.\n\u201cLongstreet came out of the war with a record for courage, devotion to\nthe cause he had espoused, and loyalty to the Stars and Bars second to\nnone. Disabled by wounds, his right arm hanging lifeless and helpless\nat his side, his profession, that of a soldier, gone, he turned his\nattention to civil pursuits, and was struggling for a living when his\nold friend Grant, the President of the United States, offered him\nservice in the government. Lee was dead. Southern politicians had\nexpected Longstreet to keep the fires of Southern antipathy to the\nNorth alive, and as they were seeking to inflame the passions of the\npeople as a basis upon which to unite the South and to fuse with the\ncopperhead party in the North, as a means for repossessing themselves\nof a government they had lost by the results of the war, this action\nof Longstreet in accepting the offer of Grant tended to break their\ninfluence with the old soldiers of the South.\n\u201cTo counteract that they brought up the charge of disloyalty and\ndisobedience to Lee at Gettysburg, never having thought of it before,\nand never, in fact, having had a foundation for it. This, in a measure,\nserved their purpose, because the old soldiers and their sons in the\nSouth are always ready to resent anything said or done unfavorable to\nLee. Now, I am mortified to see that even the ladies have taken this\nmatter up, and the Daughters of the Confederacy at Savannah refused to\nlay a wreath of laurels on the tomb of the great hero. I was surprised\nthat Fitzhugh Lee should have charged Longstreet with disobedience,\nfor I don\u2019t believe that General Lee ever made such a charge himself.\nAfter the war I went to Lexington and studied law and saw Lee every\nday and every night. Our comrades and enemies were often discussed,\nbut I never heard him speak of Longstreet but in the most affectionate\nmanner. Colonel Venable was professor of mathematics when I moved back\nto Charlottesville eighteen years ago, and my relations with him up to\nhis death were close and intimate. I never heard him suggest the idea\nthat Longstreet disobeyed orders or failed to do his duty at Gettysburg\nor anywhere else. General Lee relieved General Ewell, one of his corps\ncommanders at Gettysburg, from duty with his army. He criticised A. P.\nHill severely for his failure and mismanagement at Bristow station, but\nno man ever heard him say one word against Longstreet.\n\u201cNow that Longstreet is laid away to rest, all old and true soldiers of\nthe Southern Confederacy will kneel around his tomb and pray that they\nmay stand at the great reveille with Lee, Jackson, and Longstreet.\u201d\n(_Macon, Georgia, Telegraph._)\n  \u201cOn the historic page is blazoned his glory.\u201d\nFrom the lips of Lee no word of censure ever fell upon the military\nrenown of his great corps commander, the intrepid and immovable\nLongstreet. However men may differ as to that last fateful day at\nGettysburg, on the historic page there is blazoned the military glory\nof James Longstreet. No earthly power can blot it out. Longstreet\u2019s\ncorps is as inseparable from the glory of the veterans of Lee as the\nOld Guard from the army of Napoleon. And when a week ago with the last\nexpiring sigh of its aged commander the blood of his fearless heart\nbroke from the wound which laid him prone on the first day at the\nWilderness, at the moment when he had restored the shattered lines and\nsaved the Army of Northern Virginia, each ruddy drop, a protest against\nthe censure of his comrades, was like the blood of C\u00e6sar,--\n    \u201cAs rushing out of doors to be resolved,\n    If Brutus so unkindly knocked or no.\u201d\n    JUDGE EMORY SPEER.\n(_McRae, Georgia, Enterprise._)\n  \u201cOnly necessary to refer his critics to the official reports.\u201d\nIt is rather significant in the life of General Longstreet that\nunder the storm of anathemas which have been hurled upon him, both\nby private tongue and public pen, he always observed that silence\ncommensurate with his dignity of character and magnanimity of soul.\nIt is furthermore significant, that whenever an attack was made upon\nhis official conduct at any time, it was only necessary that he point\nto the official report of the matter as made of it at the time. In\nevery case where unfair criticism was indulged in, where there was no\nfoundation for such, and, of course, no official data to which recourse\ncould be had, the kind offices of some distinguished friend was\ninvariably volunteered.\nIt is also rather a singular fact, that although he took a prominent\npart in numberless engagements, among which could be mentioned some of\nthe most sanguinary of the \u201960\u2019s, he never suffered serious defeat,\nand almost invariably bore off the laurels. This statement applies to\nLongstreet more truthfully than to any other general of either side.\nIt was characteristic of him, and at the same time evincing his great\nmilitary skill and genius, that he very often manipulated his forces as\nemergencies suggested in the absence of orders from his superior. In\nno instance where this was done does it appear that he ever received a\nreprimand, but the approval, rather, of the commanding officer.\nAfter the war, his course seems to have met with some disapprobation on\nthe part of some of his admirers South. This is a matter which seems\nrather best decided by an appeal from the arena of individual judgment\nto the forum of justice and right.--OLD VETERAN.\n(_Chattanooga Times, Special._)\n  _\u201cPunished for his Americanism.\u201d_\nHUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA, January 8.--General Samuel H. Moore, a brave\nex-Confederate soldier of this city, claims to know inside history\nconcerning the career of General Longstreet after the close of the\nCivil War, and in a communication written for the public he calls upon\nGeneral Joseph Wheeler and Colonel W. W. Garth to tell what they know\nin justice to the departed chieftain. General Moore writes:\n\u201cIt is due General Lee\u2019s old war-horse, who was familiarly known to the\nArmy of Northern Virginia as \u2018Old Pete\u2019 Longstreet, that a statement\nshould be made which will vindicate his actions soon after the\nsurrender and reinstate him in the hearts of those who always felt safe\nin battle when he was at their head, and who would have been proud to\nshed their last drop of blood to shield his fair name if they had only\nbeen cognizant of the facts which impelled him to pursue the course he\ndid--as he believed for the benefit of his Southern people.\n\u201cIn 1866, when reconstruction hung over the South like a sword of\nDamocles, five lieutenant-generals of the Confederate army held a\nmeeting in New Orleans, in General Hood\u2019s room, to discuss the\nsituation and publish to the South the easiest way to bear the yoke sad\nfate had placed upon their necks.\n\u201cAfter discussing all the pros and cons, they unanimously decided to\naccept the situation as it was, return to the Union like good and loyal\ncitizens, and be the recipients of the offices of trust which were\nbeing given to carpet-baggers because the government could not find in\nthe Southern States men willing to accept the offices that would have\ngladly been given them.\n\u201cIn this caucus of generals, Longstreet was selected to write and\npublish a letter. He did it. There was a howl of protest from the\nill-informed people. The men who advised Longstreet to do this did\nnot face this opposition, avoided this martyr, let him bear the odium\nalone. I ask General Joseph Wheeler to say what he personally knows\nof this. I call upon Colonel W. W. Garth to say what he knows and the\nsource of his information.\n\u201cLet the South beg pardon for the wrong it has done our greater\nsoldier, General James Longstreet.\u201d\n  \u201cDid he do his duty as a soldier? Let Williamsburg, Sharpsburg,\n  Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, and the Wilderness make\n  reply.\u201d\nWe are here to-day to pay our tribute to James Longstreet, the soldier\nwho faithfully and ably served, the fighter who fiercely fought, the\nleader who bravely led, the sleepless, watchful, persistent, valorous\ncaptain of a glorious host, whom his great chief implicitly trusted in\nevery hour of supreme and dangerous service, and who on many a bloody\nfield hurled his bold and devoted followers like an avalanche on the\nserried ranks of his country\u2019s foes, and who, when valor could avail no\nmore, bore with him from the field of strife the passionate love of the\nlegions he had led, and the unstinted praise and tearful benediction of\nhis great commander, who knew him best, and had trusted him in many an\n\u201cimminent and deadly breach.\u201d\nEvery man capable by reason of environment, character, or ability of\nexerting an influence upon affairs in any important field of human\nendeavor, is called upon at some time to act under such circumstances\nthat his decision must infallibly indicate the character of the man and\nforever fix his place in the estimation of his contemporaries and of\nposterity.\nThat time came to James Longstreet in 1861. He was then an officer in\nthe army of the greatest and most powerful republic on all the earth,\nand had won high and deserved honor in battle beneath its flag.\nHigh commission in that army awaited him if he but adhered to that\nflag, and the future held in store for him exalted rank which his\nreputation and ability easily assured him.\nOn the other hand was a young nation, scarcely emerged from its\nchrysalis stage and without moral or physical support among the\nnations of the earth. His training and education as a soldier, and his\nknowledge of the power and resources of that great government in whose\nservice he had been so long enlisted, enabled him to appreciate and\nrealize the odds in its favor in the rapidly approaching struggle.\nThe conditions which confronted him required the exertion of all the\nvirtues of courage, honor, consistency, and fidelity to conviction.\nHe was called upon to illustrate the loftiest qualities of human\ncharacter, and immolate self on the shrine of duty, or give heed to the\nsiren voice of ambition, and, lured by the selfish hope of high reward,\nturn his sword against the land of his birth in the hour of her sorest\nneed.\nAs Daniel, Virginia\u2019s great orator, has so fitly said of Robert E. Lee:\n\u201cSince the Son of Man stood upon the Mount and saw \u2018all the kingdoms of\nthe earth and the glory thereof\u2019 stretched before him and turned away\nfrom them to the agony and bloody sweat of Gethsemane, and to the Cross\nof Calvary beyond, no follower of the meek and lowly Saviour can have\nundergone a more trying ordeal or met it in a higher spirit of heroic\nsacrifice.\u201d\nIn that hour of supreme test, trial, and temptation, James Longstreet\ndid not hesitate. He dallied not with dishonor. He was deaf to every\ncall save that of duty. Obedient to the conviction that his first,\nhighest, and holiest obligation was to the land of his birth, he\nresponded to her call, and for four long years \u201cfeasted glory till pity\ncried no more.\u201d His gleaming sword flashed in the forefront of the\nfighting, till when stricken and scarred with many a wound and with\nhonor unstained he bowed to the stern arbitrament of battle.\nWhen he made his choice and upon bended knee offered his sword as a\nloving and loyal son to his native South, he thereby avouched himself\nunto all the ages as one who in every hour of trial and in every sphere\nof duty would keep his \u201crobes and his integrity stainless unto heaven.\u201d\nHe then and there gave to the world perpetual and irrefutable proof\nthat his every act since that day, whether as soldier or civilian, was\nprompted by an exalted sense of duty, performed in obedience to the\nconvictions of an intelligent and deliberate judgment, and approved by\na clear conscience, and standing on that high vantage ground he courted\ntruth and defied malice.\nNo man who rises superior to temptation, and offers his life as\nan offering upon the altar of duty, and freely sheds his blood in\ntestimony to the sincerity of his convictions, is called upon to\nexplain his conduct \u201cin any sphere of life in which it may please God\nto place him.\u201d\nThe exercises of this occasion take color and purpose from that tragic\nera in which James Longstreet was so conspicuous and honorable a\nfigure; and his record as a soldier is absolutely beyond impeachment.\nDid he do his duty as a soldier brave and true? Did he bear himself as\nbecame a man in the hour of battle? Let history unroll her proud annals\nand say! Let Williamsburg, Sharpsburg, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, and the\nWilderness make reply.\nAsk those who met him and his dauntless legion on many a bloody field,\nand they will tell how often he swept down upon them like an avenging\nwhirlwind. Ask his \u201cboys,\u201d who for four years followed him with\nunquestioning devotion and with ever-increasing love and admiration,\nand they will with one accord and with voices tremulous with emotion\nanswer that he never lagged, failed, or faltered.\nHear the testimony of Robert E. Lee, his great commander, who, though\ndead, yet speaketh: \u201cGeneral Longstreet (at Gaines Mill) perceived that\nto render the diversion effectual the feint must be converted into an\nattack. He resolved with characteristic promptness to carry the heights\nby assault.\u201d After Chickamauga, he says, \u201cMy whole heart and soul have\nbeen with you and your brave corps in your late battle. Finish your\nwork, my dear General, and return to me. I want you badly, and you\ncannot get back too soon.\u201d\nLet Joseph E. Johnston bear witness to the world of his great\nsubordinate at Williamsburg: \u201cI was compelled to be a mere spectator,\nfor General Longstreet\u2019s clear head and brave heart left no apology for\ninterference. The skill, vigor, and decision of General Longstreet (at\nSeven Pines) was worthy of the highest praise.\u201d\nWe have yet further testimony, which in pathos and convincing power\nexcels all speech or written language. It is an historic truth that\nwhen the end had come at Appomattox, and those who had so long\nshared the hardships of the camp and the peril and the glory of the\nbattle-field were about to separate, General Longstreet and his staff\nproceeded to where General Lee and his staff had gathered for the last\ntime before their final parting, and General Lee grasped the hand and\nspoke a few kindly words to each member of the group until he reached\nGeneral Longstreet, when each threw his arms about the other, and\nas they thus stood clasped together both sobbed like children. When\nGeneral Lee had recovered his composure, turning to a member of the\nparty who is now in this presence, he said, \u201cCaptain, into your care I\ncommend my old war-horse.\u201d\nRobert E. Lee, standing on the fateful and historic field of\nAppomattox, amid the gathering gloom of that awful hour of defeat and\ndisaster, with his arms about James Longstreet, while his majestic\nframe shook with uncontrollable grief, was a scene worthy to have been\nlimned by genius on immortal canvas.\nThe tears of Robert E. Lee falling upon the symbol and insignia of\nLongstreet\u2019s rank converted it then and there into a badge of honor,\ngrander than the guerdon of a king.\nIt is known to countless thousands that only a few years before he\npassed away Jefferson Davis moved out from the midst of a mighty\nthrong, which was acclaiming him with every manifestation of earthly\nhonor, to greet with open arms General Longstreet. Turning aside for a\ntime from the thousands who pressed about him in a very frenzy of love\nand enthusiasm, he advanced and folded the great soldier to his bosom,\nthus testifying before God and a multitude of witnesses to his faith in\nthe fidelity to conviction and to duty of the old hero.\nDavis! Lee! Johnston! Immortal triumvirate of heroes! Glorious sons\nof a glorious land! Fortunate indeed is that man who by such as they\nis avouched unto posterity. When Lee and Davis laid their hands in\nblessing and benediction upon James Longstreet, he was then and there\ngiven passport unto immortality.\nThe brevity of the time properly allotted me wherein to perform my\npart in the exercises of this occasion makes impossible any discussion\nor analysis of the campaigns of General Longstreet, even if such\ndiscussion were necessary, which it is not. His fame is securely fixed,\nand the faithful historian of the future will assign him to his due\nand fitting place in the annals of his age. The history of that great\nstruggle, in which he was so majestic and forceful a figure, which does\nnot bear tribute to his fidelity, skill, and valor will be manifestly\nand unjustly incomplete; and if any page thereof be not lighted with\nthe lines of glory reflected by his heroic deeds, it will be because\nthe truth has not been thereon written.\nIn the galaxy of the glorious and the great, James Longstreet will\nstand through all the ages enshrined with his great companions in arms\nin the pantheon of the immortals.\nOver such a life as his, bravely, nobly lived on lofty levels, death\nhas no dominion. More than fourscore years were upon him, and his\nkingly form was somewhat bowed, but the dauntless and indomitable\nspirit which had never quailed before danger, however imminent or dire,\nshrank not before the coming of that conqueror to whom the lofty and\nthe lowly alike must yield, but, soothed and sustained by the holy\nfaith of the mother church, he passed to his eternal rest--\n  \u201cWhile Christ, his Lord, wide open held the door.\u201d\nTo those who loved and honored him the thought is comforting that after\nall the battles and trials and hardships of his arduous and eventful\nlife he has found that rest reserved for the faithful in the realm of\neternal reunion.\nWe can believe that when, clothed with the added dignity and majesty\nof immortality, he drew near to that eternal bivouac where are pitched\nthe tents of the comrades who preceded him to rest eternal, two,\nconspicuous for kingly grace, even in that immortal throng, advanced\nto meet him and clasp him once again to their bosoms, and that as he\nstood in their arms enfolded there fell upon his ears the voice of the\nMaster saying,--\n\u201cWell done, thou good and faithful servant; enter into the joy of thy\nLord.\u201d--JUDGE NORMAN G. KITTRELL, Houston, Texas.\n  \u201cNo soldier of Longstreet\u2019s corps ever doubted his loyalty.\u201d\nNo soldier of Longstreet\u2019s corps during the war, whether he was one\nof the boys in the trenches, or wore the stars upon his collar, ever\ndoubted either the courage, or the capacity, or the loyalty of James\nLongstreet. No man ever heard an insinuation of that kind. No, he\nwas entitled to the splendid name the immortal Lee gave him of \u201cold\nwar-horse,\u201d and he held in the very highest degree the implicit\nconfidence of the men he commanded and who loved him.\nI love to think of Lee and Jackson and Longstreet and Hill as the \u201cBig\nFour\u201d of the Army of Northern Virginia.\nMany years have passed since that bloody conflict; we are now one\npeople, with one common flag and one country and one destiny. But\nwe ought not to forget, how can we forget! the glorious names which\nbecame as familiar as household words to us during that trying time.\nAmong all the other great names, that of James Longstreet, the ranking\nlieutenant-general of the Confederate army, who earned that title in\nthe field and worthily wore it to the end, must shine forever in that\nnoble galaxy.--CAPTAIN JOHN H. LEATHEN, _Second Regiment Virginia\nInfantry, Stonewall Brigade_.\n(_Gainesville, Georgia, Eagle.)_\n  \u201cAlways a plumed knight without reproach.\u201d\nNothing but sickness and a cold drive of twenty-five miles could have\nprevented me from attending the funeral obsequies of my old friend and\ngreat military chieftain and placing my humble tribute of flowers upon\nhis grave.\nAnd now, in the quiet of a sick-chamber, I undertake to weave a little\ngarland to his memory. I know that nothing I may write will add any\nlustre or greatness to a name that has become immortal in the annals\nof a people who more than a third of a century ago, and for four long\nyears, performed deeds of heroic valor that would have shed glory upon\nthe military renown of any country or people that have ever lived or\nhad a place in history.\nI have never permitted any criticism or detraction that has been\nwritten or uttered against General Longstreet, no matter by whom or\nfor what purpose the same may have been written or uttered, to have\na feather\u2019s weight in varying my love and veneration for this almost\nincomparable commander.\nI watched him in his course from Bull Run to Appomattox, and to me he\nwas always a plumed knight, without reproach. I have seen him on the\nfield of battle, and I have seen him at his quiet tent. The very first\norder I heard given to \u201cfire,\u201d was delivered by Longstreet at Bull Run\non the 18th day of July, 1861. It was the prelude to the great victory\non the bloody field of Manassas, three days after.\nBull Run may have been the beginning of battles in Northern\nVirginia--introductory to greater performances, but it was nevertheless\na finished battle. A flag of truce came in and asked for a suspension\nof hostilities, and that the Federal dead be buried. The Union forces\nhad fallen back to Centreville, three miles. Detachments from Bonham\u2019s\nSouth Carolinians and Early\u2019s Louisianians were called for to bury\nthe dead. Longstreet\u2019s brigade had done the principal fighting, and\nLongstreet\u2019s brigade rested.\nThe dead were buried by those who had been fighting them only a few\nhours before. The day\u2019s battle was over, and the sun went down with the\nvictors in possession of the field and its dead.\nThe battle of Bull Run (18th of July, 1861) will always remain in my\nmemory a separate picture, and, like a diamond, however small it may\nbe when compared with greater jewels, will retain its own halo and its\nown setting of gems. Longstreet was the hero of that historic field.\nBeauregard was higher in command, but Longstreet began and ended the\nfight.\nI hope to be pardoned for this reference to an almost forgotten\nengagement, wherein nearly four thousand South Carolinians and an\nalmost equal number of Virginians and Louisianians received their\n\u201cfirst baptism of fire.\u201d\nI will relate an incident that occurred after the war, to illustrate\nthe inward character of General Longstreet, and how this great man\ndesired to be on friendly terms with every one, especially old friends\nwhom the accidents of war had estranged. It had come to my knowledge\nthat in some way or other during the war General Longstreet and\nGeneral Lafayette McLaws, lifelong friends and fellow-officers in the\nold United States army, had become separated in their friendships.\nSeventeen years and more had passed, and yet no healing balm had\nbeen poured upon these two proud hearts. General Longstreet was a\npatron of the N. G. A. College. He had two sons, Lee and James, at\nthis military institution. General McLaws was contemplating sending a\nson to the school. Knowing that there was estrangement between these\ngreat military heroes, I induced Governor A. H. Colquitt to place\nthese two men on the Board of Visitors to the College in the hope that\nthey might meet each other in the quietude of my mountain home and\nbecome reconciled. They both came, and I arranged that they might be\nmy guests, with others, and in some way I hoped to bring them close\ntogether. Their meeting was quite formal, and I thought they were very\ncold to each other. But after the supper was over, and getting my\nother guests to seats on the piazza, where they might smoke and talk,\nI gently asked the two to walk into the parlor with me, and seated\nthem within easy distance of each other. I then began the conversation\nby alluding to some affair of the war with which they were familiar,\nfor both of them had commanded Kershaw\u2019s brigade, to which I belonged.\nIt was not long before the clouds began to roll away, as these old\nwarriors passed from one scene to another, and their voices became\nfriendlier. I then thought I could be excused and passed from the room,\nand kept others from disturbing them, and when they came out together,\nshook hands, and bade each other \u201cgood-night,\u201d I thought then that\nthey were friends again. That night I called at General Longstreet\u2019s\nroom and knocked, but heard no response. I pushed the door gently and\npeered in, and discovered that the General was kneeling and praying.\nI went away as softly as I could, and the next day General Longstreet\nthanked me for the quiet way in which I had brought them together.\n\u201cFor,\u201d said he, \u201cwe are friends again.\u201d If I ever knew, I have long\nsince forgotten the cause of the estrangement. It might have occurred\nat Gettysburg.\nIt was my pleasure to have witnessed the meeting between General\nLongstreet and President Davis, so often alluded to as occurring at\nthe unveiling of the Ben Hill statue in Atlanta. I had been given\nby Colonel Lowndes Calhoun on that occasion the command of several\nhundred one-armed and one-legged Confederate veterans. When these\ntwo great heroes met and embraced, my command \u201cwent wild,\u201d and they\nnever got into line any more. Longstreet was almost a giant in stature\nand always attracted attention and produced enthusiasm. Whatever his\npolitical views were after the war was over, he honestly and fearlessly\nentertained them, but he never offensively presented them to any one,\nand it remains yet to be seen whether he was not right in many matters\nconcerning which he was perhaps too harshly judged by some people.\nIn 1896 General Longstreet\u2019s name was on the McKinley electoral ticket.\nHe came to Dahlonega to address the people on the political issues of\nthe day. Although not a member of his political party, I had the honor\nof introducing him to the people of my native county in the following\nwords, as published in the _Eagle_, October 29, 1896:\n\u201cFELLOW-COUNTRYMEN AND LADIES,--A few of the survivors of that gallant\nband who rushed to arms in defence of the Sunny South more than a third\nof a century ago, without regard to past or present affiliation with\npolitical parties, have with only a few moments\u2019 notice met to pay an\nhumble tribute to one who, with dauntless and conspicuous bravery,\nled the Southern cohorts through many bloody battle-fields. Like the\nplumed knight, Henry of Navarre, his sword always flashed fiercest\nwhere the fighting was the hottest. His was the first voice of command\nto \u2018fire\u2019 when the Army of Northern Virginia was receiving its \u2018baptism\nof fire\u2019 at Bull Run on the 18th of July, 1861. And from the following\nSunday, the memorable battle of Manassas, to Appomattox our comrades\nfollowed him. From Gettysburg to Chickamauga with unfaltering step\nthey went wherever he led them, and from Chickamauga to the Wilderness\nthey unswervingly obeyed his commands. His fame has become the common\nheritage of us all. No longer the sole cynosure of Southern hearts and\neyes, he is the beloved citizen of a restored country and a reunited\nUnion. His patriotism, his history, his name, are the common property\nof all the people, both North and South. He is with us to-day for only\na few hours. Possibly our eyes may never look into his again, nor our\nhands clasp his on earth, nor ever hear that voice once so potent to\nthousands of his countrymen. That voice is feeble, but he raises it\nnow only for the purpose of guiding his friends into what he deems to\nbe the paths of peace and prosperity. Listen to him with patience. I\nnow have the honor of introducing to you, my fellow-countrymen, that\ndistinguished soldier and statesman, General James Longstreet.\u201d--W. P.\nPRICE.\n(_Washington, D. C., Star._)\n  \u201cWould have won battle. Never disloyal to his commander.\u201d\nMajor J. H. Stine, historian of the Army of the Potomac, has this to\nsay of General Longstreet:\n\u201cIt would be unjust in me to keep silent after enjoying General\nLongstreet\u2019s confidence, especially in regard to that great battle in\nwhich the blue and the gray met at Gettysburg. A quarter of a century\nafter that great battle I had Longstreet invited here as the guest\nof the First Corps of the Army of the Potomac. He came to Washington\nsome two days in advance, and was a member of my household during that\ntime. We occupied a room together at Gettysburg and went over the\nwhole field, when he gave me a full description of the Confederates\u2019\nmovements.\n\u201cHe was never disloyal to Lee, but he feared the Pickett charge would\nnot be as successful as MacDonald\u2019s at Wagram. Longstreet attempted to\npersuade Lee not to order it, but rather a retreat at night and take up\na position on the south bank of Pipe Creek, where Meade wanted to fight\nthe battle.\n\u201cHe says, in his history: \u2018I was following the Third Corps as fast as\npossible, and as soon as I got possession of the road went rapidly\nforward to join General Lee. I found him on the summit of Seminary\nRidge, watching the enemy concentrate on the opposite hill. He pointed\nout their position to me. I took my glasses and made as careful a\nsurvey as I could from that point. After five or ten minutes I turned\nto General Lee and said,--\n\u201c\u2018\u201cIf we could have chosen a point to meet our plans of operation, I do\nnot think we could have found a better one than that upon which they\nare now concentrating. All we have to do is to throw our army around\nby their left, and we shall interpose between the Federal army and\nWashington.\u201d\u2019\n\u201c\u2018\u201cNo,\u201d said General Lee, \u201cthe enemy is there, and I am going to attack\nhim there.\u201d\u2019\n\u201cLee was a great military student. He had before him Napoleon\u2019s great\nvictory at Wagram, when he ordered MacDonald, with sixteen thousand\nmen, to charge the enemy\u2019s centre. But few of that number were alive\nwhen success crowned that daring military movement. If Pickett\u2019s charge\nhad been successful, it would have crowned the Southern Confederacy as\none of the nations of the world, for it would not only have had foreign\nrecognition, but valuable assistance. Upon every field except one Lee\nhad been successful, and that was a drawn battle.\n\u201cHe had great confidence in himself, and thought that it was impossible\nto defeat him with his Southern legions under his command. Longstreet\ndiffered from him on that charge, and I am truly glad, for the sake of\nmy country, that Lee did not listen to him. They are both gone forever,\nbut it seems strange to me that any military mind cannot recognize the\nforesight of Longstreet at Gettysburg.\u201d\n(_Lost Cause._)\n  \u201cPendleton\u2019s charge a discharge of hot air.\u201d\nThe recent death of the gallant old war-horse of the Army of Northern\nVirginia, General James Longstreet, has again revived some of the\nslanderous and unfounded reports of his lack of duty, unfaithfulness,\nand disobedience of orders at the battle of Gettysburg. I want to offer\nsome thoughts in regard to this matter, and the first thing I want to\nsay is that General Longstreet retained the love and confidence of\nthe soldiers of Lee\u2019s army up to the surrender at Appomattox, on the\n9th of April, 1865. His soldiers never for one moment questioned his\nloyalty, his courage, or his patriotism. If these late reports of his\ndefault of duty at Gettysburg be true, is it not passing strange that\nhe retained the love and confidence of General Lee until the close\nof the war? If Longstreet had disobeyed Lee\u2019s orders at Gettysburg,\nthereby causing the battle to fail of success to Southern arms, does\nany one pretend to believe that General Lee would have continued to\nplace faith and confidence in him (his first lieutenant) until the\nclose of the war? No man who has a proper conception of the character\nof Robert E. Lee as a soldier and as a great military commander will\nbelieve it. Another remarkable circumstance in connection with these\ngrave charges against General Longstreet is, that the men composing the\nArmy of Northern Virginia never heard a word of them until long after\nthe death of General Lee, who could and would have refuted or confirmed\nthem. The fame and character of General Lee as a great military\nchieftain does not need that the fame and reputation of another great\nand gallant soldier of the Confederate army shall be besmirched.\nAnother remarkable fact is, these charges came from men that were only\nbrigadier-generals at the battle of Gettysburg. Brigadier-General\nPendleton, it seems, first made this charge against General Longstreet\nin a public speech at Lexington, Virginia, in 1873, in which he said\nthat General Lee told him that he had ordered Longstreet to attack at\nsunrise on the 2d of July. Longstreet emphatically denied that General\nLee ever gave him any such orders, and Colonel W. H. Taylor, Colonel\nC. S. Venable, Colonel Charles Marshall, and General A. L. Long, all\nof General Lee\u2019s staff, testified, after this charge was made by\nPendleton, that they never heard of any such orders. Colonel Venable,\nreplying to General Longstreet, said, \u201cI did not know of any order for\nan attack on the enemy at sunrise on the 2d of July, nor can I believe\nany such order was issued by General Lee. About sunrise on the 2d I\nwas sent by General Lee to General Ewell to ask him what he thought of\nthe advantages of an attack on the enemy from his position. I do not\nthink that the errand on which I was sent by the commanding General is\nconsistent with the idea of an attack at sunrise by any portion of the\narmy.\u201d\nIt seems clearly by the testimony of these eminent officers and\nsoldiers who were at that time members of General Lee\u2019s official\nfamily and were active participants in that supreme struggle of\nGettysburg, that this charge by General Pendleton was only a discharge\nof hot air. I think the general view taken by the best authority\nupon the history of the fighting at Gettysburg on July the 2d, which\nwas the second day of these battles, that up to 11 A.M. General Lee\nwas undecided as to whether he would attack on the right or left. No\nmatter in what eloquent words we may clothe our admiration for him as a\nsoldier, the soldiers of the Army of Northern Virginia would regard all\nthese eloquent words of praise as inadequate to express the admiration\nwe feel for the brave deeds in war, and the unselfish and gallant\nservice rendered the Confederate army by this grand old hero, General\nJames Longstreet. General Lee told General Pickett and the Army of\nNorthern Virginia that the lack of their success at Gettysburg was his\nfault. This man of glorious and immortal fame, as the greatest military\nleader of modern times, realized that he himself had overrated the\nability of his army, and underrated the army of his enemy, who had the\nadvantage of numbers and of far better position. General Lee realized\nthen, as the world has since, that he made a mistake in attacking\nthe Union army at Gettysburg after General Meade had secured and to\nsome extent had fortified an almost impregnable position. Grant made\nthe same mistake when Lee caught him on the fly in the Wilderness,\nat Spottsylvania, and at Cold Harbor, with this difference, Grant\nwas depending upon his superior numbers and equipment, while Lee was\ndepending upon the morale and fighting qualities of his army. And while\nthe morale and fighting qualities of Lee\u2019s army were never equalled\nin the history of modern warfare, even they could not accomplish the\nimpossible. And the traducers of General Longstreet\u2019s fidelity are\nstrangely oblivious of the fact that General Longstreet at the battle\nof the Wilderness made a forced march that taxed his soldiers to their\nutmost capacity to get there in time, and when he arrived on the field\nhe found the Southern line was being driven back by superior numbers,\nand throwing his troops into line and with his accustomed impetuosity\ndrove the Federal line rapidly back and saved the day and gave the\nSouthern army the victory at the Wilderness. In this fight he was\nseverely wounded, and the gallant Jenkins of South Carolina at the\nsame time was killed. Pendleton said that General Lee died believing\nthat but for the disobedience of Longstreet at Gettysburg that battle\nwould have been a victory for the Southern army. How did he know that\nLee died with that belief? Did General Lee ever tell any one so? If so,\nwhom? It is one thing to make an assertion, but quite a different thing\nto prove it. I have seen men in my day look pretty cheap in court when\ncalled on to prove some things they had said on the streets.\nIn conclusion, I want to say that while we all regretted and were\ngrieved when General Longstreet joined the Republican party, that fact\nought not to have created prejudice sufficient to have caused us to\nignore, and belittle, and cast any reproach upon his character, or\nunjust reflection upon his long and brilliant career as a soldier. He\nwas a soldier by profession, and, according to his own testimony, he\nnever cast a ballot in civil life prior to the Confederate war. He and\nGeneral Grant were warm personal friends. They were school-mates at\nWest Point, comrades in the Mexican and some Indian wars. General Grant\nclasped his hand and called him Jim at the surrender at Appomattox.\nGrant at Appomattox was a Democrat and a slave-holder, and he went over\nto the Republican party and was elected President of the United States.\nWhat influence General Grant brought to bear upon General Longstreet\nmay have been very great, for all the outside world knows. Be that as\nit may, we do know that up to the close of the war he had taken no\nactive part in politics in any party. We also have every reason to\nbelieve that if General Longstreet had espoused the Democratic party,\nand become a strong partisan in that party, we never would have heard a\nword of this imaginary default at Gettysburg.\nThe soldiers of Longstreet\u2019s corps do not believe he disobeyed General\nLee\u2019s orders at Gettysburg, or at any other time. We don\u2019t believe it\nnow; we never did believe it, and we never will believe it.--W. H.\nEDWARDS.\nRESOLUTIONS BY CAMPS AND CHAPTERS\n(_Sterling Price Camp._)\n  \u201cHis chivalry is as lasting as the hills of the Old Dominion.\u201d\nTribute to the memory of General James Longstreet, adopted by Sterling\nPrice Camp, No. 31, Dallas, Texas.\nComrade A. W. Nowlin, in submitting the report of the committee, said\nin part:\n  \u201cComrades, we have assembled here as a camp to pay tribute to\n  the memory of the late Lieutenant-General Longstreet. One of the\n  great soldiers of the age has fallen. He has answered the last\n  roll-call. Taps has been sounded \u2018Lights out.\u2019 The \u2018War-Horse of\n  the Confederacy\u2019 is dead. This great, brave, and fearless officer\n  is gone. The hard fighter of the Army of Northern Virginia has\n  surrendered to the arch-enemy death. General Longstreet possessed\n  the esteem and confidence of his troops in a marked degree.\n  They were devoted to him, and when and where he led they were\n  invincible.\n  \u201cHis name and his deeds of daring and chivalry are coupled and\n  interwoven with that of the Army of Northern Virginia, and\n  are as lasting as the hills of the \u2018Old Dominion.\u2019 The heroic\n  battle-fields of Virginia will ever attest and pay tribute to\n  the military genius of this great leader. History will hand down\n  to posterity the name of James Longstreet as one of the great\n  generals of the nineteenth century.\u201d\nThe following was adopted as Camp Sterling Price\u2019s tribute to\nLieutenant-General James Longstreet:\nWHEREAS, Lieutenant-General James Longstreet recently passed away at\nhis home in Gainesville, Georgia, and was buried, amid the tears and\nregrets of thousands of those who loved him and had assembled from\nevery part of this country to pay this last honor to him; be it\n_Resolved_, That the comrades of Camp Sterling Price have heard with\nprofound sorrow of the death of this great Southern soldier and comrade.\n_Resolved_, That, educated in the profession of arms, he gave many\nyears of his young manhood to the service of his country in the war\nwith Mexico and in conflicts and campaigns with the savages of the\nWest, and everywhere distinguished himself for courage and ability so\nas to win promotion and the gratitude and applause of his countrymen.\n_Resolved_, That when wrongs and passion disrupted the nation, and his\nnative State withdrew from the Union and united with the Confederate\nStates of America, he felt that his allegiance no longer belonged\nto the other States of the Union, but to the one of which he was a\ncitizen, and he resigned his office in the United States army and\noffered his services to the government of the Confederacy. He received\nthe rank of brigadier-general, and, being always in the front when\ncampaigns were most important and the enemy the most powerful and\nbattles were furious, he was promoted for distinguished bravery,\nconduct, and generalship to be major-general, lieutenant-general, and\nsecond in command of the great Army of Northern Virginia, under the\ngreat commander Lee.\nAs brigadier-general at Manassas he held the left wing of the enemy,\nby his boldness, so that it could not give assistance to the defeated\nright wing. As major-general he covered General Johnston\u2019s retreat\nin the Peninsula before the advance of McClellan, and fought the\nvictorious battle of Williamsburg. As major-general he commanded the\nright wing in the bloody battle of Seven Pines, and with D. H. Hill\ndrove the enemy from the field. In the Seven Days\u2019 battle around\nRichmond no general gained greater renown, and soon thereafter, when\nCongress directed the President to appoint seven corps commanders with\nthe rank of lieutenant-general, Major-General Longstreet was made the\nranking lieutenant-general and second in command of the army under Lee,\nwhich position he held through the great battles and campaigns of that\narmy for three years, until with Lee and the remnant of his heroes he\nsurrendered at Appomattox.\nAt the second battle of Manassas he commanded the right wing of the\narmy, and with Jackson on the left drove Pope into the fortification of\nWashington. At South Mountain he held McClellan with a death grip until\nJackson could storm Harper\u2019s Ferry, and commanded the right wing at\nSharpsburg and fought more than double his number under McClellan from\nearly dawn until darkness spread her sombre shadows over the bloodiest\nscene in American history. It was here that Lee knighted him as his\n\u201cWar-Horse\u201d as the last guns were sending their hoarse echoes among the\nmountains. Next, at Fredericksburg he commanded the left wing, and at\nnightfall on the 13th of December, 1862, eight thousand of the enemy\nwere stretched out dead or bleeding in front of his corps.\nAt Gettysburg, riding by the side of Lee, without expecting nor\ndesiring at that time to join battle with the enemy, they heard the\nthunder of Hill\u2019s and Ewell\u2019s guns, and hastened to their assistance.\nThe first day\u2019s battle was fought and won before Lee or Longstreet\ncould take an active part. On the second day Longstreet commanded the\nright wing and fought one of the bloodiest battles of the war, driving\nalmost the entire army of Meade before him, and leaving more than ten\nthousand of the enemy slain or wounded on the field. The third day of\nthis great battle he exhibited the loftiest courage.\nNext, he and his corps were sent from Virginia to Georgia and joined\nBragg in the terrible battle of Chickamauga, where he commanded the\nleft wing and routed the right wing of Rosecrans\u2019s army. When Grant and\nMeade, with their forty thousand veteran soldiers, were advancing upon\nLee in the Wilderness of Virginia, the great commander of the Army of\nNorthern Virginia called Longstreet with his men back from Tennessee,\nand with panting breath and quick step and double ranks he headed the\nTexas brigade and rushed upon the cheering and triumphant enemy on the\nsecond day in the Wilderness, and drove them over their works amid the\nblazing woods, and a great victory was in the grasp of Lee, when a\nbullet from our own men, by mistake, crashed through his body and he\nwas carried from the field desperately wounded. The guiding hand of\nthe great general and fighter was gone, and victory fled as the fatal\nopportunity was lost.\nIn the long siege and through the many battles around Richmond and\nPetersburg, lasting nearly twelve months, Longstreet commanded the\nleft wing on the north side of the James, and stood like an immovable\nmountain between the enemy and the Confederate capital.\nWhen the sad day of Five Forks came, and Lee\u2019s lines were broken about\nPetersburg, Longstreet was called from Richmond with his men to the\nassistance of his great commander, and covered the retreat and gave\nblow for blow to the charging enemy, and when the sun rose on the\nday of the 9th of April, and Grant was about to offer terms for the\nsurrender of the Southern army, Longstreet told General Lee that if\nthe terms were not honorable they would fight again and die fighting.\nThus he fought and stood by his chief to the bitter end, retaining the\nconfidence of his commander and his President to the last; and if they\nwho knew him best and trusted him most, and were with him day and night\nand knew his thoughts and opinions, and witnessed his deeds and actions\nthroughout all the vicissitudes and trials of those days that measured\nthe souls of men,--if they believed in him, trusted him, leaned on him,\nand kept him second to Lee, who shall have the temerity to criticise,\nto condemn, and to throw stones at this imperial soldier?\nThose of us who have heard the thunder of his guns; those of us who\nhave seen him leading his warriors in battle; those of us who have seen\nhim stand like a Gibraltar against the charging thousands of a fierce\nfoe, will honor him as a great soldier who has added to the fame of\nSouthern manhood, and who is worthy to stand through the ages with\nLee and Johnston and Jackson and Stewart, and all the brave men who\nlaid their bare breasts to the storm of war in the name of freedom and\nindependence. We honor ourselves by honoring such a man.\n_Resolved_, That these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of this\nCamp and a copy be sent to Mrs. James Longstreet by the adjutant.\n            MILTON PARK.\n  \u201cA Solomon in council, a Samson on the field.\u201d\nThe following resolution in memory of Lieutenant-General James\nLongstreet, introduced by Captain Wm. Dunbar, was adopted by Camp 435,\nU. C. V., Augusta, Georgia, by a unanimous and rising vote:\n_Resolved_, That we deplore the death of Lieutenant-General James\nLongstreet. We recall how, in the opening of the campaign of 1862,\nhis stubborn gallantry saved the Army of Northern Virginia for its\nlong career of glory; how, later in the same campaign, his superb\nstrategy rescued Stonewall Jackson from the swarming thousands about\nto overwhelm him; how, in 1863, he flew to the aid of the heroic Army\nof Tennessee, and with it won the resplendent victory of Chickamauga.\nIn short, we know him by the proud title of the War-Horse of the\nConfederacy, a title worthily bestowed by General Robert E. Lee\nhimself. He was a grand soldier, a Solomon in council, and a Samson in\nthe field.\n_Resolved_, That these resolutions be inscribed on a special page of\nour minutes, and that a copy thereof be transmitted by our adjutant to\nthe family of the valiant dead.\n(_Longstreet Chapter._)\n  \u201cHis fame is imperishable.\u201d\nVerily, though dead, yet in history he will continue to live; be it\ntherefore\n_Resolved_, That while we, the Daughters of the Confederacy, deplore\nthe loss of our beloved Confederate General James Longstreet, who\nwas the first ranking general of the Confederate army, passes one of\nthe most gallant spirits of the nineteenth century. In the war drama\nof his life he played a most important part. At the beginning of the\nscene of the Civil War he took up the Southland\u2019s cause and began as\nbrigadier-general a career of courageous fighting which won for him the\nadmiration of the world. He was a comrade of Jackson and a companion\nof Lee. In personal appearance General Longstreet was well adapted\nto play this important part. So distinguished in appearance, he was\nindeed a veritable \u201cwar-horse.\u201d His career in the Confederate army was\na magnificent display of this loyal adherence to his views of truth and\nright. His fame as a soldier is imperishably inscribed on the scroll of\nhistory.\nWorn by recurring paroxysms of exquisite pain, the great warrior was\nweary as the evening shadows fell, and patiently asked his devoted wife\nto rearrange his couch. \u201cI shall rest better on the other side,\u201d he\nsaid, gently. Then the spirit took its flight.\n    Let us cherish in our hearts the golden story,\n    How the chieftain bravely lived and calmly died--\n    Living for his Southland\u2019s never fading glory--\n    \u201cResting better now upon the other side.\u201d\nPerish the hand and strike down the pen that would rob him of a\npeople\u2019s gratitude to a brave and loyal son.\n_Resolved_, His death caused universal sorrow among those who honor the\nchivalry, gallantry, and bravery which lent to the Confederate cause\nthe lustre that can never dim, and left a laurelled history that will\nnever die.\n\u201cFor he who best knows how to endure shall possess the greater peace.\u201d\n_Resolved_, That we extend our heartfelt sympathy to his bereaved\nfamily in this hour of unspeakable sorrow, and pray that the hand\nof our Heavenly Father may be laid in gracious healing upon their\nbroken hearts. That the Holy One may abide with them in comforting\ninfluence, and that the sunshine of His wonderful presence may brighten\nthe present sad separation by the sure promise of reunion with their\nbeloved in the land where suffering and death are unknown.\n_Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the city\npapers, and to the bereaved family, and that they be inscribed in our\nminutes.\n            MRS. ERNEST HAM.\n(_John A. Green Camp._)\n  \u201cThe battle-fields of Virginia will ever pay tribute to\n  Longstreet\u2019s genius.\u201d\n            HEAD-QUARTERS COLONEL JOHN A. GREEN CAMP,\nWe have assembled here to pay tribute to the memory of the \u201cWar-Horse\u201d\nof the Army of Northern Virginia, General James Longstreet, who died\nrecently at his home in or near Gainesville, Georgia, at the ripe\nold age of eighty-three years. General Longstreet earned his first\nlaurels at the first battle of Manassas, and fought his way up to\nlieutenant-general. Being the ranking lieutenant-general in Lee\u2019s\ngrand army, he served with conspicuous gallantry in nearly all the\nbattles in which that army was engaged,--Manassas, Williamsburg,\nSeven Pines, under Johnston, the Seven Days\u2019 battles around Richmond,\nCedar Mountain, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg (it was here that General\nLee knighted him as his \u201cWar-Horse\u201d), Fredericksburg, Gettysburg,\nChickamauga, the Wilderness, around Richmond and Petersburg, and in\nalmost all the great battles in which Lee\u2019s army was engaged. However\nwe may have differed with him in the political path which he chose,\nwhen the army which he led with such conspicuous ability laid down\ntheir arms and returned to peaceful pursuits, we recognize in him a\ngreat general, and the battle-fields of Virginia will ever attest and\npay tribute to his military genius. History will hand down his name to\nposterity as one of the great generals of the South, one who was true\nand faithful to the Star-Spangled Banner under which he fought, and in\nwhom our great commander, General R. E. Lee, placed his confidence and\ntrust. General Longstreet possessed the esteem and confidence of his\ntroops in a marked degree in camp and field, and in advance or retreat\nhis deeds of daring are coupled with that of the army of General Lee,\nand are as lasting as the hills of Virginia. We extend our sympathy to\nthe family of this grand old general who has passed over the River.\n    W. C. BALLARD,\n      _Commander_.\n(_James Longstreet Camp._)\n  \u201cA patriot who commanded the admiration of the age in which he\n  lived. One of the world\u2019s great generals.\u201d\nTo the memory of General Longstreet, passed by Camp James Longstreet,\nU. C. V., at their regular meeting in Ennis, Texas, January 17, 1904:\nWHEREAS, The Commander-in-Chief has been pleased to call the late\nLieutenant-General James Longstreet across the river, to rest in the\nshade on the other shore with his former commanding general, R. E. Lee,\nand his associates, Hood, Jackson, and others, who had preceded him; and\nWHEREAS, In the removal of this great soldier from the walks of life\nto his future reward the military world has lost one of the most\ndistinguished military characters known to the history of civil\nwarfare; America has lost a loyal patriot, whose inflexible devotion\nto duty, as he saw it from a view-point of patriotic loyalty to his\ncountry, commanded the admiration of the age in which he lived; the\nSouth has lost a son, whose distinguished services as a gallant soldier\nand whose superior ability as a general in the Army of Northern\nVirginia easily classed him with the greatest of the world\u2019s great\ngenerals, one whose brilliant record sheds an honorable lustre on\nthe Southern soldier of which the American people feel justly proud;\ntherefore be it\n_Resolved_, That while we deplore with sadness the death of General\nLongstreet, who enjoyed the full confidence of his commanding general\nand of the officers and men of his command as a gallant and prudent\nofficer, we cherish his record as a general in the Army of Virginia\nas a spotless sheen of soldierly merit and worth, faultless in every\nrespect.\n_Resolved_, That a page in the record-book of Camp James Longstreet be\nset apart, and that these resolutions in memory of our departed general\nbe recorded thereon.\n          Fraternally,\n(_Hattiesburg Camp._)\n  \u201cHe was the chosen leader and central figure in every great\n  conflict from the first battle of Manassas to the fateful day at\n  Appomattox.\u201d\nLongstreet was the chosen leader and central figure in every great\nconflict from the first battle of Manassas to the fateful day at\nAppomattox.\nSparta never had a worthier son than the South had in General\nLongstreet. From the firing of the first gun his ardor never ceased,\nhis courage never failed. Often in the midst of the greatest battle\ndid he stand with his men when they fell around him like forests in a\nstorm. His presence was inspiring, and his word talismanic. No soldier\nwas ever more loved or confided in than he. Who shall say that his\nname shall not emblazon the brightest page of our history? Who will\ndeny him that great praise, so justly his own by reason of his great\nservices and terrible suffering? History will be incomplete without\naccording him her brightest page; and as long as we live to recount\ndeeds of valor and heroism on the battle-field, will live the names of\nLee, Longstreet, and \u201cStonewall\u201d Jackson. Who that was at Gettysburg,\nSpottsylvania, and the Wilderness, when the earth rocked with the tramp\nof armed men and the roar of battle resounded almost to heaven, would\ndeny him this mead of praise?\nIn all these was General Longstreet a prime warrior, a conspicuous\nactor. He rarely, if ever, was defeated. He planned his marches,\nbattles, and retreats with a strategy little less than transcendent;\nand when he made a stand he placed his back to the rock and bid\ndefiance to his enemies.\nHe was to Lee what Ney was to Napoleon, a guide, a friend, and a\nconfidant.\nI cannot pass this occasion without recalling an incident at the\nWilderness. On the 5th day of May, 1864, General Grant had devastated\nthe entire country from the Rapidan River to Fredericksburg. His\nsoldiers were as numerous as the Assyrian hosts. Hancock\u2019s corps\nhad advanced to the west side of the plank road that ran through\nthat dismal swamp, and had driven both Pendor and Heath out of their\nbreastworks, thus breaking through the centre of our line of battle.\nIt was an awful hour--fear and despair could be seen in every face. In\nvain did Heath and Pendor try to repossess their works.\nJust at that moment Longstreet arrived on the ground. Hood\u2019s Texans\nwere in front. Lee came in a gallop to meet them. With tears in his\neyes and his long hair flying in the wind, he asked, \u201cWhat troops are\nthese?\u201d \u201cHood\u2019s Texans,\u201d was the reply. \u201cFollow me!\u201d he said. When he\nstarted to lead them, a Texan belonging to the First Texas Regiment,\ncommanded by Colonel J. R. Harding, now of Jackson, Mississippi,\ncaught the bridle of General Lee\u2019s horse and turned him back. Away\nwent the Texans followed by the Mississippi, Arkansas, Alabama, and\nLouisiana brigades, and drove the enemy back and saved the day. This\nwas but one of the glorious acts of General Longstreet.\nCold Harbor, Seven Pines, Gaines Mill, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg are\nnot less glorious than others named, and all made so by the energy\nand courage of Longstreet and his faithful soldiers. At the battle of\nSharpsburg for a long time our army was threatened with defeat; our\nlines began to waver before the terrible fire of the superior numbers\nwith which we were contending, when General Longstreet, just from a\nhot contest on our left, was brought around to the centre, and for six\nlong hours he repelled the assailants of this numerous host and \u201ckept\nthe executives at bay and drove back the Mamalukes of power.\u201d Forget\nhim? No! The names of Lee and Longstreet will live as those of C\u00e6sar\nand Napoleon, and when this physical world shall have perished, and the\nheavens rolled together as a scroll, the names of these men will be\nremembered.\n_Resolved_, That in the death of General Longstreet the South has lost\none of her most brilliant soldiers.\n_Resolved_, That in battles his name was a synonym of success, and his\npresence an inspiration to his men, a terror to his enemies.\n_Resolved_, That the Camp wear the usual badge for thirty days and a\ncopy of this paper be sent to his family at Gainesville, Georgia.\n              _For Committee_.\nAdopted by Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Camp, No. 21, U. C. V., February\n(_John M. Stephen\u2019s Camp._)\n  \u201cWhere his flag waved his lines stood as immovable as Gibraltar.\u201d\nCOMRADES,--At his home at Gainesville, Georgia, at 5 P.M., Saturday,\nJanuary 2, 1904, in his eighty-third year, Lieutenant-General\nLongstreet answered his last roll-call. If Alabama had done nothing\nsave to give us Longstreet and Pelham, she would have done much for\nherself, the Southland, and for fame. If with Alexander, Hannibal,\nand Napoleon, Robert E. Lee takes first rank among the world\u2019s great\ngenerals, surely General Longstreet may stand with those who occupy\nsecond rank among the world\u2019s great military men.\nIf Jackson was Lee\u2019s right hand, Longstreet was his left from Manassas\nto Appomattox.\nLongstreet was a very thunder-bolt of war. When Jackson at the second\nbattle of Manassas was hard pressed by Pope\u2019s whole army, Longstreet\nrushed to his aid and, striking Pope\u2019s flank, crushed it as an\negg-shell in the hand of a strong man. Thus always and everywhere that\nLongstreet led, his men hurried to death as joyously as the bridegroom\nto greet the bride; where his flag waved his lines stood as immovable\nas Gibraltar to the storms of the ocean, and when he moved forward,\nthere the enemy were beaten or death and carnage reigned supreme. If\nafter Appomattox, Longstreet made mistakes, or we imagined he did,\nthe mantle of death covers them all. Remembering there has only One\nlived without fault, they are forgotten, and standing by his grave we\nremember only his virtues and the heroism and skill which made him\ngreat in times and places where great men were thick as fallen leaves\nin Vallombrosa; therefore be it\n_Resolved_, That we mourn the death of our great leader, and tender to\nhis bereaved family our sincere sympathy.\n_Resolved_, That these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of this\nCamp, and that copies be furnished our town papers for publication and\na copy be sent to General Longstreet\u2019s widow.\n(_Jeff Falkner Camp._)\n  \u201cHis officers and men have never doubted his courage and loyalty.\u201d\nCommander John Purifoy spoke of the death of General Longstreet and\nintroduced the subjoined resolutions which were unanimously adopted.\n\u201cIn the death of Lieutenant-General James Longstreet a great soldier\nhas \u2018passed over the river\u2019 to his final rest. No more will he wake\nto behold the splendor and fame of his men. He has fought his last\nbattle. In the school of war he had learned courage, promptness, and\ndetermination. Its stern lessons had taught him fortitude in suffering,\ncoolness in danger, and cheerfulness under reverses. Every Southerner\nshould feel proud of his record as a soldier.\n\u201cWhile some of those who were associated with him in the many great\nbattles in which he was a conspicuous figure, have permitted themselves\nto engage in some adverse criticism of his conduct on one occasion\nonly, the officers and men under his immediate command never for a\nmoment doubted his courage, his skill, his integrity, his sincerity,\nor his loyalty to the cause for which he unsheathed his sword. Nor did\nthe great Lee, whose confidence he retained to his death, ever intimate\nthat Longstreet was not faithful, brave, and prompt in the discharge of\nevery duty as a soldier.\n\u201cAs surviving comrades we will cherish his memory; as Alabamans, we are\nproud of his record. His integrity, his honesty, and his heroic conduct\nare worthy of emulation.\n\u201c_Resolved_, That our sincere condolence is hereby tendered his\nbereaved widow and other members of his family.\n\u201c_Resolved_, That this memorial and resolutions be spread upon our\nminutes, and that they be given to the press for publication.\n\u201c_Resolved_, That a copy of the same be mailed to his widow at\nGainesville, Georgia.\u201d\n(_George B. Eastin Camp._)\n  \u201cHis fame will endure as long as the story of the great struggle\n  shall be told.\u201d\nWHEREAS, We, the members of the George B. Eastin Camp of United\nConfederate Veterans, Louisville, Kentucky, have heard with profound\nregret of the death of our distinguished comrade, Lieutenant-General\nJames Longstreet, and feel that we should pay tribute to the memory of\none who was so conspicuously associated with the cause for which we\nfought; therefore be it\n_Resolved_, That we recognize and testify to the valor and devotion\nwhich he exhibited on so many fields made memorable by Confederate\neffort, and caused him to be worthily ranked among the best and bravest\nsoldiers of the Army of Northern Virginia.\nWith the history and the glory of that army his name will ever be\nsignally and inseparably connected. His fame as a skilful, resolute,\nand sagacious commander, the honor due him as a dauntless defender\nof his native soil, his record for faithful performance of duty and\nunflinching courage from \u201cManassas to Appomattox,\u201d will endure so long\nas the story of the great struggle shall be told.\nForgetting in the presence of his death and grave all later\ndifferences, we remember and acknowledge his services and his heroism\nin the hour of need and trial.\n_Resolved_, That these resolutions be spread on the minutes of this\nCamp, and the daily papers of this city be requested to publish same;\nalso, that a copy be sent to the bereaved widow of our distinguished\ncomrade.\n          Respectfully submitted,\n            JAS. S. CARPENTER.\n(_Pat Cleburne Camp, No. 88._)\n  \u201cHe was as true as the needle to the pole in every position in\n  which he was placed, whether in civic or military life.\u201d\nTwo weeks ago to-day the wires flashed the news over the country that\nGeneral James Longstreet, the soldier, statesman, and diplomat, died\nSaturday night at his home in Gainesville, Georgia. He was born in\nEdgefield District, South Carolina, January 8, 1821, hence lacked\nonly a few days of being eighty-three years of age. He graduated from\nWest Point in 1842, was in the war with Mexico and brevetted for\nmeritorious service at Churubusco and Molino del Rey. He was wounded\nSeptember 8, 1847, at the storming of Chapultepec. He was commissioned\nbrigadier-general in the Confederate army at the first battle of\nBull Run, in 1861, where he commanded a brigade on the right of the\nConfederate army and held in check a strong force of the enemy in a\nvain effort to turn General Johnston\u2019s flank; and from then until the\ndark day at Appomattox, when the sun of the Confederacy went down in\ngloom to rise no more, the flag of \u201cOld Pete,\u201d as he was familiarly\ncalled by his old comrades, was everywhere in the thick of the fight;\nand he was one of Lee\u2019s most trusted lieutenants, and every true\nConfederate soldier will drop a tear to his memory. He has crossed\nthe dark river and is now resting with Lee, Jackson, and thousands of\nothers who have answered the last roll-call, heard the last tattoo, and\nwill hear the roll of the drum and the call to arms no more forever.\nPeace to his ashes and sympathy to his living comrades is our sincere\nwish; therefore be it\n_Resolved_, That the death of General Longstreet takes from our earthly\nranks another of the brave and true, one who was ever ready to obey the\ncall of duty, as the writers of this resolution can testify, having\nfollowed him through many bloody engagements where he was indeed a\nleader whom any might feel honored to follow. He was as true as the\nneedle to the pole in every position in which he was placed, whether in\ncivic or military life.\n_Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions be spread upon our\nminutes, a copy forwarded to the widow of our deceased comrade, and\nthat we tender her our sincere sympathy in this the darkest hour of her\nlife.\n              _Captain Commanding_.\n(_Joseph E. Johnston Camp._)\n  \u201cHis sword was one of the most trenchant ever drawn in the\n  South\u2019s defence.\u201d\nAt a regular meeting of Joseph E. Johnston Camp, U. C. V., No.\n119, held at Gainesville, Texas, on the 9th day of January, 1904,\nthe Committee on Resolutions as to the death of General Longstreet\npresented, and the Camp unanimously adopted, the following resolutions:\n_Resolved_, That we have heard, with deep sorrow, of the death of\nLieutenant-General James Longstreet, late of the Confederate army.\n_Resolved_, That in the death of General Longstreet the world has lost\none of her greatest military chieftains, the United States one of her\nmost illustrious citizens, and the South one who in the darkest hours\nof peril boasted him among her noblest and best; his sword was one of\nthe most trenchant ever drawn in her defence, and to her is left the\nproud heritage of his brilliant career.\n_Resolved_, That as this sad news is flashed around the world, it is\nfitting that every ex-Confederate soldier should bow his head in deep\nsadness as his bier passes us to the silent city of the dead.\n_Resolved_, That as our great comrade has obeyed his last tattoo,\nand after a long and useful life has gone to peaceful rest, where\nwar\u2019s dread alarm is heard no longer, that we pray the reveille of\nresurrection morning will wake him to receive a crown of glory brighter\nfar than heroes ever won in the battle-field.\n_Resolved_, That we, his comrades in arms, tender his noble wife and\nfamily our genuine sympathy in their sad bereavement, assuring them\nthat a grateful people will lovingly cherish the proud military record\nof this wonderful soldier.\n_Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions be mailed to Mrs. James\nLongstreet, and copies be delivered to the press.\n    ROBT. BEAN,\n      _Commander pro tem._\n    W. W. HOWETH,\n      _Adjutant pro tem._\n(_Merrill E. Pratt Chapter._)\n  \u201cYears will only add lustre to his crown.\u201d\nThe Merrill E. Pratt Chapter of the United Daughters of the\nConfederacy, of Prattville, Alabama, paid a tribute of respect to\nthe memory of General James Longstreet, by adopting the following\nresolutions:\nWHEREAS, Fully cognizant of the fact that there will be many tributes\nof condolence offered, tributes that thrill with eloquence and lofty\nsentiment, yet there will be none more sincere or more truly heartfelt\nthan that offered by the Merrill E. Pratt Chapter of the United\nDaughters of the Confederacy; therefore,\n_Resolved_, That in the death of General Longstreet the whole nation\nlost one of its truest statesmen, while the South lost one of its\ngreatest chieftains and one of its stanchest friends.\n_Resolved_, That while we deplore his death, we bless and praise the\nGlorious Giver for the gift to the Southland of such a patriot as\nGeneral Longstreet, a patriot whose fame time cannot wear away, and\nyears will only add lustre to his crown.\n            MRS. JAMES D. RISE,\n              _Corresponding Secretary_.\n(_Tom Smith Camp._)\n  \u201cHe was the last survivor of the South\u2019s great warriors.\u201d\nMR. COMMANDER AND COMRADES,--Your committee appointed at the last\nmeeting of this Camp to draft resolutions expressing our sorrow and\ngrief at the death of Lieutenant-General James Longstreet, respectfully\nreport as follows:\nLieutenant-General Longstreet was the commander of the First Corps\nof the Army of Northern Virginia, and the last survivor of the great\nwarriors upon whom that rank was first conferred when the Confederate\narmies were organized into corps. He was known as the \u201cFighting\nGeneral,\u201d and, with the exception of the battle of Chancellorsville,\nwas with General Lee in all his campaigns from the Seven Days\u2019 fight\naround Richmond until the war ended at Appomattox, save only when\nincapacitated a few months by wounds received in the battle of the\nWilderness in 1864. He was loved and respected by his soldiers, and the\nsurviving veterans of his corps have always honored their leader and\nare mourners at his grave.\n_Resolved_, That we who knew him and followed him through the dangers\nand trials of protracted war claim the privilege of paying our tribute\nof heartfelt sorrow to the memory of our dead commander.\n_Resolved_, That we extend to his widow and surviving children our\nsympathy in their affliction.\n_Resolved_, That this memorial be spread upon the records of this Camp,\nand that a copy be sent to his bereaved family.\n(_J. E. B. Stuart Camp._)\n  \u201cGeneral Lee leaned on him as a strong arm of defence.\u201d\nIn the death of General James Longstreet passes away one of the\nmost prominent generals of the Southern Confederacy. He was born in\nEdgefield District, South Carolina, January 8, 1821. When ten years\nold, in 1831, he moved with his mother to Alabama, and from this State\nhe was appointed to the United States Military Academy, from whence\nhe graduated in 1842. He was assigned to duty at Jefferson Barracks,\nMissouri, in 1842-44; on frontier duty at Natchitoches, Louisiana,\n1844-45; in the occupation of Texas, 1845-46; and in the war with\nMexico. Here he was wounded, was promoted several times for gallantry,\nhis courage being observable on all occasions. He faithfully discharged\nhis duties as an officer of the United States until June 1, 1861, when\nhe resigned and entered the service of the Southern Confederacy. His\ncareer is well known to his comrades, and is a part of the glorious\nhistory of our Southern cause. He was a brave soldier, a superior\nofficer, brave and true, and one of the hardest fighters of the Army\nof Northern Virginia. General Lee had implicit confidence in him, and\nleaned on him as a strong arm of defence in the most desperate fighting\nand splendid generalship. Longstreet was a man of the front, where he\nstood to execute orders the most difficult and hazardous, and did not\nlay aside his sword until his leader surrendered his shattered forces,\nuntil there was no more fighting to do. He was cool, deliberate, and\nyet generous. It became an acknowledged fact that where Longstreet and\nhis brave men were, was sure and desperate fighting. He stood in line\nof battle ready for engagement when the surrender came, loosening his\ngrip on his faithful sword only when the war had ended.\nWe honor him for his works\u2019 sake, and bow our heads in memory of his\nwonderful achievements, his devotedness to duty, and love for our great\nSouthland.\n_Resolved_, That this memorial be spread upon the minutes of this\nCamp, a copy furnished the family of our deceased comrade, and a copy\nfurnished such papers as may wish to publish the same.\nDone by order of J. E. B. Stuart Camp, No. 45, U. C. V., Terrell,\nTexas, January 16, A.D. 1904.\n            VIC. REINHARDT,\n(_Horace King Camp._)\n  \u201cHe was one of the most persistent and determined fighters that\n  any country ever produced.\u201d\nYour committee appointed by Horace King Camp, No. 476, U. C. V.,\nDecatur, Alabama, to prepare resolutions expressive of their profound\nsorrow at the death of Lieutenant-General James Longstreet, of\nConfederate army fame, beg leave to report,--\nFirst, That in General Longstreet\u2019s death we have lost one of the\nbravest generals who fought on either side of the Civil War--one whom\nthe great Lee called the right arm of the Army of Northern Virginia. He\nwas one of the most persistent and determined fighters that any country\never produced.\nSecond, He was independent, self-reliant, watchful, devoted to the\ncause he espoused. He never flinched from unexpected difficulties,\nand showed his readiness to die at his post if need be. He was a man\nof superb courage. \u201cHe not only acted without fear, but he had that\nfortitude of soul that bears the consequence of the course pursued\nwithout complaint.\u201d In the presence of death, the good man judges as\nhe would be judged. In the grave should be buried every prejudice and\npassion born in conflict of opinion. Fortunate are we, indeed, when we\nbecome great enough to know and appreciate the great. Longstreet was\nbrave enough to follow the path of duty as he saw it, no matter where\nit led. In speaking words of love and praise over his grave, we honor\nourselves. May we with gratitude remember the good that he has done.\nMay he rest in peace.\n_Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions be sent the family of the\ndeceased, and that they be spread upon the record of the Camp.\n            W. W. LITTLEJOHN,\n            SAMUEL BLACKWELL,\nThe foregoing resolutions were adopted by a rising vote of the Camp,\nJanuary 14, 1904.\n(_New York Highlanders._)\n  \u201cWe had reason to respect him as a foe.\u201d\n            HEAD-QUARTERS SEVENTY-NINTH REGIMENT,\n              NEW YORK VOLUNTEER HIGHLANDERS,\n                VETERAN ASSOCIATION.\nWHEREAS, It has come to our knowledge that our esteemed Honorary\nMember, Lieutenant-General James Longstreet, late of the Confederate\narmy, has passed to that bourne from which no traveller has ever\nreturned; and\nWHEREAS, We had reason to respect him as a foe with whom we were often\nin conflict, and to whom we sometimes had to yield the palm of victory,\nand especially do we remember the gallant fight he and his tried\nveterans made at Fort Saunders, Knoxville, East Tennessee, on November\n29, 1863, when we were victorious only after he had thrice been\nrepulsed; and\nWHEREAS, We also remember with pleasure the reunion of the Blue and the\nGray held at Knoxville in 1890, where we again renewed our acquaintance\nwith the General and his gallant band, but under far different and\npleasanter circumstances--they were our foes in 1863, our friends\nin 1890; and we also recall the many hours we passed in his company\nwhen we fought our battles over and over again, and where we had the\npleasure of placing upon our roll the name of General Longstreet as an\nhonorary member; therefore, be it\n_Resolved_, That in his death we feel that there has passed away a\ngallant soldier and gentleman, who in the conflict and struggle of the\nCivil War, where so many gave their lives to defend the cause which\neach espoused, we learned to respect, and in peace we learned to love;\nand we therefore extend to his widow and family in their bereavement\nour heartfelt sympathy, committing them to the loving care of the\nDivine Master, who alone can comfort them in their affliction.\n            FRANCIS W. JUDGE,\n            CHARLES CRAWFORD,\n(_Camp Frank Gardner._)\n  \u201cHe won for our armies a world-wide reputation.\u201d\n            CAMP GENERAL FRANK GARDNER, No. 580, U. C. V.,\n              LAFAYETTE, LOUISIANA, January 14th, 1904.\nWHEREAS, This is the first meeting of this Camp held since death has\nclaimed as one of its victims the distinguished Confederate soldier,\nGeneral James Longstreet, who departed this life on the 2d day of\nJanuary, 1904, at Gainesville, Georgia; and\nWHEREAS, This Camp recognizes the great services rendered to the cause\nby the brilliant soldier, and desires to render its meed of just\ntribute to the memory of the gallant officer and commander; therefore\nbe it\n_Resolved_, That in the death of General James Longstreet we mourn\nthe loss of one of the most illustrious of the great generals who\nled our armies to victory on many a hard-fought field against almost\noverwhelming odds, gaining for our devoted armies a world-wide\nreputation that ranks them among the best soldiers of the age.\n_Resolved_, That these resolutions be entered in the records of\nour Camp as a memento of our admiration and appreciation of this\ndistinguished general and citizen, and that a copy be sent to the\nfamily of the deceased.\n            C. DEBAILLON,\n              _Captain Commanding_.\n(_Pat Cleburne Camp, No. 436._)\n  \u201cThe Gettysburg charges are not supported by authentic history or\n  satisfactory evidence.\u201d\nWHEREAS, It has pleased Almighty God to call to him the immortal soul\nof General James Longstreet, lieutenant-general in the Army of the\nConfederate States of America, whose record as a broad-minded citizen\nand conscientious, upright, and honorable officer in the various\ncivil positions he has held, is only excelled by the great service\nhe rendered his country, as the soldier and general, whose bravery,\nfortitude, ability, and devotion to duty was excelled by none whose\nfortunes were cast with his, beneath the \u201cStars and Bars;\u201d and\nWHEREAS, There is among certain ones in the South a disposition to\nreflect upon his fidelity to the trust imposed upon him at the battle\nof Gettysburg, and place upon his shoulders the blame for General Lee\u2019s\nloss of that engagement; be it\n_Resolved_, That we deprecate the spirit that would induce one\nConfederate soldier to stoop from the pedestal upon which history has\nplaced him, to deprive another of the honor to which he is justly\nentitled.\n_Resolved_, That we heartily approve of the course taken during his\nlife by the late General Longstreet,--in ignoring the attacks and\ncalumnies heaped upon him by those who were his comrades in arms,--as\nshowing the true greatness of the man.\n_Resolved_, That we further believe, when the true facts are known,\nan admiring and grateful people will place him second only to the\nimmortal Lee, who, though all the facts were known to him, exhonerated\nLongstreet from all blame, saying, \u201cThe fault is mine.\u201d\n_Resolved_, That this Camp do hereby attest its belief in his fidelity,\nability, and high moral character, and that the so-called Gettysburg\ncharges are not supported by authentic history or satisfactory evidence.\n_Resolved_, That we here extend to the family of General Longstreet our\nheartfelt sympathy in this, their, and their nation\u2019s loss, and that\none copy of these resolutions be mailed to Mrs. James Longstreet, one\nbe printed in our local papers, and another be spread on the minutes of\nthis Camp.\n            Respectfully submitted,\nThe above resolutions were adopted by Pat Cleburne Camp, No. 436, U. S.\nC. V., of Cleburne, Texas, at a regular meeting of that Camp, held on\nSunday, January 24, 1904.\n(_Pat Cleburne Camp, No 222._)\n  \u201cHe was a true and tried leader of men.\u201d\n    _To Pat Cleburne Camp, No. 222, Waco, Texas_:\nYour committee respectfully recommend the following resolutions as to\nGeneral Longstreet:\nWHEREAS, We have heard with deep regret of the recent death of General\nJames Longstreet, commander forty years ago of the First Corps, Army of\nNorthern Virginia, Confederate States army; therefore be it\n_Resolved_, That in the death of General James Longstreet the country\nat large has lost a true and tried leader of men, and the Confederate\nVeterans have parted with a comrade and commander in whom they reposed\nimplicit confidence and one ever ready to defend his cause against any\nfoe, foreign or domestic.\n_Resolved_, That the war that has been and is being waged on the\nmilitary record of General Longstreet for failure to do his duty at the\nbattle of Gettysburg is not in keeping, in our opinion, with the record\nas it is made up from the reports of General Lee, commander-in-chief\nof the Confederate army in that conflict. If General Longstreet had\nfailed to execute the orders of General Lee, and been the cause of the\ndefeat of the Confederate army, as is charged, we believe he would have\nbeen court-martialed and dismissed from the service instead of being\nretained and trusted on down to Appomattox, as he was.\n_Resolved_, That we deplore and deeply regret the action of the\nSavannah Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy in refusing\na floral offering to be placed on the bier of General Longstreet.\nHis heroic conduct as a soldier of the Confederacy, his wounds and\nsacrifices in our glorious but disastrous struggle for freedom, would\nhave certainly entitled him to the slight token of gratitude as he was\npassing out from among us forever.\n(_Cobb-Deloney Camp._)\n  \u201cAt the end of the unequal contest he sheathed a stainless sword.\u201d\nWHEREAS, It has pleased an all wise Providence to remove from this life\nLieutenant-General James Longstreet, commander of the First Corps of\nthe Army of Northern Virginia, and second ranking officer in that army;\nand\nWHEREAS, In all the eventful campaigns of that army, from Manassas to\nAppomattox, General Longstreet was a conspicuous figure, enjoying the\nfull confidence and affection of our peerless chieftain, General Robert\nE. Lee, whose own right arm leaned on him for support; and\nWHEREAS, In our second struggle for independence he displayed sincere\ndevotion, great military skill, serene courage, and an indomitable\nwill and resolution, which has shed honor upon Southern arms and added\nlustre to the imperishable fame of Southern soldiers; and\nWHEREAS, He shed his blood freely in our behalf, and at the end of the\nunequal contest sheathed a stainless sword which for four years had\nflashed in the front of battle and victory.\n_Resolved_, That we mourn with deep sorrow the death of this\nillustrious leader, and will ever cherish with gratitude and admiration\nthe memory of his example, his sacrifices, and his heroic achievements.\n_Resolved_, That we tender to his family our sincere sympathy in this\ngreat bereavement.\n_Resolved_, That a page be set apart in our minutes upon which these\nresolutions shall be recorded, and that a copy be sent to the family of\nGeneral Longstreet.\nCopy from the minutes of Cobb-Deloney Camp, United Confederate\nVeterans, Athens, Georgia, January 14, 1904.\n            WM. G. CARITHERS,\n(_Mayor and City Council, Atlanta, Georgia._)\n  \u201cHe was ever loyal to duty and the Southern cause.\u201d\nWHEREAS, Lieutenant-General James Longstreet died at his home in\nGainesville, Georgia, on the 2d day of January, 1904; and\nWHEREAS, As a Southern soldier General Longstreet won imperishable fame\nand glory as a corps commander in the armies of the Confederacy during\nthe fateful days of the \u201960\u2019s, and was held in the highest esteem and\nconfidence by the knightly and matchless Lee, and was ever loyal to\nduty and the cause of the Southern Confederacy; be it therefore\n_Resolved_, That we have heard with sincere regret of the death of this\ngallant gentleman who in his lifetime exemplified in the highest degree\nthe courage, chivalry and patriotism of the South, upon a hundred of\nhis country\u2019s battle-fields.\n_Resolved_, That in common with all citizens of the Southland we lament\nhis demise and honor and revere his memory for his great service to\nhis country and his people as a soldier of the Southern Confederacy.\nNo braver heart beat beneath the Confederate gray, no more heroic soul\npaid allegiance to the Stars and Bars. Honor to his memory! Peace to\nhis ashes!\n_Resolved_, That this resolution be entered upon the minutes of the\nGeneral Council and a copy thereof, certified to under the hand\nand seal of the clerk, be forwarded by him to the family of the\ndistinguished dead, and that the City Hall flag be lowered to half-mast\non to-morrow the 6th instant.\nAdopted by a unanimous rising vote.\n    GEORGIA, FULTON COUNTY,\n      CITY OF ATLANTA.\nI, W. J. Campbell, clerk of Council of the city of Atlanta, do certify\nthat the attached is a true copy of a resolution adopted by the\nGeneral Council of said city on January 5, 1904, the original of which\nis of record and on file in the office of said clerk of Council.\nIn witness whereof I have hereunto affixed my hand and seal of office,\nthis January 11, 1904.\n              _Clerk of Council_.\n(_Camp Walker._)\n  \u201cWe deplore and deeply regret the action of the Savannah\n  Daughters.\u201d\nThe committee appointed to express the views of Camp Walker, U. C. V.,\nNo. 925, on the military record of General James Longstreet, beg leave\nto report as follows:\nWHEREAS, We have heard with deep regret of the recent death of General\nJames Longstreet, commander forty years ago of the First Army Corps, A.\nN. Va., Confederate States army; therefore\n_Resolved_, That in the death of General James Longstreet the country\nat large has lost a true and tried leader of men, and the Confederate\nVeterans have parted with a commander in whom they reposed implicit\nconfidence, and one ever ready to defend his cause against any foe,\nforeign or domestic.\n_Resolved_, That the war that has been, and is being waged on the\nmilitary record of General James Longstreet for failure to do his duty\nat the battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, is not in keeping, in our\nopinion, with the record as it is made up from the orders of General\nRobert E. Lee, commander-in-chief of the Confederate army in that great\nconflict. If General Longstreet had failed to execute the orders of\nGeneral Lee, and had been the cause of the defeat of the Confederate\narmy, as is charged, we believe he would have been court-martialed and\ndismissed from the service, instead of being retained and trusted, on\ndown to Appomattox, as he was.\n_Resolved_, That we deplore and deeply regret the action of the\nSavannah Chapter, Daughters of the Confederacy, in refusing to supply a\nfloral offering to be placed on the bier of General James Longstreet.\nHis heroic conduct as a soldier of the Confederacy, his wounds and\nsacrifices in our glorious but disastrous struggle for freedom, would\nhave certainly entitled him to this slight token of gratitude as he was\npassing out from among us forever.\nResolutions unanimously adopted by order of the Camp.\n            JAMES G. RAMSEY,\nATLANTA, GEORGIA, January 11, 1904.\n(_Longstreet\u2019s \u201cBoys.\u201d_)\n  \u201cA noble, heroic, and spotless soldier.\u201d\n\u201cI was a member of Longstreet\u2019s corps for three years,\u201d said General\nMcGlashan, in the preface to his resolutions, \u201cI followed the fortunes\nof that corps, served with it, saw its work, saw its sufferings, its\nvictories, and its grandeur of behavior on every battle-field from\nSeven Pines to Appomattox, for I was fortunate enough to be wounded at\nonly one fight, and if any one in so humble a position as I was could\nsay anything about his leader, I think I can.\n\u201cYou all know the reputation of Longstreet\u2019s corps; you know the glory\nof its service and what it accomplished on many battle-fields, and you\ncannot dissociate General Longstreet from the glory and reputation\nof his corps.\u201d General McGlashan was here interrupted by cheers.\nContinuing, he said, \u201cWe are concerned with nothing that may have been\nsaid of General Longstreet after the war; we are here to remember him\nas a great Confederate general and leader.\n\u201cWhen General Longstreet, in his old gray coat, came to Atlanta in\n1886, Jefferson Davis received him with open arms; there was no lack\nof confidence or acceptance there, and it is not for any others to say\nwhat Lee and Davis left unsaid.\u201d\nGeneral McGlashan then introduced the following resolutions:\nWHEREAS, It hath pleased our Almighty Father to call to himself, in\nthe fulness of years, our beloved comrade and leader, General James\nLongstreet; be it\n_Resolved_, That in the death of General Longstreet, we have lost\na true and gallant comrade, an able and victorious leader of the\nConfederate hosts in the past, whose deeds are among the proudest\nmemories of the South; the South a noble, heroic, and spotless son;\nthe nation a true citizen who reflected honor on whatever cause he\nundertook; and the world a great soldier whose fame will survive with\nthe annals of the Lost Cause.\n_Resolved_, That we extend our deepest sympathy to the family of our\ndeceased comrade in their great bereavement, and that a copy of these\nresolutions be sent them.\n(_Floyd County Camp._)\n  \u201cThe patriot who gave his all.\u201d\n            ROME, GEORGIA, January 12, 1904.\n    MRS. JAMES LONGSTREET,\n        Gainesville, Georgia:\nMADAM,--At a meeting held to-day of Floyd County Camp, United\nConfederate Veterans, the following resolutions were unanimously\nadopted:\nWHEREAS, Our honored and beloved fellow-comrade of the United\nConfederate Veterans, Lieutenant-General James Longstreet, quietly\nand peacefully died at his home in Gainesville, Georgia, on Saturday,\nJanuary 2, 1904, and recognizing in him the true man, the good citizen,\nthe soldier without fear, the patriot who willingly offered his all\nand shed his own blood on his country\u2019s altar, and the man who feared\nnothing but God; therefore be it\n_Resolved_, That the Floyd County Camp, No. 368, United Confederate\nVeterans, while bowing to the ever-wise, always loving decrees of God,\nare deeply grieved and sincerely sorry at this the death of another\ngreat captain of the Southern Cause; at the same time rejoicing in the\nconfident assurance and abiding trust that he has, only a little in\nadvance of us, passed \u201cover the river and is now sweetly resting under\nthe shade of the trees\u201d with Lee, Jackson, Beauregard, Johnston, Polk,\nGordon, and the thousands of others who grandly and gloriously followed\nthe same dear flag.\n_Resolved_, That these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of this\nCamp, that a copy be forwarded to the family of our deceased comrade,\naccompanied by our sincerest and deepest sympathy.\n            THOMPSON STILES,\n(_Camp Niemeyer Shaw, Berkley, Virginia._)\n  \u201cHis life full to the brim of manly principle.\u201d\nThis Camp has heard with profound sorrow of the death of\nLieutenant-General Longstreet.\nHis life had reached the full measure of human probation; but it was\nfull to the brim of manly principle, heroic service, and dauntless\ncourage. Loyal to his Southland and to all the interest committed to\nhim by his country, he maintained his integrity of character and the\nunbounded confidence of all right-minded men to the end.\nTried in the school of civic life and in the crucible of battle,\nhe filled a creditable page in the fateful and tragic incidents\nof the sixties, and then shared all the privations common to his\nfellow-comrades in helping to rehabilitate the homes of a people\nwrecked by the scourge of civil war.\nAs a Camp we desire to re-express our unbounded confidence in his\nmilitary career and in his unswerving devotion to the best interests of\nmankind.\nHaving passed through the gate which is ajar for all humanity, we\nmournfully bid the old commander and veteran of the \u201cLost Cause\u201d a\nfinal adieu.\n  E. L. COX,\n    _Commander_.\n(_Camp Ben McCulloch._)\n  \u201cHis fame and glory belong to the South.\u201d\nWHEREAS, It has pleased Almighty God to remove from this earth our\ndistinguished comrade, General James Longstreet; therefore be it\n_Resolved_, That we deeply lament the death of our comrade, and shall\never cherish and revere his memory.\n_Resolved_, The ever memorable relief of that arch hero \u201cStonewall\u201d\nJackson, when hard pressed by overwhelming forces of the enemy at the\nsecond battle of Manassas, by which prompt action pending defeat was\nturned into glorious victory, entitles General Longstreet to a lofty\npedestal in the Temple of Fame.\n_Resolved_, We honor and revere our deceased comrade not only for\nhis great military achievements, but for the personal solicitude and\ncare that he always had for the welfare and comfort of the private\nsoldier, causing all who served under him to regard him with unbounded\nconfidence and affection.\n_Resolved_, The fame and glory of General Longstreet, one of the last\nof the great lieutenants of the incomparable Lee, belongs to the South,\nespecially to those who, like him, fought for its independence, and by\nthem it will be kept and cherished as one of its precious treasures.\n    \u201cSleep, soldier, sleep, thy warfare\u2019s o\u2019er.\u201d\nI certify that the above is a copy of the resolutions spread upon the\nminutes of our Camp January 13, 1904.\n            JAMES B. MOORE,\nCAMP BEN McCULLOCH, U. C. V., CAMERON, TEXAS.\n(_John B. Gordon Camp._)\n  \u201cCourage and honor his characteristics as soldier and citizen.\u201d\n_Resolved_, That the John B. Gordon Camp, Sons of Confederate Veterans,\nAtlanta, Georgia, has heard with great sorrow of the death of General\nJames Longstreet, which occurred at his home at Gainesville, Georgia,\non the 2d day of January, 1904.\nHis life was one of fealty and devotion to the cause for which he\nfought, while courage and honor were his characteristics both as\nsoldier and citizen.\nIt can truthfully be said of him: He was great among our many\nillustrious leaders of the Confederate States army,--than which there\ncan be no higher tribute paid to man,--and after having bravely served\nhis country during its darkest hours, accepting the arbitrament of the\nsword in a spirit that history now adjudges to have been commendable,\nhe became a good citizen of our reunited country.\n_Resolved_, That as an expression of the high regard in which we, the\nsons of the men who followed the lead of this great captain, hold his\nservices to our Southland as a soldier, and as a testimonial of our\nregard for his character as a man, direct that these resolutions be\nspread upon the minutes of our Camp, and further that the secretary be\ndirected to forward a copy of the same to the family of the deceased,\nwith whom we sympathize in the hour of sad bereavement to which\nProvidence in His wisdom subjects them.\n            H. F. WEST, _Chairman_,\n            HUGH W. DORSEY,\n(_Alexander H. Stephens Camp._)\n  \u201cThe beau-ideal of soldier and patriot.\u201d\nATTENTION, COMRADES:\nWhen men conspicuous for sublime action, such as heroic conduct,\ngoodness or greatness, or other lofty attainment are called to pass\nover the \u201criver of death,\u201d it is a patriotic duty for surviving\ncomrades to give expression to their grief. It needs not the building\nof a pantheon or vote of a senate to give them a place among the\nimmortals, to keep alive their illustrious acts and virtues. Most\ncertainly it is not necessary in the case of Longstreet,--\u201cOld Pete,\u201d\nas he was lovingly called by comrades who followed him unflinchingly\nthrough four years of warfare. \u201cOld Pete\u201d is dead, yet he lives in the\nhearts of his old corps and will continue to live in history, poetry,\nand song, the beau-ideal of a soldier, patriot, and a lover of liberty.\nYet like all men who attain to eminent merit and conspicuous sublimity,\nhe lived to realize the truthfulness of the poet, that\n    \u201cHe who ascends to mountain-tops shall find\n      The loftiest peaks most wrapt in clouds and snow.\n    He who surpasses or subdues mankind\n      Must look down on the hate of those below,\n    Though high above the sun of glory glow,\n      And far beneath the earth and ocean spread;\n    Round him are icy rocks and loudly blow\n      Contending tempests on his naked head,\n    And thus reward the toil which to those summits led.\u201d\nSuch was the fateful experience of our beloved Longstreet, a corps\ncommander and lieutenant-general in the Army of Northern Virginia. To\nhim obedience to constituted authority moulded and shaped the ideal\nsoldier and citizen for his distinguished life service; and became the\nreasons for his acts in rigidly observing his Appomattox parole. We\nknow that he was one of the bravest of the brave and truest of the true.\nUnanimously adopted by the Alexander H. Stephens Camp, U. C. V.,\nCrawfordville, Georgia.\n(_Marengo Rifles Chapter, U. D. C._)\n  \u201cOne of the hardest fighters in Lee\u2019s army.\u201d\nWHEREAS, The Great Commander-in-Chief has called \u201cover the river\u201d the\ngallant Longstreet; therefore be it\n_Resolved_, That Marengo Rifles Chapter, U. D. C., mourns with the\nentire Southland the death of that daring, brave, and fearless soldier,\nGeneral James Longstreet, who was one of the strongest supports, and\none of the hardest fighters the peerless Lee had in his army; that his\nfame will ever be cherished by this Chapter as well as by all who \u201cwore\nthe gray.\u201d\n_Resolved_, That we sympathize with the widow of the great leader, to\nwhom a copy of these resolutions will be sent by the secretary.\n            MRS. GEO. W. LAYLOR.\n            MRS. BENJAMIN F. ELMORE.\n            MISS MARY R. CLARKE.\n(_Jeff Lee Camp._)\n  \u201cThe war-horse of the Confederacy.\u201d\n            HEAD-QUARTERS JEFF LEE CAMP, NO. 68,\n              UNITED CONFEDERATE VETERANS,\n            ADJUTANT\u2019S OFFICE, McALESTER, I. T., January 23, 1904.\nWHEREAS, The Supreme Commander of all the hosts has ordered our beloved\ncomrade and friend, General James Longstreet, the old war-horse of the\nConfederacy, to report at head-quarters a little in advance of us, his\nfellow-soldiers; therefore be it\n_Resolved_, That while we shall miss from our councils and general\nconvention our brother and comrade, the sunlight of whose presence upon\nthe hard-fought battle-fields enabled us to bear more easily our long\nmarches and severe engagements of the four years\u2019 campaign, we know\nthat the order came from One who doeth all things well, and are certain\nthat in the dispensation of eternity we shall concur in its wisdom.\n_Resolved_, That so long as our little remnant of life shall hold\nout, we shall feel a pride in the military record of our brother and\ncomrade.\n_Resolved_, That Jeff Lee Camp, No. 68, extend its loving sympathy to\nthe family of our departed comrade in the darkest hour of their lives.\n_Resolved_, That these resolutions be entered in the record book of the\nCamp, a copy of them be presented to the daily and weekly papers for\npublication, and a copy sent to the surviving widow of our comrade.\n(_John H. Morgan and Bourbon Camps._)\n  \u201cFull of years and honors.\u201d\nAt a meeting of John H. Morgan Camp, No. 95, and Bourbon Camp, No.\n1368, U. C. V. A., in joint assembly, held in the city of Paris,\nKentucky, on the 1st day of February, 1904, the following resolutions\nwere adopted:\nThe distinguished officers of the Confederacy are rapidly falling\nbefore the grim reaper. We are called upon to mourn the departure of\none of the greatest soldiers developed in the war between the States,\nLieutenant-General James Longstreet, dying full of years and of honors.\nAs a soldier we have the estimate of his chieftain,--\u201cMy war-horse.\u201d\nWith this epitaph engraven on his tomb, the niche his name will occupy\non \u201cFame\u2019s eternal camping-ground\u201d is assured; therefore be it\n_Resolved_, That our sincerest sympathies be extended to his bereaved\nwife.\n            JAMES R. ROGERS,\n            RUSSELL MANN,\n(_Selma, Alabama, Chapter._)\n  \u201cA rare combination of fidelity, patriotic principle, and\n  unsullied integrity.\u201d\n            SELMA, ALABAMA, January 14, 1904.\nThe committee appointed January 12, at a meeting of the Selma, Alabama,\nChapter, to prepare resolutions in memory of General James Longstreet\noffer the following:\n_Resolved_, That in the shadow of this great sorrow the Selma Chapter\njoins with the Confederate Veterans, Divisions and Brigades, in\nsubmission to Him who \u201cdoeth according to His will in the army of\nheaven and among the inhabitants of earth.\u201d\nThat we recognize in the life and character of General Longstreet a\nrare combination of fidelity to patriotic principles, an attractive\npersonality, and an unsullied integrity, calling forth from the North\nhigh estimation, from the South, warmest love.\nThat we extend to the family and wife of the patriot soldier cordial\nsympathy in this dark hour, commending them to the tender mercies of\nour Heavenly Father.\n            MISS JULIA CLARKE,\n            MISS MARY LEWIS,\n              _Corresponding Secretary_,\n            MISS E. F. FERGUSON,\n(_C. M. Winkler Camp._)\n  \u201cOne of the great commanders of modern times.\u201d\nWHEREAS, It has pleased the Almighty God to remove from our midst one\nwho while in life was a brilliant soldier, courteous gentleman, and\nwhose military career in the armies of the South marked him as one of\nthe truly great commanders of modern times; therefore be it\n_Resolved_, That in the death of General Longstreet the South has\nlost a great soldier and a brilliant commander, to whose fame as such\nnothing can be added, save that he was \u201cthe war-horse\u201d of the great Lee.\n_Resolved_, That this Camp tenders to the bereaved wife and family its\nheartfelt sympathy and condolence in the death of the distinguished\nsoldier and citizen, and that the adjutant of this Camp forward to the\nwife of General Longstreet a copy of these resolutions, and furnish the\ncity press with a true copy of the same for publication.\n(_Company B, Confederate Veterans._)\n  \u201cA tribute of glory on his grave.\u201d\n            HEAD-QUARTERS COMPANY \u201cB,\u201d\n              CONFEDERATE VETERANS,\n            NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE, January 12, 1904.\nAt a meeting of Company \u201cB,\u201d Confederate Veterans, the following\nresolutions were adopted:\nWHEREAS, We have heard with great sorrow of the death of General James\nLongstreet, under whose leadership many of us fought during the great\nwar; be it\n_Resolved_, That in General Longstreet the Confederacy had one of her\ngreatest leaders. His ability as such, his bravery, and unwearied zeal\nwon for him a place in our hearts, and we desire as an organization to\nadd our testimony to his worth as a soldier, citizen, and man.\nWe mingle our tears with those of his family and friends, and place a\ntribute of glory on his grave.\n_Resolved_, That we send a copy of these resolutions to his bereaved\nwife and family.\n            SPENCER EAKIN,\n              _Captain Commanding_.\n    GEO. H. HOWS,\n(_Camp Hampton._)\n  \u201cHis name is associated with almost every Confederate victory won\n  on the soil of Virginia.\u201d\nAt a meeting of Camp Hampton, Columbia, South Carolina, Colonel R. W.\nShand spoke feelingly of the life and services of General Longstreet,\nand offered the following resolutions:\nThe sad intelligence of the death on the 2d of January last of James\nLongstreet, the senior lieutenant-general of the Confederate States\narmy, has reached us since our last regular meeting. In the language\nof an impartial historian, his name is \u201cassociated with almost every\nConfederate victory won upon the soil of Virginia,\u201d and he \u201cwas trusted\nby his great leader and idolized by his men.\u201d His fame is gloriously\nconnected with the heroic deeds of the First Corps of the Army of\nNorthern Virginia, the splendid victory at Chickamauga, and the East\nTennessee campaign; and those who fought under this great fighter have\nalways entertained for him feelings of affection and regard; therefore\nbe it\n_Resolved_, That this camp has heard with most profound sorrow of the\ndeath of Lieutenant-General James Longstreet, of the Army of Northern\nVirginia, who bore so large a part in making glorious that immortal\nband.\n_Resolved_, That we tender to his surviving family our most sincere\nsympathy, and that a copy of this memorial be sent to his widow.\n_Resolved_, That a blank page on our minute-book be dedicated to his\nmemory.\nThese resolutions were heartily seconded by Comrades Jennings, Bruns,\nBrooks, and Mixon, and adopted by a rising unanimous vote.\n(_Confederate Veterans\u2019 Association._)\n  \u201cNo wrong to mar his memory.\u201d\nWHEREAS, By the death of Lieutenant-General James Longstreet, on the 2d\nday of January, 1904, in Gainesville, Georgia, there is removed from\nour midst another of the few remaining of our great captains, over\nwhose parting we sadly lament; and\nWHEREAS, In common with other surviving veterans who served in the\nConfederate armies where this distinguished dead soldier commanded,\nbelieving in the broad principles of truth, and cherishing a feeling of\nfraternal regard for each other, and being at the same time reminded\nthat by his death we, too, are gradually, but surely, drifting nearer\nto the brink of eternity; be it therefore\n_Resolved_, That we who espoused the cause of the late Confederacy and\nfollowed its destinies to the end, and being endowed with a high sense\nof right and justice towards a departed brother, feel it a duty that\nis owing to posterity, as well as to ourselves, to look well to future\nhistory that no wrong be done to mar the memory of a comrade, be he\never so high or so humble, who served his chosen cause so devotedly and\nably as Longstreet did during the four eventful and trying years from\n_Resolved_, That we deeply deplore the death of General Longstreet,\nand do hereby extend to the bereaved family of the deceased the most\nsincere and heartfelt sympathies of this Association.\n_Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions be furnished the family of\nthe deceased.\n            THOS. W. HUNGERFORD,\n    WASHINGTON, D. C.\n(_Camp Tige Anderson._)\n  \u201cHis heroic and valiant services will be remembered.\u201d\n            ATLANTA, GEORGIA, January 5, 1904.\nThe following resolutions were read and adopted at a meeting of Camp\nTige Anderson, January 5, 1904.\nWHEREAS, This Camp has heard with sincerest regret of the death of our\nlamented comrade General James Longstreet; and\nWHEREAS, We recognize and remember General Longstreet\u2019s heroic and\nvaliant services to our beloved cause.\n_Resolved_, That we will revere his memory as one of the best of the\nfriends of the South, one of her best warriors bold--one of her truest\nsons.\n_Resolved_, That we bow with uncovered heads at the Reaper\u2019s call.\n_Resolved_, That in the death of our comrade we have lost a true and\ntried friend, and while the majority of us were of an averse political\nopinion to that of the General, yet we are generous enough to accord\nhim the right and the fidelity of party affiliation, particularly so\nwhen we believe that environments when times tried men\u2019s souls were a\nterrific pressure brought to bear upon him.\nAs a Camp and as individuals our prayer is that our late commander may\n\u201c_requiescat in pace_.\u201d\n_Resolved_, That our commander appoint a delegation to attend the\nfuneral of General Longstreet, at Gainesville, Georgia, to-morrow, as\nan official escort from this Camp.\n_Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions be sent by our adjutant to\nthe family of our deceased comrade.\n            SAM\u2019L FULTON,\n(_Sidney Lanier Chapter, U. D. C._)\n  \u201cWe will teach the children of the South the story of his sublime\n  courage.\u201d\n            MACON, GEORGIA, January 7, 1904.\n    MRS. JAMES LONGSTREET:\nDEAR MADAM,--The Sidney Lanier Chapter, No. 25, U. D. C., mourn with\nyou and yours over the loss of your illustrious husband. We tender to\nyou and his children our heartfelt sympathy, and promise that we will\ndo all in our power to teach the children of our dear Southland the\nstory of his sublime courage, his devotion to duty, of the willingness\nof his men to follow wherever he led.\n    \u201cThe strife is o\u2019er, the battle done,\n    The victory of Life is won.\u201d\n            Faithfully yours,\n              ANNA HOLMES WILCOX,\n(_Troy Chapter, U. D. C._)\n  \u201cReverence and esteem for the soldier and gentleman.\u201d\n            TROY, ALABAMA, January 10, 1904.\n    MRS. LONGSTREET,\n        Gainesville, Georgia:\nMY DEAR MADAM,--The members of Troy Chapter, Alabama Division, U. D.\nC., desire that you should learn through us of our deep sympathy in\nyour late bereavement. We feel that we have sustained a personal loss\nin the death of your noble husband, and would convey to you some sense\nof our reverence and esteem for the gallant Confederate general and\nhonorable Southern gentleman.\nTo us the memory of the Confederacy is a sacred trust, and for the\nmen who made its history we entertain an unalterable veneration. For\nGeneral Longstreet, one of its distinguished heroes, we feel an abiding\naffection.\nThat God will bless and sustain you in this trying ordeal is the prayer\nof the united Chapter.\n            Sincerely yours,\n              MRS. JNO. P. HUBBARD.\n(_Williamsburg Chapter, D. of C._)\n  \u201cThe defender of our homes.\u201d\nThe Williamsburg, Virginia, Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy,\nwishing to do honor to the eminent soldier Lieutenant-General James\nLongstreet, do unanimously resolve:\n1. That we can never forget that on the 5th of May, 1862, General\nLongstreet held back the advance of the Federal army and protected our\nhomes and firesides from the overwhelming forces of the enemy, as he\nmarched towards the Confederate capital.\n2. That at his grave we forget all political differences and remember\nhim as the defender of our homes and as the \u201cOld War-Horse\u201d of the\ngreat commander.\n3. That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the press and another to\nMrs. Longstreet.\n            MRS. MARGARET CUSTIS HAVERFORD,\n            MRS. I. LESSLIER HALL,\n(_Mobile Chapter, U. D. C._)\n  \u201cHis great name and fame precious to Southern hearts.\u201d\nMY DEAR MRS. LONGSTREET:\nAt a recent meeting of the Mobile Chapter, Alabama Division, U. D. C.,\nI was instructed by a rising vote to express to you the affectionate\nsympathy of the members of the Chapter, in the recent great bereavement\nwhich has befallen you in the death of your distinguished husband,\nGeneral James Longstreet.\nIn this bereavement you have the sympathy of every Daughter of the\nConfederacy, who in unison with you weep the great and honored dead.\nThe conspicuous courage and heroic gallantry of General Longstreet on\nmany a hard-fought battle-field, his never-failing devotion to the\nSouthland, and his eminent services in her cause during the four long\nyears of cruel war will ever render dear and precious to our hearts his\ngreat name and fame. Among the many condolences that have come to you\nfrom all over the South, none are more loving and heartfelt than those\nof the Mobile Chapter, whose words of love and sympathy I have been\ndirected to express to you.\nIn giving expression to their grief and sorrow at the great loss which\ntouches you so vitally, may I venture to add my own personal expression\nof admiration for your great husband, and of sympathetic love for\nyourself.\n            I am, with great respect, yours truly,\n              ELECTRA SEMMES COLSTON,\n(_T. D. Smith Chapter, U. D. C._)\n  \u201cAlways true to his convictions.\u201d\n            DUBLIN, GEORGIA, January 18, 1904.\nTO MRS. LONGSTREET AND FAMILY:\nThe Dublin Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy wish to extend\nto you and yours their sincerest sympathy, which we, as well as the\nentire South, feel in the loss of one of her greatest chieftains,\nGeneral James Longstreet. In his death the South has lost a noble,\nheroic son, whose deeds will live in the hearts of her people, a\nsoldier, a general whose brave acts have caused every child of the\nSouth to honor, love, and revere his memory; a hero in whom the\n\u201celements were so mixed that Nature might stand up and say to all the\nworld, this is a man.\u201d\nTrue to his convictions, he acted always after careful consideration as\nhis judgment has shown him was best.\n            MISS ADELINE BAUM,\n_For the T. D. Smith Chapter of the Daughters of Confederacy_.\n(_Cobb County, Georgia, Camp._)\n  \u201cHis knightly valor won for him a diadem of glory.\u201d\nThe committee appointed to give some appropriate expression of its\nhigh appreciation, love, and honor for General James Longstreet, the\ngreat leader of Longstreet\u2019s corps, C.S.A., and of our deep sorrow at\nhis death, and to report and recommend suitable action by this Camp,\nrespectfully submit the following:\nGeneral James Longstreet was a native of South Carolina, born of an\nillustrious family, distinguished alike for intellectual strength and\nnobility of character. His love for his native State and the South\nwas inherent and strengthened by associations, early education, and\nenvironments. In keeping with his natural tastes and fitness for his\nchosen profession, his education was completed at the military school\nof the United States at West Point, where he developed that strong\nand wonderful intellectual power of perception, combination, and\ncomparison, coupled with cool self-possession, knightly valor, and\nlofty ambition, which in the field of terrific war and deadly battle\nwon for him, the armies he led, and the Southern Confederacy his diadem\nof glory, as enduring as the history of the struggles of nations in\nfreedom\u2019s cause.\nGeneral James Longstreet was the friend, comrade, and companion of the\nmatchless Lee, Generals Joseph E. and Albert Sidney Johnston, of the\nincomparable Stonewall Jackson, Leonidas Polk, John B. Gordon, and the\nother great leaders of the Confederate army; and was inspired with the\nsame love of his native State and the South.\nHis love for his subalterns and privates of his army was as true and\nsincere as that of father to son. Many of the members of this camp knew\nhim personally in the tent and on the march, on the battle-field, and\nin the dreadful charge; heard his commands, witnessed his noble deeds,\nand listened to his kind words of encouragement and sympathy. He was\nour comrade, our friend, and our great leader, and there is a sting, a\nsense of bereavement, which finds some solace in the flowing tear and\nthe glorious hope that we shall meet again. He was a Christian soldier.\nIN MEMORIAM.\n_Resolved_, That we regard it a duty which we owe to posterity that the\nState of Georgia, all surviving Confederate veterans, and especially\nthose of Longstreet\u2019s corps, should provide an equestrian statue of\nGeneral Longstreet, to be erected on the Capitol grounds at Atlanta.\n_Resolved_, That a committee be appointed by the Commander of this camp\nto inaugurate the movement and take all necessary steps to secure such\na statue.\n_Resolved_, That Camp No. 763, U. C. V., tenders to the widow and\nfamily of our beloved chieftain our heartfelt sympathy in the hour of\ntheir bereavement and sorrow.\n_Resolved_, That a copy of the foregoing be forwarded to the family.\n_Resolved_, That the action of the Camp be published in the Cobb County\npapers.\n            WM. PHILLIPS,\n(_Atlanta Camp._)\n  \u201cHis name and fame are the heritage of the American people.\u201d\nAtlanta Camp, No. 159, United Confederate Veterans, in the following\nreport pays glowing tribute to the memory of the late General James\nLongstreet, who died on January 2, at his home in Gainesville, Georgia.\nIn the death of General James Longstreet, there passed away a notable\nand commanding figure of the Army of Northern Virginia in the late\nCivil War.\nHis history and service are indissolubly connected with all of the\ngreat movements of that army.\nIt would not be within the purview of this memorial to attempt to even\nepitomize the part he took in the many great battles. Coming into that\nstruggle with a prestige and honor which shone with brilliant lustre\non account of his intrepid bravery and gallantry as an officer of the\narmy of the United States on many fields in Mexico, and being withal\nan educated and trained soldier, a majestic man, of mild manners and\nspeech and of leonine courage, his very name throughout the army and\nthe whole country was a tower of strength. From first Manassas to\nAppomattox, his command and leadership held the first place among the\ngreat army corps of the greatest army that was ever marshalled in this\nor in any other country. Made a lieutenant-general in the early part of\nthe war, the conspicuous bravery, skill, and reliability shown by him\nin the very crisis of the battles of Williamsburg and at Seven Pines,\nand other great conflicts before Richmond in 1862, won for him from\nGeneral Lee the sobriquet of the \u201cOld War-Horse.\u201d\nAfter General Lee had planned the advance on General Pope, and after\nJackson had passed through Thoroughfare Gap to the rear of General\nPope, and when he was heavily engaged and sorely pressed, Lee and\nLongstreet were passing through Thoroughfare Gap. After a spirited\ncontest at that mountain-pass, Longstreet\u2019s corps moved like a majestic\nstream on to the plains of Manassas, where his lines were quickly\nformed. Striking the enemy with the \u201chand of Mars,\u201d the thunder of\nhis guns greeted the ear of Jackson, giving hope and succor to his\nforces as the sound of the Scottish bagpipes heralded the approach\nof the relieving column to the beleaguered garrison at Lucknow. The\nwell-directed assault which he made in General Pope\u2019s front crowned the\nSouthern arms with complete victory.\nLOYAL TO THE SOUTH.\nThe Southern cause had no more loyal supporter nor courageous soldier\nthan General Longstreet, as the honorable wounds and scars which he\ncarried to his death abundantly attest. He had the unbounded confidence\nof his commander-in-chief. The history of that great war gives but one\nrecord of Longstreet being absent from his command, and that was on\naccount of serious wounds received on the field of the Wilderness in\nMay, 1864, where, in preparing to lead in person his forces against\nGeneral Hancock\u2019s corps, he momentarily halted to receive a word of\ncongratulation from General Micah Jenkins, of South Carolina, when\nLongstreet\u2019s own men, mistaking these two generals, with the little\ngroup of horsemen composing their staff surrounding them, for the\nenemy, fired, killing General Jenkins and wounding General Longstreet\nin the throat and shoulder, from which he was ever afterwards maimed.\nWe would not omit to mention that in 1863, when several of his\ndivisions were ordered from Virginia to Georgia to reinforce the Army\nof Tennessee, on his arrival in Atlanta, and when at the old Trout\nHouse, at the junction of Decatur and Pryor Streets, where the old\nAustell building now stands, he was called to the balcony of the\nhotel to speak to the large and enthusiastic multitude of soldiers\nand citizens who thronged every inch of the two streets, he said \u201cI\ncame not to speak; I came to meet the enemy.\u201d The inspiration of his\npresence and this short and pithy declaration called forth from the\nassembled multitude the exclamation, \u201cWhat a magnificent looking man\nand soldier.\u201d How well he fulfilled his mission in the battle of\nChickamauga history makes no mistake in its record. How his forces were\nhurled against those of General Thomas, and how his army turned the\ntide of battle into victory, are too well known to need repetition. In\nthis battle, like others where he led, his advance was stubborn and\ndecisive.\nHe followed with unfaltering bravery and devotion the fortunes of the\nConfederacy until the last drama was enacted at Appomattox, and was a\nmember of the last council of war held in the woods on the night of\nApril 8, 1865, and was the senior commissioner, on the part of the\nConfederate forces appointed by the commander-in-chief, to arrange the\ndetails and terms of the surrender of that little shattered band which,\nthrough fire and smoke, hunger and cold, had stood by the flag of the\nConfederacy through all the trying ordeals of four years\u2019 grim and\nbloody strife.\nIN THE VERY FIRST RANK.\nThe name and fame of General Longstreet are the common heritage of\nthe South and the whole American people. The names of his immediate\nancestors are historic and dear especially to every Georgian. His\nqualities as a soldier have won for him the highest encomiums not only\nof the Southern people, but from the Northern people as well. All true\nhistory, including that written from an English stand-point, places\nLongstreet in the very first rank as to ability and generalship among\nany of Lee\u2019s subordinates.\nNo time nor mere political differences can affect or dim the lustre\nof that name. The past is secure, the future is safe. We can say with\nall the emphasis that the words import that he was one of the bravest,\ntruest, safest, and the most devoted of the Confederate leaders. In the\ngenerations to come, when passion and prejudice shall vanish like the\nmists of the morning at the presence of the clear sunlight of truth,\nLongstreet\u2019s name shall receive at the hands of the entire civilized\nworld the praise and honor to which it is justly entitled.\nLONGSTREET AND DAVIS.\nWe may be permitted to refer briefly to an incident that occurred on\nthe occasion of the unveiling of the Ben Hill monument in Atlanta.\nAmong the many distinguished ex-Confederate chieftains seated on\nthe platform was ex-President Jefferson Davis. General Longstreet\ncame down from his home in Gainesville, clad in the full uniform of\na lieutenant-general of the Confederate army, wearing his sword.\nProviding himself with a superb mount, he rode out Peachtree Street\nto the site of the monument, and, dismounting, walked unannounced to\nthe platform into the outstretched arms of Jefferson Davis. As they\nembraced each other, they presented a scene worthy of the brush of\na Raphael or a Rubens. Once heroes in common victory, they were now\nheroes in common defeat. This was a beautiful and shining example for\nall latter day critics.\nThis silent episode, as if too impressive to be broken, stilled\nthe vast multitude for a moment, and then spontaneously from forty\nthousand Confederate veterans and citizens, the ladies joining in the\ndemonstration by waving their handkerchiefs, there went up a loud and\ncontinuous shout of applause that rent the air.\nLet us never forget the four years of glorious service rendered by\nGeneral Longstreet to the Lost Cause, and let the South erect a\nmonument to his memory, to tell to future generations that the South is\nnever forgetful or indifferent to that glorious service rendered in\nthe cause for which it fought and for which many bled and died.\nGeneral Longstreet died in Gainesville, Georgia, January 2, 1904, and\nwas buried with military honors on the 6th day of the same month. A\ndetail from this Camp, as well as detachments from various military\norganizations, joined in paying the last honor to the old soldier.\nTouching and beautiful was the kindly sympathy shown his memory by his\nneighbors in Gainesville who were bound to him by ties that no time can\nsever. Never was a funeral more largely attended and more universal\nrespect shown to the dead by the entire community in which he lived.\nAll places of business were closed. The Confederate Veterans, the\npublic school children, the college girls, the citizens, all joined\nin the procession which followed his remains to beautiful Alta Vista,\nwhere on the crown of the hill overlooking the far-away Blue Ridge was\nlaid to rest all that is mortal of the old battle-scarred hero.\n            BENJAMIN F. ABBOTT,\n            GEORGE HILLYER,\n(_Houston, Georgia, Camp._)\n  \u201cHis war structure cannot be pulled down.\u201d\nAt a meeting of the old soldiers of Houston County, Georgia, to\ncommemorate the birth of the immortal Lee, and also, by previous\narrangement, to take cognizance and condolence of the death of General\nLongstreet, under whom many of these old soldiers served throughout the\nwar, the following resolutions were submitted and unanimously adopted:\n_Resolved_, That in the death of General James Longstreet we sustain\nthe loss of one of the most valiant and capable soldier commanders of\nthe \u201cLost Cause.\u201d\n_Resolved_, That while during the gigantic war and struggle between the\nStates, General Lee regarded him as almost a part of himself, \u201cMy old\nwar-horse,\u201d in the carrying out and accomplishments of apparently, at\ntimes, the impossible against and over the enemy.\nWe view him as from behind the guns, and under those conflicts whose\nfierceness and terrible results were sufficient to stagger, and even\nturn back, the stoutest manhood, yet we never saw him evince the least\nfear, turn his back in dishonor, nor disobey his noble chieftain.\nHis war structure shows the hand of no ordinary builder, and cannot be\npulled down.\nHe carved his way through the ranks of the enemy in such a fashion\nthat they themselves, and their descendants, admire the man for his\ngreat military ability; nor can they be less thrilled by that chivalry\nand Americanism he and so many others, equally valorous and capable,\ndisplayed and forged for conscience\u2019 sake, thus awakening and holding\nthe world as never before in any age.\nThis was General James Longstreet as we saw him then, and, without\nsuperficiality, as we see him to-day, through our vanishing memories\nand waning manhoods, one of the greatest soldiers who crossed\nswords with the many gallant spirits of the other side--brother\nAmericans--over a principle which did not, and, thank God, could not\ndie--a gift of God to humanity to stand for the right, fight for the\nright, and die for the right, even though in failure, that others may\nprofit by it.\n_Resolved_, That we regret to have to antagonize and reprove even one\nChapter of that great, good, and soulful organization, known as the\nDaughters of the Confederacy, but we can neither endorse the spirit\nand sentiment, nor the statement made by that Savannah Chapter that\n\u201cGeneral Longstreet disobeyed General Lee\u2019s order at the battle of\nGettysburg.\u201d\n_Resolved_, That we believe, and would advise, that the life and future\ngood of that great organization lies in the thorough education of its\nChapters to correct history, and a proper appreciation of the spirit\nand tenets of the order--a proper observance of its constitution.\n_Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to Mrs.\nLongstreet, carrying with it, as it does, a sympathy, love, and sorrow\nsuch as only can be given by old soldiers bronzed by the same smoke,\nbuffeted by the same battles, and scarred by the same fury through\nwhich he passed for the love of home and country, for the love of\ntruth, and for the love of a \u201ccause\u201d then dearer than even life\nitself, and for which so many gallant spirits went down.\n_Resolved_, That the _Home Journal_ be requested to publish these\nproceedings.\n            Respectfully submitted,\n    C. C. DUNCAN,\n      _Commander Post 880, presiding_.\n    J. D. MARTIN,\n      _Adjutant_.\n(_Survivors of Longstreet\u2019s Corps._)\n  \u201cHistory will give him that which is due.\u201d\nAnother set of resolutions, showing the esteem in which Longstreet\u2019s\nmen held the dead general, and the love that they bear for him,\nwere drawn up yesterday by Mr. A. K. Wilson, who was a member of\nLongstreet\u2019s corps, and were signed by the veterans in the city, who,\nlike Mr. Wilson, had been followers of the dead leader. The resolutions\nwere as follows:\nCOMRADES,--Our comrade and our leader has left us. He has gone to join\nthe hosts on the other side of the great river, and we that followed\nhim at the Manassases, Thoroughfare Gap, Yorktown, Fairfax, Falls\nChurch, Munson\u2019s and Upton\u2019s Hills, the Wilderness, where he received\nthat wound said to be from his own men; Williamsburg, Sharpsburg, to\nTennessee; Chickamauga, Knoxville, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge,\nback to Virginia, and on all the great fields on her soil, testify to\nhis worth. With his corps back to Virginia, see him as he appeared\nat Petersburg, and countless other places of trust. Lastly, with his\nragged, half-starved, barefooted remnant, bearing scars as he bore\nthem, see him as he approaches Appomattox, his men drawing but one ear\nof corn for a day\u2019s rations.\nMy comrades, he needs no emblems. History in time will give to him that\nwhich is due, and those that were with him, his survivors, will ever\nhold his memory green. Like ourselves, his services at Appomattox show\nto the world that he was ever faithful to his enlistment and true to\nthe cause that he espoused, and his parting with Lee establishes that\nfact. Now, be it\n_Resolved_, That we, the survivors of Longstreet\u2019s corps, tender to his\nbereaved family our heartfelt sympathy, showing the love and esteem\nthat we had for our dear old leader.\n            SURVIVORS OF LONGSTREET\u2019S CORPS.\nSAVANNAH, GEORGIA.\n(_Camp Hardee._)\n  \u201cLongstreet more often than any other subordinate was trusted\n  with independent commands.\u201d\n_To Camp Hardee, Confederate Veterans, Birmingham, Alabama_:\nYour committee, appointed to report resolutions commemorative of the\nlife and service of the late Lieutenant-General James Longstreet,\nrecommends the following:\n_Resolved_, That in the testimony of the estimate of old soldiers of\nhis life and services to the South in the great war between the States\nCamp Hardee adopt the following statement:\nGeneral Longstreet, a South Carolinian by birth, a graduate of the\nWest Point Military Academy as a cadet from Alabama, while assured of\nposition in the Federal army, resigned the commission he held in an\nestablished service to enter the unorganized, poorly equipped army of\nthe Confederacy, and undertook all the arduous duties and dangers of\nthat war, and fought it out to the disastrous end.\nFrom the time of his appointment as brigadier-general under Beauregard\nalong the line of Bull Run Creek, in July, 1861, to the surrender\nat Appomattox in April, 1865, he was distinguished as a stalwart,\nskilful commander and a gallant soldier. He was remarkable for staying\nqualities rather than for dash.\nIn all that brave service there was nothing spectacular, but he was\nalways steadfast, true, and reliable.\nWhatever may have been said of General Longstreet, it is remarkable\nthat at no time for inefficiency or the absence of results or\ndisobedience of order was he relieved of his command. No other\nsubordinate was so often intrusted with independent and difficult\nenterprises. Now that death has silenced all complaints and the great\ncommander has gone to his reward, we who survive him desire to crown\nhis memory with the degree of praise which his great deeds wrought in\nbehalf of his people so richly deserve. As a soldier he was wholly\nfaithful to the South, and for that fidelity merits the grateful\nappreciation of our people. Such a great soul needs no defence. Time\nwill cover with its mantle whatever has been charged as his faults. It\nmay be that in the great conservatism of his nature he saw more clearly\nwhat was best for his country. In this hour of bereavement let us only\nremember that a great and gallant spirit has gone to his reward; and\ntherefore,\n_Resolved_, That this memorial be spread on the minutes of the camp,\nand a copy be sent to the widow of the dead general with the assurance,\nin this hour of her great bereavement, she has the sympathy of Camp W.\nJ. Hardee.\n  \u201cHardest fighter in the army.\u201d\nComrades, we assemble to pay tribute to the memory of\nLieutenant-General Longstreet, one of our great chieftains. For him\n\u201ctaps have sounded,\u201d \u201clights are out,\u201d and \u201call is still.\u201d This\nfearless leader is gone. He was the \u201chard fighter\u201d of Northern\nVirginia, and his opponents always knew when he was in their front or\ndirecting the assault. He had the confidence of his men, and they loved\nhim. He led them but to victory. The South admired and trusted him. His\nname is enshrined with that of the Army of Northern Virginia, and when\nher history shall be gathered and cast into final form, honorable will\nbe the place assigned to our great general.\nWe would therefore recommend the adoption of the following tribute of\nesteem and respect:\nWHEREAS, Lieutenant-General Longstreet recently passed away at his home\nin Gainesville, Georgia, and was buried amid the regrets and tears of\nmany who had gathered from different parts of our Southland to pay the\nrespect due his illustrious name; therefore be it\n_Resolved_, That we bow our heads unto Him who is the author and\nfinisher of our career, and acknowledge that, while we can not always\nunderstand, yet we know that He doeth all things well.\n_Resolved_, That the comrades of Camp No. 135, Confederate Veterans,\nhave heard with sorrow and regret of the death of this brave general\nand fearless commander.\n_Resolved_, Educated in the profession of arms, he gave the best years\nof his life to the service of his country. For twenty-five years prior\nto the action which necessitated his State severing her connection with\nthe Union, he most valiantly drew his sword in her defence. Through the\nMexican War and during the continuous troubles with the Indians on our\nWestern plains his services were so conspicuous for gallantry that he\nattained the rank of major.\n_Resolved_, When his State could no longer remain in the Union, but\nwithdrew, he resigned his commission, and cast his lot with that of his\nState. As he had been gallant and successful in the army of the Union,\nhe now became more so in the army of the Confederacy. The enlarged\nopportunities furnished what his great ability needed. From the rank\nof major he rose rapidly to that of lieutenant-general and second\nin command to our peerless Lee. As brigadier-general at Manassas he\nengaged the left wing of the enemy with the result that is familiar to\nall of us. As major-general he was selected to cover Johnston\u2019s retreat\nin the Peninsula. He won Williamsburg and was at Seven Pines. For his\nservice in the Seven Days\u2019 fight around Richmond Congress rewarded him\nwith the rank of senior lieutenant-general and second in command of all\nthe Confederate forces. He was at the second Manassas with Jackson, and\nat South Mountain. At Sharpsburg he was knighted \u201cWar-Horse\u201d by his\nchieftain. Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, and the Wilderness\nfelt his presence; while Petersburg, Five Forks, and Appomattox beheld\nhis gallantry. Comrades, we knew him, we loved him, we trusted him.\nTo-day we would pay him his tribute; believing him to be worthy to be\nplaced beside Lee, Albert Sidney and Joseph E. Johnston, and Jackson.\n_Resolved_, That these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of our\nCamp, copies be furnished each of our county papers for publication,\nand that a copy be sent to Mrs. Longstreet, together with expressions\nof our sympathy by the adjutant.\n(_John B. Hood Camp._)\n  \u201cOblivion will shut out those who assail his great name.\u201d\n_To the Officers and Members of John B. Hood Camp, No. 103, U. C. V._:\nCOMRADES,--We, your committee, appointed at a meeting held this day\nto draft resolutions upon the death of Lieutenant-General James\nLongstreet, late commander of the First Corps, Army of Northern\nVirginia, beg leave to submit the following:\nWHEREAS, It having pleased the Deity to call our great commander to\ncross over the river and take permanent position with the majority of\nhis old comrades who have preceded him; therefore, be it\n_Resolved_, That in the death of General Longstreet we realize the loss\nof the senior and last surviving lieutenant-general of the Army of\nNorthern Virginia, and while freighted with the events of eighty-three\nyears, and suffering from the effects of many wounds received in\nbattle, still he bore up with a fortitude becoming his great spirit.\n_Resolved_, That in his character we recognize the true patriot and\nsoldier, devotion to duty, and a genius which added glory to our arms\nand inspired faith in our cause.\n_Resolved_, That in the remotest history his achievements will be\nappreciated with all the glory that came to us during that bloody\ndrama, while oblivion will shut out those who would assail his fair\nname.\n_Resolved_, That to his family we tender sincere condolence, with the\nassurance that his kind consideration for his men, courtly bearing, and\nbravery will ever have a place in the memory of the survivors of his\ncommand, who followed him from the first Manassas to Appomattox.\n_Resolved_, That these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of this\ncamp; the adjutant to forward a copy to the family, and that the State\npress be requested to publish same.\n(_John B. Gordon Chapter, U. D. C._)\n  \u201cAs gallant a soldier as wore the gray.\u201d\n            WETUMPKA, ALABAMA, January 12, 1904.\nWHEREAS, The Ruler of the Universe has seen fit to call from his\nearthly home the spirit of General Longstreet, and take him to his home\non high, as a bright reward for his faithfulness and fidelity here in\nlife. General Longstreet was as brave and gallant a soldier as wore the\ngray during the fierce struggle of the South. He was known and loved\nthroughout this fair sunny Southland, not only as a soldier and general\nwho so gallantly and fearlessly led his men in the Southern cause, but\nas a true and noble man, and when his final summons came and he laid\ndown his earthly armor for a heavenly crown, it cast a shadow over all\nthe South, that another of her brave generals who had so nobly defended\nher cause was no more.\nBut since he has left us and is no more among his family, comrades, and\nfriends, be it\n_Resolved_, That this Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy\nregrets with deepest sorrow the death of General Longstreet, and\nthrough this little tribute to his memory expresses its deepest and\nsincerest sympathy.\n_Resolved_, That his State and nation has lost a grand and noble man,\nthe Southern cause a gallant and fearless soldier.\n_Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions be placed on the\nminute-book of the Chapter and a copy be sent to General Longstreet\u2019s\nfamily.\n            MRS. S. J. McMORRIS.\n            MISS FANNY GOKON.\n(_George W. Johnson Camp._)\n  \u201cTrue and faithful to every duty.\u201d\nAt a meeting of the George W. Johnson Camp, Confederate Veterans\u2019\nAssociation of Kentucky, to take in consideration the death of\nLieutenant-General James Longstreet, the following resolutions were\nreported and adopted:\n_Resolved_, That in the death of General Longstreet has passed from the\nstage of action one of the central and most prominent figures of our\nlate war.\n_Resolved_, In him we recognized one of the ablest and most gallant\nsoldiers of the lost cause.\n_Resolved_, As commander of one of the corps of the Army of Northern\nVirginia his name is inseparably connected with the glory that rightly\ngathers about the achievements of that immortal organization.\n_Resolved_, True and faithful to his every conviction of duty, and\nunswerving in his devotion to his country and people in the hour of\ntheir supremest trial and need, his name deserves to be enrolled among\nthe immortals of our Southland.\n_Resolved_, That we extend to the bereaved family our deepest sympathy,\nand that a copy of these resolutions be sent to the family and to the\n_Confederate Veteran_.\n            ELLEY BLACKBURN,\n(_Tennessee Division, Daughters of the Confederacy._)\n  \u201cMankind will find no brighter page of history than that written\n  by Longstreet\u2019s corps.\u201d\nResolutions of the Tennessee Division of the Daughters of the\nConfederacy:\nEntered into rest January 2, 1904, at his home in Gainesville, Georgia,\nsurrounded by his family, consisting of his wife and five children,\nat the ripe old age of eighty-three years, Lieutenant-General James\nLongstreet.\nA graduate of West Point, one of the heroes of the Mexican War, where\nhe was desperately wounded, in storming Cherubusco, and where he\nwas twice brevetted for gallantry on the field of battle,--once as\ncaptain, for Churubusco, and again as major, for Molino del Rey,--a\nprofessional soldier in the army of the United States, the highest in\nrank from the State of Alabama at the time of the secession of that\nState, he resigned from the United States army, tendered his sword to\nAlabama, and from thenceforward was identified with the South in her\nimmortal struggle for the right of local self-government, guaranteed to\nher in the Constitution of the United States, and as laid down in the\nDeclaration of Independence, from Bull Run to Appomattox, and, at its\nclose, was recognized as \u201cthe left arm of Lee.\u201d\nSince his death, his record as a soldier has been criticised, at a\ntime when he cannot defend himself, but we congratulate the people\nof the South and the future historian that the Congress of the\nConfederate States, February 17, 1864, passed unanimously resolutions\nthanking Lieutenant-General Longstreet and his command for their\npatriotic services and brilliant achievements in Virginia, Maryland,\nPennsylvania, Georgia, and Tennessee, and participating in nearly\nevery great battle fought in those States, the commanding general ever\ndisplaying great ability, skill, and prudence in command, and the\nofficers and men the most heroic bravery, fortitude, and energy in\nevery duty that they have been called upon to perform.\nThis resolution was approved by Jefferson Davis, and was adopted on the\nrecommendation of the commanding general of the army of the Confederate\nStates of America, the immortal Robert E. Lee. After the adoption of\nthese resolutions, nothing which we can say could add to his soldier\u2019s\nrecord. He needs no defence. We consign his name to history; so long as\nmankind reads it, they will find no brighter page than that written by\nLongstreet\u2019s corps.\nHe illustrated the South in a long life, the best years of it devoted\nto her and her cause, he sacrificed to serve her as much as any other\none man, he fought a score of battles for her, and never one against\nher, and this State, over his grave, mingle their tears with those\nof the people whom he served and the devoted family who survive him;\ntherefore\n_Resolved_, That the Army of the Confederate States of America is\nrapidly passing to the Great Beyond, leaving a record, a part of the\nhistory of the American people, to which we point with pride, and to\nwhich in a few generations civilized man will look, and admit that it\nillustrated the highest type of American citizenship.\n_Resolved_, That we extend our sympathies to the surviving family of\nGeneral Longstreet and to the South, at his death, and that a copy of\nthe foregoing preamble and resolutions be furnished to his family and\nto the press.\n            MISS KATE FORT, _Chairman_.\n            MRS. JAMES P. SMARTT.\n            MRS. WM. G. OEHMIG, _President_.\n  \u201cLongstreet\u2019s magnificent service at Gettysburg gives that field\n  the great place it holds in history to-day.\u201d\nAs one of his defenders, in the interest of truth, justice,\nand fairness, having participated in the battle of Gettysburg,\nPennsylvania, in Pegram\u2019s battery, A. P. Hill\u2019s corps, and knowing,\nfrom frequent visits to that sanguinary field since the engagement,\nsomething about what occurred on that eventful occasion, I can\nconfidently say that General Longstreet and those under him performed\nsuch grand and magnificent service on that battle-field as to give it\nthe great and important place it holds in history to-day. We never knew\nthat it was otherwise questioned until after the war. Future history\nwill vindicate his character in his course on that field and everywhere\nelse where duty called him during the eventful period from \u201961 to\n\u201965.--JOHN T. CALLAGHAN, _Vice-President Confederate Association_.\nWASHINGTON, D. C.\n(_Encampment No. 9, Union Veteran Legion, New Castle, Pennsylvania._)\n  \u201cA brave, generous, and great man.\u201d\n_Resolved_, That the death of Lieutenant-General James Longstreet has\ncaused the loss to the nation of a brave, generous, and great man. None\nknew his bravery or his greatness as a commander better than we of the\nUnion Veteran Legion who often met him on fields that tested to the\nlimit the fighting qualities of the American.\nWe extend to his wife and family our sympathy in their bereavement, and\nthe assurance of our great respect for their lost one.\n            SAMUEL F. ELLISON,\n              _Colonel Commanding_.\n            GEORGE W. GAGEBY,\n(_George E. Pickett Camp._)\n  \u201cIn nearly all the leading battles of the South there was\n  Longstreet to lead his men to fame and glory.\u201d\n_To the Officers and Members of George E. Pickett Camp, C. V._:\nYour committee appointed on resolutions relative to the death of\nLieutenant-General Longstreet desire to have it placed on record, that\nwe, the survivors of Confederate Veterans, lost in the recent death\nof General Longstreet one of our best and bravest officers, under\nwhose command the Army of Northern Virginia gained its reputation\nas the grandest fighting army the world ever produced. At Bull Run,\nWilliamsburg, Seven Pines, Second Manassas, Boonboro, Sharpsburg,\nFredericksburg, and in nearly all of the principal battles and\nvictories of the South, there was Longstreet to lead his men to fame\nand glory.\nWe therefore express our sentiment that in the death of General\nLongstreet we have lost a true and good Confederate, loyal to the cause\nfor which he bled and fought.\n_Resolved_, That we extend our heartfelt sympathy to his widow and\nfamily, and that a copy of these resolutions be spread on our minutes.\nAdopted by vote of camp and copy ordered sent to Mrs. General James\nLongstreet.\n(_John Bowie Strange Camp._)\n  \u201cThose who followed Longstreet in the fitful fever of war ever\n  had confidence in his ability, courage, and fidelity.\u201d\nThe John Bowie Strange Camp of Confederate Veterans of Charlottesville,\nVirginia, assembled in special meeting for the purpose, desire to\nspread on their record a tribute to the memory of James Longstreet,\nlieutenant-general in the armies of the Confederate States, whose\ndeath has been recently announced. The Virginians who served under\nhim in the great Civil War recognize his splendid ability as a corps\ncommander, his dauntless courage, and the absolute confidence reposed\nin him by that immortal band of Southerners who will go down in history\nwreathed in immortal fame as Longstreet\u2019s corps in the Army of Northern\nVirginia. This camp, a large proportion of whose members belonged to\nregiments and organizations led by him in the Virginia campaigns, wish\nto record the fact that whatever criticisms may have been passed upon\nhis conduct on crucial occasions, yet those who followed him in the\nfitful fever of war ever had confidence in his fidelity, his loyalty,\nand his devotion to the Southern cause; and along with other comrades\nfrom the South who followed him on the line of danger, they had\nabsolute faith in his splendid courage and ability as their commander.\nIt is an historical fact that he so possessed the confidence of our\nimmortal leader, R. E. Lee, the commander-in-chief of the Confederate\nforces, that he continued him in command as lieutenant-general until\nthe fateful day of Appomattox, when in the expiring crisis of the\nConfederacy Longstreet and his corps of Southerners were in line of\nbattle, ready and willing to risk and lay down their lives in defence\nof the South, until ordered by their great chieftain to sheath their\nswords, stack their guns, and furl their flags.\n_Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions be published in the local\npapers and also be sent to the bereaved widow of this distinguished\nSoutherner.\n            MICAJAH WOODS,\n            GEORGE L. PETRIE,\nThe foregoing resolutions, presented by the committee appointed for\nthe purpose, were unanimously passed by the John Bowie Strange Camp\nof Confederate Veterans at Charlottesville, Virginia. Witness the\nsignature of H. Clay Michie, commander of said Camp, and attested by W.\nN. Wood, Adjutant and Secretary of said Camp.\n            H. CLAY MICHIE,\n    This 12th day of January, 1904.\n        _Adjutant and Secretary_.\n[Illustration: Fac-simile of Letter from President Theodore Roosevelt]\n    WHITE HOUSE\n      WASHINGTON.\nMy dear Mrs. Longstreet:\nPermit me to subscribe for the book you have just written, on the\nwork of your gallant husband. General Sickles has just called my\nattention to the fact that the book is to be published. Not only must\nall Americans hold high the memory of your husband as one of the\nillustrious captains of the Civil War, but they must hold it high\nparticularly because of the fine and high-souled patriotism which made\nhim, when the war was ended, as staunchly loyal to the Union as he had\nbeen loyal to the cause for which he fought during the war itself. In\nhis letter to General Sickles, in speaking of the part the General\nplayed in winning the victory of Gettysburg for the Union cause,\nGeneral Longstreet wrote:\n\u201cIt was the sorest and saddest reflection of my life for many years;\nbut, to-day, I can say, with sincerest emotion, that it was and is the\nbest that could have come to us all, North and South; and I hope that\nthe nation, reunited, may always enjoy the honor and glory brought to\nit by that grand work.\u201d\nThis is the spirit that gives us all, North and South, East and West,\nthe right to face the future with the confident hope that never again\nwill we be disunited, and that while united no force of evil can ever\nprevail against us.\nWith great regard,\n            Sincerely yours,\n              Theodore Roosevelt\n    Mrs. James Longstreet,\n        Gainesville, Georgia.\nPERSONAL LETTERS\n  \u201cEvery inch a man.\u201d\n    MRS. JAMES LONGSTREET,\n        Gainesville, Georgia:\nMY DEAR MRS. LONGSTREET,--Permit me to offer my sympathies in your\ngreat bereavement, and to add my tears to yours. I have always loved\nand admired General Longstreet, and considered him one of the greatest\ngeneral officers in the Confederacy. He was indeed every inch a man.\n            With kindest regards I remain,\n              Sincerely yours,\n  \u201cHis great heart had nothing but kindness for all that was\n  American.\u201d\n            NICHOLASVILLE, KENTUCKY, January 22, 1904.\n    MRS. JAMES LONGSTREET,\n        Washington, D. C.:\nDEAR MADAM,--Personally, I am an entire stranger to you, but I have\nlong been interested in the story of your brave husband, and especially\nin that part bearing on the battle of Gettysburg. I am a Canadian\nby birth, though a naturalized American citizen, and pastor of the\nChristian Church in this place. I had no interest in the matter at\nissue save to know the truth and give honor where honor is justly\ndue. I had read General Gordon\u2019s strictures, and was anxious to\nsee what could be said in reply. After reading your article in the\nCourier Journal with great care, I want to say that General Gordon is\ncompletely and fully answered and his statements of fact absolutely\nrefuted.\nThe man who would find the Rev. Mr. Pendleton after the facts you have\ncovered him with, would need a divining rod or a diving-bell. _He is\ndisposed of forever._\nYour illustrious husband belonged to the class of Southern men which\nI have always honored and venerated. With him the war was over and\nthe great heart which never knew fear had in it nothing but kindness\nfor all that was American. I feel that I have suffered a great loss in\nnot knowing him personally. I drop a tear of sympathy with you in his\nmemory. I think the following lines on \u201cGettysburg\u201d most fitting now:\n    \u201cThe brave went down without disgrace,\n      They leaped to ruin\u2019s red embrace;\n    They never heard Fame\u2019s thunders wake\n    Nor saw the dazzling sunburst break\n      In smiles on Glory\u2019s bloody face.\u201d\n    \u201cFold up the banners, melt the guns,\n      Love rules, a gentler purpose runs;\n    A grateful mother turns in tears,\n    The pages of the battle years;\n      Lamenting all her fallen sons.\u201d\nPlease accept my thanks for the white light which your splendid,\nyour unanswerable, letter casts on the whole question, and try to\nrealize that I am only one of thousands who are equally indebted and\ncorrespondingly grateful.\n            With greatest respect,\n              Yours most sincerely,\n  \u201cHas taken his place with the great soldiers of all times.\u201d\nMY DEAR MRS. LONGSTREET,--I send you a copy of the _Post_ by this mail,\ncontaining article on your late husband and great soldier.\nThe conduct of some of our people is a brutality. But I beg to assure\nyou that it is the result of ignorance. General Longstreet has taken\nhis place beside the great soldiers of all times, and malice cannot\nreach him. I hope some soldier of his old corps will take up the\nquestion of these attacks. They can be answered and reputed. You will\npardon this intrusion upon you, a sense of duty to the truth of history\nand love for the memory of your great husband is my excuse.\n[Illustration: Fac-simile of Letter from Archbishop John Ireland]\nMy Dear Mrs. Longstreet\nPermit me to offer you the tribute of my deep and sincere sympathy in\nthe great sorrow which has come to you in the death of your beloved\nhusband, Gen. Longstreet.\nTo none is the sad occurrence the bearer of so pain & grief, as it is\nto you.\nI pray God to console you, & to lead you more & more to see in the\ndeparture of your husband from earth the will of Heaven, & the passage\nof a christian Soul from the land of trials to the final home of rest\nand peace.\nTruly a great man has passed away. The whole country mourns. He was\na noble American. In war he obeyed what he believed to be his duty,\nin peace he followed loyally and courageously what he again thought\nhis duty dictated. The South found in him a defender on the field of\nbattle, & its truest friend & counsellor when the field of battle had\nspoken its verdict. The North, forced at one time to admire his skill\nand bravery, willingly at later date, admired his magnanimity & his\nhigh minded patriotism.\nIt has been a great privilege of mine to have met Gen. Longstreet, & to\nhave been able to know more intimately than otherwise would have been\npossible to me.\nSince then he was a proud Servant of the Lord--always ready to hearken\nto the voice of Conscience, always prompt to obey it.\nI am, my dear Mrs. Longstreet with sentiments of highest esteem,\n            Very Sincerely,\n              John Ireland\nMrs. E. D. Longstreet\n  \u201cGeneral Lee\u2019s bull-dog fighter.\u201d\n            COMANCHE, TEXAS, February 1, 1904.\n    MRS. GENERAL JAMES LONGSTREET,\n        Gainesville, Georgia:\nDEAR MADAM,--Enclosed please find resolutions of respect passed by John\nPelham Camp, U. C. V., No. 565, Comanche, Texas, to your husband.\nAs a Confederate soldier who followed the banner of the lost cause for\nfour years I desire to extend to you personally my heartfelt sympathy\nin this great loss to you. I was in the Army of Tennessee, but a great\nadmirer of General Longstreet. I had a brother in his command under\nGeneral Hood. The Southern people never treated General Longstreet with\nthat respect that was due him. He was General Lee\u2019s bull-dog fighter\nduring the war, and remained true to the cause until all was lost. I\nread with great interest your defence of your husband in the Gettysburg\naffair, and you show to any fair-minded people that he was not in any\nway responsible for the loss of the battle. I greatly admire your\ncourage and fidelity in this matter. General Longstreet has many strong\nfriends in Texas. Please pardon me for the liberty I have taken in\nwriting you. I have two letters from General Longstreet which I value\nhighly.\nWith kindest regards and best wishes, I am truly your friend,\n  _Late Company F, Seventh Texas Volunteer Infantry Regiment, 1861\n  to 1865; Colonel First Regiment, Third Brigade, Texas Division,\n  \u201cWhen war compelled surrender, I accepted the situation in good\n  faith.\u201d\n            SAN FRANCISCO LAW LIBRARY,\n              SAN FRANCISCO, January 6, 1904.\nDEAR MADAM,--Learning of the recent death of General Longstreet, I felt\ncompelled to address to you an expression of sympathy.\nIt so happened that soon after the close of the Civil War, he and I\nwere for a time guests at the same hotel in Washington.\nI then formed his acquaintance and had a series of conversations with\nhim, which constitute pleasing recollections to me.\nAlthough of Northern lineage and sentiment, I learned to admire a\npersonality that seemed so charming in civil life, and which I had\nlearned to dread in war.\nI am aware that later he fell under the severe displeasure of many\nSouthern people.\nI know nothing of that for which he was blamed, but it would make too\nheavy draft on my credulity to believe that he ever departed from what\nhe believed to be just and honorable.\nI well remember an expression he made to me. He said, \u201cI\nconscientiously did what I deemed my duty while the controversy lasted,\nand when the fate of war compelled surrender, I accepted the situation\nin good faith.\u201d\nHis widow must greatly feel the loss of one who was great as a soldier\nand so lovable as a man.\nAllow me, a Northern man and a stranger, to condole with you, and\nagain express the high appreciation I entertained for your illustrious\nhusband.\n            Very respectfully,\n              GEO. W. CHAMBERLAIN.\n    MRS. JAMES LONGSTREET,\n        Gainesville, Georgia.\n  \u201cHe taught peace and conservatism.\u201d\n            UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS,\n              NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, January 5, 1904.\n    MRS. JAMES LONGSTREET,\n        Gainesville, Georgia:\nMY DEAR MADAM,--I beg to offer you my sincere sympathy. I greatly\nhonored General Longstreet for his distinguished career as a soldier,\nand for his wise and patriotic course, teaching peace and conservatism,\nwhen war was ended. When history is written after time has modified\nall passions and prejudices, his career will stand in honorable and\ndistinguished contrast with those of his critics who were \u201cinvisible in\nwar and invincible in peace.\u201d\nI shall always honor his memory as soldier and citizen.\n            Yours sincerely and respectfully,\n              DAVID D. SHELBY.\n[Illustration: Fac-simile of Letter from General Frederick D. Grant]\n            HEADQUARTERS\n            DEPARTMENT OF TEXAS\n            SAN ANTONIO.\nMy Dear Mrs Longstreet,\nI was greatly shocked to see the enclosed article in this mornings\npaper. Tho\u2019 I had learned sometime ago through friends, that General\nLongstreet was not in good health, I had no idea that the end was so\nnear. The dear old General was one of the earliest and most cherished\nfriends of my father and mother, and has always held a warm place\nin the hearts of the children of Julia Dent and Lieutenant (later,\nGeneral & President of the United States) U. S. Grant. Be assured,\nmy dear Madam, that I join with you in mourning the passing of the\ngood friend, the brilliant soldier and the noble man, General James\nLongstreet\n            Sincerely & Faithfully Yours\n              Frederick D Grant\n            TECUMSEH, MICHIGAN, January 16, 1904.\n    MRS. JAMES LONGSTREET:\n        Gainesville, Georgia:\nDEAR MADAM,--Trusting you will pardon the intrusion, I desire to thank\nyou kindly for the pleasure derived from your article so conclusively\nrefuting the charges against General James Longstreet, unhappily\nrevived in General Gordon\u2019s book. Although a Federal soldier during the\nlast two years of the Civil War, its ending, with me, was the close of\nthe unhappy strife.\nThe admiration I held for James Longstreet was sincere and well\nfounded, and one of the mementoes I much treasure is an autograph\nletter from him, generously written to me December 18, 1893.\nThe news of your husband\u2019s death was to me a personal grief. He was the\none remaining conspicuous figure in the great conflict which those who\nparticipated in will remember while life remains.\n            Very respectfully,\n  \u201cHe performed every duty faithfully and conscientiously.\u201d\n            IVANHOE, VIRGINIA, January 23, 1904.\nMY DEAR MRS. LONGSTREET,--As commander of the Ivanhoe Camp, United\nConfederate Veterans, and as perhaps the youngest Confederate veteran,\n\u201cwho enlisted as a private,\u201d I desire to express to you the sympathy\nof myself and of the Camp which I have the honor to command. While we\nmourn with you in this your sad hour of bereavement, it is gratifying\nto know that General Longstreet performed his every duty faithfully\nand conscientiously, and that his many virtues will entitle him to a\nhigh seat in that better world above, where we hope, when our mission\non earth is finished, we shall be permitted to meet him in all the\nglory which his many virtues here below so justly entitles him. Hoping\nthat the Good Lord, the Grand Commander and Ruler of the Universe,\nwill comfort you in your sad trials, and with best wishes, I am most\nsincerely yours,\n              _Commander Ivanhoe Camp, U. C. V._\n  \u201cLamented by the nation.\u201d\n            MINNEAPOLIS, January 3, 1904.\nDEAR MRS. LONGSTREET,--With thousands of my countrymen I sincerely\nlament the death of your illustrious husband, the great soldier and\ncitizen, and extend to you, most bereaved of all, my sincere sympathy.\nMrs. Torrance shares these sentiments with me, and wishes to be\nremembered to you in love and sympathy.\n            Sincerely yours,\n              ELL TORRANCE.\n    TO MRS. JAMES LONGSTREET,\n      Washington, D. C.\n  \u201cHis name and fame among the priceless treasures of all\n  Americans.\u201d\n            MONROE, GEORGIA, January 4, 1904.\n    MRS. JAMES LONGSTREET,\n        Gainesville, Georgia:\nMY DEAR MRS. LONGSTREET,--I have noticed with great regret and with\ngreat sympathy for you, the news of the death of General Longstreet.\nAll who are familiar with his great career will be sorrowed at his\npassing. His place in history is secure. And his name and fame are\namong the priceless treasures of all Americans.\nI understand the depth of the sorrow in which you stand now, and sorrow\nwith you.\n            In deepest sympathy, I remain,\n              Sincerely yours,\n  \u201cHis greatness of character won the respect of his own and other\n  lands.\u201d\n            WASHINGTON, D. C., January 3, 1903.\nDEAR MRS. LONGSTREET,--The morning paper brings the sad announcement of\nthe passing away of the last survivor of the brave sons of the South\nwho made her name glorious in the annals of the world. The nation\nmourns the loss of a noble man whose greatness of character won the\nrespect not only of his own country but of other lands. The South weeps\nfor a son who has conferred distinction upon her by a life of stainless\nintegrity.\nStill greater is the sorrow of a host of personal friends whose love he\nwon by the most lofty characteristics and a friendship which failed not\nthrough the years.\nGreatest of all is the grief of his family in the loss of his loving\ncompanionship and tender care. Especially heavy is that loss to you,\nthe companion of his later years whose devotion has smoothed the road\nfor his weary feet to the end of life\u2019s way. I send you my heartfelt\nsympathy in your sorrow.\nMy love and sympathy go out to the dear children whose mother was my\nbeloved friend, whom I have held in my arms in childhood, and whose\nlittle brothers and sisters faded away before my loving eyes when their\nflower of life had not yet unfolded from the bud of their sweet infancy\nand the mortal casket was intrusted to General Pickett and myself to be\nlaid away among the church-yard lilies when the jewel of the pure soul\nhad been taken beyond.\nTo the many to whom the new year brings mourning for the great one gone\nI would send sincere sympathy, trusting that the Father of all will\ncomfort them in their deep sorrow.\n            Sincerely yours\n              MRS. GEO. E. PICKETT.\n  \u201cHis great fame is fixed.\u201d\n            CINCINNATI, OHIO, January 9, 1904.\n    MRS. JAMES LONGSTREET,\n        Gainesville, Georgia:\nDEAR MADAM,--You need fear no slurs on the reputation of General\nLongstreet. His great fame is fixed.\nAll over this country wherever you find the old boys who wore the blue\nin the sixties, and who had to fight Longstreet\u2019s corps, you will get\nthe same opinion.\nHe was a hard fighter, a tireless general who was always ready for\na battle, and who believed that hitting hard, never giving up, and\nfollowing up every advantage was the right way to obey orders.\nOur regiment, the Sixth Ohio, met General Longstreet many times. And\nwhenever he was reported as coming we got ready for hard, stubborn\nfighting, and we were never disappointed in that direction.\nHe was a brave enemy, and we respected his great qualities.\nWe are going to have a \u201cLongstreet night\u201d at our G. A. R. Post here\nthis month (open meeting), and have invited all the Confederates near\nhere to meet with us and talk over old days and hard fights.\n            Sympathizing with you in your loss, I remain,\n              Yours obediently,\n  \u201cIf Longstreet was disobedient, Lee was a traitor.\u201d\n    MRS. LONGSTREET,\n        Gainesville, Georgia:\nDEAR MADAM,--Enclosed I send you a brief tribute that I paid to General\nLongstreet.\nGeneral Longstreet\u2019s fame is safe with all fair-minded men, but it is\nthe duty of us, who knew him and served under him, to raise our voices\nin his defence, now that he cannot do so, as he formerly so ably and\nconclusively did, and I here make my defence of the charge that he\nfailed to do his duty at Gettysburg.\nIf it is true that General Longstreet betrayed General Lee at\nGettysburg, and that General Lee knew it, the legitimate and logical\nconclusions are that General Lee was a traitor, not only to the\nConfederacy, but to every man who served under him. All know that at\nGettysburg Lee staked an empire on Longstreet\u2019s corps, and all know\nthat when it rolled back from those bloody heights, leaving its bravest\nand its best cold in death upon its grassy slopes, that the sun of the\nConfederacy, with battle target red, slowly sank into the bosom of\neternal night. And to say that General Lee knew that General Longstreet\nwas responsible for the loss of the battle, responsible for the death\nof so many brave men who had there died in vain, responsible for the\nruin of a cause dear to so many hearts, and then permit the man who\nhad brought all this about, to remain as the commander of the First\nCorps of his army, to lovingly speak of him as he did as his right arm,\nto send him in two months after the battle of Gettysburg in command\nof his corps to save the Army of Tennessee from the ruin brought upon\nit by the inefficiency of Bragg, to permit him to remain throughout\nthat long and dreary winter that he spent in East Tennessee, to bring\nhim back to Virginia and be his chosen lieutenant from the Wilderness\nto the banks of the James, and from the James to Appomattox, is to\nconvict General Lee of a treason to both himself and his country, more\ndamnable than that which so-called admirers of General Lee charge upon\nLongstreet.\n            I remain, very truly yours,\n  \u201cDenounced with bitterness the statement of Pendleton.\u201d\n            CORSICANA, TEXAS, January 8, 1904.\n    MRS. JAMES LONGSTREET,\n        Gainesville, Georgia:\nMADAM,--Your noble defence of your great husband places beyond cavil or\ncontroversy the fame of an illustrious career.\nYesterday, as I finished reading it, the bent form of one who had\nfollowed him everywhere, \u201camid the fiery pang of shells,\u201d passed,\nand I called him and read him the charge. \u201cLiars! Liars!\u201d and the\nlight of battle passed once more into his eyes as he defended General\nLongstreet. Then I read him your letter, and then he cried.\nYou will pardon me for this intrusion on your sorrow. My father was a\ncavalry officer in the volunteers in Scott\u2019s campaign in Mexico. He\nthere formed the acquaintance of General Longstreet, and none denounced\nwith more bitterness the statement of Pendleton.\n            With a sincere wish for your future happiness,\n              I am most respectfully,\n  \u201cHe was too big a man for his day.\u201d\n            New ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, January 4, 1904.\n    MRS. GENERAL JAMES LONGSTREET,\n        Gainesville, Georgia:\nDEAR MADAM,--Enclosed I send you the _Picayune_ comment on the death of\nyour distinguished husband and my honored commander.\nGeneral Longstreet is blamed for the mistake of General Lee in\ncharging the heights of Gettysburg. The same mistake was made by\nGeneral Burnside at Fredericksburg; which clearly proves that American\nsoldiers can not successfully charge heights guarded by Americans. That\nis settled.\nWhy should General Lee send General Longstreet to Chickamauga\nimmediately after Gettysburg, if Longstreet had been guilty of anything\nthat his enemies so persistently accuse.\nThe only thing that General Longstreet was guilty of was the acceptance\nof office under the United States government after the war. Now suppose\nall the Confederate generals had accepted office as he did, would\nit not have effectively kept the office-holders placed here by the\ncarpet-bag government out of power? And also, how many ex-Confederates\nrefuse office under the United States government to-day, is a question\nI would like to have answered. Longstreet was too big a man for his\nday, that was all.\nThe scribbling of unscrupulous parties can not dim his fame. He was the\nhardest fighter of the Civil War, participant in all the battles of the\nArmy of Northern Virginia, and victor on the only great field won by\nthe Confederates in the West, Chickamauga.\nI deeply sympathize with you, as I know all of Longstreet\u2019s corps do.\n            Yours truly,\n  _Company A, Hampton Legion, Hood\u2019s Brigade, Longstreet\u2019s Corps,\n  Army of Northern Virginia._\n  \u201cHe stood the brunt of the battle at Gettysburg.\u201d\n            KRUMDALE, TEXAS, January 3, 1904.\n    MRS. GENERAL JAMES LONGSTREET,\n        Gainesville, Georgia:\nMY DEAR MADAM,--As an old Confederate soldier of the Eighteenth\nVirginia Regiment, Pickett\u2019s division, General James Longstreet\u2019s\ncorps, I wish to extend to you my heartfelt sympathy and condolence\nin your sad affliction in the death of your gallant and illustrious\nhusband. His old comrades will never for a moment believe the calumny\nthat has been thrust against him. A pure, true soldier, a good, noble,\nand loyal citizen. He rests now over the river under the shades of the\nbeautiful heavenly trees, the peer of Hon. Jeff. Davis, General R. E.\nLee, Stonewall Jackson, and others. May his ashes rest in peace. When\nI read the announcement of his death in the papers and your letter it\nmade my heart bleed, and the only comfort I could find was to weep like\na child. I congratulate you on your well-written defence and complete\nvindication of my old comrade and general. I loved him so much, and so\nlong as life shall last I will cherish a lively recollection of his\nmany noble and gallant deeds. I was with him on that memorable day,\nand can testify that he stood the brunt of the battle on the 3d of\nJuly at Gettysburg. I cannot understand how any pure or noble or brave\nman could circulate such false statements against one of the best and\nbravest men in our army. But envy is a malicious foe, always ready\nto destroy that which it cannot imitate or surpass. May God comfort\nand his blessings abide with you and yours is the prayer of one that\nentertains the highest respect for you and the memory of your husband.\n  \u201cOne of the greatest military men of the age.\u201d\n    MRS. LONGSTREET:\nDEAR MADAM,--I had not the honor of a personal acquaintance with your\nillustrious husband, nor was I with him in the war on his side of the\nquestion, in any sense. But I believe him to have been one of the\ngreatest military men of the age, and with no superior on the Southern\nside. His course since the war has inspired the highest respect and\nesteem of every patriotic and intelligent lover of the Union.\nAt Gettysburg, in my opinion, he was the one sure-footed counsellor of\nLee\u2019s many advisers.\nOne of our papers, recently commenting on his life, took occasion to\nrefer to the old charges of delay at Gettysburg. I expect to answer\nthese charges in a lengthy article.\n            Yours sincerely,\nEFFINGHAM, N. H.\n  \u201cAlways present at the critical and dangerous point.\u201d\nMY DEAR MRS. LONGSTREET,--I write to assure you of my heartfelt\nsympathy with you in your great bereavement.\nI mourn with deep sorrow the death of General Longstreet. I have\nwitnessed many times his valor and devotion. He seemed to me to be\nabsolutely ubiquitous on the battle-field--always present at the\ncritical and dangerous point.\nThe proudest recollections of my life are associated with the glorious\nFirst Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia and its heroic commander.\n            With renewed assurance of my sympathy, I am,\n              Yours very sincerely,\n  \u201cHe died as he had lived, a model to mankind.\u201d\n            METROPOLITAN CLUB,\n              NEW YORK CITY, January 3, 1904.\nDEAR MRS. LONGSTREET,--I can not express to you the regret I felt when\nI read to-day of the death of my noble chief, your dear husband. A\nflood of vivid recollections overwhelmed me. It was no surprise to me,\nas I knew the nature of the ill he suffered under; still he was dead,\nand a blank left in my life which no time can heal. He was so much to\nme. For four years I had ridden at his side, and shared his confidence,\nand had learned to love him well. No unkind word or look stands between\nus, and my sorrow is that of one of his sons.\nTo you he has owed many happy years, and his old comrades will always\nbear you in tender thought.\nIn your last letter to me you wrote that the doctors had said he had \u201ca\nfighting chance.\u201d But alas! his time had come, and it found him ready I\nam sure. His life was blameless as it was brave, and he died as he had\nlived, a model to mankind.\nTo you and his children I offer my heartfelt sympathy. I can say no\nmore, as my heart is very full. As I see that he is to be buried\nto-morrow I can not be present, but my heart will be with you at his\ngrave.\n            Always most warmly yours,\n              OSMAN LATROBE.\n  \u201cThe country had no more devoted patriot.\u201d\nMY DEAR MRS. LONGSTREET,--Please accept my profound sympathy in your\ngreat bereavement.\nWhile as a member of his corps from the time of its organization to the\nend, I knew General Longstreet only as a subordinate knows his superior\nofficer, after the struggle was over I met him frequently and conversed\nwith him on many subjects, and to my admiration and devotion to the\nsoldier and general was superadded esteem for him as a citizen and a\nhigh regard and fondness for him as a friend.\nIf some critics had known his methods as a commander, and witnessed his\npowers in battle, as we of his corps did on many hard-fought fields,\nand understood his course and motives as a civilian as his friends did,\nthey would bestow upon him nothing but words of praise and gratitude.\nThe ranking lieutenant-general of Lee\u2019s great army, he always had the\nconfidence of the commander-in-chief and the respect and admiration\nof all, and the \u201clost cause\u201d had no braver or truer defender and the\ncountry no more devoted patriot.\nBut I only intended to write a line of sympathy, hoping to meet you\nagain some time when we can talk of him and his career.\n            With kind regards, I am,\n              Very sincerely,\nLAWRENCEVILLE, GEORGIA.\n  \u201cThe brilliant leader of gallant armies, but greater in peace as\n  the patriotic citizen.\u201d\n            WASHINGTON, D. C., January 5, 1904.\nMY DEAR MRS. LONGSTREET,--My heart was very deeply touched by the\nnews of General Longstreet\u2019s death, and I write to assure you of my\nprofound sorrow over the event and of my warm sympathy for you in the\nunspeakable loss which you sustain.\nGeneral Longstreet will always live in the great and ennobling example\nwhich he set before his fellow-men. He was truly great in war as the\nbrilliant leader of gallant armies, but he was greater in peace as the\npatriotic citizen loyally dedicating his splendid fame to the cause of\nhis country\u2019s restoration to an harmonious brotherhood.\nHis conduct since the termination of the mighty struggle in which he\nbore a distinguished part was prompted by the highest wisdom and by the\npurest love of country. And his fame can never be dimmed by the failure\nof the narrow-minded few to appreciate his great qualities of heart and\nof brain. I rejoice in the fact that he lived to a ripe old age, and\nwas thereby blessed with the privilege of witnessing the good fruits of\nhis noble career.\n            With profound respect,\n              I am truly yours,\n  \u201cHis surpassing ability won him admiration as an American\n  soldier.\u201d\n            PHILADELPHIA, January 3, 1904.\nDEAR MRS. LONGSTREET,--Permit me to express my heartfelt sympathy in\nyour sad loss and unexpected bereavement.\nIt had never been my good fortune to meet the general, but his\nsurpassing ability and great and earnest devotion to the South won him,\nas an American soldier, _our_ admiration, and entitled him to the love\nand thanks of those whose cause was, for so long, the object of his\nsacrifices.\nWe in the North, or many of us, rate General Longstreet as among the\nablest of those who fought against us, and it was fortunate for us that\nhe did not have command at some critical moments, when his superior\njudgment would have directed other movements than those which were made.\n              Very respectfully yours,\n  \u201cSoldiers who served on the firing line knew the leaders.\u201d\nMY DEAR MRS. LONGSTREET,--We soldiers who served four years on the\nfiring line know who were the leaders; and Longstreet is held in high\nesteem as a broad-guage man in the North.\n            Yours truly,\nPHILADELPHIA, January 5, 1904.\nTRIBUTE FROM THE GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC\nThat splendid soldier and generous gentleman, Major-General Oliver\nOtis Howard, sent the following letter to the Grand Army Encampment,\nassembled in thirty-eighth annual session at Boston, Massachusetts,\n            \u201cBURLINGTON, VERMONT, August 10, 1904.\n  \u201c_To the G. A. R. assembled at Boston_:\n  \u201cCOMRADES,--Our Commander-in-Chief having already sent his\n  subscription to the Memorial Volume to General Longstreet,\n  written by his widow, I wish to join a list of subscribers to be\n  forwarded from this encampment to Mrs. Longstreet, which we will\n  request General Black to transmit with assurances of our regard\n  and admiration for her great husband, whom we learned to fear on\n  so many brilliant fields, and in a later day to admire for his\n  noble qualities as citizen of the reunited nation.\u201d\nThis tribute came to me accompanied by a delightfully long list of\nsubscribers to this little volume. I would be pleased to print the\nlist, but want of space forbids.\nTHE SONS FOLLOW THE FATHERS\nThe twenty-third Annual Encampment of the Commandery-in-Chief of the\nSons of Veterans, U. S. A., was in session at Boston, August 17 to 19,\nAt their closing session, E. R. Campbell, of Washington, D. C., Past\nCommander-in-Chief, acting under unanimous consent, brought the above\ntribute from the Veterans to the attention of the Sons of Veterans.\nIn a graceful speech he referred to this beautiful testimonial from\nthe Grand Army of the Republic to the memory of a gallant opponent;\nasserted that the sons should follow in the footsteps of the fathers in\nall things attesting the spirit of a reunited nation; that it was the\npleasure of the sons on their own account and in the light of history\nto testify to their enthusiastic appreciation of the valorous deeds of\nGeneral Longstreet on the battle-field, and his equally commendable\nservices to his country when the war was over; and asked that the\nmatter be referred for further official action and endorsement to the\nincoming commander-in-chief, General William G. Dustin, of Dwight,\nIllinois.\nThe sentiment was applauded, the action asked was granted, and the\ntokens of individual approval and appreciation are continuing to\ngladden my heart as I write these closing words of grateful thanks\nto the fathers, the sons, and all who have so generously united in\nappreciation of the name and fame of General Longstreet.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[A] Hood says, \u201cAs soon as I arrived upon the Emmitsburg road I placed\none or two batteries in position and opened fire. A reply from the\nenemy\u2019s guns soon developed his lines. His left rested on or near Round\nTop, with line bending back and again forward, forming, as it were,\na concave line, as approached by the Emmitsburg road. A considerable\nbody of troops was posted in front of their main line, between the\nEmmitsburg road and Round Top Mountain. This force was in line of\nbattle upon an eminence near a peach-orchard.\n\u201cI found that in making the attack according to orders,--viz., up the\nEmmitsburg road,--I should have first to encounter and drive off this\nadvanced line of battle; secondly, at the base and along the slope of\nthe mountain, to confront immense boulders of stone, so massed together\nas to form narrow openings, which would break our ranks and cause\nthe men to scatter whilst climbing up the rocky precipice. I found,\nmoreover, that my division would be exposed to a heavy fire from the\nmain line of the enemy in position on the crest of the high range, of\nwhich Round Top was the extreme left, and, by reason of the concavity\nof the enemy\u2019s main line, that we would be subject to a destructive\nfire in flank and rear, as well as in the front; and deemed it almost\nan impossibility to clamber along the boulders up this steep and rugged\nmountain, and, under this number of cross fires, put the enemy to\nflight. I knew that if the feat was accomplished, it must be at a most\nfearful sacrifice of as brave and gallant soldiers as ever engaged in\nbattle.\n\u201cI considered it my duty to report to you at once my opinion that it\nwas unwise to attack up the Emmitsburg road, as ordered, and to urge\nthat you allow me to turn Round Top and attack the enemy in flank and\nrear. Accordingly, I despatched a staff-officer, bearing to you my\nrequest to be allowed to make the proposed movement on account of the\nabove stated reasons. Your reply was quickly received: \u2018General Lee\u2019s\norders are to attack up the Emmitsburg road.\u2019 I sent another officer to\nsay that I feared nothing could be accomplished by such an attack, and\nrenewed my request to turn Round Top. Again your answer was, \u2018General\nLee\u2019s orders are to attack up the Emmitsburg road.\u2019 During this interim\nI had continued the use of the batteries upon the enemy, and had become\nmore and more convinced that the Federal line extended to Round Top,\nand that I could not reasonably hope to accomplish much by the attack\nas ordered. In fact, it seemed to me the enemy occupied a position by\nnature so strong--I may say impregnable--that, independently of their\nflank fire, they could easily repel our attack by merely throwing and\nrolling stones down the mountain-side, as we approached.\n\u201cA third time I despatched one of my staff to explain fully in regard\nto the situation, and suggest that you had better come and look for\nyourself. I selected, in this instance, my adjutant-general, Colonel\nHarry Sellers, whom you know to be not only an officer of great\ncourage, but also of marked ability. Colonel Sellers returned with the\nsame message: \u2018General Lee\u2019s orders are to attack up the Emmitsburg\nroad.\u2019 Almost simultaneously, Colonel Fairfax, of your staff, rode up\nand repeated the above orders.\n\u201cAfter this urgent protest against entering the battle of Gettysburg,\naccording to my instructions,--which protest is the first and only one\nI ever made during my entire military career,--I ordered my line to\nadvance and make the assault.\n\u201cAs my troops were moving forward, you rode up in person; a brief\nconversation passed between us, during which I again expressed the\nfears above mentioned, and regret at not being allowed to attack in\nflank around Round Top. You answered to this effect: \u2018We must obey the\norders of General Lee.\u2019 I then rode forward with my line under a heavy\nfire. In about twenty minutes after reaching the Peach-Orchard I was\nseverely wounded in the arm and borne from the field.\n\u201cWith this wound terminated my participation in this great battle. As\nI was borne off on a litter to the rear, I could but experience deep\ndistress of mind and heart at the thought of the inevitable fate of\nmy brave fellow-soldiers, who formed one of the grandest divisions of\nthat world-renowned army; and I shall ever believe that had I been\npermitted to turn Round Top Mountain, we would not only have gained\nthat position, but have been able finally to rout the enemy.\u201d\n[B] \u201cThe Campaign of Gettysburg,\u201d by Lieutenant-General James\nLongstreet. One of a series of papers on the Civil War by different\ndistinguished participants, both Union and Confederate, in Colonel A.\nK. McClure\u2019s Philadelphia _Weekly Times_, 1877.\n[C] \u201cFrom Manassas to Appomattox,\u201d by James Longstreet,\nLieutenant-General Confederate Army. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott\nCompany, 1896. Revised, 1903.\n[D] See \u201cAdvance and Retreat,\u201d General J. B. Hood\u2019s Biography, page 55.\nIt is from this letter that I obtain the information concerning Hood\u2019s\nproposed flank movement on Round Top. It was General Hood\u2019s letter\nwhich informed historians that \u201cGeneral Lee\u2019s orders are to attack\nup the Emmitsburg road.\u201d See Hood\u2019s letter as to this; also that of\nColonel Fairfax at page 63 of this work.\n[E] For General Pendleton\u2019s official report, see Part II., Vol. XXVII.,\nWar Records, pp. 346-354. That is the volume in which will be found all\nthe other Confederate reports referred to in the text.\n[F] Several years ago General Longstreet hastily prepared in the rough\nquite an elaborate history of the Mexican War, the publication of\nwhich was forestalled by the book of a brother officer in that war,\nof which he had no hint. The incidents and historical data of this\nshort story are from that unpublished history, with the addition of\nGeneral Longstreet\u2019s comments on the official _personnel_ of the armies\nof Taylor and Scott, and their subsequent careers in the Union and\nConfederate armies.\n[G] This brief review of a few of Longstreet\u2019s famous engagements\nbefore and after Gettysburg has been compiled chiefly from his war\nhistory and his war papers published a few years since by the Century\nCompany.\n[H] Swinton, Decisive Battles of the War, p. 378.\nTranscriber\u2019s Notes:\nPunctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant\npreference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.\nSimple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced\nquotation marks retained.\nAmbiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.\nPage 336: The letter from Mrs. Geo. E. Pickett was mis-dated \u201c1903\u201d\nbut is correctly dated here as \u201c1904\u201d.\nPortions of the handwritten letters were difficult to read and the\ntranscriptions here may contain errors; known difficulties are noted\nbelow.\nPage 82: \u201cViga\u201d is uncertain in this handwritten letter. The letter is\nnot included in the book\u2019s List of Illustrations.\nPage 82: \u201calways born for\u201d may be a misprint for \u201cborne\u201d.\nPage 165: \u201cThe march was quite\u201d probably should be \u201cquiet\u201d.\nPage 280: The spellings of \u201cPendor\u201d and \u201cHeath\u201d in this letter have been\nretained, but elsewhere are correctly spelled as \u201cPender\u201d and \u201cHeth\u201d.\nPage 332: \u201cSince\u201d at the beginning of the next-to-last paragraph\n(\u201cSince then\u201d) of this handwritten letter is uncertain. On the last\nline, it appears to be addressed to \u201cMrs. E. D. Longstreet\u201d but her\ninitials were \u201cH. D.\u201d The spelling of the writer of the letter was\ntaken from the printed Table of Contents of the book.\nEnd of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lee and Longstreet at High Tide, by \nHelen D. Longstreet\n*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEE AND LONGSTREET AT HIGH TIDE ***\n***** This file should be named 44459-0.txt or 44459-0.zip *****\nThis and all associated files of various formats will be found in:\nProduced by Charlie Howard and the Online Distributed\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive/American Libraries.)\nUpdated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions\nwill be renamed.\nCreating the works from public domain print editions means that no\none owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation\n(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without\npermission and without paying copyright royalties.  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{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1942, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive)\n   Identified from the Records of the United States Copyright Office\n[Illustration]\n               COPYRIGHT OFFICE \u2606 THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\n                For sale by the Register of Copyrights,\n               Library of Congress, Washington 25, D. C.\n_Motion Pictures, 1894\u20131912_, is a catalog of those copyrighted works\nidentified as motion pictures by Howard Lamarr Walls which were produced\nduring the pioneer period of the motion picture industry. Inasmuch as\nthis catalog includes information supplied by Mr. Walls which does not\nappear in the records of the Copyright Office, it is not considered a\npart of the regular _Catalog of Copyright Entries, Cumulative Series_.\nIt supplements, however, the two volumes in the Cumulative Series,\n_Motion Pictures, 1912\u20131939_ and _Motion Pictures, 1940\u20131949_. These\nthree volumes, together with the current issues of the _Catalog of\nCopyright Entries, Third Series, Parts 12\u201313, Motion Pictures and\nFilmstrips_, comprise an unbroken record of the copyright registration\nof motion pictures and, also, an extensive although incomplete record of\nmotion picture production in the United States through the entire\nhistory of the industry.\nThe catalog lists 8,506 works, representing approximately 6,000 titles,\nwhich were registered in the Copyright Office as photographs and\nidentified as motion pictures by Mr. Walls. In making this\nidentification, the record books in the Copyright Office were searched\nfor the years 1893 through 1913. The first such registration found is\nthe _Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze, January 7, 1894_, copyright\ndate January 9, 1894, and the last is the _Feast of Belshazzar_,\ncopyright date January 23, 1913. Twenty-four motion pictures were\nregistered in Class J, photographs, between August 24, 1912, the\neffective date of the amendment to the copyright law establishing\nclasses for motion pictures, and the end of the year 1913. These\ntwenty-four motion pictures are listed in this catalog.\nFamiliarity with the individuals and organizations connected with the\nproduction of motion pictures during the pioneer period was essential to\nthe identification as motion pictures of works registered as photographs\nin the Copyright Office. Mr. Walls is uniquely fitted to make this\nselection. He is at present Curator of the Motion Picture Collection of\nthe Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Previously he was for\nseveral years on the staff of the Copyright Office and during that\nperiod was interested in the records of early motion pictures which\nexisted in the files of the Office, including the paper prints which\nwere deposited at the time of the registration of many of these motion\npictures. Later he became Curator of the Motion Picture Collection of\nthe Library of Congress and Reference Assistant in the Motion Picture\nDivision. He has had, therefore, long and intensive experience in\nworking with these early motion pictures and he is also familiar with\nthe organization of the records of the Copyright Office.\nThe preparation of the catalog for printing was principally the work of\nthe staff of the Cumulative Section of the Cataloging Division of the\nCopyright Office. Mr. Walls reviewed all entries after they were\ntranscribed from the record books and assisted in editing them by adding\nin brackets, whenever he could do so without additional research,\nexplanatory information in those cases in which the titles are not fully\nself-explanatory. Except for these bracketed phrases the information\nappearing in the entries in the catalog is that on record in the\nCopyright Office.\nIn the case of each entry the name of the copyright claimant is that\ngiven in the record book. Any information relating to renewal copyrights\nor to subsequent changes of ownership recorded in the Copyright Office\ncan be ascertained upon request and upon payment to the Register of\nCopyrights of the fee specified in the law for the conduct of a search\nof the records. In addition, information relating to renewal copyrights\ncan be secured by referring to the issue of the _Catalog of Copyright\nEntries_ covering renewal registrations for the particular class of work\nduring the renewal period.\nfullest form on record in the Copyright Office with cross-references\nfrom variant forms. Full information in regard to the content of the\nentries in the main section and in the index will be found in the\nsection, _How To Use This Catalog_, p. X.\nThe first public showing of motion pictures for a fee took place at the\nHolland Brothers\u2019 Kinetoscope Parlor, 1155 Broadway, New York City,\nApril 14, 1894. The making of motion pictures soon became a highly\ncompetitive business, and producers were eager to obtain some sort of\nprotection for their works. The copyright law at that time did not\nprovide for the registration of motion pictures as such, and was not\namended to do so until August 24, 1912. The only course open to pioneer\nproducers was to register their works as photographs and hope that the\ndesired protection had been obtained. This became the practice in the\nnew industry.\nBefore 1900, all items were recorded in sequence as they were received\nand registered (or \u201centered\u201d as the law stated prior to 1909) in the\nCopyright Office. The different types of material were distinguished\nfrom one another only by a descriptive word or phrase; i.e., photograph,\nbook, musical composition, etc. On January 1, 1900, the Copyright Office\nestablished Classes A, B, C, and D. Class D, Graphic Arts and\nMiscellaneous, included photographs. On January 1, 1901, photographs\nwere placed in a class of their own\u2014Class H. On March 4, 1909,\nphotographs were assigned to Class J and included both published and\nunpublished works. All motion pictures copyrighted as photographs from\n1894 to 1912, the period covered by this catalog, fall correspondingly\ninto these categories. They are recorded in over five hundred official\ncopyright record books, each of which contains about two thousand\nentries. To compile the catalog it was necessary to search approximately\none million entries, and to determine\u2014by title, or copyright claimant,\nor both\u2014which items recorded as photographs did, or did not, represent\nmotion pictures. The task was sizable and presented many difficulties;\nbut I hope that, with the margin for error customarily allotted even to\nthe best of compilers, I have produced an acceptable list. And, while\nDr. Luther H. Evans, Librarian of Congress, and Mr. Arthur Fisher, the\nRegister of Copyrights, have made it possible for this work to be\nproduced, it is only fair to say that the responsibility for omissions\nwhich may later be discovered is certainly mine.\nThe first problem encountered, that of identifying the work, was the\nbiggest. Then, although the information in the record books was\nacceptable in the light of requirements for copyright registration, it\nwas found all too frequently to be unsatisfactory from the standpoint of\na full description or a complete identification of the motion picture.\nLengths of films were seldom given; claimants had not always made it\nclear as to whether numbers accompanying titles stood for parts, scenes,\nreels, or production numbers; some films, copyrighted as separate\nentities, were obviously only parts of a unified subject which the\nclaimant had failed to furnish; the articles in the titles were often\nomitted; and, for the pre-1900 years, it was not always clear as to\nwhether certain titles referred to a Kineograph (thumb book), a\nMutoscope reel, or a 35mm film. There were numerous other deficiencies,\nsuch as misspelling of names or words and omission of words other than\narticles from titles.\nA complete solution to the complexities and limitations existing in the\nproject would have required motion picture research, but such research\nis beyond the scope or function of the Copyright Office, and of the\nproject for which I was employed. Hence, the record is passed along to\nyou precisely as it stands with minor additions and corrections.\nMisspellings and similar minor errors have been dealt with by\ncorrections written within brackets. In several instances, where titles\nof factual films are ambiguous as to persons, places, or things, it has\nbeen possible to draw on first-hand knowledge to enhance their meaning\nand significance. This information is also presented, within brackets,\nwith a view to increasing as much as possible the practical value of the\ncatalog. A general correlation of the films under supplied subject\nheadings was, as in the case of extensive research, considered beyond\nthe scope of the project. Such grouping has been left to those whose\nspecial interest may require it. To facilitate such further research,\nto bring them together in their significant time relationships.\nAfter an examination of the record, it appears that the earliest motion\npicture copyrighted was _Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze, January 7,\n1894_. The claimant was William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, West Orange, New\nJersey. This film, popularly known in film circles as \u201cFred Ott\u2019s\nSneeze,\u201d and famous as one of the films which launched the modern motion\npicture industry, now has added fame as the first to be registered for\ncopyright. There were only three other entries to the end of 1894. For\nsome inexplicable reason, there is a total gap from the end of 1894 to\nOctober 23, 1896, at which date the registrations substantially began\nand continued. One highly important irregularity in this connection must\nbe pointed out; there is evidence that the American Mutoscope and\nBiograph Company, in its 1902 and 1903 registrations, submitted, along\nwith current material, a considerable backlog of pictures produced from\nlate 1895 to 1902. An appreciable amount of research would have to be\ndone to clarify the wide discrepancies between the production and\ncopyright dates of this company. There is no evidence that other\nclaimants followed this practice.\nNot all motion pictures produced from 1894 to 1912 appear in the\ncopyright record. However, the overwhelming majority do\u2014representing\nnearly every important advance made in the first 18 years of the medium.\nThe record pertaining to the newsreel type of film affords some\nsurprise. The entries for these are rather profuse and important from\n1896 to 1907, after which there are practically no entries during the\nperiod under consideration. It is clear that by 1908 fictional\nentertainment had become an almost exclusive business with the industry.\nAlthough the entries in the record books of the Copyright Office do not\nindicate the exact physical nature of items submitted by claimants as\ncopyright deposits, an investigation of the Library of Congress holdings\nof this material revealed a heterogeneous collection. Claimants\nsubmitted deposits indiscriminately and variously in the following\nforms: Mutoscope reels; sample 35mm frames from every scene in a motion\npicture, in the form of positive photographic paper prints or on\ncelluloid; photographic stills or enlargements\u2014one each of\nrepresentative, but not all, scenes from a motion picture; photographs\nof the sets used in a motion picture; Kineographs (popularly known as\nthumb books or flip books); and, most important of all, complete motion\npictures printed on 35mm positive photographic paper rolls.\nAbout half of the films listed in this catalog are represented in the\nLibrary\u2019s collection of paper prints. Other films are available in other\ncollections or are likely to be located in the future in forgotten\nstorage places. An ingenious way has been found to rephotograph the\npaper prints on celluloid by the optical printing process in order that\nthey may be put to current use.\nHere is a cross section of the nonfictional film titles, selected at\nrandom from this early collection: \u201cStreet Scene, Chicago\u201d (1897);\n\u201cTroop Ships for the Philippines\u201d (1898); \u201cBurial of the Maine Victims\u201d\n(1898); \u201cAdmiral Dewey Landing at Gibraltar\u201d (1899); \u201cSharkey-Jeffries\nFight\u201d (1899); \u201cAutomobile Parade\u201d (1900); \u201cBoers Bringing in British\nPrisoners\u201d (1900); \u201cPresident McKinley Taking Oath of Office\u201d (1901);\n\u201cPresident McKinley\u2019s Funeral Cortege at Washington, D. C.\u201d (1901);\n\u201cAnna Held\u201d (1902); \u201cPrinceton and Yale Football Game\u201d (1903); \u201cOpening\nCeremonies, New York Subway\u201d (1904); \u201cSenator Mark Hanna\u201d (1904);\n\u201cInauguration of President Theodore Roosevelt\u201d (1905); \u201cScenes and\nIncidents, Russo-Japanese Peace Conference, Portsmouth, New Hampshire\u201d\n(1905); and hundreds of other similar films which bring back an almost\nforgotten era.\nThese films depict the true customs, dress, and manners of the time and\nplace; they show general world events, Presidential inaugurations;\nevents of the Spanish-American War, noted political figures and other\npersonalities, fires and disasters, sports, popular dances, and many\nother phases in the life of this period.\nChanges in techniques or styles of motion picture production cannot\naffect the importance of these films. Specialized students of the motion\npicture and drama will derive profit and pleasure from seeing the first\nattempts to tell a story on the screen, the evolution of screen syntax\nby D. W. Griffith, and the first appearances of such celebrities as Mary\nPickford, and the films listed in this catalog and preserved in the\nLibrary of Congress and elsewhere will have an even wider appeal to\ngeneral historians, sociologists, and educators who may have no interest\nin the motion picture as such.\nIt is hoped that this catalog will serve not only those seeking\ninformation regarding the copyright history and status of these films\nbut will also be of material assistance to those studying the motion\npicture as an art, as an important means of communication, as a\nhistorical record, or as an effective social force.\n                        How To Use This Catalog\nThis catalog consists of two parts: _Motion Pictures, 1894\u20131912_, which\nis a list of main entries arranged alphabetically under title, and a\nmotion pictures included in the main section.\nThe items which constitute each entry are given below in the order in\nwhich they appear. In general, the entry consists only of title, name of\nthe claimant of copyright, date of the beginning of the copyright term,\nand registration number. Other information is included if given in the\nrecord books. Explanatory and corrective information not available in\nthe records of the Copyright Office and supplied by the compiler, Mr.\nHoward L. Walls, always appears in brackets.\n  1. _Title._ The title is given in the form in which it appears in the\n    record book. The main title is followed, as applicable, by subtitle,\n    alternate title, and translated title. Cross-references from\n    alternate and translated titles are included in the list.\n    Information which appears in the title in the record book and which\n    relates to the principal player or to the number of parts and scenes\n    is given in a brief statement following the title as described\n    above. Sometimes such information includes a numeral which may well\n    have had originally some descriptive value but which cannot now be\n    identified, either as a production number, a catalog number, or a\n    number indicating the relationship of the particular film to other\n    films. In many instances, the successive scenes or parts of a motion\n    picture were registered separately, each registration including the\n    main title and the title of the particular part. In such cases the\n    main title is given, followed by other elements in the entry\n    relating to the whole motion picture, and the numbers and titles of\n    the separate parts are listed below the main part of the entry, each\n    part of the title being followed by information relating to it\n    alone.\n  2. _Name of the claimant._ This name is given as it appears in the\n    record book and is immediately preceded by the copyright symbol \u00a9.\n  3. _Date._ This date includes the day, month, and year of the\n    beginning of the term of copyright protection and is determined by\n    different requirements in the periods separated by the date July 1,\n    1909. Prior to July 1 of that year, the date of the recording in the\n    Copyright Office of the title page of a published work determined\n    the beginning of the term of copyright protection. During this\n    period the law also provided for the deposit of two copies of the\n    work when published. Because the record of these deposits was not\n    consistently kept in the record books, the information has been\n    omitted from the entries in this catalog. Beginning with July 1,\n    1909, provision was made for copyright protection both of published\n    and of unpublished works in some classes, among which photographs\n    and, later, motion pictures were included. For published works, the\n    date of the beginning of the term of copyright was determined by the\n    date of publication supplied in the application; for unpublished\n    works, by the deposit of one copy in the Copyright Office. These\n    facts are indicated in the entries by the use of date alone for all\n    published works and by the addition of the abbreviation _1c_\n    immediately preceding the date for all unpublished works.\n  4. _Registration number._ Prior to January 1, 1900, all works were\n    numbered in sequence as they were registered, and a new series of\n    numbers was established at the beginning of each calendar year. In\n    citing the number for any registration made during this period, the\n    year date must, therefore, be given. To achieve brevity, however,\n    the year date is not repeated in the entry in connection with the\n    registration number, because the number immediately follows the full\n    date in each entry. Beginning with January 1, 1900, the material\n    received in the Copyright Office was divided for purposes of\n    registration into classes designated by letters of the alphabet.\n    Three different series of classes were used in chronological\n    sequence during the next 12 years; in consequence, the registration\n    numbers of motion pictures registered as photographs included in\n    this catalog are preceded by class designations as follows:\n  THE AWKWARD MAN; or, OH! SO CLUMSY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  CORBETT AND COURTNEY BEFORE THE KINETOGRAPH. \u00a9 Wm. K. L. Dickson;\n  EDNA\u2019S IMPRISONMENT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.\n  SOUVENIR STRIP OF THE EDISON KINETOSCOPE [Sandow, the modern\n    Hercules]. \u00a9 W. K. L. Dickson; 18May1894; 10777.\n  OH! SO CLUMSY. SEE The Awkward Man.\n  WILLIAM J. BRYAN IN THE BIOGRAPH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\nThis index lists the names of the claimants of copyright in the motion\npictures included in the main section. Each name is given in the fullest\nform on record in the Copyright Office with cross-references from\nvariant forms. The names are arranged alphabetically under the\ndistinctive part of each name. Under each name are listed the titles of\nthe motion pictures connected with the name, arranged, first,\nchronologically by the year date, and, second, alphabetically by title.\n               Copyright Office \u2013 The Library of Congress\n                  The following lists of corrections\n                  and additions to _Motion Pictures,\n                  staff of the Copyright Office from\n                  information gathered and generously\n                  contributed by Miss Elizabeth\n                  Franklin of the Academy of Motion\n                  Picture Arts and Sciences during the\n                  course of two summers\u2019 work on the\n                  paper print collection of the\n                  Library of Congress. The corrections\n                  cover both typographical errors and\n                  variances between information on the\n                  paper prints and in the record books\n                  of the office. Mr. Howard L. Walls\n                  was limited to the record books in\n                  making his original selection. Most\n                  of the additions consist of films\n                  not readily identifiable as such\n                  from the record book entries, since\n                  before 1912 motion pictures were\n                  registered simply as photographs.\n Page\n   16 DISCOVERIES OF BODIES. For DISCOVERIES read DISCOVERY.\n   23 GIRLS SWIMMING. For SWIMMING read SWINGING.\n   32 LAS VEGAS [i.e., LA VIGA] CANAL, MEXICO. For LAS VEGAS read LAS\n   32 LAS VEGAS [i.e., LA VIGA] CANAL, MEXICO CITY. For LAS VEGAS read\n        LAS VIGAS.\n   34 LITTLE LILLIAN, TOE DANSEUSE. Omit TOE.\n   38 MINING OPERATIONS, PENNSYLVANIA FIELDS. For PENNSYLVANIA FIELDS\n        read PENNSYLVANIA COAL FIELDS.\n   42 OLD GENTLEMAN SPRINKLES. For SPRINKLES read SPINKLES.\n   45 PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE CHAMPS ELYSEES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n        29Aug1900; D18581. Registration number should be D18582.\n   48 PRESIDENT MCKINLEY. Should be PRESIDENT MCKINLEY LEAVING\n        OBSERVATORY, MT. TOM, HOLYOKE, MASS.\n   50 REILY\u2019S LIGHT BATTERY F. For REILY\u2019S read REILLY\u2019S.\n   51 REVIEW OF CADETS, WEST POINT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n        8July1903; H33283, H33387. Second registration number should be\n   54 SCENE IN THE SWISS VILLAGE AT PARIS EXPOSITION. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n        Edison; 29Aug1900; D18582. Registration number should be D18581.\n   60 10TH U. S. INFANTRY, 2ND BATTALION LEAVING CARS. For AND read 2ND.\n   64 AN UNEXPECTED FEMALE. Should be AN UNPROTECTED FEMALE, NO. 2.\n  AN AFFAIR OF HEARTS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 23May1910; J141593.\n  ATLANTIC CITY FLORAL PARADE. \u00a9 Percival L. Waters; 22June1904; H47449.\n  THE AUTO-SOMNAMBULIST. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75818.\n  BEFORE THE BALL. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75820.\n  BOLD BANK ROBBERY. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 25July1904; H48436.\n  CASEY AND HIS NEIGHBOR\u2019S GOAT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903; H36501.\n  THE CHARIOT RACE. \u00a9 Kalem Co.; 22Nov1907; H102798.\n  CHEST AND NECK DEVELOPMENT. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75807.\n  CLOWN JUGGLER. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 6Sept1906; H82617.\n  THE COLONEL\u2019S FRIEND. \u00a9 Frank Graham; 12July1905; H63157.\n  DAD\u2019S A GENTLEMAN TOO. \u00a9 Frank Graham; 12July1905; H63156.\n  DEEP BREATHING AND CHEST EXPANSION. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906;\n  DEVELOPING MUSCLES OF BACK AND CHEST. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18 Apr 1906;\n  DEVELOPING MUSCLES OF CHEST AND ABDOMEN. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906;\n  DIAL\u2019S GIRLS\u2019 BAND, LUNA PARK. \u00a9 Eugene Dial; 25Oct1905; H67888.\n  DREAM OF THE RACE TRACK FIEND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  EAST SIDE URCHINS BATHING IN A FOUNTAIN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903;\n  EPILEPTIC SEIZURE NO. 8. \u00a9 Walter G. Chase; 13Jan1906; H71845.\n  EVERYBODY WORKS BUT MOTHER. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 22May1906; H78024.\n  THE EXTRA TURN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903; H36496.\n  A FAIR EXCHANGE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 22Sept1909; J132094.\n  GAME OF CHESS. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75815.\n  GOLD IS NOT ALL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1Apr1910; J139986.\n  GOOD NIGHT. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75817.\n  GOODBYE JOHN. 70 mm. \u00a9 Winthrop Moving Picture Co.; 24May1907; H94484.\n  THE GREAT TORONTO FIRE, TORONTO, CANADA, APRIL 19, 1904. \u00a9 George\n  HAVE A LIGHT, SIR. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 22May1906; H78023.\n  HERE\u2019S TO THE PRETTIEST. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75811.\n  HIS LAST BURGLARY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 26Feb1910; J138678.\n  IRISH REEL. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 6Sept1906; H82614.\n  IT WAS COMING TO HIM. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75810.\n  KISSES SWEET. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 22May1906; H78021.\n  MARRIED FOR MILLIONS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26Dec1906;\n  MR. BUTT-IN-SKY. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75809.\n  NEW YEAR\u2019S TOAST. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 22May1906; H78022.\n  NEW YORK CITY PUBLIC BATH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903; H36497.\n  THE OATH AND THE MAN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 26Sept1910; J145784.\n  PARADE, FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. \u00a9 Percival L.\n  PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENT AT FORT MAHONE NEAR PETERSBURG, VA. \u00a9 Columbia\n    Photograph Co.; 18Dec1909; J136000.\n  THE PHYSICAL CULTURE GIRL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903; H36499.\n  POKER IN THE WEST. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75814.\n  RECEPTION OF PRESIDENT TAFT IN PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA, MAY 19TH, 1909. \u00a9\n    Columbia Photograph Co.; 29July1909; J129814.\n  A ROMANCE OF THE RAIL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903; H36500.\n  SERIOUS SIXTEEN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 23July1910; J143502.\n  SHE WAS GOOD TO HIM. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75805.\n  SUBSTITUTE FOR SMOKING. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75819.\n  TAKING HIS MEDICINE. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75816.\n  THREE OF A KIND. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 6Sept1906; H82616.\n  THROUGH THE BREAKERS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 8Dec1909; J135642.\n  TRYING IT ON THE DOG. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 6Sept1906; H82615.\n  THE TWO BROTHERS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 14May1910; J141292.\n  TWO CHAPPIES IN A BOX. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903; H36498.\n  TWO LITTLE WAIFS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 3Nov1910; J147286.\n  THE TWO PATHS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 4Jan1911; J150122.\n  UNEXPECTED HELP. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 30July1910; J143826.\n  WHITE STAR S. S. BALTIC LEAVING PIER ON FIRST EASTERN VOYAGE. \u00a9 Thomas\n  WILLIE\u2019S FIRST SMOKE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 4Feb1899; 10649.\n  YOU WON\u2019T CUT ANY ICE WITH ME. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75813.\n                  An alphabetical list, under title,\n                  of copyrighted works identified by\n                  Howard L. Walls as motion pictures\n                  that were registered during the\n                  information relating to the contents\n                  of the entries see _How To Use This\n  A B C\u2019S OF THE U. S. A. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Feb1909; H122975.\n  THE \u201cABBOT\u201d & \u201cCRESCEUS\u201d RACE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Aug1901; H7988.\n  THE ABDUCTORS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24July1905;\n  ABE GETS EVEN WITH FATHER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Dec1911; J163419.\n  AN ABSENT-MINDED CUPID, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 9July1909;\n  ACADEMY OF MUSIC FIRE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Dec1903;\n  AN ACADIAN ELOPEMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Sept1907;\n  ACCIDENTS WILL HAPPEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Feb1903;\n  ACCIDENTS WILL HAPPEN, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 13May1910;\n  THE ACCOMODATING COW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  THE ACROBATIC BURGLARS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 19July1906;\n  ACROBATIC MONKEY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15Mar1898; 17709.\n  ACROBATIC PILLS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Mar1908; H107906.\n  ACROSS THE SUBWAY VIADUCT, NEW YORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  AN ACT OF UNSELFISHNESS. SEE Liberty for an Hour.\n  THE ACTOR ANNOYS THE BOARDERS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 24July1907; H97080.\n  THE ADJUSTABLE BED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19May1905;\n  ADMIRAL CIGARETTE. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison; 5Aug1897; 44332.\n  ADMIRAL DEWEY AT STATE HOUSE, BOSTON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1899;\n  ADMIRAL DEWEY LANDING AT GIBRALTAR [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  ADMIRAL DEWEY LEADING LAND PARADE [Spanish-American War; Dewey\n    Homecoming, New York City]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 5Oct1899; 64681.\n  ADMIRAL DEWEY LEADING LAND PARADE, no. 2. [Spanish-American War; Dewey\n    Homecoming, New York City]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Oct1899; 65369.\n  ADMIRAL DEWEY PASSING CATHOLIC CLUB STAND [Spanish-American War; Dewey\n    Homecoming, New York City]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 5Oct1899; 64680.\n  ADMIRAL DEWEY RECEIVING THE WASHINGTON AND NEW YORK COMMITTEES\n    [Spanish-American War; Dewey Homecoming, New York City]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  ADMIRAL DEWEY TAKING LEAVE OF WASHINGTON COMMITTEE ON THE U. S.\n    CRUISER \u201cOLYMPIA\u201d [Spanish-American War; Dewey Homecoming, New York\n    City]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 2Oct1899; 63831.\n  ADMIRAL SAMPSON ON BOARD THE FLAGSHIP [Spanish-American War; New York\n    City Welcome to Admiral Sampson\u2019s Fleet after Battle of Santiago\n    Bay]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52057.\n  THE ADOPTION, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11Nov1910; J148065\u201368.\n  ADRIFT. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 1Aug1912; J171841.\n  ADVANCE GUARD, RETURN OF N. J. TROOPS [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  ADVANCE OF KANSAS VOLUNTEERS AT CALOOCAN [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 5June1899; 37443.\n  THE ADVENTURES OF A BABY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.;\n  ADVENTURES OF A DRUMMER BOY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE ADVENTURES OF AN OLD FLIRT, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  THE ADVENTURES OF BILLY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 21Oct1911; J161914.\n  ADVENTURES OF DOLLIE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10July1908;\n  THE ADVENTURES OF FIFINE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 20July1909;\n  ADVENTURES OF MR. TROUBLES. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 13June1908: H111808.\n  THE ADVENTURES OF PERCY WHITE AND PAULINE WELLS. SEE The Two Traveling\n    Boys.\n  THE ADVENTURES OF SHERLOCK HOLMES; or, HELD FOR A RANSOM. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 6Sept1905; H65145.\n  THE ADVENTURES OF ULYSSES. SEE The Homer\u2019s Odyssey.\n  THE AEROPLANE INVENTOR, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 20Apr1912;\n  THE AFFAIR OF AN EGG. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 6Sept1910; J144968.\n  AN AFFAIR OF ART, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24June1909;\n  AN AFFAIR OF HEARTS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 23May1910; J141593.\n  AN AFFAIR OF HONOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  AN AFFAIR OF HONOR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 13May1901; H4282.\n  \u201cAFRICANDER\u201d WINNING THE SUBURBAN HANDICAP, 1903. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  AFTER LAUNCHING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Mar1898; 16426.\n  AFTER MANY DAYS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 9July1912;\n  AFTER MANY YEARS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Oct1908;\n  AFTER MANY YEARS. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 18Jan1912; J164578.\n  AFTER MIDNIGHT; or, A BURGLAR\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  AFTER THE BACHELORS\u2019 BALL. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 20Mar1909; H124439.\n  AFTER THE BALL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Jan1911; J150107.\n  AFTER THE EXPLOSION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904;\n  AFTER THE FIRST SNOW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13July1903;\n  AFTER THE RACE\u2014YACHTS RETURNING TO ANCHORAGE [America\u2019s Cup Races;\n    Columbia and Shamrock I]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20Oct1899; 68177.\n  AFTERNOON TEA ON BOARD S. S. \u201cDORIC.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898;\n  THE AGGRESSOR. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 19Oct1911; J161543.\n  AGUINALDO\u2019S NAVY [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  A\u00cfDA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison. Inc.; 5May1911; J155335\u201338.\n  THE AIRSHIP; or, 100 YEARS HENCE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  AIRY FAIRY LILLIAN TRIES ON HER NEW CORSETS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 3Nov1905; H68182.\n  AL TRELOAR IN MUSCLE EXERCISES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ALADDIN UP-TO-DATE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 4Sept1912;\n  ALCOHOL, THE POISON OF HUMANITY. \u00a9 Eclair Film Co.; 1c 22Jan1912;\n  ALGY, THE WATCHMAN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8June1912; J170133.\n  ALGY\u2019S GLORIOUS FOURTH OF JULY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ALICE\u2019S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  ALL A MISTAKE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 27Jan1912; J165053.\n      On same reel with A Day on a Buffalo Ranch.\n  ALL ABOARD! or, FUNNY EPISODES IN A STREET CAR. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  ALL FOR HER. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 2May1912; J168880.\n  ALL FOR THE LOVE OF A LADY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  ALL ON ACCOUNT OF A BUTTERFLY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Oct1908; H116473.\n  ALL ON ACCOUNT OF A LAUNDRY, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24May1910;\n  ALL ON ACCOUNT OF THE MILK. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Jan1910; J137280.\n  ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD. SEE Plain Mame.\n  ALLABAD; the Arabian wizard. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ALL\u2019S FAIR IN LOVE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 29Oct1909;\n  ALL\u2019S FAIR IN LOVE AND WAR. (First and last scenes). \u00a9 Capital Film\n  ALL\u2019S WELL THAT ENDS WELL. SEE A Case of Spirits.\n  ALMOST A HERO, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 23Sept1910; J145940\u201343.\n  ALMOST A KING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23Dec1903; H39906.\n  ALONE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28July1904; H48624.\n  ALONE IN NEW YORK, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 27Aug1912;\n  ALPHONSE & GASTON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  ALPHONSE AND GASTON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  ALPHONSE & GASTON HELPING AN IRISHMAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  AN ALPINE ECHO; or, THE SYMPHONY OF A SWISS MUSIC BOX. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n    Co. of America; 11Sept1909; J131598.\n  ALWAYS ROOM FOR ONE MORE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE AMATEUR CHAMPION. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 21Aug1907; H98644.\n  THE AMATEUR HYPNOTIST. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28Jan1908; H105598.\n  AMATEUR NIGHT; or, GET THE HOOK. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  AMATEUR NIGHT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7Dec1910; J148700\u201303.\n  THE AMATEUR WILLIAM TELL, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 10Sept1909;\n  AMBULANCE AT THE ACCIDENT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60592.\n  AMBULANCE CALL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60591.\n  AMERICAN AND CUBAN FLAG. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 5Mar1897; 15442.\n  AMERICAN FALLS FROM ABOVE, AMERICAN SIDE [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  AMERICAN FALLS\u2014FROM BOTTOM, CANADIAN SHORE [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  AMERICAN FALLS\u2014FROM INCLINE R. R. [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  AMERICAN FALLS, GOAT ISLAND [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  AMERICAN FALLS, GOAT ISLAND [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  AMERICAN FALLS, LUNA ISLAND [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  AMERICAN FALLS, LUNA ISLAND [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  AMERICAN FLAG. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  THE AMERICAN FLEET IN HAMPTON ROADS, 1909, AFTER GIRDLING THE GLOBE. \u00a9\n    Edward Daniel Macfee, Jr.; 26Mar1909; H124864.\n  THE AMERICAN SOLDIER IN LOVE AND WAR, no. 1\u20133. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  AMERICAN SOLDIERS DEFEATING FILIPINOS NEAR MANILLA [i.e. MANILA]\n    [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 11Aug1899; 51687.\n  AMETA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903; H30752.\n  THE AMOROUS MILITIAMAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  AMOSKEAG VETERANS, NEW HAMPSHIRE [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  ANCIENT AND HONORABLE ARTILLERY OF LONDON ON PARADE. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE ANCIENT AND HONORABLES HOMEWARD BOUND. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  AND A LITTLE CHILD SHALL LEAD THEM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  AND A LITTLE CHILD SHALL LEAD THEM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 15Feb1908; H106260.\n  AND HIS COAT CAME BACK. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Jan1909;\n  AND PAT TOOK HIM AT HIS WORD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  AND THE DOG CAME BACK. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Mar1907; H91920.\n  AND THE VILLAIN STILL PURSUED HER; or, THE AUTHOR\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 23Nov1906; H85585.\n  THE ANGEL AND THE STRANDED TROUPE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  THE ANGEL CHILD, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14Dec1908; H119660\u201363.\n  AN ANGELIC SERVANT. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 13Dec1907; H103575.\n  ANGLER\u2019S NIGHTMARE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 13Sept1905; H65360.\n  THE ANIMATED COSTUMES. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 29Sept1904; H50961.\n  AN ANIMATED DUMMY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Dec1907; H103459.\n  THE ANIMATED DUMMY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28Jan1908; H105596.\n  AN ANIMATED LUNCHEON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Feb1900; D4731.\n  ANIMATED PAINTING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Feb1904; H42209.\n  ANIMATED PICTURE STUDIO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE ANIMATED POSTER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Oct1903; H37395.\n  ANIMATED SNOWBALLS, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 12Mar1908;\n  ANNA HELD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  ANNA HELD, no. 10. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11July1901;\n  ANNABELLE IN FLAG DANCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896; 68818.\n  ANNUAL BABY PARADE, 1904, ASBURY PARK, N. J. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  ANNUAL CELEBRATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  ANNUAL PARADE, NEW YORK FIRE DEPARTMENT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  ANOTHER JOB FOR THE UNDERTAKER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15May1901; H4369.\n  ANOTHER NAME WAS MAUDE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2May1906,\n  ANTI-RACE SUICIDE. SEE The Strenuous Life.\n  ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA; the love story of the noblest Roman and the most\n    beautiful Egyptian. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 26Oct1908;\n  THE APPARITION. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 12Oct1903; H36705.\n  LES APPARITIONS FUGITIVES. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 23Feb1904; H42523.\n  APPLE PIE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 19June1912;\n  APPOINTMENT BY TELEPHONE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15May1902; H17675.\n  APPRENTICE BOYS AT NEWPORT [R. I.] NAVAL TRAINING STATION, scenes 1\u20133.\n  APRIL FOOL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 29Mar1911;\n  AN APRIL FOOL JOKE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11June1903;\n  AQUARIUM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3536.\n  ARAB ACT, LUNA PARK [Coney Island]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  ARABIAN GUN TWIRLER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20Mar1899; 20770.\n  ARABIAN JEWISH DANCE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17June1903; H32802.\n  THE ARBITRATOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Jan1904; H40724.\n  AN ARCADIAN MAID. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Aug1910; J143884.\n  ARCHIBALD CHUBBS AND THE WIDOW, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  AN ARDENT WOOER. SEE The Perpetual Proposal.\n  ARE YOU THE MAN? \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 18May1909; H127182.\n  THE ARMENIAN ARCHBISHOP, ROME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ARMOUR\u2019S ELECTRIC TROLLEY [Chicago]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31July1897;\n  ARMS AND THE WOMAN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 30Nov1910;\n  THE ARMY OF TWO, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 30Oct1908; H117654\u201359.\n  AROUND NEW YORK IN 15 MINUTES. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 31Jan1905; H56326.\n  AROUND THE FLIP-FLAP RAILROAD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  AROUND THE MULBERRY BUSH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  AN ARREST AT NEW HAVEN, CONN., no. 93. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  ARREST IN CHINATOWN, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  ARREST OF A SHOPLIFTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ARRIVAL MAHUKONA EXPRESS, KOHALA, HAWAII. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  ARRIVAL OF EMIGRANTS [i.e. IMMIGRANTS], ELLIS ISLAND. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9May1906; H77049.\n  ARRIVAL OF MCKINLEY\u2019S FUNERAL TRAIN AT CANTON, OHIO. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  ARRIVAL OF PRINCE HENRY [OF PRUSSIA] AND PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AT\n    SHOOTER\u2019S ISLAND. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Mar1902; H14607.\n  ARRIVAL OF THE GOVERNOR GENERAL, LORD MINTO, AT QUEBEC. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  ARRIVAL OF TOKYO TRAIN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38208.\n  ARRIVAL OF TRAIN AT MUSKOKA WHARF. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  ARRIVAL OF TRAIN, CHEYENNE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ARRIVAL OF TRAIN, TIENTSIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ARRIVAL OF TRAIN, TOKIO, JAPAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE ART OF MAKING SILVER PLATE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 1June1912; J169857.\n  THE ART OF MAKING UP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Apr1902;\n  ART STUDIES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Mar1903; H29003.\n  THE ARTIST AND THE BRAIN SPECIALIST, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  THE ARTIST\u2019S DILEMMA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Dec1901; H11475.\n  THE ARTIST\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Feb1903;\n  AN ARTIST\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Mar1900; D6369.\n  THE ARTIST\u2019S JOKE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 10July1912;\n  AN ARTIST\u2019S MODEL WANTED. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1Aug1908; H114115.\n  ARTIST\u2019S POINT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11May1903;\n  THE ARTIST\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 31July1909;\n  THE ARTIST\u2019S STUDIO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 29May1903;\n  AS A BOY DREAMS. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 24Aug1911; J159098.\n  AS IN A LOOKING GLASS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 29May1903;\n  AS IN A LOOKING GLASS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Dec1911; J163801.\n  AS IT IS IN LIFE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 6Apr1910; J140186.\n  AS SEEN ON THE CURTAIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  AS THE BELLS RANG OUT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 23July1910; J143501.\n  ASAKUSA TEMPLE, TOKIO, JAPAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ASHES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7Jan1910; J137021\u201324.\n  ASIA IN AMERICA, ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  ASSEMBLING A GENERATOR, WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  ASSEMBLING AND TESTING TURBINES. WESTINGHOUSE CO. WORKS. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23July1904; H48412.\n  THE ASTONISHING FRAME. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 12Oct1904; H51561.\n  ASTOR BATTERY ON PARADE [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE ASTOR TRAMP. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Nov1899; 77520.\n  AT JONES\u2019 FERRY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 8Sept1911;\n  AT THE ALTAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26Feb1909; H123389.\n  AT THE COTTAGE DOOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904;\n  AT THE DENTIST. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Feb1909; H122976.\n  AT THE DRESSMAKER\u2019S. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Oct1903;\n  AT THE FOOT OF THE FLATIRON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  AT THE FOUNTAIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Sept1902;\n  AT THE FRENCH BALL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20June1908;\n  AT THE HOTEL MIX-UP. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 26Aug1908; H115114.\n  AT THE POINT OF THE SWORD, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  AT THE STAGE DOOR; or, BRIDGET\u2019S ROMANCE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  AT THE THRESHOLD OF LIFE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  AT THE WESER (SONG). \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Feb1909; H122571.\n  ATHLETIC AMERICAN GIRLS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 16July1907;\n  THE ATHLETIC GIRL AND THE BURGLAR, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  ATLANTA AUTOMOBILE SPEEDWAY RACES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  ATLANTIC CITY BATHERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896; 68826.\n  ATLANTIC CITY BOARDWALK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896; 68820.\n  ATLANTIC CITY BOARDWALK, no. 102. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897;\n  ATLANTIC CITY FIRE DEPARTMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ATLANTIC CITY FLORAL PARADE. \u00a9 Percival L. Waters; 22June1904; H47449.\n  AN ATTACK BY TORPEDO BOATS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ATTACK ON FORT BOONESBORO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE ATTACK ON PORT ARTHUR [Russo-Japanese War]. \u00a9 William N. Selig;\n  THE ATTACK ON THE MILL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 12Aug1910;\n  ATTEMPT TO ESCAPE THAT LED TO MISFORTUNE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 13July1903; H33418.\n  AU CLAIR DE LA LUNE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 15Jan1904; H40879.\n  AUNT EMMY\u2019S SCRAP BOOK. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Dec1908; H119725.\n  AUNT JANE AND THE TOBASCO SAUCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  AUNT JANE\u2019S EXPERIENCE WITH TOBASCO SAUCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  AUNT MIRANDA\u2019S CAT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 8May1912;\n  AUNT SALLIE\u2019S WONDERFUL BUSTLE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Aug1901; H7640.\n  AUNTIE TAKES THE CHILDREN TO THE COUNTRY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10Oct1908;\n  THE AUTHOR\u2019S DREAM. SEE And the Villain Still Pursued Her.\n  AUTO BANDITS OF PARIS, 2 parts. \u00a9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francaise des Films et\n    Cinematographes Eclair; 1c 6July1912; J170857.\n  AUTO BOAT RACE ON THE HUDSON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  AN AUTO HEROINE; or, THE RACE FOR THE VITAGRAPH CUP AND HOW IT WAS\n    WON. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10Oct1908; H116781.\n  THE AUTO MANIAC. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 27Mar1909; H124899.\n  THE AUTOMATIC LAUNDRY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Mar1908; H107120.\n  THE AUTOMATIC WEATHER PROPHET. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Mar1901; H2475.\n  AN AUTOMOBILE CHASE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s.\n      2. The Town\u2014Due at Dijon. \u00a9 20June1905; H62443.\n  AUTOMOBILE PARADE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6Feb1900; D3293.\n  AUTOMOBILE PARADE ON THE CONEY ISLAND BOULEVARD. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  AUTOMOBILE RACE FOR THE VANDERBILT CUP [Long Island, N. Y.]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17Oct1904; H51702.\n  THE AUTOMOBILE THIEVES. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 22Sept1906;\n  AUTOMOBILING AMONG THE CLOUDS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE AUTO-SOMNAMBULIST. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75818.\n  AVENGED; or, THE TWO SISTERS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  AVENGING A CRIME; or, BURNED AT THE STAKE. \u00a9 Paley and Steiner;\n  THE AVIATOR AND THE JOURNALIST\u2019S WIFE, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c\n  THE AVIATOR\u2019S GENEROSITY, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 10Apr1912;\n  THE AWAKENING. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 2Oct1909; J132453.\n  THE AWAKENING OF JOHN BOND, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE AWAKENING OF MR. COON. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 17June1909; H128494.\n  AWAKENING OF RIP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 29Dec1902;\n  AWAKENING OF RIP, no. 51. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9237.\n  AN AWFUL MOMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Dec1908;\n  THE AWKWARD MAN; or, OH! SO CLUMSY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE AWKWARD WAITER: WAITER WAITING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  B.P.O.E.\u2014THE BENEVOLENT PROTECTIVE ORDER OF ELKS CONVENTION AT\n    ATLANTIC CITY, JULY 10 TO 15, 1911, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison,\n  BABE AND PUPPIES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Apr1904; H44669.\n  BABES IN THE WOOD. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1May1903; H31302.\n  THE BABIES\u2019 QUARREL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902;\n  BABIES ROLLING EGGS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Apr1902; H16124.\n  THE BABY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  THE BABY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 12Mar1912; J167310\u201313.\n  THE BABY AND THE PUPPIES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE BABY AND THE STORK. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8Jan1912; J164467.\n  BABY CLASS AT LUNCH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1903; H35376.\n  THE BABY ELEPHANT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 20Aug1907; H98481.\n  BABY IN A RAGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Sept1902;\n  BABY LUND AND HER PETS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  BABY MERRY-GO-ROUND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18July1903;\n  THE BABY OF THE BOARDING HOUSE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  BABY PLAYING IN GUTTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE BABY REVIEW. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 1Sept1903; H35328.\n  BABY\u2019S DAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Jan1905; H56068.\n  BABY\u2019S FALL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 15Mar1911;\n  A BABY\u2019S SHOE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10May1909;\n  BABY\u2019S TOOTH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2July1902; H19657.\n  A BACHELOR\u2019S BABY; or, A GENERAL MISUNDERSTANDING. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  A BACHELOR\u2019S SUPPER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 10Feb1909;\n  THE BACHELOR\u2019S WATERLOO, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  BACHELOR\u2019S WEDDING BELLS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 11Jan1908; H105054.\n  BACK TO HIS OWN HOME TOWN. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 6Jan1912;\n      On same reel with Playing The Game.\n  BACKWARD, TURN BACKWARD, O TIME, IN YOUR FLIGHT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison\n  THE BAD BOY AND THE GROCERY MAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE BAD BOYS\u2019 JOKE ON THE NURSE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Aug1901; H7636.\n  BAD BOY\u2019S JOKE ON THE NURSE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Dec1904; H54487.\n  A BAD (K)NIGHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  THE BAD MAN: A TALE OF THE WEST. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE BAD MAN FROM RILEY\u2019S GULCH, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  THE BADGER GAME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9May1905;\n  BAKE THAT CHICKEN PIE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Feb1909; H122977.\n  BAKERS IN TROUBLE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 20Nov1907; H102684.\n  BALKED AT THE ALTAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15Aug1908;\n  THE BALL GAME. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20May1898; 31442.\n  A BALL OF YARN: MOTHER & DAUGHTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE BALLET DANCER, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 1Dec1911;\n  THE BALLET MASTER\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 4Dec1903; H38792.\n  THE BALLET REHEARSAL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Dec1903;\n  BALLOON ASCENSION, MARIONETTES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Oct1898; 59206.\n  BALLOON RACE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Aug1903; H34980.\n  A BALLROOM TRAGEDY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22June1905;\n  BALLY-HOO CAKE WALK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21May1903;\n  THE BAMBOO SLIDE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4June1904;\n  THE BANDIT KING. \u00a9 William N. Selig; 11Apr1907; H92502.\n  THE BANDITS; or, A STORY OF SUNNY ITALY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE BANDIT\u2019S WATERLOO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE BANK DEFAULTER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 11Oct1906; H83690.\n  THE BANK MESSENGER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10Dec1908; H119479.\n  THE BANK PRESIDENT\u2019S SON, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE BANK ROBBERY. \u00a9 Oklahoma Natural Mutoscene Co.; 28Dec1908;\n  THE BANKER\u2019S DAUGHTERS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22Oct1910; J146849.\n  BARBARA FRITCHIE, the story of a patriotic American woman. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 29Oct1908; H117587.\n  THE BARBARIAN INGOMAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1Oct1908;\n  BARBER OF SEVILLA. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 19July1904.\n      The Entrance to the Church. H48336.\n      The Square. H48337.\n      The Drawing Room. H48338.\n      The Kitchen. H48339.\n  THE BARBER\u2019S DEE-LIGHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3May1905;\n  THE BARBER\u2019S PRETTY PATIENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE BARBER\u2019S QUEER CUSTOMER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BAREBACK HURDLE JUMPING. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison; 21Apr1897; 24885.\n  BARGAIN DAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Feb1903; H27979.\n  BARGAIN DAY, 14th STREET, NEW YORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE BARGAIN FIEND; or, SHOPPING A LA MODE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  BARGAIN SALES. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 23Oct1907; H101548.\n  THE BARNSTORMERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Nov1905;\n  THE BARON. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Sept1911; J159734.\n  BASKET BALL, MISSOURI VALLEY COLLEGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  BASS FISHING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Jan1903; H26843.\n  BATHERS AND LIFEBOAT, ATLANTIC CITY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  BATHING; or, CHARLIE AND MARY IN THE COUNTRY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  BATHING AT ATLANTIC CITY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Aug1901; H7984.\n  BATHING GIRLS HURDLE RACE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BATHING IN SAMOA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Sept1903;\n  BATHING UNDER DIFFICULTIES. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 13Aug1907;\n  BATTERY A, LIGHT ARTILLERY, U. S. ARMY [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 15Mar1897; 17403.\n  BATTERY B ARRIVING AT CAMP [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  BATTERY B, GOVERNOR\u2019S TROOP, PENNA. [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 8May1897; 28522.\n  BATTERY B PITCHING CAMP. [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  BATTERY K SIEGE GUNS [Spanish-American War; Dewey Homecoming, New York\n  BATTERY PARK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903; H30725.\n  THE BATTLE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 7Nov1911; J162613.\n  BATTLE FLAG OF THE 10TH PENNA. VOLS, CARRIED IN THE PHILIPPINES. \u00a9 S.\n  BATTLE FLAGS OF THE 9TH U. S. INFANTRY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 28July1903; H33881.\n  THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  BATTLE OF CHEMULPO BAY [Russo-Japanese War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  BATTLE OF CONFETTI AT THE NICE CARNIVAL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Apr1903;\n  BATTLE OF FLOWERS AT THE NICE CARNIVAL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Apr1903;\n  THE BATTLE OF JEFFRIES AND SHARKEY FOR CHAMPIONSHIP OF THE WORLD. \u00a9\n  BATTLE OF MAFEKING [Boer War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Apr1900; D9117.\n  THE BATTLE OF MT. ARIAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE BATTLE OF SAN JUAN [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 27Feb1899;\n  THE BATTLE OF THE RED MEN, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co.;\n  THE BATTLE OF THE WILLS. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 21Aug1911;\n    J159003. On same reel with Love in a Tepee.\n  THE BATTLE OF THE YALU [Russo-Japanese War]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.\n  THE BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE BATTLE OF TWO PALMS\u2014ACTION OF MARCH 12, 1912, AT BENGHASI,\n    TRIPOLI, BETWEEN THE ITALIAN AND TURKISH ARMIES, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Crown\n  THE BATTLE OFF CHEMULPO [Russo-Japanese War]. \u00a9 William N. Selig;\n  THE BATTLEGROUND. \u00a9 American Film Mfg. Co.; 24July1912; J172127.\n  BATTLESHIP \u201cINDIANA\u201d IN ACTION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BATTLESHIP \u201cODIN.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4Apr1903;\n  BATTLESHIPS IN ACTION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Oct1902;\n  BATTLESHIPS \u201cIOWA\u201d AND \u201cMASSACHUSETTS.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  BAXTER\u2019S BRAIN STORM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 20Sept1907; H99882.\n  BAYONET EXERCISES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Jul1903;\n  BE GOOD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  BEACH APPARATUS\u2014PRACTICE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60573.\n  THE BEACH AT CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BEAR HUNT IN THE ROCKIES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11Jan1910;\n  BEARDED YOUTH. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 21June1911; J156841.\n  A BEAST AT BAY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 29May1912; J169785.\n  BEAT AT HIS OWN GAME. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 2Mar1912; J166891.\n  THE BEAUTIFUL VOICE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Aug1911; J158429.\n  BEAUTY AND THE BEAST. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 1May1903; H31311.\n  BEFORE THE BALL. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75820.\n  BEG PARDON. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Mar1908; H107119.\n  BEGINNING OF A SKYSCRAPER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BEHIND THE SCENES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 29Aug1908;\n  BEHIND THE SCREEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Mar1904;\n  BEHIND THE TIMES. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 17Aug1911;\n  A BELATED MEAL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 21Apr1909; H126016.\n  BELIEVE ME. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Feb1909; H122978.\n  BELIEVE ME IF ALL THOSE ENDEARING YOUNG CHARMS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas\n  THE BELLE OF THE BALL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 23Mar1907;\n  BELLES OF THE BEACH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Oct1902;\n  THE BELLRINGER\u2019S DAUGHTER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 10June1910;\n  BENARES AND AGRA, INDIA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE BENCH IN THE PARK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Jan1904;\n  THE BENGAL LANCERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13Aug1903;\n  BERTHA CLAICHE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1Sept1905;\n  THE BESSEMER STEEL CONVERTER IN OPERATION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  BETRAYED BY HAND PRINTS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BETSY ROSS DANCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 25June1903;\n  THE BETTER WAY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13Aug1909; J130564.\n  THE BETTER WAY. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 12Oct1911; J161181.\n  BETTY\u2019S BUTTONS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 30Aug1911;\n  BETTY\u2019S CHOICE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 5Oct1909; J132844.\n  BETWEEN THE DANCES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20June1905;\n  BETWEEN TWO FIRES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.; 31Mar1911;\n  BEULAH BINFORD\u2019S OWN STORY. \u00a9 Special Feature Film Co.; 18Sept1911;\n  THE BEWILDERING CABINET. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 6Aug1907; H97725.\n  THE BEWITCHED TRAVELLER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE BIBULOUS CLOTHIER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23June1899; 41137.\n  BI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION AT MOBILE. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.;\n      On same reel with The Skating Bug.\n  THE BICYCLE BUG\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 18Sept1911;\n      On same reel with Charlestown Hurricane and Flood.\n  BICYCLE PACED RACE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Aug1901; H7635.\n  BICYCLE TRICK RIDING, no. 2. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20Mar1899; 20771.\n  BIDDY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Dec1904; H54354.\n  EIN BIER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8May1902; H17489.\n  THE BIG DAM, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 23Sept1911;\n  BIG-HEARTED JIM, scene 1. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 12Aug1912;\n  THE BIG SCOOP, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 6Sept1910; J145155\u201358.\n  THE BIGAMIST. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 25Apr1905; H60030.\n  THE BIGAMIST\u2019S TRIAL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3May1905;\n  BILL TAFT. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 2Dec1911; J163160.\n      On same reel with Percy The Masher.\n  BILL, THE BILL POSTER, 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 5Nov1909; J134993\u201395.\n  BILL, THE BILL POSTER, AND PETE, THE PAPERHANGER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  BILLIE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 7May1912; J169290\u201393.\n  BILLY SEANCE. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 16Dec1911; J163499.\n      On same reel with Bungalow Burglars.\n  BILLY\u2019S STRATAGEM. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12Feb1912; J166224.\n  BIOGRAPH\u2019S IMPROVED INCUBATOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A BIRD IN A GILDED CAGE, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 8Mar1909;\n  BIRD\u2019S-EYE VIEW OF DOCK FRONT, GALVESTON [Galveston, Texas, Hurricane\n    and Tidal Wave]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Sept1900; D18561.\n  BIRD\u2019S-EYE VIEW OF SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., FROM A BALLOON. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE BIRTH AND ADVENTURES OF A FOUNTAIN PEN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  BIRTH OF THE PEARL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 30Jan1903;\n  A BITING BUSINESS. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 23Oct1911;\n  A BITTER LESSON. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Nov1908; H118062.\n  BLACK AND WHITE; or, THE MYSTERY OF A BROOKLYN BABY CARRIAGE. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 19Sept1905; H65778.\n  THE BLACK ARROW, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 10Nov1911;\n  THE BLACK BORDERED LETTER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 27Jan1911;\n  THE BLACK CHANCELLOR, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 23Aug1912;\n  BLACK DIAMOND EXPRESS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Dec1896; 67875.\n  BLACK DIAMOND EXPRESS, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Apr1897;\n  THE BLACK HAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Mar1906;\n  THE BLACK IMP. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 21Mar1905; H58073.\n  BLACK SHEEP. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 1Aug1912; J171872.\n  A BLACK STORM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4Apr1903; H30180.\n  THE BLACK VIPER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16July1908;\n  BLACKMAIL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 30Aug1905; H65052.\n  THE BLACKSMITH\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10Aug1907; H97965.\n  A BLANK CHECK. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 18May1909; H127183.\n  BLANKET-TOSSING A NEW RECRUIT. [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  BLAZING THE TRAIL, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co.;\n  BLESSED IS THE PEACEMAKER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A BLESSING FROM ABOVE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Feb1904;\n  THE BLIND BOY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 22Jan1908; H105388.\n  BLIND MAN\u2019S BUFF. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Feb1904;\n  THE BLIND MUSICIAN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 19Jan1909; H121761.\n  THE BLIND PRINCESS AND THE POET. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 19Aug1911;\n  BLINKS AND JINKS, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  THE BLIZZARD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 31Dec1902; H25966.\n  BLOOD IS THICKER THAN WATER. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 8Aug1912;\n  THE BLOODSTONE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Sept1908; H116148.\n  A BLOT IN THE SCUTCHEON. \u00a9 Biograph Co; 1c 29Jan1912; J165263.\n  THE BLUE AND THE GRAY; or, THE DAYS OF \u201961, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg.\n  BLUEBEARD, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 26Nov1909; J135659\u201362.\n  A BLUFF FROM A TENDERFOOT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE BOARDING HOUSE BATHROOM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BOARDING SCHOOL GIRLS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Sept1905; H65085.\n  A BOARDING SCHOOL PRANK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BOAT RACE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Jan1905; H55396.\n  BOAT WAGON AND BEACH CART. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60574.\n  BOATING CARNIVAL, PALM BEACH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BOATING ON THE LAKE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 5June1897; 34229.\n  BOATS UNDER OARS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7June1902;\n  BOB AND ROWDY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 28July1911;\n  BOB KICK, L\u2019ENFANT TERRIBLE. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 6Nov1903; H37665.\n  BOB KICK, THE MISCHIEVOUS KID. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 6Nov1903; H37667.\n  BOBBY THE COWARD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15July1911; J157652.\n  BOBBY\u2019S KODAK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Feb1908; H105983.\n  BOER COMMISSARY TRAIN TREKING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Apr1900; D9118.\n  THE BOER WAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15Sept1905; H65560.\n  BOERS BRINGING IN BRITISH PRISONERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Apr1900;\n  THE BOGUS LORD. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 23July1907; H97037.\n  THE BOHEMIAN CAF\u00c9. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904.\n  BOLD BANK ROBBERY. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 25July1904; H48436.\n  THE BOLD SOGER BOY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Feb1904;\n  BOMBARDMENT OF TAKU FORTS, BY THE ALLIED FLEETS [Boxer Uprising,\n    China]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Aug1900; D16704.\n  UNE BONNE FARCE AVEC MA T\u00caTE. SEE Un Pr\u00eat\u00e9 pour un rendu.\n  THE BOOK WORM. \u00a9 The Selig Polyscope; 21June1907; H95424.\n  A BOOMERANG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Aug1903; H34814.\n  BOTTLES\u2019 BABY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 21June1910; J143133\u201336.\n  THE BOOTS HE COULDN\u2019T LOSE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 9June1909;\n  BORROWED CLOTHES; or, FINE FEATHERS MAKE FINE BIRDS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  THE BORROWING GIRL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Jan1904;\n  THE BORROWING GIRL AND THE ATOMIZER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE BOSS OF LUMBER CAMP NO. 4, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE BOSTON HORSELESS FIRE DEPARTMENT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15Sept1899;\n  BOSTON SCHOOL CADETS, 3RD REGIMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE BOSTON TEA PARTY, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11July1908;\n  THE BO\u2019SUN\u2019S WATCH, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 22Nov1911;\n  A BOWERY CAFE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20June1903;\n  THE BOWERY KISS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902;\n  BOWERY WALTZ. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Sept1897; 53736.\n  BOXING FOR POINTS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 80588.\n  BOXING HORSES, LUNA PARK, CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE BOY AND THE GIRL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 30Aug1912;\n  THE BOY DETECTIVE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Mar1908;\n  THE BOY DETECTIVE. SEE Stolen Plans.\n  THE BOY IN THE BARREL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA IN CAMP AT SILVER BAY, LAKE GEORGE, N. Y.,\n  THE BOY, THE BUST AND THE BATH. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE BOY UNDER THE TABLE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BOYHOOD DREAMS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3Mar1909; H123627\u201330.\n  BOYS BATHING; LEAPFROG\u2014ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  A BOY\u2019S BEST FRIEND. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 14Aug1911;\n  BOYS DIVING, HONOLULU. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902;\n  THE BOYS HELP THEMSELVES TO FOXY GRANDPA\u2019S CIGARS. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23May1902; H18038.\n  THE BOYS, STILL DETERMINED, TRY IT AGAIN ON FOXY GRANDPA, WITH THE\n    SAME RESULT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23May1902; H18037.\n  THE BOYS THINK THEY HAVE ONE ON FOXY GRANDPA, BUT HE FOOLS THEM. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23May1902; H18036.\n  THE BOYS TRY TO PUT ONE UP ON FOXY GRANDPA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  BOYS WILL BE BOYS. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 26Apr1909; H126161.\n  BOYS WILL BE BOYS\u2014HAT TRICK, no. 112. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  BOYVILLE FIRE BRIGADE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4June1903;\n  BRADFORD\u2019S CLAIM, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 29Mar1910;\n  BRADHURST FIELD CLUB 4 MILE RUN. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 8Apr1912; J168429.\n  THE BRAGGART; or, WHAT HE SAID HE WOULD DO AND WHAT HE REALLY DID. \u00a9\n    The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29May1908; H111179.\n  THE BRAHMA DIAMOND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Feb1909;\n  BRAIN-SERUM. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 18May1909; H127184.\n  THE BRAND OF CAIN. SEE Retribution.\n  BRANDING CATTLE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13529.\n  BRANNIGAN SETS OFF THE BLAST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BRAVE AND BOLD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Jan1912; J164602.\n  THE BRAVE HUNTER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22Apr1912; J168476.\n  A BRAVE IRISH LASS; the story of an eviction in Ireland. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 13Mar1909; H123953.\n  THE BREACH OF DISCIPLINE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 2Oct1910;\n  BREACH OF PROMISE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 4May1912; J168955.\n  A BREAK FOR FREEDOM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15Dec1905;\n  THE BREAKDOWN. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 3June1912; J169879.\n  BREAKING OF THE CROWD AT MILITARY REVIEW AT LONGCHAMPS. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  BREAKING THE SEVENTH COMMANDMENT. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.;\n  A BREEZE FROM THE WEST. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 23Oct1907; H101545.\n  THE BRIDAL CHAMBER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24July1905;\n  BRIDAL COUPLE DODGING CAMERAS, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  BRIDAL VEIL FALLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8May1902;\n  A BRIDE AND GROOM\u2019S VISIT TO THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9\n  THE BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR; a tragedy of Bonnie Scotland. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  THE BRIDE OF TABAIVA. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29Dec1908;\n  A BRIDE WON BY BRAVERY. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 3May1909; H126439.\n  THE BRIDEGROOM\u2019S DILEMMA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 23July1909;\n  THE BRIDE\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Mar1908; H107536.\n  THE BRIDGE OF SIGHS, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 12Oct1908;\n  BRIDGE TRAFFIC, MANILA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BRIDGET ON STRIKE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10May1909; H126776.\n  BRIDGET\u2019S ROMANCE. SEE At the Stage Door.\n  BRIDGET\u2019S SUDDEN WEALTH, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  BRIDGET\u2019S TROUBLES. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 20Jan1905; H56271.\n  BRINGING UP A GIRL IN THE WAY SHE SHOULD GO, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 30Oct1905; H68122\u201323.\n  BRITISH LIGHT ARTILLERY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BRITT-NELSON FIGHT. SEE Impersonation of Britt-Nelson Fight.\n  BROADWAY & PARK ROW, FRONT OF U. S. POST OFFICE, N. Y., no. 105. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9244.\n  BROADWAY & UNION SQUARE, NEW YORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE BROADWAY MASSAGE PARLOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BROADWAY, NEW YORK, AT MADISON SQUARE, no. 113. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  BROCKTON FAIR AND HORSE SHOW, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  BROKE; or, HOW TIMOTHY ESCAPED. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.;\n      On same reel with Lessons to Husbands.\n  THE BROKEN CROSS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10Apr1911; J153942.\n  THE BROKEN DOLL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 19Oct1910; J146623.\n  A BROKEN HEART. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 27Nov1908; H118910.\n  BROKEN LEASE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 23Feb1912; J166790.\n  THE BROKEN LOCKET. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 17Sept1909; J131862.\n  THE BROKEN VIOLIN. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 2June1908; H111272.\n  THE BROKER\u2019S ATHLETIC TYPEWRITER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BRONCHO BUSTING SCENES, CHAMPIONSHIP OF THE WORLD. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  BROOK TROUT FISHING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Apr1902;\n  THE BROOKLYN HANDICAP, 1904. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE BROTHERS. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 14Sept1911; J159917.\n  BROTHERS IN ARMS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 25May1909;\n  BROTHERS OF THE MISERICORDIA, ROME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  BROWN MOVES TO TOWN. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 3Feb1912; J165547.\n      On same reel with O\u2019Brien\u2019s Busy Day.\n  BRUSH BETWEEN COWBOYS AND INDIANS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16May1904;\n  BRYAN\u2019S RECEPTION IN NEW YORK. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  BUBBLES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2Feb1904; H41757.\n  BUCK DANCE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13556.\n  A BUCKET OF CREAM ALE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Feb1904;\n  A BUCKING BRONCHO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Mar1903;\n  BUCKING BRONCOS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18May1904; H46139.\n  BUCKING THE BUZZARD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 31Dec1902;\n  BUCKSKIN JACK, THE EARL OF GLENMORE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  BUFFALO BILL AND ESCORT [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  BUFFALO BILL\u2019S WILD WEST AND PAWNEE BILL\u2019S FAR EAST, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9\n    Buffalo Bill & Pawnee Bill Film Co.; 1c 7Nov1910; J147545\u201347.\n  BUFFALO BILL\u2019S WILD WEST PARADE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BUFFALO BULL FIGHT. \u00a9 Charles J. Jones; 16Nov1905; H68780.\n  BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT IN ACTION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31July1897;\n  BUFFALO HORSE MARKET. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Dec1896; 70076.\n  BUFFALO POLICE ON PARADE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31July1897; 43417.\n  BUFFALO STOCKYARDS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31July1897; 43408.\n  BUILDING A HARBOR AT SAN PEDRO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 19Dec1901; H11749.\n  BUILDING THE GREATEST DAM IN THE WORLD. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 22Jan1912;\n  THE BULL AND THE PICNICKERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 29Oct1902; H23243.\n  BULL FIGHT, no. 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Mar1898; 16431\u201333.\n  BULL FIGHT IN NUEVA. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 15June1912; J170269.\n  BUMPTIOUS AS A FIREMAN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16Sept1910;\n  BUMPTIOUS AS AN AVIATOR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 29July1910;\n  BUMPTIOUS AS ROMEO, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 1Feb1911;\n  BUMPTIOUS PLAYS BASEBALL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7Oct1910;\n  BUMPTIOUS TAKES UP AUTOMOBILING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  A BUNCH OF FOUR THOUSAND ELK. \u00a9 W. J. Stroud; 1c 9Apr1912; J167991.\n  A BUNCH OF ONE THOUSAND ELK. \u00a9 W. J. Stroud; 1c 9Apr1912; J167990.\n  THE BUNCO STEERERS, AND, HOW THEY WERE CAUGHT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  BUNCOED STAGE JOHNNIE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 10Sept1908; H115491.\n  BUNGALOW BURGLARS. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 16Dec1911;\n      On same reel with Billy Seance.\n  THE BURD [i.e. BUND], SHANGHAI. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE BURGLAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Aug1903; H35073.\n  THE BURGLAR. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  THE BURGLAR; or, A MIDNIGHT SURPRISE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE BURGLAR AND THE BABY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 22Nov1907;\n  THE BURGLAR AND THE BUNDLE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BURGLAR BILL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 9Nov1905; H68378.\n  A BURGLAR CUPID, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 21Jan1909; H121827\u201331.\n  THE BURGLAR IN THE BED CHAMBER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Dec1898; 73461.\n  THE BURGLAR ON THE ROOF. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Dec1898; 72468.\n  THE BURGLAR-PROOF BED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902;\n  THE BURGLAR\u2019S BALL. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Oct1908; H116477.\n  THE BURGLAR\u2019S CHILD. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 17Mar1908; H107631.\n  A BURGLAR\u2019S DAUGHTER. SEE After Midnight.\n  A BURGLAR\u2019S MISTAKE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 25Mar1909;\n  THE BURGLAR\u2019S SLIDE FOR LIFE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Apr1905; H60117.\n  BURIAL OF THE \u201cMAINE\u201d VICTIMS [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  BURIED ALIVE; or, FROLICS ON THE BEACH AT CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 6Aug1908; H114322.\n  A BURIED PAST, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 14Apr1911;\n  BURLESQUE SUICIDE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Apr1902; H16121.\n  BURLESQUE TRAMP BURGLARS. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 20Jan1905; H56275.\n  BURNED AT THE STAKE. SEE Avenging a Crime.\n  THE BURNING OF DURLAND\u2019S RIDING ACADEMY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  BURNING OF ST. PIERRE [Martinique]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31May1902;\n  BURNING OF THE STANDARD OIL CO\u2019S TANKS, BAYONNE, N. J. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE BURNING STABLE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31Oct1896; 60143.\n  BURNS-PALMER FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of Burns-Palmer Fight, London\n    [England], February 10th, 1908.\n  BUSSES LEAVING R. R. DEPOT, ATLANTIC CITY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  BUSTER AND HIS DOG: BE A GOOD BOY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  BUSTER AND HIS DOG: BUSTER QUIET. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BUSTER AND HIS DOG: GOOD DOG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BUSTER AND HIS DOG: THE INSTRUCTIONS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  BUSTER BROWN SERIES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Mar1904; H43074.\n  BUSTER\u2019S JOKE ON PAPA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  A BUSY DAY FOR THE CORSET MODELS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE BUTLER AND THE MAID, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  BUTTON, BUTTON, WHERE IS THE BUTTON? \u00a9 S. Lubin; 14Nov1908; H118284.\n  BUTT\u2019S MANUAL, ST. JOHN\u2019S SCHOOL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  BUY MATCHES, PLEASE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 20Mar1909; H124440.\n  BUYING A TITLE, scenes 1\u201312. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 22Sept1908;\n  BUYING MANHATTAN, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11July1909;\n  BUYING STAMPS FROM RURAL WAGON. U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  BY A WOMAN\u2019S WIT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 3Sept1908; H115274.\n  BY REGISTERED MAIL. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 21Sept1911;\n  BY RIGHT OF SWORD. SEE Duel Scene.\n  BY THE HOUSE THAT JACK BUILT. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.;\n  CALF BRANDING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13531.\n  CALIFORNIA LIMITED, A.T. & S.F.R.R. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898;\n  CALIFORNIA OIL WELLS IN OPERATION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 19Dec1901;\n  CALIFORNIA ORANGE GROVES, PANORAMIC VIEW. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  CALIFORNIA VOLUNTEERS MARCHING TO EMBARK [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38249.\n  CALISTHENIC DRILL, MISSOURI COMMISSION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 3June1904; H46818.\n  THE CALL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22Jan1910; J137557.\n  THE CALL OF A WOMAN, part 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 16Jan1912;\n  CALL OF THE DRUM. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 7Mar1912; J167082.\n  THE CALL OF THE HEART. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 6Sept1909; J132448.\n  THE CALL OF THE SONG. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 3Aug1911;\n  THE CALL OF THE WILD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Oct1908;\n  THE CALL TO ARMS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 28July1910; J143780.\n  CALUMET \u201cK,\u201d scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 30Sept1912;\n  THE CAMEL AT LUNA PARK [Coney Island]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE CAMERA FIEND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  CANADIAN FALLS, FROM AMERICAN SIDE [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 American\n  CANADIAN FALLS\u2014PANORAMIC [VIEW] FROM MICHIGAN CENTRAL R. R. [Niagara\n    Falls]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3552.\n  CANADIAN FALLS\u2014TABLE ROCK [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.\n  A CANADIAN WINTER CARNIVAL, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 15Mar1909;\n  CANCELLING MACHINE, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CANOEING AT RIVERSIDE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26Feb1903;\n  CANOEING ON THE CHARLES RIVER, BOSTON, MASS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  CANOEING SCENE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Aug1901; H7712.\n  CA\u00d1ON OF THE RIO GRANDE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13570.\n  CANTON RIVER SCENE [China]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38253.\n  CANTON STEAMBOAT LANDING CHINESE PASSENGERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE CAP OF FORTUNE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Dec1909;\n  A CAPITAL JOKE, BUT WHY DIDN\u2019T HE LAUGH? \u00a9 S. Lubin; 20Nov1907;\n  CAPSIZE OF LIFEBOAT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60571.\n  CAPSIZED BOAT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28May1904; H46580.\n  CAPT. BOYNTON FEEDING HIS PETS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CAPTAIN MOLLY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 15June1908; H111856.\n  CAPTAIN NELL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 23May1911;\n  CAPTAIN NISSEN GOING THROUGH WHIRLPOOL RAPIDS, NIAGARA FALLS. \u00a9 Thomas\n  THE CAPTAIN\u2019S BRIDE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 9Dec1910;\n  CAPTURE OF BOER BATTERY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Apr1900; D7876.\n  CAPTURE OF BOER BATTERY BY BRITISH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Apr1900;\n  THE CAPTURE OF FORT TICONDEROGA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.;\n  CAPTURE OF THE BIDDLE BROTHERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1902; H14434.\n  THE CAPTURE OF THE BURGLAR, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 29Mar1910;\n  CAPTURE OF TRENCHES AT CANDABA [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  CAPTURE OF YEGG BANK BURGLARS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Sept1904.\n      Capture and death. H50924.\n      Cellar scene. H50925.\n      Dive scene. H50927.\n  CAPTURED BY TELEPHONE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 27July1908;\n  CAPUCHIN MONKS, ROME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Sept1903;\n  A CARD OF INTRODUCTION, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  CARDINAL GIBBONS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Jan1903;\n  CARDINAL GIBBONS, no. 84. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 29Nov1898; 69607.\n  THE CARDINAL\u2019S CONSPIRACY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12July1909; J129525.\n  THE CARDINAL\u2019S EDICT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison. Inc.; 6June1911;\n  A CAREER OF CRIME, no. 1\u20135. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CARMEN. \u00a9 Feature Films Sales Co., Ltd.; 28May1912; J169531.\n  \u201cCARMEN\u201d (BIZET). SEE Torero Song \u201cCarmen\u201d (Bizet).\n  CARMINELLA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 13May1910; J141605\u201308.\n  CARNEGIE MUSEUM EXPEDITION, 1911. (Kleinschmidt & Lane, Alaska,\n    Siberia Motion Pictures) \u00a9 Kleinschmidt & Lane; 1c each 2July1912.\n      Diving Polar Bear. J170750.\n      Scenes on the Inside Passage. J170751.\n      Mountain Sheep and Moose Hunt. J171873.\n      Eskimo Life. J171874.\n      On the Trail of the Polar Bear. J171875.\n      Walrus Hunt. J171876.\n  THE CARNIVAL OF VENICE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Feb1909; H122570.\n  CARRIE DE MAR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3Aug1910; J145131\u201334.\n  CARRIE NATION SMASHING A SALOON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CARRIERS AT WORK, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CARRIERS LEAVING BUILDING, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  CARRYING OUT THE SNAKES [Walpapi Indians; Snake Dance]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  CASCADE NEAR WAWONA, CAL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A CASE OF DYNAMITE. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 27July1912; J171837.\n  A CASE OF HIGH TREASON, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A CASE OF IDENTITY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 19Apr1910;\n  A CASE OF MISTAKEN IDENTITY. SEE The Professor\u2019s Trip to the Country.\n  A CASE OF SPIRITS; or, ALL\u2019S WELL THAT ENDS WELL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  CASEY AND HIS NEIGHBOR\u2019S GOAT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903; H36501.\n  CASEY AT THE BAT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22Apr1899; 27968.\n  CASEY\u2019S CHRISTENING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20Nov1905;\n  CASEY\u2019S FRIGHTFUL DREAM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Feb1904; H42203.\n  CASEY\u2019S JUMPING TOOTHACHE. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 23July1909; J129734.\n  CASHMERE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 5Oct1912; J176581\u201384.\n  CAST UP BY THE SEA. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 4Sept1907; H99036.\n  THE CASTAWAYS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Dec1908; H120413.\n  CASTING A GUIDE BOX, WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 23July1904; H48415.\n  A CATASTROPHE IN HESTER ST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CATCH-AS-CATCH-CAN WRESTLING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A CATCH OF HARD SHELL CRABS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CATCHING AN EARLY TRAIN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Nov1901; H10604.\n  CATHOLIC CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 9May1908; H110315.\n  CAT\u2019S CRADLE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Oct1903; H36556.\n  CATTLE DRIVEN TO SLAUGHTER [Chicago Stockyards]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  CATTLE FORDING STREAM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13549.\n  CATTLE LEAVING THE CORRAL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13542.\n  CAUGHT; a detective story. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 23Dec1907;\n  CAUGHT AT LAST. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 22May1909; H127353.\n  CAUGHT BY THE COUPON CRAZE, 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16July1909;\n  CAUGHT BY WIRELESS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Mar1908;\n  CAUGHT IN A FLASH. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 11July1912; J170755.\n  CAUGHT IN THE ACT: IS ANYONE LOOKING? \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  CAUGHT IN THE UNDERTOW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CAUGHT WITH THE GOODS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 26Dec1911; J163911.\n  CAUGHT WITH THE GOODS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 26June1907; H95574.\n  THE CAUSE OF ALL THE TROUBLE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Mar1908; H107908.\n  THE CAVALIER\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Dec1898; 73464.\n  A CAVALRY CHARGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  CAVALRY PASSING IN REVIEW [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thos. A.\n  A CAVE MAN\u2019S WOOING. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 20May1912; J169924.\n  THE CELL NO. 13, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co.; 1c\n  A CENTRAL AMERICAN ROMANCE, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 17June1910;\n  CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL, GYMNASTIC DRILL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  CENTRAL PARK AFTER DARK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A CHAMPION BEER DRINKER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CHAMPION PONY \u201cMIDGET.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CHAMPION ROLLA O. HEIKES, BREAKING THE RECORD AT FLYING TARGETS WITH\n    WINCHESTER SHOTGUN, no. 129. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897;\n  CHAMPS DE MARS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Aug1900; D16382.\n  CHAMPS ELYSEES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Aug1900 D16384.\n  A CHANGE OF HEART. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 14Oct1909; J133141.\n  A CHANGE OF STRIPES. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 6Apr1912; J168430.\n  CHANGING HORSES AT GLEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CHANGING HORSES AT LINDEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CHAPPIE AND BEN BOLT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Apr1902;\n  CHARGE BY 1ST BENGAL LANCERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CHARGE OF BOER CAVALRY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CHARGE OF WEST POINT CADETS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Nov1896 64786.\n  CHARITY BALL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Sept1897; 53737.\n  CHARITY BEGINS AT HOME; a story of the South during the Civil War. \u00a9\n    The Vitagraph Co. of America; 11Nov1908; H118281.\n  CHAS. WERTS, ACROBAT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Apr1897; 26108.\n  THE CHARIOT RACE. \u00a9 Kalem Co.; 22Nov1907; H102798.\n  CHARLESTON CHAIN-GANG [South Carolina]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18Apr1902;\n  CHARLESTOWN HURRICANE AND FLOOD. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.;\n      On same reel with The Bicycle Bug\u2019s Dream.\n  CHARLEY\u2019S MA-IN-LAW. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Oct1908; H116475.\n  CHARLIE AND MARY IN THE COUNTRY. SEE Bathing.\n  CHARLIE\u2019S REFORM, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 5Apr1912;\n  CHASMS; or, WOMAN ALWAYS PAYS. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.;\n  LE CHAULDRON [i.e. CHAUDRON] INFERNAL. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 12Oct1903;\n  CHAUNCEY EXPLAINS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Sept1905;\n  THE CHEF\u2019S DOWNFALL. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 6Apr1912; J168385.\n  CHEST AND NECK DEVELOPMENT. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75807.\n  CHICAGO AND BUFFALO EXPRESS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Dec1896; 67878.\n  CHICKEN THIEVES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6June1897; 34231, 34232.\n  CHICKS TO ORDER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2July1903;\n  THE CHIEF\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 11Apr1911; J154077.\n  THE CHIEFTAIN\u2019S REVENGE; a tragedy in the Highlands of Scotland. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 9July1908; H113231.\n  THE CH-IEN-MEN GATE, PEKIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE CHILD AND THE TRAMP, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A CHILD OF THE FOREST, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24Aug1909;\n  THE CHILD OF THE GHETTO. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8June1910; J142132.\n  THE CHILD STEALERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904;\n  CHILDREN BATHING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Dec1901; H11494.\n  CHILDREN FEEDING DUCKLINGS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CHILDREN IN THE SURF, CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  CHILDREN OF THE PLAINS; an episode of pioneer days. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  CHILDREN OF THE SEA. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 3May1909; H126440.\n  CHILDREN PLAYING WITH FISHES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897;\n  CHILDREN ROLLING DOWN HILL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CHILDREN WHO LABOR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 23Feb1912;\n  THE CHILDREN\u2019S FRIEND. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 14Sept1909; J131611.\n  CHILDREN\u2019S HOUR ON THE FARM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CHILDREN\u2019S TOILET. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 5June1897; 34228.\n  A CHILD\u2019S FAITH. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 16July1910; J143291.\n  A CHILD\u2019S IMPULSE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 30June1910; J142715.\n  A CHILD\u2019S INFLUENCE. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 27June1912; J170426.\n  A CHILD\u2019S PRAYER; or, THE GOOD SAMARITANS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE CHILD\u2019S PRAYER, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 29May1909;\n  A CHILD\u2019S REMORSE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 17Aug1912; J172322.\n  A CHILD\u2019S STRATAGEM. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 9Dec1910; J148630.\n  CHIMMIE HICKS AT THE RACES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CHIMNEY SWEEP. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 17Feb1906; H73542.\n  THE CHIMNEY SWEEP AND THE MILLER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CHINESE CRUISER \u201cHAI CHI.\u201d \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.;\n      On same reel with The Girl and The Half Back.\n  THE CHINESE LAUNDRY: AT WORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CHINESE PROCESSION, no. 12. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13534.\n  THE CHINESE REVOLUTION. \u00a9 Oriental Film Co.; 1c 12Apr1912; J168209.\n  THE CHINESE RUBBERNECKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CHINESE SHAVING SCENE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Jan1902; H13037.\n  CHING LING FOO OUTDONE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Feb1900; D4735.\n  C. Q. D.; or, SAVED BY WIRELESS. A true story of \u201cThe wreck of the\n    Republic.\u201d \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 13Feb1909; H122901.\n  A CABLE ROAD IN SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Jan1902;\n  CAKE WALK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11May1903; H31674.\n  A CAKE WALK ON THE BEACH AT CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  A CALAMITOUS ELOPEMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE CHLOROFORM FIENDS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 11May1905; H60800.\n  CHOOSING A HUSBAND. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Jan1909; J136613.\n  CHOPIN\u2019S FUNERAL MARCH. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 23Aug1907; H98714.\n  THE CHORUS GIRL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 30June1908; H112554.\n  THE CHORUS GIRL AND THE SALVATION ARMY LASSIE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 12Sept1903; H35630.\n  CHRISTENING AND LAUNCHING KAISER WILHELM\u2019S YACHT \u201cMETEOR.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  CHRISTIAN AND MOOR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.; 1Aug1911;\n  CHRISTMAS ANGEL. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 29Dec1904.\n      1st part. The [wretched] garret. H55060.\n      2d part. The porch of the church. H55061.\n      3d part. The cook-shop. H55062.\n      4th part. Upon the bridges. H55063.\n  THE CHRISTMAS BURGLARS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A CHRISTMAS CAROL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 23Dec1910;\n  CHRISTMAS IN PARADISE ALLEY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 2Dec1908;\n  CHRISTMAS MORNING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15Dec1902;\n  THE CHRISTMAS PARTY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15Dec1902;\n  CHRISTY MATHEWSON, N. Y. NATIONAL LEAGUE BASEBALL TEAM. \u00a9 The Winthrop\n    Moving Picture Co.; 24May1907; H94486.\n  CHUMS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Jan1903; H26844.\n  THE CHUNCHO INDIANS OF THE AMAZON RIVER, PERU, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison\n  CHURCH AND COUNTRY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 12Apr1912;\n  CHURCH, \u201cOUR LADY OF GRACE,\u201d HOBOKEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE CIGARETTE MAKER OF SEVILLE, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  CIGARETTE MAKING: FROM PLANTATION TO CONSUMER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  CINDERELLA UP-TO-DATE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 27Oct1909; J133255.\n  CIRCLE DANCE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13566.\n  CIRCULAR PANORAMA OF ELECTRIC TOWER [Pan American Exposition,\n    Buffalo]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Aug1901; H7633.\n  CIRCULAR PANORAMA OF HOUSING THE ICE [Groton Ice Fields]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  CIRCULAR PANORAMA OF SUSPENSION BRIDGE AND AMERICAN FALLS [Niagara\n    Falls]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 13Aug1901; H7627.\n  CIRCULAR PANORAMA OF THE HORSE SHOE FALLS IN WINTER [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 15Jan1904; H40909.\n  CIRCULAR PANORAMIC VIEW OF JONES & LAUGHLIN\u2019S STEEL WORKS YARD. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 7Apr1902; H16118.\n  CIRCULAR PANORAMIC VIEW OF WHIRLPOOL RAPIDS [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE; or, AN INNOCENT VICTIM. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n    of America; 8June1908; H111509.\n  THE CIRCUS BOY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6May1908; H110240.\n  CITY HALL TO HARLEM IN 15 SECONDS, VIA THE SUBWAY ROUTE. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE CITY OF DENVER, THE QUEEN OF THE PLAINS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE CITY OF WASHINGTON, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  CLARENCE THE COP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23Dec1903;\n  CLARENCE, THE COP, ON THE FEED STORE BEAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 5Feb1904; H41858.\n  CLARK\u2019S THREAD MILL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31Oct1896; 60144.\n  CLASSICAL DANCES BY COUNTESS DE SWIRSKY. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 23Mar1912;\n      On same reel with Tankville Constable 1.\n  CLASSICAL DANCES BY COUNTESS DE SWIRSKY. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 23Mar1912;\n      On same reel with Tankville Constable 2.\n  CLASSMATES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Jan1908; H105590.\n  CLEOPATRA\u2019S LOVER; or, A NIGHT OF ENCHANTMENT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE CLEPTOMANIAC [i.e. KLEPTOMANIAC]. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 23Oct1907; H101546.\n  CLERKS CASING MAIL FOR BAGS, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  CLERKS TYING BAGS, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CLERKS TYING UP FOR BAGS, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  CLEVELAND FIRE DEPARTMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CLEVER HORSEMANSHIP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4Apr1903;\n  A CLEVER TRICK. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29Jan1909; H122210.\n  A CLEVER UNDERTAKING. SEE The Mourners.\n  CLIMBING THE AMERICAN ALPS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE CLOCK MAKER\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 23Feb1904; H42528.\n  THE CLOISTER\u2019S TOUCH. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 2Feb1910; J137957.\n  A CLOSE CALL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22May1912; J169460.\n  THE CLOSE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  A CLOSE SHAVE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902; H24892.\n  CLOSE VIEW OF THE \u201cBROOKLYN,\u201d NAVAL PARADE [Spanish-American War; New\n    York City Welcome to Admiral Sampson\u2019s Fleet after Battle of\n    Santiago Bay]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52054.\n  CLOSED SUNDAY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16June1909; H128434\u201337.\n  THE CLOWN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 15June1908; H111857.\n  THE CLOWN AND THE ALCHEMIST. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Nov1900; D21657.\n  CLOWN JUGGLER. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 6Sept1906; H82617.\n  CLOWNLAND. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 22June1912; J170428.\n  THE CLOWN\u2019S ADVENTURES. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 31Mar1906; H75203.\n  THE CLOWN\u2019S CHRISTMAS EVE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Aug1908;\n  A CLOWN\u2019S LOVE STORY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 9Dec1907;\n  CLOWN\u2019S TRIUMPHS. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 23May1912; J169923.\n  CLUB SWINGING, CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE CLUBMAN AND TRAMP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21Nov1908;\n  COACH AT RURAL POST OFFICE, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  COACHES ARRIVING AT MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS [Yellowstone Park]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  COACHES GOING TO CINNABAR FROM YELLOWSTONE PARK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  COACHING FOR A RECORD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10May1902;\n  COACHING PARTY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8July1903;\n  COACHING PARTY, YOSEMITE VALLEY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  COAL HEAVERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Oct1904; H52230.\n  THE COAL STRIKE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Dec1905;\n  COALING A STEAMER, NAGASKI [i.e. NAGASAKI] BAY, JAPAN. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Apr1902; H16648.\n  COASTING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17Feb1898; 12175.\n  COASTING SCENE AT MONTMORENCY FALLS, CANADA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE COBBLER AND THE CALIPH. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  COCK FIGHT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Dec1896; 70082.\n  COCOA INDUSTRY, TRINIDAD, BRITISH WEST INDIES, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison\n  CODFISH INDUSTRY, NEWFOUNDLAND, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE CO-ED PROFESSOR. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 25Sept1911;\n      On same reel with Through the Dells of Wisconsin.\n  THE COFFIN SHIP. SEE The Wreck of the Aurora.\n  COFFYN HYDROAEROPLANE ALIGHTING IN EAST RIVER, N. Y. \u00a9 Vitagraph Co.\n  COHEN AT CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 17Mar1909;\n  COHEN\u2019S ADVERTISING SCHEME. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Feb1904; H42210.\n  COHEN\u2019S DREAM OF CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  COHEN\u2019S FIRE SALE, scenes 1\u201312. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14June1907;\n  COIL WINDING MACHINES, WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 6May1904; H45401.\n  COIL WINDING SECTION E, WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 6May1904; H45402.\n  A COLD SUPPER WITH A HOT FINISH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  COLLECTING MAIL, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  COLLEGE CHUMS, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 25Nov1907; H102945\u201352.\n  A COLLEGE GIRL\u2019S AFFAIR OF HONOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE COLLINWOOD [OHIO] SCHOOL FIRE. \u00a9 William Bullock; 23Mar1908;\n  THE COLLINWOOD [OHIO] SCHOOL FIRE FUNERAL. \u00a9 William Bullock;\n  COLONEL FUNSTAN [i.e. FUNSTON] SWIMMING THE BAGLAG RIVER. \u00a9 Thos. A.\n  THE COLONEL\u2019S FRIEND. \u00a9 Frank Graham; 12July1905; H63157.\n  A COLONIAL ROMANCE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 11Jan1909;\n  COLONIAL VIRGINIA, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 19Nov1908;\n  THE COLORED STENOGRAPHER, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 9Mar1909;\n  COLORED TROOPS DISEMBARKING [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  \u201cCOLUMBIA\u201d AND \u201cDEFENDER\u201d ROUNDING STAKE-BOAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 8May1902; H17487.\n  \u201cCOLUMBIA\u201d AND \u201cSHAMROCK II\u201d [America\u2019s Cup Races]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n    Edison.\n      Jockeying and starting. \u00a9 7Oct1901; H9408.\n      Finishing second race. \u00a9 7Oct1901; H9409.\n      Start of second race. \u00a9 7Oct1901; H9410.\n      Turning the outer stake boat. \u00a9 9Oct1901; H9496.\n      Starting in the third race. \u00a9 9Oct1901; H9497.\n  \u201cCOLUMBIA\u201d CLOSE TO THE WIND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  \u201cCOLUMBIA\u201d vs. \u201cDEFENDER.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  \u201cCOLUMBIA\u201d WINNING THE CUP [America\u2019s Cup Races: Columbia and Shamrock\n  \u201cCOLUMBIA\u201d WINNING THE CUP [America\u2019s Cup Races: Columbia and Shamrock\n    II]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Oct1901; H9495.\n  COMATA, THE SIOUX. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13Sept1909; J131568.\n  COMEDY AND TRAGEDY, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 2Nov1909;\n  COMEDY CAKE WALK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11May1903;\n  A COMEDY IN BLACK AND WHITE, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 4Sept1908;\n  A COMEDY OF ERRORS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 1Feb1908; H105775.\n  A COMEDY OF UNDERSTANDING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  COMEDY SET-TO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20May1898; 31430.\n  COMING OF COLUMBUS. \u00a9 Selig Polyscope Co.\n  COMMITTEE ON ART. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Feb1904;\n  THE COMMUTER\u2019S WIFE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 7Feb1912;\n  COMPANY DRILL, ST. JOHN\u2019S MILITARY ACADEMY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  COMRADES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 14Mar1911; J153151.\n  CONCEALING A BURGLAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Oct1908;\n  THE CONDEMNATION OF FAUST. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 15Jan1904; H40888.\n  CONDENSED MILK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20June1903;\n  CONEY ISLAND AT NIGHT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 29June1905; H62761.\n  THE CONEY ISLAND BEACH PATROL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE CONEY ISLAND BIKERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CONEY ISLAND POLICE COURT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CONFIDENCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Apr1909; H125501.\n  CONGRESS OF NATIONS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Nov1900; D21659.\n  THE CONJUROR\u2019S OUTING. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 3May1909; H126441.\n  THE CONQUERING HERO. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 20Mar1909; H124441.\n  CONSCIENCE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10Mar1911; J153060.\n  A CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE KING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  CONTRARY WIND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Feb1903; H28559.\n  A CONVENIENT BURGLAR. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25Sept1911; J160416.\n  CONVERTED BY A BILLIKEN. SEE Grin and Win.\n  THE CONVERTS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 16Mar1910; J139195.\n  CONVICT LIFE IN THE OHIO PENITENTIARY. \u00a9 America\u2019s Feature Film Co.;\n  CONVICTED BY HYPNOTISM; or, A DOUBLE LIFE, 2 pts. \u00a9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francaise\n    des Films & Cinematographes Eclair; 1c 5Aug1912; J171903.\n  THE CONVICT\u2019S BRIDE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Aug1906;\n  THE CONVICT\u2019S ESCAPE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Sept1904;\n  CONVICTS NO. 10 AND NO. 13, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 1Mar1912;\n  THE CONVICT\u2019S PAROLE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 17May1912;\n  A CONVICT\u2019S PUNISHMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Feb1903;\n  THE COOK IN THE PARLOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE COOK IN TROUBLE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 9May1904; H45466.\n  THE COOK\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 7Mar1901; H1774.\n  COON TOWN PARADE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Feb1909; H122572.\n  THE COP AND THE NURSE GIRL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Dec1898; 72467.\n  THE COP FOOLS THE SERGEANT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 29Apr1904; H45037.\n  THE COQUETTE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 21Jan1910; J137658\u201361.\n  CORBETT AND COURTNEY BEFORE THE KINETOGRAPH. \u00a9 Wm. K. L. Dickson;\n  CORBETT AND JEFFRIES FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the Corbett and\n    Jeffries Fight.\n  CORBETT AND MCCOY FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the Corbett and McCoy\n    Fight.\n  CORBETT-MCGOVERN FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of Corbett-McGovern Fight.\n  CORCORAN CADETS, WASHINGTON [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE CORD OF LIFE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Jan1909;\n  CORK LEG LEGACY. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 3May1909; H126442.\n  CORNELL-COLUMBIA-UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA BOAT RACE AT ITHACA, N.\n    Y., SHOWING LEHIGH VALLEY OBSERVATION TRAIN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  A CORNER IN THE PLAY ROOM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A CORNER IN WHEAT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Dec1909; J135969.\n  CORNER MADISON AND STATE STREETS, CHICAGO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  CORPUS CHRISTI PROCESSION, ORVIETO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  \u201cCORSAIR\u201d IN WAKE OF TUGBOAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE CORSET MODEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20June1903;\n  THE CORSICAN BROTHERS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 9Feb1912;\n  COSSACK CAVALRY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Aug1903;\n  COSY CORNER DANCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 25June1903;\n  COTTON INDUSTRY. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 15Jan1912; J164477.\n      On same reel with How She Married.\n  THE COTTON INDUSTRY OF THE SOUTH. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Oct1908; H116478.\n  COTTON SPINNING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Mar1903;\n  COUNCIL BLUFFS BRIDGE STATION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE COUNT OF NO ACCOUNT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28Jan1908; H105595.\n  THE COUNTERFEITERS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 24Jan1905; H56167.\n  A COUNTRY COURTSHIP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 25Oct1905;\n  A COUNTRY CUPID. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 29July1911; J158240.\n  THE COUNTRY DOCTOR. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 9July1909; J129513.\n  A COUNTRY GIRL IN PHILADELPHIA. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Mar1908; H107537.\n  A COUNTRY GIRL\u2019S SEMINARY LIFE AND EXPERIENCES, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison\n  THE COUNTRY SCHOOLMASTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE COUNT\u2019S WOOING. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 17Nov1909; J134442.\n  A COUPLE OF LIGHTWEIGHTS AT CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 28July1904; H48620.\n  THE COURSE OF TRUE LOVE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE COURSE OF TRUE LOVE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8Feb1910; J138088.\n  A COWARD, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 10Aug1909; J130719\u201322.\n  THE COWBOY AND THE LADY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE COWBOY AND THE SCHOOLMARM, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  A COWBOY ELOPEMENT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 17Jan1908;\n  COWBOY JUSTICE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Jan1904;\n  COWBOYS AND INDIANS FORDING RIVER IN A WAGON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  A COWBOY\u2019S ROMANCE. \u00a9 Centaur Film Co.; 26June1909; H128972.\n  A COWBOY\u2019S STRATAGEM, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 2Mar1912;\n  A COWBOY\u2019S SWEETHEART. \u00a9 Centaur Film Co., Inc.; 23Apr1909; H126067.\n  THE COWPUNCHER\u2019S GLOVE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 2Dec1910;\n  A CRAZY COMPOSER. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 3June1905; H61532.\n  A CRAZY QUILT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 12Nov1907; H102390.\n  THE CREATORS OF FOXY GRANDPA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE CRICKET ON THE HEARTH. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 26May1909; H127599.\n  THE CRIMINAL HYPNOTIST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE CRIMINAL\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Aug1908; H115089.\n  CRIPPLE CREEK BAR-ROOM SCENE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10May1899; 31770.\n  CRIPPLE CREEK FLOATS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13539.\n  THE CRISIS. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co., Inc.; 15May1912; J169703.\n  CRISSIE SHERIDAN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60590.\n  THE CRITIC. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Jan1906; H72184.\n  THE CROOKED ROAD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25May1911; J155829.\n  CROSS COUNTRY RUNNING ON SNOW SHOES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17Feb1902;\n  THE CROSS ROAD. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Sept1908; H116150.\n  CROSSING ICE BRIDGE AT NIAGARA FALLS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15Jan1904;\n  CROSSING THE ATLANTIC. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17June1903; H32796.\n  CROSSROADS OF LIFE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20June1908;\n  CROWD ENTERING, FUTURITY DAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CROWDS RETURNING FROM THE GAMES, WAIKIKI, H. I. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE CRUCIAL TEST, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 7July1911;\n  CRUELTY TO HORSES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1Oct1904;\n  THE CRUISE OF THE \u201cGLADYS.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  CRUISER \u201cCINCINNATI\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  CRUISER \u201cDETROIT\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  CRUISER \u201cMARBLEHEAD\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE CRUSADER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 30June1911;\n  THE CRUSADERS; or, JERUSALEM DELIVERED. \u00a9 World\u2019s Best Film Co.;\n  THE CRUSHED HAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 29Mar1904;\n  THE CRUSHED TRAGEDIAN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 21July1908; H113740.\n  A CRY FROM THE WILDERNESS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 22Mar1909;\n  THE CRYSTAL CASKET. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 21Mar1905; H58074.\n  THE CRYSTAL CASKET. SEE Glass Coffin.\n  THE CUB REPORTER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 23Aug1912;\n  CUBAN AMBUSH [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 5Aug1898;\n  CUBAN REFUGEES WAITING FOR RATIONS [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  CUBAN VOLUNTEERS EMBARKING [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  CUBAN VOLUNTEERS MARCHING FOR RATIONS [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  A CUP OF TEA AND SHE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 8Apr1909;\n  CUPID AND PSYCHE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60560.\n  CUPID\u2019S JOKE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8May1911; J155076.\n  CUPID\u2019S PRANKS, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 19Feb1908; H106508\u201314.\n  CUPID\u2019S REALM; or, A GAME OF HEARTS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  CURE FOR BASHFULNESS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 19Dec1908;\n  A CURE FOR CRIME, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 27Sept1911;\n  A CURE FOR DYSPEPSIA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A CURE FOR RHEUMATISM. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 11Mar1909;\n  THE CURE THAT FAILED. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 3Aug1912; J171838.\n  CURED. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 28Mar1911; J153534.\n  THE CURFEW BELL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3June1909; H127992\u201395.\n  CURING A JEALOUS HUSBAND. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5June1909; H128024.\n  CURING THE OFFICE BOY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  CURIOSITY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3June1911; J156203.\n  CURIOSITY PUNISHED. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 20Apr1908; H109548.\n  A CURIOUS DREAM. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 18Mar1907; H91549.\n  CURIOUS MR. CURIO, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 21May1908;\n  THE CURSE OF GOLD. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 13Mar1909; H123955.\n  THE CURSE OF GOLD. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6Apr1908; H108430.\n  THE CURTAIN POLE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2Jan1909;\n  A CUSTOMER DROPS IN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  CUTTING AND CANALING ICE [Groton Ice Fields]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  CUTTING SUGAR CANE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23May1902;\n  CYNTHIA\u2019S AGREEMENT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 25Sept1912;\n  DAD\u2019S A GENTLEMAN TOO. \u00a9 Frank Graham; 12July1905; H63156.\n  THE DAIRY MAID\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE DAISY COWBOYS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 9Dec1911;\n  DALY OF WEST POINT WINNING HURDLE RACE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902; H24881.\n  THE DAM BUILDER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 13Sept1912;\n  LA DAME AUX CAMELIAS. With Mme. Sarah Bernhardt. \u00a9 French-American\n  THE DAMNATION OF FAUST. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 11Dec1903; H39290.\n  DAN, THE DANDY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Sept1911; J160241.\n  DANCE, FRANCHONETTI SISTERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A DANCE IN PAJAMAS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Dec1903;\n  THE DANCE OF THE SEVEN VEILS. SEE Salome.\n  A DANCE ON THE PIKE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Mar1904;\n  THE DANCER AND THE KING; a romantic story of Spain. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  DANCING BOXING MATCH, MONTGOMERY AND STONE. \u00a9 The Winthrop Moving\n  DANCING CHINAMAN, MARIONETTES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Oct1898; 59208.\n  DANCING DARKEY BOY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60568.\n  DANCING DARKIES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3540.\n  THE DANCING FIEND. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Aug1908; H114298.\n  THE DANCING GIRL OF BUTTE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8Jan1910; J136851.\n  THE DANCING LEGS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 1Apr1908; H108127.\n  A DANCING LESSON: A LITTLE PRACTICE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE DANDY FIFTH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Sept1902;\n  DANGER OF DINING IN PRIVATE DINING ROOMS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 5June1903; H32408.\n  A DANGEROUS LESSON, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 13Aug1912;\n  A DANGEROUS PAIR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7Sept1909;\n  A DANGEROUS PLAY, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 19Apr1912;\n  DANIEL BOONE, scenes 1\u201313. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Jan1907; H88545\u201357.\n  DANTE\u2019S INFERNO. \u00a9 Monopol Film Co.\n  DANTE\u2019S PROGRESS AND EXPERIENCES THROUGH PARADISE. \u00a9 National Film\n    Distributing Co.; 1c 29Apr1912; J168785.\n  DANTE\u2019S PROGRESS AND EXPERIENCES THROUGH PURGATORY. \u00a9 National Film\n    Distributing Co.; 1c 29Apr1912; J168784.\n  THE DARLING OF THE GALLERY GODS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A DASH THROUGH THE CLOUDS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 28June1912; J170666.\n  A DASH TO DEATH, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 27Aug1909; J131252\u201355.\n  A DAUGHTER OF THE MINES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 25Nov1910;\n  A DAUGHTER OF THE SUN, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 17Feb1909;\n  DAVE\u2019S LOVE AFFAIR. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10June1911; J156469.\n  DAVEY JONES\u2019 LOCKER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  THE DAY AFTER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Jan1909; J136612.\n  A DAY AT THE CIRCUS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17May1901; H4418.\n  A DAY AT WEST POINT MILITARY ACADEMY, NEW YORK, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas\n  A DAY IN WASHINGTON; the Capital of the United States, showing many\n    points of interest. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 26Feb1909;\n  THE DAY OF THE DOG. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1Feb1909; H122288.\n  A DAY ON A BUFFALO RANCH. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 27Jan1912; J165053.\n      On same reel with All A Mistake.\n  A DAY ON A BUFFALO RANCH. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 27Jan1912; J165409.\n  THE DAYS OF \u201961. SEE The Blue and the Gray.\n  THE DEACON\u2019S LOVE LETTER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 22Jan1909;\n  A DEAD MAN\u2019S CHILD, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 7Dec1911;\n  THE DEADWOOD SLEEPER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26May1905;\n  DEAF MUTE GIRL RECITING \u201cSTAR SPANGLED BANNER.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 7June1902; H18743.\n  DEAR OLD STARS AND STRIPES, GOODBYE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 2Oct1903; H36488.\n  A DEARLY PAID FOR KISS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 17Oct1908;\n  THE DEATH DISC. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Dec1909; J135518.\n  THE DEATH OF NATHAN HALE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE DECEIVED SLUMMING PARTY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE DECEIVER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 23Dec1907; H104010.\n  THE DECEPTION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13Mar1909;\n  THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  DECORATED CARRIAGES, no. 11. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13535.\n  DECOYED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Oct1904; H52231.\n  A DECREE OF DESTINY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 7Mar1911; J152949.\n  DEEP BREATHING AND CHEST EXPANSION. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906;\n  DEER STALKING WITH CAMERA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE DELAYED PROPOSAL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 21June1911; J156842.\n  DELIRIUM IN A STUDIO. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 7Dec1907; H103393.\n  DELIVERING MAIL FROM SUB-STATION [U.S.P.O.]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 1Oct1903; H36398.\n  DELIVERING NEWSPAPERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  A DELUSION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Sept1902; H22088.\n  DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE AT ESOPUS [N. Y.]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  DENVER FIRE BRIGADE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13532.\n  THE DEPARTMENT STORE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 15Mar1911;\n  DEPARTURE OF PEARY [AND] ROOSEVELT FROM NEW YORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  DESDEMONA, part 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 16Apr1912; J168207\u201308.\n  THE DESERTED SHAFT. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 15Jan1912; J164478.\n  THE DESERTER, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co.; 15Mar1912;\n  THE DESPATCH BEARER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 6Aug1907; H97722.\n  A DESPERATE CRIME. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 27Apr1906; H76259.\n  THE DETERMINED LOVER; or, WHERE THERE\u2019S A WILL, THERE\u2019S A WAY. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 12June1908; H111706.\n  \u201cDEUTSCHLAND\u201d LEAVING NEW YORK AT FULL SPEED [With Prince Henry of\n    Prussia]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15Mar1902; H15199.\n  DEVELOPING MUSCLES OF BACK AND CHEST. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18 Apr 1906;\n  DEVELOPING MUSCLES OF CHEST AND ABDOMEN. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906;\n  THE DEVIL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 25Sept1908; H116154.\n  THE DEVIL, scenes 1\u201312. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 10Sept1908; H115507\u201318.\n  THE DEVIL AND THE GAMBLER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 23Sept1908;\n  DEVIL\u2019S SLIDE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23May1902; H18046.\n  THE DEWEY ARCH [Spanish-American War; Dewey Homecoming, New York\n    City]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18June1903; H32835.\n  DEWEY ARCH\u2014TROOPS PASSING UNDER ARCH [Spanish-American War; Dewey\n    Homecoming, New York City]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 5Oct1899; 64682.\n  DEWEY PARADE, 10TH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS [Spanish-American War;\n    Dewey Homecoming, New York City]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Oct1899;\n  DEYO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Apr1907; H92889.\n  DIAL\u2019S GIRLS\u2019 BAND, LUNA PARK. \u00a9 Eugene Dial; 25Oct1905; H67888.\n  THE DIAMOND MAKER; or, FORTUNE AND MISFORTUNE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE DIAMOND SMUGGLERS. SEE Secret Service.\n  THE DIAMOND STAR. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 21Feb1911; J152473.\n  DICK CROKER LEAVING TAMMANY HALL. \u00a9 Thomas A Edison; 9Feb1900; D3543.\n  DICK\u2019S SISTER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18June1908; H112074.\n  DID MOTHER GET HER WISH? \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Jan1912; J164603.\n  DID NOT FINISH THE STORY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DIME NOVEL DAN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29Apr1909; H126310.\n  A DIME NOVEL DETECTIVE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Feb1909; H122569.\n  DINAH\u2019S DEFEAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Feb1904;\n  A DIP IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE DISAPPOINTED OLD MAID. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DISCHARGING A WHITEHEAD TORPEDO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12May1900;\n  A DISCORDANT NOTE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6July1903;\n  THE DISCOVERERS; a grand historical pageant picturing the discovery\n    and founding of New France, Canada. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  DISCOVERY OF BODIES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21Sept1903;\n  THE DISINTEGRATED CONVICT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 4Sept1907;\n  THE DISREPUTABLE MR. RAEGEN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE DIVIDING LINE. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 24June1912; J170425.\n  THE DIVING GIRL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 23Aug1911; J159204.\n  THE DIVING HORSE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23Sept1899; 61839.\n  DIVING THROUGH HOOPS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Apr1902;\n  THE DIVORCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13June1903.\n      On the trail. H33411.\n      The evidence secured. H33412.\n  10 FEMMES DANS UN PARAPLUIE. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 26Oct1903; H37511.\n  DIXON-CHESTER LEON CONTEST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DO YOU SPEAK FRENCH. SEE Parlez Vous Francais?\n  THE DOCTOR, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7Feb1911; J152135\u201337.\n  DR. BROMPTON-WATTS\u2019 ADJUSTER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  DR. BUNION AND THE MISCHIEVOUS BOYS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  DR. CUREM\u2019S PATIENTS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28Apr1908; H109925.\n  DR. DIPPY\u2019S SANITARIUM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DOCTOR PHANTOM, THE SCIENTIFIC SLEUTH, no. 1\u20136. \u00a9 Walter Lannoy Brind;\n  THE DOCTORED DINNER PAIL, scene 1. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 5May1909;\n  THE DOCTOR\u2019S BRIDE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 30Aug1909; J132442.\n  THE DOCTOR\u2019S FAVORITE PATIENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DOG FACTORY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Apr1904; H44668.\n  A DOG FIGHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Feb1903; H28562.\n  A DOG LOST, STRAYED OR STOLEN, $25.00 REWARD. APPLY TO MRS. BROWN, 711\n  DOGS PLAYING IN THE SURF. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17Feb1898; 12172.\n  A DOMESTIC REUNION. SEE Two Affinities.\n  A DONKEY PARTY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17June1903;\n  THE DONKEY PARTY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Mar1901; H2342.\n  DOOLEY\u2019S SCHEME. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Nov1911; J162974.\n  THE DOOMED SHIP, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.; 28July1911;\n  DORA: A RUSTIC IDYLL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 1Apr1908;\n  DOROTHY\u2019S FAMILY. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 10Aug1911;\n  A DOUBLE-BARRELED SUICIDE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 31July1907;\n  A DOUBLE LIFE. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co.; 20July1912; J171458.\n  A DOUBLE LIFE. SEE Convicted by Hypnotism.\n  DOUBLE RING ACT, LUNA PARK [Coney Island]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 6Oct1903; H36555.\n  THE DOVE AND THE SERPENT. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 4Apr1912; J167839.\n  DOWN ON THE FARM, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 26Oct1905;\n  DOWN THE HOTEL CORRIDOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DOWN THE HUDSON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Oct1903;\n  DOWN WESTERN SLOPE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Jan1903;\n  DOWN WHERE THE WURZBURGER FLOWS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 26Aug1903;\n  THE DOWNWARD PATH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902.\n      The new soubrette. H23806.\n      The fresh book agent. H23807.\n      The girl who went astray. H23808.\n      The suicide. H23809.\n      She ran away. H23810.\n  THE DRAMATIST\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 6July1909;\n  THE DRAPED MODEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Sept1902;\n  DRAWING A LOBSTER POT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 31Dec1902;\n  THE DRAWING LESSON; or, THE LIVING STATUE. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 6July1903;\n  DRAWING THE COLOR LINE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 13Jan1909;\n  DREAM DANCES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 20Apr1912;\n  DREAM OF A RAREBIT FIEND, scenes 1\u20139. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1906;\n  THE DREAM OF AN OPIUM FIEND. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 14Mar1908; H107381.\n  A DREAM OF ROSES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904;\n  DREAM OF THE RACE TRACK FIEND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A DREAM OF WEALTH; a tale of the gold seekers of \u201949. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  DREAMS OF A POLICEMAN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 20July1908;\n  DRESS PARADE OF SCOUTS. ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION [Louisiana Purchase\n    Exposition]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17June1904;\n  DRESS PARADE, ST. JOHN\u2019S ACADEMY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DRESS SUITS IN PAWN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 20Mar1912;\n  THE DRESSMAKER\u2019S ACCIDENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE DRESSMAKER\u2019S LOYAL SON. SEE The Little Father.\n  DRILL, AMBULANCE CORPS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DRILL BY NAVAL MILITIA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DRILL BY PROVIDENCE POLICE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DRILL, YE TARRIERS, DRILL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DRILLING AN AWKWARD SQUAD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DRILLS AND EXERCISES, SCHOOLSHIP \u201cST. MARY\u2019S.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  A DRINK! A great temperance story. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 6Aug1907; H97724.\n  THE DRINK CURE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28Apr1908; H109926.\n  DRIVE FOR A LIFE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Apr1909;\n  DRIVEN FROM HOME. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 17June1909; H128495.\n  DRIVEN FROM HOME. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 29July1908; H113994.\n  DRIVING CATTLE TO PASTURE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18May1904; H46137.\n  A DROP OF INK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Jan1904; H40815.\n  DROWSY DICK, OFFICER NO. 73, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 29Apr1910;\n  DRUM CORPS AND MILITIA [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE DRUMMER\u2019S DAY OFF. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 7Apr1908;\n  DRUNKARD\u2019S CHILD. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 9Aug1909; J132443.\n  THE DRUNKARD\u2019S REFORMATION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE DRUNKEN ACROBAT\u2014O\u2019BRIEN AND HAVEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  THE DUDE AND THE BATHING GIRLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE DUDE AND THE BURGLARS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A DUEL IN MID-AIR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 5Nov1909;\n  DUEL SCENE, \u201cBY RIGHT OF SWORD.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DUEL SCENE FROM \u201cMACBETH.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  DUET FROM \u201cMARTHA\u201d (FLOTOW). \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Feb1909; H122573.\n  DUKE AND DUCHESS OF CORNWALL AND YORK LANDING AT QUEENSTOWN, ONTARIO.\n    \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22Oct1901; H9962.\n  DUKE OF YORK AT MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 4Oct1901;\n  THE DUKE\u2019S JESTER; or, A FOOL\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE DUKE\u2019S PLAN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12Feb1910; J138229.\n  A DULL RAZOR. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Feb1900; D4732.\n  A DUMB HERO, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24July1908; H113885\u201389.\n  THE DUMB MESSENGER. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 4Dec1911;\n  THE DUMB WITNESS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Aug1908; H115156.\n  THE DUMB WOOING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 17Apr1912;\n  DUMPING IRON ORE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Dec1903;\n  A DUTCH GOLD MINE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3June1911; J156204.\n  THE DUTCH KIDDIES: MONTGOMERY AND STONE. \u00a9 The Winthrop Moving Picture\n  DUTY. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 7Sept1911; J159748.\n  DUTY VERSUS REVENGE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 19Sept1908;\n  THE DYNAMITE WAISTCOAT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10Apr1909;\n  THE DYNAMITER. \u00a9 The World Film Mfg. Co.; 10Mar1908; H107213.\n  DYNAMITING RUINS AND PULLING DOWN WALLS IN SAN FRANCISCO [San\n    Francisco Earthquake]. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 14May1906;\n  EAGLE DANCE, PUEBLO INDIANS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13541.\n  THE EARLY MORNING ATTACK [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  EAST LYNNE; or, LED ASTRAY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 1June1908;\n  AN EAST RIVER NOVELTY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22Oct1903; H37247.\n  EAST SIDE DRIVE, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31Oct1896; 60140\u201341.\n  EAST SIDE URCHINS BATHING IN A FOUNTAIN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903;\n  THE EASTERNER; a tale of the West. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE EASY CHAIR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Jan1904; H40723.\n  EASY MONEY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Aug1907; H97638.\n  EATING FORCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22May1903; H32107.\n  EATING MACARONI IN THE STREETS OF NAPLES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE EAVESDROPPER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Apr1909;\n  ECCENTRICITIES OF AN ADIRONDACK CANOE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE ECLIPSE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 23Aug1907; H98713.\n  ECLIPSE CAR FENDER TEST, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  EDDIE\u2019S EXPLOIT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 1June1912;\n  EDGAR ALLEN [i.e. ALLAN] POE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  EDISON KINETOSCOPIC RECORD OF A SNEEZE, JANUARY 7, 1894. \u00a9 W. K. L.\n  EDISON KINETOSCOPIC RECORDS. \u00a9 W. K. L. Dickson; 9Apr1894; 10776.\n  EDNA\u2019S IMPRISONMENT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.\n  THE EDUCATED CHIMPANZEE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31July1901; H7331.\n  EELING THROUGH ICE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Apr1902;\n  EFFECTING A CURE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 2Dec1910; J148460.\n  EGGS HATCHING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Apr1902; H16922.\n  EGYPTIAN BOYS IN SWIMMING RACE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10June1903;\n  EGYPTIAN FAKIR WITH DANCING MONKEY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8June1903;\n  EGYPTIAN MARKET SCENE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17June1903; H32804.\n  THE EGYPTIAN MYSTERY, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16July1909;\n  EIFFEL TOWER FROM TROCADERO PALACE [Paris Exposition]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  18TH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11June1903; H32495.\n  THE ELDER MISS SIMPKINS CALLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ELDORA, THE FRUIT GIRL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 27Dec1910;\n  ELEANORE CUYLER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 2Jan1912;\n  ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE TESTS, SCHENECTADY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THE ELECTRIC MULE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 29Aug1905; H64996.\n  ELECTRIC TOWER [Pan American Exposition, Buffalo]. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Mar1903; H29469.\n  ELECTROCUTING AN ELEPHANT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Jan1903; H26890.\n  THE ELEPHANT\u2019S BATH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4Apr1903;\n  ELEPHANTS SHOOTING THE CHUTES AT LUNA PARK [Coney Island]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  ELEPHANTS SHOOTING THE CHUTES, LUNA PARK, CONEY ISLAND, no. 2. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 30July1904; H48780.\n  ELEVATED RAILROAD, NEW YORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE ELEVENTH HOUR, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 4Mar1910;\n  THE ELF KING; a Norwegian fairy tale. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  ELK. \u00a9 Charles J. Jones; 15Jan1906; H71990.\n  ELKS\u2019 PARADE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 23July1907; H97039.\n  ELLA LOLA, A LA TRILBY [Dance]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Oct1898; 59209.\n  THE ELOPEMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  THE ELOPEMENT. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison; 21Apr1897; 24884.\n  ELOPEMENT ON HORSEBACK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 26Nov1898; 69081.\n  THE ELOPERS WHO DIDN\u2019T ELOPE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ELOPING WITH AUNTY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 22May1909; H127383.\n  EMERSON SCHOOL, CALISTHENICS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  EMIGRANTS [i.e. IMMIGRANTS] LANDING AT ELLIS ISLAND. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  EMPIRE STATE EXPRESS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 25July1902;\n  EMPIRE STATE EXPRESS, N. Y. CENTRAL R. R. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  EMPIRE STATE EXPRESS, THE SECOND, TAKING WATER ON THE FLY. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE EMPTY SLEEVE; or, MEMORIES OF BY-GONE DAYS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE ENCHANTED DRAWING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Nov1900; D21656.\n  THE ENCHANTED MATTRESS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 15Jan1907; H89402.\n  THE ENCHANTED SEDAN-CHAIR. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 14July1905; H63325.\n  THE ENCHANTED WELL. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 25June1903; H32937.\n  L\u2019ENCHANTEUR ALCROFRISBAS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 19Nov1903; H38292.\n  END OF CAMERA FIEND. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 2Dec1904; H53978.\n  THE ENGAGEMENT RING. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 11Mar1912; J167110.\n  ENGINE AND PUMP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3537.\n  THE ENGINEER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Sept1908; H115777.\n  THE ENGINEER\u2019S ROMANCE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7Jan1910;\n  ENGLISH LANCERS CHARGING [Boer War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Apr1900;\n  ENGLISH STAG HUNT. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 18May1912; J169377.\n  THE ENGLISHMAN AND THE GIRL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 21Feb1910; J138587.\n  AN ENGLISHMAN\u2019S TRIP TO PARIS FROM LONDON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  ENOCH ARDEN, part 2. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 17June1911; J156633.\n  ENOCH ARDEN, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13June1911; J156550.\n  EPILEPTIC SEIZURE. \u00a9 Walter G. Chase.\n  EPILEPTIC SEIZURE, no. 8. \u00a9 Walter G. Chase; 13Jan1906; H71845.\n  EPILEPTIC SEIZURE, no. 9. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  EQUAL TO THE EMERGENCY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 5July1910;\n  AN EQUINE HERO, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11Feb1910; J138277\u201380.\n  ERADICATING AUNTY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 28May1909; H127700.\n  ERUPTION OF MT. VESUVIUS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE ESCALTA, MANILA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Aug1903;\n  THE ESCAPE FROM BONDAGE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  ESCAPE FROM SING SING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Feb1903;\n  THE ESCAPE FROM SING SING. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 30Sept1905;\n  AN ESCAPE FROM THE FLAMES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE ESCAPED LUNATIC. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Jan1904;\n  THE ESCAPED LUNATIC, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 13Sept1911;\n  THE ESCAPED MELODY. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Mar1909; H123654.\n  ESKIMOS IN LABRADOR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 13Dec1911;\n  ESPLANADE DES INVALIDES [Paris Exposition]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  ESQUIMAUX GAME OF SNAP-THE-WHIP [Pan American Exposition, Buffalo]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 9Aug1901; H7499.\n  ESQUIMAUX LEAP-FROG [Pan American Exposition, Buffalo]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  ESQUIMAUX VILLAGE [Pan American Exposition, Buffalo]. \u00a9 S. Lubin;\n  THE ESQUIMAUX VILLAGE [Pan American Exposition, Buffalo]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE ETERNAL MOTHER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13Jan1912; J164577.\n  ETHEL\u2019S LUNCHEON, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3Sept1909;\n  EUGENE WRAYBURN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 3Oct1911;\n  EUROPEAN REST CURE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Sept1904; H49807.\n  AN EVENTFUL EVENING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24Jan1911;\n  EVERY DAY IS SUNSHINE WHEN THE HEART BEATS TRUE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 2Oct1903;\n  EVERY ROSE HAS ITS STEM, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  EVERYBODY WORKS BUT FATHER, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22Nov1905;\n  EVERYBODY WORKS BUT FATHER (BLACKFACE). \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 1Nov1905; H68149.\n  EVERYBODY WORKS BUT FATHER (WHITEFACE). \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  EVERYBODY WORKS BUT MOTHER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  EVERYBODY WORKS BUT MOTHER. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 22May1906; H78024.\n  EVERYTHING COMES TO HIM WHO WAITS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  THE EVICTION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23June1904; H47465.\n  THE EVIDENCE WAS AGAINST HIM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE EVIL ART; or, GAMBLING EXPOSED, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Eureka Feature Film\n  THE EVIL THAT MEN DO. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Aug1909;\n  THE EVOLUTION OF MAN\u2014AN EDUCATED CHIMPANZEE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10July1901;\n  EVOLUTION OF THE JAPANESE; from a curio-box to a world power in 50\n  THE EX-CONVICT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 19Nov1904.\n      Leaving home. H53489.\n      The burglary. H53490.\n      Discharged. H53491.\n      Looking for employment. H53492.\n      Discouraged. H53493.\n      Desperation. H53494.\n      A friend at last. H53495.\n      The rescue. H53496.\n  EX-CONVICT NO. 900, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16Oct1908;\n  EXAMINATION DAY AT SCHOOL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 30Sept1910; J145990.\n  EXCAVATING FOR A NEW YORK FOUNDATION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  EXCAVATING SCENE AT THE PYRAMIDS OF SAKKARAH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  EXCAVATION FOR SUBWAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Mar1903;\n  EXCHANGE OF MAIL AT RURAL P. O., U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  EXCURSION BOATS, NAVAL PARADE [Spanish-American War; New York City\n    Welcome to Admiral Sampson\u2019s Fleet after Battle of Santiago Bay]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52052.\n  AN EXECUTION BY HANGING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  EXECUTION OF A SPY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902;\n  EXECUTION OF CZOLGOSZ, WITH PANORAMA OF AUBURN PRISON [Leon Czolgosz,\n    President McKinley\u2019s Assassin]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Nov1901;\n  EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 23Nov1911;\n  \u201cEXEMPT\u201d OF BROOKLYN, N. Y. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  EXHIBITION DRILL, NEW YORK FIREMEN, UNION SQUARE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  EXHIBITION OF PRIZE WINNERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60595.\n  EXPELLED FROM THE CLUB: THE LADIES OF THE CLUB. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  EXPERT BAG PUNCHING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28July1903;\n  EXPERT GLASS BLOWING, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 8Oct1909;\n  THE EXPIATION. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 23Oct1909; J133582.\n  EXPLODING A WHITEHEAD TORPEDO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12May1900; D10161.\n  THE EXTENSION WARDROBE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1July1901; H5693.\n  THE EXTRA TURN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903; H36496.\n  EXTRAORDINARY ILLUSIONS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 6Nov1903; H37666.\n  EYES THAT SAW. \u00a9 Gaumont Co.; 29July1912; J171761.\n  THE FACE AT THE WINDOW. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 18June1910; J142395.\n  THE FACE AT THE WINDOW. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Sept1908; H116151.\n  THE FACE ON THE BARROOM FLOOR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  FACIAL EXPRESSION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Jan1902; H13362.\n  FADED FLOWERS. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 8Apr1909; H125493.\n  FADED LILIES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 12June1909; H128253.\n  THE FAILURE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8Dec1911; J163469.\n  FAINT HEART NEVER WON FAIR LADY. SEE A Noble Jester.\n  A FAIR EXCHANGE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 22Sept1909; J132094.\n  A FAIR EXCHANGE IS NO ROBBERY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28June1899; 42265.\n  THE FAIRIE\u2019S BANQUET, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 25Oct1911;\n  THE FAIRYLAND. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 3Sept1903.\n      The Prince. H35344.\n      The Boudoir of Princess Azurine. H35346.\n      The Armory of the Castle. H35347.\n      The Vision. H35348.\n      The Royal Galley. H35349.\n      The Bottom of the Sea. H35350.\n      The Submarine Cave. H35351.\n      The Entrance of the Cavern. H35352.\n      The Neptune\u2019s Empire. H35353.\n      The Devil\u2019s Castle. H35354.\n      The Palace of the King. H35355.\n  THE FAIRYLAND; or, THE KINGDOM OF THE FAIRIES. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s;\n  THE FAIRYLAND; or, THE KINGDOM OF THE FAIRIES. (LE ROYAUME DES F\u00c9ES.)\n    \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 3Sept1903; H35851.\n  FAITHFUL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 28Mar1910; J139617.\n  A FAITHFUL FOOL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10Apr1909; H125543.\n  THE FAITHFUL HUSBAND: A LOVING COUPLE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  A FAITHFUL WIFE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Mar1908; H107539.\n  FAKE BEGGAR. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 5Aug1898; 46697.\n  THE FAKE BLIND MAN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 27May1905; H61367.\n  A FAKE DIAMOND SWINDLER. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 20Apr1908; H109547.\n  THE FAKE WINDSTORM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28Apr1908; H109923.\n  FALL OF BLACK HAWK. \u00a9 American Film Mfg. Co.; 20June1912; J170709.\n  THE FALLEN IDOL, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Dec1909; J136744\u201346.\n  THE FALLING ARROW. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 8Apr1909; H125494.\n  THE FALLING OUT. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 13Nov1911; J162532.\n  FALLS OF MINNEHAHA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31July1897; 43416.\n  A FALSE ACCUSATION; a story of paternal devotion. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  A FALSE ALARM IN THE DRESSING ROOM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  FALSE TO BOTH. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 11Apr1912; J168198.\n  FALSELY ACCUSED. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Sept1908; H115778.\n  A FAMILY OF VEGETARIANS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Dec1910;\n  A FAMILY OUTING. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6Apr1907; H92385.\n  FAMILY TROUBLES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  A FAMOUS DUEL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.; 19July1911;\n  A FAMOUS ESCAPE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Apr1908;\n  FANCHON THE CRICKET. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 17June1912; J170266.\n  FANCY DRIVING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  FANTINE; or, A MOTHER\u2019S LOVE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  FAR FROM THE BEATEN TRACK. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 4Mar1912; J166914.\n  FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 17Aug1909;\n  THE FARMER AND THE BAD BOYS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22Aug1901; H8014.\n  FARMER KISSING THE LEAN GIRL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52061.\n  FARMER OATCAKE HAS HIS TROUBLES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE FARMER\u2019S DAUGHTER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7Oct1910;\n  THE FARMER\u2019S DAUGHTER; or, THE WAGES OF SIN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  A FARMER\u2019S IMITATION OF CHING LING FOO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902; H24894.\n  THE FARMER\u2019S TROUBLES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Jan1897; 3845.\n  THE FASCINATING MRS. FRANCIS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FAST MAIL, NORTHERN PACIFIC R. R. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6Dec1897; 68009.\n  FASTEST WRECKING CREW IN THE WORLD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE FAT AND LEAN WRESTLING MATCH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Dec1901;\n  FAT BATHER AND TREACHEROUS SPRINGBOARD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 18July1903; H33545.\n  THE FAT GIRL\u2019S LOVE AFFAIR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE FATAL BALL. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 8Dec1909; J135202.\n  THE FATAL CARD. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6Apr1908; H108431.\n  THE FATAL CHOCOLATE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Feb1912; J166565.\n  A FATAL FLIRTATION. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 20Mar1909; H124442.\n  THE FATAL HOUR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Aug1908;\n  A FATAL LIE, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 26Feb1912; J166646\u201348.\n  THE FATAL LIKENESS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6July1908; H112819.\n  A FATAL PRACTICAL JOKE. SEE The Price She Paid.\n  A FATAL TEMPTATION. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Sept1908; H115781.\n  FATALITY, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francaise des Films & Cinematographes\n    \u201cEclair\u201d, Paris, France; 1c 22July1912; J171408.\n  THE FATE OF A GOSSIP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21July1903;\n  THE FATE OF THE ARTIST\u2019S MODEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FATE\u2019S INTERCEPTION. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8Apr1912; J167954.\n  FATE\u2019S TURNING. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25Jan1911; J151150.\n  THE FATHER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 1July1912;\n  FATHER AND SON. SEE Forgiven.\n  FATHER GETS IN THE GAME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FATHER\u2019S BLUFF, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 24Jan1912;\n  FATHER\u2019S DRESS SUIT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 7June1911;\n  FATHER\u2019S FIRST HALF-HOLIDAY, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3Apr1909;\n  FATHER\u2019S GLUE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 18May1909; H127185.\n  FATHER\u2019S QUIET SUNDAY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10July1907;\n  FAUST, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24Dec1909; J136439\u201343.\n  FAUST AND MARGUERITE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Feb1900; D4734.\n  FAUST AUX ENFERS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 11Dec1903; H39289.\n  FAUST ET MARGUERITE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 31Mar1904.\n  FAUST FAMILY OF ACROBATS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Sept1901; H8690.\n  THE FEAST OF BELSHAZZAR. \u00a9 I. Bernstein; 1c 23Jan1913; J177701.\n  FEEDING GEESE AT NEWMAN\u2019S POULTRY FARM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Jan1902;\n  FEEDING PIGEONS IN FRONT OF ST. MARK\u2019S CATHEDRAL, VENICE, ITALY. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 8June1903; H32451.\n  FEEDING SEA GULLS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Mar1898; 16429.\n  FEEDING THE BEAR AT THE MENAGERIE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Apr1902;\n  FEEDING THE DOVES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23Oct1896; 58470.\n  FEEDING THE RUSSIAN BEAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FEMALE CROOK AND HER EASY VICTIM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A FEMALE FIRE DEPARTMENT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Dec1908; H119726.\n  THE FEMALE OF THE SPECIES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13Apr1912; J168165.\n  THE FEMALE POLITICIAN, MRS. BELL, IS NOMINATED FOR MAYOR. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 21July1908; H113729.\n  FENCING CLASS, MISSOURI VALLEY COLLEGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  FENTON OF THE 42ND, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14Dec1909;\n  FERRYBOAT AND TUG PASSING GOVERNORS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR, no. 128.\n    \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9265.\n  FERRYBOAT ENTERING SLIP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE FEUD AND THE TURKEY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A FEW MINUTES WITH STEEPLEJACK LINDHOLM. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture\n      On same reel with His Dress Shirt.\n  THE FICKLE SPANIARD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3May1912; J168889.\n  15TH INFANTRY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21May1902; H17970.\n  FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 5Mar1897; 15443.\n  A FIFTY MILE RAMBLE THROUGH THE THOUSAND ISLANDS, ST. LAWRENCE RIVER,\n    scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 17Jan1912; J165003\u201306.\n  A FIGHT FOR A BRIDE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Dec1905;\n  THE FIGHT FOR FREEDOM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A FIGHT FOR LOVE. SEE The Other Fellow.\n  FIGHT IN THE DORMITORY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FIGHTING BLOOD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 1July1911; J157258.\n  THE FIGHTING CIGAR. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 17June1909; H128496.\n  THE FIGHTING PARSON. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Nov1908; H118063.\n  FIGHTING THE FIRE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Nov1896; 64785.\n  FIGHTING THE FLAMES [An Attraction at Coney Island]. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28July1904; H48619.\n  FIGHTING THE FLAMES, DREAMLAND [An Attraction at Coney Island]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Aug1904; H49061.\n  FIGHTS OF NATIONS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Feb1907;\n  A FILIPINO COCK FIGHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21May1902;\n  FILIPINO SCOUTS, MUSICAL DRILL, ST. LOUIS [Louisiana Purchase\n    Exposition]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17June1904;\n  FILIPINOS RETREAT FROM TRENCHES [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE FINAL SETTLEMENT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Mar1910; J138843.\n  FINE FEATHERS MAKE FINE BIRDS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FINE FEATHERS MAKE FINE BIRDS. SEE Borrowed Clothes.\n  THE FINISH OF BRIDGET MCKEEN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Mar1901; H1493.\n  FINISH OF FUTURITY, 1901. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FINISH OF THE FIRST RACE, AUG. 22 [America\u2019s Cup Races: Reliance and\n    Shamrock III]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Aug1903;\n  FINISH OF YACHT RACE, AUG. 25TH [America\u2019s Cup Races: Reliance and\n    Shamrock III]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4Sept1903;\n  FINISHING TOUCHES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14June1902;\n  FIRE, ADAMS EXPRESS OFFICE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FIRE AND FLAMES AT LUNA PARK, CONEY ISLAND [An Attraction at Coney\n    Island]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15Aug1904; H49193.\n  THE FIRE-BUG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Aug1905; H64038.\n  FIRE DEPARTMENT, FALL RIVER, MASS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  FIRE DEPARTMENT, NEW HAVEN, CONN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897;\n  FIRE DEPARTMENT, N. Y. CITY, 1ST AND 2ND ALARMS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  THE FIRE DEPARTMENT OF NEW YORK CITY, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  A FIRE IN A BURLESQUE THEATRE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FIRE IN NEW YORK\u2019S BOWERY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 4Oct1905; H66871.\n  THE FIRE OF LIFE, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 23Apr1912;\n  FIRE RUN, COLON FIRE DEPARTMENT UNDER COCOANUT TREE. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  FIREBOAT \u201cNEW YORKER\u201d ANSWERING AN ALARM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  FIREBOAT \u201cNEW YORKER\u201d IN ACTION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20May1903;\n  THE FIREFALL. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 29Dec1904; H55064.\n  FIRESIDE REMINISCENCES, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 23Jan1908;\n  FIRING BY SQUAD, GATLING GUN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20Dec1897; 71220.\n  FIRING 10 INCH GUN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  FIRING THE CABIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21Sept1903;\n  FIRING THE COOK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2Nov1903;\n  FIRST AVENUE, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, no. 8. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE FIRST BABY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28July1904;\n  THE FIRST QUARREL. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Aug1907; H97637.\n  THE FIRST SLEIGH-RIDE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Jan1897; 3846.\n  A FISH STORY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 12Nov1907; H102386.\n  FISHER FOLKS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 18Feb1911; J152253.\n  THE FISHERMAN; or, MEN MUST WORK AND WOMEN MUST WEEP. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n    Co. of America; 7Sept1909; J131469.\n  THE FISHERMAN AND HIS SWEETHEART, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c\n  FISHERMAN, EELS OR SNAKES. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 20Jan1905; H56277.\n  FISHERMAN\u2019S LUCK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20Sept1897; 52618.\n  FISHERMAN\u2019S WHARF. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60562.\n  FISHING AT FARALONE ISLAND. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6Jan1902; H12584.\n  FISHING INDUSTRY AT GLOUCESTER, MASS., scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  FISHING SMACKS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60563.\n  FITZSIMMONS AND RUHLIN FIGHT. SEE Life Motion Photographs of the\n    FitzSimmons and Ruhlin Fight.\n  FITZSIMMONS AND SHARKEY FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the FitzSimmons and\n    Sharkey Fight.\n  FITZSIMMONS-JEFFRIES FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the\n    FitzSimmons-Jeffries Fight in Eleven Rounds Showing the Knock Out.\n  FITZSIMMONS-O\u2019BRIEN FIGHT. SEE Impersonation of the\n    FitzSimmons-O\u2019Brien Fight.\n  A FIVE CENT TROLLEY RIDE. SEE On a Good Old Five Cent Trolley Ride.\n  FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS REWARD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 23Aug1911; J159203.\n  FIVE MINUTES TO TRAIN TIME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE FLAG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 25June1903; H32942.\n  FLAG DANCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21May1903; H32079.\n  FLAG OF DISTRESS. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 20Jan1912; J164579.\n      On same reel with I Wish I Had A Girl.\n  FLAGS AND FACES OF ALL RACES. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  FLAGSHIP \u201cNEW YORK\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  A FLASH OF LIGHT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20July1910; J143387.\n  THE FLAT DWELLERS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 2Feb1906; H72723.\n  THE FLAT DWELLERS; or, THE HOUSE OF TOO MUCH TROUBLE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  THE FLEET STEAMING UP NORTH RIVER [Spanish-American War; New York City\n    Welcome to Admiral Sampson\u2019s Fleet after Battle of Santiago Bay]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52047.\n  A FLIRTATION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902; H16336.\n  A FLIRTATION: TABLE D\u2019HOTE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FLIRTING BY THE SEA SIDE. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 2Oct1906; H83353.\n  THE \u201cFLOAT,\u201d WAIKIKI, HONOLULU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE FLOATING OF THE BATTLESHIP \u201cMAINE.\u201d \u00a9 Raising the Maine Film Co.;\n  A FLOCK OF EXPORT SHEEP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FLOCK OF SHEEP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14June1902;\n  FLOOD SCENE IN PATERSON, N. J. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Oct1903; H36824.\n  FLOSSIE\u2019S NEW PEACH-BASKET HAT. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 18May1909; H127186.\n  FLOUR AND FEED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Feb1904; H41857.\n  THE FLOWER GIRL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 21Apr1908; H109581.\n  THE FLOWER GIRL OF PARIS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 9Dec1908;\n  FLUFFY RUFFLES. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Aug1908; H114299.\n  FLY PAPER, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 18July1908; H113616\u2013113618.\n  THE FLYING CIRCUS, parts 1\u20134. \u00a9 Nordisk Films Co.; 1c 4May1912;\n  FLYING TRAIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903; H30736.\n  A FLYING WEDGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4Apr1903; H30177.\n  FOLLOW THE LEADER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23Feb1901; H1403.\n  A FOOL AND HIS MONEY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Mar1908; H107540.\n  A FOOL AND HIS MONEY ARE SOON PARTED; or, THE PRODIGAL SON UP-TO-DATE.\n    \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 22May1908; H110862.\n  A FOOL FOR LUCK, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 26Oct1908; H117482\u201385.\n  FOOLS OF FATE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 7Oct1909; J132811.\n  A FOOL\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Mar1909;\n  A FOOL\u2019S REVENGE. SEE The Duke\u2019s Jester.\n  FOOTBALL GAME: WEST POINT VS. ANNAPOLIS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  A FOOTBALL WARRIOR, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 30Oct1908;\n  THE FOOTLIGHTS ON THE FARM, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 27Sept1910;\n  FOR A WIFE\u2019S HONOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Aug1908;\n  FOR HER COUNTRY\u2019S SAKE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29Apr1909;\n  FOR HER SAKE; or, TWO SAILORS AND A GIRL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  FOR HER SISTER\u2019S SAKE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 12Apr1910;\n  FOR HER SWEETHEART\u2019S SAKE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10Aug1909;\n  FOR HE\u2019S A JOLLY GOOD FELLOW. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  FOR HIS SISTER\u2019S SIN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18Sept1908; H115822.\n  FOR HIS SON. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22Jan1912; J165127.\n  FOR LOVE OF GOLD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Aug1908;\n  FOR SALE\u2014A BABY. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 3Nov1909; J133581.\n  FOR THE CAUSE OF SUFFRAGE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 13Oct1909; J133027.\n  FOR THE CAUSE OF THE SOUTH, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  FOR THE COMMONWEALTH, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 15Mar1912;\n  FOR THE QUEEN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 13Sept1911;\n  FOR VALOUR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 12July1912;\n  THE FORBIDDEN CITY, PEKIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FORDING THE RIVER NILE ON DONKEYS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11June1903;\n  THE FORECASTLE OF THE \u201cKEARSARGE\u201d IN A HEAVY SEA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  FORECASTLE TOM. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Feb1909; H122574.\n  A FORESTER MADE KING. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 20Nov1907; H102683.\n  THE FORESTER\u2019S REMEDY. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 29July1908; H113976.\n  THE FORGED WILL. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Aug1908; H114303.\n  FORGIVEN; or, FATHER AND SON. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  FORGIVEN: A YOUNG LADY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FORGOTTEN UMBRELLA: I MUST HURRY TO THE OFFICE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THE FORGOTTEN WATCH. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18Nov1908; H118458.\n  FORTUNE AND MISFORTUNE. SEE The Diamond Maker.\n  THE FORTUNE FAVORS THE BRAVE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 1Dec1909; J135016.\n  THE FORTUNE TELLER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 26June1907; H95576.\n  FORTUNE\u2019S FOOL, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24May1910; J141777\u201379.\n  48TH HIGHLANDERS REGIMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FORTY WINKS; or, A STRENUOUS DREAM. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE FOSTER MOTHER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Apr1902;\n  FOUGERE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7June1902; H18745.\n  FOUL PLAY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 15Dec1906; H86514.\n  FOUL PLAY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 6Oct1911.\n  THE FOUNDLING. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 23Oct1907; H101549.\n  THE FOUNDLING\u2014A DRESSING ROOM WAIF. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 20Aug1907;\n  FOUR BEAUTIFUL PAIRS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Feb1904;\n  THE FOUR SEASONS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2Feb1904;\n  THE 14TH SIKHS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Apr1902;\n  14TH U. S. INFANTRY DRILLING AT THE PRESIDIO [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38217.\n  THE FOURTH GHORKHAS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13Aug1903;\n  THE FOX HUNT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Oct1906; H83896.\n  THE FOX HUNT, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16Nov1909; J135208\u20139.\n  FOXY GRANDPA AND POLLY IN A LITTLE HILARITY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  FOXY GRANDPA SHOWS THE BOYS A TRICK OR TWO WITH THE TRAMP. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23May1902; H18033.\n  FOXY GRANDPA TELLS THE BOYS A FUNNY STORY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  FOXY GRANDPA THUMB BOOK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FRANCESCA DI RIMINI; or, THE TWO BROTHERS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  FRANK J. GOULD\u2019S DOGS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Feb1903;\n  FRANKENSTEIN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 18Mar1910; J139349\u201352.\n  FRANKENSTEIN\u2019S TRESTLE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FRAZER CA\u00d1ON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21May1902; H17966.\n  FREE ARM MOVEMENT, ALL SCHOOLS, MISSOURI COMMISSION. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7May1904; H45456.\n  FREE-FOR-ALL RACE AT CHARTER OAK PARK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31July1897;\n  FREE SHOW ON THE BEACH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FREEZING AUNTIE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 5Jan1912;\n  FREIGHT TRAIN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Mar1898; 16428.\n  FRENCH ACROBATIC DANCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FRENCH COPS LEARNING ENGLISH. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 26Aug1908; H115113.\n  THE FRENCH DUEL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 18May1909; H127177.\n  THE FRESH AIR FIEND; or, HOW HE WAS CURED. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE FRESH LOVER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8May1902;\n  FRIDAY, THE 13TH; or, JUST LIKE THE GAYTONS, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  A FRIEND IN NEED IS A FRIEND INDEED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  A FRIEND IN NEED IS A FRIEND INDEED. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  A FRIEND IN THE ENEMY\u2019S CAMP. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE FRIEND OF THE FAMILY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 16July1909; J129548.\n  FROLICS ON THE BEACH AT CONEY ISLAND. SEE Buried Alive.\n  FROM SHOW GIRL TO BURLESQUE QUEEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  FROM THE ARCTICS TO THE TROPICS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.;\n  FROM TYRANNY TO LIBERTY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 30Aug1910;\n  A FRONTIER FLIRTATION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1Oct1903;\n  A FRONTIER HERO, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 22July1910;\n  FRUIT GROWING, GRAND VALLEY, COLORADO, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  THE FUGITIVE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 14Nov1910; J147671.\n  THE FUGITIVE APPARITIONS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 23Feb1904; H42525.\n  FULL RIGGED SHIP AT SEA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FUN IN A BAKERY SHOP. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Apr1902; H15916.\n  FUN IN A BUTCHER SHOP. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6May1901; H4089.\n  FUN IN A CHINESE LAUNDRY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 11Mar1901; H1860.\n  FUN IN A FOTOGRAF GALLERY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 1Feb1907;\n  FUN IN CAMP. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Nov1899; 77518.\n  FUN IN PHOTOGRAPH GALLERY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FUN ON A SAND HILL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4Apr1903;\n  FUN ON THE FARM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28Oct1905; H67999.\n  FUN ON THE JOY LINE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Sept1905;\n  FUN WITH THE BRIDAL PARTY. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 10Sept1908; H115493.\n  FUNERAL LEAVING THE PRESIDENT\u2019S HOUSE AND CHURCH AT CANTON, OHIO\n    [President William McKinley]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Sept1901; H9015.\n  FUNERAL OF HIRAM CRONK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A FUNERAL THAT FLASHED IN THE PAN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  FUNNY EPISODES IN A STREET CAR. SEE All Aboard!\n  THE FURNISHED ROOM HOUSE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  FURNISHED ROOMS TO LET, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 13Aug1909;\n  THE FURS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13May1912; J169193.\n  FUSS AND FEATHERS, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 5May1909;\n  FUTURITY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17Sept1902; H21776.\n  A GALLANT KNIGHT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 7May1908; H110272.\n  GALLEGHER, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Apr1910; J141051\u2013055.\n  THE GALLEY SLAVE; from Victor Hugo\u2019s famous novel, Les Miserables. \u00a9\n    The Vitagraph Co. of America; 4Sept1909; J131320.\n  GALVANIC FLUID; or, MORE FUN WITH LIQUID ELECTRICITY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  THE GAMBLER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 12May1908; H110465.\n  THE GAMBLER\u2019S LIFE AND END. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28Dec1904; H54969.\n  GAMBLING EXPOSED. SEE The Evil Art.\n  GAME OF CHESS. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75815.\n  A GAME OF CHESS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1Feb1909; H122287.\n  A GAME OF GRAFT. SEE Please Help the Blind.\n  A GAME OF HEARTS. SEE Cupid\u2019s Realm.\n  GAME OF SHOVEL BOARD ON BOARD S. S. \u201cDORIC.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  GANS-NELSON CONTEST, GOLDFIELD, NEVADA, SEPTEMBER 3RD, 1906. \u00a9 Miles\n  GANS-NELSON FIGHT. SEE Impersonation of Gans-Nelson Fight.\n  GAP ENTRANCE TO ROCKY MOUNTAINS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE GARDENER\u2019S LADDER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11Jan1911;\n  THE \u2019GATER AND THE PICKANINNY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE GATEWAY TO THE CATSKILLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  GATLING GUN CREW IN ACTION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18Dec1897; 71218.\n  A GAY OLD BOY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Jan1903; H27380.\n  A GAY OLD BOY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 21Aug1907; H98646.\n  THE GAY SHOE CLERK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Aug1903; H34389.\n  GEISHA GIRLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Mar1903; H29164.\n  GENERAL CHAFFEE IN PEKIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  GENERAL CRONJE & MYSTIC SHRINERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  GENERAL LEE\u2019S PROCESSION, HAVANA [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  A GENERAL MISUNDERSTANDING. SEE A Bachelor\u2019s Baby.\n  GENERAL PORTER\u2019S ORATION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8May1897; 28524.\n  GEN\u2019L SIR HERBERT KITCHENER, no. 85\u201388. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  GENERAL WHEELER AND SECRETARY ALGER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  GENEROSITY REWARDED. SEE The Kind-Hearted Bootblack.\n  THE GENII OF FIRE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 18Feb1908; H106318.\n  THE GENTLEMAN BURGLAR, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 15May1908;\n  THE GENTLEMEN HIGHWAYMEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE GEORGETOWN LOOP [Railroad from Georgetown to Silver Plume,\n    Colorado]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4June1903; H32383.\n  A GEORGIA POSSUM HUNT. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Jan1910; J137952.\n  A GEORGIA WEDDING. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 31July1909;\n  GERMAN AND AMERICAN TABLEAU [The Visit of Prince Henry of Prussia to\n    America]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Mar1902; H14870.\n  GERMAN RAILWAY SERVICE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  GERMAN TORPEDO BOAT IN ACTION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE GERRY SOCIETY\u2019S MISTAKE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A GESTURE FIGHT IN HESTER STREET. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  GET ME A STEPLADDER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 9July1908;\n  GET THE HOOK. SEE Amateur Night.\n  GETTING EVEN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 14Sept1909; J131612.\n  GETTING EVIDENCE, scenes 1\u201312. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Oct1906;\n  GETTING OFF TROLLEY AT ATLANTIC CITY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  GETTING READY TO ENTERTAIN HARVESTERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  GETTING STRONG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2Feb1904; H41750.\n  GETTING UP IN THE WORLD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE GHOST. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 24July1911; J158071.\n  THE GHOST STORY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 7Sept1907; H99154.\n  THE GHOST TRAIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Feb1903;\n  THE GHOST\u2019S WARNING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 17Nov1911;\n  GIANT COAL DUMPER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31July1897; 43407.\n  THE GIBSON GODDESS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 1Nov1909; J134044.\n  THE GIDDY DANCING MASTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A GIFT FROM SANTA CLAUS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 17Dec1909;\n  THE GIFT OF YOUTH; a fairy story. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE GIRL ACROSS THE WAY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Mar1908; H107126.\n  THE GIRL AND HER TRUST. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 28Mar1912; J167566.\n  THE GIRL AND THE CAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Feb1904;\n  THE GIRL AND THE HALF BACK. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.;\n      On same reel with Chinese Cruiser Hai Chi.\n  THE GIRL AND THE MOTOR BOAT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE GIRL AND THE OUTLAW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE GIRL AT THE KEY, scene 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 22June1912;\n  THE GIRL AT THE WINDOW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE GIRL BEHIND THE COUNTER, no. 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 27Oct1911;\n  THE GIRL FROM MONTANA. \u00a9 William N. Selig; 14Mar1907; H91440.\n  THE GIRL FROM THE COUNTRY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  GIRLS\u2019 ACROBATIC FEATS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE GIRLS AND DADDY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Feb1909;\n  THE GIRLS AND THE BURGLAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE GIRLS BEHIND THE SCENES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  GIRLS DANCING CAN-CAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  GIRLS JUMPING THE ROPE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  GIRLS PLAYING SEE-SAW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  GIRLS SWINGING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  GIRLS TAKING TIME CHECKS, WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 6May1904; H45400.\n  THE GIRLS, THE BURGLAR, AND THE RAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  GIRLS WINDING ARMATURES [Westinghouse Works]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  GLACIER POINT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Feb1903; H28546.\n  GLASS COFFIN; or, THE CRYSTAL CASKET. \u00a9 Eclair Film Co.; 1c 20Mar1912;\n  THE \u201cGLEN ISLAND,\u201d ACCOMPANYING PARADE [Spanish-American War; New York\n    City Welcome to Admiral Sampson\u2019s Fleet after Battle of Santiago\n    Bay]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52056.\n  GLIMPSES OF YELLOWSTONE PARK. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 9Sept1909; J132440.\n  GLOOMY GUS GETS THE BEST OF IT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  GOD SAVE THE KING [King Edward VII, England]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 5Feb1901; H1056.\n  THE GODDESS OF SAGEBRUSH GULCH. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 23Mar1912; J167455.\n  THE GOEBEL TRAGEDY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 11Jan1908; H105055.\n  GOING THROUGH THE TUNNEL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13533.\n  GOING TO MARKET, LUXOR, EGYPT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17June1903; H32807.\n  GOING TO THE HUNT, MEADOWBROOK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  GOING TO THE YOKOHAMA RACES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38223.\n  THE GOLD DUST TWINS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4June1903;\n  GOLD IS NOT ALL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1Apr1910; J139986.\n  A GOLD NECKLACE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8Oct1910; J146227.\n  THE GOLD SEEKERS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5May1910; J141120.\n  THE GOLDEN CHARIOTS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18Apr1902; H16716.\n  A GOLDEN LIE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 8Apr1909; H125495.\n  GOLDEN LOUIS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17Feb1909; H123059.\n  THE GOLDEN SUPPER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Dec1910; J148744.\n  THE GONDOLIER\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10Oct1908; H116790.\n  GOO GOO EYES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Jan1903; H26889.\n  A GOOD BOY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 4May1908; H110103.\n  GOOD GLUE STICKS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 25Oct1907; H102222.\n  A GOOD JOKE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1July1901; H5692.\n  A GOOD JOKE WITH MY HEAD. SEE Tit for Tat.\n  THE GOOD LUCK OF A SOUSE. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 15Jan1908; H105105.\n  GOOD NIGHT. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75817.\n  THE GOOD SAMARITANS. SEE A Child\u2019s Prayer.\n  A GOOD SHOT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Apr1902; H16380.\n  A GOOD SHOT: THE KIDS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Dec1904;\n  A GOOD TIME WITH THE ORGAN GRINDER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  GOODBYE JOHN. 70 mm. \u00a9 Winthrop Moving Picture Co.; 24May1907; H94484.\n  THE GOODFELLOW\u2019S CHRISTMAS EVE, A-H. \u00a9 Essanay Film Mfg. Co.;\n  GOODY, GOODY TWO SHOES. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1May1903; H31301.\n  GORDON SISTERS BOXING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6May1901; H4083.\n  THE GOSSIPERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Jan1906; H71529.\n  GOT A MATCH? \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Feb1912; J166564.\n  GOVERNMENT HOUSE AT HONG KONG. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38233.\n  THE GOVERNOR, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 17Sept1912;\n  GOVERNOR COOK AND STAFF, CONNECTICUT [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 8May1897; 28516.\n  GOVERNOR OF OHIO AND STAFF [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  GOVERNOR ROOSEVELT AND STAFF. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  GOVERNOR ROOSEVELT AND STAFF [Spanish-American War; Dewey Homecoming,\n    New York City]. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison; 7Oct1899; 65370.\n  GOVERNOR\u2019S FOOT GUARDS, CONN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  GRACE CHURCH, NEW YORK. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison; 21Apr1897; 24891.\n  GRAND HOTEL TO BIG INDIAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE GRANDFATHER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 21Sept1912;\n  GRANDFATHER AS A SPOOK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  GRANDMA AND THE BAD BOYS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Dec1900; D23260.\n  A GRANDMOTHER\u2019S STORY. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 10Sept1908; H115492.\n  GRANDPA\u2019S READING GLASS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  \u201cGRANDREPUBLIC\u201d PASSING \u201cCOLUMBIA.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  GRANT VETERANS\u2014G. A. R. [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  GRANT\u2019S TOMB. \u00a9 The Winthrop Moving Picture Co.; 3June1907; H94781.\n  GRATITUDE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 9June1908; H111581.\n  GREASER\u2019S GAUNTLET. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Aug1908;\n  THE GREAT BALL GAME BETWEEN THE EAST AND WEST, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison\n  GREAT BALTIMORE FIRE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15Feb1904;\n  GREAT BULL FIGHT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 2Apr1902; H15912.\n  THE GREAT FIRE RUINS, CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Nov1903;\n  A GREAT GAME, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 22Oct1909; J133986\u201388.\n  THE GREAT JEWEL MYSTERY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE GREAT JEWEL ROBBERY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 17Mar1908; H107630.\n  THE GREAT MAIL ROBBERY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3July1906; H80177.\n  THE GREAT MINE DISASTER. SEE The Land of Darkness.\n  THE GREAT SECRET, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 13Sept1910;\n  THE GREAT TORONTO FIRE, TORONTO, CANADA, APRIL 19, 1904. \u00a9 George\n  GREAT TRAIN ROBBERY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 27June1904; H47533.\n  THE GREAT TRAIN ROBBERY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Dec1903; H38748.\n  A GREAT WRONG RIGHTED. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 17June1909; H128497.\n  THE GREATER LOVE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 29Nov1910;\n  THE GREEN-EYED MONSTER, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE GREEN GOODS MAN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 4Dec1905; H69349.\n  GRIN AND WIN; or, CONVERTED BY A BILLIKEN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE GROTTO OF SURPRISES. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 29Dec1904; H55065.\n  THE GROUCH, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 24July1912;\n  GUARD MOUNT, FT. MYER [Va.]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Feb1897; 10693.\n  A GUARDIAN OF THE PEACE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE GUARDING ANGEL. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Feb1909; H122979.\n  THE GUERRILLA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1908;\n  A GUILTY CONSCIENCE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 30June1908;\n  THE GUILTY PARTY, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 4May1912;\n  GULLIVER\u2019S TRAVELS. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 28Apr1903; H31234.\n  GUN DRILL BY NAVAL CADETS AT NEWPORT [R. I., NAVAL] TRAINING SCHOOL. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 22Nov1900; D22021.\n  GYMNASIUM EXERCISES AND DRILL AT NEWPORT [R. I., NAVAL] TRAINING\n    SCHOOL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22Nov1900; D22022.\n  A GYPSY DUEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Aug1903; H34098.\n  GYPSY\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 26June1907; H95575.\n  THE GYPSY\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 11Aug1908;\n  THE GYPSY\u2019S WARNING. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 27Sept1907;\n  THE HAIR RESTORER AND THE INDIANS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison,\n  THE HAIRDRESSER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22May1903;\n  HALLOWEEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 30Oct1905; H68125.\n  HALLOWEEN NIGHT AT THE SEMINARY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Feb1904;\n  HAMLET. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 15Oct1907; H101151.\n  HAMMOCK OVER WATER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21Sept1903;\n  THE HAND OF FATE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 7May1908; H110271.\n  HANGING STOCKINGS CHRISTMAS EVE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HANK AND LANK. \u00a9 Essanay Film Mfg. Co.; 20Aug1910; J144664.\n  HANSEL AND GRETEL, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 15Oct1909;\n  A HAPPY ACCIDENT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 21Dec1909;\n  HAPPY FAMILY, no. 99. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9242.\n  HAPPY HOOLIGAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20June1903;\n  HAPPY HOOLIGAN AND HIS AIRSHIP. SEE The Twentieth Century Tramp.\n  HAPPY HOOLIGAN APRIL-FOOLED. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6Apr1901; H3107.\n  HAPPY HOOLIGAN IN A TRAP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HAPPY HOOLIGAN SURPRISED. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6Apr1901; H3108.\n  HAPPY HOOLIGAN TURNS BURGLAR. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Jan1902; H13157.\n  HAPPY HOOLIGAN\u2019S INTERRUPTED LUNCH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  HAPPY JACK, A HERO. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10Dec1910; J148649.\n  THE HARBINGER OF PEACE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  HARD TO BEAT, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 25Mar1909; H124847\u201351.\n  A HARD WASH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Jan1903; H26945.\n  A HARD WASH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896; 68803.\n  HARLEM FLATS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18June1908; H112075.\n  HARRY THOMPSON\u2019S IMMITATIONS [i.e. IMITATIONS] OF SOUSA. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  HARVARD-PENNSYLVANIA FOOTBALL GAME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE HAT OF FORTUNE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Sept1908; H115288.\n  HAULING A SHAD NET. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14June1902;\n  HAULING SUGAR CANE, KOHALA PLANTATION, HAWAII. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  HAUNTED HAT. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 29July1909; J131733.\n  THE HAUNTED HOTEL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 21Feb1907; H90641.\n  THE HAUNTED HOUSE. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 4Sept1911;\n  THE HAUNTED HOUSE. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 15Aug1899; 52379.\n  THE HAUNTED SENTINEL TOWER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  HAVE A LIGHT, SIR. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 22May1906; H78023.\n  HAVE YOU SEEN MY WIFE? \u00a9 S. Lubin; 11Jan1908; H105053.\n  HAVERSTRAW TUNNEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  HAWAIIANS ARRIVING TO ATTEND A LUAU OR NATIVE FEAST. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  HAWAIIANS DEPARTING TO ATTEND A LUAU OR NATIVE FEAST. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE HAZERS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 9Dec1908; H119441.\n  \u201cHE COMETH NOT,\u201d SHE SAID. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HE COULDN\u2019T DANCE, BUT HE LEARNED. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  HE COULDN\u2019T GO HOME UNTIL MORNING. SEE A Night Out.\n  HE FORGOT HIS UMBRELLA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HE GOT HIS HAT. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 20Jan1905; H56273.\n  HE GOT INTO THE WRONG BATH HOUSE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HE GOT SOAP IN HIS EYES. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 19May1908;\n  HE LOVES ME, HE LOVES ME NOT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HE TRIED ON HANDCUFFS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 7Sept1909;\n  HE TRIES THE FIRE ESCAPE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HE WENT TO SEE THE DEVIL PLAY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  HE WOULDN\u2019T GO UNDER A LADDER, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  HEAD-ON COLLISION AT BRIGHTON BEACH RACE TRACK, JULY 4TH, 1906. \u00a9\n  HEARD OVER THE PHONE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 4Sept1908;\n  THE HEART OF A CLOWN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 30Nov1909;\n  THE HEART OF A GYPSY. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 25July1912; J171836.\n  THE HEART OF A SAVAGE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 6Mar1911; J152909.\n  THE HEART OF NICHETTE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 8Dec1911;\n  HEART OF OYAMA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Sept1908;\n  THE HEART OF THE ROSE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 5Apr1910;\n  HEARTBEATS OF LONG AGO. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 6Feb1911; J151842.\n  HEARTS AND DIAMONDS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 20Sept1912;\n  HEARTS AND FLAGS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 26May1911;\n  THE HEATHEN CHINESE AND THE SUNDAY SCHOOL TEACHERS. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Jan1904; H40721.\n  HEATING POWER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Sept1908; H115285.\n  HEAVEN AVENGES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 23July1912; J171535.\n  THE HEAVENLY TWINS AT LUNCH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Oct1903; H36780.\n  THE HEAVENLY TWINS AT ODDS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Oct1903; H36781.\n  HEAVING THE LOG. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Apr1898; 25334.\n  THE HEBREW FUGITIVE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 29July1908; H113993.\n  THE HEIR APPARENT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 8Mar1912;\n  HELD FOR RANSOM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18June1908; H112076.\n  HELD FOR RANSOM. SEE The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.\n  HELEN\u2019S MARRIAGE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22May1912; J169461.\n  HELP! HELP! \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10Apr1912; J168044.\n  HELP! POLICE! \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Mar1909; H123651.\n  HELP WANTED. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 16Jan1911; J150815.\n  THE HELPING HAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17Dec1908;\n  THE HELPING HAND. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 10Sept1908; H115489.\n  THE HELPING HAND. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 5Feb1912; J165941.\n  HELPING JOHN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 28Aug1912;\n  HENPECKED IKE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 18May1912; J169378.\n  HER BIRTHDAY. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 9Dec1911; J163356.\n      On same reel with Interscholastic Run.\n  HER BROTHER\u2019S PHOTOGRAPH, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  HER FACE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 19Mar1912; J167610\u201312.\n  HER FACE WAS HER FORTUNE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 13Sept1909; J132447.\n  HER FATHER\u2019S PRIDE. \u00a9 The Biograph Co.; 1c 6Aug1910; J144012.\n  HER FIRST ADVENTURE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13Mar1908;\n  HER FIRST APPEARANCE, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 15Apr1910;\n  HER FIRST BISCUITS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 12June1909; H128254.\n  HER FIRST CIGARETTE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Jan1903;\n  HER FIRST COMMISSION, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 10Feb1911;\n  HER MORNING EXERCISE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  HER MOTHER INTERFERES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25Nov1911; J163176.\n  HER NEW PARTY GOWN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Dec1903;\n  HER NEWSBOY FRIEND. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 15Sept1908;\n  HER PET. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Dec1911; J163667.\n  HER POLISHED FAMILY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 13Mar1912;\n  HER SACRIFICE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 28June1911; J157124.\n  HER TERRIBLE ORDEAL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13Jan1910; J137169.\n  HER WEDDING RING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 14Oct1911;\n  HERD OF CATTLE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12June1902;\n  HERD OF SHEEP ON THE ROAD TO JERUSALEM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  HERDING HORSES ACROSS A RIVER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18May1904; H46142.\n  HERE HE IS, IN JAIL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904;\n  HERE\u2019S TO THE PRETTIEST. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75811.\n  THE HERO. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 15Apr1907; H92665.\n  THE HERO OF LIAO YANG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HEROES THREE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 14June1911;\n  THE HEROINE OF THE FORGE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Dec1908;\n  THE HESSIAN RENEGADES. SEE 1776.\n  HICKERY, DICKERY DOCK. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 1May1903; H31310.\n  THE HIGH COST OF LIVING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  HIGH DIVING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Sept1902; H21511.\n  HIGH DIVING BY A. C. HOLDEN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20June1900; D12834.\n  HIGH SCHOOL FIELD EXERCISES, MISSOURI COMMISSION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  HIGHWAY ROBBERY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 23Jan1905; H56142.\n  THE HILARIOUS POSTERS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 28Mar1906; H75045.\n  THE HINDOO DAGGER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17Feb1909;\n  HINDOO FAKIR. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15Feb1902; H14252.\n  THE HINDU\u2019S PRIZE. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 8Aug1912; J171891.\n  HIPPODROME RACES, DREAMLAND, CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  HIRING A GIRL. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5June1909; H128025.\n  HIS DAUGHTER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25Feb1911; J152549.\n  HIS DAUGHTER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 13Feb1912;\n  HIS DAY OF REST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9May1908;\n  HIS DRESS SHIRT. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 30Oct1911; J162088.\n      On same reel with A Few Minutes With Steeplejack Lindholm.\n  HIS DUTY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 28May1909; H127701.\n  HIS FIRST GIRL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 21Apr1909; H126019.\n  HIS FIRST RIDE. \u00a9 Wm. N. Selig; 29Mar1907; H92120.\n  HIS FIRST TRIP, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 16Aug1911;\n  HIS FIRST VALENTINE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11Mar1910;\n  HIS HOLINESS, LEO XIII IN THE GARDENS OF THE VATICAN, BEING\n    PHOTOGRAPHED BY THE AMERICAN BIOGRAPH CAMERA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  H. H. POPE LEO [XIII] IN CHAIR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HIS JUST DESERTS, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 4Feb1910; J138043\u201345.\n  HIS LAST BURGLARY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 26Feb1910; J138678.\n  HIS LAST DOLLAR. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 4Apr1910; J140314.\n  HIS LESSON. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 16May1912; J169289.\n  HIS LITTLE GIRL. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 17June1909; H128499.\n  HIS LOST LOVE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 19Oct1909; J133276.\n  HIS MADONNA. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 26July1912; J171729.\n  HIS MASTERPIECE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26Feb1903;\n  HIS MASTERPIECE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 12Nov1909; J134773\u201376.\n  HIS MESSAGE. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 25June1912; J170424.\n  HIS MISJUDGMENT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 23June1911;\n  HIS MOTHER\u2019S SCARF. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 26Apr1911; J154757.\n  HIS MOTHER\u2019S THANKSGIVING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 22Nov1910;\n  HIS MOVE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Sept1905; H65318.\n  HIS NAME WAS MUD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Feb1903;\n  HIS NEMESIS. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co.; 19July1912; J171460.\n  HIS NEW FAMILY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16Aug1910; J145123\u201326.\n  HIS NEW LID. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 26Nov1910; J148146.\n  HIS NEW WIFE. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 1Jan1912; J163922.\n  HIS OTHER SELF. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 29June1912; J170641.\n  HIS OWN FAULT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 23July1912; J171533.\n  HIS PARTNER\u2019S SHARE. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 3Aug1912; J171892.\n  HIS PUNISHMENT. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 18June1912; J170267.\n  HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 28Aug1911;\n      On same reel with Views of Hot Springs, Ark.\n  H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES DECORATING THE MONUMENT OF CHAMPLAIN AND\n    RECEIVING ADDRESSES OF WELCOME FROM THE MAYOR OF QUEBEC, THE\n    GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA AND VICE-PRESIDENT FAIRBANKS,\n    REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNITED STATES. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES VIEWING THE GRAND MILITARY REVIEW ON THE\n    PLAINS OF ABRAHAM, QUEBEC. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 3Aug1908;\n  HIS SECRETARY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 2Feb1912;\n  HIS SISTER-IN-LAW. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Dec1910; J149038.\n  HIS TRUST. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 19Jan1911; J150968.\n  HIS TRUST FULFILLED. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 24Jan1911; J151126.\n  HIS WARD\u2019S LOVE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13Feb1909;\n  HIS WEEK\u2019S WAGES; or, WHERE\u2019S THAT QUARTER? \u00a9 S. Lubin; 20Jan1908;\n  HIS WIFE\u2019S MOTHER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1Mar1909;\n  HIS WIFE\u2019S SWEETHEARTS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Jan1911; J150108.\n  HIS WIFE\u2019S VISITOR. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 19Aug1909; J130779.\n  HIS YOUNG FRIENDS ARRIVE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  AN HISTORIC FEAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Apr1902;\n  HISTORICAL PARADE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10Oct1908; H116795.\n  HISTORY REPEATS ITSELF, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 10May1910;\n  HOBO\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 30Oct1908; H117626.\n  HOBO\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1Aug1908; H114116.\n  HOCKEY MATCH ON THE ICE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13572.\n  HOGAN\u2019S ALLEY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 14Feb1912;\n  THE HOLD-UP, HELD UP, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7June1909;\n  HOLD UP IN A COUNTRY GROCERY STORE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 29Apr1904;\n  THE HOLD-UP OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN EXPRESS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  HOLDING THE FORT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 14Aug1912;\n  HOLLAND SUBMARINE BOAT TESTS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE HOLY CITY, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 21July1912;\n  HOME, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 24Nov1911; J162745\u201348.\n  A HOME AT LAST. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 11Mar1909; H123859.\n  THE HOME-MADE TURKISH BATH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE HOME OF THE SEAL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11Jan1911;\n  HOME STRIKE BREAKERS. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 9Mar1912; J167084.\n  HOMEFOLKS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10June1912; J170147.\n  HOMELESS, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 18Apr1912; J168436\u201338.\n  THE HOMER\u2019S ODYSSEY; or, THE ADVENTURES OF ULYSSES, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9\n  HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 18June1908;\n  THE HONEYMOON AT NIAGARA FALLS, scenes 1\u201311. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  HONEYMOON IN A BALLOON. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 10Oct1908; H116787.\n  HONG KONG REGIMENT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  HONG KONG, WHARF-SCENE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38247.\n  HONOLULU STREET SCENE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38226.\n  THE HONOR OF HIS FAMILY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 26Jan1910; J137729.\n  THE HONOR OF THE SLUMS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 13Feb1909;\n  THE HONOR OF THIEVES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2Jan1909;\n  THE HONORABLE ARTILLERY COMPANY OF LONDON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 8Oct1903; H36632.\n  THE HOODOO AUTOMOBILE. SEE License No. 13.\n  HOOLIGAN AS A SAFE ROBBER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HOOLIGAN ASSISTS THE MAGICIAN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Nov1900; D21658.\n  HOOLIGAN IN JAIL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Oct1903;\n  HOOLIGAN TO THE RESCUE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Oct1903;\n  HOOLIGAN\u2019S CHRISTMAS DREAM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HOOLIGAN\u2019S ROLLER SKATES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HOOLIGAN\u2019S THANKSGIVING DINNER (Thumb Book). \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THE HOOP AND THE LOVERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE HOOPSKIRT AND THE NARROW DOOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE HORRORS OF WAR. SEE The Patriot.\n  HORSE DANCING COUCHEE COUCHEE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8May1897; 28526.\n  THE HORSE MARKET. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8July1903;\n  A HORSE OF ANOTHER COLOR. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 17May1907;\n  HORSE PARADE AT THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE HORSE THIEF. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13Sept1905;\n  HORSES DRAWING IN SEINE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HORSES DRAWING SALMON SEINE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HORSES LOADING FOR KLONDIKE, no. 9 [Alaska Gold Rush]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  HORSESHOE FALLS\u2014FROM LUNA ISLE [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  HORSESHOE FALLS\u2014FROM TABLE ROCK [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  HORSEWHIPPING THE EDITOR: THE EDITOR AT WORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  HORTICULTURAL FLOATS, no. 9. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13530.\n  HOT MEALS AT ALL HOURS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HOT MUTTON PIES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Sept1902;\n  HOT STUFF. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 21Mar1912; J167393.\n  A HOT TIME AT HOME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2Feb1904.\n  HOTEL DEL MONTE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60586.\n  HOTEL VENDOME, SAN JOSE, CAL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60584.\n  HOUSE CLEANING DAYS; or, NO REST FOR THE WEARY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE HOUSE NEXT DOOR. SEE The Treasure.\n  HOUSE OF CARDS, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 10Dec1909; J135937\u201341.\n  THE HOUSE OF TERROR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6July1908; H112820.\n  THE HOUSE OF THE SEVEN GABLES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  THE HOUSE OF TOO MUCH TROUBLE. SEE The Flat Dwellers.\n  THE HOUSE ON THE BRIDGE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 30Oct1908; H117629.\n  THE HOUSE ON THE HILL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14June1910;\n  THE HOUSE THAT JACK BUILT. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 15Apr1909; H125803.\n  HOUSE TO LET; or, THE NEW TENANTS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE HOUSE WITH CLOSED SHUTTERS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 11Aug1910; J144163.\n  THE HOUSE WITH THE TALL PORCH, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  HOW A FRENCH NOBLEMAN GOT A WIFE THROUGH THE NEW YORK HERALD PERSONAL\n    COLUMNS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 26Aug1904; H49524.\n  HOW A PRETTY GIRL SOLD HER HAIR RESTORER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Sept1908;\n  HOW BELLA WAS WON, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 10Mar1911;\n  HOW BOBBY JOINED THE CIRCUS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  HOW BRIDGET MADE THE FIRE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HOW BRIDGET\u2019S LOVER ESCAPED. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 26Apr1907; H93043.\n  HOW BROWN GOT MARRIED. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Aug1909; J133964.\n  HOW BUMPTIOUS PAPERED THE PARLOR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  HOW BUTTONS GOT EVEN WITH THE BUTLER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  HOW CHARLIE LOST THE HEIRESS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HOW DUCKS ARE FATTENED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HOW FATHER ACCOMPLISHED HIS WORK, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  HOW HAPPY JACK GOT A MEAL. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Dec1908; H119728.\n  HOW HE WAS CURED. SEE The Fresh Air Fiend.\n  HOW HUBBY GOT A RAISE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8Oct1910; J146226.\n  HOW JONES LOST HIS ROLL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Mar1905.\n      Jones Meets Skinflint. H58567.\n      Skinflint treats Jones. H58568.\n      Skinflint\u2019s cheap wine. H58569.\n      Invitation to dinner. H58570.\n      Game of cards. H58571.\n      Jones loses. H58572.\n      Jones goes home in barrel. H58573.\n  HOW JONES SAW THE BASEBALL GAME. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 26Oct1907; H101654.\n  HOW JONES SAW THE CARNIVAL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 20Nov1908;\n  HOW LITTLE WILLIE PUT A HEAD ON HIS PA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  HOW MILLIONAIRES SOMETIMES ENTERTAIN ABOARD THEIR YACHTS. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Oct1905; H67107.\n  HOW MR. BUTT-IN BENEFITS BY CHAUNCEY\u2019S MISHAPS. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner;\n  HOW MRS. MURRAY SAVED THE AMERICAN ARMY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  HOW MOTION PICTURES ARE MADE AND SHOWN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  HOW OLD IS ANN? \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; Inc., 15Dec1903; H39575.\n  HOW PATRICK\u2019S EYES WERE OPENED, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  HOW RASTUS GOT HIS PORK CHOPS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Aug1908; H115090.\n  HOW SHE LOVES HIM. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 17Mar1905; H57772.\n  HOW SHE MARRIED. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 15Jan1912; J164477.\n      On same reel with Cotton Industry.\n  HOW SHE TRIUMPHED. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 29Apr1911; J154834.\n  HOW SHORTY WON OUT. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 15June1912; J170268.\n  HOW SIMPKINS DISCOVERED THE NORTH POLE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  HOW SIR ANDREW LOST HIS VOTE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  HOW SPRIGGINS TOOK LODGERS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  HOW THE ATHLETIC LOVER OUTWITTED THE OLD MAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 18July1903; H33541.\n  HOW THE BOYS FOUGHT THE INDIANS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  HOW THE COOK MADE HER MARK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HOW THE DUTCH BEAT THE IRISH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15May1901; H4371.\n  HOW THE HUNGRY MAN WAS FED, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  HOW THE KIDS GOT EVEN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 13Feb1909;\n  HOW THE LANDLORD COLLECTED HIS RENTS, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  HOW THE MASHER WAS PUNISHED. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 4Dec1907; H103308.\n  HOW THE OFFICE BOY SAW THE BALL GAME, scenes 1\u20139. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  HOW THE OLD WOMAN CAUGHT THE OMNIBUS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  HOW THE SQUIRE WAS CAPTURED, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 19Aug1910;\n  HOW THE TELEPHONE CAME TO TOWN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  HOW THE TRAMP GOT THE LUNCH, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  HOW THE YOUNG MAN GOT STUCK AT OCEAN BEACH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 18July1903; H33538.\n  HOW THEY DO THINGS ON THE BOWERY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31Oct1902;\n  HOW THEY FIRED THE BUM, NIT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HOW THEY ROB MEN IN CHICAGO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HOW TIMOTHY ESCAPED. SEE Broke.\n  HOW TO CURE A COLD. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 8June1907; H94972.\n  HOW TO DISPERSE THE CROWD. \u00a9 L. Gaumont & Co.; 18Apr1904; H44522.\n  HOW TOM PAID OFF THE MORTGAGE. SEE The Marathon Race.\n  HOW WASHINGTON CROSSED THE DELAWARE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  HOW WILLIE FIXED HIS DAD. SEE The Truant.\n  HOW WILLIE RAISED TOBACCO, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  HOW WOULD YOU LIKE A WIFE LIKE THIS? \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  HOW\u2019D YOU LIKE TO BE THE ICEMAN? \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HOW\u2019D YOU LIKE TO BE THE ICEMAN: A QUIET HOME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  HUBBY DECIDES TO GO TO THE CLUB. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  HUBBY\u2019S VACATION. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Aug1908; H115091.\n  HULDA\u2019S LOVERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Apr1908;\n  HUMAN APES FROM THE ORIENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE HUMAN HEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896; 68823.\n  HUMANITY THROUGH AGES. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 7Feb1908; H105980.\n  HUMOROUS PHASES OF FUNNY FACES. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE HUNCHBACK. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 31Aug1909; J131158.\n  THE HUNGRY ACTOR. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Aug1909; J132276.\n  HUNTING DOWN A WILD CAT WITH HOUNDS. \u00a9 W. J. Stroud; 1c 9Apr1912;\n  HUNTING THE TEDDY BEAR. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 2June1908; H111273.\n  HURDLE JUMPING AND SADDLE VAULTING. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison; 21Apr1897;\n  HURDLE RACE\u2014HIGH JUMPERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Dec1896; 70075.\n  A HUSBAND\u2019S REVENGE; or, THE POISONED PILLS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  HUSKING BEE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24May1897; 31238\u201339.\n  A HUSTLING SOUBRETTE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Feb1904;\n  HYDE PARK SCHOOL GRADUATING CLASS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  HYDE PARK SCHOOL ROOM 2. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE HYPNOTIC CURE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5June1909; H128026.\n  THE HYPNOTIST\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE HYPNOTIST\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 3Nov1909; J133580.\n  I DID IT, MAMMA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Mar1909;\n  I HAD TO LEAVE A HAPPY HOME FOR YOU. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  I RATHER TWO STEP THAN WALTZ. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 11Jan1908; H105056.\n  I WISH I HAD A GIRL. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 20Jan1912; J164579.\n      On same reel with Flag Of Distress.\n  ICE-BOAT RACING AT REDBANK, N. J. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Mar1901; H1492.\n  ICE BOATING ON SHREWSBURY RIVER. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 24Feb1912; J166789.\n  ICE BOATING ON THE NORTH SHREWSBURY, RED BANK, N. J. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  AN ICE COVERED VESSEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Feb1904;\n  ICE SKATING IN CENTRAL PARK, N. Y. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Jan1904;\n  ICE YACHT RACING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902;\n  ICE YACHTING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  ICEBERGS OFF THE COAST OF LABRADOR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  THE ICONOCLAST. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Oct1910; J146130.\n  IF WM. PENN CAME TO LIFE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 20Nov1907; H102688.\n  IF YOU WANT TO CATCH A BIRD, PUT SALT ON IT\u2019S TAIL. SEE The Salt Did\n  I\u2019LL JUST TRY THE BED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904;\n  I\u2019LL ONLY MARRY A SPORT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 19Jan1909; H121764.\n  ILLUSIONS FANTASMAGORIQUES. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 5Nov1903; H37664.\n  IMMIGRANT\u2019S VIOLIN. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 26Feb1912; J166713.\n  THE IMP OF THE BOTTLE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16Nov1909;\n  THE IMPALEMENT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 31May1910; J141757.\n  AN IMPARTIAL LOVER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2Nov1903;\n  THE IMPERCEPTIBLE TRANSMUTATIONS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 19Apr1904; H44585.\n  IMPERSONATION OF BRITT-NELSON FIGHT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 29Sept1905; H66293.\n  IMPERSONATION OF GANS-NELSON FIGHT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 17Aug1906; H82026.\n  IMPERSONATION OF THE FITZSIMMONS-O\u2019BRIEN FIGHT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 8Nov1905;\n  IMPOSSIBILITIES. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 22Jan1908; H105390.\n  THE IMPOSSIBLE CONVICTS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  AN IMPOSSIBLE VOYAGE, parts 1\u201316. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 12Oct1904; H51545\u201360.\n  IMRO FOX RABBIT TRICK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3546.\n  IN A BOARDING SCHOOL GYM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  IN A GERMAN BATH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4Apr1903;\n  IN A HEMPEN BAG. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Dec1909; J136054.\n  IN A MANICURE PARLOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Sept1902;\n  IN A MASSAGE PARLOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Sept1902;\n  IN A RAINES LAW HOTEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  IN AND AROUND CHICAGO. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 13July1912; J170753,\n  IN AND AROUND HAVANA, CUBA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  IN HER BOUDOIR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Jun1904; H46953.\n  IN HIS FATHER\u2019S STEPS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 6Aug1912;\n  IN LIFE\u2019S CYCLE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 19Sept1910; J145612.\n  IN LITTLE ITALY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 29Dec1909; J136491.\n  IN MY LADY\u2019S BOUDOIR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Aug1903;\n  IN OLD CALIFORNIA. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12Mar1910; J139101.\n  IN OLD KENTUCKY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 14Sept1909; J131613.\n  IN OLD TENNESSEE, scene 1, parts 1 & 2. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.;\n  IN THE BAGGAGE COACH AHEAD, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  IN THE BARBER SHOP. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 24Mar1908; H107868.\n  IN THE BOGIE MAN\u2019S CAVE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 4Jan1908; H104846.\n  IN THE BORDER STATES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Jun1910; J142348.\n  IN THE DAYS OF CHIVALRY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3Jan1911;\n  IN THE DAYS OF \u201949. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10May1911; J155222.\n  IN THE DAYS OF KING GEORGE. SEE A Rustic Heroine.\n  IN THE DAYS OF THE PILGRIMS; a romance of the 15th century in America.\n    \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Aug1908; H115154.\n  IN THE DAYS OF WITCHCRAFT, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 8Apr1909;\n  IN THE DRESSING ROOM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Sept1903;\n  IN THE HANDS OF IMPOSTERS, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 14June1911;\n  IN THE HAUNTS OF RIP VAN WINKLE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  IN THE KINGDOM OF FAIRYLAND. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 24Sept1903; H36145.\n  IN THE LAND OF UPSIDEDOWN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 19Jan1909; H121760.\n  IN THE NICK OF TIME. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Aug1908; H114301.\n  IN THE NICK OF TIME, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 18Jan1910;\n  IN THE NORTHERN WOODS. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 11Jan1912;\n  IN THE SEASON OF BUDS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 6June1910; J142083.\n  IN THE SEWING. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 31July1912; J171728.\n  IN THE SPRINGTIME, GENTLE ANNIE! \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  IN THE TOMBS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Aug1906; H81753.\n  IN THE VALLEY OF THE ESOPUS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  IN THE WATCHES OF THE NIGHT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 27Oct1909; J133855.\n  IN THE WINDOW RECESS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Dec1909; J135516.\n  THE INAUGURATION OF PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  INCIDENT FROM DON QUIXOTE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 10Oct1908; H116785.\n  INCIDENTS OF THE DURBAR, DELHI, INDIA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  INCOMPATIBILITY OF TEMPER. SEE Lonely Gentleman.\n  INDIAN BITTERS; or, THE PATENT MEDICINE MAN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE INDIAN BROTHERS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20July1911; J157874.\n  INDIAN DAY SCHOOL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13560.\n  AN INDIAN LOVE STORY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 14Dec1907;\n  THE INDIAN MASSACRE, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co.;\n  THE INDIAN RUNNER\u2019S ROMANCE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 24Aug1909; J130843.\n  THE INDIAN SORCERER. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 29July1908; H113975.\n  AN INDIAN SUMMER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12July1912; J171149.\n  INDIANA WHITECAPS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902;\n  AN INDIAN\u2019S DEVOTION. SEE Onawandah.\n  THE INDIAN\u2019S FRIENDSHIP. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 24July1907; H97079.\n  AN INDIAN\u2019S HONOR. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29July1908;\n  INDIANS LEAVING BALD MOUNTAIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE INDIAN\u2019S REVENGE; or, OSCEOLA, THE LAST OF THE SEMINOLES. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 14Sept1906; H82756.\n  INDUSTRIAL PARADE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10Oct1908; H116793.\n  THE INFERNAL CALDRON. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 12Oct1903; H36704.\n  THE INFERNAL MACHINE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29Apr1909;\n  INGOMAR, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 19Sept1908; H115944\u201350.\n  THE INGRATE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Nov1908; H118294.\n  THE INHERITANCE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 31May1911;\n  THE INN OF DEATH; an adventure in the Pyrenees Mountains. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 3Nov1908; H117827.\n  THE INN WHERE NO MAN RESTS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 25June1903; H32938.\n  THE INNER CIRCLE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 17Aug1912; J172323.\n  THE INNOCENT BYSTANDER. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5June1909; H128027.\n  AN INNOCENT CONSPIRATOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  AN INNOCENT VICTIM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12June1903;\n  AN INNOCENT VICTIM. SEE Circumstantial Evidence.\n  THE INQUISITIVE BOY; or, UNCLE\u2019S PRESENT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  AN INQUISITIVE GIRL. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Aug1907; H97639.\n  INSANITY; or, THE MADMAN. \u00a9 Eclair Film Co.; 1c 20Mar1912; J167295.\n  INSIDE CAR, SHOWING BAG CATCHER [U.S.P.O.]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 1Oct1903; H36400.\n  INSTALLATION CEREMONIES OF PRESIDENT BUTLER [Columbia University]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902; H23813.\n  INSTRUCTION BY CORRESPONDENCE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE INSURANCE COLLECTOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE INSURANCE SOLICITOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE INSURGENT SENATOR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  AN INTELLIGENT CAMERA, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  INTER-COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION CHAMPIONSHIPS, 1904. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  INTER-COLLEGIATE REGATTA, POUGHKEEPSIE, NEW YORK, 1904. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  INTERIOR CONEY ISLAND CLUB HOUSE, no. 1\u20134. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  INTERIOR N. Y. SUBWAY, 14TH ST. TO 42ND ST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 5June1905; H61570.\n  THE INTERMITTENT ALARM CLOCK. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOBILE RACES, INDIANAPOLIS. \u00a9 William N. Swain; 1c\n  INTERNATIONAL CONTEST FOR THE HEAVYWEIGHT CHAMPIONSHIP: SQUIRES VS.\n    BURNS, OCEAN VIEW, CAL., JULY 4TH, 1907. \u00a9 Miles Bros.; 18July1907;\n  AN INTERNATIONAL HEART-BREAKER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE INTERRUPTED BATHERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22Oct1902; H22833.\n  THE INTERRUPTED BREAKFAST: THE MAID. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  AN INTERRUPTED ELOPEMENT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 17Aug1912; J172320.\n  AN INTERRUPTED FLIRTATION. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 27Oct1904; H52167.\n  AN INTERRUPTED GAME. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Aug1911; J158881.\n  AN INTERRUPTED HONEYMOON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE INTERRUPTED JOY RIDE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 8Apr1909;\n  AN INTERRUPTED KISS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13July1903;\n  INTERRUPTED OUTING. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 20Sept1907; H99883.\n  THE INTERRUPTED PICNIC. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22Oct1902; H22834.\n  INTERSCHOLASTIC RUN. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 9Dec1911;\n      On same reel with Her Birthday.\n  INTO THE HEART OF THE CATSKILLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  INTO THE JAWS OF DEATH, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 15Nov1910;\n  INVENTIONS OF AN IDIOT. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 20Mar1909; H124443.\n  THE INVENTOR\u2019S GALVANIC FLUID. SEE Liquid Electricity.\n  THE INVENTOR\u2019S SECRET. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25Oct1911; J162080.\n  INVISIBLE FLUID. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11June1908;\n  IOLA\u2019S PROMISE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 11Mar1912; J167112.\n  AN IRISH HERO. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10Feb1909; H122797.\n  IRISH REEL. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 6Sept1906; H82614.\n  THE IRON MASTER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Feb1911; J152748\u201351.\n  IS HE ELIGIBLE? scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 10Apr1912;\n  AN ISLAND COMEDY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc; 27Oct1911;\n  IT HAPPENED AT MIDNIGHT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Dec1908; H119727.\n  IT IS VERY PRETTY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Dec1904;\n  IT MIGHT HAVE BEEN WORSE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Mar1909; H123655.\n  IT PAYS TO ADVERTISE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 5Apr1910;\n  IT SERVED HER RIGHT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 31May1911;\n  IT WAS COMING TO HIM. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75810.\n  THE ITALIAN BARBER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 11Jan1911; J150748.\n  ITALIAN BLOOD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 11Oct1911; J161479.\n  IT\u2019S A SHAME TO TAKE THE MONEY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  IT\u2019S NEVER TOO LATE TO MEND. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Sept1908; H115774.\n  IT\u2019S UNLUCKY TO PASS UNDER A LADDER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  JACK AND JILL. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 6June1905; H61593.\n  JACK AND JILL. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 28Apr1903; H31233.\n  JACK AND JIM. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s. 4Dec1903; H38791.\n  JACK AND THE BEANSTALK. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 2May1903; H31329.\n  JACK AND THE BEANSTALK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20June1902; H19221.\n  JACK AND THE BEANSTALK, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  JACK JAGGS & DUM DUM. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 26Oct1903; H37292.\n  JACK JOHNSON AND JIM FLYNN UP-TO-DATE. \u00a9 The Johnson Flynn Feature\n  JACK JOHNSON VS. JIM FLYNN CONTEST FOR HEAVYWEIGHT CHAMPIONSHIP OF THE\n    WORLD, LAS VEGAS, NEW MEXICO, JULY 4, 1912. \u00a9 Jack Curley; 1c\n  JACK JOHNSON VS. STANLEY KETCHELL. SEE World\u2019s Championship, Jack\n    Johnson Vs. Stanley Ketchell.\n  JACK THE KISSER, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 4Oct1907; H100531\u201338.\n  JACK THE PEEPER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904;\n  JACQUES ET JIM. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 4Dec1903; H38793.\n  THE JAIL BIRD AND HOW HE FLEW; a farce comedy escape. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n    Co. of America; 27June1906; H79887.\n  THE JAM CLOSET, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 2Mar1912;\n  JAMAICA NEGROES DOING A TWO-STEP. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Apr1907;\n  JAMESTOWN NAVAL REVIEW. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10May1907; H93526.\n  THE JANITOR\u2019S BOTTLE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 20Feb1909;\n  JAPANESE ACROBATS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 29Apr1904; H45038.\n  JAPANESE FENCING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21May1902;\n  A JAPANESE PEACH BOY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 1Feb1910;\n  JAPANESE SAMPANS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38248.\n  JAPANESE VILLAGE [Pan American Exposition, Buffalo]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  A JAR OF CRANBERRY SAUCE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 23Sept1910;\n  THE JEALOUS HUSBAND. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12July1911; J157529.\n  THE JEALOUS MONKEY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60569.\n  THE JEALOUS OLD MAID; or, NO ONE TO LOVE HER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE JEALOUS WIFE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 17Dec1907; H103777.\n  JEALOUSY! \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 1Apr1908; H108125.\n  JEALOUSY AND THE MAN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 21July1909; J129609.\n  JEFFREYS [i.e. JEFFRIES] AND RUHLIN SPARRING CONTEST AT SAN FRANCISCO,\n    CAL., Nov. 15, 1901\u2014FIVE ROUNDS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Dec1901;\n  JEFFREYS [i.e. JEFFRIES] IN HIS TRAINING QUARTERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  JEFFRIES AND CORBETT FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the Jeffries and\n    Corbett Fight.\n  JEFFRIES AND RUHLIN FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the Jeffries and Ruhlin\n    Fight.\n  JEFFRIES AND SHARKEY FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the Jeffries and\n    Sharkey Fight.\n  JEFFRIES AND SHARKEY FOR CHAMPIONSHIP OF THE WORLD. SEE The Battle of\n    Jeffries and Sharkey for Championship of the World.\n  JEFFRIES-CORBETT CONTEST. SEE Reproduction of Jeffries-Corbett\n    Contest.\n  JEFFRIES-JOHNSON WORLD\u2019S CHAMPIONSHIP BOXING CONTEST, HELD AT RENO,\n    NEVADA, JULY 4, 1910. Photographed by the Vitagraph Co. of America.\n  JEFFRIES-SHARKEY CONTEST. Biograph Photographs. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.\n  THE JEFFRIES-SHARKEY CONTEST. \u00a9 James H. White; 4Nov1899; 72363.\n  JEPHTHAH\u2019S DAUGHTER; a Biblical tragedy. (Vitagraph High Art Film). \u00a9\n    The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10May1909; H126773.\n  A JERSEY SKEETER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Apr1902;\n  JERUSALEM DELIVERED. SEE The Crusaders.\n  JERUSALEM\u2019S BUSIEST STREET, SHOWING MT. ZION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  JESSIE, THE STOLEN CHILD. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29Oct1908;\n  THE JESTER, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 6Nov1908; H117953\u201358.\n  JESUS OF NAZARETH. \u00a9 Kalem Co.\n  THE JEWELS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 30Jan1912;\n  A JEWISH DANCE AT JERUSALEM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10June1903; H32487.\n  THE JILT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10May1909; H126828.\n  JIM JEFFRIES ON HIS CALIFORNIA RANCH. \u00a9 Miles Bros.; 8June1907;\n  JIM THE MULE BOY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 28Mar1911;\n  JIMMIE HICKS IN AUTOMOBILE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  JIMMIE, THE MESSENGER BOY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 17June1907; H95313.\n  JIM\u2019S ATONEMENT. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 13May1912; J169149.\n  JIM\u2019S WIFE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 28May1912;\n  JINKS JOINS THE TEMPERANCE CLUB. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 24July1911;\n  JOCKEYING AND START OF YACHT[S] AUG. 25TH [America\u2019s Cup Races:\n    Reliance and Shamrock III]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  JOCKEYING FOR THE START AUG. 20 [America\u2019s Cup Races: Reliance and\n    Shamrock III]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Aug1903;\n  JOCKEYING FOR THE START AUG. 22 [America\u2019s Cup Races: Reliance and\n    Shamrock III]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Aug1903;\n  JOE, THE EDUCATED ORANGOUTANG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  JOHN BROWN\u2019S HEIR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 6Dec1911;\n  JOHN D. AND THE REPORTER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 21Aug1907; H98645.\n  JOHN PAUL JONES CEREMONIES [U. S. Naval Academy]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  JOHN SMITH, BARBER. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 13Apr1912; J168387.\n  THE JOHNIE AND THE TELEPHONE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  JOHNNY AND THE INDIANS. \u00a9 Centaur Film Co.; 21May1909; H127303.\n  JOHNNY\u2019S IN THE WELL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20June1903;\n  JOHN\u2019S NEW SUIT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 7July1908; H113159.\n  A JOKE AT THE FRENCH BALL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  JOKE ON GRANDMA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23Feb1901; H1401.\n  A JOKE ON HIS PARENTS. SEE The Student\u2019s Prank.\n  THE JOKE ON THE JOKER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8Jan1912; J164469.\n  A JOKE ON WHOM? \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Apr1902;\n  THE JOKE THEY PLAYED ON BUMPTIOUS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  THE JOLLY BILL POSTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Jan1904;\n  A JOLLY LAWN PARTY. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 27Oct1904; H52171.\n  THE JOLLY MONKS OF MALABAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  JONES AND HIS NEW NEIGHBORS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  JONES AND HIS PAL IN TROUBLE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Feb1899; 15264.\n  JONES AND THE LADY BOOK AGENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  JONES AT THE BALL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17Dec1908;\n  JONES ENTERTAINS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 30Dec1908;\n  JONES\u2019 INTERRUPTED SLEIGHRIDE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Feb1899; 15266.\n  JONES MAKES A DISCOVERY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Mar1899; 17838.\n  JONES\u2019 RETURN FROM THE CLUB. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  THE JONESES HAVE AMATEUR THEATRICALS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  JOSH AND CINDY\u2019S WEDDING TRIP, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  JOSH\u2019S SUICIDE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 16Oct1911; J161682.\n  JUDGE ALTON B. PARKER & GUESTS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  JUDGE NOT THAT YE BE NOT JUDGED. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  JUDGE PARKER RECEIVING THE NOTIFICATION OF HIS NOMINATION FOR THE\n    PRESIDENCY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15Aug1904; H49192.\n  THE JUDGE\u2019S WHISKERS AND THE MAGIC HAIR RESTORER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  JUDGING TANDEMS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60565.\n  THE JUDGMENT OF SOLOMON. (Vitagraph high art Biblical production). \u00a9\n    The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10May1909; H126779.\n  THE JUDGMENT OF THE MIGHTY DEEP, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  JULIUS CAESAR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Mar1908; H107541.\n  JULIUS CAESAR; an historical tragedy. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  JUMBO, HORSELESS FIRE-ENGINE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  JUNE\u2019S BIRTHDAY PARTY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17July1905; H63406.\n  JUPITER\u2019S THUNDER-BOLTS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 22Oct1903; H37245.\n  JUST BEFORE THE RAID. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Jan1904;\n  JUST FOR HER. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 20July1911; J157602.\n  JUST LIKE A GIRL. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 27Oct1904; H52169.\n  JUST LIKE A WOMAN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Apr1912; J168396.\n  JUST LIKE THE GAYTONS. SEE Friday the 13th.\n  JUST MARRIED. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 23July1907; H97038.\n  JUST PLAIN FOLKS; the story of a simple country girl. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  A JUST REWARD. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 20Mar1909; H124444.\n  JUST THE CHEESE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904;\n  JUSTINIAN\u2019S HUMAN TORCHES. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 7Feb1908; H105981.\n  A JUVENILE ELEPHANT TRAINER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  JUVENILE STAKES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13May1903;\n  KAISER WILHELM\u2019S YACHT, \u201cMETEOR,\u201d ENTERING THE WATER. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  KANAKA FISHERMEN CASTING THE THROW NET, HILO, H. I. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  KANAKAS DIVING FOR MONEY [Honolulu], no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  KANSAS SALOON SMASHERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23Feb1901; H1404.\n  KARINA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Oct1902; H22556.\n  KATCHEM KATE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25June1912; J170618.\n  KATHLEEN MAVOURNEEN, scenes 1\u201312. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 2Aug1906;\n  KATRINA\u2019S VALENTINE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Feb1909; H122980.\n  KATZENJAMMER KIDS AND SCHOOL MARM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE KATZENJAMMER KIDS HAVE A LOVE AFFAIR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THE KEEPER OF THE LIGHT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3Dec1909;\n  KENILWORTH; Sir Walter Scott\u2019s famous novel. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  KENT HOUSE SLIDE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1May1902;\n  KENTUCKIAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27June1908; H112470.\n  A KENTUCKY FEUD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Nov1905;\n  THE KENTUCKY SQUIRE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Feb1904;\n  THE KEY OF LIFE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 1Nov1910; J147331\u201334.\n  THE KEY UNDER THE MAT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18Sept1908; H115823.\n  KICKING FOOTBALL\u2014HARVARD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE KID. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 18Apr1910; J140598.\n  THE KID AND THE SLEUTH. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 29Jan1912; J165201.\n  THE KID FROM THE KLONDYKE [i.e. KLONDIKE], scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  KID MCCOY AND PETER MAHER FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the Kid McCoy and\n    Peter Maher Fight.\n  THE KIDNAPPED CHILD. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 19Nov1904; H53415.\n  THE KIDNAPPER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Aug1903.\n      The rescue. H34097.\n  THE KIKI DANCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  THE KIND-HEARTED BOOTBLACK; or, GENEROSITY REWARDED. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  KINDERGARTEN BALL GAME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2May1904;\n  KINDERGARTEN DANCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2May1904;\n  KINEMATOGRAPHIC X-RAY PICTURE OF A HUMAN STOMACH DURING DIGESTION,\n    TAKEN DURING ONE INSPIRATION. \u00a9 Polyphos Elektrizit\u00e4ts Gesellschaft,\n  KING AND QUEEN, DIVING HORSES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE KING AND THE JESTER. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 15Jan1908; H105104.\n  KING COTTON, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 12Apr1910; J140538\u201340.\n  KING EDWARD AND PRESIDENT LOUBET REVIEWING FRENCH TROOPS. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  KING EDWARD\u2019S VISIT TO PARIS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 4June1903; H32395.\n  KING LEAR. SEE Shakespeare\u2019s Tragedy, King Lear.\n  THE KING OF DETECTIVES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE KING OF SHARPSHOOTERS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 18Feb1905; H56752.\n  THE KING OF THE CANNIBAL ISLAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  KING OF THE DETECTIVES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  KING, THE DETECTIVE. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 2Nov1911;\n  THE KINGDOM OF THE FAIRIES. SEE The Fairyland.\n  THE KING\u2019S DIAMOND. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 21July1908; H113737.\n  THE KING\u2019S MESSENGER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Apr1908;\n  THE KING\u2019S PARDON, 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Nov1908; H118950\u201355.\n  THE KING\u2019S POWER, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 7Dec1911; J163444\u201345.\n  THE KISS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Mar1900; D5532.\n  A KISS AND A TUMBLE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Sept1904;\n  A KISS IN THE DARK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Jan1904;\n  KISS ME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Feb1904; H42803.\n  KISSES SWEET. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 22May1906; H78021.\n  KIT CARSON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  THE KITCHEN MAID\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 16Oct1907;\n  KITTY\u2019S HOLD UP, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 15June1912;\n  THE KLEPTOMANIAC. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 4Feb1905.\n      Arriving at police station. H56408.\n      Court room scene. H56409.\n      Home of thief. H56411.\n      Stealing bread. H56412.\n      Leaving store. H56413.\n      Superintendent\u2019s office. H56414.\n      Interior of department store. H56415.\n      Arriving at store. H56416.\n      Leaving home. H56417.\n      Arriving at police station in patrol wagon. H56418.\n  THE KLEPTOMANIAC. SEE The Cleptomaniac.\n  A KNIGHT FOR A NIGHT, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24Sept1909;\n  THE KNIGHT OF BLACK ART. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 4Jan1908; H104847.\n  A KNIGHT OF THE ROAD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 21Apr1911; J154608.\n  A KNOT IN THE PLOT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 28May1910; J141733.\n  KOHN\u2019S BAD LUCK. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10Aug1907; H97966.\n  \u201cKRONPRINZ WILHELM\u201d DOCKING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  \u201cKRONPRINZ WILHELM\u201d WITH PRINCE HENRY [OF PRUSSIA] ON BOARD ARRIVING\n    IN NEW YORK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 26Feb1902; H14496.\n  LADDIE, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 5Oct1909; J132805\u201309.\n  LADIES\u2019 SADDLE HORSES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Mar1903;\n  LADIES\u2019 SADDLE HORSES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60567.\n  THE LADY AND THE BURGLAR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 9Aug1910;\n  LADY AUDLEY\u2019S SECRET. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 16May1912; J169341.\n  LADY BARBERS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Nov1908; H118064.\n  LADY BOUNTIFUL VISITS THE MURPHYS ON WASH DAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 4Sept1903; H35395.\n  LADY HELEN\u2019S ESCAPADE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Apr1909;\n  LADY JANE\u2019S FLIGHT; a 17th century romance. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  LADY MARY\u2019S LOVE, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 9Nov1911; J162644\u201345.\n  THE LADY OR THE TIGER, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 25Nov1908;\n  LAKE LUCERNE, SWITZERLAND. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17June1903; H32793.\n  THE LAMP EXPLODES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Sept1902;\n  THE LAND OF DARKNESS; or, THE GREAT MINE DISASTER. \u00a9 Eclair Film Co.;\n  THE LAND OF PROMISE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 9May1912; J169036.\n  LANDING OF U. S. TROOPS NEAR SANTIAGO [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 31Dec1902; H25968.\n  LANDING WHARF AT CANTON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38234.\n  THE LANDLADY\u2019S PORTRAIT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 20Feb1909;\n  LA LANTERNE MAGIQUE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 9Dec1903; H39154.\n  A LARGE HAUL OF FISH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Jan1903;\n  LARKS BEHIND THE SCENE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17Feb1899; 13535.\n  THE LASSIE\u2019S BIRTHDAY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 8Nov1910;\n  LASSOING STEER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13567.\n  THE LAST CARTRIDGE; an incident of the Sepoy rebellion in India. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 17Dec1907; H103776.\n  THE LAST CALL. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Sept1908; H115775.\n  THE LAST DEAL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 29Jan1910; J137856.\n  THE LAST DROP OF WATER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 29July1911; J158241.\n  THE LAST LESSON, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e1 Anonima Ambrosio; 1c 11Apr1912;\n  THE LAST OF THE FRONTIGNACS, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e1 Anonima Ambrosio; 1c\n  THE LAST OF THE G. A. R. PARADE AT ROCHESTER. \u00a9 Independent Moving\n      On same reel with The Sentinel Asleep.\n  THE LAST RESOURCE. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co.; 26July1912; J171701.\n  THE LAST ROUND ENDED IN A FREE FIGHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  LAS VIGAS [i.e. LA VIGA] CANAL, MEXICO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Apr1902;\n  LAS VIGAS [i.e. LA VIGA] CANAL, MEXICO CITY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE LATE SENATOR MARK HANNA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  LATHROP SCHOOL, CALISTHENICS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  LATINA, CONTORTIONIST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21Nov1905;\n  LATINA, DISLOCATION ACT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  LATINA, PHYSICAL CULTURE POSES, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  LAUGHING BEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Apr1902; H16727.\n  LAUGHING GAS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 2Nov1907; H101950.\n  LAUGHING GAS, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 6Dec1907; H103382\u201387.\n  LAUNCH OF JAPANESE MAN-OF-WAR \u201cCHITOSA.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  LAUNCH OF LIFE BOAT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60570.\n  LAUNCH OF BATTLESHIP \u201cCONNECTICUT.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  LAUNCH OF SURF BOAT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60575.\n  LAUNCH, U. S. BATTLESHIP \u201cKENTUCKY.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  LAUNCHING, no. 2. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Mar1898; 16435.\n  LAUNCHING A STRANDED SCHOONER FROM THE DOCKS [Galveston, Texas,\n    Hurricane and Tidal Wave]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Sept1900; D18562.\n  LAUNCHING OF THE BATTLESHIP \u201cRIVADAVIA,\u201d scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  LAUNCHING U. S. S. \u201cILLINOIS.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  LAURA COMSTOCK\u2019S BAG-PUNCHING DOG. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6May1901;\n  LAWN PARTY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Sept1902; H21505.\n  LAZY BILL HUDSON, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 18Sept1912;\n  LAZY FARMER BROWN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 22July1910;\n  LEAD KINDLY LIGHT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 12Jan1912;\n  THE LEADING MAN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3May1912; J168888.\n  LEAH, THE FORSAKEN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29Sept1908;\n  LEANDER SISTERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60561.\n  A LEAP FOR LOVE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 13Apr1912; J168433.\n  LEAP YEAR PROPOSALS OF AN OLD MAID. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  LEAPING DOGS AT GENTRY\u2019S CIRCUS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Dec1901;\n  LEATHER STOCKING. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 29Sept1909; J132315.\n  LEAVES OF A ROMANCE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 7Oct1911;\n  LED ASTRAY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 6July1909; J129520.\n  LED ASTRAY. SEE East Lynne.\n  LEFT OUT, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 26Feb1909; H123398\u2013402.\n  A LEGAL HOLD-UP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902;\n  THE LEGEND OF STERLING KEEP, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7June1909;\n  LEHIGH VALLEY BLACK DIAMOND EXPRESS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23May1903;\n  LENA AND THE GEESE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25June1912; J170619.\n  THE LEOPARD QUEEN. \u00a9 The Selig Polyscope Co.; 12Aug1909; J130639.\n  LEO\u2019S AIR RIFLE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10Dec1908; H119482.\n  THE LEPRECHAUN, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24Sept1908; H116119\u201324.\n  THE LESSER EVIL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 27Apr1912; J168738.\n  THE LESSON. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22Dec1910; J149318.\n  A LESSON LEARNED, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 7June1911;\n  LESSONS TO HUSBANDS. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 30Dec1911;\n      On same reel with Broke; or, How Timothy Escaped.\n  LET NO MAN PUT ASUNDER. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 13June1912;\n  LET THE GOLD DUST TWINS DO YOUR WORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  LET UNCLE RUBEN SHOW YOU HOW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  LET WILLIE DO IT. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 11May1912; J169148.\n  LEVI & COHEN, THE IRISH COMEDIANS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  LEVITSKY\u2019S INSURANCE POLICY; or, WHEN THIEF MEETS THIEF. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 15July1908; H113388.\n  LI HUNG CHANG AND SUITE: PRESENTATION OF PARLOR MUTOSCOPE. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Apr1902; H16924.\n  LI HUNG CHANG AT GRANT\u2019S TOMB [New York City]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  LI HUNG CHANG DRIVING THROUGH 4TH ST. AND BROADWAY [New York City]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896; 68815.\n  LI HUNG CHANG, 5TH AVENUE & 55TH STREET, N. Y. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  LIBERTY FOR AN HOUR; or, AN ACT OF UNSELFISHNESS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  THE LIBRARIAN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 9Aug1912;\n  LICENSE NO. 13; or, THE HOODOO AUTOMOBILE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  LICK OBSERVATORY, MT. HAMILTON, CAL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897;\n  THE LIE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 22Feb1912; J166596.\n  THE LIE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 26Oct1909; J133993\u201396.\n  THE LIEUTENANT\u2019S LAST FIGHT, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co.;\n  THE LIFE DRAMA OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE AND EMPRESS JOSEPHINE OF FRANCE.\n    \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 27Mar1909; H124898.\n  A LIFE FOR A LIFE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 17June1909; H128498.\n  LIFE IN THE U. S. ARMY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  LIFE MOTION PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE FITZSIMMONS AND RUHLIN FIGHT. \u00a9\n    Siegmund Lubin; 10Aug1900; D16398.\n  LIFE OF A COWBOY, scenes 1\u201312. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6June1906;\n  THE LIFE OF A PICKPOCKET. SEE The Modern Oliver Twist.\n  THE LIFE OF A SALMON, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7Dec1910;\n  LIFE OF AN AMERICAN FIREMAN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Jan1903; H27362.\n  LIFE OF AN AMERICAN POLICEMAN, scenes 1\u201318. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  LIFE OF AN AMERICAN SOLDIER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 24Aug1904; H49402.\n  THE LIFE OF AN OYSTER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1Apr1907; H92184.\n  THE LIFE OF BUFFALO BILL, 3 parts. \u00a9 Buffalo Bill & Pawnee Bill Film\n  LIFE OF THE NEW YORK POLICEMAN. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 10Mar1905; H57412.\n  LIFE RESCUE AT LONG BRANCH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Sept1901; H8692.\n  LIFE SAVING UP-TO-DATE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 12Oct1905; H67284.\n  LIFE\u2019S A GAME OF CARDS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 6Aug1908;\n  LIFTING THE LID. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12July1905;\n  THE LIGHT AT THE WINDOW. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6July1908; H112821.\n  LIGHT HEAVYWEIGHT CHAMPIONSHIP CONTEST BETWEEN ROOT AND GARDNER. \u00a9\n    William N. Selig; 11July1903; H33396.\n  THE LIGHT THAT CAME. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13Nov1909; J134658.\n  THE LIGHT THAT DIDN\u2019T FAIL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE LIGHTHOUSE BY THE SEA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE LIGHTHOUSE KEEPER\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Oct1908; H116476.\n  THE LIGHTHOUSE KEEPER\u2019S DAUGHTER, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  LIGHTNING SKETCHES. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 15July1907;\n  THE LILLIPUTIAN MINUET. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 21Mar1905; H58075.\n  THE LILY OF THE TENEMENTS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 1Mar1911; J152683.\n  LILY\u2019S LOVERS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Feb1912; J165554.\n  LINE-UP AND TEASING THE SNAKES [Walpapi Indians; Snake Dance]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 12Dec1901; H11271.\n  THE LINEMAN. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 27July1911; J157886.\n  THE LINEN DRAPER\u2019S SHOP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  LINES OF WHITE ON A SULLEN SEA. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 27Oct1909; J133854.\n  THE LINK THAT HELD, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 13Jan1911;\n  LINWOOD SCHOOL, CALISTHENICS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  LION HUNT. \u00a9 Charles J. Jones; 15Jan1906; H71992.\n  LIQUID ELECTRICITY; or, THE INVENTOR\u2019S GALVANIC FLUID. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  LITTLE ANGELS OF LUCK. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 9Sept1910; J145184.\n  THE LITTLE ARTIST OF THE MARKET, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A LITTLE BIT OFF THE TOP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE LITTLE BREAD WINNERS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Aug1908; H115092.\n  THE LITTLE BRIDE OF HEAVEN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE LITTLE COWARD. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 17Oct1908; H117118.\n  THE LITTLE COXSWAIN OF THE VARSITY EIGHT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg.\n  THE LITTLE DARLING. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Sept1909; J131223.\n  THE LITTLE DELICATESSEN STORE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE LITTLE DETECTIVE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 3Aug1908;\n  THE LITTLE EASTER FAIRY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Mar1908; H107907.\n  THE LITTLE FATHER; or, THE DRESSMAKER\u2019S LOYAL SON. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  THE LITTLE FIDDLER, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28June1910;\n  LITTLE GERMAN BAND. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Feb1904; H42205.\n  THE LITTLE GIRL NEXT DOOR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A LITTLE GIRL WHO DID NOT BELIEVE IN SANTA CLAUS, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison\n  A LITTLE HERO. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 2Nov1907; H101949.\n  LITTLE JOE\u2019S LUCK. SEE A Mid-Winter Night\u2019s Dream.\n  THE LITTLE LEADER. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 29June1911;\n  LITTLE LILLIAN, DANSEUSE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Aug1903; H34329.\n  A LITTLE MAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902; H23776.\n  LITTLE MISS MOFFIT AND SIMIAN STONE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  LITTLE MISS MUFFET. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 2May1903; H31330.\n  A LITTLE MIX-UP IN A MIXED ALE JOINT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE LITTLE ORGANIST, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 19Jan1912;\n  THE LITTLE ORPHAN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 27July1909;\n  THE LITTLE PEACEMAKER. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 2June1908; H111270.\n  A LITTLE PIECE OF STRING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE LITTLE RAG DOLL. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10Dec1908; H119478.\n  THE LITTLE RAILROAD QUEEN, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 25Apr1912;\n  A LITTLE RAY OF SUNSHINE AFTER THE RAIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THE LITTLE SHEPHERD OF TUMBLING RUN, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  LITTLE SISTER, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14Sept1909; J131808\u201310.\n  LITTLE SNOWDROP. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 2May1903; H31332.\n  THE LITTLE STATION AGENT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 4Nov1910;\n  THE LITTLE STOCKING. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 14Dec1911;\n  THE LITTLE TEACHER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 7Oct1909; J132812.\n  A LITTLE TEAZE [i.e. TEASE]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  LITTLE TOM THUMB. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 28Apr1903; H31236.\n  THE LITTLE TRAIN ROBBERY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Sept1905; H65086.\n  THE LITTLE WAIFS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Nov1910; J147286.\n  THE LITTLE WOOLEN SHOE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  LIVELY BRUSHES ON SPEEDWAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  LIVELY PRANKS WITH A FAKE PYTHON. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 16May1908; H110581.\n  THE LIVING DOLL. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 22Dec1909; J135017.\n  THE LIVING PEACH, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 15Nov1911;\n  LIVING PICTURES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13June1903;\n  THE LIVING PLAYING CARDS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 16Feb1905; H56753.\n  THE LIVING STATUE. SEE The Drawing Lesson.\n  THE LIVINGSTON CASE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 8Feb1910;\n  THE LLAMAS AT PLAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2Nov1903;\n  THE LOADED CIGAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Mar1904;\n  LOADING A VESSEL AT CHARLESTON [S. C.]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18Apr1902;\n  LOADING BAGGAGE FOR KLONDIKE [Alaska Gold Rush], no. 6. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  LOADING HORSES ON TRANSPORT [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  LOADING MAIL CAR, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  LOADING SUGAR CANE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Sept1902;\n  LOADING SUGAR, KAHULUI, MAUI, H. I. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 13Nov1906;\n  LOADING THE ICE ON CARS, CONVEYING IT ACROSS THE MOUNTAINS AND LOADING\n    IT INTO BOATS [Groton Ice Fields]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1902;\n  THE LOAN SHARK. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 25Apr1912; J168683.\n  LOCHINVAR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 6Aug1909; J130503\u201306.\n  A LODGING FOR THE NIGHT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13May1912; J169195.\n  LOGAN\u2019S BABIES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 8Nov1911;\n  LOGGING IN MAINE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19June1906;\n  THE LONE HIGHWAYMAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 31Aug1906;\n  THE LONEDALE OPERATOR. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25Mar1911; J153512.\n  LONELY GENTLEMAN; or, INCOMPATIBILITY OF TEMPER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  LONELY VILLA. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 10June1909; H128182.\n  LONESOME JUNCTION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20Jan1908;\n  LONESOME MISS WIGGS. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 20Apr1912; J168480.\n  LONG DISTANCE WIRELESS PHOTOGRAPHY. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 24Mar1908; H107866.\n  THE LONG ROAD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 30Oct1911; J162358.\n  LOOKING FOR JOHN SMITH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE LORD AND THE PEASANT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  LORD FEATHERTOP, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 2Dec1908; H121264\u201368.\n  LOST AND REGAINED, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 25Feb1910;\n  THE LOST CHILD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15Oct1904;\n  THE LOST CHILD. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Nov1904; H52509.\n  THE LOST COLLAR BUTTON; or, A STRENUOUS SEARCH. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE LOST HANDBAG, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 22Oct1909;\n  THE LOST HAT: HE GOT IT ALRIGHT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 26Oct1906; H84212.\n  THE LOST HEIR. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 26Apr1909; H126162.\n  LOST IN A FOLDING BED. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10Feb1909;\n  LOST IN AN ARIZONA DESERT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 1July1907;\n  LOST IN THE ALPS, scenes 1\u201311. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20Apr1907;\n  THE LOST INVITATION, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24June1909;\n  THE LOST KITTEN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 24Feb1912;\n  THE LOST NEW YEAR\u2019S DINNER, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Dec1908;\n  THE LOST SHEEP. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10Apr1909; H125545.\n  LOST, STRAYED OR STOLEN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 23Dec1907;\n  LOST\u2014THREE HOURS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 5Mar1912;\n  LOVE AMONG THE ROSES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12May1910; J141266.\n  LOVE AND FRIENDSHIP, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 24Apr1912;\n  LOVE AND HATRED, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 4Nov1911;\n  LOVE AND JEALOUSY BEHIND THE SCENES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  LOVE AND MARRIAGE IN POSTERLAND, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  LOVE AND MOLASSES. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 7July1908; H113160.\n  LOVE AND THE LAW, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 23Aug1910;\n  LOVE AND THE STOCK MARKET, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  LOVE AND WAR. \u00a9 James H. White; 28Nov1899; 77713.\n  LOVE AND WAR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24Sept1909; J132301\u201304.\n  LOVE AT 55. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18July1903; H33543.\n  LOVE BY THE LIGHT OF THE MOON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Mar1901; H2341.\n  LOVE DROPS, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11Mar1910; J139178\u201380.\n  LOVE FINDS A WAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope and Biograph Co.; 12Jan1909;\n  LOVE GERMS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Nov1908; H118065.\n  LOVE IN A HAMMOCK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11May1903;\n  LOVE IN A HAMMOCK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Jan1901; H375.\n  LOVE IN A TEPEE. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 21Aug1911; J159003.\n      On same reel with The Battle of the Wills.\n  LOVE IN QUARANTINE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 21Nov1910; J147937.\n  LOVE IN THE CORNFIELD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902;\n  LOVE IN THE DARK \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Jan1903;\n  LOVE IN THE HILLS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 31Oct1911; J162396.\n  LOVE IN THE SUBURBS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Jan1903;\n  LOVE IN THE TROPICS, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 23Apr1912;\n  LOVE IS BEST. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 26June1911; J157221.\n  LOVE IS BLIND, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11Mar1909; H123887\u201389.\n  LOVE LAUGHS AT LOCKSMITHS; an 18th century romance. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n    Co. of America; 27July1908; H113910.\n  LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Aug1903;\n  LOVE ME, LOVE MY DOG. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 22Dec1908; H120171.\n  LOVE MICROBE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21Oct1907; H101443.\n  THE LOVE OF LADY IRMA. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22Mar1910; J139353.\n  THE LOVE OF THE PASHA\u2019S SON; a Turkish romance. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  A LOVE TRAGEDY IN SPAIN. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 2June1908; H111271.\n  LOVE VS. TITLE; or, AN UP-TO-DATE ELOPEMENT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  LOVE WILL FIND A WAY, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 25June1908;\n  LOVE WINS. \u00a9 Centaur Film Company; 19June1909; H128546.\n  THE LOVER AND THE COUNT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 25Jan1911;\n  THE LOVERS, COAL BOX, AND FIREPLACE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 4Oct1901;\n  THE LOVER\u2019S GUIDE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 1Oct1908;\n  A LOVER\u2019S HAZING. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 20Apr1908; H109550.\n  THE LOVER\u2019S KNOT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Sept1902;\n  THE LOVERS\u2019 QUARREL: MEETING IN THE PARK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THE LOVER\u2019S RUSE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Nov1904;\n  A LOVER\u2019S RUSE; or, THE MISER\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  A LOVER\u2019S STRATAGEMS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 14Nov1908;\n  THE LOVERS\u2019 TELEGRAPHIC CODE, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  A LOVER\u2019S YARN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Apr1902;\n  LOVE\u2019S DIARY. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 27July1912; J171842.\n  LOVE\u2019S PERFIDY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15July1905;\n  LOVE\u2019S SACRIFICE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 30July1909;\n  LOVE\u2019S SWEET MELODY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 14Nov1908; H118285.\n  LOVE\u2019S YOUNG DREAM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  LOWER BROADWAY [New York City]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  LOWER FALLS, GRAND CANYON, YELLOWSTONE PARK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  LOWER RAPIDS, NIAGARA FALLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3547.\n  LUBIN\u2019S ANIMATED DROP-CURTAIN ANNOUNCING SLIDES. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1May1901;\n  THE LUCK OF ROARING CAMP, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 21Jan1910;\n  LUCKY DOG, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 3Feb1912; J165920\u201323.\n  THE LUCKY HORSESHOE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12Sept1911; J159945.\n  A LUCKY HORSESHOE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 22Jan1908; H105387.\n  LUCKY JIM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Apr1909; H125728.\n  LUCKY JIM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 20Sept1907; H99881.\n  LUCKY KITTEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13Aug1903; H34517.\n  A LUCKY TOOTHACHE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 14Oct1910; J146453.\n  THE LUCKY WISHBONE. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 12July1905; H63158.\n  LUDLOW\u2019S AERODROME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1Sept1905;\n  LUDLOW\u2019S AEROPLANE, no. 2. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  LUDWIG FROM GERMANY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 14Nov1911;\n  LUKENS, NOVEL GYMNAST. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Sept1901; H8691.\n  LUNATICS IN POWER, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 6May1909;\n  LUNCH TIME. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18Sept1908; H115824.\n  THE LURE OF THE CITY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 28Nov1911;\n  LURE OF THE GOWN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Mar1909;\n  THE LURE OF THE PICTURE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 29Apr1912; J168741.\n  LURLINE BATHS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60578.\n  MACBETH. SEE Duel Scene from Macbeth.\n  MACBETH, SHAKESPEARE\u2019S SUBLIME TRAGEDY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  MCGINTY\u2019S SUDDEN RISE, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 20July1909;\n  MCGOVERN AND DIXON FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the McGovern and Dixon\n    Fight.\n  MACHETE MEN CLEARING A JUNGLE [Panama Canal]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  MCKINLEY AND CLEVELAND GOING TO THE CAPITOL [McKinley Inauguration]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 15Mar1897; 17410.\n  MCKINLEY AND PARTY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Jan1903;\n  MCKINLEY AT HOME, CANTON, OHIO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897;\n  MCKINLEY FUNERAL ON WAY TO CHURCH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co;\n  MCKINLEY FUNERAL: PANORAMA OF MCKINLEY HOME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  MCKINLEY LEAVING CHURCH [McKinley Inauguration]. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison;\n  MCKINLEY TAKING THE OATH [McKinley Inauguration]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  MCKINLEY\u2019S ADDRESS [McKinley Inauguration]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  MCKINLEY\u2019S FUNERAL ENTERING WESTLAWN CEMETERY, CANTON [OHIO]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  MAD DOG. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Feb1909; H122577.\n  MADAME DE MODE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 13July1912;\n  MADAME FLIRT\u2019S MANICURE PARLOR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 17Oct1908; H117117.\n  MADAME REX. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Apr1911; J154546.\n  MME. SANS-GENE. With Mme. Rejane. \u00a9 French-American Film Co.; 1c\n  MADELINE\u2019S REBELLION, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 24May1911;\n  MADISON SQUARE, NEW YORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE MADMAN. SEE Insanity.\n  MAE\u2019S SUITORS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 11Oct1911;\n  THE MAESTRO DO-MI-SOL-DO. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 27Mar1906; H75004.\n  THE MAGIC FOUNTAIN PEN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 17July1909;\n  THE MAGIC LANTERN. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 9Dec1903; H39153.\n  THE MAGIC OF CATCHY SONGS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 21July1908; H113733.\n  THE MAGICIAN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Feb1900; D4733.\n  THE MAGNETIC EYE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28Jan1908; H105597.\n  MAGNETIC VAPOR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28May1908; H111138.\n  THE MAIDEN OF THE PIEFACED INDIANS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  THE MAID\u2019S STRATAGEM. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 25May1912; J169558.\n  MAILING PLATFORM, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MAJOR GENERAL SHAFTER [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  MAKE YOURSELF AT HOME. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Sept1908; H116153.\n  MAKING AN IMPRESSION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Jan1903;\n  MAKING MOVING PICTURES. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 2Dec1908;\n  THE MAKING OF A MAN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 7Oct1911; J161219.\n  THE MAKING OF A MODERN NEWSPAPER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 26Sept1907; H100278.\n  THE MAKING OF HONEY, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 10Sept1909;\n  MAKING SOAP BUBBLES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24May1897; 31240\u201341.\n  MAKING THE DIRT FLY [Panama Canal]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Apr1907.\n      Scene 1. Steam Shovel In Operation, Culebra Cut. H92577.\n      Scene 2. Unloading a Dirt Train. H92578.\n      Scene 3. Dirt Scraper in Operation. H92579.\n      Scene 4. Railroad Track Lifter in Operation. H92580.\n      Scene 5. Laborers Lining Up at Mess Tent. H92581.\n  MAKING U. S. CURRENCY. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 22June1912; J170427.\n  MAMMA\u2019S ANGEL CHILD. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Mar1909; H123652.\n  THE MAN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22Mar1910; J139354.\n  THE MAN AND THE WOMAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Aug1908;\n  A MAN FOR ALL THAT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 2Dec1911;\n  THE MAN FROM THE WEST. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 18Mar1912; J167279.\n  MAN, HAT AND COCKTAIL; a new drink, but an old joke. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n    Co. of America; 7Aug1907; H97824.\n  MAN IN THE BOX. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11June1908;\n  A MAN IN THE MAKING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 18June1912;\n  MAN OVERBOARD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Jan1905; H55394.\n  THE MAN UNDER THE BED, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 4Mar1910;\n  MAN WANTED. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Dec1905; H71203.\n  THE MAN WHO LEARNED, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 2Sept1910;\n  THE MAN WHO MADE GOOD, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE MAN WITH THE LADDER AND THE HOSE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE MAN WITH THE WEAK HEART, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 22Mar1910;\n  A MAN WITH THREE WIVES, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 12Nov1909;\n  THE MAN WITHOUT A COUNTRY, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24June1909;\n  MANEUVERING A SMALL MOTOR BOAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE MANIAC BARBER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2July1902;\n  MANIAC CHASE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Oct1904; H51386.\n  THE MANIAC COOK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 30Dec1908;\n  THE MANICURE FOOLS THE HUSBAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE MANICURE LADY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20May1911; J155661.\n  MAN\u2019S GENESIS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 23July1912; J171534.\n  MAN\u2019S LUST FOR GOLD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10July1912; J170958.\n  MANUAL OF ARMS, ST. JOHN\u2019S MILITARY ACADEMY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, MAINE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE MAPLE SUGAR INDUSTRY AT THOMPSON, PA., scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE MARATHON CRAZE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 21Apr1909;\n  THE MARATHON RACE; or, HOW TOM PAID OFF THE MORTGAGE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  THE MARBLE HEART; or, THE SCULPTOR\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  MARCELINE, THE WORLD-RENOWNED CLOWN OF THE N. Y. HIPPODROME. \u00a9 The\n    Winthrop Moving Picture Co.; 26Apr1907; H93044.\n  THE MARCH OF PRAYER AND ENTRANCE OF THE DANCERS [Walpapi Indians;\n    Snake Dance]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Dec1901; H11268.\n  MARCHING SCENE [7th Regiment, Illinois National Guard: State Street,\n    Chicago]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13548.\n  THE MARDI GRAS PARADE AT CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  MARIE DRESSLER, scene 1. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24Dec1909; J136755.\n  MARINES FROM U. S. CRUISER \u201cNEW YORK\u201d [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 15Mar1897; 17409.\n  MARJORIE\u2019S DIAMOND RING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE MARKED TIME TABLE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25June1910; J142590.\n  MARKET SCENE, CITY OF MEXICO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13540.\n  MARKET SCENE IN OLD CAIRO, EGYPT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17June1903;\n  MARKET SQUARE, HARRISBURG, PA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Jan1897; 3842.\n  MARKET STREET BEFORE PARADE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A MARRIAGE OF CONVENIENCE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10Apr1909;\n  MARRIED FOR MILLIONS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26Dec1906;\n  MARRIED TROUBLES: EVERYTHING PEACEFUL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  MARTHA. SEE Duet from Martha (Flotow).\n  MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 25Jan1912.\n  THE MARTYRED PRESIDENTS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Oct1901; H9412.\n  MARVELS OF HORSEMANSHIP, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 4May1903; H31339.\n  MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  MARY IN STAGE LAND, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 27Sept1912;\n  MARY JANE\u2019S LOVERS, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 9Mar1909;\n  MARY\u2019S MASQUERADE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 26Sept1911;\n  THE MASHER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 14Oct1910; J146452.\n  THE MASHER. \u00a9 William N. Selig; 10June1907; H95003.\n  MASHING THE MASHER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10Feb1908;\n  MASKED PROCESSION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13571.\n  THE MASQUERADE PARTY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 8Oct1907;\n  THE MASQUERADERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17July1906;\n  THE MASQUERADERS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Sept1908; H115776.\n  THE \u201cMASSACHUSETTS,\u201d NAVAL PARADE [Spanish-American War; New York City\n    Welcome to Admiral Sampson\u2019s Fleet after Battle of Santiago Bay]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52053.\n  MASS. STATE MILITIA ENCAMPMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MASTER AND PUPIL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 28June1912;\n  THE MASTER MAGICIAN ALCROFRISBAS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 19Nov1903; H38293.\n  THE MASTER OF THE BLACK ROCK. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 4Jan1909; H121224.\n  THE MATRON STAKES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2July1902;\n  MAUDE\u2019S NAUGHTY LITTLE BROTHER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Nov1900; D21660.\n  MAX AND MAURICE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 10Jan1912;\n  MAY AND DECEMBER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22June1910; J142449.\n  MAYOR VAN WYCK AND GENERAL MILES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MAYPOLE DANCE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Sept1903; H35329.\n  ME AND JACK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902; H16333.\n  THE MEADOWBROOK HUNT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 25Aug1902;\n  MEADOWBROOK STEEPLECHASE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MEASURE FOR MEASURE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 18May1909; H127187.\n  THE MECHANICAL STATUE AND THE INGENIOUS SERVANT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  THE MECHANICAL TOY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Jan1904;\n  THE MEDICINE BOTTLE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26Mar1909;\n  MEET ME AT THE FOUNTAIN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 19Nov1904; H53414.\n  MEET ME AT THE STATION. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Mar1908; H107125.\n  MEET ME DOWN AT LUNA, LENA. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 4Oct1905; H66872.\n  MELLIN\u2019S FOOD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Apr1904.\n  MELODRAMA FROM THE BOWERY. SEE On the Stage.\n  MELODRAMA OF YESTERDAY. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 4May1912; J168953.\n  THE MELOMANIAC. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 30June1903; H33097.\n  MEMORIES OF A PIONEER. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 11June1912; J170270.\n  MEMORIES OF BY-GONE DAYS. SEE The Empty Sleeve.\n  MEN MUST WORK AND WOMEN MUST WEEP. SEE The Fisherman.\n  MEN TAKING FISH FROM SALMON SEINE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE MENDED LUTE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 7Aug1909; J130411.\n  THE MENDER OF NETS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Feb1912; J166369.\n  MENNETT [i.e. MENUETT] (MOZART). \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Feb1909; H122578.\n  MENUETT. SEE Mennett (Mozart).\n  MEPHISTO\u2019S AFFINITY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 13June1908; H111809.\n  THE MERCHANT OF VENICE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 9Dec1908;\n  THE MERMAID. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 18May1904; H46129.\n  THE MERRY FROLICS OF SATAN. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 29Aug1906.\n      1. The Laboratory of Satan. H82392.\n      2. The Devilish Kitchen. H82393.\n  MERRY-GO-ROUND. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52058.\n  YE MERRY SLEIGH BELLS, no. 110. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897;\n  THE MERRY WIDOW HAT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18Apr1908; H109518.\n  THE MERRY WIDOW HAT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 12Oct1908;\n  THE MERRY WIDOW WALTZ CRAZE, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 29Apr1908;\n  THE MERRY WIDOWER; or, THE REJUVENATION OF A FOSSIL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  MESMERIST AND COUNTRY COUPLE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17June1899; 40080.\n  THE MESSAGE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 6July1909; J129505.\n  A MESSAGE FROM THE MOON. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 1Mar1912; J166795.\n  THE MESSAGE OF THE VIOLIN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 26Oct1910; J147013.\n  THE MESSENGER BOY AND THE BALLET GIRL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE MESSENGER BOY\u2019S MISTAKE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Oct1903; H36779.\n  THE METEOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 31Dec1902; H25957.\n  METROPOLITAN HANDICAP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13May1903;\n  MEXICAN BILL. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5June1909; H128028.\n  MEXICAN FISHING SCENE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13537.\n  A MEXICAN LOVE STORY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 16Mar1908;\n  MEXICAN RURALES CHARGE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13559.\n  MEXICAN SWEETHEARTS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 24June1909; H128738.\n  MEXICO STREET SCENE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15Mar1898; 17708.\n  MICHAEL STROGOFF, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 1Apr1910; J140168\u201371.\n  \u2019MID THE CANNON\u2019S ROAR, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 27May1910;\n  A MIDNIGHT ADVENTURE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Nov1909; J135022.\n  A MIDNIGHT CUPID. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 9July1910; J143007.\n  THE MIDNIGHT EXPRESS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 21July1908; H113739.\n  MIDNIGHT INTRUDER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Feb1904; H42207.\n  THE MIDNIGHT MARAUDER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 16Jan1911; J150814.\n  A MIDNIGHT PHANTASY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11June1903;\n  MIDNIGHT RIDE OF PAUL REVERE, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 1Nov1907;\n  THE MIDNIGHT SONS. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 17June1909; H128500.\n  A MIDNIGHT SUPPER, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11Mar1909;\n  A MIDNIGHT SURPRISE. SEE The Burglar.\n  MIDSUMMER-TIDE, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 27Apr1912; J168688\u201390.\n  MIDWAY OF CHARLESTON EXPOSITION [South Carolina]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  MIDWINTER BATHING, L STREET BATH, BOSTON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  A MID-WINTER BRUSH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13569.\n  A MID-WINTER NIGHT\u2019S DREAM; or, LITTLE JOE\u2019S LUCK. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  MIDWINTER SPORTS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 27July1909; J129810.\n  MIKE GOT THE SOAP IN HIS EYES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MIKE THE MISER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 20Jan1911; J151325\u201328.\n  MIKE\u2019S HERO, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 18Oct1911;\n  A MILE IN 56 SECONDS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20June1903;\n  MILES CANYON TRAMWAY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6May1901; H4090.\n  MILITARY CAMP AT TAMPA, TAKEN FROM TRAIN [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 20May1898; 31446.\n  MILITARY MANEUVERS, MANASSAS, VA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17Sept1904;\n  MILITARY PARADE, FOUNDERS WEEK CELEBRATION, PHILADELPHIA. \u00a9 S. Lubin;\n  MILITARY PARADE, ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION [Louisiana Purchase Exposition].\n    \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Sept1904; H50482.\n  MILITARY TACTICS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23June1904;\n  THE MILKER\u2019S MISHAP. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Feb1897; 10694.\n  MILKING TIME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902; H24884.\n  THE MILL GIRL. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Mar1909; H123650.\n  THE MILL GIRL; a story of factory life. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE MILLER\u2019S DAUGHTER, scenes 1\u201312. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1905;\n  MILLIONAIRE FOR A DAY. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 22Apr1912; J168479.\n  THE MILLS OF THE GODS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 31Aug1909; J131133.\n  MINE AT LAST. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10July1909; J129524.\n  MINE EXPLOSION AND WHAT FOLLOWED. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1July1901; H5691.\n  THE MINE ON THE YUKON, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 2Apr1912;\n  THE MINER AND CAMILLE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 22Apr1910;\n  THE MINER\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6May1908; H110241.\n  THE MINER\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 14Nov1908;\n  THE MINER\u2019S HEART; a tragedy in the darkness. \u00a9 Eclair Film Co.; 1c\n  THE MINIATURE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 18Feb1910; J138569\u201372.\n  MINIATURE RAILWAY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18Apr1902; H16718.\n  MINIATURE RAILWAY AT WILMINGTON SPRINGS, DEL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  MINING OPERATIONS, PENNSYLVANIA COAL FIELDS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE MINISTER\u2019S DAUGHTER, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 8Oct1909;\n  THE MINISTER\u2019S HAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Sept1903;\n  THE MINISTER\u2019S WOOING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MINSTREL MISHAPS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 17Oct1908;\n  THE MINUTE MAN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 14July1911;\n  MIRACULOUS EGGS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 7Oct1907; H100632.\n  THE MISCHANCES OF A PHOTOGRAPHER. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 29July1908; H113977.\n  MISCHIEVOUS BOYS. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 2Dec1904; H53976.\n  THE MISCHIEVOUS ELF, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 21Dec1909;\n  MISCHIEVOUS MONKEY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12June1903;\n  A MISCHIEVOUS SKETCH. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 18Mar1907; H91554.\n  MISCHIEVOUS WILLIE\u2019S ROCKING CHAIR MOTOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 27Sept1902; H22091.\n  A MISDIRECTED DUCKING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Mar1904;\n  THE MIS-DIRECTED [i.e. MISS-DIRECTED] KISS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THE MISER. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 16May1908; H110583.\n  THE MISER PUNISHED. SEE A Moonlight Serenade.\n  THE MISER\u2019S DAUGHTER. SEE A Lover\u2019s Ruse.\n  THE MISER\u2019S HEART. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22Nov1911; J163115.\n  THE MISER\u2019S HOARD. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 5Dec1907; H103333.\n  MISGUIDED LOVE, 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 28Nov1911; J163212\u201313.\n  MISHAPS OF A BABY CARRIAGE. \u00a9 William N. Selig; 26Oct1907; H101650.\n  THE MISHAPS OF THE NEW YORK-PARIS RACE. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 25June1908;\n  MISPLACED JEALOUSY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8May1911; J155077.\n  THE MISPLACED SIGNS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Feb1904;\n  THE MISS-DIRECTED KISS. SEE The Mis-Directed Kiss.\n  MISS JESSIE CAMERON, CHAMPION CHILD SWORD DANCER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  MISS JESSIE DOGHERTY, CHAMPION FEMALE HIGHLAND FLING DANCER. \u00a9 Thomas\n  MISS LILLIAN SHAFFER AND HER DANCING HORSE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  MISS SHERLOCK HOLMES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 4Dec1908;\n  THE MISSIONARY AND THE MAID, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  MISTAKEN FOR A BURGLAR. SEE Yens Yensen, the Swedish Butcher Boy.\n  A MISTAKEN IDENTITY. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 20Apr1908; H109549.\n  MISTAKES WILL HAPPEN, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  MR. BRAGG, A FUGITIVE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 4Oct1911; J161095.\n  MR. BUMPTIOUS, DETECTIVE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 22Feb1911;\n  MR. BUMPTIOUS ON BIRDS, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7June1910;\n  MR. BUTT-IN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Feb1906; H73401.\n  MR. BUTT-IN-SKY. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75809.\n  MR. DAUBER & THE MYSTIFYING PICTURE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 4Apr1905; H58837.\n  MR. EASYMARK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23Dec1903; H39908.\n  MR. EDISON AT WORK IN HIS CHEMICAL LABORATORY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  MR. GAY AND MRS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Dec1907;\n  MR. HURRY-UP OF NEW YORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MR. INQUISITIVE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 3May1909; H126443.\n  MR. JACK CAUGHT IN THE DRESSING ROOM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  MR. JACK ENTERTAINS IN HIS OFFICE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  MR. JACK IN THE DRESSING ROOM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MR. JONES\u2019 BURGLAR. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10Aug1909; J130484.\n  MR. JONES HAS A CARD PARTY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MR. PECK GOES CALLING. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Aug1911; J158428.\n  MR. PHYSICAL CULTURE\u2019S SURPRISE PARTY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  MR. PICKWICK\u2019S PREDICAMENT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  MRS. & MR. DUFF. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 17Nov1909; J134441.\n  MRS. JONES\u2019 LOVER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 19Aug1909; J130780.\n  MRS. NATION & HER HATCHET BRIGADE. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 23Feb1901; H1393.\n  MRS. SMIFKINS WANTS WOOD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A MISUNDERSTANDING. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 23July1907; H97036.\n  A MIX-UP IN RAIN COATS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 26Dec1911; J163910.\n  A MIX-UP IN THE GALLERY. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 21Feb1906.\n  MIXED BABIES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10June1908;\n  MIXED BATHING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Oct1904; H51628.\n  THE MOB OUTSIDE THE TEMPLE OF MUSIC AT THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION\n    [BUFFALO] [Site of President McKinley\u2019s Assassination]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  MODEL POSING BEFORE MIRROR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE MODEL THAT DIDN\u2019T POSE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A MODERN CINDERELLA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 7Nov1911;\n  THE MODERN DIANAS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 19Aug1911;\n  THE MODERN HIGHWAYMAN. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 19Feb1912; J166503.\n  THE MODERN OLIVER TWIST; or, THE LIFE OF A PICKPOCKET. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  THE MODERN PRODIGAL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 30Aug1910; J144748.\n  A MODERN SAPPHO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15July1905;\n  MODERN WEAPONS FOR FIGHTING FIRE, NEW YORK CITY, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas\n  A MODEST YOUNG MAN, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Jan1909;\n  MOGG MEGONE; an Indian romance, adapted from the poem of John G.\n    Whittier. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Feb1909; H123373.\n  A MOHAWK\u2019S WAY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 14Sept1910; J145352.\n  MOKI SNAKE DANCE BY WOLPI [i.e. WALPAPI] INDIANS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE MONEY LENDER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 3Mar1908; H106922.\n  MONEY MAD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Nov1908; H118991.\n  MONEY TO BURN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.; 2Aug1911;\n  MONITOR \u201cTERROR\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  MONKEY BUSINESS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 29June1905;\n  MONKEYLAND; a jungle romance. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  MONKEY\u2019S FEAST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18July1903;\n  MONKEY\u2019S FEAST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896; 68811.\n  MONSIEUR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.; 4Apr1911; J153830\u201333.\n  MONSIEUR BEAUCAIRE; the adventures of a gentleman of France. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 13Nov1905; H68501.\n  M. LAVELLE, PHYSICAL CULTURE, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE MONSTER. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 30June1903; H33098.\n  THE MONTEBANK [sic]. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Feb1909; H122579.\n  MONTREAL FIRE DEPARTMENT ON RUNNERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 19Mar1901;\n  MOONLIGHT ON LAKE MAGGIORE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18Apr1902; H16717.\n  A MOONLIGHT SERENADE; or THE MISER PUNISHED. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 15Jan1904;\n  THE MOONSHINER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Aug1904;\n  MOOSE HUNT IN NEW BRUNSWICK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MORE FUN WITH LIQUID ELECTRICITY. SEE Galvanic Fluid.\n  MORE PRECIOUS THAN GOLD, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  MORE THAN HIS DUTY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 4Oct1910;\n  A MORNING ALARM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Nov1896; 64784.\n  A MORNING BATH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31Oct1896; 60142.\n  MORNING COLORS ON U. S. CRUISER \u201cRALEIGH\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 28Apr1899; 29259.\n  MORRO CASTLE, HAVANA HARBOR [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  MOSES SELLS A COLLAR BUTTON. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 20Sept1907; H99880.\n  MOTHER AND DAUGHTERS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 31Jan1912;\n  MOTHER GOOSE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 27July1909; J129788\u201391.\n  MOTHER-IN-LAW; a domestic comedy. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  MOTHER-IN-LAW AND THE ARTIST\u2019S MODEL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  A MOTHER LOVE. SEE Fantine.\n  MOTHER\u2019S ANGEL CHILD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19July1905;\n  A MOTHER\u2019S CRIME. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 27Apr1908; H109746.\n  MOTHER\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 13June1907; H95140.\n  THE MOTHS AND THE FLAME, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 5Aug1910;\n  MOULIN ROUGE DANCERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  MOUNT AND DISMOUNT, GATLING GUN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18Dec1897; 71219.\n  MT. PELEE IN ERUPTION AND DESTRUCTION OF ST. PIERRE [Martinique]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 31May1902; H18370.\n  MT. PELEE SMOKING BEFORE ERUPTION [St. Pierre, Martinique]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  MOUNT STEPHEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21May1902; H17965.\n  MOUNT TAMALPAIS R. R., no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Mar1898;\n  MOUNT TAW R. R., no. 3. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15Mar1898; 17707.\n  A MOUNTAIN BLIZZARD, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 15Mar1910;\n  A MOUNTAIN MAID, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 13Dec1910; J149489\u201392.\n  A MOUNTAIN ROMANCE. SEE The Orphan.\n  THE MOUNTAINEER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Mar1908; H107122.\n  THE MOUNTAINEER\u2019S HONOR. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 26Nov1909; J135135.\n  THE MOUNTAINEER\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Sept1908; H115772.\n  MOUNTED POLICE CHARGE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 2Nov1896; 60396.\n  THE MOURNERS; or, A CLEVER UNDERTAKING. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  MOVE ON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Oct1903; H37369.\n  MOVING DAY; or, NO CHILDREN ALLOWED. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  A MOVING PICTURE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902;\n  MUGGSY BECOMES A HERO. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 6Sept1910; J144969.\n  MUGGSY\u2019S FIRST SWEETHEART. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 2July1910; J142787.\n  THE MULE DRIVER AND THE GARRULOUS MUTE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  MULES SWIMMING ASHORE AT DAIQUIRI, CUBA [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 5Aug1898; 46691.\n  MULLIGAN\u2019S WATERLOO, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 30July1909;\n  MULTICYCLE RACE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Jan1903;\n  MULTIPLE APPLAUSE. \u00a9 Isidor Kitsee; 1c 26Apr1912; J168625.\n  THE MUMMER\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 21Oct1908;\n  MURPHY\u2019S WAKE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Nov1903; H38153.\n  MUSICAL BAYONET EXERCISES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MUSICAL CALISTHENICS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28July1903;\n  THE MUSICAL RIDE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Sept1901; H8695.\n  MUST BE IN BED BEFORE TEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MUTINY ON THE BLACK SEA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MY DOUBLE AND HOW HE UNDID ME, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  MY FRIEND, MR. DUMMY. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 13Mar1909; H123956.\n  MY FRIEND, THE DUMMY. SEE Pals.\n  MY FRIEND, THE INDIAN. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 3May1909; H126444.\n  MY LORD IN LIVERY, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7Dec1909;\n  MY MILLINER\u2019S BILL, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 8Mar1910;\n  THE MYSTERIES OF SOUL, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co.; 1c\n  THE MYSTERIOUS CAFE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Dec1901; H11495.\n  THE MYSTERIOUS MIDGETS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Nov1904;\n  THE MYSTERIOUS PHONOGRAPH. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6Apr1908; H108432.\n  THE MYSTERIOUS RETORT. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 17Oct1906; H83920.\n  THE MYSTERY OF A BROOKLYN BABY CARRIAGE. SEE Black and White.\n  MYSTERY OF THE BRIDGE OF NOTRE DAME. \u00a9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francaise des Films &\n    Cinematographes Eclair.\n  THE MYSTERY OF THE GARRISON. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 7July1908; H113161.\n  THE MYSTERY OF THE MAINE. \u00a9 Raising the Maine Film Co.; 1c 20Nov1911;\n  A MYSTIC RE-INCARNATION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  MYSTIC SHRINERS\u2019 DAY, DREAMLAND, CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE MYSTIC SWING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Mar1900; D6368.\n  THE MYSTICAL FLAME. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 6July1903; H33236.\n  NAPOLEON: THE MAN OF DESTINY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE NARROW ROAD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Aug1912; J171930.\n  NATIONAL LANCERS, BOSTON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8May1897; 28511.\n  NATIONAL SOLDIER\u2019S HOME, VIRGINIA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  NATIVE DAUGHTERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Mar1898; 16434.\n  NATIVE HAWAIIAN GUARDS IN BAYONET EXERCISES, H. I. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  NATIVE WOMAN WASHING A NEGRO BABY IN NASSAU, B. I. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  NATIVE WOMEN COALING A SHIP AND SCRAMBLING FOR MONEY [West Indies]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 8Apr1903; H30406.\n  NATIVE WOMEN COALING A SHIP AT ST. THOMAS, D. W. I. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  NATIVE WOMEN WASHING CLOTHES AT ST. VINCENT, B. W. I. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE NAUGHTY LITTLE PRINCESS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 2Oct1908;\n  NAVAL APPRENTICES AT SAIL DRILL ON HISTORIC SHIP CONSTELLATION\n    [Newport, R. I., Naval Training School]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  NAVAL BATTLE, ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION [Louisiana Purchase Exposition]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Sept1904; H50483.\n  NAVAL PARADE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2July1902; H19654.\n  NAVAL PARADE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10Oct1908; H116794.\n  NAVAL REVIEW AT OYSTER BAY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 5Sept1906;\n  NAVAL SHAM BATTLE AT NEWPORT [Newport, R. I., Naval Training School].\n    \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22Nov1900; D22019.\n  A NEAR-TRAGEDY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Feb1912; J165553.\n  NEARSIGHTED MARY. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 29July1909; J131734.\n  THE NEARSIGHTED PROFESSOR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6Apr1908; H108433.\n  THE NECKLACE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3July1909; J129504.\n  THE NECKLACE OF CRUSHED ROSE LEAVES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  THE NECROMANCER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12June1903;\n  THE NEED OF GOLD. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 27Nov1907; H103014.\n  NEIGHBORLY NEIGHBORS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 21Mar1908; H107735.\n  NEIGHBORS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25June1912; J170617.\n  NEIGHBORS WHO BORROW. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 7Oct1907; H100630.\n  NELLIE, THE BEAUTIFUL HOUSEMAID. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  NELLIE, THE PRETTY TYPEWRITER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  NELL\u2019S LAST DEAL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 7Apr1911;\n  NELSON-BRITT PRIZE FIGHT. \u00a9 Miles Bros.; 27Sept1905.\n      1. Preliminaries and First Round; H66202.\n  NELSON-BRITT PRIZE FIGHT FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CHAMPIONSHIP, SAN FRANCISCO,\n    SEPTEMBER 9TH, 1905. \u00a9 Miles Bros.; 15Sept1905; H65558.\n  NELSON-GANS FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of Nelson-Gans Fight.\n  NELSON-MCGOVERN FIGHT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 23Mar1906; H74761.\n  NEPTUNE\u2019S DAUGHTERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  NERO AND THE BURNING OF ROME, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  NERVES AND THE MAN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 16July1912;\n  NERVY JIM AND THE COP. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1July1907; H95922.\n  NERVY NAT KISSES THE BRIDE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 30Sept1904; H51067.\n  NEVADA FALLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903; H30740.\n  A NEVADA GIRL. \u00a9 Centaur Film Co.; 4June1909; H128003.\n  NEVER AGAIN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22June1910; J142450.\n  NEVER EAT GREEN APPLES. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 5Oct1909;\n  NEVER TOUCHED HIM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Oct1903;\n  THE NEW APPRENTICE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 17June1907; H95312.\n  THE NEW ARRIVAL. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 20Sept1907; H99885.\n  THE NEW BABY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 28June1912; J170665.\n  NEW BLACK DIAMOND EXPRESS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 26May1900; D11027.\n  THE NEW BREAKFAST FOOD. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18Apr1908; H109519.\n  NEW BROOKLYN BRIDGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Mar1903;\n  NEW BROOKLYN TO NEW YORK VIA BROOKLYN BRIDGE, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE NEW CHURCH CARPET, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A NEW DEATH PENALTY. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 5July1907; H95990.\n  THE NEW DRESS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 17May1911; J155567.\n  THE NEW EDITOR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 27Jan1912;\n  NEW ENGLAND CHURCH SCENE, no. 111. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897;\n  THE NEW GOVERNESS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 19Jan1909; H121762.\n  A NEW LIFE, scenes 1\u20139. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 12Oct1909; J133237\u201345.\n  THE NEW MAID. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 25June1903; H32946.\n  THE NEW MAID. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18June1908; H112073.\n  THE NEW MIRROR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 22Dec1908; H120172.\n  A NEW OLD MASTER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 4Jan1909; H121223.\n  THE NEW POLICEMAN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14Dec1909;\n  THE NEW STENOGRAPHER, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 19Nov1908;\n  THE NEW STENOGRAPHER: THE STENOGRAPHER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  NEW SUNSET LIMITED. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Apr1902; H16657.\n  THE NEW TENANTS. SEE House to Let.\n  A NEW TRICK. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 10June1909; H128181.\n  A NEW VERSION OF \u201cPERSONAL.\u201d \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Nov1904; H52508.\n  A NEW WAY TO PAY DEBTS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Mar1908; H107115.\n  A NEW YEAR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 30Oct1908; H117627.\n  A NEW YEAR\u2019S GIFT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Sept1908; H115773.\n  NEW YEAR\u2019S MUMMIES [i.e. MUMMERS] PARADE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  NEW YEAR\u2019S TOAST. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 22May1906; H78022.\n  NEW YORK ATHLETIC CLUB CREW AT PHILA., PA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 15July1905; H63384.\n  NEW YORK ATHLETIC CLUB GAMES, TRAVERS ISLAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 30June1905; H62771.\n  NEW YORK CALEDONIAN CLUB\u2019S PARADE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Sept1903;\n  NEW YORK CITY AND MANHATTAN BRIDGE FROM COFFYN HYDROAEROPLANE. \u00a9\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 20Mar1912; J167415.\n  NEW YORK CITY DUMPING WHARF. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20May1903; H32030.\n  NEW YORK CITY \u201cGHETTO\u201d FISH MARKET. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20May1903;\n  NEW YORK CITY IN A BLIZZARD. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1902; H14438.\n  NEW YORK CITY POLICE PARADE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20May1903; H32028.\n  N. Y. FIRE DEPARTMENT RETURNING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  NEW YORK HARBOR POLICE BOAT PATROL CAPTURING PIRATES. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  N. Y. JOURNAL DESPATCH YACHT \u201cBUCCANEER.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  NEW YORK OF TODAY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 26Feb1910;\n  NEW YORK POLICE PARADE, JUNE 1ST, 1899. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  NEW YORK POULTRY, PIGEON AND PET STOCK ASSOCIATION, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 9Mar1912; J167216\u201319.\n  NEW YORK CITY PUBLIC BATH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903; H36497.\n  NEW YORK STATE BARGE CANALS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  NEW YORK STREET CLEANING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE NEWEST WOMAN. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 9Aug1909; J132444.\n  THE NEWLYWEDS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 7Mar1910; J138954.\n  THE NEWSBOY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28May1908; H111139.\n  THE NEWSBOY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 16Nov1905; H68781.\n  NEXT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Nov1903; H38317.\n  NIAGARA FALLS. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 23Dec1911; J163758.\n      On same reel with A Pair Of Gloves.\n  NIAGARA FALLS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 3Feb1912;\n  NIAGARA FALLS, WINTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  NIAGARA IN WINTER DRESS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 31Aug1909;\n  NICHOLAS NICKLEBY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17Nov1903;\n  THE NIECE AND THE CHORUS LADY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A NIGGER IN THE WOODPILE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A NIGHT AT THE GAYETY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 7Oct1907; H100631.\n  A NIGHT AT THE HAYMARKET. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS, scenes 1\u201310. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  NIGHT DUTY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26Oct1904; H52100.\n  A NIGHT IN DREAMLAND. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 5Dec1907;\n  A NIGHT OF ENCHANTMENT. SEE Cleopatra\u2019s Lover.\n  A NIGHT OF TERROR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 8Mar1911;\n  THE NIGHT OF THE PARTY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A NIGHT OFF. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3July1906; H80178.\n  A NIGHT OUT; or, HE COULDN\u2019T GO HOME UNTIL MORNING. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  A NIGHT WITH MASQUERADERS IN PARIS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 24Mar1908; H107865.\n  THE NIHILISTS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Mar1905; H58604.\n  THE NINE LIVES OF A CAT, scenes 1\u201312. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18July1907;\n  9TH AND 13TH U. S. INFANTRY AT BATTALION DRILL [Spanish-American War].\n    \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38245.\n  9TH INFANTRY BOYS\u2019 MORNING WASH [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE 9TH INFANTRY, U. S. A. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS CONFERENCE, WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY\n    7TH, TO 17TH, 1912, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 3Aug1912;\n  9TH U. S. CAVALRY WATERING HORSES [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  NO BILL PEDDLERS ALLOWED. \u00a9 Miles Bros.; 30Oct1905; H68120.\n  NO CHILDREN ALLOWED. SEE Moving Day.\n  NO CHILDREN WANTED. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 21Mar1908; H107736.\n  NO COOKING ALLOWED, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 9Sept1911;\n  NO LIBERTIES, PLEASE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4June1903;\n  NO ONE TO LOVE HER. SEE The Jealous Old Maid.\n  NO REST FOR THE WEARY. SEE House Cleaning Days.\n  NO SALAD DRESSING WANTED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  NO TRIFLING WITH LOVE. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 25June1908; H112349.\n  NO WEDDING BELLS FOR HIM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A NOBLE JESTER; or, FAINT HEART NEVER WON FAIR LADY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n    Co. of America; 9June1908; H111580.\n  NOBODY WORKS LIKE FATHER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 12Apr1906;\n  THE NON-UNION BILL-POSTER. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 17Mar1905; H57771.\n  A NON-UNION PAPER HANGER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  NOON HOUR, HOPE WEBBING CO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  NORA\u2019S 4TH OF JULY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Apr1902;\n  NOT GUILTY. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 10Sept1908; H115494.\n  NOT LIKE OTHER GIRLS. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 26July1912; J171730.\n  NOT SO BAD AS IT SEEMED. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 26Nov1910; J148145.\n  THE NOTE IN THE SHOE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Apr1909;\n  NOTHING SHALL BE HIDDEN. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 10June1912;\n  A NOVEL WAY OF CATCHING A BURGLAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  NOW I LAY ME DOWN TO SLEEP. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison; 21Apr1897; 24882.\n  THE NURSE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 20Feb1912;\n  NURSING A VIPER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Nov1909; J134294.\n  A NYMPH OF THE WAVES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  THE OATH AND THE MAN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 26Sept1910; J145784.\n  THE OBDURATE FATHER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 14Aug1909;\n  O\u2019BRIEN-BURNS CONTEST, LOS ANGELES, CAL., Nov. 26TH, 1906. \u00a9 Miles\n  O\u2019BRIEN\u2019S BUSY DAY. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 3Feb1912; J165547.\n      On same reel with Brown Moves to Town.\n  O\u2019BRIEN\u2019S TRAINED HORSES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8May1897; 28530.\n  OBSERVATION TRAIN FOLLOWING PARADE [Spanish-American War; New York\n    City Welcome to Admiral Sampson\u2019s Fleet after Battle of Santiago\n    Bay]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52051.\n  OBSTACLE RACE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Jan1905; H55397.\n  \u201cOCEANS\u201d FIRE COMPANY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  AN ODD PAIR OF LIMBS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 12May1908;\n  OFF FOR THE RABBIT CHASE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17Feb1898; 12173.\n  OFF HIS BEAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Nov1903; H38014.\n  OFF THE COAST OF MAINE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  OFFICE BOY\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18June1904;\n  THE OFFICE BOY\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Dec1903; H39174.\n  OFFICER MCCUE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Mar1909; H123653.\n  OH, I DON\u2019T KNOW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904;\n  OH, MY FEET. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6Apr1908; H108434.\n  OH, RATS! scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 25Mar1909; H124843\u201346.\n  OH! SO CLUMSY. SEE The Awkward Man.\n  OH! THAT LIMBURGER; the story of a piece of cheese. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n    Co. of America; 1May1906; H76432.\n  OH! THAT WATERMELON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896; 68817.\n  OH, THOSE EYES! \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 1Apr1912; J167693.\n  OH, UNCLE! \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 27Aug1909; J130911.\n  OH! YOU DIRTY BOY! \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Nov1905; H69120.\n  THE OLD ACTOR. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 4May1912; J168900.\n  THE OLD ARMY CHEST. \u00a9 Lubin Mg. Co.; 18May1909; H127188.\n  AN OLD BACHELOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Feb1904;\n  THE OLD BOOKKEEPER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Jan1912; J165052.\n  THE OLD CLASS REUNION. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 17July1911;\n  THE OLD CONFECTIONER\u2019S MISTAKE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12Sept1911;\n  OLD FAITHFUL GEYSER [Yellowstone Park]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6May1901;\n  THE OLD FAMILY BIBLE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 8Mar1911;\n  OLD FASHIONED SCOTTISH REEL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Sept1903; H35621.\n  THE OLD FOOTLIGHT FAVORITE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 10Sept1908; H115490.\n  OLD GENTLEMAN SPINKLES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  OLD GLORY AND CUBAN FLAG. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  OLD GUARD, NEW YORK CITY [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE OLD HALL CLOCK. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 8Apr1909; H125496.\n  OLD ISAACS THE PAWNBROKER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  OLD LOVES AND THE NEW, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 19July1910;\n  OLD MAID AND FORTUNE TELLER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Feb1904; H42206.\n  THE OLD MAID AND THE BURGLAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE OLD MAID HAVING HER PICTURE TAKEN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Mar1901;\n  THE OLD MAID IN THE HORSECAR. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Mar1901; H1496.\n  THE OLD MAID\u2019S DISAPPOINTMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE OLD MAID\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18Nov1908; H118460.\n  THE OLD MAID\u2019S PARROT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 13June1908; H111810.\n  THE OLD MAID\u2019S PICTURE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  OLD MAIDS\u2019 TEMPERANCE CLUB, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 4Dec1908;\n  OLD MAIL COACH AT FORD, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  AN OLD MAN\u2019S BRIDE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 18May1909; H127181.\n  OLD MARKET PLACE, PANAMA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Apr1907; H92575.\n  OLD MOTHER HUBBARD. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 28Apr1903; H31231.\n  THE OLD ORGAN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 12June1909; H128246.\n  THE OLD PEDDLER. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 7Aug1911; J158242.\n  THE OLD PIER AND WAVES. \u00a9 The International Film Co.; 13Nov1896;\n  AN OLD SILVER MINE IN PERU, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 13Dec1910;\n  AN OLD STORY WITH A NEW ENDING. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 19Aug1910; J144498.\n  AN OLD SWEETHEART OF MINE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  OLD SWEETHEARTS OF MINE; a phantasy in smoke. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE OLD SWIMMING HOLE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  OLD VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  OLD WOMAN WHO LIVED IN A SHOE. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 1May1903; H31306.\n  OLDEN AND NEW STYLE CONJURING. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 27Mar1906; H75005.\n  OLIVER TWIST. (Vitagraph High Art Film) Based on the book by Charles\n    Dickens. Miss Elita Otis as Nancy Sykes. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  OLSEN AND ROEBER WRESTLING MATCH. SEE Reproduction of the Olsen and\n    Roeber Wrestling Match.\n  OLYMPIC GAMES OF THE PITTSBURG Y. M. C. A., scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  [ON] A [GOOD OLD] FIVE CENT TROLLEY RIDE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  ON THE BEACH AT BRIGHTON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ON THE BENCHES IN THE PARK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ON THE FLYING RINGS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13Aug1903.\n  ON THE REEF. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 19Jan1910; J137450.\n  ON THE ROAD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5May1903; H31690.\n  ON THE SHORE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 6May1912; J168954.\n  ON THE STAGE; or, MELODRAMA FROM THE BOWERY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  ON THE STROKE OF TWELVE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Sept1908; H115780.\n  ON THE WEB. SEE Silveon and Emerie \u201con the Web.\u201d\n  ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3Apr1909;\n  ON THE WINDOW SHADES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2Feb1904;\n  ON TO BROOKLYN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Nov1903.\n  ONAWANDAH; or, AN INDIAN\u2019S DEVOTION. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  ONE BUSY HOUR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6May1909; H126642.\n  104TH STREET CURVE, NEW YORK, ELEVATED RAILWAY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  100 PER CENT JEALOUSY, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3Mar1909;\n  THE 100 to 1 SHOT; or, A RUN OF LUCK. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  100 YEARS HENCE. SEE The Airship.\n  ONE IS BUSINESS, THE OTHER CRIME. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 24Apr1912;\n  ONE MAN BASE BALL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 27May1907; H94572.\n  ONE NIGHT AND THEN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 16Feb1910; J138316.\n  ONE OF THE FINEST. \u00a9 William N. Selig; 27May1907; H94575.\n  ONE-ROUND O\u2019BRIEN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12July1912; J171148.\n  ONE THOUSAND MILE TREE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Jan1903;\n  ONE THOUSAND MILES THROUGH THE ROCKIES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  ONE TOUCH OF NATURE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 30Dec1908;\n  ONE WAY OF TAKING A GIRL\u2019S PICTURE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE ONION FIEND. \u00a9 William N. Selig; 9Aug1907; H97844.\n  ONLY A SOLDIER BOY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 2Oct1903; H36487.\n  ONLY KIDS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 26Oct1907; H101655.\n  ONOKO\u2019S VOW, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 30Sept1910; J146161\u201364.\n  THE OPEN GATE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 24Nov1909; J135125.\n  OPENING CEREMONIES, NEW YORK SUBWAY, OCTOBER 27, 1904. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  OPENING CEREMONIES, ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION [Louisiana Purchase\n    Exposition]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13May1904; H45954.\n  OPENING DAY, JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION [Jamestown Tercentennial]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18May1907; H94003.\n  OPENING OF BELMONT PARK RACE COURSE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8May1905;\n  OPENING OF NEW EAST RIVER BRIDGE, NEW YORK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE OPENING OF THE Y. M. C. A. ISLAND PLAYGROUND, LYNCHBURG, 1912,\n    scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 7Sept1912; J176467\u201370.\n  OPENING, PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION [BUFFALO]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  OPENING THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE [New York City]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  THE ORACLE OF DELPHI. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 6July1903; H33234.\n  THE ORDEAL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 21Sept1909; J132110\u201313.\n  ORE THE BANSTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15July1905;\n  ORIENTAL BLACK ART. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 26Aug1908; H115116.\n  THE ORIENTAL MYSTIC. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10May1909;\n  ORIGIN OF BEETHOVEN\u2019S MOONLIGHT SONATA, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  ORIGINAL COHENS. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Feb1909; H122981.\n  ORMOND, FLA. AUTO RACES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE ORPHAN; or, A MOUNTAIN ROMANCE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  ORPHAN CHILDREN ON THE BEACH AT CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  ORPHANS IN THE SURF. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1903; H35375.\n  OSCEOLA, THE LAST OF THE SEMINOLES. SEE The Indian\u2019s Revenge.\n  \u201cOSLER\u201d-ISING PAPA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26Apr1905;\n  \u2019OSTLER JOE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4June1908; H111373.\n  \u2019OSTLER JOE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 28Sept1912;\n  OSTRICH FARM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2July1902; H19650.\n  OSTRICH FARM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10July1901; H5888.\n  OSTRICH FARMS AT PASADENA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 19Dec1901; H11745.\n  OSTRICHES FEEDING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13547.\n  OSTRICHES RUNNING, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13545\u201346.\n  THE OTHER FELLOW; or, A FIGHT FOR LOVE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  THE OTHER SIDE OF THE HEDGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  OUR BABY. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 30Mar1912; J167616.\n  OUR COUNTRY IN ARMS. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 15Apr1909; H125804.\n  OUR DEAF FRIEND, FOGARTY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  OUR OWN LITTLE FLAT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Mar1908; H107116.\n  OUT FROM THE SHADOW. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Aug1911; J158553.\n  OUT OF THE DEEP, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 3May1912;\n  OUT OF THE NIGHT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 12July1910;\n  OUTBOUND VESSEL PASSING GOVERNORS ISLAND, N. Y. HARBOR, no. 127. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9264.\n  THE OUTCAST, 2 parts. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co., Inc.; 8June1912;\n  AN OUTCAST AMONG OUTCASTS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 29May1912; J169786.\n  THE OUTCAST AND THE BRIDE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 7Dec1903; H39711.\n  THE OUTCAST CHILD, 2 parts. \u00a9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francaise des Films et\n    Cinematographes \u201cEclair,\u201d Paris; 1c 9July1912; J170894.\n  OUTCAST, OR HEROINE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10Apr1909;\n  OUTING, MYSTIC SHRINERS, ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE OUTLAW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11June1908; H111672.\n  OUTWITTED BY HIS WIFE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18June1908; H112072.\n  OUTWITTED BY WIT. SEE Tit for Tat.\n  THE OVER-ANXIOUS WAITER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  OVER MOUNTAIN PASSES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 27Sept1910;\n  OVER ROUTE OF ROOSEVELT PARADE IN AN AUTOMOBILE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  OVER SILENT PATHS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 18May1910; J141397.\n  OVER THE HILLS. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 30Nov1911; J163138.\n  OVER THE HILLS TO THE POOR HOUSE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  OVERLAND EXPRESS ARRIVING AT HELENA, MONT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  OVERLAND LIMITED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12June1902;\n  OX CARTS, TOKIO, JAPAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PACED BICYCLE RACE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Jan1903;\n  PACK MULES WITH AMMUNITION ON THE SANTIAGO TRAIL, CUBA\n    [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 5Aug1898; 46693.\n  PACK TRAIN, GEN. BELL\u2019S EXPEDITION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  PACK TRAIN ON THE CHILCOOT [i.e. CHILKOOT] PASS [Alaska Gold Rush]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 6May1901; H4085.\n  PACKERS ON THE TRAIL [Alaska Gold Rush]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PACKING AMMUNITION ON MULES, CUBA [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PAGAN AND CHRISTIAN, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16Jan1909;\n  A PAGEANT, DEDICATION, FESTIVAL. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 10June1908; H111634.\n  IL PAGLIACCI [LEONCAVALLO]. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Feb1909; H122575.\n  THE PAINTER\u2019S REVENGE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28May1908;\n  THE PAINTING. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 19Dec1908; H120076.\n  A PAIR OF GLOVES. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 23Dec1911;\n      On same reel with Niagara Falls.\n  A PAIR OF QUEENS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23June1903;\n  A PAIR OF SPECTACLES. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Sept1908; H116152.\n  THE PAJAMA GIRL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22May1903;\n  THE PAJAMA STATUE GIRLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PALACE OF ELECTRICITY [Paris Exposition]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE PALACE OF THE ARABIAN NIGHTS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 29May1905.\n      1. Reception room in the Rajah\u2019s Palace; H61386.\n      2. The Prince\u2019s Chamber; H61387.\n      3. The Temple of Siva; H61388.\n      4. The Banks of the Sacred River; H61389.\n      5. The Gondola of the Blue Dwarf; H61390.\n      6. The Magic Forest; H61391.\n      7. The Staircase; H61392.\n      8. The Entrance of the Wonderful Caverns; H61393.\n      9. The Descent in the Crystal Grotto; H61394.\n      10. The Crystal Grotto; H61395.\n      11. 2d pt. The Crystal Grotto; H61396.\n      12. The Miraculous Caves; H61397.\n      13. The Palace of the Arabian Nights; H61398.\n      14. The Palace of the Rajah; H61399.\n  PALS; or, MY FRIEND, THE DUMMY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE PANAMA CANAL AND SCENES ALONG THE CANAL ZONE, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9\n    Aviation Film Co.; 1c 10July1912; J170910.\n  THE PANAMA CANAL IN 1911, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.;\n  PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION BY NIGHT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17Oct1901;\n  PANORAMA AT GRANT\u2019S TOMB, DEWEY NAVAL PROCESSION [Spanish-American\n    War; Dewey Homecoming, New York City]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 4Oct1899;\n  PANORAMA, CROWDS AT SQUIRES-BURNS INTERNATIONAL CONTEST, FROM CENTER\n    OF RING, COLMA, JULY 4TH, 1907. \u00a9 Miles Bros.; 11July1907; H97267.\n  PANORAMA, CROWDS AT SQUIRES-BURNS INTERNATIONAL CONTEST, FROM MOVING\n    PICTURE STAND, COLMA, JULY 4TH, 1907. \u00a9 Miles Bros.; 11July1907;\n  PANORAMA EXTERIOR WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  PANORAMA FROM CANOE, no. 6. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PANORAMA FROM COLUMBUS POINT OF ATLANTIC ENTRANCE TO THE CANAL [Panama\n    Canal]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Apr1907; H92568.\n  PANORAMA FROM GERMAN BUILDING, WORLD\u2019S FAIR [Louisiana Purchase\n    Exposition, St. Louis]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PANORAMA FROM GONDOLA, ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION [Louisiana Purchase\n    Exposition]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19May1904; H46226.\n  PANORAMA FROM INCLINE RAILWAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PANORAMA FROM RUNNING INCLINE RAILWAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  PANORAMA FROM THE MOVING BOARDWALK [Paris Exposition]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PANORAMA FROM THE TOWER OF BROOKLYN BRIDGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 12Sept1903; H35636.\n  PANORAMA FROM TIMES BUILDING, NEW YORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  PANORAMA, GOLDEN GATE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  PANORAMA, GREAT GORGE ROUTE OVER LEWISTON BRIDGE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMA LA BOCA HARBOR AND PACIFIC ENTRANCE TO CANAL [Panama Canal].\n    \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Apr1907; H92574.\n  PANORAMA OF A PHILIPPINE VILLAGE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10July1901; H5889.\n  PANORAMA OF AMERICAN & CANADIAN FALLS\u2014TAKEN OPPOSITE AMERICAN FALLS\n    [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3533.\n  PANORAMA OF BEACH AND CLIFF HOUSE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  PANORAMA OF BLACKWELL\u2019S ISLAND, NEW YORK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMA OF CULEBRA CUT [Panama Canal]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Apr1907;\n  PANORAMA OF EAST GALVESTON [Galveston, Texas, Hurricane and Tidal\n    Wave]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Sept1900; D18567.\n  PANORAMA OF EIFFEL TOWER [Paris Exposition]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMA OF ESPLANADE BY NIGHT [Pan American Exposition, Buffalo]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 11Nov1901; H10633.\n  PANORAMA OF EXCURSION BOATS [America\u2019s Cup Races: Reliance and\n    Shamrock III]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Sept1903;\n  PANORAMA OF FIELD ST., ST. JOSEPH [MO.] \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 7May1904; H45459.\n  PANORAMA OF FLATIRON BUILDING [New York City]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 4June1903; H32387.\n  PANORAMA OF 4TH ST., ST. JOSEPH [MO.] \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  PANORAMA OF GALVESTON POWER HOUSE [Galveston, Texas, Hurricane and\n    Tidal Wave]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Sept1900; D18563.\n  PANORAMA OF GORGE RAILWAY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 26May1900; D11028.\n  PANORAMA OF KOBE HARBOR, JAPAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PANORAMA OF MACHINE CO. AISLE WESTINGHOUSE CO. WORKS. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23July1904; H48410.\n  PANORAMA OF MORRO CASTLE, HAVANA, CUBA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Apr1903;\n  PANORAMA OF ORPHANS HOME, GALVESTON [Galveston, Texas, Hurricane and\n    Tidal Wave]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Sept1900; D18564.\n  PANORAMA OF PLACE DE L\u2019OPERA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Aug1900; D16389.\n  PANORAMA OF RACE TRACK CROWD, ST. LOUIS [Louisiana Purchase\n    Exposition]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6July1904; H47705.\n  PANORAMA OF RIKER\u2019S ISLAND, NEW YORK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20May1903;\n  PANORAMA OF RUINS FROM BALTIMORE AND CHARLES STREET [Baltimore Fire].\n    \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Feb1904; H42054.\n  PANORAMA OF RUINS FROM LOMBARD AND CHARLES STREET [Baltimore Fire]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 12Feb1904; H42055.\n  PANORAMA OF RUINS FROM LOMBARD AND HANOVER STREETS, BALTIMORE, MD.\n    [Baltimore Fire]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 19Feb1904; H42310.\n  PANORAMA OF RUINS FROM WATER FRONT [Baltimore Fire]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PANORAMA OF THE MOVING BOARDWALK [Paris Exposition]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PANORAMA OF THE PARIS EXPOSITION, FROM THE SEINE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMA OF THE PATERSON [N. J.] FIRE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17Feb1902;\n  PANORAMA OF 3RD STREET, ST. JOSEPH [MO.] \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 7May1904; H45457.\n  PANORAMA OF TIVOLI, ITALY, SHOWING SEVEN FALLS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMA OF WILLEMSTADT, CURACAO, TAKEN FROM THE RIVER. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PANORAMA OF WRECKAGE OF WATER FRONT [Galveston, Texas, Hurricane and\n    Tidal Wave]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Sept1900; D18560.\n  PANORAMA RUINS OF OLD FRENCH MACHINERY [Panama Canal]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PANORAMA, ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION [Louisiana Purchase Exposition]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3June1904; H46820.\n  PANORAMA, UNION SQUARE, SAN FRANCISCO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  PANORAMA VIEW STREET CAR MOTOR ROOM [Westinghouse Works]. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2May1904; H45147.\n  PANORAMA WATER FRONT AND BROOKLYN BRIDGE FROM EAST RIVER. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PANORAMIC RAILWAY VIEW FROM FRONT OF TRAIN. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  PANORAMIC SCENE, SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison; 21Apr1897;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW AISLE B., WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  PANORAMIC VIEW, ALBERT CANYON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Dec1901; H11093.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW BETWEEN PALLISER AND FIELD, B. C. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANO[RAMIC] VIEW, CRATER OF HALEAKALA, H. I. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW FROM PITTSBURGH TO ALLEGHENY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANO[RAMIC] VIEW, HONOLULU HARBOR, H. I. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW, HORSESHOE CURVE FROM PENNA. LTD. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW, HORSESHOE CURVE, PENNA. R. R., no. 2. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW, KICKING HORSE CANYON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Dec1901;\n  PANO[RAMIC] VIEW, KING ST. HONOLULU, H. I. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW, LOWER KICKING HORSE CANYON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW, LOWER KICKING HORSE VALLEY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW NEAR MT. GOLDEN ON THE CANADIAN PACIFIC R. R. \u00a9 Thomas\n  PANO[RAMIC] VIEW, OAHU RAILROAD, HALEIWA, H. I. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW, OAHU RAILROAD, PEARL HARBOR, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 16Nov1906; H85393.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW, RESCUE WORK, GALVESTON [Galveston, Texas, Hurricane\n    and Tidal Wave]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Sept1900;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW, UPPER KICKING HORSE CANYON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANO[RAMIC] VIEW, WAIKIKI FROM AN ELECTRIC CAR, H. I. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW, WRECKAGE ALONG SHORE, GALVESTON [Galveston, Texas,\n    Hurricane and Tidal Wave]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF AN EGYPTIAN CATTLE MARKET. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF BEYROUTH, SYRIA, SHOWING HOLIDAY FESTIVITIES. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 17June1903; H32800.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF BOSTON SUBWAY FROM AN ELECTRIC CAR. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF BROOKLYN BRIDGE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 4Feb1899;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF CHARLESTON EXPOSITION [South Carolina]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF ELECTRIC TOWER FROM A BALLOON [Pan American\n    Exposition, Buffalo]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Aug1901; H7634.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF FLORAL FLOAT \u201cOLYMPIA\u201d [Spanish-American War; Dewey\n    Homecoming, New York City]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 5Oct1899; 64679.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF MOKI-LAND [Walpapi Indians]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF MONTE CARLO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Apr1903; H30408.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF MT. TAMALPAIS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Jan1902;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF MT. TAMALPAIS BETWEEN BOW KNOT AND MCKINLEY CUT. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 11Jan1902; H13034.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF NEWPORT [R. I.]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12May1900;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF NIAGARA FALLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF RUBIO CANYON, MT. LOW R. R. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF ST. PIERRE, MARTINIQUE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE CANADIAN PACIFIC R. R. NEAR LEAUCHOIL, B. C. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 11Jan1902; H13042.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE CHAMPS ELYSEES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 29Aug1900;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE FLEET AFTER YACHT RACE [America\u2019s Cup Races:\n    Columbia and Shamrock II]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Oct1901; H9411.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE GOLDEN GATE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Jan1902;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE GORGE R. R. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 13Aug1901;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE GREAT CABLE INCLINE, MT. LOW R.R. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE HOHENZOLLERN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1902;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE PLACE DE L\u2019CONCORD [i.e. LA CONCORDE]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE PRESIDENT\u2019S HOUSE AT CANTON, OHIO [President\n    William McKinley]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Sept1901; H9016.\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE WHITE PASS RAILROAD. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMIC VIEW OF TREMONT HOTEL, GALVESTON [Galveston, Texas,\n    Hurricane and Tidal Wave]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Sept1900; D18565.\n  PANO[RAMIC] VIEW OF WAIKIKI BEACH, HONOLULU, H. I. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PANORAMIC VIEWS OF ALASKA IN ANIMATED MAPS. \u00a9 William H. Harbeck;\n  PANTS AND PANSIES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 24Jan1912; J165156.\n  PAPA\u2019S SWEETHEART, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 26Dec1911;\n  PAPA\u2019S WARNING; \u201cHE MUST GO AT ELEVEN.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 9June1904; H46954.\n  PAPERHANGER IN TROUBLE. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 20Jan1905; H56274.\n  PARADE, AMERICUS CLUB, CANTON OHIO, no. 73. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  PARADE, ELKINS CADETS, CANTON, O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896;\n  PARADE, FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. \u00a9 Percival L.\n  PARADE, FIRST BRIGADE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3554.\n  PARADE, MYSTIC SHRINERS, ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PARADE, SOUND MONEY CLUB, CANTON, O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  PARADE AT CANTON O., SHOWING MAJOR MCKINLEY IN CARRIAGE. \u00a9 American\n  PARADE OF BUFFALO BILL\u2019S WILD WEST SHOW, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PARADE OF CHINESE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Mar1898; 16439.\n  PARADE OF COACHES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13555.\n  PARADE OF EAGLES, NEW YORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PARADE OF \u201cEXEMPT\u201d FIREMEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PARADE OF FLOATS, ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION [Louisiana Purchase\n    Exposition]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Aug1904; H48986.\n  PARADE OF HORSES ON SPEEDWAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PARADE OF MARINES, U. S. CRUISER, \u201cBROOKLYN\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 12Oct1898; 60143.\n  PARADE OF SHRINERS, LUNA PARK [Coney Island]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  PARADE OF SNAKE DANCERS BEFORE THE DANCE [Walpapi Indians; Snake\n    Dance]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Dec1901; H11267.\n  PARADE OF THE PIKERS, ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION [Louisiana Purchase\n    Exposition]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13May1904; H45955.\n  PARADE OF WOMEN DELEGATES; WORLD\u2019S FAIR [Louisiana Purchase\n    Exposition, St. Louis]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PARADISE, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 National Film Distributing Co.; 1c 1Feb1912;\n  PARADISE LOST. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 17Apr1911; J154435.\n  PARDNERS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 4Jan1910; J137013\u201316.\n  THE PARENT\u2019S DEVOTION. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Mar1908; H107124.\n  PARIS FROM THE SEINE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Oct1904;\n  PARISIAN DANCE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15Jan1897; 5235.\n  PARK POLICE, DISMOUNTING AND MOUNTING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31Oct1896;\n  PARK POLICE, LEFT WHEEL AND FORWARD. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31Oct1896;\n  PARKE DAVIS\u2019 EMPLOYEES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PARLEZ VOUS FRANCAIS? (DO YOU SPEAK FRENCH?) \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  PARSIFAL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 13Oct1904.\n      Parsifal ascends the throne. H51619.\n      Ruins of magic garden. H51620.\n      Exterior of Klingson\u2019s Castle. H51621.\n      Magic garden. H51622.\n      Interior of the temple. H51623.\n      Scene outside the temple. H51624.\n      Return of Parsifal. H51625.\n      In the woods. H51626.\n  THE PARSON OF HENRY GULCH. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 23Oct1907; H101544.\n  THE PARSON\u2019S UMBRELLA, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14Jan1910;\n  PARTED, BUT UNITED AGAIN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 26Feb1909;\n  PARTED ON THEIR HONEYMOON, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 2July1909;\n  PARTNERS FOR LIFE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 3July1912;\n  THE PASS KEY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 4Jan1909; H121219.\n  PASSENGERS EMBARKING FROM S. S. \u201cAUGUSTA VICTORIA,\u201d AT BEYROUTH. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 11June1903; H32509.\n  THE PASSER-BY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 21June1912;\n  THE PASSING OF A GROUCH. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Nov1910; J147353.\n  THE PASSING OF J. B. RANDELL AND COMPANY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE PASSION FLOWER, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 29May1912;\n  PAT CLANCY\u2019S ADVENTURE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE PATENT HOUSEKEEPER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE PATENT MEDICINE MAN. SEE Indian Bitters.\n  PATERSON [N. J.] FIRE, SHOWING THE Y.M.C.A. AND LIBRARY. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE PATIENCE OF MISS JOB, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 27Aug1909;\n  THE PATRIOT; or, THE HORRORS OF WAR. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  PA-U RIDERS, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 13Nov1906; H85060.\n  PAUL J. RAINEY\u2019S AFRICAN HUNT, parts 1\u201313. \u00a9 Carl Laemmle 1c\n  THE PAWNBROKER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 21July1908; H113738.\n  PAWTUCKET FIRE DEPARTMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE PAY TRAIN ROBBERY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 20Nov1907; H102690.\n  THE PAYMASTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23June1906;\n  PEACE ENVOYS AT PORTSMOUTH, N. H. [Russo-Japanese Peace Conference]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15Aug1905; H64599.\n  THE PEACH-BASKET HAT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 24June1909; H128739.\n  PEACHES AND CREAM. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Feb1909; H122982.\n  THE PEASANT GIRL\u2019S LOYALTY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 14Nov1908;\n  PEDLAR PALMER AND TERRY MCGOVERN FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the Pedlar\n    Palmer and Terry McGovern Fight.\n  PEEPING TOM IN THE DRESSING ROOM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PEG WOFFINGTON, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 26July1910; J143675\u201378.\n  PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, WASHINGTON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Apr1897; 24889.\n  PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, WASHINGTON, D. C. [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 11Feb1897; 10692.\n  PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENT AT FORT MAHONE NEAR PETERSBURG, VA. \u00a9 Columbia\n    Photograph Co.; 18Dec1909; J136000.\n  PA. R. R. CLIFFS, JERSEY CITY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 19Dec1896;\n  PA. R. R., HATTONSFIELD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 19Dec1896; 69087.\n  PA. R. R. LIMITED EXPRESS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896; 68810.\n  PENNSYLVANIA R. R., NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  PA. R. R. TRAIN NEAR PHILA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 19Dec1896;\n  PENNSYLVANIA STATE MILITIA, DOUBLE TIME. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Jan1897;\n  PENNSYLVANIA STATE MILITIA, SINGLE TIME. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Jan1897;\n  PENNSYLVANIA STATE POLICE, TROOP B, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  PENNSYLVANIA TUNNEL EXCAVATION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PERCY LEARNS TO DANCE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 16Mar1912; J167235.\n  PERCY THE MASHER. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 2Dec1911; J163160.\n      On same reel with Bill Taft.\n  THE PERIL. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 30May1912; J169922.\n  A PERILOUS PROCEEDING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Apr1902;\n  A PERILOUS RIDE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 25Nov1911;\n  THE PERPETUAL PROPOSAL; or, AN ARDENT WOOER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  PERSISTENCY WINS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 30Oct1908; H117628.\n  A PERSISTENT ACTOR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Mar1908; H107123.\n  PERSISTENT JANE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 18May1909; H127189.\n  A PERSISTENT SUITOR, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 30Dec1908;\n  THE PERSISTENT TROMBONIST. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Aug1908; H114297.\n  PERSONAL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 29June1904; H47623.\n  A PERSONAL AFFAIR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 15May1912;\n  PERSONALLY CONDUCTED, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 16Mar1912;\n  PETER MAHER AND KID MCCOY FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the Peter Maher\n    and Kid McCoy Fight.\n  PETTICOAT LANE ON SUNDAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A PHENOMENAL CONTORTIONIST. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Nov1901; H10635.\n  PHILADELPHIA EXPRESS, JERSEY CENTRAL RAILWAY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PHILADELPHIA NEW YEAR SHOOTERS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Jan1907; H88663.\n  PHILADELPHIA, THE CRADLE OF LIBERTY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18June1908; H112077.\n  PHOEBE SNOW, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Nov1905; H69139\u201341.\n  THE PHOTOGRAPH HABIT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 19Jan1909; H121759.\n  PHOTOGRAPHED FOR THE ROGUE\u2019S GALLERY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 23May1905; H61275.\n  PHOTOGRAPHER\u2019S MISHAP. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 11Mar1901; H1859.\n  THE PHOTOGRAPHER\u2019S MISHAP. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31July1901; H7329.\n  PHOTOGRAPHING A COUNTRY COUPLE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Aug1901; H7639.\n  PHOTOGRAPHING A FEMALE CROOK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE PHYSICAL CULTURE GIRL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903; H36499.\n  THE PHYSICAL CULTURE GIRL, no. 1\u20133. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  PHYSICAL CULTURE LESSON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE PICKANINNY AND THE PUP, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24Aug1910;\n  PICKING ORANGES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13557.\n  THE PICKPOCKET. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Dec1903;\n  THE PICTURE THE PHOTOGRAPHER TOOK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  PICTURES INCIDENTAL TO YACHT RACE [America\u2019s Cup Races: Columbia and\n    Shamrock I]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Nov1899; 72833.\n  PICTURESQUE DARJEELING, INDIA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  PIE EATING CONTEST. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60593.\n  PIE, TRAMP AND THE BULLDOG. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6May1901; H4087.\n  A PIECE OF AMBERGRIS. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 27Apr1912; J168739.\n  A PIECE OF LACE, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3June1910; J142088\u201392.\n  PIERROT, MURDERER. \u00a9 L. Gaumont & Co.; 18Apr1904; H44521.\n  PIERROT\u2019S PROBLEM. American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902;\n  THE PIG THAT CAME TO LIFE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PIGEON FARM AT LOS ANGELES, CAL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 19Dec1901;\n  PIGS IS PIGS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14Dec1910; J149481\u201384.\n  THE PIKER\u2019S DREAM; a race track fantasy. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  PILE DRIVING, WASHINGTON NAVY YARD [Washington, D. C.] \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  A PILLOW FIGHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15May1902;\n  PILLOW FIGHT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24May1897; 31242.\n  THE PILLOW FIGHT, no. 2. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PILOT BOATS IN NEW YORK HARBOR. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22Apr1899; 27966.\n  PILOT LEAVING \u201cPRINZESSEN VICTORIA LUISE\u201d AT SANDY HOOK. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PIONEERS CROSSING THE PLAINS IN \u201949, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  A PIPE DREAM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 29June1905; H62751.\n  PIPE DREAMS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 22Jan1908; H105391.\n  A PIPE FOR A CIGAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23Mar1904;\n  A PIPE STORY OF THE FOURTH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE PIRATES. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Apr1905; H58894.\n  THE PIRATE\u2019S GOLD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Nov1908;\n  THE PIRATES\u2019 TREASURE; or, A SAILOR\u2019S LOVE STORY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  PITY THE BLIND, no. 2. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2Feb1904;\n  PLAIN MAME; or, ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  A PLAIN SONG. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 1Dec1910; J148441.\n  THE PLANTER\u2019S WIFE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Oct1908;\n  A PLATE OF ICE CREAM AND TWO SPOONS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  PLAY BALL ON THE BEACH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE PLAY OF LA DAME AUX CAMELIAS WITH MME. SARAH BERNHARDT AS\n    PRINCIPAL ARTIST. SEE La Dame Aux Camelias. J166636.\n  THE PLAY OF MME. SANS-GENE WITH MME. REJANE AS PRINCIPAL CHARACTER.\n    SEE Mme. Sans-Gene. J166637.\n  PLAYING THE GAME. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 6Jan1912; J164088.\n      On same reel with Back To His Own Home Town.\n  PLAYMATES, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 2Mar1908; H106871\u201373.\n  PLEASE HELP THE BLIND; or, A GAME OF GRAFT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  PLEASE REMIT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 6Jan1912;\n  THE PLOT THAT FAILED. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 12June1909;\n  POCAHONTAS, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 1Oct1908; H116395\u2013400.\n  A POET\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902;\n  POINTING DOWN GORGE, NIAGARA FALLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  THE POISONED BOUQUET; an Italian tragedy of the XV century. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 6Aug1908; H114323.\n  THE POISONED PILLS. SEE A Husband\u2019s Revenge.\n  POKER AT DAWSON CITY [Alaska Gold Rush]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  POKER IN THE WEST. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75814.\n  POLE VAULTING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Apr1902; H16729.\n  POLICE BOATS ESCORTING NAVAL PARADE [Spanish-American War; New York\n    City Welcome to Admiral Sampson\u2019s Fleet after Battle of Santiago\n    Bay]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52046.\n  THE POLICE FORCE OF NEW YORK CITY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  POLICE PATROL WAGON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Jan1897; 3843.\n  POLICE RAID AT A DOG FIGHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A POLICEMAN FOR AN HOUR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 21July1908; H113742.\n  POLICEMAN\u2019S PALL [sic]. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 27May1905; H61364.\n  POLICEMEN\u2019S PRANK ON THEIR COMRADES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8July1903;\n  POLISH AND PIE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 5July1911;\n  POLITICIAN\u2019S LOVE STORY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  POLLYWOGS 71ST REGIMENT, N. G. S. N. Y., INITIATING RAW RECRUITS. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 13July1904; H47969.\n  POLO GAME: MYOPIA VS. DEDHAM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  POMPEY\u2019S HONEY GIRL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15July1905;\n  PONTOON BRIDGE BUILDING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE PONY EXPRESS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 13May1909;\n  POOR ALGY, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Oct1905; H67939\u201345.\n  POOR GIRL, IT WAS A HOT NIGHT AND THE MOSQUITOS WERE THICK. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Sept1903; H35642.\n  POOR HOOLIGAN, SO HUNGRY TOO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  POOR JOHN. \u00a9 Belcher & Waterson; 1Feb1907; H90029.\n  THE POOR MUSICIAN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 11Feb1909; H122838.\n  A POOR PLACE FOR LOVE MAKING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE POOR SICK MEN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 27Jan1911; J151208.\n  POPE LEO XIII. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.\n  POPE LEO XIII AND COUNT PECCI, no. 1. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  POPE LEO XIII APPROACHING GARDEN SEAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  POPE LEO XIII ATTENDED BY GUARD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Nov1898;\n  POPE LEO [XIII] BLESSING IN THE GARDEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  POPE LEO XIII GIVING BLESSING FROM CHAIR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  POPE LEO XIII IN CARRIAGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Nov1898; 65485.\n  POPE LEO XIII IN CARRIAGE, no. 1. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 22Nov1898;\n  POPE LEO XIII IN CHAIR, no. 1. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 22Nov1898;\n  POPE [LEO XIII] IN HIS CARRIAGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  POPE LEO XIII IN SEDAN CHAIR, no. 1. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  POPE LEO XIII IN VATICAN GARDEN, no. 1. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  POPE [LEO XIII] PASSING THROUGH UPPER LOGGIA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 12Sept1903; H35633.\n  POPE LEO XIII PASSING THROUGH UPPER LOGGIA, no. 1. \u00a9 American\n  POPE LEO XIII PREPARING TO GIVE BLESSING FROM CHAIR. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope Co.; 7Nov1898; 65478.\n  POPE LEO XIII SEATED IN GARDEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Nov1898;\n  POPE LEO XIII WALKING AT TWILIGHT, no. 1. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  POPE LEO [XIII] WALKING IN THE GARDEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  THE POROUS PLASTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Dec1903;\n  PORTUGEE JOE. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 29June1912; J170642.\n  POST NO BILLS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 17Jan1906; H72024.\n  THE POST TELEGRAPHER, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co., Inc.;\n  THE POSTER GIRLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26Apr1902;\n  POST MAN DELIVERING MAIL, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  POSTMAN WHITEWASHED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18June1904;\n  A POTATO BAKE IN THE WOODS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE POUTING MODEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12June1902;\n  THE POWER OF AUTHORITY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE POWER OF CONSCIENCE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 1Feb1912; J165166.\n  THE POWER OF DESTRUCTION, parts 1\u20133. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francaise des Films &\n    Cinematographes \u201cEclair,\u201d Paris; 1c 17July1912; J171703.\n  THE POWER OF LOVE, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 24Apr1912;\n  PRANKS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 31Aug1909; J131132.\n  THE PRENTIS TRIO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 4Aug1899; 50476.\n  PRESIDENT MCKINLEY LEAVING OBSERVATORY, MT. TOM, HOLYOKE, MASS. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902; H16349.\n  PRESIDENT MCKINLEY AND ESCORT GOING TO THE CAPITOL [McKinley\n    Inauguration]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Mar1901; H1795.\n  PRESIDENT MCKINLEY REVIEWING THE TROOPS AT THE PAN-AMERICAN\n    EXPOSITION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Sept1901; H8588.\n  PRESIDENT MCKINLEY TAKING THE OATH [McKinley Inauguration]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  PRESIDENT MCKINLEY\u2019S FUNERAL CORTEGE AT BUFFALO, N. Y. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PRESIDENT MCKINLEY\u2019S FUNERAL CORTEGE AT WASHINGTON, D. C. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PRESIDENT MCKINLEY\u2019S SPEECH AT THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. \u00a9 Thomas\n  PRESIDENT REVIEWING SCHOOL CHILDREN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT ADDRESSING CREW OF \u201cKEARSARGE.\u201d \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Jan1905; H55389.\n  PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AND THE ROUGH RIDERS [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Jan1903; H27385.\n  PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AT LYNN, MASS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AT THE CANTON STATION [President McKinley\u2019s\n    Funeral, Canton, Ohio]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 26Sept1901; H9085.\n  PRES. ROOSEVELT AT THE DEDICATION CEREMONIES, ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION\n    [Louisiana Purchase Exposition]. \u00a9 William N. Selig; 6May1903;\n  PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT CROSSING THE FIELD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT REVIEWING THE TROOPS AT CHARLESTON EXPOSITION\n    [South Carolina]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18Apr1902; H16715.\n  PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT\u2019S ARRIVAL AT \u201cKEARSARGE.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 3Jan1905; H55391.\n  PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT\u2019S DEPARTURE FROM \u201cKEARSARGE.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  PRES. ROOSEVELT\u2019S FOURTH OF JULY ORATION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 15July1903; H33456.\n  PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT\u2019S HOMECOMING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT\u2019S INAUGURATION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Mar1905;\n  PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT\u2019S VISIT TO ADMIRAL BARKER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 3Jan1905; H55400.\n  THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES 1909. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 17Oct1908; H117120.\n  PRESIDENTIAL POSSIBILITIES. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 8June1912;\n  THE PRESIDENT\u2019S CARRIAGE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE PRESIDENT\u2019S SPECIAL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 15Feb1910;\n  THE PRESS GANG. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18Sept1908; H115821.\n  THE PRESS GANG; a romance of time of King George III. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n    Co. of America; 20July1908; H113632.\n  UN PR\u00caT\u00c9 POUR UN RENDU; ou, UNE BONNE FARCE AVEC MA T\u00caTE. \u00a9 Geo.\n  THE PRICE OF A KISS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Apr1902;\n  PRICE OF A KISS: THE BARBER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE PRICE OF A MAN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 4July1911;\n  THE PRICE OF A SOUL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 13Aug1909;\n  THE PRICE OF VICTORY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24Feb1911;\n  THE PRICE SHE PAID; or, A FATAL PRACTICAL JOKE, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 P. A.\n  THE PRIMA DONNA\u2019S UNDERSTUDY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE PRIMAL CALL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 24June1911; J156920.\n  PRIMITIVE IRRIGATION IN EGYPT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17June1903; H32798.\n  THE PRINCE AND THE PAUPER, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3Aug1909;\n  PRINCE HENRY [OF PRUSSIA] ARRIVING AT WEST POINT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PRINCE HENRY [OF PRUSSIA] ARRIVING IN WASHINGTON AND VISITING THE\n    GERMAN EMBASSY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Feb1902; H14547.\n  PRINCE HENRY [OF PRUSSIA] AT LINCOLN\u2019S MONUMENT, CHICAGO, ILL. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 12Mar1902; H14821.\n  PRINCE HENRY [OF PRUSSIA] AT NIAGARA FALLS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  PRINCE HENRY [OF PRUSSIA] AT WEST POINT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 8July1903; H33284.\n  PRINCE HENRY [OF PRUSSIA] REVIEWING THE CADETS AT WEST POINT. \u00a9 Thomas\n  PRINCE HENRY [OF PRUSSIA] VISITING CAMBRIDGE, MASS. AND HARVARD\n    UNIVERSITY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Mar1902; H14822.\n  THE PRINCE OF DARKNESS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE PRINCESS AND THE PEASANT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  THE PRINCESS IN THE VASE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PRINCESS NICOTINE; or, THE SMOKE FAIRY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  PRINCESS RAJAH DANCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3June1904;\n  PRINCETON AND YALE FOOTBALL GAME. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 19Nov1903;\n  PRISCILLA AND THE UMBRELLA. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Apr1911; J153845.\n  PRISCILLA\u2019S APRIL FOOL JOKE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 28Mar1911; J153535.\n  PRISCILLA\u2019S CAPTURE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 1Mar1912; J166794.\n  PRISCILLA\u2019S ENGAGEMENT KISS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13Feb1911; J151958.\n  THE PRISONER OF WAR, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 14June1912;\n  PRIVATE BROWN. \u00a9 Centaur Film Co.; 10June1909; H128175.\n  A PRIVATE SUPPER AT HELLAR\u2019S [i.e. HELLER\u2019S]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902; H24888.\n  PRIZE FIGHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Oct1902; H22555.\n  PRIZE WINNERS AT THE COUNTRY FAIR. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Dec1901;\n  PROCESSION OF FLOATS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Mar1898; 16425.\n  PROCESSION OF FLOATS AND MASQUERADERS AT NICE CARNIVAL. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  PROCESSION OF MOUNTED INDIANS AND COWBOYS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE PRODIGAL SON UP-TO-DATE. SEE A Fool and His Money are Soon Parted.\n  THE PRODIGAL\u2019S RETURN, 3 A. M., no. 107. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  PROFESSIONAL HANDICAP BICYCLE RACE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Aug1901;\n  THE PROFESSOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Nov1903; H38152.\n  THE PROFESSOR. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 21Dec1911; J163637.\n  THE PROFESSOR AND THE NEW HAT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  PROFESSOR FIX FIXED, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 29May1909;\n  THE PROFESSOR OF THE DRAMA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE PROFESSOR\u2019S TRIP TO THE COUNTRY; or, A CASE OF MISTAKEN IDENTITY.\n    \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 19Sept1908; H115854.\n  PROJECTILE FROM TEN INCH DISAPPEARING GUN STRIKING WATER, SANDY HOOK,\n    no. 131. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9268.\n  PROJECTILE FROM 10 INCH GUN STRIKING WATER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THE PROMISE! HENRI PROMISES NEVER TO GAMBLE AGAIN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  THE PROPHETESS OF THEBES. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 24Mar1908; H107867.\n  THE PROPOSAL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Nov1910; J147352.\n  THE PROSPECTORS; a romance of the gold fields. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE PROVIDENCE LIGHT ARTILLERY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE PRUSSIAN SPY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1Mar1909;\n  PULL DOWN THE CURTAINS, SUSIE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PULL FOR THE SHORE, SAILOR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  PULLING OFF THE BED CLOTHES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  PUMPKIN EATER. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 2Dec1904; H53977.\n  THE PUNISHMENT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Apr1912; J167862.\n  PURCHASING AN AUTOMOBILE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 6Aug1907;\n  THE PURGATION. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 6July1910; J142946.\n  PURGATORY, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 National Film Distributing Co.; 1c 1Feb1912;\n  PURITAN DAYS IN AMERICA. SEE The White Man\u2019s First Smoke.\n  THE PURSUIT OF A SUIT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Mar1908; H107542.\n  PUSS IN BOOTS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1May1903; H31303.\n  PUSSY\u2019S BATH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3545.\n  PUTTING UP THE SWING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26Oct1904;\n  PUZZLE-MAD. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 26Apr1909; H126163.\n  QUAIL SHOOTING AT PINEHURST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE QUARREL ON THE CLIFF, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE QUARRELSOME WASHERWOMAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A QUARTER AFTER TWO. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 13July1911;\n  QUEBEC FIRE DEPT. ON RUNNERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  QUEEN ELIZABETH, 3 parts. \u00a9 Engadine Amusement Co.; 1c 22July1912;\n  QUEEN OF CRIMINALS, parts 1\u20134. \u00a9 R. Prieur; 1c 13Mar1912; J167140\u201343.\n  A QUEEN OF THE BURLESQUE, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11Feb1910;\n  THE QUEEN OF THE RANCH. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 20Mar1909; H124445.\n  QUEEN VICTORIA\u2019S FUNERAL, nos. 1\u20133. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE QUESTION MARK, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 23Aug1911;\n  A QUESTION OF SECONDS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A QUICK RECOVERY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Apr1902;\n  QUICK WORK FOR THE SOUBRETTES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A RACE FOR A KISS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Nov1904;\n  A RACE FOR A WIFE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 4Oct1906; H83437.\n  A RACE FOR LOVE. SEE The Trainer\u2019s Daughter.\n  A RACE FOR MILLIONS, scenes 1\u20139. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Sept1907;\n  THE RACE FOR THE VITAGRAPH CUP AND HOW IT WAS WON. SEE An Auto\n    Heroine.\n  RACE IN SAVANNAH. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 17Feb1912; J166700.\n  RACING AT SHEEPSHEAD BAY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31Jul1897; 43414.\n  THE RACING CHUTES AT DREAMLAND [Coney Island]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 28July1904; H48625.\n  RACING FOR A TOW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Aug1903;\n  RAFFLES, THE AMATEUR CRACKSMAN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  RAFFLES, THE DOG. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 30June1905; H62774.\n  A RAID ON A COCK FIGHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Feb1906;\n  RAID ON A COINER\u2019S DEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  RAILROAD PANORAMA NEAR SPANISHTOWN, JAMAICA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  RAILROAD SMASHUP. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 19Sept1904; H50587.\n  RAILROAD VIEW\u2014EXPERIMENTAL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  RAILWAY STATION AT YOKOHAMA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38228.\n  A RAILWAY TRAGEDY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Oct1904;\n  THE RAIN-DEAR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10Dec1908; H119480.\n  THE RAINMAKER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1Aug1908; H114117.\n  RAINMAKERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60594.\n  RAISING OLD GLORY OVER MORRO CASTLE [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  THE RAJAH, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14Feb1911; J152131\u201334.\n  RAMONA. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 26May1910; J141683.\n  THE RANSOM OF RED CHIEF, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 15Feb1911;\n  RANSON\u2019S FOLLY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 1Mar1910; J138818\u201321.\n  RAPIDS ABOVE AMERICAN FALLS [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  RAPIDS BELOW SUSPENSION BRIDGE [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE RAT TRAP PICKPOCKET DETECTOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  RAZING A BRICK BUILDING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  RAZZLE DAZZLE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8July1903; H33296.\n  READING THE DEATH SENTENCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  READING THE PROCLAMATION AT ST. JAMES PALACE [King Edward VII,\n    England]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Feb1901; H1057.\n  READY IN A MINUTE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 22Apr1910;\n  REALISM. SEE The Starving Artist.\n  RECEDING VIEW, BLACK DIAMOND EXPRESS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  RECEPTION FOR THE VICTORIOUS OLYMPIC TEAM OF AMERICAN ATHLETES AT CITY\n    HALL, NEW YORK. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 8Sept1908; H115389.\n  RECEPTION OF BRITISH FLEET. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  RECEPTION OF PRESIDENT TAFT IN PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA, MAY 19TH, 1909. \u00a9\n    Columbia Photograph Co.; 29July1909; J129814.\n  THE RECKONING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Dec1908; H119108.\n  THE RECREATION OF AN HEIRESS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 24Dec1910; J149493.\n  RED CROSS AMBULANCE ON BATTLEFIELD [Boer War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE RED CROSS SEAL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16Dec1910;\n  THE RED GIRL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Sept1908; H115322.\n  THE RED STAR INN. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 17Nov1909; J133579.\n  REDEEMED FROM SIN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18Sept1908; H115825.\n  REDEMPTION. \u00a9 Eclair Film Co.; 1c 20Mar1912; J167296.\n  THE REDMAN AND THE CHILD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE REDMAN\u2019S VIEW. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 11Dec1909; J135835.\n  REFLECTIONS FROM THE FIRELIGHT. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 12Feb1912; J166201.\n  THE REFORM CANDIDATE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 31Oct1911;\n  REFORMING A HUSBAND. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Feb1909; H122567.\n  THE REHEARSAL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Oct1903; H37383.\n  REILLY\u2019S LIGHT BATTERY F. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE REJUVENATION OF A FOSSIL. SEE The Merry Widower.\n  \u201cRELIANCE\u201d AND \u201cSHAMROCK\u201d III JOCKEYING AND STARTING IN FIRST RACE\n    [America\u2019s Cup Races]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Aug1903; H35047.\n  \u201cRELIANCE\u201d CROSSING THE LINE AND WINNING FIRST RACE [America\u2019s Cup\n    Races: Reliance and Shamrock III]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Aug1903;\n  \u201cRELIANCE\u201d VS. \u201cSHAMROCK\u201d III, AUG. 20 [America\u2019s Cup Races]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Aug1903; H35095.\n  THE RELIEF OF LUCKNOW, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE RENUNCIATION. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 21July1909; J129610.\n  THE RENUNCIATION. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 24Oct1908; H117387.\n  REPAIRING STREETS IN MEXICO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13558.\n  THE REPRIEVE; an episode in the life of Abraham Lincoln. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 12June1908; H111705.\n  A REPRIEVE FROM THE SCAFFOLD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  REPRODUCTION, CORONATION CEREMONIES\u2014KING EDWARD VII. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Aug1902; H20562.\n  REPRODUCTION, NAN PATERSON\u2019S TRIAL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  REPRODUCTION OF BURNS-PALMER FIGHT, LONDON (ENGLAND), FEBRUARY 10TH,\n  REPRODUCTION OF CORBETT-MCGOVERN FIGHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 2June1903; H32322.\n  REPRODUCTION OF JEFFRIES-CORBETT CONTEST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 22Sept1903; H36013.\n  REPRODUCTION OF NELSON-GANS FIGHT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 17Aug1906; H82027.\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE CORBETT AND JEFFRIES FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin;\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE CORBETT AND MCCOY FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin;\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE FITZSIMMONS AND SHARKEY FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin;\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE FITZSIMMONS-JEFFRIES FIGHT IN ELEVEN ROUNDS\n    SHOWING THE KNOCK OUT, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 12June1899; 38632\u201338633.\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE JEFFRIES AND CORBETT FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin.\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE JEFFRIES AND RUHLIN FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin;\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE JEFFRIES AND SHARKEY FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin;\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE KID MCCOY AND PETER MAHER FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin;\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE MCGOVERN AND DIXON FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin;\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE OLSEN AND ROEBER WRESTLING MATCH. \u00a9 Siegmund\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE PEDLAR PALMER AND TERRY MCGOVERN FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE PETER MAHER AND KID MCCOY FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin;\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE RUHLIN AND JEFFRIES FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin;\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE SHARKEY AND FITZSIMMONS FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin;\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE SHARKEY AND JEFFRIES FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin;\n  REPRODUCTION OF THE TERRY MCGOVERN AND PEDLAR PALMER FIGHT. \u00a9 Siegmund\n  THE RESCUE, CARE AND EDUCATION OF BLIND BABIES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas\n  RESCUE OF CHILD FROM INDIANS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  RESCUE\u2014RESUSCITATION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60572.\n  RESCUED BY CARLO. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 31Mar1906; H75202.\n  RESCUED BY ROVER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Aug1905;\n  RESCUED BY WIRELESS. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 15Apr1912; J168245.\n  RESCUED FROM AN EAGLE\u2019S NEST, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  RESOURCEFUL LOVERS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25Nov1911; J163175.\n  RESPONDING TO AN ALARM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE RESTORATION. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10Nov1909; J134602.\n  RESTORED BY REPENTENCE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18Nov1908; H118459.\n  RESURRECTION. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 19May1909; H127268.\n  RESURRECTION. From the novel by Leo Tolstoy, with Blanche Walsh as\n    Maslova, parts 1\u20134. \u00a9 Masko Film Co.; 1c 8Aug1912; J172020\u201323.\n  THE RESURRECTION OF JOHN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.;\n  RETRIBUTION; or, THE BRAND OF CAIN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  RETURN OF LIFEBOAT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60576.\n  RETURN OF MCKINLEY FROM THE CAPITOL [McKinley Inauguration]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  RETURN OF 2ND REGIMENT OF NEW JERSEY [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  RETURN OF TROOP C, BROOKLYN [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  RETURNING FROM THE RACES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38229.\n  RETURNING TO CHINA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2July1903;\n  REUBEN IN THE SUBWAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20June1905;\n  REUNITED BY THE SEA. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 29July1912; J171839.\n  LE R\u00caVE D\u2019UN MAITRE DE BALLET. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 4Dec1903; H38794.\n  LE R\u00caVE DE L\u2019HORLOGER. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 23Feb1904; H42527.\n  LE REVENANT. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 12Oct1903; H37509.\n  REVENGE! \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1Oct1904; H51119.\n  REVENGE IS SWEET, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 17July1912;\n  THE REVENUE MAN AND THE GIRL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 27Sept1911; J160517.\n  THE REVERSIBLE DIVERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Aug1901; H7987.\n  REVIEW OF CADETS AT WEST POINT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  REVIEW OF CADETS, WEST POINT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  REVIEW OF RUSSIAN ARTILLERY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  REVIEWING THE \u201cTEXAS\u201d AT GRANT\u2019S TOMB [Spanish-American War; New York\n    City Welcome to Admiral Sampson\u2019s Fleet after Battle of Santiago\n    Bay]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52048.\n  REX\u2019S BATH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Sept1902; H21501.\n  REYNARD THE FOX. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 4May1903; H31341.\n  RHODA ROYAL\u2019S TRAINED HORSES. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 9Mar1912; J167083.\n  RHODE ISLAND LIGHT ARTILLERY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A RICH REVENGE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 11Apr1910; 140366.\n  RICHARD III; a Shakespearian tragedy. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  RICKSHAW PARADE, JAPAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A RIDE THROUGH PACK SADDLE MOUNTAINS, PENNA. R. R. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  RIDERS OF THE PLAINS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 2Nov1910;\n  THE RIGHT CLUE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 2Mar1912; J166892.\n  THE RIGHT DECISION, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 8Mar1910;\n  THE RIGHT OF THE SEIGNEUR. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 3Nov1908;\n  THE RIGHT TO LABOR. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 13Mar1909; H123957.\n  THE RIGHTS OF YOUTH, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 26Apr1912;\n  THE RINGMASTER\u2019S WIFE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 20Nov1907; H102689.\n  RIP. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 17Aug1905.\n      1. La Taverne du Roi Georges III. H64663.\n      2. Un Sentier Dans la Foret. H64664.\n      4. L\u2019Hotel du Roi Georges. H64666.\n  RIP AND THE DWARF. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902;\n  RIP LEAVING SLEEPY HOLLOW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  RIP LEAVING SLEEPY HOLLOW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 19Dec1896; 69088.\n  RIP MEETING THE DWARF. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 29Dec1902;\n  RIP MEETING THE DWARF. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896; 68804.\n  RIP PASSING OVER HILL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 29Dec1902;\n  RIP VAN WINKLE. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 28Apr1903; H31235.\n  RIP VAN WINKLE, 2 parts. \u00a9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francaise des Films et\n    Cinematographes \u201cEclair,\u201d Paris; 1c 9July1912; J170893.\n  RIP\u2019S TOAST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 29Dec1902; H25401.\n  RIP\u2019S TOAST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 19Dec1896; 69095.\n  RIP\u2019S TOAST TO HUDSON AND CREW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  RIP\u2019S TOAST TO HUDSON AND CREW, no. 49. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  RIP\u2019S TWENTY YEARS\u2019 SLEEP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  RIP\u2019S TWENTY YEARS\u2019 SLEEP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3551.\n  THE RISE AND FALL OF WEARY WILLIE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  THE RIVAL CANDIDATES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 1Mar1911;\n  THE RIVAL MODELS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Mar1904;\n  THE RIVAL SCULPTORS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 21Feb1911;\n  THE RIVALS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  THE RIVALS, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Sept1907; H99197-H99204.\n  RIVALS FOR A WEEK. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 29July1908; H113992.\n  THE RIVER PIRATES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20Sept1905;\n  THE RIVER PIRATES. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18July1906; H80902.\n  RIVER SCENE AT MACAO, CHINA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38254.\n  RIVERSIDE GEYSER, YELLOWSTONE PARK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24May1901;\n  A ROAD SIDE INN. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 21May1906; H77983.\n  A ROAD TO LOVE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 5May1909; H126609\u201312.\n  THE ROAD TO THE HEART. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 31Mar1909;\n  ROASTED CHESTNUTS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 20Sept1907; H99879.\n  ROBBED OF HER ALL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1Sept1905;\n  THE ROBBERY OF THE CITIZENS\u2019 BANK. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6July1908; H112822.\n  ROBBIE\u2019S PET RAT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28May1908; H111140.\n  ROBERT MACAIRE AND BERTRAND BEHIND THE SCENE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 5Jan1907;\n  ROBIN HOOD, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francaise des Films & Cinematographes\n  ROBINSON CRUSOE. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 1May1903; H31305.\n  ROCK DRILL AT WORK IN SUBWAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ROCK OF AGES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26May1902; H18126.\n  THE ROCK OF AGES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Oct1903;\n  ROCK OF AGES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31Oct1902; H23342.\n  ROCKING GOLD IN THE KLONDIKE [Alaska Gold Rush]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE ROCKY ROAD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 6Jan1910; J136775.\n  ROEBER WRESTLING MATCH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Dec1901; H11493.\n  THE ROGUE\u2019S GALLERY PHOTOGRAPHER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ROGUES\u2019 TRICKS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 18Mar1907; H91552.\n  LE ROI DU MAQUILLAGE. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 23Feb1904; H42524.\n  THE ROLLER SKATE CRAZE. \u00a9 William N. Selig; 9Aug1907; H97845.\n  ROMANCE OF A GYPSY CAMP. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 13June1908; H111811.\n  ROMANCE OF A JEWESS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Oct1908;\n  ROMANCE OF A WAR NURSE, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 18Aug1908;\n  ROMANCE OF AN EGG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26May1908;\n  ROMANCE OF AN OLD MAID. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 25Mar1912; J167491.\n  ROMANCE OF AN UMBRELLA. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Sept1909;\n  ROMANCE OF ENGINE 999. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 8Apr1909; H125497.\n  THE ROMANCE OF HEFTY BURKE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 30Dec1910;\n  A ROMANCE OF OLD MADRID, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Jan1909;\n  A ROMANCE OF OLD MEXICO. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 26May1909;\n  A ROMANCE OF THE ALPS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 23Sept1908;\n  A ROMANCE OF THE CLIFF DWELLERS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A ROMANCE OF THE FUR COUNTRY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Mar1908; H107118.\n  A ROMANCE OF THE ICE FIELDS, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A ROMANCE OF THE RAIL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903; H36500.\n  A ROMANCE OF THE WESTERN HILLS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13Apr1910; J140416.\n  A ROMANY TRAGEDY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 1June1911; J156182.\n  ROMEO AND JULIET; a romantic story of the ancient feud between the\n    Italian houses of Montague and Capulet. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  A ROMP ON THE LAWN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902;\n  ROOMMATES. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 18May1909; H127190.\n  ROOMS FOR GENTLEMEN ONLY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ROOSEVELT IN AFRICA, scenes 1\u201320. \u00a9 Cherry Kearton, Ltd.; 18Apr1910;\n  ROOSEVELT\u2019S ROUGH RIDERS [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  ROOSEVELT\u2019S ROUGH RIDERS EMBARKING FOR SANTIAGO [Spanish-American\n    War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38238.\n  ROOT AND GARDNER. SEE Light Heavyweight Championship Contest Between\n    Root and Gardner.\n  THE ROOT OF EVIL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Mar1912; J167176.\n  THE ROSE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13Aug1903; H34518.\n  ROSE CARNIVAL. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 31July1912; J171726.\n  ROSE O\u2019 SALEM-TOWN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 27Sept1910; J145818.\n  THE ROSE OF CALIFORNIA. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 29Feb1912; J166788.\n  THE ROSE OF KENTUCKY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 26Aug1911; J159452.\n  A ROSE OF THE TENDERLOIN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 23Nov1909;\n  THE ROUE\u2019S HEART. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Mar1909;\n  ROUGH HOUSE IN A NEW YORK HONKY-TONK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  A ROUND-UP IN OKLAHOMA. \u00a9 Oklahoma Natural Mutoscene Co.; 28Dec1908;\n  THE ROUND-UP, PENDLETON, OREGON. \u00a9 William H. Harbeck; 30Oct1911;\n  ROUNDING UP AND BRANDING CATTLE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18May1904;\n  ROUNDING UP OF THE \u201cYEGGMEN.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Sept1904; H50552.\n  ROUT OF THE FILIPINOS [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  ROUTING MAIL, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Aug1903;\n  ROWDY AND HIS NEW PAL, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 6Apr1912;\n  ROYAL GORGE [Colorado]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13565.\n  ROYAL TRAIN WITH DUKE AND DUCHESS OF YORK, CLIMBING MT. HECTOR. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 29Nov1901; H10871.\n  LE ROYAUME DES F\u00c9ES. SEE The Fairyland.\n  RUBE AND FENDER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Sept1903; H35326.\n  RUBE AND MANDY AT CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 13Aug1903; H34528.\n  A RUBE COUPLE AT A COUNTY FAIR. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Oct1904; H52013.\n  RUBE GOES TO COLLEGE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Mar1908; H107543.\n  RUBE IN AN OPIUM JOINT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A RUBE IN THE SUBWAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15June1905;\n  RUBES IN THE THEATRE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Sept1901; H8694.\n  A RUDE AWAKENING. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 10Oct1908; H116786.\n  A RUDE HOSTESS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 31Mar1909;\n  RUHLIN AND JEFFRIES FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the Ruhlin and Jeffries\n    Fight.\n  RUHLIN IN HIS TRAINING QUARTERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 2Dec1901; H10906.\n  RUINS OF CITY HALL, PATERSON [N. J.] \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17Feb1902;\n  A RUN OF LUCK. SEE The 100 to 1 Shot.\n  RUN OF N. Y. FIRE DEPARTMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  RUNAWAY IN THE PARK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 2Nov1896; 60397.\n  RUNAWAY MATCH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1Dec1903; H38686.\n  RUNNING THROUGH GALLITZEN TUNNEL, PENNA. R. R. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  A RURAL ELOPEMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Jan1909;\n  A RURAL TRAGEDY, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16June1909;\n  RURAL WAGON DELIVERING MAIL, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  RURAL WAGON GIVING MAIL TO BRANCH, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  RUSSIAN SHARP SHOOTERS [Russo-Japanese War]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  A RUSTIC HEROINE; or, IN THE DAYS OF KING GEORGE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  RUY BLAS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 11Jan1909; H121462.\n  S. S. \u201cCHIPPEWA.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12June1902;\n  S. S. \u201cCOLUMBIA\u201d SAILING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  S. S. \u201cCOPTIC.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Apr1898; 25332.\n  S. S. \u201cCOPTIC\u201d AT DOCK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60580.\n  S. S. \u201cCOPTIC\u201d COALING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38231.\n  S. S. \u201cCOPTIC\u201d IN THE HARBOR. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60581.\n  S. S. \u201cCOPTIC\u201d LYING TO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Apr1898; 25331.\n  S. S. \u201cCOPTIC\u201d RUNNING AGAINST THE STORM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  S. S. \u201cCOPTIC\u201d RUNNING BEFORE A GALE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Dec1898;\n  S. S. \u201cCOPTIC\u201d SAILING AWAY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60582.\n  THE S. S. \u201cDEUTSCHLAND\u201d IN A STORM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25June1902;\n  THE S. S. \u201cDEUTSCHLAND\u201d IN A STORM, no. 2. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  S. S. \u201cDEUTSCHLAND\u201d IN HEAVY SEA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25June1902;\n  S. S. \u201cDEUTSCHLAND\u201d LEAVING HER DOCK IN HOBOKEN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  S. S. \u201cDORIC.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38216.\n  S. S. \u201cDORIC\u201d IN MID-OCEAN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38224.\n  S. S. \u201cGAELIC.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38221.\n  S. S. \u201cGAELIC\u201d AT NAGASAKI. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38255.\n  S. S. \u201cKINAU\u201d LANDING PASSENGERS, LAUPAHOIHOI, H. I.; \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  S. S. \u201cKINAU\u201d LANDING PASSENGERS, MAHUKONA, HAWAII. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  S. S. \u201cMORRO CASTLE.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Feb1904;\n  S. S. \u201cQUEEN\u201d LEAVING DOCK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60555.\n  S. S. \u201cQUEEN\u201d LOADING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60557.\n  S. S. \u201cWILLIAMETTE\u201d LEAVING FOR KLONDIKE [Alaska Gold Rush]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  S. S. ... SEE ALSO Steamship.\n  SACK RACE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11June1903; H32497.\n  SACK RACE AT NEW HAVEN, CONN., no. 109. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  THE SACRIFICE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Jan1909;\n  SAILING OF THE \u201cDEUTSCHLAND\u201d WITH PRINCE HENRY [OF PRUSSIA] ON BOARD.\n    \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15Mar1902; H15200.\n  SAILORS ASHORE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Feb1904;\n  THE SAILOR\u2019S LOVE LETTER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A SAILOR\u2019S LOVE STORY. SEE The Pirate\u2019s Treasure.\n  SAILORS OF ATLANTIC FLEET, DEWEY PARADE [Spanish-American War; Dewey\n    Homecoming, New York City]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SAILORS WALTZING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Oct1902;\n  ST. GEORGE AND THE DRAGON, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 P. A. Powers; 1Feb1912;\n  ST. GEORGE AND THE DRAGON, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11July1910;\n  ST. JOHNS, NEWFOUNDLAND, AND ITS SURROUNDINGS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  ST. PATRICK\u2019S CATHEDRAL AND FIFTH AVENUE ON EASTER SUNDAY MORNING [New\n    York City]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Apr1902; H16116.\n  THE \u201cST. PAUL\u201d OUTWARD BOUND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE SALESLADY\u2019S MATINEE IDOL, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  SALMON FISHING NIPISSISQUIT [i.e. NIPISIQUIT] RIVER [New Brunswick,\n    Canada]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Jan1906; H71524.\n  SALOME; or, THE DANCE OF THE SEVEN VEILS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  SALOME AND THE DEVIL TO PAY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Sept1908; H115779.\n  A SALOON DANCE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Sept1908; H116149.\n  THE SALT DID IT; or, IF YOU WANT TO CATCH A BIRD, PUT SALT ON IT\u2019S\n    TAIL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 22May1908; H110861.\n  A SALUTARY LESSON. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12Aug1910; J144207.\n  THE SALVATION ARMY LASS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SAMPANS RACING TOWARD LINER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  SAMPSON AND SCHLEY CONTROVERSY\u2014TEA PARTY [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 18Sept1901; H8753.\n  SAMPSON-SCHLEY CONTROVERSY [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  SAN FRANCISCO DISASTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE SAN FRANCISCO DISASTER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9May1906; H77058.\n  THE SAND BABY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4Sept1903; H35394.\n  THE SAND FORT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4Sept1903; H35393.\n  THE SANDMAN, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 21May1909; H127340\u201344.\n  SANDOW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896; 68816.\n  SANDOW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  THE SANDS OF DEE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 23July1912; J171536.\n  THE SANDWICH MAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902;\n  SANDY MCPHERSON\u2019S QUIET FISHING TRIP, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  SANDY, THE SUBSTITUTE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 8Apr1910;\n  A SANE FOURTH OF JULY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  SANTA CLAUS AND THE CLUB-MAN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  SANTA FILLING STOCKINGS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SAPHO. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 8Mar1900; D5493.\n  SARAH BERNHARDT IN QUEEN ELIZABETH. SEE Queen Elizabeth. J171705.\n  SARNIA TUNNEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Nov1903; H38016.\n  SATAN IN PRISON. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 25Oct1907; H102223.\n  SATAN\u2019S FAN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 4Jan1909; H121226.\n  SATURDAY\u2019S SHOPPING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Nov1903;\n  SAUCY SUE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 14Nov1908; H118286.\n  SAUL AND DAVID: THE BIBLICAL STORY OF THE SHEPHERD BOY WHO BECAME KING\n    OF THE ISRAELITES. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 13Feb1909;\n  THE SAUSAGE MACHINE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  SAVED! \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Jan1904; H40753.\n  SAVED BY LOVE, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 6Nov1908; H117959\u201366.\n  SAVED BY WIRELESS. SEE C. Q. D.\n  SAVED FROM HIMSELF. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13Dec1911; J163617.\n  SAWING WOOD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3550.\n  THE SCALES OF JUSTICE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 2Oct1909;\n  SCARECROW PUMP. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Dec1904; H54486.\n  A SCENE BEHIND THE SCENES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SCENE FROM THE ELEVATOR ASCENDING EIFFEL TOWER [Paris Exposition]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 9Aug1900; D16386.\n  SCENE IN A RAT PIT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Feb1906;\n  SCENE IN CHINATOWN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  SCENE IN CHINESE RESTAURANT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SCENE IN THE SWISS VILLAGE AT PARIS EXPOSITION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  SCENE OF MANHATTAN BRIDGE FROM COFFYN HYDROAEROPLANE. \u00a9 Vitagraph Co.\n  SCENE OF NEW YORK CITY AND BROOKLYN BRIDGE FROM COFFYN HYDROAEROPLANE.\n    \u00a9 Vitagraph Co. of America; 20Mar1912; J167414.\n  SCENE OF \u201cTHE BATTERY\u201d N. Y. CITY FROM COFFYN HYDROAEROPLANE. \u00a9\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 20Mar1912; J167412.\n  SCENES AND INCIDENTS, RUSSO-JAPANESE PEACE CONFERENCE, PORTSMOUTH, N.\n    H. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Aug1905; H64509.\n  SCENES FROM THE BATTLEFIELD OF GETTYSBURG, THE WATERLOO OF THE\n    CONFEDERACY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 29July1908; H113995.\n  SCENES IN AN INFANT ORPHAN ASYLUM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 29July1904;\n  SCENES IN DELHI, INDIA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  SCENES IN SAN FRANCISCO [San Francisco Earthquake]. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19May1906; H77925\u201326.\n  SCENES ON A SUGAR PLANTATION, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Thomas\n  SCENIC YELLOWSTONE PARK. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 20Apr1912; J168478.\n  THE SCHEME THAT FAILED. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 20Sept1907; H99884.\n  THE SCHEMING GAMBLER\u2019S PARADISE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 12Oct1905; H67283.\n  SCHNEIDER\u2019S ANTI-NOISE CRUSADE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A SCHOOL FOR LOVEMAKING. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Feb1909; H122983.\n  SCHOOL GIRL ATHLETES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Mar1904;\n  SCHOOL GIRL GYMNASTICS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SCHOOL MASTER\u2019S SURPRISE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE SCHOOL TEACHER AND THE WAIF. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10July1912;\n  SCOUT YACHT RACE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Feb1903;\n  SCRAMBLING FOR EGGS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Apr1902; H16119.\n  A SCRAP IN BLACK AND WHITE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8July1903; H33295.\n  A SCRAP IN THE DRESSING ROOM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SCRAPPY BILL. \u00a9 Centaur Film Co.; 29May1909; H127775.\n  SCRUBBING CLOTHES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Jan1905;\n  THE SCULPTOR\u2019S DREAM. SEE The Marble Heart.\n  THE SCULPTOR\u2019S LOVE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 21Apr1909;\n  THE SCULPTOR\u2019S NIGHTMARE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A SCULPTOR\u2019S WELSH RABBIT DREAM, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  SEA GULLS FOLLOWING FISHING BOATS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6Jan1902;\n  SEA GULLS IN CENTRAL PARK [New York City]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 12Sept1903; H35639.\n  THE SEA LIONS\u2019 HOME. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60577.\n  SEA WAVES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Mar1898; 16440.\n  SEA WAVES, scene 1. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14July1910; J143941.\n  THE SEALED ROOM. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Sept1909; J131224.\n  A SEARCH FOR EVIDENCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Aug1903;\n  SEARCHING RUINS ON BROADWAY, GALVESTON, FOR DEAD BODIES [Galveston,\n    Texas, Hurricane and Tidal Wave]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Sept1900;\n  THE SEASHORE BABY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28July1904;\n  SEASHORE FROLICS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 26Aug1903; H35063.\n  A SEASHORE GYMKANA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  2ND SPECIAL SERVICE BATTALION, CANADIAN INFANTRY, EMBARKING FOR SO.\n    AFRICA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Nov1899; 72832.\n  2ND SPECIAL SERVICE BATTALION, CANADIAN INFANTRY\u2014PARADE. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE SECRET OF THE LOCKET. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.\n  SECRET SERVICE; or, THE DIAMOND SMUGGLERS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  SECRETARY LONG AND CAPTAIN SIGSBEE [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  SEC\u2019Y TAFT\u2019S ADDRESS & PANORAMA [Louisiana Purchase Exposition]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13May1904; H45956.\n  SECTION FOREMAN. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 8Apr1912; J168386.\n  SECTION OF BUSTER BROWN SERIES, SHOWING A SKETCH OF BUSTER BY\n    OUTCAULT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Mar1904; H43260.\n  SEE A PIN AND PICK IT UP, ALL THAT DAY YOU\u2019LL HAVE GOOD LUCK, scenes\n  SEE EVA\u2019S HAIR, MAMA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Dec1904;\n  SEE-SAW SCENE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20May1898; 31441.\n  SEE THE PAINT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 22Jan1908; H105389.\n  SEEING BOSTON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1Feb1906; H72715.\n  SEEING NEW YORK BY YACHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SEEK AND YOU SHALL FIND. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 5Nov1907; H102221.\n  THE SEERESS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Jan1904; H40755.\n  THE SELFISH MAN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 9June1908; H111582.\n  SELLING OLD MASTER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3Feb1911;\n  SEMINARY GIRLS. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison; 21Apr1897; 24883.\n  THE SENATOR AND THE SUFFRAGETTES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  THE SENTINEL ASLEEP. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 9Oct1911;\n      On same reel with The Last of The G. A. R. Parade at Rochester.\n  THE SERENADERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  SERIOUS SIXTEEN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 23July1910; J143502.\n  SERPENTINE DANCE\u2014ANNABELLE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8May1897; 28521.\n  SERPENTINE DANCE BY ANNABELLE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896;\n  THE SERVANT GIRL PROBLEM. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 1Sept1905;\n  SERVING RATIONS TO THE INDIANS, no. 1\u20132. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  SETTLER\u2019S HOME LIFE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21Sept1903;\n  THE SEVEN AGES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Feb1905.\n      Schoolmates. H57124.\n      The Soldier. H57126.\n      Second Childhood. H57129.\n      Playmates. H57131.\n  1776; or, THE HESSIAN RENEGADES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 9Sept1909;\n  7TH & 71ST REGIMENT, NEW YORK [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE SEVENTH DAY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 27Aug1909; J130912.\n  SEVENTH REGIMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 25Aug1902;\n  71ST. N. Y. VOLUNTEERS EMBARKING FOR SANTIAGO [Spanish-American War].\n    \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38239.\n  71ST REGIMENT, CAMP WYCKOFF. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  71ST REGIMENT, NEW YORK [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE SEXTON OF LONGWYN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 17Oct1908; H117116.\n  THE SHADOW ON THE BLIND, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  SHAKESPEARE. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 25Oct1907; H102224.\n  SHAKESPEARE\u2019S TRAGEDY, KING LEAR. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  SHAM BATTLE AT THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  \u201cSHAMROCK\u201d AFTER CARRYING AWAY TOPSAIL [America\u2019s Cup Races: Reliance\n    and Shamrock III]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Jan1903;\n  \u201cSHAMROCK\u201d AND \u201cCOLUMBIA\u201d ROUNDING THE OUTER STAKE BOAT [America\u2019s Cup\n    Races: Columbia and Shamrock I]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  \u201cSHAMROCK\u201d AND \u201cCOLUMBIA\u201d YACHT RACE\u2014FIRST RACE [America\u2019s Cup Races:\n    Columbia and Shamrock I]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20Oct1899; 68178.\n  \u201cSHAMROCK\u201d AND \u201cCOLUMBIA\u201d YACHT RACE\u20141ST RACE, no. 2 [America\u2019s Cup\n    Races: Columbia and Shamrock I]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Nov1899;\n  \u201cSHAMROCK\u201d AND \u201cERIN\u201d SAILING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1899; 69556.\n  SHAMUS O\u2019BRIEN. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 4Mar1912; J167144.\n  SHANGHAI POLICE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38220.\n  SHANGHAI STREET SCENE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  SHARKEY AND FITZSIMMONS FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the Sharkey and\n    FitzSimmons Fight.\n  SHARKEY AND JEFFRIES FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the Sharkey and\n    Jeffries Fight.\n  THE SHAUGHRAUN; an Irish romance. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America.\n  SHE, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 13Nov1908; H118267\u201373.\n  SHE BRINGS IT HOME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904;\n  SHE CALLS ON THE MANAGER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SHE FELL FAINTING INTO HIS ARMS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SHE KICKED ON THE COOKING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SHE MEETS WITH WIFE\u2019S APPROVAL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SHE WANTED TO BE AN ACTRESS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  SHE WANTED TO RISE IN THE WORLD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SHE WAS GOOD TO HIM. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75805.\n  SHE WOULD BE AN ACTRESS. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Aug1909; J132445.\n  SHEARING A DONKEY IN EGYPT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17June1903; H32806.\n  SHEARING SHEEP, HUMUNLA RANCH, HAWAII. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Aug1906;\n  THE SHEATH GOWN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6July1908; H112823.\n  SHEEP AND LAMBS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 31Dec1902;\n  SHEEP COMING THROUGH CHUTE, HUMUNLA RANCH, HAWAII. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  SHEEP RUN, CHICAGO STOCKYARDS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31July1897; 43406.\n  SHEIK ARTILLERY, HONG KONG. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38232.\n  SHELTER TENT DRILL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28July1903;\n  THE SHEPHERD\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 13Mar1909;\n  SHERIDAN\u2019S RIDE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 7Dec1908; H119267.\n  THE SHERIFF, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 16Sept1911;\n  SHERLOCK HOLMES BAFFLED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SHERMAN HILL TUNNEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Mar1903;\n  SHIPPING CATTLE, HAWAIHAE, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE SHIP\u2019S HUSBAND, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 9Nov1910;\n  SHIPWRECK ON HIGH SEA; saved from a watery grave, by the brave U. S.\n    Life Savers. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 19Jan1905; H56079.\n  THE SHOCKING STOCKINGS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE SHOEMAKER OF COEPENICK. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 9Nov1908;\n  SHOO FLY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12June1903; H32564.\n  SHOOT THE CHUTES SERIES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23Sept1899; 61840.\n  SHOOTERS\u2019 PARADE, PHILADELPHIA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SHOOTING CAPTURED INSURGENTS [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  SHOOTING LONG SAULT RAPIDS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SHOOTING THE CHUTES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  SHOOTING THE CHUTES AT ATLANTIC CITY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  SHOOTING THE CHUTES AT LUNA PARK [Coney Island]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  SHOOTING THE CHUTES, LUNA PARK [Coney Island]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  SHOPPING A LA MODE. SEE The Bargain Fiend.\n  SHORTENING AND FURLING SAILS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A SHOT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Dec1904; 54355.\n  THE SHOT THAT FAILED, scene 1. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 19Aug1912;\n  SHOWING GROUP OF BATHERS, ATLANTIC CITY BEACH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  SHREDDED WHEAT BISCUIT, no. 1. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SHRINERS\u2019 CONCLAVE AT LOS ANGELES, CAL, MAY, 1907. \u00a9 Miles Bros.;\n  SHRINER\u2019S PARADE. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 1c 8June1912; J170069.\n  SHUFFLEBOARD ON S. S. \u201cDEUTSCHLAND.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25June1902;\n  SHUT UP! \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Sept1902; H21502.\n  SHUT UP! GETTING READY TO RETIRE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE SHYNESS OF SHORTY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7June1910;\n  THE SIDEBOARD FOLDING BED. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5June1909; H128029.\n  SIDESHOW WRESTLERS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 16May1908; H110584.\n  SIGHTSEEING. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 25Oct1907; H102225.\n  THE SIGN OF THE CROSS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28Dec1904; H54968.\n  THE SIGN OF THE THREE LABELS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE SILENT TONGUE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 30Aug1911;\n  SILHOUETTE SCENE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Nov1903;\n  SILVEON AND EMERIE \u201cON THE WEB.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE SILVER DOLLAR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 4Jan1909; H121220.\n  SILVER THREADS AMONG THE GOLD, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE SILVER WEDDING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Mar1906;\n  SIMLA, INDIA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 31Aug1912;\n  SIMPLE CHARITY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 14Nov1910; J147672.\n  A SIMPLE HOME DINNER, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 17Aug1909;\n  THE SIMPLE LIFE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Jan1906;\n  SIMPLE SIMON\u2019S SURPRISE PARTY. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 29Sept1904; H50962.\n  SINGLE APPLAUSE. \u00a9 Isidor Kitsee; 1c 26Apr1912; J168624.\n  SINGLE HARNESS HORSES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60564.\n  SINS AND SORROWS OF A GREAT CITY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28Apr1905; H60107.\n  SIR GEORGE AND THE HEIRESS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A SIREN OF IMPULSE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 6Mar1912; J167013.\n  LA SIRENE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 18May1904; H46130.\n  THE SIREN\u2019S NECKLACE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 21Sept1909;\n  SISTERS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 20May1910; J141650\u201353.\n  A SISTER\u2019S LOVE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 7Feb1912; J166053.\n  A SISTER\u2019S LOVE; a tale of the Franco-Prussian War. \u00a9 The Vitagraph\n  6TH CAVALRY ASSAULTING SOUTH GATE OF PEKIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  SIXTH U. S. CAVALRY [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  69TH REGIMENT, N. G. N. Y. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10June1903; H32488.\n  THE SKATING BUG. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 31July1911;\n      On same reel with Bi-centennial celebration at Mobile.\n  SKATING ON LAKE, CENTRAL PARK [New York City]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  SKEE CLUB. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Apr1902; H16725.\n  SKELETON DANCE, MARIONETTES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Oct1898; 59207.\n  THE SKETCH WITH THE THUMB PRINT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  SKIDOO BROTHERS, 23. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1June1906;\n  SKIING IN MONTREAL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Feb1902; H14063.\n  SKIING SCENE IN QUEBEC. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17Feb1902; H14294.\n  SKIING TOURNAMENT AT ISHPEMING, MICH. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  SKINNY\u2019S FINISH, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 4June1908; H111361\u201365.\n  THE SKIPPER\u2019S YARN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Jan1910;\n  THE SKIPPING CHEESE. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 18Mar1907; H91553.\n  SKIRMISH BETWEEN RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE ADVANCE GUARDS [Russo-Japanese\n    War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Apr1904; H44263.\n  A SKIRMISH FIGHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Aug1903;\n  SKIRMISH OF ROUGH RIDERS [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE SKYSCRAPERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Dec1906;\n  SKYSCRAPERS OF NEW YORK CITY, FROM THE NORTH RIVER. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE SLAVE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 30July1909; J129866.\n  THE SLAVE; a story of the South before the war. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  SLEEP, GENTLE SLEEP, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 4Jan1911;\n  THE SLEEPER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Sept1902; H22086.\n  SLEEPING BEAUTY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1May1903; H31300.\n  SLEEPING CHILD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12June1902;\n  THE SLEEPY COP. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1July1907; H95921.\n  THE SLEEPY SOUBRETTE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Feb1905;\n  SLEIGH RIDING, CENTRAL PARK [New York City]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  SLEIGHING IN CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 4Mar1904;\n  SLEIGHING SCENE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Dec1898; 73462.\n  SLEIGHING SCENE, BOSTON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SLEIGHS RETURNING AFTER A SPIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SLIDE FOR LIFE, LUNA PARK [Coney Island]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 6Oct1903; H36554.\n  SLIDING DOWN ICE MOUND AT NIAGARA FALLS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  SLIP POWDER. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Feb1909; H122984.\n  SLIPPERY JIM\u2019S REPENTANCE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 2Dec1908;\n  THE SLIPPERY SLIDE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17June1903;\n  THE SLOCUM DISASTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22June1904;\n  SLUMBERLAND. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 8Dec1908; H119405.\n  SMALL GUN DRILL, ST. JOHN\u2019S ACADEMY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  SMALLEST TRAIN IN THE WORLD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A SMILE OF A CHILD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 7June1911; J156317.\n  SMILE, SMILE, SMILE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Feb1909; H122985.\n  THE SMOKE FAIRY. SEE Princess Nicotine.\n  A SMOKED HUSBAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21Sept1908;\n  THE SMOKER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 4Apr1910; J140142.\n  SMOKING, EATING, AND DRINKING SCENE, no. 114. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  THE SMOKY STOVE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26Oct1903;\n  SMUGGLED INTO AMERICA. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 23Sept1907; H99974.\n  THE SMUGGLER\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 26Apr1909; H126164.\n  SNAKE HUNTING. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9June1906; H79107.\n  THE SNAPSHOT FIEND; or, WILLIE\u2019S NEW CAMERA. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  SNAPSHOTS, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Nov1906;\n  A SNARE FOR LOVERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Mar1904;\n  A SNEEZE. SEE Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze.\n  SNOW MEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3544.\n  SNOW STORM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Apr1898; 25337.\n  SNOW WHITE. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 1May1903; H31308.\n  SNOWBALL AND HIS PAL. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co.; 16July1912;\n  SNOWBALLING THE COASTERS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17Feb1898; 12176.\n  THE SNOWBIRD. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 22Dec1908; H120173.\n  THE SNOWMAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17Feb1908; H106282.\n  SOAP BUBBLES. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 21May1906; H77984.\n  SOCIETY BALLOONING, PITTSFIELD, MASS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE SOCIETY PALMIST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 30Aug1905;\n  THE SOCIETY RAFFLES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Dec1905;\n  SOLD AGAIN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Jan1908; H105593.\n  THE SOLDIER\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Oct1907;\n  A SOLDIER\u2019S HONOR. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 15June1912; J170271.\n  SOLDIERS WASHING DISHES [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  SOME DUDES CAN FIGHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Jan1903;\n  SOMETHING ON HIS MIND. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28Jan1908; H105599.\n  THE SOMNAMBULIST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Dec1903;\n  A SOMNAMBULISTIC HERO, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 13May1909;\n  SONG OF THE SHIRT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Nov1908;\n  THE SONG OF THE WILDWOOD FLUTE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25Nov1910; J148128.\n  THE SONG THAT REACHED HIS HEART, 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 11Oct1910;\n  THE SON\u2019S RETURN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 12June1909; H128255.\n  LA SORCELLERIE CULINAIRE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 7May1904; H45443.\n  A SORROWFUL EXAMPLE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Aug1911; J158883.\n  THE SORROWS OF THE UNFAITHFUL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 23Aug1910; J144636.\n  SORTING REFUSE AT INCINERATING PLANT, NEW YORK CITY. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  SOUBRETTES IN A BACHELOR\u2019S FLAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE SOUBRETTE\u2019S SLIDE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15Feb1904;\n  SOUBRETTE\u2019S TROUBLES ON A FIFTH AVENUE STAGE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  SOUND MONEY PARADE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3538.\n  A SOUND SLEEPER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Apr1909;\n  SOUTH SPRING STREET, LOS ANGELES, CAL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898;\n  SOUTHERN PACIFIC OVERLAND MAIL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60579.\n  A SOUTHERN ROMANCE. \u00a9 William N. Selig; 30Oct1907; H101809.\n  A SOUTHERN ROMANCE OF SLAVERY DAYS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Sept1908; H115289.\n  SOUVENIR STRIP OF THE EDISON KINETOSCOPE [Sandow, the modern\n    Hercules]. \u00a9 W. K. L. Dickson; 18May1894; 10777.\n  SPANISH BALL GAME. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13536.\n  THE SPANISH CAVALIER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 9Apr1912;\n  SPANISH DANCERS AT THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  A SPANISH DILEMMA. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 11Mar1912; J167111.\n  THE SPANISH GYPSY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 31Mar1911; J153679.\n  A SPANISH ROMANCE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 6Oct1908; H116609.\n  SPARRING AT THE N. Y. A. C. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SPARRING CONTEST, CANASTOTA, N. Y. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  SPARRING MATCH ON THE \u201cKEARSARGE.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  SPECIAL DELIVERY MESSENGER, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  SPECIAL PHOTOGRAPHING TRAIN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12Dec1896; 67876.\n  A SPECTACULAR START. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8May1902;\n  SPEECH BY PRESIDENT FRANCIS; WORLD\u2019S FAIR [Louisiana Purchase\n    Exposition, St. Louis]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE SPEED DEMON. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 23July1912; J171532.\n  SPEED TRIALS, AUTOBOAT CHALLENGER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE SPIDER AND THE FLY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SPIKE, THE BAG-PUNCHING DOG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A SPILL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902; H16359.\n  THE SPIRIT AWAKENED. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 28June1912; J170667.\n  SPIRIT OF \u201976. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19May1905; H61107.\n  THE SPIRIT OF THE GORGE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  SPIRITS IN THE KITCHEN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A SPIRITUALIST PHOTOGRAPHER. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 6July1903; H33238.\n  A SPIRITUALISTIC MEETING. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 21May1906; H77982.\n  SPOOKS AT SCHOOL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  SPORTING BLOOD. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 29July1909; J131735.\n  SPRING LOG DRIVING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 17Aug1912;\n  SPRINGTIME IN THE PARK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE SPY; a romantic story of the Civil War. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  A SQUARE DEAL: THE END OF THE BAD MAN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE SQUAW\u2019S LOVE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 18Sept1911; J160195.\n  A SQUEEDUNK SHERLOCK HOLMES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 9July1909;\n  SQUELCHED: REST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Dec1904;\n  SQUIRES, AUSTRALIAN CHAMPION, IN HIS TRAINING QUARTERS. \u00a9 Miles Bros.;\n  SQUIRES VS. BURNS. SEE International Contest for the Heavyweight\n    Championship: Squires Vs. Burns, Ocean View, Cal., July 4th, 1907.\n  SQUNK CITY FIRE CO. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 30Mar1912; J167617.\n  STABLE ON FIRE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3529.\n  THE STAFF OF AGE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 11May1912; J169147.\n  STAGE MEMORIES OF AN OLD THEATRICAL TRUNK, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg.\n  A STAGE ROMANCE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 17Feb1911; J152606\u201309.\n  THE STAGE RUSTLER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3July1908;\n  STAGE STRUCK. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 30Dec1904; H55683.\n  STAGE STRUCK, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 19Aug1907; H98380\u201387.\n  THE STAGE-STRUCK DAUGHTER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 24Oct1908;\n  STAGE-STRUCK LIZZIE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 16Dec1911;\n  STALKING AND SHOOTING CARIBOU, NEWFOUNDLAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 9Jan1907; H89187.\n  STALLION RACE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26Apr1902; H17040.\n  STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60583.\n  THE STAR OF BETHLEHEM, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 18Mar1909;\n  THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  STAR THEATRE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Apr1902; H16735.\n  THE STARS AND STRIPES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 1July1910;\n  START OF OCEAN RACE FOR KAISER\u2019S CUP. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20May1905;\n  START OF RACE\u2014\u201cRELIANCE\u201d AHEAD [America\u2019s Cup Races: Reliance and\n    Shamrock III]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Sept1903;\n  START OF THE FIRST RACE, AUG. 22 [America\u2019s Cup Races: Reliance and\n    Shamrock III]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Aug1903;\n  STARTING FOR THE FIRE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Nov1896; 62693.\n  THE STARTLED LOVER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26Apr1902;\n  THE STARVING ARTIST; or, REALISM IN ART. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, MISSOURI. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  STATUE OF LIBERTY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52060.\n  STEALING A DINNER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13June1903;\n  STEAM HAMMER, WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  STEAM RIDING ACADEMY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18July1903;\n  STEAM TACTICS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12June1902;\n  STEAM WHISTLE, WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  STEAMBOAT AND GREAT EASTERN ROCK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  STEAMER \u201cISLAND WANDERER.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  STEAMER \u201cMASCOTTE\u201d ARRIVING AT TAMPA [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  STEAMER \u201cNEW YORK.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  STEAMSCOW \u201cCINDERELLA\u201d and FERRYBOAT \u201cCINCINNATI.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  STEAMSHIP \u201cEXPRESS OF INDIA.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  STEAMSHIP. SEE ALSO S. S. ...\n  STEEPLECHASE, CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE STENOGRAPHER\u2019S FRIEND, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 29Sept1910;\n  STERN\u2019S DUPLEX RAILWAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE STILL ALARM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20May1903; H32026.\n  STILL WATER RUNS DEEP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 31Dec1902;\n  STOLEN BY GYPSIES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15July1905; H63368.\n  THE STOLEN CLAIM, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16Nov1910;\n  THE STOLEN DOG, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 9Aug1911;\n  THE STOLEN FATHER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14Oct1910;\n  THE STOLEN FLASK. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28May1908; H111141.\n  THE STOLEN JEWELS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Sept1908;\n  THE STOLEN NICKEL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 23Jan1912.\n  THE STOLEN PIG. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 15May1907; H93719.\n  THE STOLEN PLANS; or, THE BOY DETECTIVE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  STOLEN SWEETS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Feb1903; H28549.\n  THE STOLEN WIRELESS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 13Oct1909; J133026.\n  STOP THAT ALARM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6Apr1908; H108435.\n  STOP THIEF! \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7June1902; H18748.\n  STOP THIEF! \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 23Sept1905; H65901.\n  A STORM AT SEA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Aug1900; D16390.\n  A STORY OF EGGS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 15Oct1907; H101152.\n  A STORY OF SUNNY ITALY. SEE The Bandits.\n  THE STORY OF THE BIOGRAPH TOLD [i.e. THE STORY THE BIOGRAPH TOLD]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Jan1904; H40719.\n  THE STORY OF THE INDIAN LEDGE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE STORY OF THE ROSE. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 2Oct1911;\n  THE STORY OF TREASURE ISLAND. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE STORY THAT BOOTS TOLD. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 22June1908;\n  THE STOWAWAY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Feb1909; H122566.\n  STRANGE ADVENTURE OF NEW YORK DRUMMER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17June1899;\n  A STRANGE MEETING. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Aug1909; J130279.\n  THE STRANGER AND THE TAXICAB, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A STREET ARAB. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Apr1898; 25336.\n  THE STREET BEAUTIFUL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 20Aug1912;\n  STREET CAR CHIVALRY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Aug1903; H34327.\n  STREET FIGHT AND ARREST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  STREET MAIL CAR, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE STREET PARADE. \u00a9 The International Film Co.; 13Nov1896; 62086.\n  STREET SCENE AT JAFFA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17June1903; H32810.\n  STREET SCENE IN HONG KONG. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38252.\n  STREET SCENE IN YOKOHAMA, no. 1. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898.\n  STREET SCENE, SAN DIEGO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17Feb1898; 12174.\n  STREET SCENE, TIENTSIN [China]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  STREET SCENE, TOKIO, JAPAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A STREET WAIF\u2019S CHRISTMAS, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 19Dec1908;\n  STREETS OF CAIRO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23Oct1896; 58472.\n  THE STREETS OF NEW YORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  STREET\u2019S ZOUAVES AND WALL SCALING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Sept1901;\n  A STRENUOUS DREAM. SEE Forty Winks.\n  THE STRENUOUS LIFE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Mar1904;\n  THE STRENUOUS LIFE; or, ANTI-RACE SUICIDE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  A STRENUOUS SEARCH. SEE The Lost Collar Button.\n  STRICKEN BLIND; or, TO FORGIVE IS DIVINE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE STRIKE AT THE MINES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A STRING OF PEARLS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8Mar1912; J167062.\n  STROLLING PLAYERS, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 19Mar1909;\n  STUBB\u2019S NEW SERVANTS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8July1911; J157385.\n  STUDENT DAYS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29Jan1909; H122211.\n  THE STUDENT\u2019S PRANK; or, A JOKE ON HIS PARENTS. \u00a9 S. Lubin;\n  THE STUFF HEROES ARE MADE OF. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 6Sept1911; J159747.\n  THE STUFF THAT AMERICANS ARE MADE OF, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  THE STUFF THAT DREAMS ARE MADE OF, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  A SUBJECT FOR THE ROGUE\u2019S GALLERY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE SUBPOENA SERVER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1906;\n  SUBSTITUTE FOR SMOKING. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75819.\n  SUBUB SURPRISES THE BURGLAR. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Aug1903; H34382.\n  SUBURBAN HANDICAP, 1897. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31July1897; 43415.\n  THE SUBURBANITE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1904;\n  A SUBURBANITE\u2019S INGENIOUS ALARM, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  SUFFER LITTLE CHILDREN ... FOR OF SUCH IS THE KINGDOM OF LABOR, scenes\n  THE SUICIDAL POET. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Sept1908; H115771.\n  THE SUICIDE CLUB. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Apr1909;\n  A SUIT CASE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 4Jan1909; H121222.\n  THE SUIT CASE MYSTERY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 25Mar1910;\n  THE SUIT OF ARMOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23Mar1904;\n  THE SUMMER BOARDERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Aug1905;\n  THE SUMMER GIRL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Jan1903;\n  THE SUMMER GIRL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 4Oct1911;\n  A SUMMER IDYL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 7Sept1910; J145067.\n  A SUMMER IDYL. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 20Nov1908; H118650.\n  A SUMMER STORY THAT NEEDS NO EXPLANATION. SEE The Wealthy Rival.\n  A SUMMER TRAGEDY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22Sept1910; J145695.\n  SUN DANCE\u2014ANNABELLE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8May1897; 28525.\n  THE SUNBEAM. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 27Feb1912; J166712.\n  SUNDAY MORNING IN MEXICO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13538.\n  THE SUNSET GUN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 24May1912;\n  SUNSET LIMITED, SOUTHERN PACIFIC RY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898;\n  SUNSHINE SUE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 17Nov1910; J147831.\n  SUNSHINE THROUGH THE DARK. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 29Nov1911; J163271.\n  SURF AT ATLANTIC CITY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Mar1903;\n  SURF AT LONG BRANCH [N. J.]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23Oct1896; 58471.\n  SURF AT MONTEREY [Calif.]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60587.\n  SURF BOARD RIDERS, WAIKIKI, HONOLULU, H. I. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  SURF SCENE, LAUPAHOIHOI, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  SURF SCENE, WAIKIKI, HONOLULU, H. I. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 13Nov1906;\n  SURFACE TRANSIT, MEXICO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13564.\n  THE SURGEON\u2019S TEMPTATION, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE SURPRISE PARTY, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 4Feb1910;\n  SUTRO BATHS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20Sept1897; 52619.\n  SUTRO BATHS, no. 1. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60559.\n  A SWEET KISS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 27May1905; H61366.\n  A SWEET LITTLE HOME IN THE COUNTRY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  SWEET REVENGE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Nov1909; J135021.\n  SWEETHEARTS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Sept1902; H22092.\n  SWEETS FOR THE SWEET. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13Aug1903;\n  THE SWIMMING CLASS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28July1904;\n  THE SWIMMING DUCKS AT ALLENTOWN [PA.] DUCK FARM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  SWIMMING POOL AT CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Aug1901; H7983.\n  SWIMMING POOL, PALM BEACH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A SWIMMING RACE AT CONEY ISLAND. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  SWISS FAMILY ROBINSON. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 2May1903; H31333.\n  THE SWISS GUIDE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Oct1910; J147327\u201330.\n  SWISS VILLAGE, no. 2 [Paris Exposition]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  SWITCHBACK ON TROLLEY ROAD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE SWITCHMAN\u2019S TOWER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.; 4Aug1911;\n  THE SWORD AND THE KING. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 24July1909;\n  SWORDS AND HEARTS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 30Aug1911; J159606.\n  SYMPHONY IN \u201cA-FLAT.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12June1903;\n  THE SYMPHONY OF A SWISS MUSIC BOX. SEE An Alpine Echo.\n  TABLES TURNED. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 17Feb1912; J166701.\n  TAKE MELLON\u2019S FOOD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902;\n  TAKEN FROM TROLLEY, ATLANTIC CITY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897;\n  TAKEN FROM TROLLEY IN GORGE, NIAGARA FALLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  TAKING HIS MEDICINE. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75816.\n  TAKING HIS MEDICINE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Dec1911; J163668.\n  TAKING HIS PHOTOGRAPH, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 27July1909;\n  TAKING PRESIDENT MCKINLEY\u2019S BODY FROM TRAIN AT CANTON, OHIO. \u00a9 Thomas\n  THE TALE OF A PIG. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28Apr1908; H109924.\n  THE TALE OF A SHIRT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 7Mar1908;\n  A TALE OF THE CRUSADES. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 9Nov1908;\n  A TALE OF THE HAREM. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 15Sept1908;\n  A TALE OF THE SEA. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 27Nov1907; H103013.\n  A TALE OF THE WILDERNESS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 11Jan1912; J164534.\n  A TALE OF TWO COATS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 5July1910;\n  TALE THE AUTUMN LEAVES TOLD, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 10Apr1908;\n  THE TALE THE TICKER TOLD, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 10Dec1908;\n  TALES THE SEARCHLIGHT TOLD, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 31July1908;\n  TALKED TO DEATH. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 19Jan1909; H121763.\n  TALLY HO\u2014ARRIVAL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Sept1896; 70077.\n  TALLY-HO DEPARTING FOR THE RACES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Aug1901;\n  TALLY HO\u2014DEPARTURE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Dec1896; 70078.\n  TAMBOURINE DANCE\u2014BY ANNABELLE, no. 10. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  TAMING A HUSBAND. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 26Feb1910; J138677.\n  TAMING OF THE SHREW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1908;\n  TANDEM HURDLE JUMPING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8May1897; 28527.\n  TANKVILLE CONSTABLE 1. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 23Mar1912; J167456.\n      On same reel with Classical Dances by Countess De Swirsky.\n  TANKVILLE CONSTABLE 2. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 23Mar1912; J167457.\n      On same reel with Classical Dances by Countess De Swirsky.\n  TAPING COILS, WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  TAPPING A FURNACE, WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  TARGET PRACTICE OF ATLANTIC FLEET, U. S. NAVY, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  TARRANT FIRE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 31Dec1902; H25967.\n  THE TAVERN KEEPER\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A TAX ON BACHELORS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10Apr1909;\n  THE TAXIDERMIST\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Feb1909; H122568.\n  TEA INDUSTRY. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 10Feb1912; J166567.\n  TEACHING DAD TO LIKE HER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22Mar1911; J153364.\n  TEAMS OF HORSES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60566.\n  TEASING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Sept1905; H65319.\n  THE TEDDY BEARS, scenes 1\u201312. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23Feb1907;\n  TEDDY IN JUNGLELAND. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10May1909;\n  A TELEPATHIC WARNING; the story of a child\u2019s love for her father. \u00a9\n    The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28Dec1908; H120414.\n  THE TELEPHONE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  TELLTALE KISS: THE BOARDER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A TEMPORARY TRUCE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10June1912; J170148.\n  THE TEMPTATION, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7Sept1909; J131473\u201375.\n  TEMPTATION OF JOHN GRAY. \u00a9 Centaur Film Co.; 6May1909; H126641.\n  TEMPTATION OF ST. ANTHONY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  TEMPTATIONS OF A LARGE CITY, no. 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 29May1911;\n  TEMPTED BUT TRUE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 28Mar1912; J167584.\n  TEN DAYS WITH A FLEET OF U. S. BATTLESHIPS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  TEN INCH DISAPPEARING CARRIAGE GUN LOADING AND FIRING, SANDY HOOK, no.\n    130. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9267.\n  10 LADIES IN AN UMBRELLA. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 26Oct1903; H37293.\n  TEN MINUTES WITH SHAKESPEARE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Dec1908; H119729.\n  TEN NIGHTS IN A BAR-ROOM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n      Murder of Willie. H31691.\n      The fatal blow. H31692.\n      Death of little May. H31693.\n      Death of Slade. H31694.\n  TEN NIGHTS IN A BARROOM. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 2Oct1903; H36485.\n  TEN PICKANINNIES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 1Oct1908; H116401\u201304.\n  A TENACIOUS SOLICITOR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  TENDER HEARTS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 16July1909; J129547.\n  THE TENDERFOOT\u2019S TRIUMPH. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 23Apr1910; J140758.\n  TENDERLOIN AT NIGHT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Nov1899; 77521.\n  TENDERLOIN TRAGEDY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Apr1907;\n  10TH U. S. INFANTRY, AND BATTALION LEAVING CARS [Spanish-American\n    War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20May1898; 31440.\n  10TH U. S. INFANTRY DISEMBARKING FROM CARS [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 20May1898; 31445.\n  THE TERCENTENARY CELEBRATIONS TO COMMEMORATE THE 300TH ANNIVERSARY OF\n    THE FOUNDING OF QUEBEC BY CHAMPLAIN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  LE TERRIBLE BOURREAU TURC. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 4Jan1904; H40639.\n  A TERRIBLE DISCOVERY. \u00a9 The Biograph Co.; 1c 22Dec1911; J163846.\n  THE TERRIBLE KIDS, scenes 1\u20139. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1May1906;\n  A TERRIBLE NIGHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  TERRIBLE TEDDY, THE GRIZZLY KING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23Feb1901;\n  THE TERRIBLE TURKISH EXECUTIONER. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 4Jan1904; H40638.\n  TERRIER VS. WILD CAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Feb1906;\n  TERRY MCGOVERN AND PEDLAR PALMER FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the Terry\n    McGovern and Pedlar Palmer Fight.\n  THE TEST. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Dec1909; J136053.\n  THE TEST OF FRIENDSHIP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE TEST OF FRIENDSHIP, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 10Jan1911;\n  THE TEST OF LOVE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 21Mar1911;\n  TESTING A ROTARY, WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  TESTING LARGE TURBINES, WESTINGHOUSE CO. WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 23July1904; H48411.\n  \u201cTEUTONIC\u201d AND \u201cN\u00d6RDLAND.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE \u201cTEXAS,\u201d NAVAL PARADE [Spanish-American War; New York City Welcome\n    to Admiral Sampson\u2019s Fleet after Battle of Santiago Bay]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  THAT CHINK AT GOLDEN GULCH. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12Oct1910; J146413.\n  THAT DAREDEVIL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Aug1911; J158882.\n  THAT GIRL OF DIXON\u2019S, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 25Feb1910;\n  THAT POOR INSURANCE MAN. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 27Oct1904; H52170.\n  THAT WINSOME WINNIE SMILE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THAW-WHITE TRAGEDY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5July1906;\n  THEATRE HAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Jan1903; H26848.\n  THEATRE HATS OFF. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Jan1903;\n  THEATRE ROAD, YOKOHAMA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38213.\n  THEIR FATES SEALED. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10June1911; J156468.\n  THEIR FIRST DIVORCE CASE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 4Nov1911; J162530.\n  THEIR FIRST KIDNAPPING CASE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10Apr1912; J168045.\n  THEIR HERO, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 21May1912;\n  THEIR SOCIAL EDUCATION, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 19Oct1909;\n  THEN AND NOW, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 26Nov1909; J135656\u201358.\n  THEN YOU\u2019LL REMEMBER ME, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THEODORE ROOSEVELT LEAVING THE WHITE HOUSE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THERE HE IS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904; H46951.\n  THERE NEVER WAS A GIRL LIKE YOU. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Feb1909; H122986.\n  THEY FOUND THE LEAK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902;\n  THEY MEET ON THE MAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19June1906;\n  THEY WOULD ELOPE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10Aug1909; J130485.\n  THE THIEF AND THE GIRL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8July1911; J157384.\n  THE THIEF AND THE PIE WOMAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE THIEVING HAND. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 17Jan1908; H105165.\n  THE THIRST FOR GOLD. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 27May1912; J169704.\n  THE THIRTEEN CLUB. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 29Nov1905;\n  THE THIRTEENTH AT THE TABLE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 8Apr1909; H125498.\n  13TH INFANTRY, U. S. ARMY\u2014BAYONET EXERCISE, GOVERNORS ISLAND, no. 126.\n    \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9263.\n  13TH INFANTRY, U. S. ARMY\u2014BLANKET COURT MARTIAL, GOVERNORS ISLAND, no.\n    122. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9259.\n  13TH INFANTRY, U. S. ARMY\u2014FULL DRESS PARADE AND MANOEUVERING,\n    GOVERNORS ISLAND, no. 119. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9256.\n  13TH INFANTRY, U. S. ARMY\u2014FULL DRESS PARADE, GOVERNORS ISLAND, no.\n    120. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9257.\n  13TH INFANTRY, U. S. ARMY, IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER, DOUBLE-TIME,\n    GOVERNORS ISLAND, no. 117. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9254.\n  13TH INFANTRY, U. S. ARMY\u2014MANUAL OF ARMS, GOVERNORS ISLAND, no. 125.\n    American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9262.\n  13TH INFANTRY, U. S. ARMY\u2014MARCHING AND COUNTER MARCHING (BAND AND\n    TROOPS), GOVERNORS ISLAND, no. 118. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  13TH INFANTRY, U. S. ARMY\u2014MARCHING THROUGH SALLYPORT, GOVERNORS\n    ISLAND, no. 116. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9253.\n  13TH INFANTRY, U. S. ARMY\u2014MUSICAL DRILL, GOVERNORS ISLAND, no. 121. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9258.\n  13TH INFANTRY, U. S. ARMY\u2014SCALING WALLS IN RETREAT, GOVERNORS ISLAND.\n    \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9260.\n  13TH INFANTRY, U. S. ARMY\u2014SCALING WALLS WITH WOUNDED AND DYING,\n    GOVERNORS ISLAND, no. 124. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897; 9261.\n  THIRTY DAYS AT HARD LABOR, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THIS IS HARD WORK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904;\n  THOMPSON\u2019S NIGHT OUT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 26May1908;\n  A THOROUGHBRED, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 20June1911;\n  THOSE AWFUL HATS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Jan1909;\n  THOSE BOYS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Jan1909; H121795.\n  THOSE HICKSVILLE BOYS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 1Apr1912; J167692.\n  THOSE WEDDING BELLS SHALL NOT RING OUT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THOU SHALT NOT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Apr1910; J140639.\n  THE THREAD OF DESTINY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 9Mar1910; J138986.\n  THREE ACROBATS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20Mar1899; 20772.\n  THREE AMERICAN BEAUTIES, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1May1906;\n  THREE AMERICAN BEAUTIES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Oct1907;\n  THE THREE BEARS. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 2May1903; H31331.\n  THREE CAVALIERS OF THE ROAD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THREE GIRLS IN A HAMMOCK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THREE JOLLY DUTCHMEN. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 20Jan1905; H56276.\n  THREE KISSES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 29Oct1909;\n  THREE LITTLE MAIDS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18July1904;\n  THREE LITTLE PIGS. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 1May1903; H31307.\n  THE THREE MUSKETEERS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 5Sept1911;\n  THREE OF A KIND. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 6Sept1906; H82616.\n  THREE OF A KIND, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 21Oct1911;\n  THREE SISTERS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 4Feb1911; J151521.\n  THREE THANKSGIVINGS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 19Nov1909;\n  THRESHING SCENE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Dec1905;\n  A THRILLING DETECTIVE STORY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 31Dec1906; H88251.\n  THROUGH DARKENED VALES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 18Nov1911; J163014.\n  THROUGH DARKNESS TO LIGHT. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 8Apr1909; H125499.\n  THROUGH DARKNESS TO LIGHT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 30Dec1907; H104611.\n  THROUGH HIS WIFE\u2019S PICTURE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25Oct1911; J162081.\n  THROUGH JEALOUSY. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 15Apr1909; H125805.\n  THROUGH SHADOW TO SUNSHINE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5June1909; H128030.\n  THROUGH THE AIR. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 5Oct1911; J160519.\n  THROUGH THE BREAKERS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 8Dec1909; J135642.\n  THROUGH THE CLOUDS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 23Nov1910;\n  THROUGH THE DELLS OF WISCONSIN. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.;\n      On same reel with The Co-ed Professor.\n  THROUGH THE FLAMES. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 15Feb1912; J166373.\n  THROUGH THE KEY-HOLE IN THE DOOR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THROUGH THE MATRIMONIAL AGENCY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Sept1905; H65226.\n  THROUGH TRIALS TO VICTORY, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 9Feb1912;\n  THROWING MAIL INTO BAGS, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THROWING THE SIXTEEN POUND HAMMER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Sept1903;\n  THE TICKLISH MAN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Aug1908; H115093.\n  TIED TO HER APRON STRINGS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  TIMELY REPENTANCE. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 11Mar1912; J167113.\n  THE TIRED TAILOR\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  \u2019TIS AN ILL WIND THAT BLOWS NO GOOD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  \u2019TIS NOW THE VERY WITCHING TIME OF NIGHT, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg.\n  TIT FOR TAT; or, A GOOD JOKE WITH MY HEAD. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 28Jan1904;\n  TIT FOR TAT; or, OUTWITTED BY WIT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  TO FORGIVE IS DIVINE. SEE Stricken Blind.\n  TO SAVE HER BROTHER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 20Jan1912;\n  THE TOBACCO EDICT, OLD NEW YORK, 1648, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  TOBACCO MANIA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Dec1909; J136751\u201354.\n  TOBOGGANING IN CANADA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Feb1902; H14064.\n  THE TOILETTE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904; H46940.\n  TOM BUTLER\u2019S MYSTERIOUS ADVENTURES. \u00a9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francaise des Films &\n    Cinematographes Eclair.\n  TOM TIGHT ET DUM-DUM. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 26Oct1903; H37510.\n  TOM, TOM, THE PIPER\u2019S SON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  TOM, TOM, THE PIPER\u2019S SON. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 1May1903; H31309.\n  TOMBOY BESSIE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8June1912; J170132.\n  TOMMY ATKINS, BOBBY AND COOK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22Apr1899; 27965.\n  TOMMY\u2019S GEOGRAPHY LESSON, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  LE TONNERRE DE JUPITER. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 22Oct1903; H37627.\n  TONY AND THE STORK. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 7Dec1911;\n  TONY\u2019S OATH OF VENGEANCE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A TOO ARDENT LOVER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13July1903;\n  TOO MANY BURGLARS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 4Oct1911; J161094.\n  TOO MUCH CHAMPAGNE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10Feb1908;\n  TOO MUCH JOHNSON. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Aug1903;\n  TOO MUCH MOTHER-IN-LAW. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 20Mar1907; H91743.\n  TOO MUCH OF A GOOD THING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  TOODLES AND HER STRAWBERRY TART. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  TOODLES RECITES A RECITATION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  TOODLE\u2019S STRAWBERRY TART. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  TOODLES\u2019 TEA-PARTY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Nov1903;\n  TOODLE\u2019S TEA PARTY (Thumb Book). \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE TOPERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22June1905; H62507.\n  TORERO SONG \u201cCARMEN\u201d (BIZET) \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Feb1909; H122580.\n  TORPEDO ATTACK ON PORT ARTHUR [Russo-Japanese War]. \u00a9 William N.\n  TORPEDO BOAT, \u201cDUPONT.\u201d \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  TORPEDO BOAT \u201cMORRIS\u201d RUNNING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 12May1900; D10162.\n  THE TOSS OF A COIN, scene 1. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.;\n  TOSSING EGGS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Apr1902; H16117.\n  A TOTAL ACCIDENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Aug1903;\n  A TOUGH DANCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902; H24891.\n  TOUGH KID\u2019S WATERLOO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2July1902;\n  THE TOURISTS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 7Aug1912; J172002.\n  TOURISTS ARRIVING AT WAWONA HOTEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  TOURISTS EMBARKING AT JAFFA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17June1903; H32797.\n  TOURISTS GOING ROUND YELLOWSTONE PARK. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 4Jan1899;\n  TOURISTS LANDING AT ISLAND OF CAPRI, ITALY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  TOURISTS PLAYING SHUFFLEBOARD ON \u201cPRINZESSEN VICTORIA LUISE.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas\n  TOURISTS RETURNING ON DONKEYS FROM MIZPAH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  TOURISTS STARTING FOR CANTON. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38209.\n  TOURISTS STARTING ON DONKEYS FOR THE PYRAMIDS OF SAKKARAH. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  TOURISTS TAKING WATER FROM THE RIVER JORDAN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE TOWER OF LONDON. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 23June1905.\n      2. The Tower of Beauchamp. H62546.\n  THE TOYMAKER, THE DOLL AND THE DEVIL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  TRACKED BY A WOMAN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 15June1908; H111858.\n  TRADING HIS MOTHER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 5July1911;\n  THE TRADING STAMP CRAZE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18July1906; H80901.\n  THE TRAGEDY OF A DRESS SUIT. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 17Aug1912; J172321.\n  A TRAGEDY OF JAPAN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 22June1908;\n  TRAGIC LOVE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Feb1909; H122691.\n  THE TRAIL OF BOOKS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13Nov1911; J162883.\n  TRAILING THE COUNTERFEITER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 16Oct1911; J161681.\n  TRAIN COMING OUT OF STATION, PHILADELPHIA, PA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  TRAIN HOUR IN DURANGO, MEXICO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13543.\n  TRAIN OF SUGAR CANE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23May1902;\n  TRAIN TAKING UP MAIL BAG [U.S.P.O.]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  TRAIN TAKING WATER, N. Y. CENTRAL R. R., no. 80. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  THE TRAIN WRECKERS, scenes 1\u201313. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Nov1905;\n  TRAINED CAVALRY HORSES [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE TRAINER\u2019S DAUGHTER; or, A RACE FOR LOVE, scenes 1\u20138. \u00a9 Edison Mfg.\n  A TRAITOR\u2019S FATE. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 22July1912; J171835.\n  TRAMP AND DUMP CART. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 20Jan1905; H56272.\n  THE TRAMP AND THE BATHERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE TRAMP AND THE MATTRESS-MAKER. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 28Mar1906; H75044.\n  THE TRAMP AND THE MUSCULAR COOK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE TRAMP AND THE NURSING BOTTLE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Aug1901;\n  THE TRAMP IN THE KITCHEN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 26Nov1898; 69082.\n  TRAMP ON A FARM. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 27Oct1904; H52172.\n  A TRAMP ON THE ROOF. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Apr1904;\n  THE TRAMP\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6May1901; H4079.\n  THE TRAMP\u2019S MIRACULOUS ESCAPE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31July1901; H7328.\n  TRAMP\u2019S NAP INTERRUPTED. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 22Apr1901; H3527.\n  TRAMP\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 27May1905; H61365.\n  TRAMP\u2019S STRATEGY THAT FAILED. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 15May1901; H4370.\n  THE TRAMP\u2019S UNEXPECTED SKATE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23May1901; H4567.\n  THE TRANSFORMATION OF MIKE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 31Jan1912; J165425.\n  TRANSPORT SHIPS AT PORT TAMPA [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  TRANSPORT \u201cWHITNEY\u201d LEAVING DOCK [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  TRANSPORTING INTERNAL REV. STAMPS, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  A TRAP FOR SANTA CLAUS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 23Dec1909; J136186.\n  TRAP PIGEON SHOOTING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 29Mar1907;\n  TRAPEZE DISROBING ACT. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Nov1901; H10634.\n  TRAPPERS CROSSING BALD MOUNTAIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE TRAPPER\u2019S FIVE DOLLAR BILL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.;\n  TRAVELS OF A LOST TRUNK. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 4Apr1905; H58836.\n  THE TREASURE; or, THE HOUSE NEXT DOOR. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  TREASURE ISLAND, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 10May1912;\n  TRELOAR AND MISS MARSHALL, PRIZE WINNERS AT THE PHYSICAL CULTURE SHOW\n    IN MADISON SQUARE GARDEN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Jan1904; H40945.\n  TRIAL MARRIAGES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17Jan1907;\n  THE TRIAL OF CAPTAIN DREYFUSS AT RENNES, FRANCE. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin;\n  THE TRIALS AND TROUBLES OF AN AUTOMOBILIST. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner;\n  THE TRIANGLE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 3Sept1912;\n  TRIBULATIONS OF A PHOTOGRAPHER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Aug1908; H115094.\n  TRICK BEARS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Nov1899; 77519.\n  THE TRICK CYCLIST. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Sept1901; H8693.\n  TRICK ELEPHANTS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8May1897; 28528\u201329, 28531.\n  THE TRICK MAGIC LANTERN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 22Dec1903; H39817.\n  A TRICK ON THE COP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17Mar1904;\n  THE TRICK THAT FAILED. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3Dec1909; J135517.\n  A TRICKY PAINTER\u2019S FATE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 26Aug1908; H115115.\n  TRILBY AND LITTLE BILLEE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896; 68805.\n  THE TRINITY. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 4Jan1912; J164089.\n  A TRIP AROUND THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  A TRIP DOWN MOUNT TAMALPAIS. \u00a9 Miles Bros.; 21Apr1906; H75870.\n  A TRIP FROM COLORADO SPRINGS TO CRIPPLE CREEK, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  A TRIP ON THE CATSKILL MT. RY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A TRIP OVER THE ROCKY AND SELKIRK MOUNTAINS IN CANADA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9\n  A TRIP THROUGH THE YELLOWSTONE PARK, U. S. A., scenes 1\u201314. \u00a9 Thomas\n  A TRIP TO BERKELEY, CAL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A TRIP TO MARS. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 4May1903; H31340.\n  A TRIP TO MARS, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 18Feb1910; J138566\u201368.\n  A TRIP TO SALT LAKE CITY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  TRIP TO THE MOON. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 26June1899; 41525.\n  TRIUMPHAL BRIDGE, PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  TROOP B, 15TH U. S. CAVALRY BAREBACK SQUAD IN THE MONKEY DRILL AT FORT\n    MYER, VIRGINIA. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14Jan1910; J137402.\n  TROOP SHIPS FOR THE PHILIPPINES [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  TROOPS AT EVACUATION OF HAVANA [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  TROOPS EMBARKING AT SAN FRANCISCO [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  TROOPS MAKING MILITARY ROAD IN FRONT OF SANTIAGO [Spanish-American\n    War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52059.\n  TROUBLE IN HOGAN\u2019S ALLEY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE TROUBLES OF A BUTLER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  TROUBLES OF A FLIRT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 20Mar1908;\n  TROUBLES OF A MANAGER OF A BURLESQUE SHOW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THE TROUBLES OF A STRANDED ACTOR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 27Nov1908; H118913.\n  THE TROUBLES OF AN AMATEUR DETECTIVE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  TROUBLES OF TOO ARDENT ADMIRERS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Mar1908; H107117.\n  THE TROUBLESOME BABY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 21Nov1910; J147936.\n  THE TROUBLESOME FLY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1May1902;\n  A TROUBLESOME SATCHEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Apr1909;\n  TROUT FISHING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902; H24877.\n  TROUT FISHING, RANGELEY LAKES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  TROUT POACHERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902; H24878.\n  IL TROVATORE (VERDI). \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Feb1909; H122576.\n  THE TRUANT; or, HOW WILLIE FIXED HIS DAD. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE TRUANTS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4Apr1907; H92290.\n  TRUE HEARTS ARE MORE THAN CORONETS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  TRUE LOVE NEVER RUNS SMOOTHLY, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  A TRUE PATRIOT. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 9Sept1909; J134300.\n  TRUE \u2019TILL DEATH. \u00a9 G. M\u00e9li\u00e8s, Inc.; 16Apr1912; J168168.\n  THE TRUER LOVE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10May1909; H126777.\n  THE TRY OUT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 31Jan1911; J151545\u201348.\n  TRYING IT ON THE DOG. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 6Sept1906; H82615.\n  TRYING TO FOOL UNCLE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12July1912; J171147.\n  TRYING TO GET ARRESTED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  TUB RACE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Sept1903; H35325.\n  A TUMULTUOUS ELOPEMENT. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 10Nov1909; J134155.\n  TUNNEL NUMBER THREE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Apr1902;\n  THE TUNNEL WORKERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Nov1906;\n  TUNNELING THE CHANNEL. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 5July1907; H95991.\n  TURKISH DANCE, ELLA LOLA. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Oct1898; 59210.\n  TURNED TO THE WALL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 21Apr1911;\n  TURNING OVER A NEW LEAF, scenes 1\u20133, [4\u20136]. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  TURNING THE TABLES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10Dec1910; J148648.\n  TURNING THE TABLES. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Sept1903; H35327.\n  TURNING THE TABLES, 4 scenes. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 30Sept1911;\n  TURNING THE TABLES; or, WAITING ON THE WAITER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  \u2019TWEEN TWO LOVES. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 28Sept1911;\n  TWELVE IN A BARREL. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1July1901; H5694.\n  THE TWENTIETH CENTURY TRAMP; or, HAPPY HOOLIGAN AND HIS AIRSHIP. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 27Jan1902; H13363.\n  25TH INFANTRY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 21May1902; H17963.\n  TWENTY MULE TEAM, ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION [Louisiana Purchase\n    Exposition]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24May1904; H46315.\n  TWENTY YEARS IN SING-SING. \u00a9 America\u2019s Feature Film Co.; 1c 20Dec1911;\n  TWIN BROTHERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Apr1909;\n  THE TWIN TOWERS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 25Apr1911;\n  THE TWISTED TRAIL. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 28Mar1910; J139618.\n  \u2019TWIXT LOVE AND DUTY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 9July1908;\n  2 A. M. IN THE SUBWAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  TWO AFFINITIES; or, A DOMESTIC REUNION. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  TWO BOTTLE BABIES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Aug1904;\n  TWO BROKEN HEARTS; the story of a worthless husband and a faithful\n    dog. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 2Oct1908; H116418.\n  THE TWO BROTHERS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 14May1910; J141292.\n  THE TWO BROTHERS. SEE Francesca Di Rimini.\n  TWO BROTHERS OF THE G. A. R. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 28May1908; H111142.\n  TWO CHAPPIES IN A BOX. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Oct1903; H36498.\n  TWO COMPANIES, ROYAL CANADIAN REGIMENT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THE TWO CONVICTS. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 22Apr1912; J168441\u201342.\n  TWO COUSINS. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 15July1909; J134164.\n  TWO CRAZY BUGS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 29July1908; H113974.\n  THE TWO FLATS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 3Jan1912;\n  THE TWO HEROES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 26Apr1911;\n  TWO HOURS AFTER CHICKENS LEAVE THE SHELLS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  TWO IS COMPANY, THREE A CROWD. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 27Oct1904; H52168.\n  TWO KNIGHTS IN A BARROOM, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  TWO LITTLE DOGS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 13June1908; H111813.\n  TWO LITTLE SHOES. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 15June1908; H111859.\n  TWO LITTLE WAIFS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 3Nov1910; J147286.\n  TWO MEMORIES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 22May1909; H127384.\n  TWO OF A KIND, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 1Oct1909; J132748\u201350.\n  TWO OFFICERS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 18Aug1911;\n  TWO OLD CRONIES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Feb1903;\n  TWO ORPHANS OF THE G. A. R. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 27Nov1908; H118911.\n  THE TWO PATHS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 4Jan1911; J150122.\n  TWO RUBES AT THE THEATRE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 7Mar1901; H1773.\n  TWO SAILORS AND A GIRL. SEE For Her Sake.\n  TWO SEEDY RUBES: THEY HAVE A HOT TIME IN THE OLD TOWN. \u00a9 S. Lubin;\n  THE TWO SIDES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 3May1911; J154897.\n  TWO SIDES OF THE WALL. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 15June1908; H111860.\n  THE TWO SISTERS. SEE Avenged.\n  THE TWO SONS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29Dec1908; H120475.\n  TWO STRENUOUS RUBES. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 12Aug1905; H64667.\n  TWO TALENTED VAGABONDS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 26Aug1908; H115112.\n  TWO THOUSAND MILES WITHOUT A DOLLAR. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE TWO TRAVELING BOYS; or, THE ADVENTURES OF PERCY WHITE AND PAULINE\n    WELLS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29May1908; H111180.\n  TWO VALENTINES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 8Feb1911; J152138\u201341.\n  TWO WHITE ROSES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 26Aug1911;\n  TWO WOMEN AND A MAN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 17Nov1909; J134952.\n  TWO\u2019S COMPANY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902; H16353.\n  TWO\u2019S COMPANY, THREE\u2019S A CROWD. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  TYING UP BAGS FOR TRAIN, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE TYPEWRITER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  THE UGLY TEMPERED TRAMP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  ULYSSES AND GIANT POLYPHEMUS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 22July1905; H63651.\n  UMBRELLA BRIGADE [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  UNAPPRECIATED GENIUS, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3Apr1909;\n  THE UNCHANGING SEA. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 7May1910; J141155.\n  THE UNAPPRECIATED JOKE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Aug1903; H34328.\n  UNCLE HIRAM\u2019S LIST, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 30Dec1911;\n  UNCLE JOSH AT THE MOVING PICTURE SHOW. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Jan1902;\n  UNCLE JOSH IN A SPOOKY HOTEL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Mar1900; D6367.\n  UNCLE JOSH\u2019S NIGHTMARE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Mar1900; D6366.\n  UNCLE PETE\u2019S RUSE. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 16Oct1911;\n  UNCLE REUBEN AT THE WALDORF. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  UNCLE REUBEN\u2019S COURTSHIP. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 1Feb1909; H122286.\n  UNCLE TOM WINS, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 30Apr1909; H126355\u201356.\n  UNCLE TOM\u2019S CABIN. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 1May1903; H31304.\n  UNCLE TOM\u2019S CABIN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 30July1903; H34001.\n  UNCLE\u2019S BIRTHDAY GIFT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 18Jan1911;\n  UNCLE\u2019S PRESENT. SEE The Inquisitive Boy.\n  UNCLE\u2019S VISIT. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 27Nov1911; J163103.\n  UNDER BURNING SKIES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Feb1912; J166557.\n  UNDER FALSE COLORS. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 22Nov1907;\n  UNDER NORTHERN SKIES, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 6Jan1909;\n  UNDER THE BAMBOO TREE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  UNDER THE MISTLETOE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 19Dec1903; H39740.\n  UNDER THE OLD APPLE TREE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  UNDER THE SEAS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 18Mar1907; H91551.\n  UNDER THE STEAM HAMMER. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Jun1909; H128031.\n  UNDER THE TREE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Mar1904;\n  UNDER THE TROPICAL SUN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  AN UNPROTECTED FEMALE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 2July1903;\n  UNEXPECTED FIREWORKS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 22July1905; H63650.\n  AN UNEXPECTED GUEST. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 12Aug1909; J132277.\n  UNEXPECTED HELP. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 30July1910; J143826.\n  AN UNEXPECTED KNOCKOUT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE UNEXPECTED REWARD, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 29July1910;\n  AN UNEXPECTED SANTA CLAUS, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 23Dec1908;\n  THE UNFAITHFUL ODALISQUE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE UNFAITHFUL WIFE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28July1903.\n      Murder and suicide. H33879.\n  THE UNFINISHED LETTER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.; 2Aug1911;\n  UNION IRON WORKS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Mar1898; 16436.\n  UNION SQUARE [New York City]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 16Dec1896;\n  A UNIQUE RACE BETWEEN ELEPHANT, BICYCLE, CAMEL, HORSE AND AUTOMOBILE.\n    \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Apr1902; H16378.\n  U. S. ARTILLERY MANOEUVERS. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 27Apr1912; J168740.\n  U. S. BATTLESHIP \u201cINDIANA\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  U. S. BATTLESHIP \u201cIOWA\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  U. S. BATTLESHIP \u201cOREGON\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  U. S. BATTLESHIP \u201cOREGON\u201d [Spanish-American War; New York City Welcome\n    to Admiral Sampson\u2019s Fleet after Battle of Santiago Bay]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  U. S. CAVALRY HORSES. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 16Mar1912; J167234.\n  U. S. CAVALRY SUPPLIES UNLOADING AT TAMPA, FLORIDA [Spanish-American\n    War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20May1898; 31431.\n  U. S. CRUISER \u201cBROOKLYN,\u201d NAVAL PARADE [Spanish-American War; New York\n    City Welcome to Admiral Sampson\u2019s Fleet after Battle of Santiago\n    Bay]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 3Sept1898; 52049.\n  U. S. CRUISER \u201cNASHVILLE\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  U. S. CRUISER \u201cOLYMPIA\u201d LEADING NAVAL PARADE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  U. S. CRUISER \u201cRALEIGH\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  UNITED STATES FLAG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3541.\n  UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT GUN TEST. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  U. S. INFANTRY SUPPORTED BY ROUGH RIDERS AT EL CANEY [Spanish-American\n    War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 5June1899; 37442.\n  UNITED STATES LIFE-SAVING DRILLS, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  U. S. SANITARY SQUAD FUMIGATING A HOUSE [Panama Canal]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  U. S. S. \u201cCASTINE.\u201d \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Apr1898; 25328.\n  U. S. SUBMARINE \u201cSALMON,\u201d scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 5Aug1910;\n  U. S. TROOPS AND RED CROSS IN THE TRENCHES BEFORE CALOOCAN [P. I.]\n    [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 5June1899; 37441.\n  U. S. TROOPS LANDING AT DAIQUIRI, CUBA [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 5Aug1898; 46690.\n  U. S. VOLUNTEER LIFE SAVING CORPS, NEW YORK CITY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas\n  AN UNKNOWN LANGUAGE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 20Sept1911;\n  UNLOADING HALIBUT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Mar1903;\n  UNLOADING LIGHTERS, MANILA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  UNLUCKY AT CARDS, LUCKY AT LOVE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE UNLUCKY HORSESHOE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 22Dec1908; H120174.\n  AN UNLUCKY LOVER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Mar1903;\n  AN UNPROTECTED FEMALE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  AN UNSELFISH LOVE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 20Sept1910;\n  THE UNSPOKEN GOODBYE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 21Sept1909;\n  AN UNSUCCESSFUL SUBSTITUTION, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  THE UNTAMABLE WHISKERS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 23Feb1904; H42526.\n  AN UNUSUAL SACRIFICE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 26Apr1912;\n  THE UNVEILING. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 17Oct1911; J161771.\n  UNVEILING OF THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 19May1897;\n  AN UNWELCOME VISITOR. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 10Mar1898; 16430.\n  THE UNWRITTEN LAW: A THRILLING DRAMA BASED ON THE THAW WHITE CASE. \u00a9\n  UP A TREE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 30Apr1910; J141018.\n  UP AGAINST IT. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 1June1912; J169858.\n  UP THE LADDER WITH TOM BOWLINE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  UP-TO-DATE CLOTHES CLEANING. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 16May1908; H110582.\n  AN UP-TO-DATE ELOPEMENT. SEE Love Vs. Title.\n  THE UPLIFTING OF MR. BARKER, scenes 1\u20132. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 20Feb1909;\n  UPPER FALLS OF THE YELLOWSTONE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6May1901; H4084.\n  UPPER RAPIDS, FROM BRIDGE [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  THE USURER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 18Aug1910; J144488.\n  THE USURER\u2019S GRIP, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 4Oct1912;\n  A VACATION IN HAVANA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 15July1910;\n  THE VAIDIS SISTERS, LUNA PARK [Coney Island]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 6Oct1903; H36552.\n  VALENTINE AND ORSON. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 4May1903; H31338.\n  THE VALET\u2019S VINDICATION, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 26Aug1910;\n  THE VALET\u2019S WIFE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Nov1908;\n  THE VAMPIRE DANCER, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 17Apr1912;\n  VAN BIBBER\u2019S EXPERIMENT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE VANISHING LADY. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 11Oct1904; H51505.\n  VANISHING LADY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Dec1898; 73463.\n  VANITY FAIR, no. 1\u20136. \u00a9 Vitagraph Co. of America; 19Dec1911;\n  THE VAQUERO\u2019S VOW. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Oct1908;\n  THE VATICAN GUARDS, ROME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  VAULTING CONTEST, MEADOWBROOK HUNT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  THE VEILED BEAUTY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 25Oct1907; H101611.\n  THE VENETIAN LOOKING-GLASS. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 11May1905; H60799.\n  VENGEANCE, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 21Feb1912; J166581\u201383.\n  VENICE IN AMERICA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8July1903;\n  THE VENOM OF POPPY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 22Aug1911;\n  VERY MUCH ENGAGED, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 5June1912;\n  VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART\u2019S ESCORT [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  A VICTIM OF BRIDGE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 22Feb1910;\n  A VICTIM OF CIRCUMSTANCES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 4Nov1911; J162531.\n  A VICTIM OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  A VICTIM OF JEALOUSY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 11June1910; J142237.\n  A VICTIM OF THE MORMONS, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 21Nov1911;\n  THE VICTIM SNARED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904;\n  VICTORIOUS SQUADRON FIRING SALUTE [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  VIEW ON BOULEVARD, NEW YORK CITY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896;\n  VIEWS IN CALCUTTA, INDIA, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  VIEWS IN SAN FRANCISCO [San Francisco Earthquake]. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19May1906; H77927.\n  VIEWS OF HOT SPRINGS, ARK. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.;\n      On same reel with His Royal Highness.\n  VIEWS OF LOS ANGELES. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 25May1912; J169557.\n  THE VIKING\u2019S DAUGHTER; a story of the ancient Norsemen. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 21July1908; H113728.\n  THE VILLAGE CUT-UP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Jun1906;\n  THE VILLAGE HERO. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 12Sept1911; J159946.\n  THE VILLAIN FOILED. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Sept1911; J159733.\n  THE VIOLIN MAKER OF CREMONA. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 9June1909; H128159.\n  VIRGINIUS; James Sheridan Knowles\u2019 Roman tragedy. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co.\n  VISION OF MARY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11May1903;\n  A VISIT TO BABY ROGER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 31Dec1902;\n  \u201cVIZCAYA\u201d UNDER FULL HEADWAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A VOICE FROM THE DEAD, scenes 1\u20136. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 10Oct1908;\n  A VOICE FROM THE DEEP. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 21Mar1912; J167394.\n  THE VOICE OF THE CHILD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 29Dec1911; J164068.\n  THE VOICE OF THE VIOLIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  VON WEBER\u2019S LAST WALTZ, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE WADERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Aug1903; H35099.\n  THE WAGER AND THE WAGE EARNERS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE WAGES OF SIN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13Aug1903.\n      Retribution. H34512.\n  THE WAGES OF SIN; an Italian tragedy. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE WAGES OF SIN. SEE The Farmer\u2019s Daughter.\n  WAGON SUPPLY TRAIN EN ROUTE [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  WAGONS LOADING MAIL, U.S.P.O. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE WAIF. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Apr1904; H44209.\n  THE WAIF. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 26Oct1911; J161915.\n  WAITER NO. 5. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 10Nov1910; J147562.\n  WAITING AT THE CHURCH. \u00a9 Belcher & Waterson; 1Feb1907; H90028.\n  WAITING AT THE CHURCH. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 6Nov1911;\n  WAITING AT THE CHURCH, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21July1906;\n  WAITING FOR BILL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23Dec1903;\n  WAITING FOR SANTA CLAUS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WAITING ON THE WAITER. SEE Turning the Tables.\n  A WAKE IN \u201cHELL\u2019S KITCHEN\u201d [New York City]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 12June1903; H32563.\n  WALL SCALING. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60589.\n  THE WALLACE JEWELS, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 1Oct1909;\n  WAND DANCE, PUEBLO INDIANS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13563.\n  THE WANDERING JEW. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 29Dec1904.\n      1st part. The Shore of the Dead Sea. H55058.\n      2d part. The Cliffs of Despond. H55059.\n  WANTED, A CHILD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 2Oct1909; J132957.\n  WANTED: A DOG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Apr1905; H58987.\n  WANTED\u2014A HUSBAND. \u00a9 S. Lubin.\n  WANTED\u2014A MILITARY MAN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Aug1908; H115095.\n  WANTED\u2014A NURSE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 27Sept1906;\n  WAR CANOE RACE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28May1904; H46579.\n  WAR CORRESPONDENTS [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  THE WAR ON THE MOSQUITO, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  WAR ON THE PLAINS, parts 1\u20132. \u00a9 New York Motion Picture Co.;\n  A WARM OCCASION. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Feb1904;\n  A WARRIOR BOLD, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14Jan1910; J137406\u201308.\n  WAS HE A COWARD? \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20Mar1911; J153322.\n  WAS JUSTICE SERVED? \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 19June1909; H128592.\n  WASH-DAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Sept1902; H21506.\n  WASH DAY IN MEXICO. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898; 13544.\n  THE WASHERWOMAN\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Sept1908; H115284.\n  WASHING CLOTHES AT SICILY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11June1903; H32553.\n  WASHING GOLD ON 20 ABOVE HUNKER, KLONDIKE [Alaska Gold Rush]. \u00a9 Thomas\n  WASHING SHEEP, HUMUNLA RANCH, HAWAII. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 11Aug1906;\n  WASHING THE BABY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 14Jan1903;\n  WASHINGTON BRIDGE AND SPEEDWAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WASHINGTON CONTINENTAL GUARDS [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  WASHINGTON UNDER THE AMERICAN FLAG. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  WASHINGTON UNDER THE BRITISH FLAG. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  THE WASHWOMAN\u2019S DAUGHTER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE WASHWOMAN\u2019S TROUBLES. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison; 21Apr1897; 24893.\n  WATER BUFFALO, MANILA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Aug1903;\n  WATER BUFFALO WALLOWING, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison;\n  WATER DUEL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7Feb1903; H27983.\n  WATER NYMPHS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Sept1902; H21504.\n  THE WATER SPRITE; a legend of the Rhine. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  WATERFALL IN THE CATSKILLS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31July1897; 43413.\n  WATERMELON CONTEST. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28June1900; D13285.\n  THE WATERMELON PATCH, scenes 1\u20139. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20Oct1905;\n  WAWONA, BIG TREE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  THE WAY OF MAN. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 28June1909; H129205.\n  THE WAY OF THE CROSS; a story of ancient Rome. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  THE WAY OF THE WORLD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 27Apr1910; J140899.\n  THE WAY THEY FOOLED DAD. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Aug1908; H114302.\n  THE WAY TO SELL CORSETS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE WEALTHY RIVAL; or, A SUMMER STORY THAT NEEDS NO EXPLANATION. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 14Sept1909; J131848.\n  THE WEARY HUNTERS AND THE MAGICIAN. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 27Jan1902;\n  WEARY WILLIE AND THE GARDENER. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 21Aug1901; H7982.\n  WEARY WILLIE KIDNAPS A CHILD. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7June1904; H46907.\n  WEARY WILLIE\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 17Oct1908; H117115.\n  WEARYBONES SEEKS REST, AND GETS IT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  WEARY\u2019S CHRISTMAS DINNER. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 8Dec1908;\n  THE WEB OF FATE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 20Aug1909;\n  THE WEDDING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19May1905; H61108.\n  THE WEDDING BELL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 17Mar1911;\n  A WEDDING BY CORRESPONDENCE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 11Oct1904; H51504.\n  A WEDDING TRIP FROM MONTREAL THROUGH CANADA TO HONG KONG, scenes 1\u20134.\n  WEIGHING THE BABY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Oct1903;\n  A WELCOME BURGLAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Jan1909;\n  WELDING THE BIG RING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Apr1904;\n  A WELSH RABBIT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.\n  WEST INDIAN BOYS DIVING FOR MONEY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Jan1903;\n  WEST INDIAN GIRLS IN NATIVE DANCE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 8Apr1903;\n  WEST POINT CADET CAVALRY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896;\n  WEST POINT CADET CAVALRY CHARGE. \u00a9 The International Film Co.;\n  WEST POINT CADET CAVALRY DRILL. \u00a9 The International Film Co.;\n  WEST POINT CADET DRILL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 18Dec1896; 68812.\n  WEST POINT CADETS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Jan1903;\n  WEST POINT CADETS [Spanish-American War; Dewey Homecoming, New York\n  WEST POINT CADETS, ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION [Louisiana Purchase\n    Exposition]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18June1904;\n  WESTERN COURTSHIP; a love story of Arizona. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of\n  WESTERN JUSTICE. \u00a9 The Selig Polyscope; 21June1907; H95425.\n  A WESTERN NIGHT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 6Jan1911; J150738\u201341.\n  A WESTERN PRINCE CHARMING, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A WESTERN ROMANCE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 22Mar1910;\n  A WESTERN ROMANCE IN THE DAYS OF \u201949. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 15June1908; H111861.\n  WESTERN STAGE COACH HOLD UP. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 18May1904; H46143.\n  WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE CO. WESTINGHOUSE CO. WORKS (CASTING SCENE.) \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23July1904; H48413.\n  WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE CO. WESTINGHOUSE CO. WORKS (MOULDING SCENE.) \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23July1904; H48414.\n  WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE CO. WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n    Biograph Co.; 23July1904; H48417.\n  WESTMINSTER KENNEL CLUB DOG SHOW, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  WHARF SCENE AND NATIVES SWIMMING AT ST. THOMAS, D. W. I. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  WHARF SCENE, HONOLULU. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38222.\n  WHAT A WOMAN WILL DO, scene 1. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 5Aug1912;\n  WHAT ARE THE WILD WAVES SAYING SISTER? \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  WHAT BOYS WILL DO. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17June1903;\n  WHAT BURGLAR BILL FOUND IN THE SAFE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  WHAT DEMORALIZED THE BARBER SHOP. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  WHAT DRINK DID. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 28May1909; H127702.\n  WHAT HAPPENED IN THE TUNNEL. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 6Nov1903; H37683.\n  WHAT HAPPENED ON TWENTY-THIRD STREET, NEW YORK CITY. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  WHAT HAPPENED TO JONES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WHAT HE SAID HE WOULD DO AND WHAT HE REALLY DID. SEE The Braggart.\n  WHAT ONE SMALL BOY CAN DO. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 16Apr1908;\n  WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH OUR OLD? \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Feb1911; J152019.\n  WHAT THE CARDS FORETOLD, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7Dec1909;\n  WHAT THE DAISY SAID. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13July1910; J143189.\n  WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 7Aug1912; J172003.\n  WHAT\u2019S YOUR HURRY? \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 1Nov1909; J134043.\n  WHEN A MAN LOVES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 9Jan1911; J150480.\n  WHEN CASEY JOINED THE LODGE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  WHEN KINGS WERE THE LAW. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 20May1912; J169418.\n  WHEN KNIGHTS WERE BOLD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WHEN LIPS ARE SEALED. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 5Aug1908; H114300.\n  WHEN MA GOES SHOPPING. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Dec1908; H119730.\n  WHEN OUR SHIP COMES IN. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Sept1908; H115287.\n  WHEN PASSION BLINDS HONESTY, parts 1\u20133. \u00a9 Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 3Feb1912;\n  WHEN RUBEN COMES TO TOWN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14Aug1908;\n  WHEN SHE WAS ABOUT SIXTEEN, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  WHEN THE FIRE-BELLS RANG. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 13May1912; J169194.\n  WHEN THE FLAG FALLS. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 2Aug1909; J132278.\n  WHEN THIEF MEETS THIEF. SEE Levitsky\u2019s Insurance Policy.\n  WHEN WE WERE IN OUR TEENS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 19Aug1910; J144497.\n  WHEN WE WERE TWENTY-ONE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WHEN WIFEY HOLDS THE PURSE STRINGS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 25Sept1911;\n  WHEN WOMEN VOTE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 25Mar1907; H91921.\n  WHERE BREAKERS ROAR. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15Sept1908;\n  WHERE IS MY WANDERING BOY TONIGHT? scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  WHERE PATHS MEET. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 1Apr1912; J167694.\n  WHERE THERE\u2019S A WILL THERE\u2019S A WAY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America;\n  WHERE THERE\u2019S A WILL THERE\u2019S A WAY. SEE The Determined Lover.\n  WHERE\u2019S THAT QUARTER. SEE His Week\u2019s Wages.\n  WHICH WAS THE HAPPIEST TIME IN YOUR LIFE? \u00a9 S. Lubin; 16Dec1908;\n  WHILE STROLLING IN THE PARK. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WHIPPING BEAR. \u00a9 Charles J. Jones; 15Jan1906; H71991.\n  WHIRLPOOL RAPIDS\u2014FROM CANADIAN SHORE [Niagara Falls]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  THE WHITE CAPS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 14Sept1905; H65546.\n  THE WHITE CHIEF. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6July1908; H112824.\n  WHITE FOX MOTOR BOAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1June1906;\n  WHITE HORSE RAPIDS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 4Apr1900; D7246.\n  THE WHITE MAN\u2019S FIRST SMOKE; or, PURITAN DAYS IN AMERICA. \u00a9 The\n    Vitagraph Co. of America; 27July1907; H97262.\n  THE WHITE ROSE OF THE WILDS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 27May1911; J155961.\n  WHITE ROSES. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 24Dec1910; J149494.\n  THE WHITE SAVIOR. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 27July1912; J171840.\n  WHITE STAR S. S. BALTIC LEAVING PIER ON FIRST EASTERN VOYAGE. \u00a9 Thomas\n  WHITE WINGS ON REVIEW. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 20May1903; H32033.\n  WHITLER\u2019S WITLESS WANDERINGS, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  WHITTIER SCHOOL, CALISTHENICS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WHO GETS THE ORDER? scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 22Mar1911;\n  WHO GOT THE REWARD? \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8Jan1912; J164468.\n  WHO KILLED COCK ROBIN? \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 28Apr1903; H31232.\n  WHO LOOKS, PAYS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 27Mar1906; H75006.\n  WHO NEEDED THE DOUGH? \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 20Mar1908;\n  WHO PAYS FOR THE DRINKS? \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WHO SAID CHICKEN? \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903;\n  WHO SAID CHICKEN? \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10July1901; H5885.\n  WHO STOLE JONES\u2019 WOOD. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 17Oct1908; H117119.\n  WHO WEARS THEM? \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 10Feb1912; J166568.\n  THE WHOLE DAM FAMILY AND THE DAM DOG. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 31May1905;\n  THE WHOLE WORLD KIN, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 24June1909;\n  WHO\u2019S BOSS OF THE HOUSE? \u00a9 S. Lubin; 24July1907; H97081.\n  WHO\u2019S GOT THE RED EAR? \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Feb1903;\n  WHO\u2019S WHO. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.\n  WHY CURFEW DID NOT RING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WHY FOXY GRANDPA ESCAPED A DUCKING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph\n  WHY GIRLS LEAVE HOME, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 28Sept1909;\n  WHY HE GAVE UP. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Dec1911; J163420.\n  WHY HE SIGNED THE PLEDGE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18Apr1908; H109520.\n  WHY JONES DISCHARGED HIS CLERKS. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Jan1900; D780.\n  WHY KRAUSMYER CAN\u2019T SLEEP. \u00a9 Siegmund Lubin; 11Aug1899; 51688.\n  WHY MR. NATION WANTS A DIVORCE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 1Mar1901; H1495.\n  WHY MRS. JONES GOT A DIVORCE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 17Jan1900; D1727.\n  WHY PAPA CANNOT SLEEP, no. 108. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 4Feb1897;\n  WHY PAPA CAN\u2019T SLEEP. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 13June1903;\n  WHY THAT ACTOR WAS LATE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 18Mar1908; H107644.\n  WHY THE CHECK WAS GOOD. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 11Dec1911;\n  WHY THE COOK WAS NOT FIRED. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 7Apr1905; H58983.\n  WHY THE MAIL WAS LATE. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 8Apr1909; H125500.\n  THE WIDOW AND THE ONLY MAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  THE WIDOW\u2019S CLAIM, scene 1. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 13Aug1912;\n  A WIFE\u2019S AWAKENING. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 9Nov1911;\n  A WIFE\u2019S DEVOTION. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 7Apr1908; H108471.\n  A WIFE\u2019S ORDEAL, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 7June1909; H128138\u201342.\n  WIFEY AWAY, HUBBY AT PLAY. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 23Aug1909; J132441.\n  WIFEY\u2019S MISTAKE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 16Feb1904; H42202.\n  WIFEY\u2019S STRATEGY, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16Sept1908;\n  A WILD TURKEY HUNT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Jan1906;\n  WILFUL PEGGY. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 26Aug1910; J144684.\n  WILL HE MARRY THE GIRL? \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WILLFUL MURDER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23June1904;\n  WILLIAM J. BRYAN IN THE BIOGRAPH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WM. MCKINLEY RECEIVING TELEGRAM ANNOUNCING HIS ELECTION. \u00a9 American\n  WILLIE BECOMES AN ARTIST. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 30July1912; J171804.\n  WILLIE BOY LOSES THE HEIRESS: AUNT MARY & THE BABY. \u00a9 American\n    Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 16Dec1904; H54356.\n  WILLIE WESTINGHOUSE AND THE DOCTOR\u2019S BATTERY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  WILLIE WISE AND HIS MOTOR BOAT, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  WILLIE\u2019S CAMERA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6July1903;\n  WILLIE\u2019S FALL FROM GRACE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 9Sept1908;\n  WILLIE\u2019S FIRST SMOKE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 4Feb1899; 10649.\n  WILLIE\u2019S HAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902; H23784.\n  WILLIE\u2019S NEW CAMERA. SEE The Snapshot Fiend.\n  WILLIE\u2019S PARTY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 6Apr1908; H108436.\n  WILLIE\u2019S VACATION. \u00a9 Paley & Steiner; 8Nov1904; H52714.\n  WILLIE\u2019S WATER SPRINKLER. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 4Jan1909; H121225.\n  WINCHESTER ARMS FACTORY AT NOON TIME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.;\n  THE WINDS OF FATE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 15Aug1911;\n  A WINDY DAY ON THE ROOF. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WINE GARDEN SCENE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 23Oct1896; 58469.\n  THE WINE OPENER. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20June1905;\n  WINE, WOMEN & SONG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Jan1906;\n  WINNIE\u2019S DANCE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 13Apr1912;\n  WINNING BACK HIS LOVE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 24Dec1910; J149495.\n  THE WINNING COAT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Apr1909;\n  THE WINNING MISS. \u00a9 Independent Moving Picture Co.; 8Jan1912; J164368.\n  THE WINNING OF MISS LANGDON, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 6Dec1910;\n  A WINTER DAY IN THE COUNTRY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 4Mar1907; H90972.\n  WINTER LOGGING IN MAINE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  A WINTER STRAW RIDE, scenes 1\u20137. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 7Apr1906;\n  A WINTER VISIT TO CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK CITY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  A WINTER\u2019S TALE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 16Nov1909; J134996\u201399.\n  A WIRELESS ROMANCE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 8July1910;\n  THE WISHBONE. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 26Oct1906; H84211.\n  THE WISHBONE. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 15July1908; H113389.\n  THE WITCH. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 10Dec1906; H86397.\n  THE WITCH. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 10Oct1908; H116784.\n  THE WITCH\u2019S REVENGE. \u00a9 George M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 6July1903; H33235.\n  WITH A KODAK. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 24Jan1912; J165155.\n  WITH BRIDGES BURNED, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 2Aug1910;\n  WITH HER CARD. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 17Aug1909; J130708.\n  WITH INTEREST TO DATE, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 17Jan1911;\n  WITH THE ENEMY\u2019S HELP. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22Aug1912; J172418.\n  THE WOES OF ROLLER SKATERS. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 21July1908; H113734.\n  THE WOLF HUNT. \u00a9 Oklahoma Natural Mutoscene Co.; 28Dec1908; H120454.\n  WOMAN ALWAYS PAYS. SEE Chasms.\n  THE WOMAN FROM MELLON\u2019S. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 5Feb1910; J138028.\n  THE WOMAN HATER. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 2Sept1909; J132446.\n  A WOMAN SCORNED. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 2Dec1911; J163355.\n  THE WOMAN WHO GAMBLES. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 18June1908; H112078.\n  A WOMAN WITH A RECORD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9June1904;\n  A WOMAN\u2019S STRATEGY, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 25Jan1910;\n  A WOMAN\u2019S WAY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Nov1908;\n  A WOMAN\u2019S WAY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 7Aug1909; J130466.\n  WOMEN OF THE GHETTO BATHING. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WON BY A FISH. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 22Apr1912; J168477.\n  WON THROUGH A MEDIUM. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 15Nov1911; J162973.\n  THE WONDER, CHING LING FOO; famous Chinese conjuror and his company of\n    oriental entertainers. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 14Dec1899; 80983.\n  THE WONDERFUL CHARM. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 10Oct1908; H116788.\n  THE WONDERFUL ELECTRO-MAGNET, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  THE WONDERFUL EYE. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 8July1911; J157386.\n  THE WONDERFUL ROSE TREE. \u00a9 Geo. M\u00e9li\u00e8s; 11Oct1904; H51503.\n  THE WOOD-CHOPPER\u2019S CHILD, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 14Apr1909;\n  THE WOODEN INDIAN. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 17Mar1909; H124226.\n  THE WOODEN INDIAN, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 26June1912;\n  THE WOODEN LEG. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Mar1909;\n  WORK MADE EASY. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 27Nov1907; H103015.\n  WORKING ROTARY SNOW PLOUGHS ON LEHIGH VALLEY RAILROAD. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  WORKING THE BREECHES BUOY. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 28Oct1901; H10110.\n  A WORKINGMAN\u2019S DREAM. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 3Sept1908;\n  THE WORKMAN\u2019S LESSON, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 5July1912;\n  WORLD\u2019S CHAMPIONSHIP BULL FIGHT. \u00a9 Kanawha Film Co.; 1c 6Oct1911;\n  WORLD\u2019S CHAMPIONSHIP BULL FIGHT. \u00a9 Kanawha Film Co.; 7Oct1911;\n  WORLD\u2019S CHAMPIONSHIP, JACK JOHNSON VS. STANLEY KETCHELL. \u00a9 J. W.\n  THE WORM WILL TURN, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 9Jan1909;\n  WORTH OF A MAN. \u00a9 Imp Films Co.; 25Jan1912; J164816.\n  THE WOULD-BE SHRINER. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 30July1912; J171805.\n  WOUNDED SOLDIERS EMBARKING IN ROW BOATS [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9\n    American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903; H30727.\n  THE WRATH OF A JEALOUS WIFE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A WREATH IN TIME. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8Feb1909;\n  A WREATH OF ORANGE BLOSSOMS. \u00a9 Biograph Co.; 1c 31Jan1911; J151388.\n  THE WRECK OF THE \u201cAURORA\u201d; or, THE COFFIN SHIP. \u00a9 Worlds Best Film\n  WRECK OF THE BATTLESHIP \u201cMAINE\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 Thomas A.\n  WRECK OF THE \u201cVIZCAYA\u201d [Spanish-American War]. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  THE WRECKERS OF THE LIMITED EXPRESS. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 3Feb1906; H72770.\n  WRESTLING AT THE N. Y. A. C. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  WRESTLING PONIES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3556.\n  WRESTLING PONY AND MAN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope Co.; 19Dec1896; 69097.\n  WRESTLING YACHT. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11Nov1902;\n  THE WRIGHT BROTHERS\u2019 AEROPLANE, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.;\n  A (W)RINGING GOOD JOKE. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A WRINGING GOOD JOKE. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison.\n  A (W)RINGING GOOD JOKE: ARRIVAL OF DAD. \u00a9 American Mutoscope &\n  WRINKLES REMOVED. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5Sept1902;\n  THE WRITING ON THE BLOTTER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 3Mar1911;\n  THE WRONG BURGLAR. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 10Dec1908; H119481.\n  THE WRONG FLAT. \u00a9 The Vitagraph Co. of America; 28June1907; H95638.\n  THE WRONG GRIP. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 21July1908; H113741.\n  THE WRONG OVERCOAT. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 9Mar1908; H107121.\n  THE WRONG ROOM. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Mar1904;\n  THE WRONG WEIGHT. \u00a9 Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 13July1912; J170754.\n  YACHT RACE\u2014FINISH. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 25June1903;\n  THE YACHT RACE FLEET FOLLOWING THE COMMITTEE BOAT \u201cNAVIGATOR\u201d OCT.\n    4TH. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison; 9Oct1901; H9498.\n  YACHT RACE\u2014START. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 20June1903;\n  YALE FOOTBALL TEAM AT PRACTICE, NEW HAVEN, CONN. \u00a9 American Mutoscope\n  YALE LAUNDRY. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 30Oct1907; H101825.\n  A YANKEE MAN-O-WARSMAN\u2019S FIGHT FOR LOVE, scenes 1\u20135. \u00a9 Edison Mfg.\n  A YARD OF FRANKFURTERS. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  A YARD OF PUPPIES. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Aug1903;\n  THE YARN OF THE NANCY BELL, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;\n  THE YELLOW PERIL. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 3Mar1908;\n  YENS YENSEN, THE SWEDISH BUTCHER BOY; or, MISTAKEN FOR A BURGLAR. \u00a9\n    The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29Oct1908; H117589.\n  THE YIDDISHER BOY. \u00a9 S. Lubin; 27Nov1908; H118914.\n  A YORKSHIRE SCHOOL, scenes 1\u20133. \u00a9 Edison Mfg. Co.; 29Apr1910;\n  YOU WILL SEND ME TO BED, EH? \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;\n  YOU WON\u2019T CUT ANY ICE WITH ME. \u00a9 Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75813.\n  YOUNG AMERICA. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 19Aug1903; H34808.\n  YOUNG MEN\u2019S BLAINE CLUB OF CINCINNATI [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. \u00a9\n    Thomas A. Edison; 15Mar1897; 17405.\n  THE YOUNG MEN\u2019S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thomas A. Edison,\n  THE YOUNGER BROTHER, scenes 1\u20134. \u00a9 Thos. A. Edison, Inc.; 25July1911;\n  YOU\u2019VE GOT TO LOVE ME A LOT. \u00a9 Lubin Mfg. Co.; 16Feb1909; H122987.\n  ZIGOMAR. \u00a9 Eclair Film Co.; 1c 6Nov1911; J162893.\n  ZIGOMAR VS. LE ROUGUIN, parts 1\u20134. \u00a9 Eclair Film Co.; 1c 18Apr1912;\n  THE ZULU\u2019S HEART. \u00a9 American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 25Sept1908;\n                  An alphabetical list of the names of\n                  the claimants of copyright in the\n                  motion pictures included in the main\n                  section. Each name is given in the\n                  fullest form on record in the\n                  Copyright Office and is alphabetized\n                  under its distinctive part.\n                  Cross-references from variant forms\n                  are included. Under each name, the\n                  titles associated with it are\n                  arranged, first, chronologically by\n                  copyright year date, and, second,\n                  alphabetically by title.\n AMERICAN FILM MANUFACTURING COMPANY.\n     Battleground.\n     Fall of Black Hawk.\n AMERICAN MUTOSCOPE AND BIOGRAPH COMPANY.\n     Interior Coney Island Club House, no. 1\u20134.\n     Jeffries-Sharkey Contest.\n     Panoramic View, Rescue Work, Galveston.\n     Panoramic View, Wreckage Along Shore, Galveston.\n     William J. Bryan in the Biograph.\n     Anna Held.\n     God Save the King.\n     Queen Victoria\u2019s Funeral, nos. 1\u20133.\n     Reading the Proclamation at St. James\u2019 Palace.\n     Accomodating Cow.\n     Affair of Honor.\n     Aguinaldo\u2019s Navy.\n     Algy\u2019s Glorious Fourth of July.\n     Allabad.\n     Alphonse & Gaston.\n     Alphonse & Gaston Helping an Irishman.\n     Anna Held.\n     Around the Flip-Flap Railroad.\n     Around the Mulberry Bush.\n     Arrival of Train, Tientsin.\n     Art of Making Up.\n     At the Fountain.\n     Atlantic City Fire Department.\n     Aunt Jane and the Tobasco Sauce.\n     Awakening of Rip.\n     Babies\u2019 Quarrel.\n     Baby in a Rage.\n     Baby Playing in Gutter.\n     Baby\u2019s Tooth.\n     Bad (K)night.\n     Barber\u2019s Queer Customer.\n     Battleships in Action.\n     Battleships \u201cIowa\u201d and \u201cMassachusetts.\u201d\n     Beginning of a Skyscraper.\n     Bier.\n     Biograph\u2019s Improved Incubator.\n     Blizzard.\n     Boats Under Oars.\n     Boston School Cadets, 3rd Regiment.\n     Bowery Kiss.\n     Boys Diving, Honolulu.\n     Boys Help Themselves to Foxy Grandpa\u2019s Cigars.\n     Boys, Still Determined, Try It Again on Foxy Grandpa, with the Same\n        Result.\n     Boys Think They Have One on Foxy Grandpa, But He Fools Them.\n     Boys Try to Put One Up on Foxy Grandpa.\n     Bridal Veil Falls.\n     Bridge Traffic, Manila.\n     Brook Trout Fishing.\n     Bucking the Blizzard.\n     Buffalo Bill\u2019s Wild West Parade.\n     Buffalo Fire Department.\n     Burglar-Proof Bed.\n     Capt. Boynton Feeding His Pets.\n     Career of Crime, no. 1\u20135.\n     Carrie Nation Smashing a Saloon.\n     Caught in the Undertow.\n     Cavalry Charge.\n     Chappie and Ben Bolt.\n     Ch-ien-Men Gate, Pekin.\n     Children Feeding Ducklings.\n     Chimmie Hicks at the Races.\n     Chimney Sweep and the Miller.\n     Christmas Morning.\n     Christmas Party.\n     Close Shave.\n     Club Swinging, Carlisle Indian School.\n     Coaching for a Record.\n     Coaling a Steamer, Nagaski [i.e. Nagasaki] Bay, Japan.\n     \u201cColumbia\u201d and \u201cDefender\u201d Rounding Stake-Boat.\n     Creators of Foxy Grandpa.\n     Crowd Entering, Futurity Day.\n     Cutting Sugar Cane.\n     Dairy Maid\u2019s Revenge.\n     Daly of West Point Winning Hurdle Race.\n     Dandy Fifth.\n     Deaf Mute Girl Reciting \u201cStar Spangled Banner.\u201d\n     Delusion.\n     Devil\u2019s Slide.\n     Dip in the Mediterranean.\n     Diving Through Hoops.\n     Dr. Bunion and the Mischievous Boys.\n     Downward Path.\n     Draped Model.\n     Drawing a Lobster Pot.\n     Drill by Naval Militia.\n     Drill, ye Tarriers, Drill.\n     Eccentricities of an Adirondack Canoe.\n     Eeling Through Ice.\n     Eggs Hatching.\n     Elopement.\n     Empire State Express.\n     Evidence Was Against Him.\n     Execution of a Spy.\n     Fancy Driving.\n     Farmer Oatcake Has His Troubles.\n     Farmer\u2019s Imitation of Ching Ling Foo.\n     Ferryboat Entering Slip.\n     15th Infantry.\n     Filipino Cock Fight.\n     Finish of Futurity.\n     Finishing Touches.\n     Five Minutes to Train Time.\n     Flirtation.\n     Flock of Sheep.\n     Football Game: West Point vs. Annapolis.\n     Foster Mother.\n     Fougere.\n     14th Sikhs.\n     Foxy Grandpa and Polly in a Little Hilarity.\n     Foxy Grandpa Shows the Boys a Trick or Two with the Tramp.\n     Foxy Grandpa Tells the Boys a Funny Story.\n     Frankenstein\u2019s Trestle.\n     Frazer Ca\u00f1on.\n     Fresh Lover.\n     Fun in Photograph Gallery.\n     Futurity.\n     Gap Entrance to Rocky Mountains.\n     Girls\u2019 Acrobatic Feats.\n     Girls Dancing Can-Can.\n     Girls Playing See-Saw.\n     Girls Swimming.\n     Going to the Hunt, Meadowbrook.\n     Good Shot.\n     Governor Roosevelt and Staff.\n     Governor\u2019s Foot Guards, Conn.\n     Hanging Stockings Christmas Eve.\n     Hauling a Shad Net.\n     He Forgot His Umbrella.\n     Her Morning Exercise.\n     Herd of Cattle.\n     High Diving.\n     Historic Feat.\n     Hot Mutton Pies.\n     How Bridget Made the Fire.\n     How Little Willie Put a Head on His Pa.\n     How They Rob Men in Chicago.\n     How\u2019d You Like To Be the Iceman?\n     Ice Yacht Racing.\n     In a Manicure Parlor.\n     In a Massage Parlor.\n     Indiana Whitecaps.\n     Installation Ceremonies of President Butler.\n     It\u2019s Unlucky To Pass Under a Ladder.\n     Japanese Fencing.\n     Jersey Skeeter.\n     Joe, the Educated Orangoutang.\n     Joke on Whom?\n     Jumbo, Horseless Fire-Engine.\n     Karina.\n     Kent House Slide.\n     Kiki Dance.\n     King and Queen, Diving Horses.\n     King of Detectives.\n     \u201cKronprinz Wilhelm\u201d Docking.\n     Lamp Explodes.\n     Landing of U. S. Troops Near Santiago.\n     Laughing Ben.\n     Lawn Party.\n     Legal Hold-Up.\n     Li Hung Chang and Suite: Presentation of Parlor Mutoscope.\n     Light That Didn\u2019t Fail.\n     Little Man.\n     Little Mix-Up in a Mixed Ale Joint.\n     Little Piece of String.\n     Little Ray of Sunshine after the Rain.\n     Loading Sugar Cane.\n     Love in the Cornfield.\n     Lover\u2019s Knot.\n     Lover\u2019s Yarn.\n     Love\u2019s Young Dream.\n     McKinley Funeral: Panorama of McKinley Home.\n     Maniac Barber.\n     Matron Stakes.\n     Mayor Van Wyck and General Miles.\n     Me and Jack.\n     Meadowbrook Hunt.\n     Meteor.\n     Milking Time.\n     Mischievous Willie\u2019s Rocking Chair Motor.\n     Moulin Rouge Dancers.\n     Mount Stephen.\n     Moving Picture.\n     Mystic Re-Incarnation.\n     Naval Parade.\n     No Salad Dressing Wanted.\n     Non-Union Paper Hanger.\n     Nora\u2019s 4th of July.\n     Old Maid\u2019s Disappointment.\n     Ostrich Farm.\n     Overland Limited.\n     Pack Train, Gen. Bell\u2019s Expedition.\n     Panorama from Incline Railway.\n     Panorama from Running Incline Railway.\n     Perilous Proceeding.\n     Pierrot\u2019s Problem.\n     Pillow Fight.\n     Pipe Story of the Fourth.\n     Poet\u2019s Revenge.\n     Pole Vaulting.\n     Pontoon Bridge Building.\n     Poster Girls.\n     Potato Bake in the Woods.\n     Pouting Model.\n     President McKinley.\n     President Roosevelt at Lynn, Mass.\n     President Roosevelt Crossing the Field.\n     Price of a Kiss.\n     Prince of Darkness.\n     Private Supper at Hellar\u2019s [i.e. Heller\u2019s].\n     Prize Fight.\n     Quebec Fire Dept. on Runners.\n     Quick Recovery.\n     Razing a Brick Building.\n     Reily\u2019s Light Battery F.\n     Reproduction, Coronation Ceremonies\u2014King Edward VII.\n     Rex\u2019s Bath.\n     Rickshaw Parade, Japan.\n     Rip and the Dwarf.\n     Rip Leaving Sleepy Hollow.\n     Rip Meeting the Dwarf.\n     Rip Passing over Hill.\n     Rip\u2019s Toast.\n     Rip\u2019s Toast to Hudson and Crew.\n     Rip\u2019s Twenty Years\u2019 Sleep.\n     Rivals.\n     Rock of Ages.\n     Romp on the Lawn.\n     S. S. \u201cChippewa.\u201d\n     S. S. \u201cColumbia\u201d Sailing.\n     Sailors of Atlantic Fleet, Dewey Parade.\n     Sailors Waltzing.\n     Sampans Racing Toward Liner.\n     Sandow.\n     Sandwich Man.\n     Santa Filling Stockings.\n     Sausage Machine.\n     School Master\u2019s Surprise.\n     Seashore Gymkana.\n     Serenaders.\n     Seventh Regiment.\n     71st Regiment, Camp Wyckoff.\n     She Meets with Wife\u2019s Approval.\n     Sheep and Lambs.\n     Shooting the Chutes.\n     Shortening and Furling Sails.\n     Shut Up!\n     6th Cavalry Assaulting South Gate of Pekin.\n     Skating on Lake, Central Park.\n     Skee Club.\n     Sleeper.\n     Sleeping Child.\n     Spectacular Start.\n     Spill.\n     Spirits in the Kitchen.\n     Springtime in the Park.\n     Stallion Race.\n     Star Theatre.\n     Startled Lover.\n     Steam Tactics.\n     Steamboat and Great Eastern Rock.\n     Steamship \u201cEmpress of India.\u201d\n     Still Water Runs Deep.\n     Stop Thief!\n     Street Fight and Arrest.\n     Street Scene, Tientsin.\n     Sweet Little Home in the Country.\n     Sweethearts.\n     Switchback on Trolley Road.\n     Take Mellon\u2019s Food.\n     Tarrant Fire.\n     Temptation of St. Anthony.\n     Terrible Night.\n     \u201cTeutonic\u201d and \u201cN\u00f6rdland.\u201d\n     They Found the Leak.\n     Those Wedding Bells Shall Not Ring Out.\n     Tough Dance.\n     Tough Kid\u2019s Waterloo.\n     Train of Sugar Cane.\n     Tramp and the Muscular Cook.\n     Troublesome Fly.\n     Trout Fishing.\n     Trout Poachers.\n     Tunnel Number Three.\n     25th Infantry.\n     Two Companies, Royal Canadian Regiment.\n     Two Hours After Chickens Leave the Shells.\n     Two\u2019s Company.\n     Typewriter.\n     Unexpected Knockout.\n     Unique Race Between Elephant, Bicycle, Camel, Horse and Automobile.\n     Visit to Baby Roger.\n     Waiting for Santa Claus.\n     Wash-Day.\n     Water Nymphs.\n     When We Were Twenty-One.\n     Will He Marry the Girl?\n     Willie\u2019s Hat.\n     Women of the Ghetto Bathing.\n     Wrestling Yacht.\n     Wrinkles Removed.\n     Academy of Music Fire.\n     Accidents Will Happen.\n     After the First Snow.\n     Almost a King.\n     Alphonse and Gaston.\n     American Falls, Goat Island.\n     American Falls, Luna Island.\n     American Soldier in Love and War, no. 1\u20133.\n     Ameta.\n     Animated Picture Studio.\n     April Fool Joke.\n     Arab Act, Luna Park.\n     Armenian Archbishop, Rome.\n     Arrest of a Shoplifter.\n     Arrival of Train at Muskoka Wharf.\n     Arrival of Train, Cheyenne.\n     Arrival of Train, Tokio, Japan.\n     Art Studies.\n     Artist\u2019s Dream.\n     Artist\u2019s Point.\n     Artist\u2019s Studio.\n     As in a Looking Glass.\n     Asakusa Temple, Tokio, Japan.\n     At the Dressmaker\u2019s.\n     At the Foot of the Flatiron.\n     Attack by Torpedo Boats.\n     Attempt To Escape That Led to Misfortune.\n     Aunt Jane\u2019s Experience with Tobasco Sauce.\n     Baby.\n     Baby Lund and Her Pets.\n     Baby Merry-Go-Round.\n     Ballet Rehearsal.\n     Balloon Race.\n     Bally-Hoo Cake Walk.\n     Bargain Day.\n     Bass Fishing.\n     Bathing Girls Hurdle Race.\n     Bathing in Samoa.\n     Battery Park.\n     Battle Flags of the 9th U. S. Infantry.\n     Battle of Mt. Ariat.\n     Battleship \u201cOdin.\u201d\n     Bayonet Exercises.\n     Be Good.\n     Belles of the Beach.\n     Bengal Lancers.\n     Betsy Ross Dance.\n     Birth of the Pearl.\n     Black Storm.\n     Blessed Is the Peacemaker.\n     Bluff from a Tenderfoot.\n     Boarding School Prank.\n     Boomerang.\n     Bowery Cafe.\n     Boy in the Barrel.\n     Boyville Fire Brigade.\n     British Light Artillery.\n     Broadway & Union Square, New York.\n     Brothers of the Misericordia, Rome.\n     Bucking Broncho.\n     Burd [i.e. Bund] Shanghai.\n     Burglar.\n     Burglar and the Bundle.\n     Buying Stamps from Rural Wagon, U.S.P.O.\n     Cake Walk.\n     Camel at Luna Park.\n     Camera Fiend.\n     Cancelling Machine, U.S.P.O.\n     Canoeing at Riverside.\n     Capuchin Monks, Rome.\n     Cardinal Gibbons.\n     Carriers at Works, U.S.P.O.\n     Carriers Leaving Building, U.S.P.O.\n     Cascade near Wawona, Cal.\n     Catch-As-Catch-Can Wrestling.\n     Catch of Hard Shell Crabs.\n     Cat\u2019s Cradle.\n     Central Park after Dark.\n     Champion Beer Drinker.\n     Champion Pony \u201cMidget.\u201d\n     Changing Horses at Glen.\n     Changing Horses at Linden.\n     Charge by 1st Bengal Lancers.\n     Charge of the Light Brigade.\n     Chicks to Order.\n     Chinese Rubbernecks.\n     Chorus Girl and the Salvation Army Lassie.\n     Chums.\n     Church, \u201cOur Lady of Grace,\u201d Hoboken.\n     Clarence, the Cop.\n     Clerks Casing Mail for Bags, U.S.P.O.\n     Clerks Tying Bags, U.S.P.O.\n     Clerks Tying for Bags, U.S.P.O.\n     Cleveland Fire Department.\n     Clever Horsemanship.\n     Coach at Rural Post Office, U.S.P.O.\n     Coaching Party.\n     Coaching Party, Yosemite Valley.\n     Cold Supper with a Hot Finish.\n     Collecting Mail, U.S.P.O.\n     \u201cColumbia\u201d Close to the Wind.\n     \u201cColumbia\u201d vs. \u201cDefender.\u201d\n     Comedy Cake Walk.\n     Condensed Milk.\n     Coney Island Bikers.\n     Contrary Wind.\n     Convict\u2019s Punishment.\n     Cook in the Parlor.\n     Corner in the Play Room.\n     Corpus Christi Procession, Orvieto.\n     \u201cCorsair\u201d in Wake of Tugboat.\n     Corset Model.\n     Cossack Cavalry.\n     Cosy Corner Dance.\n     Cotton Spinning.\n     Council Bluffs Bridge Station.\n     Cowboy and the Lady.\n     Customer Drops In.\n     Dance, Franchonetti Sisters.\n     Dance in Pajamas.\n     Danger of Dining in Private\n     Dining Rooms.\n     Davey Jones\u2019 Locker.\n     Delivering Mail from Sub-Station.\n     Delivering Newspapers.\n     Dewey Arch.\n     Did Not Finish the Story.\n     Disappointed Old Maid.\n     Discordant Note.\n     Discoveries of Bodies.\n     Divorce.\n     Doctor\u2019s Favorite Patient.\n     Dog Fight.\n     Donkey Party.\n     Double Ring Act, Luna Park.\n     Down the Hotel Corridor.\n     Down the Hudson.\n     Down Western Slope.\n     Dressmaker\u2019s Accident.\n     Drill, Ambulance Corps.\n     Drill by Providence Police.\n     Dude and the Bathing Girls.\n     Dude and the Burglars.\n     Dumping Iron Ore.\n     Eating Force.\n     Eclipse Car Fender Test.\n     18th Pennsylvania Volunteers.\n     Electric Tower.\n     Elephant\u2019s Bath.\n     Elevated Railroad, New York.\n     Elopement.\n     Escalta, Manila.\n     Escape from Sing Sing.\n     Excavating for a New York Foundation.\n     Excavation for Subway.\n     Exchange of Mail at Rural P. O., U.S.P.O.\n     \u201cExempt\u201d of Brooklyn, N. Y.\n     Expert Bag Punching.\n     False Alarm in the Dressing Room.\n     Family Troubles.\n     Fastest Wrecking Crew in the World.\n     Fat Bather and Treacherous Springboard.\n     Fate of a Gossip.\n     Fate of the Artist\u2019s Model.\n     Feeding the Russian Bear.\n     Finish of the First Race, Aug. 22.\n     Finish of Yacht Race, Aug. 25th.\n     Fire Department, Fall River, Mass.\n     Firing 10 Inch Gun.\n     Firing the Cabin.\n     Firing the Cook.\n     Flag.\n     Flag Dance.\n     Flock of Export Sheep.\n     Flying Train.\n     Flying Wedge.\n     Forbidden City, Pekin.\n     48th Highlanders Regiment.\n     Fourth Ghorkhas.\n     Foxy Grandpa Thumb Book.\n     Frank J. Gould\u2019s Dogs.\n     French Acrobatic Dance.\n     From Show Girl to Burlesque Queen.\n     Frontier Flirtation.\n     Full Rigged Ship at Sea.\n     Fun on a Sand Hill.\n     \u2019Gater and the Pickaninny.\n     Gay Old Boy.\n     Geisha Girls.\n     General Chaffee in Pekin.\n     General Wheeler and Secretary Alger.\n     Georgetown Loop.\n     German Railway Service.\n     German Torpedo Boat in Action.\n     Gerry Society\u2019s Mistake.\n     Gesture Fight in Hester Street.\n     Getting Ready To Entertain Harvesters.\n     Getting Up in the World.\n     Ghost Train.\n     Giddy Dancing Master.\n     Girl at the Window.\n     Glacier Point.\n     Gloomy Gus Gets the Best of It.\n     Gold Dust Twins.\n     Good Time with the Organ Grinder.\n     Grandpa\u2019s Reading Glass.\n     \u201cGrandrepublic\u201d Passing \u201cColumbia.\u201d\n     Guardian of the Peace.\n     Gypsy Duel.\n     Hairdresser.\n     Hammock over Water.\n     Happy Hooligan.\n     Happy Hooligan in a Trap.\n     Happy Hooligan\u2019s Interrupted Lunch.\n     Hard Wash.\n     Harvard-Pennsylvania Football Game.\n     Haverstraw Tunnel.\n     \u201cHe Cometh Not,\u201d She Said.\n     He Loves Me, He Loves Me Not.\n     Her First Cigarette.\n     Her New Party Gown.\n     H. H. Pope Leo [XIII] in Chair.\n     His Masterpiece.\n     His Name Was Mud.\n     Honorable Artillery Company of London.\n     Hooligan As a Safe Robber.\n     Hooligan in Jail.\n     Hooligan to the Rescue.\n     Hooligan\u2019s Christmas Dream.\n     Hooligan\u2019s Roller Skates.\n     Hooligan\u2019s Thanksgiving Dinner (Thumb Book).\n     Horse Market.\n     Horses Drawing in Seine.\n     Horses Drawing Salmon Seine.\n     Hot Meals at All Hours.\n     How Buttons Got Even with the Butler.\n     How Charlie Lost the Heiress.\n     How Ducks Are Fattened.\n     How the Athletic Lover Outwitted the Old Man.\n     How the Old Woman Caught the Omnibus.\n     How the Young Man Got Stuck at Ocean Beach.\n     How They Fired the Bum, Nit.\n     I Had To Leave a Happy Home for You.\n     Ice Yachting.\n     Impartial Lover.\n     In a German Bath.\n     In My Lady\u2019s Boudoir.\n     In the Dressing Room.\n     Indians Leaving Bald Mountain.\n     Innocent Conspirator.\n     Innocent Victim.\n     Inside Car, Showing Bag Catcher.\n     Insurance Collector.\n     Interrupted Kiss.\n     Jimmie Hicks in Automobile.\n     Jockeying and Start of Yacht[s], Aug. 25th.\n     Jockeying for the Start, Aug. 20.\n     Jockeying for the Start, Aug. 22.\n     Johnie and the Telephone.\n     Johnny\u2019s in the Well.\n     Juvenile Elephant Trainer.\n     Juvenile Stakes.\n     Katzenjammer Kids and School Marm.\n     Katzenjammer Kids Have a Love Affair.\n     Kidnapper.\n     King of the Detectives.\n     Kit Carson.\n     Ladies\u2019 Saddle Horses.\n     Lady Bountiful Visits the Murphys on Wash Day.\n     Large Haul of Fish.\n     Last Round Ended in a Free Fight.\n     Launch, U. S. Battleship \u201cKentucky.\u201d\n     Launching U. S. S. \u201cIllinois.\u201d\n     Let the Gold Dust Twins Do Your Work.\n     Levi & Cohen, the Irish Comedians.\n     Little Teaze [i.e. Tease].\n     Lively Brushes on Speedway.\n     Living Pictures.\n     Llamas at Play.\n     Loading Mail Car, U.S.P.O.\n     Love in a Hammock.\n     Love in the Dark.\n     Love in the Suburbs.\n     Love Me, Love My Dog.\n     Lower Broadway.\n     Lucky Kitten.\n     McKinley and Party.\n     McKinley Funeral on Way to Church.\n     Madison Square, New York.\n     Mailing Platform, U.S.P.O.\n     Making an Impression.\n     Manicure Fools the Husband.\n     Market Street Before Parade.\n     Meadowbrook Steeplechase.\n     Men Taking Fish from Salmon Seine.\n     Metropolitan Handicap.\n     Midnight Phantasy.\n     Mike Got the Soap in His Eyes.\n     Mile in 56 Seconds.\n     Minister\u2019s Hat.\n     Minister\u2019s Wooing.\n     Mischievous Monkey.\n     Mr. Easymark.\n     Model Posing Before Mirror.\n     Monkey\u2019s Feast.\n     Multicycle Race.\n     Murphy\u2019s Wake.\n     Musical Bayonet Exercises.\n     Musical Calisthenics.\n     Must Be in Bed Before Ten.\n     Necromancer.\n     Neptune\u2019s Daughters.\n     Nevada Falls.\n     Never Touched Him.\n     New Brooklyn Bridge.\n     New Maid.\n     N. Y. Department Returning.\n     Next.\n     Niagara Falls, Winter.\n     Nicholas Nickleby.\n     Night at the Haymarket.\n     9th Infantry, U. S. A.\n     No Liberties, Please.\n     Noon Hour, Hope Webbing Co.\n     Nymph of the Waves.\n     \u201cOceans\u201d Fire Company.\n     Off His Beat.\n     Old Gentleman Sprinkles.\n     Old Maid and the Burglar.\n     Old Maid\u2019s Picture.\n     Old Mail Coach at Ford, U.S.P.O.\n     Old Volunteer Fire Dept.\n     On the Benches in the Park.\n     On the Flying Rings.\n     On the Road.\n     On to Brooklyn.\n     One Thousand Mile Tree.\n     Over-Anxious Waiter.\n     Over Route of Roosevelt Parade in an Automobile.\n     Ox Carts, Tokio, Japan.\n     Paced Bicycle Race.\n     Pair of Queens.\n     Pajama Girl.\n     Pajama Statue Girls.\n     Panorama from Canoe.\n     Panorama from the Tower of Brooklyn Bridge.\n     Panorama, Golden Gate.\n     Panorama of Beach and Cliff House.\n     Panorama of Excursion Boats.\n     Panorama of Flatiron Building.\n     Panorama of Kobe Harbor, Japan.\n     Panorama, Union Square, San Francisco.\n     Panoramic View of Niagara Falls.\n     Parade of Eagles, New York.\n     Parade of \u201cExempt\u201d Firemen.\n     Parade of Horses on Speedway.\n     Parke Davis\u2019 Employees.\n     Pawtucket Fire Department.\n     Physical Culture Girl.\n     Pickpocket.\n     Plate of Ice Cream and Two Spoons.\n     Polo Game: Myopia vs. Dedham.\n     Poor Girl, It Was a Hot Night and the Mosquitos Were Thick.\n     Poor Hooligan, So Hungry Too.\n     Pope [Leo XIII] in His Carriage.\n     Pope [Leo XIII] Passing Through Upper Loggia.\n     Porous Plaster.\n     Post Man Delivering Mail, U.S.P.O.\n     President Reviewing School Children.\n     President Roosevelt and the Rough Riders.\n     Pres. Roosevelt\u2019s Fourth of July Oration.\n     President\u2019s Carriage.\n     Prince Henry [of Prussia] at West Point.\n     Professor.\n     Professor of the Drama.\n     Projectile from 10 Inch Gun Striking Water.\n     Providence Light Artillery.\n     Pulling off the Bed Clothes.\n     Racing for a Tow.\n     Railroad View\u2014Experimental.\n     Rehearsal.\n     \u201cReliance\u201d vs. \u201cShamrock III,\u201d Aug. 20.\n     Reproduction of Corbett-McGovern Fight.\n     Reproduction of Jeffries-Corbett Contest.\n     Rescue of Child from Indians.\n     Responding to an Alarm.\n     Returning to China.\n     Review of Cadets at West Point.\n     Review of Cadets, West Point.\n     Review of Russian Artillery.\n     Rivals.\n     Rock Drill at Work in Subway.\n     Rock of Ages.\n     Roosevelt\u2019s Rough Riders.\n     Rose.\n     Routing Mail, U.S.P.O.\n     Run of N. Y. Fire Department.\n     Runaway Match.\n     Rural Wagon Delivering Mail, U.S.P.O.\n     Rural Wagon Giving Mail to Branch, U.S.P.O.\n     Sack Race.\n     \u201cSt. Paul\u201d Outward Bound.\n     Sampans Racing Toward Liner.\n     Sand Baby.\n     Sand Fort.\n     Sandow.\n     Sarnia Tunnel.\n     Saturday\u2019s Shopping.\n     Scene in Chinatown.\n     Scene in Chinese Restaurant.\n     Scout Yacht Race.\n     Sea Gulls in Central Park.\n     Search for Evidence.\n     Seeing New York by Yacht.\n     Settler\u2019s Home Life.\n     \u201cShamrock\u201d After Carrying Away Topsail.\n     She Fell Fainting into His Arms.\n     Shelter Tent Drill.\n     Sherlock Holmes Baffled.\n     Sherman Hill Tunnel.\n     Shoo Fly.\n     Shooting Long Sault Rapids.\n     Shooting the Chutes at Luna Park.\n     Shooting the Chutes, Luna Park.\n     Silhouette Scene.\n     Silveon and Emerie \u201cOn the Web.\u201d\n     Skirmish Fight.\n     Sleighing Scene, Boston.\n     Sleighs Returning After a Spin.\n     Slide for Life, Luna Park.\n     Slippery Slide.\n     Smallest Train in the World.\n     Smoky Stove.\n     Some Dudes Can Fight.\n     Somnambulist.\n     Soubrettes in a Bachelor\u2019s Flat.\n     Special Delivery Messenger, U.S.P.O.\n     Spider and the Fly.\n     Spike, the Bag-Punching Dog.\n     Spooks at School.\n     Start of Race\u2014\u201cReliance\u201d Ahead.\n     Start of the First Race, Aug. 22.\n     Stealing a Dinner.\n     Steam Riding Academy.\n     Steamer \u201cIsland Wanderer.\u201d\n     Steamer \u201cNew York.\u201d\n     Steeplechase, Coney Island.\n     Stolen Sweets.\n     Street Mail Car, U.S.P.O.\n     Street Scene, Tokio, Japan.\n     Summer Girl.\n     Surf at Atlantic City.\n     Sweets for the Sweet.\n     Symphony in \u201cA-Flat.\u201d\n     Ten Nights in a Bar-Room.\n     Theatre Hat.\n     Theatre Hats Off.\n     Theodore Roosevelt Leaving the White House.\n     Thief and the Pie Woman.\n     Through the Key-Hole in the Door.\n     Throwing Mail into Bags, U.S.P.O.\n     Too Ardent Lover.\n     Too Much Johnson.\n     Too Much of a Good Thing.\n     Toodles and Her Strawberry Tart.\n     Toodles Recites a Recitation.\n     Toodle\u2019s Strawberry Tart.\n     Toodles\u2019 Tea-Party.\n     Torpedo Boat, \u201cDupont.\u201d\n     Total Accident.\n     Tourists Arriving at Wawona Hotel.\n     Train Taking Up Mail Bag.\n     Tramp and the Bathers.\n     Transporting Internal Rev. Stamps, U.S.P.O.\n     Trappers Crossing Bald Mountain.\n     Triumphal Bridge, Pan-American Exposition.\n     Trouble in Hogan\u2019s Alley.\n     Two Old Cronies.\n     Tying Up Bags for Train, U.S.P.O.\n     Ugly Tempered Tramp.\n     Uncle Reuben at the Waldorf.\n     Unexpected Female.\n     Unfaithful Odalisque.\n     Unfaithful Wife.\n     U. S. Battleship \u201cOregon.\u201d\n     United States Government Gun Test.\n     Unloading Halibut.\n     Unloading Lighters, Manila.\n     Unlucky Lover.\n     Unprotected Female.\n     Vaidis Sisters, Luna Park.\n     Vatican Guards, Rome.\n     Vaulting Contest, Meadowbrook Hunt.\n     Venice in America.\n     Victim of Circumstantial Evidence.\n     Vision of Mary.\n     \u201cVizcaya\u201d Under Full Headway.\n     Waders.\n     Wages of Sin.\n     Wagons Loading Mail, U.S.P.O.\n     Waiting for Bill.\n     Wake in Hell\u2019s Kitchen.\n     Washing the Baby.\n     Washington Bridge and Speedway.\n     Washwoman\u2019s Daughter.\n     Water Buffalo, Manila.\n     Water Duel.\n     Wawona, Big Tree.\n     Weighing the Baby.\n     Welsh Rabbit.\n     West Point Cadets.\n     What Are the Wild Waves Saying, Sister?\n     What Boys Will Do.\n     What Happened to Jones.\n     Why Papa Can\u2019t Sleep.\n     Who Pays for the Drinks?\n     Who Said Chicken?\n     Who\u2019s Got the Red Ear?\n     Why Curfew Did Not Ring.\n     Why Foxy Grandpa Escaped a Ducking.\n     Willie Westinghouse and the Doctor\u2019s Battery.\n     Willie\u2019s Camera.\n     Wounded Soldiers Embarking in Row Boats.\n     Wrath of a Jealous Wife.\n     Wreck of the \u201cVizcaya.\u201d\n     [W]ringing Good Joke.\n     Yacht Race\u2014Finish.\n     Yacht Race\u2014Start.\n     Yard of Frankfurters.\n     Yard of Puppies.\n     You Will Send Me to Bed, Eh?\n     Young America.\n     After the Explosion.\n     Alone.\n     Amorous Militiaman.\n     And Pat Took Him at His Word.\n     Arbitrator.\n     As Seen on the Curtain.\n     Asia in America, St. Louis Exposition.\n     Assembling a Generator, Westinghouse Works.\n     Assembling and Testing Turbines, Westinghouse Co. Works.\n     At the Cottage Door.\n     Auto Boat Race on the Hudson.\n     Automobile Race for the Vanderbilt Cup.\n     Automobiling Among the Clouds.\n     Awkward Waiter: Waiter Waiting.\n     Baby and the Puppies.\n     Ball of Yarn: Mother & Daughter.\n     Bamboo Slide.\n     Basket Ball, Missouri Valley College.\n     Battle of the Yalu.\n     Beach at Coney Island.\n     Behind the Screen.\n     Bench in the Park.\n     Bewitched Traveller.\n     Biddy.\n     Blessing from Above.\n     Blind Man\u2019s Buff.\n     Bohemian Caf\u00e9.\n     Bold Soger Boy.\n     Borrowing Girl.\n     Borrowing Girl and the Atomizer.\n     Boy Under the Table.\n     Brooklyn Handicap.\n     Bubbles.\n     Bucket of Cream Ale.\n     Buster and His Dog: Be a Good Boy.\n     Buster and His Dog: Buster Quiet.\n     Buster and His Dog: Good Dog.\n     Buster and His Dog: the Instructions.\n     Busy Day for the Corset Models.\n     Butt\u2019s Manual, St. John\u2019s School.\n     Cake Walk on the Beach at Coney Island.\n     Calisthenic Drill, Missouri Commission.\n     Casting a Guide Box. Westinghouse Works.\n     Catastrophe in Hester St.\n     Caught in the Act: Is Anyone Looking?\n     Central High School, Gymnastic Drill.\n     Child Stealers.\n     Children in the Surf, Coney Island.\n     Children Rolling Down Hill.\n     Chinese Laundry: at Work.\n     Clarence, the Cop, on the Feed Store Beat.\n     Coal Heavers.\n     Coil Winding Machines. Westinghouse Works.\n     Coil Winding Section E. Westinghouse Works.\n     Committee on Art.\n     Company Drill, St. John\u2019s Military Academy.\n     Coney Island Beach Patrol.\n     Convict\u2019s Escape.\n     Couple of Lightweights at Coney Island.\n     Cowboy Justice.\n     Cruelty to Horses.\n     Crushed Hat.\n     Dance on the Pike.\n     Dancing Lesson: a Little Practice.\n     Decoyed.\n     Democratic National Committee at Esopus.\n     Dinah\u2019s Defeat.\n     Dream of Roses.\n     Dress Parade of Scouts. St. Louis Exposition.\n     Dress Parade, St. John\u2019s Academy.\n     Drop of Ink.\n     Duel Scene, \u201cBy Right of Sword.\u201d\n     Easy Chair.\n     Elder Miss Simpkins Calls.\n     Electric Locomotive Tests, Schenectady.\n     Elopers Who Didn\u2019t Elope.\n     Emerson School, Calisthenics.\n     Englishman\u2019s Trip to Paris from London.\n     Escape from the Flames.\n     Escaped Lunatic.\n     Eviction.\n     Exhibition Drill, New York Firemen, Union Square.\n     Expelled from the Club: the Ladies of the Club.\n     Faithful Husband: a Loving Couple.\n     Fencing Class, Missouri Valley College.\n     Fight in the Dormitory.\n     Fighting the Flames.\n     Fighting the Flames, Dreamland.\n     Filipino Scouts, Musical Drill, St. Louis.\n     Fire, Adams Express Office.\n     Fire in a Burlesque Theatre.\n     First Baby.\n     Flirtation: Table d\u2019Hote.\n     Flour and Feed.\n     Forgiven: a Young Lady.\n     Forgotten Umbrella: I Must Hurry to the Office.\n     Four Beautiful Pairs.\n     Four Seasons.\n     Free Arm Movement, All Schools, Missouri Commission.\n     Furnished Room House.\n     Getting Strong.\n     Girl and the Cat.\n     Girls and the Burglar.\n     Girls Behind the Scenes.\n     Girls Jumping the Rope.\n     Girls Taking Time Checks. Westinghouse Works.\n     Girls Winding Armatures.\n     Good Shot: the Kids.\n     Grandfather As a Spook.\n     Great Baltimore Fire.\n     He Tries the Fire Escape.\n     Heathen Chinese and the Sunday School Teachers.\n     Here He Is, in Jail.\n     Hero of Liao Yang.\n     High School Field Exercises, Missouri Commission.\n     His Young Friends Arrive.\n     Holland Submarine Boat Tests.\n     Home-Made Turkish Bath.\n     Hoop and the Lovers.\n     Hoopskirt and the Narrow Door.\n     Horsewhipping the Editor: the Editor at Work.\n     Hot Time at Home.\n     How the Cook Made Her Mark.\n     How\u2019d You Like To Be the Iceman: a Quiet Home.\n     Hubby Decides to Go to the Club.\n     Hustling Soubrette.\n     Hyde Park School Graduating Class.\n     Hyde Park School Room 2.\n     Ice Covered Vessel.\n     I\u2019ll Just Try the Bed.\n     In a Boarding School Gym.\n     In Her Boudoir.\n     In the Springtime, Gentle Annie!\n     Interrupted Breakfast: the Maid.\n     Interrupted Honeymoon.\n     It Is Very Pretty.\n     Jack the Peeper.\n     Joke at the French Ball.\n     Jolly Bill Poster.\n     Judge Alton B. Parker & Guests.\n     Just Before the Raid.\n     Just the Cheese.\n     Kentucky Squire.\n     Kindergarten Ball Game.\n     Kindergarten Dance.\n     Kiss and a Tumble.\n     Kiss in the Dark.\n     Kiss Me.\n     Late Senator Mark Hanna.\n     Lathrop School, Calisthenics.\n     Launch of Battleship \u201cConnecticut.\u201d\n     Let Uncle Ruben Show You How.\n     Linen Draper\u2019s Shop.\n     Linwood School, Calisthenics.\n     Little Bit off the Top.\n     Loaded Cigar.\n     Lost Child.\n     Love and Jealousy Behind the Scenes.\n     Lovers\u2019 Quarrel: Meeting in the Park.\n     Lover\u2019s Ruse.\n     Manual of Arms, St. John\u2019s Military Academy.\n     Married Troubles: Everything Peaceful.\n     Mechanical Toy.\n     Mellin\u2019s Food.\n     Military Parade, St. Louis Exposition.\n     Military Tactics.\n     Misdirected Ducking.\n     Mis-Directed [i.e. Miss-Directed] Kiss.\n     Misplaced Signs.\n     Mr. Jack Caught in the Dressing Room.\n     Mr. Jack Entertains in His Office.\n     Mr. Jack in the Dressing Room.\n     Mrs. Smifkins Wants Wood.\n     Mixed Bathing.\n     Model That Didn\u2019t Pose.\n     Moonshiner.\n     Mysterious Midgets.\n     Naval Battle, St. Louis Exposition.\n     New Stenographer: the Stenographer.\n     Nigger in the Woodpile.\n     Night Duty.\n     Novel Way of Catching a Burglar.\n     Office Boy\u2019s Revenge.\n     Oh, I Don\u2019t Know.\n     Old Bachelor.\n     On the Window Shades.\n     One Way Of Taking a Girl\u2019s Picture.\n     Opening Ceremonies, St. Louis Exposition.\n     Opening the Williamsburg Bridge.\n     Orphan Children on the Beach at Coney Island.\n     Other Side of the Hedge.\n     Our Deaf Friend, Fogarty.\n     Panorama Exterior Westinghouse Works.\n     Panorama from German Building, World\u2019s Fair.\n     Panorama from Gondola, St. Louis Exposition.\n     Panorama of Field St., St. Joseph.\n     Panorama of 4th St., St. Joseph.\n     Panorama of Machine Co. Aisle, Westinghouse Co. Works.\n     Panorama of Race Track Crowd, St. Louis.\n     Panorama of 3rd Street, St. Joseph.\n     Panorama, St. Louis Exposition.\n     Panorama View Street Car Motor Room.\n     Panoramic View Aisle B., Westinghouse Works.\n     Papa\u2019s Warning: \u201cHe Must Go at Eleven.\u201d\n     Parade of Floats, St. Louis Exposition.\n     Parade of Shriners, Luna Park.\n     Parade of the Pikers, St. Louis Exposition.\n     Parade of Women Delegates; World\u2019s Fair.\n     Paris from the Seine.\n     Personal.\n     Petticoat Lane on Sunday.\n     Photographing a Female Crook.\n     Picture the Photographer Took.\n     Pig That Came to Life.\n     Pipe for a Cigar.\n     Pity the Blind.\n     Postman Whitewashed.\n     Power of Authority.\n     President Roosevelt\u2019s Homecoming.\n     Price of a Kiss: the Barber.\n     Princess Rajah Dance.\n     Pull Down the Curtains, Susie.\n     Putting Up the Swing.\n     Quarrelsome Washerwoman.\n     Quick Work for the Soubrettes.\n     Race for a Kiss.\n     Racing Chutes at Dreamland.\n     Raid on a Coiner\u2019s Den.\n     Railway Tragedy.\n     Revenge!\n     Rhode Island Light Artillery.\n     Rival Models.\n     Rogue\u2019s Gallery Photographer.\n     Russian Sharp Shooters.\n     S. S. \u201cMorro Castle.\u201d\n     Sailors Ashore.\n     Saved!\n     Scene Behind the Scenes.\n     School Girl Athletes.\n     School Girl Gymnastics.\n     Scrap in the Dressing Room.\n     Seashore Baby.\n     Sec\u2019y Taft\u2019s Address & Panorama.\n     See Eva\u2019s Hair, Mama.\n     Seeress.\n     She Brings It Home.\n     She Calls on the Manager.\n     She Kicked on the Cooking.\n     She Wanted To Rise in the World.\n     Shocking Stockings.\n     Shot.\n     Shredded Wheat Biscuit.\n     Shut Up! Getting Ready To Retire.\n     Slocum Disaster.\n     Small Gun Drill, St. John\u2019s Academy.\n     Snare for Lovers.\n     Soubrette\u2019s Slide.\n     Speech by President Francis; World\u2019s Fair.\n     Squelched: Rest.\n     State Normal School, Missouri.\n     Steam Hammer, Westinghouse Works.\n     Steam Whistle, Westinghouse Works.\n     Story of the Biograph Told [i.e. the Story the Biograph Told].\n     Strenuous Life.\n     Subject for the Rogue\u2019s Gallery.\n     Suburbanite.\n     Suit of Armor.\n     Swimming Class.\n     Swimming Race at Coney Island.\n     Taping Coils, Westinghouse Works.\n     Tapping a Furnace, Westinghouse Works.\n     Telltale Kiss: the Boarder.\n     Testing a Rotary, Westinghouse Works.\n     Testing Large Turbines, Westinghouse Co. Works.\n     There He Is.\n     This Is Hard Work.\n     Three Girls in a Hammock.\n     Three Little Maids.\n     Tied to Her Apron Strings.\n     Toilette.\n     Tramp on the Roof.\n     Trick on the Cop.\n     Troubles of a Manager of a Burlesque Show.\n     Twenty Mule Team, St. Louis Exposition.\n     Two Bottle Babies.\n     Under the Tree.\n     Victim Snared.\n     Waif.\n     Warm Occasion.\n     Way To Sell Corsets.\n     Welding the Big Ring.\n     West Point Cadets, St. Louis Exposition.\n     Westinghouse Air Brake Co.\n     Westinghouse Co. Works (Casting Scene).\n     Westinghouse Air Brake Co.\n     Westinghouse Co. Works (Moulding Scene).\n     Westinghouse Air Brake Co.\n     Westinghouse Works.\n     What Burglar Bill Found in the Safe.\n     While Strolling in the Park.\n     Whittier School, Calisthenics.\n     Widow and the Only Man.\n     Willful Murder.\n     Willie Boy Loses the Heiress: Aunt Mary & the Baby.\n     Windy Day on the Roof.\n     Woman with a Record.\n     (W)ringing Good Joke: Arrival of Dad.\n     Wrong Room.\n     Abductors.\n     Across the Subway Viaduct, New York.\n     Adjustable Bed.\n     Airy Fairy Lillian Tries on Her New Corsets.\n     Al Treloar in Muscle Exercises.\n     Always Room for One More.\n     Athletic Girl and the Burglar.\n     Baby\u2019s Day.\n     Bad Boy and the Grocery Man.\n     Badger Game.\n     Ballroom Tragedy.\n     Barber\u2019s Dee-Light.\n     Barber\u2019s Pretty Patient.\n     Bargain Day, 14th Street, New York.\n     Barnstormers.\n     Battleship \u201cIndiana\u201d in Action.\n     Bertha Claiche.\n     Between the Dances.\n     Bigamist\u2019s Trial.\n     Blackmail.\n     Boarding House Bathroom.\n     Boat Race.\n     Boating Carnival, Palm Beach.\n     Boer War.\n     Break for Freedom.\n     Bridal Chamber.\n     Bringing Up a Girl in the Way She Should Go.\n     Broadway Massage Parlor.\n     Broker\u2019s Athletic Typewriter.\n     Casey\u2019s Christening.\n     Chauncey Explains.\n     Children\u2019s Hour on the Farm.\n     Climbing the American Alps.\n     Coal Strike.\n     Country Courtship.\n     Course of True Love.\n     Darling of the Gallery Gods.\n     Deadwood Sleeper.\n     Departure of Peary [and] Roosevelt from New York.\n     Drilling an Awkward Squad.\n     Duel Scene from MacBeth.\n     Everybody Works But Father (Blackface).\n     Everybody Works But Father (Whiteface).\n     Everybody Works But Mother.\n     Execution By Hanging.\n     Fat Girl\u2019s Love Affair.\n     Female Crook and Her Easy Victim.\n     Fight for a Bride.\n     Fine Feathers Make Fine Birds.\n     Fire-Bug.\n     Forecastle of the \u201cKearsarge\u201d in a Heavy Sea.\n     Fun on the Joy Line.\n     Funeral of Hiram Cronk.\n     General Cronje & Mystic Shriners.\n     Gentlemen Highwaymen.\n     Girls, the Burglar, and the Rat.\n     Great Jewel Mystery.\n     Halloween.\n     He Got into the Wrong Bath House.\n     His Move.\n     Horse Thief.\n     How Millionaires Sometimes Entertain Aboard Their Yachts.\n     Impossible Convicts.\n     In a Raines Law Hotel.\n     Inauguration of President Roosevelt.\n     Interior N. Y. Subway, 14th St. to 42nd St.\n     It\u2019s a Shame To Take the Money.\n     Kentucky Feud.\n     Kicking Football\u2014Harvard.\n     Latina, Contortionist.\n     Latina, Dislocation Act.\n     Latina, Physical Culture Poses.\n     Lifting the Lid.\n     Love\u2019s Perfidy.\n     Ludlow\u2019s Aerodrome.\n     Ludlow\u2019s Aeroplane.\n     Man Overboard.\n     Mass. State Militia Encampment.\n     Messenger Boy and the Ballet Girl.\n     Midwinter Bathing, L Street Bath, Boston.\n     Modern Sappho.\n     Monkey Business.\n     M. Lavelle, Physical Culture.\n     Mother\u2019s Angel Child.\n     Mutiny on the Black Sea.\n     New York Athletic Club Crew at Phila., Pa.\n     New York Athletic Club Games, Travers Island.\n     Nihilists.\n     Obstacle Race.\n     On the Beach at Brighton.\n     Ore the Banster.\n     Ormond, Fla. Auto Races.\n     \u201cOsler\u201d-Ising Papa.\n     Panorama from Times Building, New York.\n     Peace Envoys at Portsmouth, N. H.\n     Peeping Tom in the Dressing Room.\n     Pennsylvania Tunnel Excavation.\n     Pillow Fight.\n     Pipe Dream.\n     Pompey\u2019s Honey Girl.\n     Poor Place for Love Making.\n     President Roosevelt Addressing Crew of \u201cKearsarge.\u201d\n     President Roosevelt\u2019s Arrival at \u201cKearsarge.\u201d\n     President Roosevelt\u2019s Departure from \u201cKearsarge.\u201d\n     President Roosevelt\u2019s Visit to Admiral Barker.\n     Prima Donna\u2019s Understudy.\n     Rat Trap Pickpocket Detector.\n     Reading the Death Sentence.\n     Reception of British Fleet.\n     Reprieve from the Scaffold.\n     Reproduction, Nan Paterson\u2019s Trial.\n     Rescued by Rover.\n     Reuben in the Subway.\n     River Pirates.\n     Robbed of Her All.\n     Rooms for Gentlemen Only.\n     Rough House in a New York Honky-Tonk.\n     Rube in an Opium Joint.\n     Rube in the Subway.\n     Scrubbing Clothes.\n     Shooters\u2019 Parade, Philadelphia.\n     Sleepy Soubrette.\n     Society Palmist.\n     Society Raffles.\n     Sparring at the N.Y.A.C.\n     Sparring Match on the \u201cKearsarge.\u201d\n     Speed Trials, Autoboat Challenger.\n     Spirit of \u201976.\n     Stern\u2019s Duplex Railway.\n     Streets of New York.\n     Summer Boarders.\n     Swimming Pool, Palm Beach.\n     Teasing.\n     Thirteen Club.\n     Three Cavaliers of the Road.\n     Threshing Scene.\n     Tom, Tom, the Piper\u2019s Son.\n     Topers.\n     Trip to Salt Lake City.\n     2 A. M. in the Subway.\n     Under the Bamboo Tree.\n     Unlucky at Cards, Lucky at Love.\n     Wanted: a Dog.\n     Wedding.\n     Wine Opener.\n     Wine, Women and Song.\n     Wrestling at the N.Y.A.C.\n     Another Name Was Maude.\n     Arrival of Emigrants [i.e. Immigrants], Ellis Island.\n     Attack on Fort Boonesboro.\n     Black Hand.\n     Brannigan Sets Off the Blast.\n     College Girl\u2019s Affair of Honor.\n     Convict\u2019s Bride.\n     Country Schoolmaster.\n     Critic.\n     Cruise of the \u201cGladys.\u201d\n     Deer Stalking with Camera.\n     Dixon, Chester Leon Contest.\n     Dr. Dippy\u2019s Sanitarium.\n     Epileptic Seizure, no. 9.\n     Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius.\n     Fox Hunt.\n     Free Show on the Beach.\n     Friend in Need Is a Friend Indeed.\n     Gateway to the Catskills.\n     Gossipers.\n     Grand Hotel to Big Indian.\n     Hold-Up of the Rocky Mountain Express.\n     Human Apes from the Orient.\n     In the Haunts of Rip Van Winkle.\n     In the Tombs.\n     In the Valley of the Esopus.\n     Insurance Solicitor.\n     Into the Heart of the Catskills.\n     John Paul Jones Ceremonies.\n     Jolly Monks of Malabar.\n     Logging in Maine.\n     Lone Highwayman.\n     Looking for John Smith.\n     Maneuvering a Small Motor Boat.\n     Masqueraders.\n     Mr. Butt-in.\n     Moose Hunt in New Brunswick.\n     Night of the Party.\n     No Wedding Bells for Him.\n     Old Swimming Hole.\n     Paymaster.\n     Physical Culture Lesson.\n     Play Ball on the Beach.\n     Police Raid at a Dog Fight.\n     Quail Shooting at Pinehurst.\n     Raid on a Cock Fight.\n     Salmon Fishing Nipissisquit [i.e. Nipisiquit] River.\n     San Francisco Disaster.\n     Scene in a Rat Pit.\n     Scenes in San Francisco.\n     Seeing Boston.\n     Silver Wedding.\n     Simple Life.\n     Skidoo Brothers, 23.\n     Skyscrapers.\n     Society Ballooning, Pittsfield, Mass.\n     Subpoena Server.\n     Terrier vs. Wild Cat.\n     Thaw-White Tragedy.\n     They Meet on the Mat.\n     Trip on the Catskill Mt. Ry.\n     Trip to Berkeley, Cal.\n     Trout Fishing, Rangeley Lakes.\n     Tunnel Workers.\n     Views in San Francisco.\n     Village Cut-Up.\n     Wanted\u2014a Nurse.\n     White Fox Motor Boat.\n     Wild Turkey Hunt.\n     Wine, Women & Song.\n     Acadian Elopement.\n     Deyo.\n     Elopement.\n     Fights of Nations.\n     How Would You Like a Wife Like This?\n     Hypnotist\u2019s Revenge.\n     Love Microbe.\n     Mr. Gay and Mrs.\n     Mr. Hurry-Up of New York.\n     Opening Day, Jamestown Exposition.\n     Stalking and Shooting Caribou, Newfoundland.\n     Tenderloin Tragedy.\n     Tired Tailor\u2019s Dream.\n     Trap Pigeon Shooting.\n     Trial Marriages.\n     Truants.\n     Under the Old Apple Tree.\n     Yale Laundry.\n     Adventures of Dollie.\n     After Many Years.\n     At the French Ball.\n     Awful Moment.\n     Balked at the Altar.\n     Bandit\u2019s Waterloo.\n     Barbarian Ingomar.\n     Behind the Scenes.\n     Betrayed by Hand Prints.\n     Black Viper.\n     Bobby\u2019s Kodak.\n     Boy Detective.\n     Calamitous Elopement.\n     Call of the Wild.\n     Caught by Wireless.\n     Christmas Burglars.\n     Classmates.\n     Clubman and Tramp.\n     Concealing a Burglar.\n     Coney Island Police Court.\n     Crossroads of Life.\n     Deceived Slumming Party.\n     Devil.\n     Famous Escape.\n     Fatal Hour.\n     Father Gets in the Game.\n     Feud and the Turkey.\n     Fight for Freedom.\n     For a Wife\u2019s Honor.\n     For Love of Gold.\n     Girl and the Outlaw.\n     Greaser\u2019s Gauntlet.\n     Guerrilla.\n     Heart of Oyama.\n     Helping Hand.\n     Her First Adventure.\n     His Day of Rest.\n     Hulda\u2019s Lovers.\n     Ingrate.\n     Invisible Fluid.\n     Jones at the Ball.\n     Jones Entertains.\n     Kentuckian.\n     King of the Cannibal Island.\n     King\u2019s Messenger.\n     Lonesome Junction.\n     Man and the Woman.\n     Man in the Box.\n     Maniac Cook.\n     Mixed Babies.\n     Money Mad.\n     Old Isaacs the Pawnbroker.\n     One Touch of Nature.\n     \u2019Ostler Joe.\n     Outlaw.\n     Over the Hills to the Poor House.\n     Pirate\u2019s Gold.\n     Planter\u2019s Wife.\n     Princess in the Vase.\n     Reckoning.\n     Red Girl.\n     Redman and the Child.\n     Romance of a Jewess.\n     Romance of an Egg.\n     Sculptor\u2019s Nightmare.\n     Smoked Husband.\n     Snowman.\n     Song of the Shirt.\n     Stage Rustler.\n     Stolen Jewels.\n     Taming of the Shrew.\n     Tavern Keeper\u2019s Daughter.\n     Terrible Night.\n     Test of Friendship.\n     Thompson\u2019s Night Out.\n     Valet\u2019s Wife.\n     Vaquero\u2019s Vow.\n     When Knights Were Bold.\n     Where Breakers Roar.\n     Woman\u2019s Way.\n     Yellow Peril.\n     Zulu\u2019s Heart.\n     And a Little Child Shall Lead Them.\n     At the Altar.\n     Baby\u2019s Shoe.\n     Brahma Diamond.\n     Burglar\u2019s Mistake.\n     Confidence.\n     Cord of Life.\n     Criminal Hypnotist.\n     Curtain Pole.\n     Deception.\n     Drive for a Life.\n     Drunkard\u2019s Reformation.\n     Eavesdropper.\n     Edgar Allen [i.e. Allan] Poe.\n     Fascinating Mrs. Francis.\n     Fool\u2019s Revenge.\n     Girls and Daddy.\n     Golden Louis.\n     Hindoo Dagger.\n     His Ward\u2019s Love.\n     His Wife\u2019s Mother.\n     Honor of Thieves.\n     I Did It, Mamma.\n     Jilt.\n     Jones and His New Neighbors.\n     Jones and the Lady Book Agent.\n     Joneses Have Amateur Theatricals.\n     Lady Helen\u2019s Escapade.\n     Love Finds a Way.\n     Lucky Jim.\n     Lure of the Gown.\n     Medicine Bottle.\n     Mr. Jones Has a Card Party.\n     Note in the Shoe.\n     One Busy Hour.\n     Politician\u2019s Love Story.\n     Prussian Spy.\n     Road to the Heart.\n     Roue\u2019s Heart.\n     Rude Hostess.\n     Rural Elopement.\n     Sacrifice.\n     Salvation Army Lass.\n     Schneider\u2019s Anti-Noise Crusade.\n     Sound Sleeper.\n     Suicide Club.\n     Those Awful Hats.\n     Those Boys.\n     \u2019Tis an Ill Wind That Blows No Good.\n     Tragic Love.\n     Troublesome Satchel.\n     Trying To Get Arrested.\n     Twin Brothers.\n     Voice of the Violin.\n     Welcome Burglar.\n     Winning Coat.\n     Wooden Leg.\n     Wreath in Time.\n AMERICAN MUTOSCOPE COMPANY.\n     Annabelle in Flag Dance.\n     Atlantic City Bathers.\n     Atlantic City Boardwalk.\n     Busses Leaving R. R. Depot.\n     Atlantic City.\n     Canadian Falls, from American Side.\n     Canadian Falls\u2014Table Rock.\n     Empire State Express, N. Y. Central R. R.\n     Fire Department, N. Y. City,\n     1st and 2nd Alarms.\n     Getting off Trolley at Atlantic City.\n     Hard Wash.\n     Human Hen.\n     Li Hung Chang at Grant\u2019s Tomb.\n     Li Hung Chang Driving through 4th St. and Broadway.\n     Monkey\u2019s Feast.\n     Oh! That Watermelon.\n     Parade at Canton O., Showing\n     Major McKinley in Carriage.\n     Parade, Elkins Cadets, Canton, O.\n     Parade, Sound Money Club, Canton, O.\n     Pa. R. R. Cliffs, Jersey City.\n     Pa. R. R., Hattonsfield.\n     Pa. R. R. Limited Express.\n     Pa. R. R. Train Near Phila.\n     Rip Leaving Sleepy Hollow.\n     Rip Meeting the Dwarf.\n     Rip\u2019s Toast.\n     Sandow.\n     Serpentine Dance by Annabelle.\n     Shooting the Chutes at Atlantic City.\n     Showing Group of Bathers, Atlantic City Beach.\n     Sparring Contest, Canastota, N. Y.\n     Trilby and Little Billee.\n     Union Square.\n     View on Boulevard, New York City.\n     West Point Cadet Cavalry.\n     West Point Cadet Drill.\n     Wm. McKinley Receiving Telegram Announcing His Election.\n     Wrestling Pony and Man.\n     American Falls, Goat Island.\n     American Falls, Luna Island.\n     Aquarium.\n     Arrest at New Haven, Conn., no. 93.\n     Atlantic City Boardwalk, no. 102.\n     Awakening of Rip, no. 51.\n     Bathers and Lifeboat, Atlantic City.\n     Boys Bathing; Leapfrog\u2014Atlantic City, N. J.\n     Boys Will Be Boys\u2014Hat Trick, no. 112.\n     Broadway & Park Row, Front of U. S. Post Office, N. Y. no. 105.\n     Broadway, New York, at Madison Square, no. 113.\n     Canadian Falls\u2014Panoramic [View] from Michigan Central R. R.\n     Canadian Falls\u2014Table Rock.\n     Champion Rolla O. Heikes, Breaking the Record at Flying Targets\n        with Winchester Shotgun, no. 129.\n     Children Playing with Fishes.\n     Dancing Darkies.\n     Drunken Acrobat\u2014O\u2019Brien and Havel.\n     Engine and Pump.\n     Ferryboat and Tug Passing Governors Island, New York Harbor, no.\n     Fire Department, New Haven, Conn.\n     Happy Family, no. 99.\n     Imro Fox Rabbit Trick.\n     Li Hung Chang, 5th Avenue & 55th Street, N. Y.\n     Lower Rapids, Niagara Falls.\n     McKinley at Home, Canton, Ohio.\n     Merry Sleigh Bells, no. 110.\n     New England Church Scene, no. 111.\n     Outbound Vessel Passing Governors Island, N. Y. Harbor, no. 127.\n     Panorama of American & Canadian Falls\u2014Taken Opposite American\n     Parade, Americus Club, Canton Ohio, no. 73.\n     Parade, First Brigade.\n     Pennsylvania R. R., New Brunswick, N. J.\n     Pointing Down Gorge, Niagara Falls.\n     Prodigal\u2019s Return, 3 A. M., no. 107.\n     Projectile from Ten Inch Disappearing Gun Striking Water, Sandy\n     Pussy\u2019s Bath.\n     Rip\u2019s Toast to Hudson and Crew, no. 1.\n     Rip\u2019s Twenty Years\u2019 Sleep.\n     Sack Race at New Haven, Conn., no. 109.\n     Sawing Wood.\n     Smoking, Eating, and Drinking Scene, no. 114.\n     Snow Men.\n     Sound Money Parade.\n     Stable on Fire.\n     Taken from Trolley, Atlantic City.\n     Taken from Trolley in Gorge, Niagara Falls.\n     Tambourine Dance\u2014by Annabelle, no. 10.\n     Ten Inch Disappearing Carriage Gun Loading and Firing, Sandy Hook,\n     13th Infantry, U. S. Army\u2014Bayonet Exercise, Governors Island, no.\n     13th Infantry, U. S. Army\u2014Blanket Court Martial, Governors Island,\n     13th Infantry, U. S. Army\u2014Full Dress Parade and Manoeuvering,\n        Governors Island, no. 119.\n     13th Infantry, U. S. Army\u2014Full Dress Parade, Governors Island, no.\n     13th Infantry, U. S. Army, in Heavy Marching Order, Double-Time,\n        Governors Island, no. 117.\n     13th Infantry, U. S. Army\u2014Manual of Arms, Governors Island, no.\n     13th Infantry, U. S. Army\u2014Marching and Counter Marching (Band and\n        Troops), Governors Island, no. 118.\n     13th Infantry, U. S. Army\u2014Marching Through Sallyport, Governors\n     13th Infantry, U. S. Army\u2014Musical Drill, Governors Island, no. 121.\n     13th Infantry, U. S. Army\u2014Scaling Walls in Retreat, Governors\n        Island.\n     13th Infantry, U. S. Army\u2014Scaling Walls with Wounded and Dying,\n        Governors Island, no. 124.\n     Train Coming out of Station, Philadelphia, Pa.\n     Train Taking Water, N. Y. Central R. R., no. 80.\n     United States Flag.\n     Upper Rapids, from Bridge.\n     Why Papa Cannot Sleep, no. 108.\n     Winchester Arms Factory at Noon Time.\n     Wrestling Ponies.\n     Yale Football Team at Practice, New Haven, Conn.\n     Cardinal Gibbons, no. 84.\n     Gen\u2019l Sir Herbert Kitchener.\n     His Holiness, Leo XIII in the Gardens of the Vatican, Being\n        Photographed by the American Biograph Camera.\n     Pope Leo XIII.\n     Pope Leo XIII and Count Pecci, no. 1.\n     Pope Leo XIII Approaching Garden Seat.\n     Pope Leo XIII Attended by Guard.\n     Pope Leo [XIII] Blessing in the Garden.\n     Pope Leo XIII Giving Blessing from Chair.\n     Pope Leo XIII in Carriage.\n     Pope Leo XIII in Chair, no. 1.\n     Pope Leo XIII in Sedan Chair, no. 1.\n     Pope Leo XIII in Vatican Garden, no. 1.\n     Pope Leo XIII Preparing To Give Blessing from Chair.\n     Pope Leo XIII Seated in Garden.\n     Pope Leo XIII Walking at Twilight, no. 1.\n     Pope Leo [XIII] Walking in the Garden.\n AMERICA\u2019S FEATURE FILM COMPANY.\n     Twenty Years in Sing-Sing.\n     Convict Life in the Ohio Penitentiary.\n AVIATION FILM COMPANY.\n     Panama Canal and Scenes Along the Canal Zone.\n BELCHER AND WATERSON.\n     Poor John. Waiting at the Church.\n BERNSTEIN, I.\n     Feast of Belshazzar.\n BIOGRAPH COMPANY.\n     Awakening.\n     Better Way.\n     Broken Locket.\n     Cardinal\u2019s Conspiracy.\n     Change of Heart.\n     Children\u2019s Friend.\n     Choosing a Husband.\n     Comata, the Sioux.\n     Corner in Wheat.\n     Country Doctor.\n     Cricket on the Hearth.\n     Day After.\n     Death Disc.\n     Eloping with Aunty.\n     Eradicating Aunty.\n     Expiation.\n     Faded Lilies.\n     Fools of Fate.\n     French Duel.\n     Friend of the Family.\n     Getting Even.\n     Gibson Goddess.\n     Her First Biscuits.\n     His Duty.\n     His Lost Love.\n     His Wife\u2019s Visitor.\n     In a Hempen Bag.\n     In Little Italy.\n     In Old Kentucky.\n     In the Watches of the Night.\n     In the Window Recess.\n     Indian Runner\u2019s Romance.\n     Jealousy and the Man.\n     Leather Stocking.\n     Light That Came.\n     Lines of White on a Sullen Sea.\n     Little Darling.\n     Little Teacher.\n     Lonely Villa.\n     Mended Lute.\n     Message.\n     Mexican Sweethearts.\n     Midnight Adventure.\n     Mills of the Gods.\n     Mr. Jones\u2019 Burglar.\n     Mrs. Jones\u2019 Lover.\n     Mountaineer\u2019s Honor.\n     Necklace.\n     New Trick.\n     Nursing a Viper.\n     Oh, Uncle!\n     Open Gate.\n     Peach-Basket Hat.\n     Pranks.\n     Redman\u2019s View.\n     Renunciation.\n     Restoration.\n     Resurrection.\n     Sealed Room.\n     Seventh Day.\n     Slave.\n     Son\u2019s Return.\n     Strange Meeting.\n     Sweet Revenge.\n     Tender Hearts.\n     Test.\n     They Would Elope.\n     Trap for Santa Claus.\n     Trick That Failed.\n     Two Memories.\n     Two Women and a Man.\n     Violin Maker of Cremona.\n     Wanted, a Child.\n     Was Justice Served?\n     Way of Man.\n     What Drink Did.\n     What\u2019s Your Hurry?\n     With Her Card.\n     Affair of an Egg.\n     All on Account of the Milk.\n     Arcadian Maid.\n     As It Is in Life.\n     As the Bells Rang Out.\n     Banker\u2019s Daughters.\n     Broken Doll.\n     Call.\n     Call to Arms.\n     Child of the Ghetto.\n     Child\u2019s Faith.\n     Child\u2019s Impulse.\n     Child\u2019s Stratagem.\n     Cloister\u2019s Touch.\n     Converts.\n     Course of True Love.\n     Dancing Girl of Butte.\n     Duke\u2019s Plan.\n     Effecting a Cure.\n     Englishman and the Girl.\n     Examination Day at School.\n     Face at the Window.\n     Faithful.\n     Final Settlement.\n     Flash of Light.\n     Fugitive.\n     Gold Necklace.\n     Gold Seekers.\n     Golden Supper.\n     Happy Jack, a Hero.\n     Her Father\u2019s Pride.\n     Her Terrible Ordeal.\n     His Last Dollar.\n     His New Lid.\n     His Sister-In-Law.\n     Honor of His Family.\n     House with Closed Shutters.\n     How Hubby Got a Raise.\n     Iconoclast.\n     Impalement.\n     In Life\u2019s Cycle.\n     In Old California.\n     In the Border States.\n     In the Season of Buds.\n     Knot in the Plot.\n     Last Deal.\n     Lesson.\n     Little Angels of Luck.\n     Little Waifs.\n     Love Among the Roses.\n     Love in Quarantine.\n     Love of Lady Irma.\n     Lucky Toothache.\n     Marked Time Table.\n     Masher.\n     May and December.\n     Message of the Violin.\n     Midnight Cupid.\n     Modern Prodigal.\n     Mohawk\u2019s Way.\n     Muggsy Becomes a Hero.\n     Muggsy\u2019s First Sweetheart.\n     Never Again.\n     Newlyweds.\n     Not So Bad As It Seemed.\n     Old Story with a New Ending.\n     On the Reef.\n     One Night and Then.\n     Over Silent Paths.\n     Passing of a Grouch.\n     Plain Song.\n     Proposal.\n     Purgation.\n     Ramona.\n     Recreation of an Heiress.\n     Rich Revenge.\n     Rocky Road.\n     Romance of the Western Hills.\n     Rose o\u2019 Salem-Town.\n     Salutary Lesson.\n     Simple Charity.\n     Smoker.\n     Song of the Wildwood Flute.\n     Sorrows of the Unfaithful.\n     Summer Idyl.\n     Summer Tragedy.\n     Sunshine Sue.\n     Taming a Husband.\n     Tenderfoot\u2019s Triumph.\n     That Chink at Golden Gulch.\n     Thou Shalt Not.\n     Thread of Destiny.\n     Troublesome Baby.\n     Turning the Tables.\n     Twisted Trail.\n     Unchanging Sea.\n     Up a Tree.\n     Usurer.\n     Victim of Jealousy.\n     Waiter No. 5.\n     Way of the World.\n     What the Daisy Said.\n     When We Were in Our Teens.\n     White Roses.\n     Wilful Peggy.\n     Winning Back His Love.\n     Woman from Mellon\u2019s.\n     Abe Gets Even with Father.\n     Adventures of Billy.\n     After the Ball.\n     As in a Looking Glass.\n     Baron.\n     Battle.\n     Bearded Youth.\n     Beautiful Voice.\n     Blind Princess and the Poet.\n     Bobby the Coward.\n     Broken Cross.\n     Caught with the Goods.\n     Chief\u2019s Daughter.\n     Comrades.\n     Conscience.\n     Convenient Burglar.\n     Country Cupid.\n     Crooked Road.\n     Cupid\u2019s Joke.\n     Cured.\n     Curiosity.\n     Dan, the Dandy.\n     Dave\u2019s Love Affair.\n     Decree of Destiny.\n     Delayed Proposal.\n     Diamond Star.\n     Diving Girl.\n     Dooley\u2019s Scheme.\n     Dutch Gold Mine.\n     Enoch Arden.\n     Failure.\n     Fate\u2019s Turning.\n     Fighting Blood.\n     Fisher Folks.\n     Five Hundred Dollars Reward.\n     Ghost.\n     Heart of a Savage.\n     Heartbeats of Long Ago.\n     Help Wanted.\n     Her Mother Interferes.\n     Her Pet.\n     Her Sacrifice.\n     His Daughter.\n     His Mother\u2019s Scarf.\n     His Trust.\n     His Trust Fulfilled.\n     His Wife\u2019s Sweethearts.\n     How She Triumphed.\n     In the Days of \u201949.\n     Indian Brothers.\n     Interrupted Game.\n     Inventor\u2019s Secret.\n     Italian Barber.\n     Italian Blood.\n     Jealous Husband.\n     Jinks Joins the Temperance Club.\n     Josh\u2019s Suicide.\n     Knight of the Road.\n     Last Drop of Water.\n     Lily of the Tenements.\n     Lonedale Operator.\n     Long Road.\n     Love in the Hills.\n     Lucky Horseshoe.\n     Madame Rex.\n     Making of a Man.\n     Manicure Lady.\n     Midnight Marauder.\n     Miser\u2019s Heart.\n     Misplaced Jealousy.\n     Mr. Bragg, a Fugitive.\n     Mr. Peck Goes Calling.\n     Mix-Up in Rain Coats.\n     New Dress.\n     Old Confectioner\u2019s Mistake.\n     Out from the Shadow.\n     Paradise Lost.\n     Poor Sick Men.\n     Primal Call.\n     Priscilla and the Umbrella.\n     Priscilla\u2019s April Fool Joke.\n     Priscilla\u2019s Engagement Kiss.\n     Resourceful Lovers.\n     Revenue Man and the Girl.\n     Romany Tragedy.\n     Rose of Kentucky.\n     Saved from Himself.\n     Smile of a Child.\n     Sorrowful Example.\n     Spanish Gypsy.\n     Squaw\u2019s Love.\n     Stubb\u2019s New Servants.\n     Stuff Heroes Are Made of.\n     Sunshine Through the Dark.\n     Swords and Hearts.\n     Taking His Medicine.\n     Teaching Dad To Like Her.\n     Terrible Discovery.\n     That Daredevil.\n     Their Fates Sealed.\n     Their First Divorce Case.\n     Thief and the Girl.\n     Three Sisters.\n     Through Darkened Vales.\n     Through His Wife\u2019s Picture.\n     Too Many Burglars.\n     Trail of Books.\n     Trailing the Counterfeiter.\n     Two Sides.\n     Unveiling.\n     Victim of Circumstances.\n     Village Hero.\n     Villain Foiled.\n     Voice of the Child.\n     Was He a Coward?\n     What Shall We Do with Our Old?\n     When a Man Loves.\n     When Wifey Holds the Purse Strings.\n     White Rose of the Wilds.\n     Why He Gave Up.\n     Woman Scorned.\n     Won Through a Medium.\n     Wonderful Eye.\n     Wreath of Orange Blossoms.\n     Algy, the Watchman.\n     Baby and the Stork.\n     Beast at Bay.\n     Billy\u2019s Stratagem.\n     Black Sheep.\n     Blot in the Scutcheon.\n     Brave and Bold.\n     Brave Hunter.\n     Child\u2019s Remorse.\n     Close Call.\n     Dash Through the Clouds.\n     Did Mother Get Her Wish?\n     Engagement Ring.\n     Eternal Mother.\n     Fatal Chocolate.\n     Fate\u2019s Interception.\n     Female of the Species.\n     Fickle Spaniard.\n     For His Son.\n     Furs.\n     Girl and Her Trust.\n     Goddess of Sagebrush Gulch.\n     Got a Match?\n     Heaven Avenges.\n     Helen\u2019s Marriage.\n     Help! Help!\n     His Lesson.\n     His Own Fault.\n     Homefolks.\n     Hot Stuff.\n     Indian Summer.\n     Inner Circle.\n     Interrupted Elopement.\n     Iola\u2019s Promise.\n     Joke on the Joker.\n     Just Like a Woman.\n     Katchem Kate.\n     Leading Man.\n     Lena and the Geese.\n     Lesser Evil.\n     Lily\u2019s Lovers.\n     Lodging for the Night.\n     Man\u2019s Genesis.\n     Man\u2019s Lust for Gold.\n     Mender of Nets.\n     Message from the Moon.\n     Narrow Road.\n     Near-Tragedy.\n     Neighbors.\n     New Baby.\n     Oh, Those Eyes!\n     Old Actor.\n     Old Bookkeeper.\n     One Is Business, the Other Crime.\n     One-Round O\u2019Brien.\n     Outcast Among Outcasts.\n     Pants and Pansies.\n     Priscilla\u2019s Capture.\n     Punishment.\n     Root of Evil.\n     Sands of Dee.\n     School Teacher and the Waif.\n     Siren of Impulse.\n     Sister\u2019s Love.\n     Spanish Dilemma.\n     Speed Demon.\n     Spirit Awakened.\n     String of Pearls.\n     Sunbeam.\n     Tale of the Wilderness.\n     Temporary Truce.\n     Their First Kidnapping Case.\n     Those Hicksville Boys.\n     Tomboy Bessie.\n     Tourists.\n     Tragedy of a Dress Suit.\n     Transformation of Mike.\n     Trying To Fool Uncle.\n     Under Burning Skies.\n     Voice from the Deep.\n     What the Doctor Ordered.\n     When Kings Were the Law.\n     When the Fire-Bells Rang.\n     Who Got the Reward?\n     Willie Becomes an Artist.\n     With a Kodak.\n     With the Enemy\u2019s Help.\n     Won by a Fish.\n     Would-Be Shriner.\n BRIND, WALTER LANNOY.\n     Doctor Phantom, the Scientific Sleuth.\n BUFFALO BILL AND PAWNEE BILL FILM COMPANY.\n     Buffalo Bill\u2019s Wild West and Pawnee Bill\u2019s Far East.\n     Life of Buffalo Bill.\n BULLOCK, WILLIAM.\n     Collinwood School Fire.\n     Collinwood School Fire Funeral.\n CAPITAL FILM COMPANY.\n     All\u2019s Fair in Love and War.\n CENTAUR FILM COMPANY.\n     Cowboy\u2019s Romance.\n     Johnny and the Indians.\n     Love Wins.\n     Nevada Girl.\n     Private Brown.\n     Scrappy Bill.\n     Temptation of John Gray.\n CENTAUR FILM COMPANY, INC.\n     Cowboy\u2019s Sweetheart.\n CHASE, WALTER G.\n     Epileptic Seizure.\n COFFROTH, J. W.\n     World\u2019s Championship, Jack Johnson vs. Stanley Ketchell.\n CROWN FEATURE FILM COMPANY.\n     Battle of Two Palms\u2014Action of March 12, 1912, at Benghasi, Tripoli,\n        Between the Italian and Turkish Armies.\n CURLEY, JACK.\n     Jack Johnson vs. Jim Flynn Contest for Heavyweight Championship of\n        the World, Las Vegas, New Mexico, July 4, 1912.\n DICKSON, WILLIAM K. L.\n     Corbett and Courtney Before the Kinetograph.\n     Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze, January 7, 1894.\n     Edison Kinetoscopic Records.\n     Souvenir Strip of the Edison Kinetoscope.\n ECLAIR FILM COMPANY.\n     Zigomar.\n     Alcohol, the Poison of Humanity. Glass Coffin.\n     Insanity.\n     Land of Darkness.\n     Miner\u2019s Heart.\n     Redemption.\n     Zigomar vs. Le Rouguin.\n EDISON, THOMAS A.\n     American Falls from Above.\n     American Side.\n     American Falls\u2014from Bottom, Canadian Shore.\n     American Falls\u2014from Incline R. R.\n     Black Diamond Express.\n     Buffalo Horse Market.\n     Burning Stable.\n     Charge of West Point Cadets.\n     Chicago and Buffalo Express.\n     Clark\u2019s Thread Mill.\n     Cock Fight.\n     East Side Drive.\n     Feeding the Doves.\n     Fighting the Fire.\n     Horseshoe Falls\u2014from Luna Isle.\n     Horseshoe Falls\u2014from Table Rock.\n     Hurdle Race\u2014High Jumpers.\n     Morning Alarm.\n     Morning Bath.\n     Mounted Police Charge.\n     Park Police, Dismounting and Mounting.\n     Park Police, Left Wheel and Forward.\n     Rapids Above American Falls.\n     Runaway in the Park.\n     Special Photographing Train.\n     Starting for the Fire.\n     Streets of Cairo.\n     Surf at Long Branch.\n     Tally Ho\u2014Arrival.\n     Tally Ho\u2014Departure.\n     Whirlpool Rapids\u2014from Canadian Shore.\n     Wine Garden Scene.\n     Admiral Cigarette.\n     Ambulance at the Accident.\n     Ambulance Call.\n     American and Cuban Flag.\n     Amoskeag Veterans, New Hampshire.\n     Armour\u2019s Electric Trolley.\n     Arrest in Chinatown, San Francisco, Cal.\n     Bareback Hurdle Jumping.\n     Battery A, Light Artillery, U. S. Army.\n     Battery B, Governor\u2019s Troop, Penna.\n     Beach Apparatus\u2014Practice.\n     Black Diamond Express.\n     Boat Wagon and Beach Cart.\n     Boating on the Lake.\n     Bowery Waltz.\n     Boxing for Points.\n     Buffalo Bill and Escort.\n     Buffalo Fire Department in Action.\n     Buffalo Police on Parade.\n     Buffalo Stockyards.\n     Capsize of Lifeboat.\n     Cattle Driven to Slaughter.\n     Cavalry Passing in Review.\n     Charity Ball.\n     Chas. Werts, Acrobat.\n     Chicken Thieves.\n     Children\u2019s Toilet.\n     Corcoran Cadets, Washington.\n     Corner Madison and State Streets, Chicago.\n     Crissie Sheridan.\n     Cupid and Psyche.\n     Dancing Darkey Boy.\n     Drum Corps and Militia.\n     Elopement.\n     Exhibition of Prize Winners.\n     Falls of Minnehaha.\n     Farmer\u2019s Troubles.\n     Fast Mail, Northern Pacific R. R.\n     Fifth Avenue, New York.\n     Firing by Squad, Gatling Gun.\n     First Avenue, Seattle, Washington.\n     First Sleigh-Ride.\n     Fisherman\u2019s Luck.\n     Fisherman\u2019s Wharf.\n     Fishing Smacks.\n     Free-for-All Race at Charter Oak Park.\n     Gatling Gun Crew in Action.\n     General Porter\u2019s Oration.\n     Giant Coal Dumper.\n     Governor Cook and Staff, Connecticut.\n     Governor of Ohio and Staff.\n     Grace Church, New York.\n     Grant Veterans\u2014G. A. R.\n     Guard Mount, Ft. Myer.\n     Horse Dancing Couchee Couchee.\n     Horses Loading for Klondike.\n     Hotel Del Monte.\n     Hotel Vendome, San Jose, Cal.\n     Hurdle Jumping and Saddle Vaulting.\n     Husking Bee.\n     Jealous Monkey.\n     Judging Tandems.\n     Ladies\u2019 Saddle Horses.\n     Launch of Life Boat.\n     Launch of Surf Boat.\n     Leander Sisters.\n     Lick Observatory, Mt. Hamilton, Cal.\n     Loading Baggage for Klondike.\n     Lurline Baths.\n     McKinley and Cleveland Going to the Capitol.\n     McKinley Leaving Church.\n     McKinley Taking the Oath.\n     McKinley\u2019s Address.\n     Making Soap Bubbles.\n     Marines from U. S. Cruiser New York.\n     Market Square, Harrisburg, Pa.\n     Milker\u2019s Mishap.\n     Mr. Edison at Work in His Chemical Laboratory.\n     Mount and Dismount, Gatling Gun.\n     National Lancers, Boston.\n     Now I Lay Me Down To Sleep.\n     O\u2019Brien\u2019s Trained Horses.\n     Old Guard, New York City.\n     Panoramic Scene, Susquehanna River.\n     Parisian Dance.\n     Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington.\n     Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D. C.\n     Pennsylvania State Militia, Double Time.\n     Pennsylvania State Militia, Single Time.\n     Philadelphia Express, Jersey Central Railway.\n     Pie Eating Contest.\n     Pile Driving, Washington Navy Yard.\n     Pillow Fight.\n     Police Patrol Wagon.\n     Racing at Sheepshead Bay. Rainmakers.\n     Receding View, Black Diamond Express.\n     Rescue\u2014Resuscitation.\n     Return of Lifeboat.\n     Return of McKinley from the Capitol.\n     S. S. \u201cCoptic\u201d at Dock.\n     S. S. \u201cCoptic\u201d in the Harbor.\n     S. S. \u201cCoptic\u201d Sailing Away.\n     S. S. \u201cQueen\u201d Leaving Dock.\n     S. S. \u201cQueen\u201d Loading.\n     S. S. \u201cWilliamette\u201d Leaving for Klondike.\n     Sea Lions\u2019 Home.\n     Seminary Girls.\n     Serpentine Dance\u2014Annabelle.\n     7th & 71st Regiment, New York.\n     71st Regiment, New York.\n     Sheep Run, Chicago Stockyards.\n     Single Harness Horses.\n     Sixth U. S. Cavalry.\n     Sleigh Riding, Central Park.\n     Southern Pacific Overland Mail.\n     Stanford University, California.\n     Suburban Handicap, 1897.\n     Sun Dance\u2014Annabelle.\n     Surf at Monterey.\n     Sutro Baths.\n     Tandem Hurdle Jumping.\n     Teams of Horses.\n     Trick Elephants.\n     Umbrella Brigade.\n     Vice-President Hobart\u2019s Escort.\n     Wall Scaling.\n     Washington Continental Guards.\n     Washwoman\u2019s Troubles.\n     Waterfall in the Catskills.\n     Young Men\u2019s Blaine Club of Cincinnati.\n     Acrobatic Monkey.\n     Admiral Sampson on Board the Flagship.\n     Advance Guard, Return of N. J. Troops.\n     After Launching.\n     Afternoon Tea on Board S. S. \u201cDoric.\u201d\n     American Flag.\n     Arrival of Tokyo Train.\n     Ball Game.\n     Balloon Ascension, Marionettes.\n     Battery B Arriving at Camp.\n     Battery B Pitching Camp.\n     Blanket-Tossing a New Recruit.\n     Branding Cattle.\n     Buck Dance.\n     Bull Fight.\n     Burglar.\n     Burglar in the Bed Chamber.\n     Burglar on the Roof.\n     Burial of the \u201cMaine\u201d Victims.\n     Calf Branding.\n     California Limited, A. T. & S.F.R.R.\n     California Orange Groves, Panoramic View.\n     California Volunteers Marching To Embark.\n     Ca\u00f1on of the Rio Grande.\n     Canton River Scene.\n     Canton Steamboat Landing Chinese Passengers.\n     Cattle Fording Stream.\n     Cattle Leaving the Corral.\n     Cavalier\u2019s Dream.\n     Chinese Procession.\n     Circle Dance.\n     Close View of the \u201cBrooklyn,\u201d Naval Parade.\n     Coasting.\n     Colored Troops Disembarking.\n     Comedy Set-To.\n     Cop and the Nurse Girl.\n     Cripple Creek Floats.\n     Cruiser \u201cCincinnati.\u201d\n     Cruiser \u201cDetroit.\u201d\n     Cruiser \u201cMarblehead.\u201d\n     Cuban Ambush.\n     Cuban Refugees Waiting for Rations.\n     Cuban Volunteers Embarking.\n     Cuban Volunteers Marching for Rations.\n     Dancing Chinaman, Marionettes.\n     Decorated Carriages.\n     Denver Fire Brigade.\n     Dogs Playing in the Surf.\n     Eagle Dance, Pueblo Indians.\n     Ella Lola, a La Trilby.\n     Elopement on Horseback.\n     Excursion Boats, Naval Parade.\n     Fake Beggar.\n     Farmer Kissing the Lean Girl.\n     Feeding Sea Gulls.\n     Flagship \u201cNew York.\u201d\n     Fleet Steaming Up North River.\n     14th U. S. Infantry Drilling at the Presidio.\n     Freight Train.\n     Game of Shovel Board on Board S. S. \u201cDoric.\u201d\n     \u201cGlen Island,\u201d Accompanying Parade.\n     Going Through the Tunnel.\n     Going to the Yokohama Races.\n     Government House at Hong Kong.\n     Heaving the Log.\n     Hockey Match on the Ice.\n     Hong Kong Regiment.\n     Hong Kong, Wharf-Scene.\n     Honolulu Street Scene.\n     Horticultural Floats.\n     Indian Day School.\n     Japanese Sampans.\n     Kanakas Diving for Money.\n     Landing Wharf at Canton.\n     Lassoing Steer.\n     Las Vegas [i.e. La Viga] Canal, Mexico City.\n     Launch of Japanese Man-of-War \u201cChitosa.\u201d\n     Launching.\n     Loading Horses on Transport.\n     Major General Shafter.\n     Marching Scene.\n     Market Scene, City of Mexico.\n     Masked Procession.\n     \u201cMassachusetts,\u201d Naval Parade.\n     Merry-Go-Round.\n     Mexican Fishing Scene.\n     Mexican Rurales Charge.\n     Mexico Street Scene.\n     Mid-Winter Brush.\n     Military Camp at Tampa, Taken from Train.\n     Monitor \u201cTerror.\u201d\n     Morro Castle, Havana Harbor.\n     Mount Tamalpais R. R.\n     Mount Taw R. R.\n     Mules Swimming Ashore at Daiquiri, Cuba.\n     Native Daughters.\n     N. Y. Journal Despatch Yacht \u201cBuccaneer.\u201d\n     9th and 13th U. S. Infantry at Battalion Drill.\n     9th Infantry Boys\u2019 Morning Wash.\n     9th U. S. Cavalry Watering Horses.\n     Observation Train Following Parade.\n     Off for the Rabbit Chase.\n     Old Glory and Cuban Flag.\n     Ostriches Feeding.\n     Ostriches Running.\n     Pack Mules with Ammunition on the Santiago Trail, Cuba.\n     Packing Ammunition on Mules, Cuba.\n     Parade of Buffalo Bill\u2019s Wild West Show.\n     Parade of Chinese.\n     Parade of Coaches.\n     Parade of Marines, U. S. Cruiser, \u201cBrooklyn.\u201d\n     Picking Oranges.\n     Police Boats Escorting Naval Parade.\n     Procession of Floats.\n     Procession of Mounted Indians and Cowboys.\n     Railway Station at Yokohama.\n     Repairing Streets in Mexico.\n     Return of 2nd Regiment of New Jersey.\n     Return of Troop C, Brooklyn.\n     Returning from the Races.\n     Reviewing the \u201cTexas\u201d at Grant\u2019s Tomb.\n     River Scene at Macao, China.\n     Roosevelt\u2019s Rough Riders Embarking for Santiago.\n     Royal Gorge.\n     S. S. \u201cCoptic.\u201d\n     S. S. \u201cCoptic\u201d Coaling.\n     S. S. \u201cCoptic\u201d Lying To.\n     S. S. \u201cCoptic\u201d Running Against the Storm.\n     S. S. \u201cCoptic\u201d Running Before a Gale.\n     S. S. \u201cDoric\u201d in Mid-Ocean.\n     S. S. \u201cGaelic.\u201d\n     S. S. \u201cGaelic\u201d at Nagasaki.\n     Sea Waves.\n     Secretary Long and Captain Sigsbee.\n     See-Saw Scene.\n     Serving Rations to the Indians.\n     71st N. Y. Volunteers Embarking for Santiago.\n     Shanghai Police.\n     Shanghai Street Scene.\n     Sheik Artillery, Hong Kong.\n     Shooting Captured Insurgents.\n     Skeleton Dance, Marionettes.\n     Sleighing Scene.\n     Snow Storm.\n     Snowballing the Coasters.\n     Soldiers Washing Dishes.\n     South Spring Street, Los Angeles, Cal.\n     Spanish Ball Game.\n     Statue of Liberty.\n     Steamer \u201cMascotte\u201d Arriving at Tampa.\n     Street Arab.\n     Street Scene in Hong Kong.\n     Street Scene in Yokohama.\n     Street Scene, San Diego.\n     Sunday Morning in Mexico.\n     Sunset Limited, Southern Pacific Ry.\n     Surface Transit, Mexico.\n     Telephone.\n     10th U. S. Infantry, and Battalion Leaving Cars.\n     10th U. S. Infantry Disembarking from Cars.\n     \u201cTexas,\u201d Naval Parade.\n     Theatre Road, Yokohama.\n     Tourists Starting for Canton.\n     Train Hour in Durango, Mexico.\n     Trained Cavalry Horses.\n     Tramp in the Kitchen.\n     Transport Ships at Port Tampa.\n     Transport \u201cWhitney\u201d Leaving Dock.\n     Troop Ships for the Philippines.\n     Troops Embarking at San Francisco.\n     Troops Making Military Road in Front of Santiago.\n     Turkish Dance, Ella Lola.\n     Union Iron Works.\n     U. S. Battleship \u201cIndiana.\u201d\n     U. S. Battleship \u201cIowa.\u201d\n     U. S. Battleship \u201cOregon.\u201d\n     U. S. Cavalry Supplies Unloading at Tampa, Florida.\n     U. S. Cruiser \u201cBrooklyn,\u201d Naval Parade.\n     U. S. Cruiser \u201cNashville.\u201d\n     U. S. S. \u201cCastine.\u201d\n     U. S. Troops Landing at Daiquiri, Cuba.\n     Unwelcome Visitor.\n     Vanishing Lady.\n     Victorious Squadron Firing Salute.\n     Wagon Supply Train en Route.\n     Wand Dance, Pueblo Indians.\n     War Correspondents.\n     Wash Day in Mexico.\n     Wharf Scene, Honolulu.\n     What Demoralized the Barber Shop.\n     Wreck of the Battleship \u201cMaine.\u201d\n     Admiral Dewey at State House, Boston.\n     Admiral Dewey Landing at Gibraltar.\n     Admiral Dewey Leading Land Parade.\n     Admiral Dewey Passing Catholic Club Stand.\n     Admiral Dewey Receiving the Washington and New York Committees.\n     Admiral Dewey Taking Leave of Washington Committee on the U. S.\n        Cruiser \u201cOlympia.\u201d\n     Advance of Kansas Volunteers at Caloocan.\n     After the Race\u2014Yachts Returning to Anchorage.\n     Arabian Gun Twirler.\n     Astor Battery on Parade.\n     Astor Tramp.\n     Battery K Siege Guns.\n     Bibulous Clothier.\n     Bicycle Trick Riding.\n     Boston Horseless Fire Department.\n     Capture of Trenches at Candaba.\n     Casey at the Bat.\n     Coaches Arriving at Mammoth Hot Springs.\n     Coaches Going to Cinnabar from Yellowstone Park.\n     Colonel Funstan [i.e., Funston] Swimming the Baglag River.\n     \u201cColumbia\u201d Winning the Cup.\n     Cripple Creek Bar-Room Scene.\n     Dewey Arch\u2014Troops Passing Under Arch.\n     Dewey Parade, 10th Pennsylvania Volunteers.\n     Diving Horse.\n     Early Morning Attack.\n     Fair Exchange Is No Robbery.\n     Filipinos Retreat from Trenches.\n     Fun in Camp.\n     General Lee\u2019s Procession, Havana.\n     Governor Roosevelt and Staff.\n     Jones and His Pal in Trouble.\n     Jones\u2019 Interrupted Sleighride.\n     Jones Makes a Discovery.\n     Jones\u2019 Return from the Club. Larks Behind the Scene.\n     Lower Falls, Grand Canyon, Yellowstone Park.\n     Mesmerist and Country Couple.\n     Morning Colors on U. S. Cruiser \u201cRaleigh.\u201d\n     New Brooklyn to New York via Brooklyn Bridge.\n     New York Police Parade, June 1st, 1899.\n     104th Street Curve, New York, Elevated Railway.\n     Panorama at Grant\u2019s Tomb, Dewey Naval Procession.\n     Panoramic View, Horseshoe Curve from Penna., Ltd.\n     Panoramic View, Horseshoe Curve, Penna. R. R.\n     Panoramic View of Brooklyn Bridge.\n     Panoramic View of Floral Float \u201cOlympia.\u201d\n     Pictures Incidental to Yacht Race.\n     Pilot Boats in New York Harbor.\n     Poker at Dawson City.\n     Prentis Trio.\n     Raising Old Glory Over Morro Castle.\n     Rapids Below Suspension Bridge.\n     Ride Through Pack Saddle Mountains, Penna. R. R.\n     Rout of the Filipinos.\n     Running Through Gallitzen Tunnel, Penna. R. R.\n     2nd Special Service Battalion, Canadian Infantry, Embarking for So.\n        Africa.\n     2nd Special Service Battalion, Canadian Infantry\u2014Parade.\n     \u201cShamrock\u201d and \u201cColumbia\u201d Rounding the Outer Stake Boat.\n     \u201cShamrock\u201d and \u201cColumbia\u201d Yacht Race\u2014First Race. \u201cShamrock\u201d and\n        \u201cErin\u201d Sailing.\n     Shoot the Chutes Series.\n     Skirmish of Rough Riders.\n     Strange Adventure of New York Drummer.\n     Tenderloin at Night.\n     Three Acrobats.\n     Tommy Atkins, Bobby and Cook.\n     Tourists Going Round Yellowstone Park.\n     Trick Bears.\n     Troops at Evacuation of Havana.\n     U. S. Cruiser \u201cOlympia\u201d Leading Naval Parade.\n     U. S. Cruiser \u201cRaleigh.\u201d\n     U. S. Infantry Supported by Rough Riders at El Caney.\n     U. S. Troops and Red Cross in the Trenches Before Caloocan.\n     West Point Cadets.\n     Wringing Good Joke.\n     Animated Luncheon.\n     Artist\u2019s Dream.\n     Automobile Parade.\n     Battle of Mafeking.\n     Bird\u2019s-Eye View of Dock Front, Galveston.\n     Boer Commissary Train Treking.\n     Boers Bringing in British Prisoners.\n     Bombardment of Taku Forts, by the Allied Fleets.\n     Breaking of the Crowd at Military Review at Longchamps.\n     Burning of the Standard Oil Co\u2019s Tanks, Bayonne, N. J.\n     Capture of Boer Battery b British.\n     Champs de Mars.\n     Champs Elysees.\n     Charge of Boer Cavalry.\n     Ching Ling Foo Outdone.\n     Clown and the Alchemist.\n     Congress of Nations.\n     Dick Croker Leaving Tammany Hall.\n     Discharging a Whitehead Torpedo.\n     Dull Razor.\n     Eiffel Tower from Trocadero Palace.\n     Enchanted Drawing.\n     English Lancers Charging.\n     Esplanade des Invalides.\n     Exploding a Whitehead Torpedo.\n     Faust and Marguerite.\n     Grandma and the Bad Boys.\n     Gun Drill by Naval Cadets at Newport Training School.\n     Gymnasium Exercises and Drill at Newport Training School.\n     High Diving by A. C. Holden.\n     Hooligan Assists the Magician.\n     Kiss.\n     Launching a Stranded Schooner from the Docks.\n     Magician.\n     Maude\u2019s Naughty Little Brother.\n     Mystic Swing.\n     Naval Apprentices at Sail Drill on Historic Ship Constellation.\n     Naval Sham Battle at Newport.\n     New Black Diamond Express.\n     Overland Express Arriving at Helena, Mont.\n     Palace of Electricity.\n     Panorama from the Moving Boardwalk.\n     Panorama of East Galveston.\n     Panorama of Eiffel Tower.\n     Panorama of Galveston Power House.\n     Panorama of Gorge Railway.\n     Panorama of Orphans Home, Galveston.\n     Panorama of Place de l\u2019Opera.\n     Panorama of the Moving Boardwalk.\n     Panorama of the Paris Exposition, from the Seine.\n     Panorama of Wreckage of Water Front.\n     Panoramic View of Newport.\n     Panoramic View of the Champs Elysees.\n     Panoramic View of the Place de L\u2019Concord [i.e. La Concorde].\n     Panoramic View of Tremont Hotel, Galveston.\n     Red Cross Ambulance on Battlefield.\n     Scene from the Elevator Ascending Eiffel Tower.\n     Scene in the Swiss Village at Paris Exposition.\n     Searching Ruins on Broadway, Galveston, for Dead Bodies.\n     Storm at Sea.\n     Swiss Village.\n     Torpedo Boat \u201cMorris\u201d Running.\n     Uncle Josh in a Spooky Hotel.\n     Uncle Josh\u2019s Nightmare.\n     Watermelon Contest.\n     White Horse Rapids.\n     Why Jones Discharged His Clerks.\n     Why Mrs. Jones Got a Divorce.\n     Wringing Good Joke.\n     \u201cAbbot\u201d & \u201cCresceus\u201d Race.\n     Another Job for the Undertaker.\n     Arrival of McKinley\u2019s Funeral Train at Canton, Ohio.\n     Artist\u2019s Dilemma.\n     Aunt Sallie\u2019s Wonderful Bustle.\n     Automatic Weather Prophet.\n     Automobile Parade on the Coney Island Boulevard.\n     Bad Boys\u2019 Joke on the Nurse.\n     Bathing at Atlantic City.\n     Bicycle Paced Race.\n     Building a Harbor at San Pedro.\n     California Oil Wells in Operation.\n     Canoeing Scene.\n     Captain Nissen Going Through Whirlpool Rapids, Niagara Falls.\n     Carrying Out the Snakes.\n     Catching an Early Train.\n     Children Bathing.\n     Circular Panorama of Electric Tower.\n     Circular Panorama of Suspension Bridge and American Falls.\n     Circular Panoramic View of Whirlpool Rapids.\n     \u201cColumbia\u201d and \u201cShamrock\u201d II.\n     \u201cColumbia\u201d Winning the Cup.\n     Cornell-Columbia-University of Pennsylvania Boat Race at Ithaca, N.\n        Y., Showing Lehigh Valley Observation Train.\n     Day at the Circus.\n     Donkey Party.\n     Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York Landing at Queenstown,\n        Ontario.\n     Duke of York at Montreal and Quebec.\n     Educated Chimpanzee.\n     Esquimaux Game of Snap-the-Whip.\n     Esquimaux Leap-Frog.\n     Esquimaux Village.\n     Execution of Czolgosz, with Panorama of Auburn Prison. Farmer and\n        the Bad Boys.\n     Fat and Lean Wrestling Match.\n     Faust Family of Acrobats.\n     Finish of Bridget McKeen.\n     Follow the Leader.\n     Fun in a Butcher Shop.\n     Funeral Leaving the President\u2019s House and Church at Canton, Ohio.\n     Gordon Sisters Boxing.\n     Happy Hooligan April-Fooled.\n     Happy Hooligan Surprised.\n     Harry Thompson\u2019s Immitations [i.e., Imitations] of Sousa.\n     Horse Parade at the Pan-American Exposition.\n     How the Dutch Beat the Irish.\n     Ice-Boat Racing at Redbank, N. J.\n     Japanese Village.\n     Jeffreys [i.e., Jeffries] and Ruhlin Sparring Contest at San\n        Francisco, Cal., Nov. 15, 1901.\u2014Five Rounds.\n     Jeffreys [i.e., Jeffries] in His Training Quarters.\n     Joke on Grandma.\n     Kansas Saloon Smashers.\n     Laura Comstock\u2019s Bag-Punching Dog.\n     Leaping Dogs at Gentry\u2019s Circus.\n     Life Rescue at Long Branch.\n     Line-Up and Teasing the Snakes.\n     Love by the Light of the Moon.\n     Love in a Hammock.\n     Lovers, Coal Box, and Fireplace.\n     Lukens, Novel Gymnast.\n     McKinley\u2019s Funeral Entering Westlawn Cemetery, Canton.\n     March of Prayer and Entrance of the Dancers.\n     Martyred Presidents.\n     Miles Canyon Tramway.\n     Mob Outside the Temple of Music at the Pan-American Exposition.\n     Moki Snake Dance by Wolpi [i.e., Walpapi] Indians.\n     Montreal Fire Department on Runners.\n     Musical Ride.\n     Mysterious Cafe.\n     Old Faithful Geyser.\n     Old Maid Having Her Picture Taken.\n     Old Maid in the Horsecar.\n     Opening, Pan-American Exposition.\n     Ostrich Farms at Pasadena.\n     Pack Train on the Chilcoot [i.e., Chilkoot] Pass.\n     Packers on the Trail.\n     Pan-American Exposition by Night.\n     Panorama, Great Gorge Route over Lewiston Bridge.\n     Panorama of Esplanade by Night.\n     Panoramic View, Albert Canyon.\n     Panoramic View, Kicking Horse Canyon.\n     Panoramic View, Lower Kicking Horse Canyon.\n     Panoramic View, Lower Kicking Horse Valley.\n     Panoramic View of Boston Subway from an Electric Car.\n     Panoramic View of Electric Tower from a Balloon.\n     Panoramic View of Moki-Land.\n     Panoramic View of Rubio Canyon, Mt. Low R. R.\n     Panoramic View of the Fleet After Yacht Race.\n     Panoramic View of the Gorge R. R.\n     Panoramic View of the Great Cable Incline, Mt. Low R. R.\n     Panoramic View of the President\u2019s House at Canton, Ohio.\n     Panoramic View of the White Pass Railroad.\n     Panoramic View, Upper Kicking Horse Canyon.\n     Parade of Snake Dancers Before the Dance.\n     Phenomenal Contortionist.\n     Photographer\u2019s Mishap.\n     Photographing a Country Couple.\n     Pie, Tramp and the Bulldog.\n     Pigeon Farm at Los Angeles, Cal.\n     President McKinley and Escort Going to the Capitol.\n     President McKinley Reviewing the Troops at the Pan-American\n        Exposition.\n     President McKinley Taking the Oath.\n     President McKinley\u2019s Funeral Cortege at Buffalo, N. Y.\n     President McKinley\u2019s Funeral Cortege at Washington, D. C.\n     President McKinley\u2019s Speech at the Pan-American Exposition.\n     President Roosevelt at the Canton Station.\n     Prize Winners at the Country Fair.\n     Professional Handicap Bicycle Race.\n     Reversible Divers.\n     Riverside Geyser, Yellowstone Park.\n     Rocking Gold in the Klondike. Roeber Wrestling Match.\n     Royal Train, with Duke and Duchess of York, Climbing Mt. Hector.\n     Rubes in the Theatre.\n     Ruhlin in His Training Quarters.\n     Sampson and Schley Controversy\u2014Tea Party.\n     Sampson-Schley Controversy.\n     Sham Battle at the Pan-American Exposition.\n     Soubrette\u2019s Troubles on a Fifth Avenue Stage.\n     Spanish Dancers at the Pan-American Exposition.\n     Street\u2019s Zouaves and Wall Scaling.\n     Swimming Pool at Coney Island.\n     Taking President McKinley\u2019s Body from Train at Canton, Ohio.\n     Tally-Ho Departing for the Races.\n     Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King.\n     Tramp and the Nursing Bottle.\n     Tramp\u2019s Dream.\n     Tramp\u2019s Miraculous Escape.\n     Tramp\u2019s Strategy That Failed.\n     Tramp\u2019s Unexpected Skate.\n     Trapeze Disrobing Act.\n     Trick Cyclist.\n     Trip Around the Pan-American Exposition.\n     Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.\n     Washing Gold on 20 Above Hunker, Klondike.\n     Weary Willie and the Gardener.\n     What Demoralized the Barber Shop.\n     What Happened on Twenty-Third Street, New York City.\n     Why Mr. Nation Wants a Divorce.\n     Working the Breeches Buoy.\n     Yacht Race Fleet Following the Committee Boat \u201cNavigator\u201d Oct. 4th.\n     Appointment by Telephone.\n     Arrival of Prince Henry [o Prussia] and President Roosevelt at\n        Shooter\u2019s Island.\n     Arrival of the Governor General, Lord Minto, at Quebec.\n     Babies Rolling Eggs.\n     Bessemer Steel Converter in Operation.\n     Bird\u2019s-Eye View of San Francisco, Cal., from a Balloon.\n     Broncho Busting Scenes.\n     Championship of the World.\n     Bull and the Picnickers.\n     Burlesque Suicide.\n     Burning of Durland\u2019s Riding Academy.\n     Burning of St. Pierre.\n     Cable Road in San Francisco, Cal.\n     Capture of the Biddle Brothers.\n     Charleston Chain-Gang.\n     Chinese Shaving Scene.\n     Christening and Launching Kaiser Wilhelm\u2019s Yacht \u201cMeteor.\u201d\n     Circular Panorama of Housing the Ice.\n     Circular Panoramic View of Jones & Laughlin\u2019s Steel Works Yard.\n     Coasting Scene at Montmorency Falls, Canada.\n     Cross Country Running on Snow Shoes.\n     Cutting and Canaling Ice.\n     \u201cDeutschland\u201d Leaving New York at Full Speed.\n     Facial Expression.\n     Feeding Geese at Newman\u2019s Poultry Farm.\n     Feeding the Bear at the Menagerie.\n     Fishing at Faralone Island.\n     Fun in a Bakery Shop.\n     German and American Tableau.\n     Golden Chariots.\n     Great Bull Fight.\n     Happy Hooligan Turns Burglar.\n     Hindoo Fakir.\n     How They Do Things on the Bowery.\n     Interrupted Bathers.\n     Interrupted Picnic.\n     Jack and the Beanstalk.\n     Kaiser Wilhelm\u2019s Yacht, \u201cMeteor,\u201d Entering the Water.\n     \u201cKronprinz Wilhelm\u201d with Prince Henry [of Prussia] on Board\n        Arriving in New York.\n     Las Vegas [i.e. La Viga] Canal, Mexico.\n     Loading a Vessel at Charleston.\n     Loading the Ice on Cars, Conveying It Across the Mountains and\n        Loading It into Boats.\n     Midway of Charleston Exposition.\n     Miniature Railway.\n     Moonlight on Lake Maggiore.\n     Mt. Pelee in Eruption and Destruction of St. Pierre.\n     Mt. Pelee Smoking Before Eruption.\n     New Sunset Limited.\n     New Year\u2019s Mummies [i.e., Mummers\u2019] Parade.\n     New York City in a Blizzard.\n     Panorama of the Paterson [N. J.] Fire.\n     Panoramic View Between\n     Palliser and Field, B. C.\n     Panoramic View from Pittsburgh to Allegheny.\n     Panoramic View Near Mt. Golden on the Canadian Pacific R. R.\n     Panoramic View of Charleston Exposition.\n     Panoramic View of Mt. Tamalpais.\n     Panoramic View of Mt. Tamalpais Between Bow Knot and McKinley Cut.\n     Panoramic View of the Canadian Pacific R. R. Near Leauchoil, B. C.\n     Panoramic View of the Golden Gate.\n     Panoramic View of the Hohenzollern.\n     Paterson [N. J.] Fire, Showing the Y.M.C.A. and Library.\n     President Roosevelt Reviewing the Troops at Charleston.\n     Prince Henry [of Prussia] Arriving at West Point.\n     Prince Henry [of Prussia] Arriving in Washington and Visiting the\n        German Embassy.\n     Prince Henry [of Prussia] at Lincoln\u2019s Monument, Chicago, Ill.\n     Prince Henry [of Prussia] at Niagara Falls.\n     Prince Henry [of Prussia] Reviewing the Cadets at West Point.\n     Prince Henry [of Prussia] Visiting Cambridge, Mass. and Harvard\n        University.\n     Rock of Ages.\n     Ruins of City Hall, Paterson.\n     S. S. \u201cDeutschland\u201d in a Storm.\n     S. S. \u201cDeutschland\u201d in Heavy Sea.\n     S. S. \u201cDeutschland\u201d Leaving Her Dock in Hoboken.\n     Sailing of the Deutschland with Prince Henry [of Prussia] on Board.\n     St. Patrick\u2019s Cathedral and Fifth Avenue on Easter Sunday Morning.\n     Scrambling for eggs.\n     Sea Gulls Following Fishing Boats.\n     Shuffleboard on S. S. \u201cDeutschland.\u201d\n     Skiing in Montreal.\n     Skiing Scene in Quebec.\n     Swimming Ducks at Allentown [Pa.] Duck Farm.\n     Tobogganing in Canada.\n     Tossing Eggs.\n     Twentieth Century Tramp.\n     Uncle Josh at the Moving Picture Show.\n     Weary Hunters and the Magician.\n     Working Rotary Snow Ploughs on Lehigh Valley Railroad.\n     \u201cAfricander\u201d Winning the Suburban Handicap, 1903.\n     Ancient and Honorable Artillery of London on Parade.\n     Ancient and Honorables Homeward Bound.\n     Animated Poster.\n     Arabian Jewish Dance.\n     Baby Class at Lunch.\n     Baby Review.\n     Battle of Confetti at the Nice Carnival.\n     Battle of Flowers at the Nice Carnival.\n     Buster\u2019s Joke on Papa.\n     Crossing the Atlantic.\n     Down Where the Wurzburger Flows.\n     East River Novelty.\n     Eating Macaroni in the Streets of Naples.\n     Egyptian Boys in Swimming Race.\n     Egyptian Fakir with Dancing Monkey.\n     Egyptian Market Scene.\n     Electrocuting an Elephant.\n     Emigrants [i.e. Immigrants] Landing at Ellis Island.\n     Excavating Scene at the Pyramids of Sakkarah.\n     Feeding Pigeons in Front of St. Mark\u2019s Cathedral, Venice, Italy.\n     Fireboat \u201cNew Yorker\u201d Answering an Alarm.\n     Fireboat \u201cNew Yorker\u201d in Action.\n     Flood Scene in Paterson, N. J.\n     Fording the River Nile on Donkeys.\n     Gay Shoe Clerk.\n     Going to Market, Luxor, Egypt.\n     Goo Goo Eyes.\n     Great Fire Ruins, Coney Island.\n     Great Train Robbery.\n     Heavenly Twins at Lunch.\n     Heavenly Twins at Odds.\n     Herd of Sheep on the Road to Jerusalem.\n     How Old Is Ann?\n     Jerusalem\u2019s Busiest Street, Showing Mt. Zion.\n     Jewish Dance at Jerusalem.\n     King Edward and President Loubet Reviewing French Troops.\n     King Edward\u2019s Visit to Paris.\n     Lake Lucerne, Switzerland.\n     Lehigh Valley Black Diamond Express.\n     Life of an American Fireman.\n     Little Lillian, Toe Danseuse.\n     Market Scene in Old Cairo, Egypt.\n     Maypole Dance.\n     Messenger Boy\u2019s Mistake.\n     Miniature Railway at Wilmington Springs, Del.\n     Miss Jessie Cameron, Champion Child Sword Dancer.\n     Miss Jessie Dogherty, Champion Female Highland Fling Dancer.\n     Move on.\n     Native Woman Washing a Negro Baby in Nassau, B. I.\n     Native Women Coaling a Ship and Scrambling for Money.\n     Native Women Coaling a Ship at St. Thomas, D. W. I.\n     Native Women Washing Clothes at St. Vincent, B. W. I.\n     New York Caledonian Club\u2019s Parade.\n     New York City Dumping Wharf.\n     New York City \u201cGhetto\u201d Fish Market.\n     New York City Police Parade.\n     New York Harbor Police Boat Patrol Capturing Pirates.\n     Office Boy\u2019s Revenge.\n     Old Fashioned Scottish Reel.\n     Opening of New East River Bridge, New York.\n     Orphans in the Surf.\n     Panorama of Blackwell\u2019s Island, New York.\n     Panorama of Morro Castle, Havana, Cuba.\n     Panorama of Riker\u2019s Island, New York.\n     Panorama of Tivoli, Italy, Showing Seven Falls.\n     Panorama of Willemstadt, Curacao, Taken from the River.\n     Panorama Water Front and Brooklyn Bridge from East River.\n     Panoramic View of an Egyptian Cattle Market.\n     Panoramic View of Beyrouth, Syria, Showing Holiday Festivities.\n     Panoramic View of Monte Carlo.\n     Panoramic View of St. Pierre, Martinique.\n     Passengers Embarking from S. S. \u201cAugusta Victoria,\u201d at Beyrouth.\n     Pilot Leaving \u201cPrinzessen Victoria Luise\u201d at Sandy Hook.\n     Policemen\u2019s Prank on their Comrades.\n     Primitive Irrigation in Egypt.\n     Princeton and Yale Football Game.\n     Procession of Floats and Masqueraders at Nice Carnival.\n     Railroad Panorama Near Spanishtown, Jamaica.\n     Razzle Dazzle.\n     \u201cReliance\u201d and \u201cShamrock\u201d III Jockeying and Starting in First Race.\n     \u201cReliance\u201d Crossing the Line and Winning First Race.\n     Rube and Fender.\n     Rube and Mandy at Coney Island.\n     Scrap in Black and White.\n     Seashore Frolics.\n     Shearing a Donkey in Egypt.\n     69th Regiment, N.G.N.Y.\n     Skyscrapers of New York City, from the North River.\n     Sorting Refuse at Incinerating Plant, New York City.\n     Steamscow \u201cCinderella\u201d and Ferryboat \u201cCincinnati.\u201d\n     Still Alarm.\n     Street Car Chivalry.\n     Street Scene at Jaffa.\n     Subub Surprises the Burglar.\n     Throwing the Sixteen Pound Hammer.\n     Tourists Embarking at Jaffa.\n     Tourists Landing at Island of Capri, Italy.\n     Tourists Playing Shuffleboard on \u201cPrinzessen Victoria Luise.\u201d\n     Tourists Returning on Donkeys from Mizpah.\n     Tourists Starting on Donkeys for the Pyramids of Sakkarah.\n     Tourists Taking Water from the River Jordan.\n     Tub Race.\n     Turning the Tables.\n     Unappreciated Joke.\n     Uncle Tom\u2019s Cabin.\n     Under the Mistletoe.\n     Washing Clothes at Sicily.\n     West Indian Boys Diving for Money.\n     West Indian Girls in Native Dance.\n     Wharf Scene and Natives Swimming at St. Thomas, D. W. I.\n     What Happened in the Tunnel.\n     White Wings on Review.\n     Animated Painting.\n     Annual Baby Parade, 1904, Asbury Park, N. J.\n     Annual Parade, New York Fire Department.\n     Babe and Puppies.\n     Bad Boy\u2019s Joke on the Nurse.\n     Battle of Chemulpo Bay.\n     Boxing Horses, Luna Park, Coney Island.\n     Brush Between Cowboys and Indians.\n     Bucking Broncos.\n     Buster Brown Series.\n     Canoeing on the Charles River.\n     Capsized Boat.\n     Capture of Yegg Bank Burglars.\n     Casey\u2019s Frightful Dream.\n     Circular Panorama of the Horseshoe Falls in Winter.\n     City Hall to Harlem in 15 Seconds, via the Subway Route.\n     Cohen\u2019s Advertising Scheme.\n     Cop Fools the Sergeant.\n     Cowboys and Indians Fording River in a Wagon.\n     Crossing Ice Bridge at Niagara Falls.\n     Dog Factory.\n     Driving Cattle to Pasture.\n     Elephants Shooting the Chutes, Luna Park, Coney Island.\n     European Rest Cure.\n     Ex-Convict.\n     Fire and Flames at Luna Park, Coney Island.\n     Halloween Night at the Seminary.\n     Herding Horses Across a River.\n     Hold-Up in a Country Grocery Store.\n     How a French Nobleman Got a Wife Through the New York Herald\n        Personal Columns.\n     Ice Boating on the North Shrewsbury, Red Bank, N. J.\n     Ice Skating in Central Park, N. Y.\n     Inter-Collegiate Athletic Association Championships, 1904.\n     Inter-Collegiate Regatta, Poughkeepsie, New York.\n     Japanese Acrobats.\n     Judge Parker Receiving the Notification of His Nomination for the\n        Presidency.\n     Little German Band.\n     Maniac Chase.\n     Midnight Intruder.\n     Military Maneuvers, Manassas, Va.\n     Mining Operations, Pennsylvania Fields.\n     Miss Lillian Shaffer and Her Dancing Horse.\n     Nervy Nat Kisses the Bride.\n     Old Maid and Fortune Teller.\n     Opening Ceremonies, New York Subway, October 27, 1904.\n     Outing, Mystic Shriners, Atlantic City, New Jersey.\n     Panorama of Ruins from Baltimore and Charles Street.\n     Panorama of Ruins from Lombard and Charles Street.\n     Panorama of Ruins from Lombard and Hanover Streets, Baltimore, Md.\n     Panorama of Ruins from Water Front.\n     Parade, Mystic Shriners, Atlantic City, New Jersey. Parsifal.\n     Pollywogs 71st Regiment, N.G.S.N.Y. Initiating Raw Recruits.\n     Railroad Smashup.\n     Rounding Up and Branding Cattle.\n     Rounding Up of the \u201cYeggmen.\u201d\n     Rube Couple at a County Fair.\n     Scarecrow Pump.\n     Scenes in an Infant Orphan Asylum.\n     Section of Buster Brown Series, Showing a Sketch of Buster by\n        Outcault.\n     Skirmish Between Russian and Japanese Advance Guards.\n     Sleighing in Central Park, New York.\n     Sliding Down Ice Mound at Niagara Falls.\n     Strenuous Life.\n     Treloar and Miss Marshall, Prize Winners at the Physical Culture\n        Show in Madison Square Garden.\n     War Canoe Race.\n     Weary Willie Kidnaps a Child.\n     Western Stage Coach Hold Up.\n     Wifey\u2019s Mistake.\n     Boarding School Girls.\n     Burglar\u2019s Slide for Life.\n     Coney Island at Night.\n     Down on the Farm.\n     Drills and Exercises, Schoolship \u201cSt. Mary\u2019s.\u201d\n     Electric Mule.\n     Empire State Express, the Second, Taking Water on the Fly.\n     Everybody Works But Father.\n     Five Cent Trolley Ride.\n     Hippodrome Races, Dreamland, Coney Island.\n     How Jones Lost His Roll.\n     June\u2019s Birthday Party.\n     Kleptomaniac.\n     Life of an American Policeman.\n     Little Train Robbery.\n     Miller\u2019s Daughter.\n     Mystic Shriners\u2019 Day, Dreamland, Coney Island.\n     Night Before Christmas.\n     Opening of Belmont Park Race Course.\n     Phoebe Snow.\n     Poor Algy.\n     President Roosevelt\u2019s Inauguration.\n     Raffles, the Dog.\n     Scenes and Incidents, Russo-Japanese Peace Conference, Portsmouth,\n     Seven Ages.\n     Start of Ocean Race for Kaiser\u2019s Cup.\n     Stolen by Gypsies.\n     Train Wreckers.\n     Watermelon Patch.\n     White Caps.\n     Whole Dam Family and the Dam Dog.\n     Arriving Mahukona Express, Kohala, Hawaii.\n     Crowds Returning from the Games, Waikiki, H. I.\n     Dream of a Rarebit Fiend.\n     \u201cFloat,\u201d Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands.\n     Getting Evidence.\n     Hauling Sugar Cane, Kohala Plantation, Hawaii.\n     Hawaiians Arriving To Attend a Luau or Native Feast.\n     Hawaiians Departing To Attend a Luau or Native Feast.\n     Honeymoon at Niagara Falls.\n     How the Office Boy Saw the Ball Game.\n     Kanaka Fishermen Casting the Throw Net, Hilo, H. I.\n     Kathleen Mavourneen.\n     Life of a Cowboy.\n     Loading Sugar, Kahului, Maui, H. I.\n     Native Hawaiian Guards in Bayonet Exercises, H. I.\n     Pa-U Riders, Hawaiian Islands. Pano[ramic] View, Crater of\n        Haleakala, H. I.\n     Pano[ramic] View, Honolulu Harbor, H. I.\n     Pano[ramic] View, King St. Honolulu, H. I.\n     Pano[ramic] View, Oahu Railroad, Haleiwa, H. I.\n     Panoramic View, Oahu Railroad, Pearl Harbor, Hawaiian Islands.\n     Pano[ramic] View of Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, H. I.\n     Pano[ramic] View, Waikiki from an Electric Car, H. I. S. S. \u201cKinau\u201d\n        Landing Passengers, Laupahoihoi, H. I.\n     S. S. \u201cKinau\u201d Landing Passengers, Mahukona, Hawaii.\n     Scenes on a Sugar Plantation, Hawaiian Islands.\n     Shearing Sheep, Humunla Ranch, Hawaii.\n     Sheep Coming Through Chute, Humunla Ranch, Hawaii.\n     Shipping Cattle, Hawaihae, Hawaiian Islands.\n     Snapshots, Hawaiian Islands.\n     Surf Board Riders, Waikiki, Honolulu, H. I.\n     Surf Scene, Laupahoihoi, Hawaiian Islands.\n     Surf Scene, Waikiki, Honolulu, H. I.\n     Terrible Kids.\n     Three American Beauties.\n     Trip Through the Yellowstone Park, U. S. A.\n     Waiting at the Church.\n     Washing Sheep, Humunla Ranch, Hawaii.\n     Water Buffalo Wallowing, Hawaiian Islands.\n     Winter Straw Ride.\n     Cohen\u2019s Fire Sale.\n     Daniel Boone.\n     Fire Run, Colon Department Under Cocoanut Tree.\n     Jack the Kisser.\n     Jamaica Negroes Doing a Two-Step.\n     Lost in the Alps.\n     Machete Men Clearing a Jungle.\n     Making the Dirt Fly.\n     Nine Lives of a Cat.\n     Old Market Place, Panama.\n     Panorama from Columbus Point of Atlantic Entrance to the Canal.\n     Panorama, La Boca Harbor and Pacific Entrance to Canal.\n     Panorama of Culebra Cut.\n     Panorama Ruins of Old French Machinery.\n     Race for Millions.\n     Rivals.\n     Stage Struck.\n     Teddy Bears.\n     Three American Beauties.\n     U. S. Sanitary Squad Fumigating a House.\n EDISON [THOMAS A.] INC.\n     Adventures of a Baby.\n     A\u00efda.\n     All for the Love of a Lady.\n     April Fool.\n     At Jones\u2019 Ferry.\n     At the Threshold of Life.\n     Awakening of John Bond.\n     B.P.O.E.\u2014the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks Convention at\n        Atlantic City, July 10 to 15, 1911.\n     Baby of the Boarding House.\n     Baby\u2019s Fall.\n     Battle of Bunker Hill.\n     Battle of Trafalgar.\n     Betty\u2019s Buttons.\n     Between Two Fires.\n     Big Dam.\n     Black Arrow.\n     Bob and Rowdy.\n     Bo\u2019sun\u2019s Watch.\n     Brockton Fair and Horse Show.\n     Buckskin Jack, the Earl of Glenmore.\n     Buried Past.\n     Captain Nell.\n     Capture of Fort Ticonderoga.\n     Card of Introduction.\n     Cardinal\u2019s Edict.\n     Case of High Treason.\n     Child and the Tramp.\n     Christian and Moor.\n     Comedy of Understanding.\n     Conspiracy Against the King.\n     Crucial Test.\n     Crusader.\n     Cure for Crime.\n     Cure for Dyspepsia.\n     Daisy Cowboys.\n     Day at West Point Military Academy, New York.\n     Death of Nathan Hale.\n     Declaration of Independence.\n     Department Store.\n     Disreputable Mr. Raegen.\n     Doomed Ship.\n     Edna\u2019s Imprisonment.\n     Escaped Lunatic.\n     Eskimos in Labrador.\n     Eugene Wrayburn.\n     Fairie\u2019s Banquet.\n     Famous Duel.\n     Father\u2019s Dress Suit.\n     For the Queen.\n     Foul Play.\n     Friday, the 13th.\n     Ghost\u2019s Warning.\n     Girl and the Motor Boat.\n     Hair Restorer and the Indians.\n     Haunted Sentinel Tower.\n     Heart of Nichette.\n     Hearts and Flags.\n     Her Brother\u2019s Photograph.\n     Her Wedding Ring.\n     Heroes Three.\n     His First Trip.\n     His Misjudgment.\n     Home.\n     How Bella Was Won.\n     How Mrs. Murray Saved the American Army.\n     How Sir Andrew Lost His Vote.\n     How Spriggins Took Lodgers.\n     How the Hungry Man Was Fed.\n     How the Telephone Came to Town.\n     How Willie Raised Tobacco.\n     Icebergs off the Coast of Labrador.\n     In and Around Havana, Cuba.\n     In the Baggage Coach Ahead.\n     Inheritance.\n     International Heart-Breaker.\n     Island Comedy.\n     It Served Her Right.\n     Jim the Mule Boy.\n     John Brown\u2019s Heir.\n     Josh and Cindy\u2019s Wedding Trip.\n     Kid from the Klondyke [i.e., Klondike].\n     Launching of the Battleship \u201cRivadavia.\u201d\n     Leaves of a Romance.\n     Lesson Learned.\n     Life in the U. S. Army.\n     Lighthouse by the Sea.\n     Living Peach.\n     Logan\u2019s Babies.\n     Love and Hatred.\n     Love and the Stock Market.\n     Ludwig from Germany.\n     Lure of the City.\n     Madeline\u2019s Rebellion.\n     Mae\u2019s Suitors.\n     Maiden of the Piefaced Indians.\n     Man for All That.\n     Marvels of Horsemanship.\n     Mary\u2019s Masquerade.\n     Mike\u2019s Hero.\n     Minute Man.\n     Mistakes Will Happen.\n     Modern Cinderella.\n     Modern Dianas.\n     Modern Weapons For Fighting Fire, New York City.\n     Money To Burn.\n     Monsieur.\n     Nell\u2019s Last Deal.\n     New Church Carpet.\n     New York State Barge Canals.\n     Niece and the Chorus Lady.\n     Night of Terror.\n     No Cooking Allowed.\n     Off the Coast of Maine.\n     Old Family Bible.\n     Old Sweetheart of Mine.\n     Panama Canal in 1911.\n     Papa\u2019s Sweetheart.\n     Pat Clancy\u2019s Adventure.\n     Perilous Ride.\n     Polish and Pie.\n     Price of a Man.\n     Professor and the New Hat.\n     Pull for the Shore, Sailor.\n     Quarrel on the Cliff.\n     Question Mark.\n     Reform Candidate.\n     Resurrection of John.\n     Rise and Fall of Weary Willie.\n     Romance of the Cliff Dwellers.\n     Sailor\u2019s Love Letter.\n     Sane Fourth of July.\n     Santa Claus and the Club-Man.\n     Sheriff.\n     Sign of the Three Labels.\n     Silent Tongue.\n     Silver Threads Among the Gold.\n     Sir George and the Heiress.\n     Spirit of the Gorge.\n     Stage-Struck Lizzie.\n     Star Spangled Banner.\n     Stolen Dog.\n     Story of the Indian Ledge.\n     Strike at the Mines.\n     Stuff That Dreams Are Made of.\n     Summer Girl.\n     Surgeon\u2019s Temptation.\n     Switchman\u2019s Tower.\n     Test of Love.\n     That Winsome Winnie Smile.\n     Then You\u2019ll Remember Me.\n     Thoroughbred.\n     Three Musketeers.\n     Three of a Kind.\n     Trading His Mother.\n     Trapper\u2019s Five Dollar Bill.\n     Trip from Colorado Springs to Cripple Creek.\n     Troubles of a Butler.\n     Turned to the Wall.\n     Turning the Tables.\n     Twin Towers.\n     Two Heroes.\n     Two Officers.\n     Two White Roses.\n     Uncle Hiram\u2019s List.\n     Under the Tropical Sun.\n     Unfinished Letter.\n     Unknown Language.\n     Van Bibber\u2019s Experiment.\n     Venom of Poppy.\n     Wager and the Wage Earners.\n     Wedding Bell.\n     Who Gets the Order?\n     Willie Wise and His Motor Boat.\n     Winds of Fate.\n     Young Men\u2019s Christian Association.\n     Younger Brother.\n     After Many Days.\n     Aladdin Up-to-Date.\n     Alone in New York.\n     Angel and the Stranded Troupe.\n     Apple Pie.\n     Archibald Chubbs and the Widow.\n     Artist and the Brain Specialist.\n     Artist\u2019s Joke.\n     At the Point of the Sword.\n     Aunt Miranda\u2019s Cat.\n     Baby.\n     Bachelor\u2019s Waterloo.\n     Bank President\u2019s Son.\n     Believe Me If All Those Endearing Young Charms.\n     Benares and Agra, India.\n     Billie.\n     Blinks and Jinks, Attorneys at Law.\n     Boss of Lumber Camp No. 4.\n     Boy and the Girl.\n     Bridget\u2019s Sudden Wealth.\n     Butler and the Maid.\n     Calumet \u201cK.\u201d\n     Cashmere.\n     Charlie\u2019s Reform.\n     Children Who Labor.\n     Church and Country.\n     City of Denver, the Queen of the Plains.\n     City of Washington.\n     Close of the American Revolution.\n     Codfish Industry, Newfoundland.\n     Commuter\u2019s Wife.\n     Convict\u2019s Parole.\n     Corsican Brothers.\n     Cowboy\u2019s Stratagem.\n     Cub Reporter.\n     Curing the Office Boy.\n     Cynthia\u2019s Agreement.\n     Dam Builder.\n     Dangerous Lesson.\n     Dr. Brompton-Watts\u2019 Adjuster.\n     Dream Dances.\n     Dress Suits in Pawn.\n     Dumb Wooing.\n     Eddie\u2019s Exploit.\n     Eleanore Cuyler.\n     Escape from Bondage.\n     Every Rose Has Its Stem.\n     Everything Comes to Him Who Waits.\n     Father.\n     Father\u2019s Bluff.\n     Fifty Mile Ramble Through the Thousand Islands, St. Lawrence River.\n     For the Cause of the South.\n     For the Commonwealth.\n     For Valour.\n     Freezing Auntie.\n     Funeral That Flashed in the Pan.\n     Girl at the Key.\n     Girl from the Country.\n     Governor.\n     Grandfather.\n     Green-Eyed Monster.\n     Grouch.\n     Guilty Party.\n     Harbinger of Peace.\n     Hearts and Diamonds.\n     Heir Apparent.\n     Helping John.\n     Her Face.\n     Her Polished Family.\n     High Cost of Living.\n     His Daughter.\n     His Secretary.\n     Hogan\u2019s Alley.\n     Holding the Fort.\n     House with the Tall Porch.\n     How Bobby Joined the Circus.\n     How Father Accomplished His Work.\n     How Motion Pictures Are Made and Shown.\n     How Patrick\u2019s Eyes Were Opened.\n     How the Boys Fought the Indians.\n     How Washington Crossed the Delaware.\n     In His Father\u2019s Steps.\n     Incidents of the Durbar, Delhi, India.\n     Insurgent Senator.\n     Intelligent Camera.\n     Is He Eligible?\n     Jack and the Beanstalk.\n     Jam Closet.\n     Jewels.\n     Jim\u2019s Wife.\n     Kitty\u2019s Hold Up.\n     Lazy Bill Hudson.\n     Lead Kindly Light.\n     Librarian.\n     Lighthouse Keeper\u2019s Daughter.\n     Little Artist of the Market.\n     Little Bride of Heaven.\n     Little Delicatessen Store.\n     Little Girl Next Door.\n     Little Organist.\n     Little Woolen Shoe.\n     Lord and the Peasant.\n     Lost Kitten.\n     Lost\u2014Three Hours.\n     Lucky Dog.\n     Madame De Mode.\n     Man in the Making.\n     Man Who Made Good.\n     Manufacture of Paper, Maine.\n     Maple Sugar Industry at Thompson, Pa.\n     Marjorie\u2019s Diamond Ring.\n     Martin Chuzzlewit.\n     Mary Had a Little Lamb.\n     Mary in Stage Land.\n     Master and Pupil.\n     Max and Maurice.\n     Mine on the Yukon.\n     Mr. Pickwick\u2019s Predicament.\n     More Precious Than Gold.\n     Mother and Daughters.\n     My Double and How He Undid Me.\n     National Soldier\u2019s Home, Virginia.\n     Necklace of Crushed Rose Leaves.\n     Nerves and the Man.\n     New Editor.\n     New York Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Association.\n     New York Street Cleaning.\n     Niagara Falls.\n     Ninth International Red Cross Conference, Washington, D. C. May\n     Nurse.\n     Olympic Games of the Pittsburg Y.M.C.A.\n     One Thousand Miles Through the Rockies.\n     Opening of the Y.M.C.A. Island Playground, Lynchburg, 1912.\n     \u2019Ostler Joe.\n     Out of the Deep.\n     Partners for Life.\n     Passer-by.\n     Passing of J. B. Randell and Company.\n     Passion Flower.\n     Patent Housekeeper.\n     Pennsylvania State Police, Troop B.\n     Personal Affair.\n     Personally Conducted.\n     Picturesque Darjeeling, India.\n     Please Remit.\n     Prisoner of War.\n     Question of Seconds.\n     Relief of Lucknow.\n     Rescue, Care and Education of Blind Babies.\n     Revenge Is Sweet.\n     Romance of the Ice Fields.\n     Rowdy and His New Pal.\n     St. Johns, Newfoundland, and Its Surroundings.\n     Scenes in Delhi, India.\n     Shadow on the Blind.\n     Simla, India.\n     Sketch with the Thumb Print.\n     Spanish Cavalier.\n     Spring Log Driving.\n     Stolen Nickel.\n     Stranger and the Taxicab.\n     Street Beautiful.\n     Sunset Gun.\n     Target Practice of Atlantic Fleet, U. S. Navy.\n     Ten Days with a Fleet of U. S. Battleships.\n     Tenacious Solicitor.\n     Their Hero.\n     Thirty Days at Hard Labor.\n     To Save Her Brother.\n     Tommy\u2019s Geography Lesson.\n     Tony\u2019s Oath of Vengeance.\n     Treasure Island.\n     Triangle.\n     Two Flats.\n     Two Knights in a Barroom.\n     U. S. Volunteer Life Saving Corps, New York City.\n     Unusual Sacrifice.\n     Usurer\u2019s Grip.\n     Very Much Engaged.\n     Views in Calcutta, India.\n     Von Weber\u2019s Last Waltz.\n     War on the Mosquito.\n     Western Prince Charming.\n     Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.\n     When She Was About Sixteen.\n     Winnie\u2019s Dance.\n     Winter Logging in Maine.\n     Winter Visit to Central Park, New York City.\n     Wooden Indian.\n     Workman\u2019s Lesson.\n     Yarn of the Nancy Bell.\n EDISON MANUFACTURING COMPANY.\n     College Chums.\n     Laughing Gas.\n     Little Girl Who Did Not Believe in Santa Claus.\n     Midnight Ride of Paul Revere.\n     Trainer\u2019s Daughter.\n     Angel Child.\n     Animated Snowballs.\n     Army of Two.\n     Blue and the Gray.\n     Boston Tea Party.\n     Bridal Couple Dodging Cameras.\n     Bridge of Sighs.\n     Buying a Title.\n     Cocoa Industry, Trinidad, British West Indies.\n     Colonial Virginia.\n     Comedy in Black and White.\n     Country Girl\u2019s Seminary Life and Experiences.\n     Cowboy and the Schoolmarm.\n     Cupid\u2019s Pranks.\n     Curious Mr. Curio.\n     Devil.\n     Dumb Hero.\n     Ex-Convict No. 900.\n     Face on the Barroom Floor.\n     Fireside Reminiscences.\n     Fly Paper.\n     Fool for Luck.\n     Football Warrior.\n     Gentleman Burglar.\n     Heard over the Phone.\n     Honesty Is the Best Policy.\n     Ingomar.\n     Jester.\n     King\u2019s Pardon.\n     Lady or the Tiger.\n     Leprechaun.\n     Life\u2019s a Game of Cards.\n     Little Coxswain of the Varsity Eight.\n     Lord Feathertop.\n     Lost New Year\u2019s Dinner.\n     Love Will Find a Way.\n     Lover\u2019s Guide.\n     Lover\u2019s Telegraphic Code.\n     Merry Widow Waltz Craze.\n     Minstrel Mishaps.\n     Miss Sherlock Holmes.\n     Nellie, the Pretty Typewriter.\n     Nero and the Burning of Rome.\n     New Stenographer.\n     Old Maid\u2019s Temperance Club.\n     Painter\u2019s Revenge.\n     Persistent Suitor.\n     Pioneers Crossing the Plains in \u201949.\n     Playmates.\n     Pocahontas.\n     Rescued from an Eagle\u2019s Nest.\n     Romance of a War Nurse.\n     Sandy McPherson\u2019s Quiet Fishing Trip.\n     Saved by Love.\n     Sculptor\u2019s Welsh Rabbit Dream.\n     Skinny\u2019s Finish.\n     Stage Memories of an Old Theatrical Trunk.\n     Street Waif\u2019s Christmas.\n     Suburbanite\u2019s Ingenious Alarm.\n     Tale the Autumn Leaves Told.\n     Tale the Ticker Told.\n     Tales the Searchlight Told.\n     Ten Pickaninnies.\n     Turning Over a New Leaf.\n     Unexpected Santa Claus.\n     Voice from the Dead.\n     When Ruben Comes to Town.\n     Wifey\u2019s Strategy.\n     Yankee Man-o-Warsman\u2019s Fight for Love.\n     Absent-Minded Cupid.\n     Adventures of an Old Flirt.\n     Affair of Art.\n     All\u2019s Fair in Love.\n     Amateur William Tell.\n     Annual Celebration of School Children.\n     Apprentice Boys at Newport Naval Training Station.\n     Atlanta Automobile Speedway Races.\n     Bachelor\u2019s Supper.\n     Backward, Turn Backward, O Time, in Your Flight.\n     Bill, the Bill Poster.\n     Bird in a Gilded Cage.\n     Bluebeard.\n     Boots He Couldn\u2019t Lose.\n     Boyhood Dreams.\n     Bride and Groom\u2019s Visit to the Zoological Gardens.\n     Bridegroom\u2019s Dilemma.\n     Brothers in Arms.\n     Burglar Cupid.\n     Buying Manhattan.\n     Canadian Winter Carnival.\n     Cap of Fortune.\n     Casey\u2019s Jumping Toothache.\n     Caught by the Coupon Craze.\n     Child of the Forest.\n     Child\u2019s Prayer.\n     Closed Sunday.\n     Colored Stenographer.\n     Comedy and Tragedy.\n     Coward.\n     Cry from the Wilderness.\n     Cup of Tea and She.\n     Curfew Bell.\n     Dangerous Pair.\n     Dash to Death.\n     Daughter of the Sun.\n     Doctored Dinner Pail.\n     Drawing the Color Line.\n     Duel in Mid-Air.\n     Egyptian Mystery.\n     Ethel\u2019s Luncheon.\n     Expert Glass Blowing.\n     Fallen Idol.\n     Far from the Madding Crowd.\n     Father\u2019s First Half-Holiday.\n     Faust.\n     Fenton of the 42nd.\n     Fishing Industry at Gloucester, Mass.\n     Fox Hunt.\n     Furnished Rooms To Let.\n     Fuss and Feathers.\n     Gift from Santa Claus.\n     Great Game.\n     Hansel and Gretel.\n     Happy Accident.\n     Hard To Beat.\n     He Wouldn\u2019t Go Under a Ladder.\n     Heart of a Clown.\n     His Masterpiece.\n     Hold-up, Held up.\n     House of Cards.\n     How the Landlord Collected His Rents.\n     How the Tramp Got the Lunch.\n     Imp of the Bottle.\n     In the Days of Witchcraft.\n     Interrupted Joy Ride.\n     Janitor\u2019s Bottle.\n     Keeper of the Light.\n     Knight for a Night.\n     Laddie.\n     Landlady\u2019s Portrait.\n     Left Out.\n     Legend of Sterling Keep.\n     Little Miss Moffit and Simian Stone.\n     Little Shepherd of Tumbling Run.\n     Little Sister.\n     Lochinvar.\n     Lost Handbag.\n     Lost Invitation.\n     Love and War.\n     Love Is Blind.\n     Love\u2019s Sacrifice.\n     Lunatics in Power.\n     McGinty\u2019s Sudden Rise.\n     Making of Honey.\n     Man with Three Wives.\n     Man Without a Country.\n     Marie Dressler.\n     Mary Jane\u2019s Lovers.\n     Midnight Supper.\n     Minister\u2019s Daughter.\n     Mischievous Elf.\n     Missionary and the Maid.\n     Modest Young Man.\n     Mother Goose.\n     Mulligan\u2019s Waterloo.\n     My Lord in Livery.\n     New Life.\n     New Policeman.\n     Oh, Rats!\n     On the Western Frontier.\n     100 Per Cent Jealousy.\n     Ordeal.\n     Origin of Beethoven\u2019s Moonlight Sonata.\n     Other Fellow.\n     Pagan and Christian.\n     Parted on Their Honeymoon.\n     Patience of Miss Job.\n     Pony Express.\n     Price of a Soul.\n     Prince and the Pauper.\n     Professor Fix Fixed.\n     Road to Love.\n     Romance of Old Madrid.\n     Rose of the Tenderloin.\n     Rural Tragedy.\n     Saleslady\u2019s Matinee Idol.\n     Sandman.\n     Secret of the Locket.\n     See a Pin and Pick It Up, All That Day You\u2019ll Have Good Luck.\n     Simple Home Dinner.\n     Somnambulistic Hero.\n     Squeedunk Sherlock Holmes.\n     Star of Bethlehem.\n     Strolling Players.\n     Suffer Little Children ... For Such Is the Kingdom of Labor.\n     Taking His Photograph.\n     Temptation.\n     Their Social Education.\n     Then and Now.\n     Three Kisses.\n     Three Thanksgivings.\n     \u2019Tis Now the Very Witching Time of Night.\n     Tobacco Edict, Old New York, 1648.\n     Tobacco Mania.\n     True Love Never Runs Smoothly.\n     Two of a Kind.\n     Unappreciated Genius.\n     Uncle Tom Wins.\n     Under Northern Skies.\n     Unsuccessful Substitution.\n     Up the Ladder with Tom Bowline.\n     Uplifting of Mr. Barker.\n     Wallace Jewels.\n     Web of Fate.\n     What the Cards Foretold.\n     Where Is My Wandering Boy Tonight?\n     Whitler\u2019s Witless Wandering.\n     Whole World Kin.\n     Who\u2019s Who.\n     Why Girls Leave Home.\n     Wife\u2019s Ordeal.\n     Winter\u2019s Tale.\n     Wonderful Electro-Magnet.\n     Wood-Chopper\u2019s Child.\n     Worm Will Turn.\n     Wright Brothers\u2019 Aeroplane.\n     Accidents Will Happen.\n     Adoption.\n     Alice\u2019s Adventures in Wonderland.\n     All on Account of a Laundry.\n     Almost a Hero.\n     Amateur Night.\n     Arms and the Woman.\n     Ashes.\n     Attack on the Mill.\n     Bad Man from Riley\u2019s Gulch.\n     Bear Hunt in the Rockies.\n     Bellringer\u2019s Daughter.\n     Big Scoop.\n     Bottles\u2019 Baby.\n     Boy Scouts of America in Camp at Silver Bay, Lake George, N. Y.\n     Bradford\u2019s Claim.\n     Breach of Discipline.\n     Bumptious As a Fireman.\n     Bumptious As an Aviator.\n     Bumptious Plays Baseball.\n     Bumptious Takes Up Automobiling.\n     Captain\u2019s Bride.\n     Capture of the Burglar.\n     Carminella.\n     Carrie De Mar.\n     Case of Identity.\n     Central American Romance.\n     Christmas Carol.\n     Chuncho Indians of the Amazon River, Peru.\n     Cigarette Maker of Seville.\n     Coquette.\n     Cowpuncher\u2019s Glove.\n     Daughter of the Mines.\n     Drowsy Dick, Officer No. 73.\n     Eldora, the Fruit Girl.\n     Eleventh Hour.\n     Engineer\u2019s Romance.\n     Equal to the Emergency.\n     Equine Hero.\n     Family of Vegetarians.\n     Farmer\u2019s Daughter.\n     Footlights on the Farm.\n     For Her Sister\u2019s Sake.\n     Fortune\u2019s Fool.\n     Frankenstein.\n     From the Arctics to the Tropics.\n     From Tyranny to Liberty.\n     Frontier Hero.\n     Fruit Growing, Grand Valley, Colorado.\n     Gallegher.\n     Georgia Possum Hunt.\n     Great Ball Game Between the East and West.\n     Great Secret.\n     Greater Love.\n     Heart of the Rose.\n     Her First Appearance.\n     His First Valentine.\n     His Just Deserts.\n     His Mother\u2019s Thanksgiving.\n     His New Family.\n     History Repeats Itself.\n     House of the Seven Gables.\n     House on the Hill.\n     How Bumptious Papered the Parlor.\n     How the Squire Was Captured.\n     In the Nick of Time.\n     Into the Jaws of Death.\n     It Pays To Advertise.\n     Japanese Peach Boy.\n     Jar of Cranberry Sauce.\n     Joke They Played on Bumptious.\n     Judgment of the Mighty Deep.\n     Key of Life.\n     King Cotton.\n     Lady and the Burglar.\n     Lassie\u2019s Birthday.\n     Lazy Farmer Brown.\n     Life of a Salmon.\n     Little Fiddler.\n     Little Station Agent.\n     Livingston Case.\n     Lost and Regained.\n     Love and Marriage in Posterland.\n     Love and the Law.\n     Love Drops.\n     Luck of Roaring Camp.\n     Man Under the Bed.\n     Man Who Learned.\n     Man with the Weak Heart.\n     Michael Strogoff.\n     \u2019Mid the Cannon\u2019s Roar.\n     Miner and Camille.\n     Miniature.\n     Mr. Bumptious on Birds.\n     More Than His Duty.\n     Moths and the Flame.\n     Mountain Blizzard.\n     Mountain Maid.\n     Mule Driver and the Garrulous\n     Mute.\n     My Milliner\u2019s Bill.\n     New York of Today.\n     Old Loves and the New.\n     Old Silver Mine in Peru.\n     Onoko\u2019s Vow.\n     Out of the Night.\n     Over Mountain Passes.\n     Panoramic Railway View from Front of Train.\n     Pardners.\n     Parson\u2019s Umbrella.\n     Peg Woffington.\n     Pickaninny and the Pup.\n     Piece of Lace.\n     Pigs Is Pigs.\n     Police Force of New York City.\n     President\u2019s Special.\n     Princess and the Peasant.\n     Queen of the Burlesque.\n     Ranson\u2019s Folly.\n     Ready in a Minute.\n     Red Cross Seal.\n     Riders of the Plains.\n     Right Decision.\n     Romance of Hefty Burke.\n     St. George and the Dragon.\n     Sandy, the Substitute.\n     Sea Waves.\n     Senator and the Suffragettes.\n     Ship\u2019s Husband.\n     Shyness of Shorty.\n     Sisters.\n     Skipper\u2019s Yarn.\n     Song That Reached His Heart.\n     Stars and Stripes.\n     Stenographer\u2019s Friend.\n     Stolen Claim.\n     Stolen Father.\n     Stuff That Americans Are Made of.\n     Suit Case Mystery.\n     Surprise Party.\n     Swiss Guide.\n     Tale of Two Coats.\n     That Girl of Dixon\u2019s.\n     Through the Clouds.\n     Toymaker, the Doll and the Devil.\n     Trip over the Rocky and Selkirk Mountains in Canada.\n     Trip to Mars.\n     Troop B, 15th U. S. Cavalry Bareback Squad in the Monkey Drill at\n        Fort Myer, Virginia.\n     Unexpected Reward.\n     United States Life-Saving Drills.\n     U. S. Submarine \u201cSalmon.\u201d\n     Unselfish Love.\n     Vacation in Havana.\n     Valet\u2019s Vindication.\n     Victim of Bridge.\n     Warrior Bold.\n     Wedding Trip from Montreal Through Canada to Hong Kong.\n     Western Romance.\n     Winning of Miss Langdon.\n     Wireless Romance.\n     With Bridges Burned.\n     Woman\u2019s Strategy.\n     Yorkshire School.\n     Black Bordered Letter.\n     Bumptious As Romeo.\n     Doctor.\n     Eventful Evening.\n     Fire Department of New York City.\n     Gardener\u2019s Ladder.\n     Her First Commission.\n     Home of the Seal.\n     In the Days of Chivalry.\n     Iron Master.\n     Link That Held.\n     Lover and the Count.\n     Mike the Miser.\n     Mr. Bumptious, Detective.\n     Price of Victory.\n     Rajah.\n     Ransom of Red Chief.\n     Rival Candidates.\n     Rival Sculptors.\n     Selling Old Master.\n     Sleep, Gentle Sleep.\n     Stage Romance.\n     Test of Friendship.\n     Try Out.\n     Two Valentines.\n     Uncle\u2019s Birthday Gift.\n     Western Night.\n     With Interest to Date.\n     Writing on the Blotter.\n ENGADINE AMUSEMENT COMPANY.\n     Queen Elizabeth.\n ESSANAY FILM MANUFACTURING COMPANY.\n     Hank and Lank.\n     Goodfellow\u2019s Christmas Eve, A-H.\n EUREKA FEATURE FILM COMPANY.\n     Evil Art.\n FEATURE FILMS SALES COMPANY, LTD.\n     Carmen.\n FRENCH-AMERICAN FILM COMPANY.\n     Dame Aux Camelias.\n     Mme. Sans-Gene.\n GAUMONT (L.) AND COMPANY.\n     How To Disperse the Crowd.\n     Pierrot, Murderer.\n GAUMONT COMPANY.\n     Eyes That Saw.\n HARBECK, WILLIAM H.\n     Round-Up, Pendleton, Oregon.\n     Panoramic Views of Alaska in Animated Maps.\n IMP FILMS COMPANY.\n     After Many Years.\n     All a Mistake.\n     All for Her.\n     Art Of Making Silver Plate.\n     Beat at His Own Game.\n     Bradhurst Field Club 4 Mile Run.\n     Breach of Promise.\n     Breakdown.\n     Broken Lease.\n     Brown Moves to Town.\n     Building the Greatest Dam in the World.\n     Call of the Drum.\n     Cave Man\u2019s Wooing.\n     Change of Stripes.\n     Chef\u2019s Downfall.\n     Classical Dances by Countess de Swirsky.\n     Clown\u2019s Triumphs.\n     Cotton Industry.\n     Day on a Buffalo Ranch.\n     Deserted Shaft.\n     Dove and the Serpent.\n     English Stag Hunt.\n     False to Both.\n     Far from the Beaten Track.\n     Flag of Distress.\n     Helping Hand.\n     Henpecked Ike.\n     Home Strike Breakers.\n     How She Married.\n     I Wish I Had a Girl.\n     Ice Boating on Shrewsbury River.\n     Immigrant\u2019s Violin.\n     Jim\u2019s Atonement.\n     John Smith, Barber.\n     Kid and the Sleuth.\n     Lady Audley\u2019s Secret.\n     Land of Promise.\n     Leap for Love.\n     Let Willie Do It.\n     Loan Shark.\n     Lonesome Miss Wiggs.\n     Lure of the Picture.\n     Maid\u2019s Stratagem.\n     Man from the West.\n     Melodrama of Yesterday.\n     Millionaire for a Day.\n     Modern Highwayman.\n     O\u2019Brien\u2019s Busy Day.\n     On the Shore.\n     Our Baby.\n     Percy Learns To Dance.\n     Peril.\n     Piece of Ambergris.\n     Power of Conscience.\n     Race in Savannah.\n     Reflections from the Firelight.\n     Rescued by Wireless.\n     Rhoda Royal\u2019s Trained Horses.\n     Right Clue.\n     Romance of an Old Maid.\n     Rose of California.\n     Scenic Yellowstone Park.\n     Section Foreman.\n     Shamus O\u2019Brien.\n     Squnk City Fire Co.\n     Staff of Age.\n     Tables Turned.\n     Tankville Constable.\n     Tea Industry.\n     Tempted But True.\n     Thirst for Gold.\n     Through the Flames.\n     Timely Repentance.\n     U. S. Artillery Manoeuvers.\n     U. S. Cavalry Horses.\n     Up Against It.\n     Views of Los Angeles.\n     Where Paths Meet.\n     Who Wears Them?\n     Worth of a Man.\n INDEPENDENT MOVING PICTURE COMPANY.\n     Aggressor.\n     As a Boy Dreams.\n     Battle of the Wills.\n     Behind the Times.\n     Better Way.\n     Bi-Centennial Celebration at Mobile.\n     Bicycle Bug\u2019s Dream.\n     Bill Taft.\n     Billy Seance.\n     Biting Business.\n     Boy\u2019s Best Friend.\n     Breaking the Seventh Commandment.\n     Broke.\n     Brothers.\n     Bungalow Burglars.\n     By Registered Mail.\n     By the House That Jack Built.\n     Call of the Song.\n     Charlestown Hurricane and Flood.\n     Chasms.\n     Chinese Cruiser \u201cHai Chi.\u201d\n     Co-Ed Professor.\n     Dorothy\u2019s Family.\n     Dumb Messenger.\n     Duty.\n     Executive Clemency.\n     Falling Out.\n     Few Minutes with Steeplejack Lindholm.\n     From the Bottom of the Sea.\n     Girl and the Half Back.\n     Haunted House.\n     Her Birthday.\n     His Dress Shirt.\n     His Royal Highness.\n     Interscholastic Run.\n     Just for Her.\n     King, the Detective.\n     Last of the G. A. R. Parade at Rochester.\n     Lessons to Husbands.\n     Lineman.\n     Little Leader.\n     Little Stocking.\n     Love in a Tepee.\n     Love Is Best.\n     Niagara Falls.\n     Old Class Reunion.\n     Old Peddler.\n     Over the Hills.\n     Pair of Gloves.\n     Percy the Masher.\n     Professor.\n     Quarter After Two.\n     Sentinel Asleep.\n     Skating Bug.\n     Story of the Rose.\n     Through the Air.\n     Through the Dells of Wisconsin.\n     Tony and the Stork.\n     Toss of a Coin.\n     \u2019Tween Two Loves.\n     Uncle Pete\u2019s Ruse.\n     Uncle\u2019s Visit.\n     Views of Hot Springs, Ark.\n     Waif.\n     Waiting at the Church.\n     Why the Check Was Good.\n     Wife\u2019s Awakening.\n     Back to His Own Home Town.\n     His New Wife.\n     In the Northern Woods.\n     Playing the Game.\n     Trinity.\n     Winning Miss.\n INTERNATIONAL FILM COMPANY.\n     Old Pier and Waves.\n     Street Parade.\n     West Point Cadet Cavalry Charge.\n     West Point Cadet Cavalry Drill.\n J AND J COMPANY.\n     Jeffries-Johnson World\u2019s Championship Boxing Contest, Held at Reno,\n JOHNSON FLYNN FEATURE FILM COMPANY.\n     Jack Johnson and Jim Flynn Up-to-Date.\n JONES, CHARLES J.\n     Buffalo Bull Fight.\n     Lion Hunt.\n     Whipping Bear.\n KALEM COMPANY.\n     Jesus of Nazareth.\n KANAWHA FILM COMPANY.\n     World\u2019s Championship Bull Fight.\n KEARTON (CHERRY) LTD.\n     Roosevelt in Africa.\n KITSEE, ISIDOR.\n     Multiple Applause.\n     Single Applause.\n KLEINSCHMIDT AND LANE.\n     Carnegie Museum Expedition, 1911.\n LAEMMLE, CARL.\n     Paul J. Rainey\u2019s African Hunt.\n LUBIN, SIEGMUND.\n     Unveiling of the Washington Monument.\n     American Soldiers Defeating Filipinos Near Manilla [i.e. Manila].\n     Battle Flag of the 10th Penna. Vols. Carried in the Philippines.\n     Battle of San Juan.\n     Haunted House.\n     Reproduction of the Corbett and Jeffries Fight.\n     Reproduction of the FitzSimmons-Jeffries Fight in Eleven Rounds\n        Showing the Knock Out.\n     Reproduction of the Jeffries and Corbett Fight.\n     Reproduction of the Jeffries and Ruhlin Fight.\n     Reproduction of the Jeffries and Sharkey Fight.\n     Reproduction of the Kid McCoy and Peter Maher Fight.\n     Reproduction of the Pedlar Palmer and Terry McGovern Fight.\n     Reproduction of the Peter Maher and Kid McCoy Fight.\n     Reproduction of the Ruhlin and Jeffries Fight.\n     Reproduction of the Sharkey and Jeffries Fight.\n     Reproduction of the Terry McGovern and Pedlar Palmer Fight.\n     Trial of Captain Dreyfuss at Rennes, France.\n     Trip to the Moon.\n     Why Krausmyer Can\u2019t Sleep.\n     Wonder, Ching Ling Foo.\n     Life Motion Photographs of the FitzSimmons and Ruhlin Fight.\n     Reproduction of the Corbett and McCoy Fight.\n     Reproduction of the FitzSimmons and Sharkey Fight.\n     Reproduction of the Jeffries and Corbett Fight.\n     Reproduction of the McGovern and Dixon Fight.\n     Reproduction of the Olsen and Roeber Wrestling Match.\n     Reproduction of the Sharkey and FitzSimmons Fight.\n     Sapho.\n     Affair of Honor.\n     Cook\u2019s Revenge.\n     Esquimaux Village.\n     Evolution of Man\u2014an Educated Chimpanzee.\n     Extension Wardrobe.\n     Fun in a Chinese Laundry.\n     Good Joke.\n     Lubin\u2019s Animated Drop-Curtain Announcing Slides.\n     Mine Explosion and What Followed.\n     Mrs. Nation & Her Hatchet Brigade.\n     Ostrich Farm.\n     Panorama of a Philippine Village.\n     Photographer\u2019s Mishap.\n     Tramp\u2019s Nap Interrupted.\n     Twelve in a Barrel.\n     Two Rubes at the Theatre.\n     Who Said Chicken?\n     Babes in the Wood.\n     Beauty and the Beast.\n     Dear Old Stars and Stripes, Goodbye.\n     Every Day Is Sunshine When the Heart Beats True.\n     Goody, Goody Two Shoes.\n     Gulliver\u2019s Travels.\n     Hickery, Dickery Dock.\n     In the Kingdom of Fairyland.\n     Jack and Jill.\n     Jack and the Beanstalk.\n     Little Miss Muffet.\n     Little Snowdrop.\n     Little Tom Thumb.\n     Mary Had a Little Lamb.\n     Old Mother Hubbard.\n     Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe.\n     Only a Soldier Boy.\n     Outcast and the Bride.\n     Puss in Boots.\n     Reynard the Fox.\n     Rip Van Winkle.\n     Robinson Crusoe.\n     Sleeping Beauty.\n     Snow White.\n     Swiss Family Robinson.\n     Ten Nights in a Barroom.\n     Three Bears.\n     Three Little Pigs.\n     Tom, Tom, the Piper\u2019s Son.\n     Trick Magic Lantern.\n     Trip to Mars.\n     Uncle Tom\u2019s Cabin.\n     Valentine and Orson.\n     Who Killed Cock Robin?\n     Condemnation of Faust.\n     Gambler\u2019s Life and End.\n     Great Train Robbery.\n     Kidnapped Child.\n     Life of an American Soldier.\n     Lost Child.\n     Meet Me at the Fountain.\n     New Version of \u201cPersonal.\u201d\n     Sign of the Cross.\n     Stage Struck.\n     Counterfeiters.\n     Dog Lost, Strayed or Stolen, $25.00 Reward. Apply to Mrs. Brown,\n     Evolution of the Japanese.\n     Fake Blind Man.\n     Fire in New York\u2019s Bowery.\n     Fun on the Farm.\n     Highway Robbery.\n     Impersonation of Britt-Nelson Fight.\n     Impersonation of the FitzSimmons-O\u2019Brien Fight.\n     Meet Me Down at Luna, Lena.\n     Photographed for the Rogue\u2019s Gallery.\n     Pirates.\n     Policeman\u2019s Pall [sic].\n     Shipwreck on High Sea.\n     Sins and Sorrows of a Great City.\n     Sweet Kiss.\n     Through the Matrimonial Agency.\n     Tramp\u2019s Revenge.\n     Why the Cook Was Not Fired.\n     Bank Defaulter.\n     Clown\u2019s Adventures.\n     Great Mail Robbery.\n     Impersonation of Gans-Nelson Fight.\n     Lost Hat: He Got It Alright (All Right).\n     Nelson-McGovern Fight.\n     Night Off.\n     Reproduction of Nelson-Gans Fight.\n     Rescued by Carlo.\n     River Pirates.\n     San Francisco Disaster.\n     Snake Hunting.\n     Thrilling Detective Story.\n     Trading Stamp Craze.\n     Two Seedy Rubes: They Have a Hot Time in the Old Town.\n     Wanted\u2014a Husband.\n     Wishbone.\n     Wreckers of the Limited Express.\n     Actor Annoys the Boarders.\n     Amateur Champion.\n     And the Dog Came Back.\n     Animated Dummy.\n     Bargain Sales.\n     Baxter\u2019s Brain Storm.\n     Blacksmith\u2019s Daughter.\n     Bogus Lord.\n     Breeze from the West.\n     Capital Joke, But Why Didn\u2019t He Laugh?\n     Caught with the Goods.\n     Cleptomaniac [i.e., Kleptomaniac].\n     Easy Money.\n     Elk\u2019s Parade.\n     Enchanted Mattress.\n     Family Outing.\n     First Quarrel.\n     Fortune Teller.\n     Foundling.\n     Gay Old Boy.\n     Gypsy\u2019s Revenge.\n     How Jones Saw the Baseball Game.\n     How the Masher Was Punished.\n     If Wm. Penn Came to Life.\n     Indian\u2019s Friendship.\n     Inquisitive Girl.\n     Interrupted Outing.\n     Jamestown Naval Review.\n     Jimmie, the Messenger Boy.\n     John D. and the Reporter.\n     Just Married.\n     Kohn\u2019s Bad Luck.\n     Life of an Oyster.\n     Lucky Jim.\n     Making of a Modern Newspaper.\n     Miraculous Eggs.\n     Misunderstanding.\n     Moses Sells a Collar Button.\n     Mother\u2019s Dream.\n     Neighbors Who Borrow.\n     Nervy Jim and the Cop.\n     New Apprentice.\n     New Arrival.\n     Night at the Gayety.\n     Oh Me, Oh My.\n     Only Kids.\n     Parson of Henry Gulch.\n     Pay Train Robbery.\n     Philadelphia New Year Shooters.\n     Ringmaster\u2019s Wife.\n     Roasted Chestnuts.\n     Scheme That Failed.\n     Sleepy Cop.\n     Smuggled into America.\n     Through Darkness to Light.\n     Too Much Mother-in-Law.\n     Unwritten Law: a Thrilling Drama Based on the Thaw-White Case.\n     Wanted: A Husband.\n     When Women Vote.\n     Who\u2019s Boss of the House?\n     Winter Day in the Country.\n     Acrobatic Pills.\n     Adventures of Mr. Troubles.\n     All on Account of a Butterfly.\n     Amateur Hypnotist.\n     And a Little Child Shall Lead Them.\n     Animated Dummy.\n     Artist\u2019s Model Wanted.\n     Aunt Emmy\u2019s Scrap Book.\n     Auntie Takes the Children to the Country.\n     Automatic Laundry.\n     Bachelor\u2019s Wedding Bells.\n     Bank Messenger.\n     Beg Pardon.\n     Bitter Lesson.\n     Blind Boy.\n     Bloodstone.\n     Bride\u2019s Dream.\n     Broken Heart.\n     Burglar\u2019s Ball.\n     Burglar\u2019s Child.\n     Button, Button, Where Is the Button?\n     Captain Molly.\n     Cause of All the Trouble.\n     Charley\u2019s Ma-in-Law.\n     Circus Boy.\n     Clown.\n     Cotton Industry of the South.\n     Count of No Account.\n     Country Girl in Philadelphia.\n     Criminal\u2019s Daughter.\n     Cross Road.\n     Crushed Tragedian.\n     Curse of Gold.\n     Dancing Fiend.\n     Dick\u2019s Sister.\n     Do It Now.\n     Dr. Curem\u2019s Patients.\n     Drink Cure.\n     Driven from Home.\n     Engineer.\n     Face at the Window.\n     Faithful Wife.\n     Fake Windstorm.\n     Falsely Accused.\n     Fatal Card.\n     Fatal Likeness.\n     Fatal Temptation.\n     Female Fire Department.\n     Fighting Parson.\n     Fluffy Ruffles.\n     Fool and His Money.\n     For His Sister\u2019s Sin.\n     Forged Will.\n     Forgotten Watch.\n     Gallant Knight.\n     Girl Across the Way.\n     Goebel Tragedy.\n     Gondolier\u2019s Daughter.\n     Great Jewel Robbery.\n     Hand of Fate.\n     Harlem Flats.\n     Hat of Fortune.\n     Have You Seen My Wife?\n     Heating Power.\n     Hebrew Fugitive.\n     Held for Ransom.\n     His Week\u2019s Wages.\n     Historical Parade.\n     Hobo\u2019s Dream.\n     Hobo\u2019s Revenge.\n     House of Terror.\n     House on the Bridge.\n     How a Pretty Girl Sold Her Hair Restorer.\n     How Happy Jack Got a Meal.\n     How Rastus Got His Pork Chops.\n     Hubby\u2019s Vacation.\n     I Rather Two Step Than Waltz.\n     Impossibilities.\n     In the Nick of Time.\n     Industrial Parade.\n     It Happened at Midnight.\n     It\u2019s Never Too Late To Mend.\n     Julius Caesar.\n     Key Under the Mat.\n     King\u2019s Diamond.\n     Lady Barbers.\n     Last Call.\n     Leo\u2019s Air Rifle.\n     Light at the Window.\n     Lighthouse Keeper\u2019s Daughter.\n     Little Bread Winners.\n     Little Coward.\n     Little Easter Fairy.\n     Little Rag Doll.\n     Love Germs.\n     Love Me, Love My Dog.\n     Love\u2019s Sweet Melody.\n     Lucky Horseshoe.\n     Lunch Time.\n     Madame Flirt\u2019s Manicure Parlor.\n     Magnetic Eye.\n     Magnetic Vapor.\n     Make Yourself at Home.\n     Masqueraders.\n     Meet Me at the Station.\n     Mephisto\u2019s Affinity.\n     Merry Widow Hat.\n     Midnight Express.\n     Military Parade, Founders Week Celebration, Philadelphia.\n     Miner\u2019s Daughter.\n     Mountaineer.\n     Mountaineer\u2019s Revenge.\n     Mysterious Phonograph.\n     Naval Parade.\n     Nearsighted Professor.\n     Neighborly Neighbors.\n     New Breakfast Food.\n     New Maid.\n     New Mirror.\n     New Way To Pay Debts.\n     New Year.\n     New Year\u2019s Gift.\n     Newsboy.\n     No Children Wanted.\n     Oh, My Feet.\n     Old Maid\u2019s Dream.\n     Old Maid\u2019s Parrot.\n     On the Stroke of Twelve.\n     Our Own Little Flat.\n     Outwitted by His Wife.\n     Pair of Spectacles.\n     Parent\u2019s Devotion.\n     Pawnbroker.\n     Persistency Wins.\n     Persistent Actor.\n     Persistent Trombonist.\n     Philadelphia, the Cradle of Liberty.\n     Pipe Dreams.\n     Policeman for an Hour.\n     Presidential Candidates 1909.\n     Press Gang.\n     Pursuit of a Suit.\n     Rain-Dear.\n     Rainmaker.\n     Redeemed from Sin.\n     Reproduction of Burns-Palmer Fight, London (England). February\n     Restored by Repentence.\n     Rivals for a Week.\n     Robbery of the Citizens\u2019 Bank.\n     Robbie\u2019s Pet Rat.\n     Romance of a Gypsy Camp.\n     Romance of the Fur Country.\n     Rube Goes to College.\n     Salome and the Devil To Pay.\n     Saloon Dance.\n     Saucy Sue.\n     Scenes from the Battlefield of Gettysburg, the Waterloo of the\n        Confederacy.\n     Secret.\n     See the Paint.\n     Sexton of Longwyn.\n     Sheath Gown.\n     Snowbird.\n     Something on His Mind.\n     Southern Romance of Slavery Days.\n     Stolen Flask.\n     Stop That Alarm.\n     Student\u2019s Prank.\n     Suicidal Poet.\n     Tale of a Pig.\n     Ten Minutes with Shakespeare.\n     Ticklish Man.\n     Tracked by a Woman.\n     Tribulations of a Photographer.\n     Troubles of a Stranded Actor.\n     Troubles of Too Ardent Admirers.\n     Two Brothers of the G. A. R.\n     Two Little Dogs.\n     Two Little Shoes.\n     Two Orphans of the G. A. R.\n     Two Sides of the Wall.\n     Unlucky Horseshoe.\n     Wanted\u2014a Military Man.\n     Washerwoman\u2019s Revenge.\n     Way They Fooled Dad.\n     Weary Willie\u2019s Revenge.\n     Western Romance in the Days of \u201949.\n     When Lips Are Sealed.\n     When Ma Goes Shopping.\n     When Our Ship Comes in.\n     Which Was the Happiest Time in Your Life?\n     White Chief.\n     Who Stole Jones\u2019 Wood.\n     Why He Signed the Pledge.\n     Willie\u2019s Party.\n     Woman Who Gambles.\n     Wrong Burglar.\n     Wrong Grip.\n     Wrong Overcoat.\n     Yiddisher Boy.\n     Blind Musician.\n     Carnival of Venice.\n     Day of the Dog.\n     Dime Novel Detective.\n     Game of Chess.\n     I\u2019ll Only Marry a Sport.\n     In the Land of Upsidedown.\n     Master of the Black Rock.\n     New Governess.\n     New Old Master.\n     Pass Key.\n     Photograph Habit.\n     Reforming a Husband.\n     Satan\u2019s Fan.\n     Silver Dollar.\n     Stow away.\n     Suit Case.\n     Talked to Death.\n     Taxidermist\u2019s Dream.\n     Uncle Reuben\u2019s Courtship.\n     Willie\u2019s Water Sprinkler.\n LUBIN MANUFACTURING COMPANY.\n     A B C\u2019s of the U. S. A.\n     After the Bachelors\u2019 Ball.\n     Are You the Man?\n     At the Dentist.\n     At the Weser (Song).\n     Awakening of Mr. Coon.\n     Bake That Chicken Pie.\n     Believe Me.\n     Blank Check.\n     Boys Will Be Boys.\n     Brain-Serum.\n     Bride Won by Bravery.\n     Buy Matches, Please.\n     Call of the Heart.\n     Children of the Sea.\n     Conjuror\u2019s Outing.\n     Conquering Hero.\n     Coon Town Parade.\n     Cork Leg Legacy.\n     Curing a Jealous Husband.\n     Curse of Gold.\n     Doctor\u2019s Bride.\n     Driven from Home.\n     Drunkard\u2019s Child.\n     Duet from Martha (Flotow).\n     Escaped Melody.\n     Faded Flowers.\n     Falling Arrow.\n     Fatal Flirtation.\n     Father\u2019s Glue.\n     Fighting Cigar.\n     Flossie\u2019s New Peach-Basket Hat.\n     Forecastle Tom.\n     Glimpses of Yellowstone Park.\n     Golden Lie.\n     Great Wrong Righted.\n     Guarding Angel.\n     Haunted Hat.\n     Help! Police!\n     Her Face Was Her Fortune.\n     Hiring a Girl.\n     His Little Girl.\n     House That Jack Built.\n     How Brown Got Married.\n     Hungry Actor.\n     Hypnotic Cure.\n     Innocent Bystander.\n     Inventions of an Idiot.\n     It Might Have Been Worse.\n     Just Reward.\n     Katrina\u2019s Valentine.\n     Life for a Life.\n     Lost Heir.\n     Mad Dog.\n     Mamma\u2019s Angel Child.\n     Measure for Measure.\n     Mennett [i.e., Menuett] (Mozart).\n     Mexican Bill.\n     Midnight Sons.\n     Mill Girl.\n     Mr. Inquisitive.\n     Montebank [sic].\n     My Friend, Mr. Dummy.\n     My Friend, the Indian.\n     Nearsighted Mary.\n     Newest Woman.\n     Officer McCue.\n     Old Army Chest.\n     Old Hall Clock.\n     Old Man\u2019s Bride.\n     Original Cohens.\n     Our Country in Arms.\n     Pagliacci (Leoncavallo).\n     Peaches and Cream.\n     Persistent Jane.\n     Puzzle-Mad.\n     Queen of the Ranch.\n     Right To Labor.\n     Romance of Engine 999.\n     Roommates.\n     School for Lovemaking.\n     She Would Be an Actress.\n     Sideboard Folding Bed.\n     Slip Powder.\n     Smile, Smile, Smile.\n     Smuggler\u2019s Daughter.\n     Sporting Blood.\n     There Never Was a Girl Like You.\n     Thirteenth at the Table.\n     Through Darkness to Light.\n     Through Jealousy.\n     Through Shadow to Sunshine.\n     Torero Song \u201cCarmen\u201d (Bizet).\n     Trovatore (Verdi).\n     True Patriot.\n     Two Cousins.\n     Under the Steam Hammer.\n     Unexpected Guest.\n     When the Flag Falls.\n     Why the Mail Was Late.\n     Wifey Away, Hubby at Play.\n     Woman Hater.\n     You\u2019ve Got To Love Me a Lot.\n MACFEE, EDWARD DANIEL, Jr.\n     American Fleet in Hampton Roads, 1909, After Girdling the Globe.\n MASKO FILM COMPANY.\n     Resurrection.\n MELIES [G.] INC.\n     True \u2019Till Death.\n MELIES, GEORGE.\n     Apparition.\n     Ballet Master\u2019s Dream.\n     Bob Kick, l\u2019Enfant Terrible.\n     Bob Kick, the Mischievous Kid.\n     Chauldron [i.e., Chaudron] Infernal.\n     Damnation of Faust.\n     10 Femmes dans un Parapluie.\n     Drawing Lesson.\n     Enchanted Well.\n     Enchanteur Alcrofrisbas.\n     Extraordinary Illusions.\n     Fairyland.\n     Faust aux Enfers.\n     Illusions Fantasmagoriques.\n     Infernal Caldron.\n     Inn Where No Man Rests.\n     Jack and Jim.\n     Jack Jaggs & Dum Dum.\n     Jacques et Jim.\n     Jupiter\u2019s Thunder-Bolts.\n     Lanterne Magique.\n     Magic Lantern.\n     Master Magician Alcrofrisbas.\n     Melomaniac.\n     Monster.\n     Mystical Flame.\n     Oracle of Delphi.\n     R\u00eave d\u2019un Maitre de Ballet.\n     Revenant.\n     Spiritualist Photographer.\n     10 Ladies in an Umbrella.\n     Tom Tight et Dum-Dum.\n     Tonnerre de Jupiter.\n     Witch\u2019s Revenge.\n     Animated Costumes.\n     Apparitions Fugitives.\n     Astonishing Frame.\n     Au Clair de la Lune.\n     Barber of Sevilla.\n     Christmas Angel.\n     Clock Maker\u2019s Dream.\n     Cook in Trouble.\n     Faust et Marguerite.\n     Firefall.\n     Fugitive Apparitions.\n     Grotto of Surprises.\n     Imperceptible Transmutations.\n     Impossible Voyage.\n     Mermaid.\n     Moonlight Serenade.\n     Pr\u00eat\u00e9 pour un Rendu.\n     R\u00eave de L\u2019Horloger.\n     Roi du Maquillage.\n     Simple Simon\u2019s Surprise Party.\n     Sirene.\n     Sorcellerie Culinaire.\n     Terrible Bourreau Turc.\n     Terrible Turkish Executioner.\n     Tit for Tat.\n     Untamable Whiskers.\n     Vanishing Lady.\n     Wandering Jew.\n     Wedding by Correspondence.\n     Wonderful Rose Tree.\n     Angler\u2019s Nightmare.\n     Automobile Chase.\n     Black Imp.\n     Chloroform Fiends.\n     Crazy Composer.\n     Crystal Casket.\n     Enchanted Sedan-Chair.\n     King of Sharpshooters.\n     Life Saving Up-to-Date.\n     Lilliputian Minuet.\n     Living Playing Cards.\n     Mr. Dauber & the Mystifying Picture.\n     Palace of the Arabian Nights.\n     Scheming Gambler\u2019s Paradise.\n     Stop Thief!\n     Tower of London.\n     Ulysses and Giant Polyphemus.\n     Unexpected Fireworks.\n     Venetian Looking-Glass.\n     Chimney Sweep.\n     Desperate Crime.\n     Flirting by the Sea Side.\n     Hilarious Posters.\n     Maestro Do-Mi-Sol-Do.\n     Merry Frolics of Satan.\n     Mix-Up in the Gallery.\n     Mysterious Retort.\n     Olden and New Style Conjuring.\n     Road Side Inn.\n     Soap Bubbles.\n     Spiritualistic Meeting.\n     Tramp and the Mattress-maker.\n     Who Looks, Pays.\n     Witch.\n     Angelic Servant.\n     Bakers in Trouble.\n     Bewildering Cabinet.\n     Chopin\u2019s Funeral March.\n     Delirium in a Studio.\n     Drink!\n     Eclipse.\n     Forester Made King.\n     Good Glue Sticks.\n     Hamlet.\n     How Bridget\u2019s Lover Escaped.\n     Mischievous Sketch.\n     New Death Penalty.\n     Robert Macaire and Bertrand Behind the Scene.\n     Rogues\u2019 Tricks.\n     Satan in Prison.\n     Seek and You Shall Find.\n     Shakespeare.\n     Sightseeing.\n     Skipping Cheese.\n     Story of Eggs.\n     Tunneling the Channel.\n     Under the Seas.\n     At the Hotel Mix-Up.\n     Broken Violin.\n     Buncoed Stage Johnnie.\n     Catholic Centennial Celebration.\n     Curiosity Punished.\n     Dream of an Opium Fiend.\n     Fake Diamond Swindler.\n     Forester\u2019s Remedy.\n     French Cops Learning English.\n     Fun with the Bridal Party.\n     Genii of Fire.\n     Good Luck of a Souse.\n     Grandmother\u2019s Story.\n     Helping Hand.\n     Honeymoon in a Balloon.\n     Humanity Through Ages.\n     Hunting the Teddy Bear.\n     In the Barber Shop.\n     In the Bogie Man\u2019s Cave.\n     Incident from Don Quixote.\n     Indian Sorcerer.\n     Justinian\u2019s Human Torches.\n     King and the Jester.\n     Knight of Black Art.\n     Little Peacemaker.\n     Lively Pranks with a Fake Python.\n     Long Distance Wireless Photography.\n     Love and Molasses.\n     Love Tragedy in Spain.\n     Lover\u2019s Hazing.\n     Magic of Catchy Songs.\n     Mischances of a Photographer.\n     Miser.\n     Mishaps of the New York-Paris Race.\n     Mistaken Identity.\n     Mystery of the Garrison.\n     Night with Masqueraders in Paris.\n     No Trifling with Love.\n     Not Guilty.\n     Old Footlight Favorite.\n     Oriental Black Art.\n     Pageant, Dedication, Festival.\n     Prophetess of Thebes.\n     Rude Awakening.\n     Sideshow Wrestlers.\n     Tricky Painter\u2019s Fate.\n     Two Crazy Bugs.\n     Two Talented Vagabonds.\n     Up-to-Date Clothes Cleaning.\n     Why That Actor Was Late.\n     Woes of Roller Skaters.\n     Wonderful Charm.\n     Cinderella Up-to-date.\n     Count\u2019s Wooing.\n     Fatal Ball.\n     For Sale\u2014a Baby.\n     For the Cause of Suffrage.\n     Fortune Favors the Brave.\n     Hypnotist\u2019s Revenge.\n     Living Doll.\n     Mrs. & Mr. Duff.\n     Red Star Inn.\n     Stolen Wireless.\n     Tumultuous Elopement.\n MILES BROTHERS.\n     Nelson-Britt Prize Fight.\n     Nelson-Britt Prize Fight for Lightweight Championship, San\n        Francisco, September 9th, 1905.\n     No Bill Peddlers Allowed.\n     Gans-Nelson Contest, Goldfield, Nevada, September 3rd, 1906.\n     Head-on Collision at Brighton Beach Race Track, July 4th, 1906.\n     O\u2019Brien-Burns Contest, Los Angeles, Cal., Nov. 26th, 1906.\n     Trip Down Mount Tamalpais.\n     International Contest for the Heavyweight Championship: Squires vs.\n        Burns, Ocean View, Cal., July 4th, 1907.\n     Jim Jeffries on His California Ranch.\n     Panorama, Crowds at Squires-Burns International Contest, from\n        Center of Ring, Colma, July 4th, 1907.\n     Panorama, Crowds at Squires-Burns International Contest, from\n        Moving Picture Stand, Colma, July 4th, 1907.\n     Shriners\u2019 Conclave at Los Angeles, Cal., May, 1907.\n     Squires, Australian Champion, in His Training Quarters.\n MONOPOL FILM COMPANY.\n     Dante\u2019s Inferno.\n     Homer\u2019s Odyssey.\n NATIONAL FILM DISTRIBUTING COMPANY.\n     Dante\u2019s Progress and Experiences Through Paradise.\n     Dante\u2019s Progress and Experiences Through Purgatory.\n     Paradise.\n     Purgatory.\n NEW YORK MOTION PICTURE COMPANY.\n     Battle of the Red Men.\n     Blazing the Trail.\n     Deserter.\n     Double Life.\n     His Nemesis.\n     Indian Massacre.\n     Last Resource.\n     Lieutenant\u2019s Last Fight.\n     Mysteries of Soul.\n     Snowball and His Pal.\n     War on the Plains.\n NEW YORK MOTION PICTURE COMPANY, INC.\n     Crisis.\n     Outcast.\n     Post Telegrapher.\n NORDISK FILMS COMPANY.\n     Flying Circus.\n OES, INGVALD C.\n     Aviator and the Journalist\u2019s Wife.\n     Ballet Dancer.\n     Dead Man\u2019s Child.\n     Girl Behind the Counter.\n     In the Hands of Imposters.\n     King\u2019s Power.\n     Lady Mary\u2019s Love.\n     Misguided Love.\n     Temptations of a Large City.\n     Victim of the Mormons.\n     Aeroplane Inventor.\n     Aviator\u2019s Generosity.\n     Black Chancellor.\n     Call of a Woman.\n     Convicts No. 10 and No. 13.\n     Dangerous Play.\n     Desdemona.\n     Fatal Lie.\n     Fire of Life.\n     Fisherman and His Sweetheart.\n     Homeless.\n     Little Railroad Queen.\n     Love and Friendship.\n     Love in the Tropics.\n     Midsummer-Tide.\n     Power of Love.\n     Rights of Youth.\n     Through Trials to Victory.\n     Two Convicts.\n     Vampire Dancer.\n     Vengeance.\n     When Passion Blinds Honesty.\n OKLAHOMA NATURAL MUTOSCENE COMPANY.\n     Bank Robbery.\n     Round-Up in Oklahoma.\n     Wolf Hunt.\n ORIENTAL FILM COMPANY.\n     Chinese Revolution.\n PALEY AND STEINER.\n     Avenging a Crime.\n     End of Camera Fiend.\n     Interrupted Flirtation.\n     Jolly Lawn Party.\n     Just Like a Girl.\n     Mischievous Boys.\n     Pumpkin Eater.\n     That Poor Insurance Man.\n     Tramp on a Farm.\n     Trials and Troubles of an Automobilist.\n     Two Is Company, Three a Crowd.\n     Willie\u2019s Vacation.\n     Around New York in 15 Minutes.\n     Bigamist.\n     Bridget\u2019s Troubles.\n     Burlesque Tramp Burglars.\n     Fisherman, Eels or Snakes.\n     He Got His Hat.\n     How Mr. Butt-in Benefits by Chauncey\u2019s Mishaps.\n     How She Loves Him.\n     Jack and Jill.\n     Life of the New York Policeman.\n     Lucky Wishbone.\n     Non-Union Bill-Poster.\n     Paperhanger in Trouble.\n     Three Jolly Dutchmen.\n     Tramp and Dump Cart.\n     Travels of a Lost Trunk.\n     Two Strenuous Rubes.\n POLYPHOS ELEKTRIZIT\u00c4TS GESELLSCHAFT M. B. H.\n     Kinematographic X-Ray Picture of a Human Stomach During Digestion,\n        Taken During One Inspiration.\n POWERS, P. A.\n     Price She Paid.\n     St. George and the Dragon.\n PRIEUR, R.\n     Queen of Criminals.\n RAISING THE MAINE FILM COMPANY.\n     Mystery of the Maine.\n     Floating of the Battleship Maine.\n SELIG, WILLIAM N.\n     Light Heavyweight Championship Contest Between Root and Gardner.\n     Pres. Roosevelt at the Dedication Ceremonies, St. Louis Exposition.\n     Attack on Port Arthur.\n     Battle off Chemulpo.\n     Torpedo Attack on Port Arthur.\n     Bandit King.\n     Girl from Montana.\n     His First Ride.\n     Masher.\n     Mishaps of a Baby Carriage.\n     One of the Finest.\n     Onion Fiend.\n     Roller Skate Craze.\n     Southern Romance.\n SELIG POLYSCOPE COMPANY.\n     Book Worm.\n     Western Justice.\n     Leopard Queen.\n     Coming of Columbus.\n SOCIETA ANONIMA AMBROSIO.\n     Last Lesson.\n     Last of the Frontignacs.\n SOCIETE FRANCAISE DES FILMS ET CINEMATOGRAPHES ECLAIR.\n     Auto Bandits of Paris.\n     Convicted by Hypnotism.\n     Fatality.\n     Mystery of the Bridge of Notre Dame.\n     Outcast Child.\n     Power of Destruction.\n     Rip Van Winkle.\n     Robin Hood.\n     Tom Butler\u2019s Mysterious Adventures.\n SPECIAL FEATURE FILM COMPANY.\n     Beulah Binford\u2019s Own Story.\n STROUD, W. J.\n     Bunch of Four Thousand Elk.\n     Bunch of One Thousand Elk.\n     Hunting Down a Wild Cat with Hounds.\n SWAIN, WILLIAM N.\n     International Automobile Races, Indianapolis.\n UNIVERSAL FILM MANUFACTURING COMPANY.\n     Adrift.\n     Big-Hearted Jim.\n     Blood Is Thicker Than Water.\n     Bull Fight in Nueva.\n     Case of Dynamite.\n     Caught in a Flash.\n     Child\u2019s Influence.\n     Clownland.\n     Cure That Failed.\n     Dividing Line.\n     Fanchon the Cricket.\n     Heart of a Gypsy.\n     Hindu\u2019s Prize.\n     His Madonna.\n     His Message.\n     His Other Self.\n     His Partner\u2019s Share.\n     His Punishment.\n     Holy City.\n     How Shorty Won Out.\n     In and Around Chicago.\n     In Old Tennessee.\n     In the Sewing.\n     Let No Man Put Asunder.\n     Love\u2019s Diary.\n     Making U. S. Currency.\n     Memories of a Pioneer.\n     Not Like Other Girls.\n     Nothing Shall Be Hidden.\n     Portugee Joe.\n     Presidential Possibilities.\n     Reunited by the Sea.\n     Rose Carnival.\n     Shot That Failed.\n     Shriner\u2019s Parade.\n     Soldier\u2019s Honor.\n     Traitor\u2019s Fate.\n     What a Woman Will Do.\n     White Savior.\n     Widow\u2019s Claim.\n     Wrong Weight.\n VITAGRAPH COMPANY OF AMERICA.\n     Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.\n     Black and White.\n     Burglar Bill.\n     Escape from Sing Sing.\n     Flags and Faces of all Races.\n     Green Goods Man.\n     License No. 13.\n     Man Wanted.\n     Monsieur Beaucaire.\n     Moving Day.\n     Newsboy.\n     Oh! You Dirty Boy!\n     Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman.\n     Servant Girl Problem.\n     Acrobatic Burglars.\n     All Aboard!\n     And the Villain Still Pursued Her.\n     Automobile Thieves.\n     Bryan\u2019s Reception in New York.\n     Dynamiting Ruins and Pulling Down Walls in San Francisco.\n     Flat Dwellers.\n     Foul Play.\n     Humorous Phases of Funny Faces.\n     Indian\u2019s Revenge.\n     Jail Bird and How He Flew.\n     Lost Collar Button.\n     Love vs. Title.\n     Man with the Ladder and the Hose.\n     Mid-Winter Night\u2019s Dream.\n     Modern Oliver Twist.\n     Mother in-Law.\n     Naval Review at Oyster Bay.\n     Nobody Works Like Father.\n     Oh! That Limburger.\n     Pals.\n     Please Help the Blind.\n     Post No Bills.\n     Prospectors.\n     Race for a Wife.\n     Secret Service.\n     Snapshot Fiend.\n     Amateur Night.\n     Athletic American Girls.\n     Awkward Man.\n     Baby Elephant.\n     Bad Man: a Tale of the West.\n     Bandits.\n     Bargain Fiend.\n     Bathing Under Difficulties.\n     Belle of the Ball.\n     Boy, the Bust and the Bath.\n     Bunco Steerers, and, How They Were Caught.\n     Burglar.\n     Burglar and the Baby.\n     Cast Up by the Sea.\n     Caught.\n     Clown\u2019s Love Story.\n     Crazy Quilt.\n     Curious Dream.\n     Deceiver.\n     Despatch Bearer.\n     Disintegrated Convict.\n     Double-Barreled Suicide.\n     Easterner.\n     Father\u2019s Quiet Sunday.\n     Fish Story.\n     Flat Dwellers.\n     Forty Winks.\n     Fountain of Youth.\n     Francesca di Rimini.\n     Fun in a Fotograf Gallery.\n     Ghost Story.\n     Gypsy\u2019s Warning.\n     Haunted Hotel.\n     Hero.\n     Horse of Another Color.\n     How To Cure a Cold.\n     Indian Love Story.\n     Inquisitive Boy.\n     Intermittent Alarm Clock.\n     Jealous Wife.\n     Kitchen Maid\u2019s Dream.\n     Last Cartridge.\n     Laughing Gas.\n     Lightning Sketches.\n     Liquid Electricity.\n     Little Hero.\n     Lost in an Arizona Desert.\n     Lost, Strayed or Stolen.\n     Man, Hat and Cocktail.\n     Masquerade Party.\n     Mechanical Statue and the Ingenious Servant.\n     Mill Girl.\n     Miser\u2019s Hoard.\n     Need of Gold.\n     Night in Dreamland.\n     On the Stage.\n     One Man Base Ball.\n     Piker\u2019s Dream.\n     Pirates\u2019 Treasure.\n     Purchasing an Automobile.\n     Retribution.\n     Shaughraun.\n     Slave.\n     Soldier\u2019s Dream.\n     Square Deal: the End of the Bad Man.\n     Starving Artist.\n     Stolen Pig.\n     Story of Treasure Island.\n     Tale of the Sea.\n     Two Thousand Miles Without a Dollar.\n     Under False Colors.\n     Veiled Beauty.\n     White Man\u2019s First Smoke.\n     Work Made Easy.\n     Wrong Flat.\n     After Midnight.\n     Airship.\n     Antony and Cleopatra.\n     At the Stage Door.\n     Auto Heroine.\n     Avenged.\n     Bachelor\u2019s Baby.\n     Barbara Fritchie.\n     Bathing.\n     Bill, the Bill Poster, and Pete, the Paperhanger.\n     Braggart.\n     Bride of Lammermoor.\n     Bride of Tabaiva.\n     Buried Alive.\n     By a Woman\u2019s Wit.\n     Captured by Telephone.\n     Case of Spirits.\n     Castaways.\n     Charity Begins at Home.\n     Chieftain\u2019s Revenge.\n     Child\u2019s Prayer.\n     Chorus Girl.\n     Christmas in Paradise Alley.\n     Circumstantial Evidence.\n     Clown\u2019s Christmas Eve.\n     Comedy of Errors.\n     Cowboy Elopement.\n     Cupid\u2019s Realm.\n     Cure for Bashfulness.\n     Dancer and the King.\n     Dancing Legs.\n     Dearly Paid for Kiss.\n     Determined Lover.\n     Devil and the Gambler.\n     Discoverers.\n     Dora: a Rustic Idyll.\n     Dream of Wealth.\n     Dreams of a Policeman.\n     Drummer\u2019s Day off.\n     Dumb Witness.\n     Duty Versus Revenge.\n     East Lynne.\n     Elf King.\n     Farmer\u2019s Daughter.\n     Female Politician, Mrs. Bell, Is Nominated for Mayor.\n     Flower Girl.\n     Flower Girl of Paris.\n     Fool and His Money Are Soon Parted.\n     For He\u2019s a Jolly Good Fellow.\n     Fresh Air Fiend.\n     Galvanic Fluid.\n     Gambler.\n     Get Me a Stepladder.\n     Good Boy.\n     Gratitude.\n     Guilty Conscience.\n     Gypsy\u2019s Revenge.\n     Hazers.\n     He Got Soap in His Eyes.\n     He Went To See the Devil Play.\n     Her Newsboy Friend.\n     H. R. H. the Prince of Wales Decorating the Monument of Champlain\n        and Receiving Addresses of Welcome from the Mayor of Quebec, the\n        Governor General of Canada and Vice-President Fairbanks,\n        Representative of the United States.\n     H. R. H. the Prince of Wales Viewing the Grand Military Review on\n        the Plains of Abraham, Quebec.\n     Heroine of the Forge.\n     House Cleaning Days.\n     House To Let.\n     How Jones Saw the Carnival.\n     How Simpkins Discovered the North Pole.\n     Husband\u2019s Revenge.\n     In the Days of the Pilgrims.\n     Indian Bitters.\n     Indian\u2019s Honor.\n     Inn of Death.\n     Jealous Old Maid.\n     Jealousy!\n     Jessie, the Stolen Child.\n     John\u2019s New Suit.\n     Julius Caesar.\n     Just Plain Folks.\n     Kind-Hearted Bootblack.\n     Lady Jane\u2019s Flight.\n     Leah, the Forsaken.\n     Leap Year Proposals of an Old Maid.\n     Levitsky\u2019s Insurance Policy.\n     Little Detective.\n     Lonely Gentleman.\n     Love Laughs at Locksmiths.\n     Lover\u2019s Ruse.\n     Lover\u2019s Stratagems.\n     MacBeth, Shakespeare\u2019s Sublime Tragedy.\n     Making Moving Pictures.\n     Mardi Gras Parade at Coney Island.\n     Mashing the Masher.\n     Merchant of Venice.\n     Merry Widow Hat.\n     Merry Widower.\n     Mexican Love Story.\n     Miner\u2019s Daughter.\n     Money Lender.\n     Monkeyland.\n     Mother-in-Law and the Artist\u2019s\n     Model.\n     Mother\u2019s Crime.\n     Mourners.\n     Mummer\u2019s Daughter.\n     Naughty Little Princess.\n     Nellie, the Beautiful Housemaid.\n     Night Out.\n     Noble Jester.\n     Odd Pair of Limbs.\n     Orphan.\n     Painting.\n     Parlez Vous Francais?\n     Patriot.\n     Peasant Girl\u2019s Loyalty.\n     Poisoned Bouquet.\n     Press Gang.\n     Professor\u2019s Trip to the Country.\n     Promise! Henri Promises Never To Gamble Again.\n     Reception for the Victorious Olympic Team of American Athletes at\n        City Hall, New York.\n     Renunciation.\n     Reprieve.\n     Richard III.\n     Right of the Seigneur.\n     Romance of the Alps.\n     Romeo and Juliet.\n     Rustic Heroine.\n     Salome.\n     Salt Did It.\n     Selfish Man.\n     Shaughraun.\n     She Wanted To Be an Actress.\n     Sheridan\u2019s Ride.\n     Shoemaker of Coepenick.\n     Sister\u2019s Love.\n     Slippery Jim\u2019s Repentance.\n     Slumberland.\n     Sold Again.\n     Spanish Romance.\n     Stage-Struck Daughter.\n     Stolen Plans.\n     Story That Boots Told.\n     Stricken Blind.\n     Summer Idyl.\n     Tale of a Shirt.\n     Tale of the Crusades.\n     Tale of the Harem.\n     Telepathic Warning.\n     Tercentenary Celebrations To Commemorate the 300th Anniversary of\n        the Founding of Quebec by Champlain.\n     Thieving Hand.\n     Tit for Tat.\n     Too Much Champagne.\n     Tragedy of Japan.\n     Troubles of a Flirt.\n     True Hearts Are More than Coronets.\n     Turning the Tables.\n     \u2019Twixt Love and Duty.\n     Two Affinities.\n     Two Broken Hearts.\n     Two Sons.\n     Two Traveling Boys.\n     Two\u2019s Company, Three\u2019s a Crowd.\n     Viking\u2019s Daughter.\n     Wages of Sin.\n     Water Sprite.\n     Weary\u2019s Christmas Dinner.\n     Western Courtship.\n     What One Small Boy Can Do.\n     When Casey Joined the Lodge.\n     Who Needed the Dough?\n     Wife\u2019s Devotion.\n     Willie\u2019s Fall from Grace.\n     Wishbone.\n     Witch.\n     Workingman\u2019s Dream.\n     Yens Yensen, the Swedish Butcher Boy.\n     Adventures of a Drummer Boy.\n     Adventures of Fifine.\n     Alpine Echo.\n     And His Coat Came Back.\n     Artist\u2019s Revenge.\n     Auto Maniac.\n     Belated Meal.\n     Betty\u2019s Choice.\n     Birth and Adventures of a Fountain Pen.\n     Borrowed Clothes.\n     Brave Irish Lass.\n     Bridget on Strike.\n     Caught at Last.\n     Children of the Plains.\n     Cigarette Making: from Plantation to Consumer.\n     Cleopatra\u2019s Lover.\n     Clever Trick.\n     Cobbler and the Caliph.\n     Cohen at Coney Island.\n     Cohen\u2019s Dream of Coney Island.\n     Colonial Romance.\n     Cure for Rheumatism.\n     Day in Washington.\n     Deacon\u2019s Love Letter.\n     Diamond Maker.\n     Dime Novel Dan.\n     Dramatist\u2019s Dream.\n     Duke\u2019s Jester.\n     Dynamite Waistcoat.\n     Empty Sleeve.\n     Evil That Men Do.\n     Faithful Fool.\n     False Accusation.\n     Fantine.\n     Fisherman.\n     For Her Country\u2019s Sake.\n     For Her Sake.\n     For Her Sweetheart\u2019s Sake.\n     Forgiven.\n     Foundling\u2014a Dressing Room Waif.\n     Friend in Need Is a Friend Indeed.\n     Friend in the Enemy\u2019s Camp.\n     Galley Slave.\n     Georgia Wedding.\n     Gift of Youth.\n     Grin and Win.\n     He Couldn\u2019t Dance, But He Learned.\n     He Tried on Handcuffs.\n     His First Girl.\n     Home at Last.\n     Honor of the Slums.\n     How the Kids Got Even.\n     Hunchback.\n     Infernal Machine.\n     Instructions by Correspondence.\n     Irish Hero.\n     Jephthah\u2019s Daughter.\n     Judge Not That Ye Be Not Judged.\n     Judge\u2019s Whiskers and the Magic Hair Restorer.\n     Judgment of Solomon.\n     Kenilworth.\n     Led Astray.\n     Liberty for an Hour.\n     Life Drama of Napoleon Bonaparte and Empress Josephine of France.\n     Little Father.\n     Little Orphan.\n     Lost in a Folding Bed.\n     Lost Sheep.\n     Love of the Pasha\u2019s Son.\n     Magic Fountain Pen.\n     Marathon Craze.\n     Marathon Race.\n     Marble Heart.\n     Marriage of Convenience.\n     Midwinter Sports.\n     Mine at Last.\n     Mr. Physical Culture\u2019s Surprise Party.\n     Mogg Megone.\n     Napoleon: the Man of Destiny.\n     Never Eat Green Apples.\n     Niagara in Winter Dress.\n     Obdurate Father.\n     Old Organ.\n     Old Sweethearts of Mine.\n     Oliver Twist.\n     Onawandah.\n     Oriental Mystic.\n     Outcast, Or Heroine.\n     Parted, But United Again.\n     Perpetual Proposal.\n     Plain Mame.\n     Plot That Failed.\n     Poor Musician.\n     Princess Nicotine.\n     Romance of an Umbrella.\n     Romance of Old Mexico.\n     Ruy Blas.\n     Saul and David: the Biblical Story of the Shepherd Boy Who Became\n        King of the Israelites.\n     Scales of Justice.\n     Sculptor\u2019s Love.\n     Shakespeare\u2019s Tragedy, King Lear.\n     Shepherd\u2019s Daughter.\n     Siren\u2019s Necklace.\n     Skiing Tournament at Ishpeming, Mich.\n     Student Days.\n     Sword and the King.\n     Tax on Bachelors.\n     Teddy in Jungleland.\n     Treasure.\n     Troubles of an Amateur.\n     Truant.\n     Truer Love.\n     Unspoken Goodbye.\n     Virginius.\n     Washington Under the American Flag.\n     Washington Under the British Flag.\n     Way of the Cross.\n     Wealthy Rival.\n     Wearybones Seeks Rest, and Gets It.\n     Where There\u2019s a Will There\u2019s a Way.\n     Woman\u2019s Way.\n     Wooden Indians.\n     Vanity Fair.\n     Coffyn Hydroaeroplane Alighting in East River, N. Y.\n     New York City and Manhattan Bridge from Coffyn Hydroaeroplane.\n     Scene of Manhattan Bridge from Coffyn Hydroaeroplane.\n     Scene of New York City and Brooklyn Bridge from Coffyn\n        Hydroaeroplane.\n     Scene of \u201cthe Battery\u201d N. Y. City from Coffyn Hydroaeroplane.\n WHITE, JAMES H.\n     Battle of Jeffries and Sharkey for Championship of the World.\n     Jeffries-Sharkey Contest.\n     Love and War.\n WINTHROP MOVING PICTURE COMPANY.\n     Christy Mathewson, N. Y. National League Baseball Team.\n     Dancing Boxing Match, Montgomery and Stone.\n     Dutch Kiddies: Montgomery and Stone.\n     Grant\u2019s Tomb.\n     Marceline, the World-Renowned Clown of the N. Y. Hippodrome.\n WORLD FILM MANUFACTURING COMPANY.\n     Dynamiter.\n WORLD\u2019S BEST FILM COMPANY.\n     Crusaders.\n     Wreck of the \u201cAurora.\u201d\n                  Publications of the Copyright Office\n  _Catalog of Copyright Entries_, Third Series, 1947 to date.\n    Published semiannually in 11 sections. Annual subscription price for\n    all sections, $20.00.\n    Lists annually the works registered in the Copyright Office,\n    currently amounting to over 200,000 books, pamphlets, periodicals,\n    dramas, musical compositions, maps, works of art, prints and labels,\n    motion pictures, and filmstrips.\n    Published by authority of sections 210 and 211 of Title 17 of the\n    United States Code. Section 210 provides: \u201cThe current catalog of\n    copyright entries and the index volumes herein provided for shall be\n    admitted in any court as prima facie evidence of the facts stated\n    therein as regards any copyright registration.\u201d\n    Certain parts constitute basic bibliographies in their fields and\n    represent the only comprehensive listing of their respective\n    materials.\n    _Subscriptions may be placed for one or more parts or for the whole\n    series. The prices given below are for an annual subscription._\n    _Order from, and make remittances payable to, the Register of\n    Copyrights, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D. C._\n    _Write to the Register of Copyrights concerning availability and\n    prices of the Catalog before 1947._\n  _Books and Selected Pamphlets_ (Part 1A)\n    Lists annually about 16,000 registrations for books and selected\n    pamphlets, of which some 45 percent were first published abroad.\n    Alphabetical arrangement by author, with title index. Numbers for\n    1951 and later include indexing of claimants. $3.00.\n  _Pamphlets, Serials, and Contributions to Periodicals_ (Part 1B)\n    Lists annually about 39,000 registrations. Alphabetical arrangement\n    by author, claimant, and title. $3.00.\n  _Periodicals_ (Part 2)\n    Lists annually about 55,000 registrations, under 4,000 titles, of\n    periodicals and newspapers. Alphabetical arrangement by title.\n    Contains supplementary list of new periodicals. $2.00.\n  _Dramas and Works Prepared for Oral Delivery_ (Parts 3\u20134)\n    Lists annually about 5,000 registrations, approximately 70 percent\n    of which are unpublished dramatic and dramatico-musical works.\n    Alphabetical arrangement by author, except that radio and television\n    programs are listed under title. Lectures, sermons, and addresses\n    are also included in this Catalog. $2.00.\n  _Published Music_ (Part 5A)\n    Lists annually about 16,000 registrations of published music, of\n    which approximately one-half were published abroad. Alphabetical\n    arrangement by composer or author, with title index, claimant index,\n    and classified index. $3.00.\n  _Unpublished Music_ (Part 5B)\n    Lists annually about 40,000 registrations of unpublished music.\n    Alphabetical arrangement by title, with index to names of authors\n    and claimants. $3.00.\n  _Renewal Registrations_\u2014Music (Part 5C, formerly Part 14B)\n    Lists annually about 8,500 renewal copyright registrations for\n    musical compositions. Alphabetical arrangement by title. $2.00.\n  _Maps and Atlases_ (Part 6)\n    Lists annually about 2,700 registrations for maps, atlases, and\n    globes. Alphabetical arrangement under name of person or\n    organization primarily responsible for the content of the map.\n    Numbers for 1951 and later contain a subject and area index and a\n    publishers\u2019 directory with complete addresses. $ 1.00.\n  _Works of Art, Reproductions of Works of Art, Scientific and Technical\n    Drawings, Photographic Works, Prints and Pictorial Illustrations_\n    Lists annually about 10,000 registrations. Alphabetical arrangement\n    by author or title. $2.00.\n  _Commercial Prints and Labels_ (Part 11B)\n    Lists annually about 8,500 registrations for prints and labels\n    published in connection with the sale or advertisement of articles\n    of merchandise and registered for copyright. Alphabetical\n    arrangement by claimant. $2.00.\n  _Motion Pictures and Filmstrips_ (Parts 12\u201313)\n    Lists annually about 2,500 registrations for filmstrips and\n    theatrical and nontheatrical motion pictures. Alphabetical\n    arrangement by title, with a classified list arranged under headings\n    which indicate the general nature or intended use of the films, a\n    subject index for nontheatrical films, and an index of claimants,\n    producing companies, sponsors, and authors. $1.00.\n  _Renewal Registrations\u2014Literature, Art, Film_ (Part 14A)\n    Available for 1947, 1948, 1949, and 1950. _Renewal registrations for\n    1951 and later are listed with their respective classes, except\n    music renewals which are listed in Part 5C, described above._ $1.00.\n  _Dramatic Compositions Copyrighted in the United States, 1870 to\n    Includes all titles for dramatic works registered from July 21,\n    1870, to December 31, 1916, inclusive; upward of 60,000 titles.\n    Alphabetical arrangement by title, with index of claimants, authors,\n    editors, etc. $4.00.\n    Lists about 6,000 works registered as photographs in the Copyright\n    Office and identified as motion pictures by Mr. Howard L. Walls,\n    Curator of the Motion Picture Collection of the Academy of Motion\n    Picture Arts and Sciences. Alphabetical arrangement by title, with\n    an index to claimants. $2.00.\n    These two volumes belong to the _Catalog of Copyright Entries,\n    Cumulative Series_. They list approximately 70,000 motion pictures\n    registered in the Copyright Office from August 24, 1912 to December\n    31, 1949. Alphabetical arrangement of each volume is by title with\n    an index to authors, claimants, and producing and distributing\n    companies, and a list of series titles.\n  _Regulations of the Copyright Office._ A reprint of the Code of\n    Federal Regulations, Title 37, Chapter II. Free.\n  _The Copyright Office of the United States._ 1952. A general\n    description of the organization and functions of the Copyright\n    Office. Free.\n    _The following publications may be ordered from the Register of\n    Copyrights, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D. C., or from the\n    Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,\n    Washington 25, D. C._\n        _Copyright in Congress_, 1789\u20131904. A bibliography and\n          chronological record of all proceedings in Congress in\n          relation to copyright. (Bulletin 8) 468 p. 1905. Cloth, 65\n        _Copyright Law of the United States of America._ (Bulletin 14),\n        _Decisions of the United States Courts Involving Copyright._\n 1. Corrected all the \u201cERRATA\u201d suggestions from p. 12.\n 2. Added all the \u201cADDENDA\u201d entries beginning on p. 12.\n 3. Number 6 in the \u201cKIT CARSON\u201d series was skipped on p. 32.\n 4. The registration number for \u201c104TH STREET CURVE, NEW YORK, ELEVATED\n      RAILWAY\u201d on p. 43 was undecipherable.\n 5. Changed \u201cTHROWING MAIL INTO GAGS\u201d to \u201cTHROWING MAIL INTO BAGS\u201d on p.\n      61 to agree with entry on p. 73.\n 6. Registration number for \u201cWHAT ONE SMALL BOY CAN DO\u201d is missing on p.\n 7. Silently corrected typographical errors.\n 8. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.\n 9. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.\nEnd of Project Gutenberg's Motion Pictures, 1894-1912, by Howard Lamarr Walls\n*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOTION PICTURES, 1894-1912 ***\n***** This file should be named 56966-0.txt or 56966-0.zip *****\nThis and all associated files of various formats will be found in:\nProduced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive)\nUpdated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will\nbe renamed.\nCreating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright\nlaw means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,\nso the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United\nStates without permission and without paying copyright\nroyalties. 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{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1942, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed\n         Florida Caverns: A Nature-Made Underground Wonderland\n[Illustration: The stone administration building, which has been erected\nnear the entrance to the caverns, was built by hand from the solid rock\nfoundation to the hand-riven cypress shake roof. The walls are built of\nbeautifully weathered native limestone and the shelter roof is supported\nby hand-hewn timbers prepared on the ground. Parties, who tour the\ncaverns, join guides here and return after the tour.]\n[Illustration: Florida Caverns]\n  Here we behold most wondrous sights\n      No mortal understands,\n  Of stalactites and stalagmites,\n      A house not made with hands.\n  Here Nature set to work her hands\n      In ages long since gone,\n  That man might quit his work on lands\n      To see and ponder on.\n  What means these fluted columns tall,\u2014\n      These pendants from the dome?\n  These sculptured figures large and small,\n      Excelling Greece and Rome?\n  This drapery striped with Nature\u2019s hues,\n      In regular spaces wrought?\n  These scenes man\u2019s pride at once subdues\u2014\n      They are beyond his thought.\n  The brute would look and turn away\n      To seek his fill of food;\n  \u2019Tis ours to seek while here we stay,\n      The Great Creative Good.\n  The Architect within whose mind\n      The wonders of the sea,\n  The land, the sky, and all their kind,\n      Has wrought for you and me.\n  That we may look upon His deeds\n      And make our own expand,\n  For we alone best serve all needs\n      As tools within His hand.\n[Illustration: The stalagmite on the right is almost joined with a\nstalactite. If it does, it will make a column. The grape-like clusters in\nthe upper foreground result when the flow of water is so slow that all of\nit evaporates from the ceilings and deposits its mineral load there.]\n                        A NATURE-MADE WONDERLAND\n            _Assistant Director, Florida Geological Survey_\nFlorida is truly a child of the sea, since all the rocks composing its\nland were formed directly on the ocean bottoms or by streams emptying\nalong the shores. From the record of these rocks we know that Florida has\nbeen alternately above and below the sea many times in the geologic past.\nIn fact, the rocks visible in the park area at Florida Caverns, near\nMarianna, Florida, and in the caves were formed from the hard shells of\nanimals that lived in one of these seas. As the animals died, their\nshells accumulated on the sea bottoms, where they were covered by other\nshells and hardened into lime rock.\nThese shells, called \u201cfossils\u201d by the geologist, are remains representing\ncemeteries of the past. Along most of our coastal areas and sea bottoms\nthese shells are accumulating and forming limestone today. Such limestone\nhas formed also in the areas many miles removed from the present seas, as\nin Iowa and other middle western states, telling us where seas have been\nin the past.\n[Illustration: As visitors explore the well-lighted trails and\npassageways, they notice the icicle-like formations that hang from the\nceilings and the heavier ones that project from the floor. They study the\ncolumns that seem to help support the rock above and the small passages\nthat extend in many directions. They notice sea shells imbedded in walls\nand ceilings.]\nHow do we know that these limestones were formed in the sea? The next\ntime you go through the caves at Florida Caverns look closely at the\nwalls and you will be able to find the shells of _Scollops_ and other\nclams. These animals lived only in shallow seas. The most common shell\nthat you will notice will be many small coiled flat shells about the size\nof barley seed and flat thin disks about the size of dimes and quarters.\nThe animals that formed these shells are known as _Foraminifera_ and have\nthe fancy names of _Operculinoides_ and _Lepidocyclina_. They are one\ncelled animals (our most primitive) and are related to some of the\nparasites that cause disease. These particular animals are extinct and\nare known only from these rocks. From their association with other shells\nthey are known to have lived in shallow salt-water seas, and by means of\nthem the geologist is able to recognize this particular limestone, even\nwhen it has been taken from a well drilled many feet below the ground\nsurface, for these small shells are recognizable even when the limestone\nhas been broken into fine fragments.\nThe limestone in which the caves of Florida Caverns were carved is known\nfrom geologic studies made throughout the state to have been raised from\nthe sea by land movements after being formed and to have been extensively\neroded, following which it was again submerged under the sea and other\nlimestones deposited over the eroded surface. These limestones were\nsubsequently raised out of the sea to be eroded. Over this second eroded\nsurface a delta deposit of sand, clay and gravel was formed by streams\nthat emptied into the Gulf of Mexico.\nThe limestone that you will see in the caves is known as the Ocala\nlimestone, named from deposits near Ocala, Florida. In the region about\nthe Florida Caverns, limestones named the Suwannee limestone and the\nMarianna limestone overlie the Ocala limestone. These limestones were\nnamed for deposits recognized along the Suwannee river and at Marianna,\nFlorida. The sand, clay and gravel overlying all of these limestones are\nnot named but are believed to be the same age as deposits of the geologic\nperiod popularly known as the \u201cice age.\u201d\n[Illustration: The \u201cduck\u201d results from irregular resistance of the\nlimestone to solution by ground water. These nodular masses were more\nresistant and the less-resistant, usually softer limestone has been\nremoved from about them, leaving the form resembling a duck. Several\nstalagmites are in the background. These are younger than the \u201cduck.\u201d]\nSince emerging from the sea for the last time, this part of Florida about\nthe state park area has been undergoing changes constantly. The rocks\nhave been continuously attacked by elements of the weather, and\ndisintegrated where exposed. Running streams carry away much of these\nproducts of weathering, but the work of water under the ground is the\nmajor factor in the creation of these caves and the deposits in them.\nThis underground water, running through the pores in the limestone, has\nbeen and is now wearing away portions of the land. These water channels\nare isolated along fractures, bedding planes and other structural\nweaknesses, or along poorly consolidated rock. The water dissolves the\nlimestone and carries it out into surface streams and on to the sea, and\nas this material is carried away the rock, through which the water flowed\nto the surface, is being worn away an equal amount. The amount of this\nmaterial being carried away is illustrated at Silver Springs, one of our\nlarger springs, where each day about 450 tons of rock is carried away\ndissolved in water. When it is realized that this is only one of\nthousands of springs in Florida, you can readily see what a large amount\nof rock is being dissolved from beneath the ground and just how cavernous\nthe rock must be.\n_All forms of wildlife are protected in Florida\u2019s State Parks. Hunting,\ntrapping, or shooting are not permitted. These State Parks belong to you.\nHelp protect them._\n_For further information on specific parks and historic memorials write:\nDirector, Florida Board of Parks and Historic Memorials, Tallahassee,\nFlorida._\n[Illustration: Ground water cascading down a gentle limestone face was\nponded irregularly and the evaporation of the water along the outer edges\nformed small terraces.]\n                         Solution of Limestone\nThe rocks in which the caves of the Florida Caverns State Park were\nformed are limestone. This rock is made of the mineral calcite, calcium\ncarbonate, and it is soluble in pure water under conditions of favorable\nstructure, a continuous supply of moving water and time. However, in the\nwater of Florida this limestone is readily dissolved, because the humid\nclimate and prolific vegetation contribute organic and mineral acids to\nwater and make it a highly potent solvent that is capable of dissolving\nlarge amounts of this rock.\nLimestone is as a rule jointed vertically and bedded horizontally.\nOpenings along these joints and beds provide easy avenues of travel for\nwater. The ultimate source of all of Florida\u2019s ground water is from the\nrain and precipitates from the air. As this rain water falls through the\nair it becomes charged with carbon dioxide gas which combines with water\nto form carbonic acid. On the ground humic acids from rotting vegetation\nis added. These are the common natural solvents of limestone. A good\nportion of this acid charged water soaks into the ground, and as it\ndescends through lime rock small portions of the rock are dissolved.\nHowever, relatively little solution occurs until sufficient water enters\nthe rock to fill completely all the available pores. In this portion of\nthe rock, saturated with water and bathed with weak acids, solution is\nmost active. Because of the pressure of water entering the rock, ground\nwater tends to move horizontally along bedding planes which offer the\neasiest exit. Thus, cave systems generally are developed horizontally and\none system may lie over another and they may be connected by vertical\ntubes and rooms.\n[Illustration: Weird vistas and eerie silhouettes meet the eyes of\nvisitors who explore the amazing networks of trails in Florida Caverns.\nDroplets of mineral water, dripping through the ages, formed these\nunderground caves into a natural, but highly artistic wonderland.]\nAny rain water entering the rock from the surface makes its way downward\nto fill completely all the pores of the rock at some depth. At it moves\ndownward and then into the saturated rock through pores and open spaces\nit acts as a slow solvent to increase the size of the openings and to\nconnect them to form a continuous system of channels through which\nstreams filling the cavities may run.\nAs large caverns are formed, solution cavities of irregular shape are\ngradually cut out and enlarged. Some of these may be expanded to a point\nnear the surface where surface deposits (largely sand in Florida) will\ncollapse into the cavern and a sink is formed. The larger part of\nFlorida\u2019s natural lakes, sinks, depressions and ponds are the result of\nsolution of the underlying limestone. These features range from small\npits a few feet in diameter to large depressions several miles broad.\nMany are perfectly round, others are highly irregular. Some are\ncone-shaped with rocky bottoms, some have broadly developed flat bottoms\nand are known as prairies. Still others are vertical tubes, only a few\ninches in diameter in some cases, that extend as much as one hundred feet\ndown into the limestones. These are \u201cnatural wells.\u201d\n_Florida\u2019s State Parks include miles of white sand beaches, fine streams,\nbeautiful springs, excellent fishing waters, floral displays, wooded\nravines and outstanding recreational areas. It is the Florida in which\nthe Indians hunted, fished and lived in original surroundings of great\nnatural charm and wildlife profusion ... where yet remains the memory and\nimprint of Spanish conquistadores, French crusaders and Anglo-Saxon\ncolonizers. Phenomena such as disappearing rivers, vanishing lakes,\nhistoric shrines, virgin country, strange subterranean landscapes are all\nto be seen inside the parks._\n[Illustration: \u201cFresh crisp bacon\u201d formed by water flowing originally\nfrom a crack or elongate hole and cascading down the face of the\nlimestone. The deposit formed as a small ridge that then acted as the\ncourse of subsequent water which added additional deposits. The dark\nbands contain some impurity to give a color to the ordinarily white\ncalcite.]\n                       Land Movements in Florida\nIf these caves, we see in the Florida Caverns Park area, were formed\nunder water, how is it possible to walk through them today? This is an\nobvious question which requires an answer. If rocks formed under marine\nwaters are exposed on the land surface today it is obvious that the land\nhas been raised out of the sea, or the sea has lowered. From geologic\nevidence it is known that Florida has been rising since late geologic\ntime. This elevation is believed to be caused by downwarping at the mouth\nof the Mississippi River, where many thousands of box car loads of\nsediment are dumped each day, accompanied by adjustments in the earth\u2019s\ncrust and the elevation of land areas surrounding the delta of the\nMississippi River.\nThen there is a second cause by which these caves are made dry. Everyone\nhas heard that ice caps the North and South poles of the earth, but few\npeople realize that, if all this ice melted, the level of the sea as it\nis known today would be higher by about 110 feet. If all polar ice\nmelted, the Chipola River at Florida Caverns, would become a salt bay,\nMarianna a seaport town, and a bay beach would be located near the park\narea. However, do not sell your present beach property too quickly since\nthis polar ice is known to be melting only a few inches a century.\n[Illustration: Well-lighted, underground trails make accessible Florida\u2019s\namazing network of underground passageways. The temperature remains at\nabout 63 degrees, F. throughout the year. In addition, natural rock\ngardens, wildlife, historical values and recreational facilities make\nFlorida Caverns one of the South\u2019s outstanding State Parks.]\nConsidering the sub-tropical climate of Florida, isn\u2019t it peculiar that\nice had so much to do in shaping our land surface? As a matter of record\nall of the surficial deposits making up the large part of the land\nsurface of Florida were created and shaped during the geologic past (one\nto ten million years ago) when ice piled up on the poles and moved down\nover lower latitudes or when this ice was being melted. In the United\nStates as this ice piled up on the North Pole and moved down over most of\nthe middle western states, the water forming this ice came from ocean\nbasins and the water in them was lowered as much as three to four hundred\nfeet. At this time much of the Gulf and Atlantic bottoms was uncovered,\nland streams cut their valleys much deeper, ground water circulated much\nmore vigorously and rocks through which it passed were dissolved faster.\nLater as this ice was melted the lower parts of stream valleys were\nfilled with salt water and the streams became sluggish and deposited\nsediment in their valleys to make their flood-plains. Ground-water\ncirculation was retarded and the bottoms of the Gulf and Atlantic were\nagain covered. This uncovering of the bottoms of the Gulf and Atlantic\nfollowed by covering constitutes a cycle. Five of these cycles have been\nrecognized in Florida, and the red sands, clay and gravel that make up\nthe surface of most of Florida represent former bottoms of the Gulf and\nAtlantic, now raised out of these seas by land movements.\nToday we are living in a period following a time the northern and\nsouthern extremes of the earth were covered by ice, and this ice is still\nmelting off of these areas.\n_In 71,000 acres of parks, valued at approximately $50,000,000, Florida\noffers the vacationer a natural wonderland he can explore. Within these\npark areas the visitor can discover for himself the \u201ctrue\u201d Florida by\ncar, along foot trails, navigating tropical rivers and streams\u2014or by\nfollowing elevated boardwalks through hauntingly beautiful swamps._\n[Illustration: Stalagmites resulting from varied origins. The center one\nwas formed from the intergrowth of several stalagmites. The deposit on\nthe left was developed as a series of flat basin-like parts, over which\nwater splashed and cascaded to the floor, the basins being inclined in\nvarious directions. The right stalagmite began as did the left one but\nthe basins were soon eliminated and the growth was made more regularly.]\nWe have seen then in the preceding discussion how caves are formed\nlargely in rocks saturated with water, and how by land movements and\nchanges of sea level the caves and pores formed in this rock are moved\nabove permanent water levels and exposed to air. It then becomes possible\nto deposit rock in the pores and caves rather than to increase their size\nby solution. As you go through the caves you will notice that the walls\nare wet and that water is oozing out of the pores of the rock.\nThis water has just passed through limestone and has dissolved parts of\nthe rock. The reader undoubtedly knows that water will dissolve a\nsubstance in large quantities and more rapidly if it is hot, and that it\ncan hold more gases to make stronger acids if it is under pressure. So,\nhaving been released from a relatively warm rock in which it was under\nsome pressure and where there was little air circulating, into a large\ncave where rapidly circulating air cools the cave and evaporates the\nwater, this water can no longer hold all the limestone it has dissolved\nand it releases part of it.\nSmall drops of water emerging from the lime rock on cave walls are\nevaporated and calcite and other rock minerals are deposited along these\nwalls. Where these drops cascade along the walls a continuous elongated\nridge is deposited. If the water oozes out in an extremely fine coating\nof water, the entire ceiling, walls and floor may be paved with calcite.\n[Illustration: These deposits combine a rather even and general flow of\nwater and possible intergrowth of the stalactites to make the thickened\ndeposit. The ground water issued more rapidly and was concentrated at one\npoint to make the long tubular deposits, the tube being made by rapid\nevaporation along the outer margins of the drops of water as they hang on\nthe stalactite before the large part of the water falls to the floor.]\nWhere individual drops collect on the cave ceilings, a thin deposit may\nbe formed on the ceiling after which the remaining water may drop to the\ncave floor where more calcite is deposited. Continuous dripping results\nin paired deposits extending down from the ceiling and up from the floor.\nThe deposit on the floor is commonly thicker and more columnar, whereas\nthat on the ceiling is thin and tapering much like an icicle. Those\nhanging from the ceiling are called _stalactites_ and those on the floor\nare _stalagmites_. Where these two deposits are joined they are known as\na _column_.\nThese cave formations are all composed of the mineral calcite, which\nforms all lime rock. If you will notice in the cave this mineral is\ncrystalline, and it is remarkable that as calcite crystallizes from the\nmany individual drops of water it is arranged always in a particular\npattern. These crystal faces reflect light and form the many unusual and\nbeautiful arrangements which you will see in a visit to the caves.\nSince early time, Florida Caverns have had interest. They were first\nmentioned in writings by Friar Barreda, who was with the first overland\nexpedition made by the Spaniards to Pensacola Bay. The following\nparagraph is in the Friar\u2019s own words, written 256 years ago:\n\u201cOn June 12 (1693) we continued northwest and after we had journeyed a\nlittle more than three leagues ... we reached an abandoned village of the\nChoctaw tribe called San Nicholas where I came to preach the holy gospel\nin the year 1674. Here we spent the night in the hollow of such a\nbeautiful and unusual rock that I can state positively that more than 200\nmen could be lodged most comfortably in it. Inside, there is a brook\nwhich gushes from the living rock.\u201d\n[Illustration: This form is the result of the irregular etching of the\nlimestone by ground water at the time the caves were formed, combined\nwith the later development of stalagmites and a pavement of calcite\n\u201cdrip-stone\u201d upon the irregular surface. Dust and small debris have been\nincorporated in the crystals of calcite which form the stalagmites.\nVisitors like to make a game of finding formations in the cave that\nresemble animals and other things. Note the wolf head to the right and\nthe Dachshund head to the left center of the photograph.]\nExperts, who know how to read stories told in the designs on Indian\npottery, state that the caves were known to the Indians of this section\nlong before the coming of the Spaniards. There is considerable evidence\nthat Indians, even prior to 1693, had been in the habit of using Florida\nCaverns and caves in the vicinity for shelter during their hunting trips\ninto the region and for refuge from their enemies. In some of the smaller\nand dry caves there have been found potsherds, or small broken pieces of\nIndian pottery. According to the archaeologist, all of the sherds so far\ndiscovered are of a late post-Columbian type. Ashes from fires, dead for\nmany years, flint arrowheads, and animal bones have also been found.\nSeveral times in history, Florida Caverns\u2014a nature-made shelter\u2014was used\nas a refuge from armed forces. During Andrew Jackson\u2019s punitive\nexpedition against the Indians in 1818, a large band of Indians escaped\nfrom his soldiers by concealing themselves within the underground caves.\nAgain, during the War Between the States, an outfit of Union soldiers en\nroute to Pensacola was resisted by a home guard unit from Marianna,\ncomposed of men too young or too old to fight in the armies of the\nConfederacy. While the battle was raging, women, children and slaves took\nrefuge in Florida Caverns.\n[Illustration: Nestled \u2019midst hundreds of pines, hickories, sweetgum and\noak trees, Florida Caverns golf course is one of the most scenic in the\nUnited States. It was laid out after the design of the famous St. Andrews\nGolf Course of Scotland.]\nA clear spring, which in reality is a subterranean river, rising out of\nthe lime rock, sends its lovely azure stream down through the park over a\nmile before it enters the Chipola River. The Chipola Natural Bridge,\nlocated in the park, is a fourth-mile long and has been restored to its\noriginal interesting geological condition with the removal of logs and\nlumber which had jammed into it in bygone days when the river was used to\nfloat them down to a mill.\nOpen the year round, Florida Caverns State Park is comparable in interest\nto Carlsbad Caverns, N. M., Mammoth Caves, Ky., and Luray Caverns, Va.\nIn addition to its geological attractions, the area in which Florida\nCaverns is located is of peculiar interest biologically. In it are found\nmany species of both plants and animals that are not expected so far\nsouth, as well as a large number of typically southern forms.\nThe State Park system of Florida has been developed as a coordinated\ngroup of Parks, each one of which stands upon its own merits and each one\npossessing as many as possible of the following values: Outstanding\nhistoric, scenic and scientific attractions. Florida Caverns is richly\nendowed with them all.\nI hope that you have found this discussion of the creation of lime rock,\nthe formation of caves under water, the elevation of these caves above\npermanent water levels and the subsequent deposition in them, of\ninterest.... We of the Florida Geological Survey and Florida Park Service\nhope that you enjoy your visit to the Florida Caverns State Park.\n_This booklet published by The Florida Park Service, Tallahassee;\nphotography by Monte de Oca, F.S. N.B., and William Z. Harmon; designed\nand printed by Rose Printing Co., Inc., Tallahassee._\n[Illustration: Overhanging rock projection caused by erosion of ancient\nriver. Note large tree growing in rock behind upper visitor. This feature\nmay be all that remains of a large cave, the surrounding limestone having\nbeen removed. If the overhanging portion were connected to land a perfect\nnatural bridge would be formed.]\n[Illustration: Who would expect to find this cavern scene in Florida?\nIcicle-like formations and a mirror pool are features of one of the\nstate\u2019s most unexpected attractions at Florida Caverns State Park.]\n                     _The Home of Florida Caverns_\nMarianna is located in the northwest section of Florida, approximately\ntwenty miles from both the Georgia and the Alabama state lines. The Gulf\nof Mexico lies forty-five miles to the south, the Apalachicola River\nfifteen miles to the east, and Port St. Joe only seventy miles southeast\nof Marianna. It is relatively easy to travel to the various population\ncenters of the southeast because of Marianna\u2019s centralized location.\nAirline Service\u2014The city is served by National Airlines, with three\nflights daily, with direct service to Mobile, New Orleans, and\nJacksonville, and good connections to all major cities. Also available is\ncharter service through local flying agencies.\nBus Service\u2014Marianna is a terminal station for Greyhound and Trailway Bus\nLines, and approximately 2,000 passengers daily are handled through this\nstation. Thirty-six regular bus schedules serve the city each twenty-four\nhours. Lee\u2019s Coach Lines, a Jackson County bus system, regularly serves\nsurrounding communities.\nRail Transportation\u2014Marianna is served by the Louisville and Nashville\nRailroad, and by the Marianna and Blountstown Railroad. The Atlanta and\nSt. Andrews Railroad traverses Jackson County, serving Cottondale, nine\nmiles west of Marianna, and gives direct connections from Panama City and\nthe Gulf of Mexico to Atlanta and other points.\nHotels, Motels and Restaurants\u2014Marianna is a first-class hotel and motel\ncity, boasting three hotels, the largest of which has 125 rooms, as well\nas a number of outstanding modern, air-conditioned motels. A number of\nrestaurants and dining rooms serve the traveling and working public. Also\nrating first-class are several tourist homes along U. S. Highway 90.\nHighways\u2014Marianna is served by U. S. Highway 90, and by State Highways\n276, 73, 167, and 71. U. S. Highway 231 connects with U. S. 90 only a few\nmiles outside Marianna. An excellent system of hard surfaced highways and\nroads serve the county.\nFor further or definite information write Marianna-Jackson County Chamber\nof Commerce, Marianna, Florida.\n[Illustration: Map showing principal highways leading to Marianna, home\nof Florida Caverns State Park.]\n                      Scenic and Historic Florida\n                       _Year Around Attractions_\nWhether you are a visitor or a resident, you will want to know more about\nFlorida\u2019s State Park System which preserves the tropic lure of primitive\nFlorida and perpetuates memorials of Florida\u2019s absorbing history.\nThis system of parks and historic memorials, in areas ranging from a few\nhundred to 26,000 acres, embraces more than 71,000 acres of the most\nwonderful land in Florida.\nThese parks in their varied appeals offer recreation possibilities\nextending from a few hours diversion to extended vacations.\n                        STATE PARKS IN OPERATION\n                    (_Acreage shown in parentheses_)\n  Gold Head Branch (1,338)                              Keystone Heights\n  Little Talbot Island (2,500)                              Jacksonville\n  John F. Rollins Bird and Plant Sanctuary (120)       Ft. George Island\n                     STATE PARKS PARTIALLY DEVELOPED\n  Collier-Seminole (6,423)                            Royal Palm Hammock\n                         UNDEVELOPED STATE PARKS\n  Constitution Convention (12)                              Port St. Joe\n  Battle of Natural Bridge (6)                                 Woodville\n  Confederate Monument                                  DeFuniak Springs\n  Madira Bickel Mound (10)                             Terra Ceia Island\n  Bulow Ruins and Plantation (109)                               Bunnell\n  Historic Sugar Mill (17)                              New Smyrna Beach\n  Huguenot Historic Site (104)                              Jacksonville\n  Gamble Mansion\u2014Judah P. Benjamin Memorial (5)                 Ellenton\n  Florida Overseas Parkway                                 Monroe County\n                    (Internal Improvement Fund Lands)\n                    STATE PARKS and HISTORIC MEMORIALS\n[Illustration: Map of Western Florida]\n[Illustration: Map of Eastern Florida]\n[Illustration: Back Cover Illustration]\n--Original publication information was retained, although this book is\n  public-domain in the country of publication.\n--Some obvious typos were silently corrected.\n--Moved the information about other Florida state parks from the\n  centerfold to the end of the text.\nEnd of Project Gutenberg's Florida Caverns State Park, by Robert O. 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{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1942, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online\n                    A Hidden Valley in the New World\n              THE RYDAL PRESS, INC., SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO\n  Manufactured by The Rydal Press, Inc., Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A._\n    [Illustration: NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO]\n                    A Hidden Valley in the New World\n  To a layman like me it helps a lot\n  To know a potsherd is just a piece of broken pot;\n  To know, behind the talk of color, shade, design,\n  It helped a hungry aborigine to dine;\n  To see in this broken bit of clay\n  A brown-skinned baby, clumsy at his play\n  Cuffed by a weary mother, and whimpering so\n  Because he broke a dish a thousand years ago!\n                        By special permission of\nMy grateful acknowledgements are due to Dr. H. P. Mera and Mr. Stanley\nStubbs of the Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe, for their expert\nadvice and criticism in their respective fields; Dr. Leslie Spier,\nProfessor of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, for his helpful\nsuggestions; the late Professor Lansing B. Bloom, Professor of History,\nUniversity of New Mexico, for helpful information on history; Mrs.\nEvelyn C. Frey, Bandelier National Monument; Mrs. M. H. Sharp, for the\nmany hours she gave to patient listening and constructive suggestion;\nMr. Wayne Mauzy, Museum of New Mexico, for permission to use photographs\nand cuts; Mr. Natt Dodge, Region Three Office, National Park Service,\nfor his helpful suggestions and time spent in obtaining cuts; my Mother,\nMrs. J. H. Hendron, for her encouragement and assistance; and to all\nothers who rendered services.\n who made this book possible by her patient listening and constructive\n  II. The Pueblo Indian Meets The White Man                            6\nBecause of my association with the beautiful Canyon of the Rito de Los\nFrijoles in Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico, and because of my\ndeep interest in this Monument, the loose ends of a story, about the\nprimitive people who made it their home, have been shaping themselves\ninto a history beginning in America long before either Spaniards or\nEnglishmen came to this country.\nThe material is based upon the work of many students who have done\nactual research in Frijoles Canyon and adjacent areas. It is a\ncombination of legendary material, observation, speculation, scientific\nfact and logic. The text in the following pages is not presented as\nabsolute and unquestionable fact in its entirety, and the author does\nnot intend that it be interpreted that way. There will be some, no\ndoubt, who, for the sake of convenience, will mutter indiscreetly about\nits content\u2014that it isn\u2019t scientific\u2014as if the book had been intended\nfor the exact scientist. Rather, it is meant for the lay reader who\nvisits the Monument area and who would like to understand some of the\ncustoms and ways of life of its ancient inhabitants. This ancient world\nof the cliff dweller of New Mexico is recreated for the visitor through\nthe firing of his imagination by an understanding of the arch\u00e6ological\nfacts revealed here.\nUntil a great amount of research is done, a more accurate account of the\narch\u00e6ology of this area will not be had. But because of the thousands of\nvisitors to Bandelier National Monument each year, and their interest in\nits ancient inhabitants, this popular narrative is presented. Throughout\nthe text are many uncommon words and names used frequently in New\nMexico. The reader will find a helpful list of these with simplified\npronunciations and meanings at the end of the book.\n                    A HIDDEN VALLEY IN THE NEW WORLD\n                         LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS\n  Looking Up the Canyon From Ceremonial Cave                         xvi\n  Bandelier National Monument and Vicinity                             8\n  Large Kiva. Ground Plan\n  Large Kiva. Section Drawings\n  Ceremonial Cave. Ground Plan\n  Ceremonial Cave. Section Drawings\n  Ground Plan of Frijoles Canyon. Ruins Area\n  Northern Wall of Frijoles Canyon\n    [Illustration: PHOTO BY GEORGE THOMPSON LOOKING UP THE CANYON FROM\n    CEREMONIAL CAVE]\n    [Illustration: PHOTO BY U.S. FOREST SERVICE THE OLD NORTH TRAIL]\nIt has been some twenty odd years since I, as a child, first peered over\nthe north rim of Frijoles Canyon. This was not so long ago when one\nthinks of the hundreds of others, still alive, who passed this way\nbefore me. I do not pretend to be an ancient but the number of\nindividuals who saw the Frijoles in those days are microscopic when\ncompared with the multitudes who have seen it since. There is not\nsufficient room here to discuss those who knew the place in the early\ndays, long before my time, except to mention such personages as Adolph\nBandelier, Charles Lummis, H. P. Mera, Edgar L. Hewett, Sylvanus G.\nMorley, A. V. Kidder, Jesse Nusbaum, Kenneth Chapman and many others who\nhave distinguished themselves in the field of arch\u00e6ology or related\nfields. They all knew the place in its infancy, so to speak, and have\ncontributed their share to the story of primitive Pueblo Indians who\nlived in the Valley of the Rito de Los Frijoles in times anterior to the\ncoming of the Spanish.\nAs I remember it, there was a short-cut road into the Frijoles, little\nmore than a cow path which left the Albuquerque-Santa Fe highway just on\ntop of La Bajada Hill. It must have been fifteen miles across La Bajada\nMesa west to the Rio Grande. Over the rolling hills of mesa-land the\ngears of our car ground a good part of the way in low until the little\nsettlement of Buckman on the banks of the Rio Grande was reached. A man\nby this name, Buckman, used to cut and haul timber from the high\npotreros; he built a sawmill, and also a narrow bridge across the river\nhere. It was a rickety old bridge with planks for runners but we got\nacross. The winding, bumpy road led us up a steep climb from the Rio\nGrande to the forested land extending toward the high mountains. Once on\ntop the mesa we drove between two of many high potreros and on into\nWater Canyon where the road followed the narrow valley for a few miles.\nWe crossed a winding creek several times and drove through green\npastures until the high-walled canyon became narrow.\nPresently, the road turned to the left winding up the side of the\nmountain. Fortunately it was not muddy or we might never have made the\nsteep grade. Once on top of the plateau the road headed south and a\nlittle west in the direction of Frijoles Canyon a few miles distant. We\nwound through majestic yellow pines, pi\u00f1ons and scrubby junipers. Here\nthe road turned again and paralleled the Canyon for a few miles, up and\ndown hills, ever twisting and turning. We drove to the top of an old\ntrail which might have been used by ancient Indians some four hundred\nyears ago. I walked to the brink of the Canyon, my mother constantly\nreminding me not to go too near. The height was terrific. It must have\nbeen six hundred feet to the bottom of the gorge\u2014almost straight down.\nIt made me dizzy. I had never seen such a thing before in all my life.\nIt was to me a Hidden Valley and I wondered why any people wanted to\ncome away out here to live\u2014even prehistoric Indians. Of course, it was\nawe-inspiring but I was too young to be inspired.\nThere were saddle horses at the brink of the Canyon for folk who\ncouldn\u2019t or who were too lazy to walk down the trail. And then there\nwere benches and tables underneath the pines for picnickers who wanted\nto eat either before they began the long descent into the valley, or\nafter they returned from it. For years and years people walked or rode\nhorseback up and down the steep old trail. Perhaps some never reached\nthe bottom. Individuals came from all over the world. Some painted, some\nviewed, some fished, some wrote and some prayed to God that they might\nmake it back to the top. Others, enthralled by the grandeur of the\nCanyon, desired to cast themselves off its rim into the mystery of its\ndepth. I myself distinctly remember climbing down that old winding trail\nfrom the north rim. It seemed that we would never reach the bottom. The\ntrail was a precipitous one, zigzagging and narrow, to the valley floor\nfar below.\nAt a short distance across the narrow Rito we could see a little stone\nranch house surrounded by huge pine trees and box-elders. A woman was\nstanding on the porch probably wondering if we were to be guests for the\nnight at the famous \u201cTen Elder Ranch.\u201d But my father and I were fishing\nfor mountain trout, and, if I remember correctly, it was he who caught\nthe limit because he was the fisherman, not I. I might have been\nincluded among those unschooled people who had in their blood simply the\ndesire for \u201cpioneering\u201d and \u201croughing-it,\u201d but who understood little\nabout what they saw.\nThis excursion of ours took place when roads in New Mexico were almost\nnil. A buckboard would have been better than an automobile with high\npressure tires which blew out about twice a day. We broke an axle on the\nway home and had to spend the night on La Bajada Mesa between the Rio\nGrande and the highway in what was locally known as \u201cOld Man Pankey\u2019s\nPastures.\u201d The Valley of the Frijoles impressed me, then a little boy,\nand, I well remember the hundreds of smoke-blackened caves hewn out of\nthe soft cliffs by Indians sometime in the dim past. But I knew not the\nsignificance of these caves. I knew nothing of the story of how\nprehistoric Indians lived four hundred years ago. They were merely\nblackened holes to me occupied by a people about whom I knew little. I\nremember the ruins of the big community house. It was located across the\nlittle river from the stone ranch house. I thought it foolish for\nIndians to build houses out in the sun when there were so many shade\ntrees close to the Rito. I now believe that this first visit of my\nchildhood created within me the desire to solve for myself the questions\nthen arising in my mind concerning the Canyon. Since that time hundreds\nof famous personages have passed this way: artists, arch\u00e6ologists,\ndoctors, botanists, psychologists, statesmen, preachers, governors,\nengineers, students and romancers, each finding satisfaction in his own\nparticular line of interest.\nLife in this place two decades ago can best be described by the owner of\nthe old ranch, Mrs. Evelyn C. Frey, who has made Frijoles Canyon her\nhome for twenty odd years. She can tell some very interesting stories\nabout the early days. She knows the country and the trails, the flowers\nand the birds; and she still calls folks, who live thirty miles away,\nher neighbors. She recalls many lonely hours spent with her baby in the\nstillness of the Canyon. She remembers how the sun would go down over\nthe south cliff at twelve noon and then how the day would change toward\ncold evenings and bitter winter nights. Ofttimes a howling wind would\narise, then followed a calm, and in the morning a foot of deep snow. And\nthere was no way out of the valley except over the old north trail. She\ntells how deer pranced around in full view, unafraid. Wild turkeys\nrested upon the wall behind the old ranch place and could be seen from\nher kitchen window. But she was never afraid and said she knew how to\nuse a six-shooter if she had to. Mrs. Frey had told me many times, how,\nafter a rough and tiresome drive from Santa Fe over fire trails, all\nsupplies were packed on horses and mules and brought down to the floor\nof the Canyon.\nA heavy pack mule, once upon a time, loaded with lumber, just didn\u2019t\nmake one of the sharp turns in the trail. It dropped one hundred fifty\nfeet and went to mule heaven, bumping from first one level to another,\nlumber and all. The carcass was left for the scavengers of the air to\nfeast upon. Mrs. Frey has described how she often bundled her tiny baby\nup in blankets to protect it from the cold on bitter winter nights, and,\nbearing the child in her arms she herself had swung into the saddle at\nthe top of the old trail. The narrow path was covered with snow all the\nway down, and although she was afraid, the faithful horse had always\ncarried them safely to their home.\nThe time came when pack horses were replaced by a cable-way strung from\nthe north cliff to the floor of the Canyon. It was a thousand feet long\nand the tram-car was operated by a gasoline engine. This was the way\nsupplies were brought in for the operation of the dude ranch\u2014even the\nwinter\u2019s supply of wood. It was not until 1933 that the old trail was\nabandoned. At this time an automobile road was blasted from the side of\nthe steep cliff in the lower end of Frijoles Canyon.\nThe history, if written, might prove far more interesting to many people\nthan the prehistory. There would be some interesting tales to tell about\nfolk and their affairs, but our main concern is with the prehistory. I\ndo not think I exaggerate the situation when I say, despite a visitor\u2019s\ninterest or profession, most guests have come to Frijoles to visit the\nhundreds of ruins of homes built by the ancestors of some of our\npresent-day Pueblo Indians. The Canyon and its extensive cliff dwellings\nand pueblo ruins are well-known the world over. Neolithic people, stone\nage people with implements of bone and stone and wood, lived here in\nancient times and when they deserted their homes in the cliffs and on\nthe valley floor, they left one of the most outstanding and spectacular\nsites in the southwestern part of America to be preserved for posterity.\n                  The Pueblo Indian Meets the White Man\nCould there be, in the Southwest, a man or woman who has not heard\nsomething of the Spanish expeditions into the New World during the\nsixteenth century? And, narrowing it down, about Coronado\u2019s famed Seven\nCities of Cibola and how they turned out to be six instead of seven poor\nlittle pueblos of stone and mud. They are now reduced to but one called\nZu\u00f1i. Marcos de Nisa, a Franciscan friar, had led the little army of\nconquerors to nothing here except grief and disappointment in trade for\nfabulous stories about gold and silver.\nNew Mexico was a new country and besides extending the domain of His\nMajesty, King Charles, and forcing Christianity on the Indians, there\nwere many wonders that would stand investigation. Had it not been for an\nIndian who was named Bigotes by the Spaniards, the conquerors might\nnever have reached the Rio Grande during that expedition. Bigotes means\n\u201cwhiskers\u201d and his appearance must have been a sight to His Majesty\u2019s\nsoldiers when this half-clad native came strolling into their camp with\na few companions from Pecos far to the east. Unlike most of his kind,\nBigotes wore a long mustache. He had brought buffalo hides to trade to\nthe Spanish and he persuaded them to visit his country. It was on August\n29, 1540, that the little band pushed out under the guidance of Bigotes.\nOn September 7 of that year they reached the Province of Tiguex, which\nwas between the present towns of Albuquerque and Bernalillo.\nThere were twelve Indian villages on the banks of the Rio Grande within\na distance of some fifteen miles or so. The Rio Grande was described by\nthe Spanish, at that time, as large and mighty in a spacious valley two\nleagues wide. Although the valley was broad and fertile, the Spanish\ndescription was certainly an over-estimation. Two leagues equalled five\nor six miles. They also said that the river froze so hard that laden\nanimals and carts could cross over it. Tiguex was the winter camp of the\nentire Spanish expedition. It was here that Coronado and his band of\nweary and disappointed explorers spent that miserable and\nnever-to-be-forgotten winter of 1540-1541. Glowing accounts of how\nIndians lived were told by the romantic Spanish chroniclers. Still, they\nfound only a poor simple people living by the soil and a little\nhunting\u2014but no gold.\nTiguex was not the only province along the river. There were others\nwhose people had the same ways and peculiar customs as the people at the\nTiguex villages. One of these provinces was that of Quirex. It has been\ndetermined that this was the district where the Keres language is spoken\ntoday by five very primitive Indian Pueblos. They are Cochiti, Santo\nDomingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana and Sia. Moved by an indomitable spirit\nand determination, a small band of soldiers pushed far north from\nTiguex, past the Keres-speaking villages where another province was\ndiscovered on the upper Rio Grande. It was reported that two very fine\nvillages were to be seen. According to some students these were in the\nvicinity of the present Tewa-speaking village of San Juan. The entire\nIndian population moved out at the sight of the Spanish. They retreated\ninto the mountains where they said they had four very strong villages in\na rough country where it was impossible for the Spanish to follow on\nhorseback. Had they followed these people they would, no doubt, have\nfound almost inaccessible Indian trails. Instead, they returned to\nTiguex and left this northern province in peace. Little did the Spanish\nrealize what extensive villages they might have seen in the rough\nmountains mentioned by the Indians.\nIndians also spoke of villages on rivers flowing into the Rio Grande.\nCould these villages have been on the banks of the Rio Chama or were\nthey on the Pajarito Plateau? They likely were in the Pajarito region\nand could have been the same villages mentioned by the Indians living\nnear San Juan. But the towns of the Pajarito remained unexplored,\nunplundered and unstripped of what little they had. How fortunate were\nthese people to have escaped the attentions of the Spanish with their\nshining armor, pointed lances and firearms. Otherwise, these poor\nIndians might have found themselves without adequate clothing and food\nfor the approaching winter of 1541-1542 as did the Indians at Tiguex.\nBut the passing of that second uneventful winter by disheartened and\nspirit-broken Spanish soldiers ended a chapter which was never to be\nforgotten by the other little pueblo dwellers. In the spring of 1542,\nthe remnants of the Spanish were gathered together and the return to\nMexico was begun. This must have been a day of rejoicing for the Indians\nat Tiguex. They had experienced a great deal. Murder, insincerity on the\npart of the Spanish, and violation of their living standards were just a\nfew of their trials.\nLife went on in the pueblos. Slowly but surely the Indians reorganized.\nSummers and winters passed and the Indians tilled their fields of corn\nfor two generations before the Spanish came again. This next expedition\nup the Rio Grande in 1581 was that of Captain Francisco Sanchez\nChamuscado with nine soldiers. This combined treasure-hunt and\nmissionary expedition ended in tragedy. Chamuscado died before he\nreturned to Mexico, and two padres, who accompanied the little party,\nwere murdered by the Indians at Tiguex. So elated were the Indians with\ntheir success that they drew pictures of the killings.\n    [Illustration: BANDELIER NAT\u2019L MONUMENT & VICINITY]\nDreams of conquest and fabulous empires caused the launching of still\nanother expedition into New Mexico in 1583. It was headed by Antonio de\nEspejo. Espejo, too, passed northward from the villages of the Province\nof Tiguex which had been visited by Coronado some forty years before and\nby Chamuscado in 1581. This little handful went north to a place called\nCachiti. This was one of the pueblos of the Keres-speaking group\nmentioned by Coronado. People who were peaceful came from other pueblos\nand tried to persuade the Spanish to go with them. They told stories of\nmost of the houses being three stories high. The Spanish named this\nplace Los Confiados because the people were not disturbed. But where was\nLos Confiados? It has never been determined.\nIt would be a guess to say where these other Indians came from. It has\nbeen suggested that they might have come from villages on the Jemez\nRiver when they heard of the arrival of the Spanish. There is still\nanother explanation which is also conjectural but possible. These people\ncould have come from villages in the mountains. Arch\u00e6ologists and\nhistorians are unable to give us the exact extent of the Keres villages\nin those days although careful study and research suggest that only\nseven remained extant at the time of the Spanish Conquest. Yet, who can\nsay that towns were not still being occupied back in the hills? On the\nforested mesa tops and in the deep water-worn canyons northwest of\nCachiti, the Indian Pueblo known today as Cochiti, are hundreds of\nIndian villages now in ruins. They were occupied, hundreds of years ago,\nby Indians who were probably speaking the Keres language like the folks\nat Cochiti, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana and Sia. These people\nhave told some interesting tales, legends mostly, about how all their\npresent villages came to be: about their wanderings, about their Gods\nand about their troubles with Indians who spoke different languages.\nWhy was it that Espejo\u2019s chroniclers did not leave us more information\nabout the town of Los Confiados and its people? Was it not important?\nThey told us about Zu\u00f1i and its Seven Cities, about the Tiguex villages\nand Cochiti. Coronado\u2019s little group, some forty years before, had\nvisited the Province of Hemes, now Jemez, whose people spoke yet another\nlanguage, the Towa. And history tells us that Espejo made a two-day\nvisit to the town of Los Confiados in 1583. This ended his contact with\nthe Indians at Cochiti and other Keres-speaking villages. Could it be\nthat Espejo\u2019s soldiers looked back up into those forbidden and forested\nhills against a high range of snow-covered mountains northwest of\nCochiti and decided that they had seen enough of the Indian? Or were\nthey told that they would have to leave their horses behind and go afoot\nif they wanted to visit the villages on streams running into the Rio\nGrande? The thought of wearing heavy armor might not have been too\nfascinating. And if these people were from villages in the mountains,\nwhat was their motive in attempting to lead the Spanish there? Was it a\ntrap? Did they have some other motive in mind, or was their mission one\nof peaceful intent? Arch\u00e6ologists now tell us that it probably has been\ncenturies since Keres-speaking people lived in these mountains northwest\nof Cochiti.\nIf one had sufficient imaginative ability he might work up a\nhypothetical case of what could possibly have taken place during this\nFebruary of 1583. To get at the basis of our story and the things to be\ntalked about hypothesis seems to be our only recourse. Nothing seems\nexact when dealing with early New Mexican history, but this hypothesis\ncould be as correct, possibly, as some of the accounts given by the\nSpanish possessed of romanticism. But how close were the explorers to\nHidden Valley, the like of which they would never again be able to see!\nThey stayed clear of the mountains and kept to the valleys. In all of\ntheir travels and wanderings, the Spanish kept out of the watershed\nbetween the Jemez Mountain Range and the Rio Grande Valley. It is today\nknown as the Pajarito (little bird) Plateau. The Ca\u00f1ada de Cochiti is\nits southern boundary, not far from the pueblo of Cochiti. The Rio\nGrande bounds it on the east, the Rio Chama on the north and the Jemez\nMountains on the west. The entire plateau is made up of deposits of soft\nvolcanic ash, known as tuff, and deposits of black basalt. Geologists\ntell us that all this happened an inconceivably long time ago\u2014three\nmillion years, let us say, in geological times known as the Pliocene and\nPleistocene periods.\nToday the Pajarito Plateau is a profusion of high potreros (narrow mesas\n), and deep canyons cut by streams and arroyos which carry off seasonal\nrains. Some of the canyons have sheer vertical cliffs of volcanic ash,\nhundreds of feet high in places, and this ash is soft enough to be\ncarved and hewn into various shapes and forms. The cliffs are even soft\nenough for the wind to carve what appear to be statues which stand out\nas exceptional works of nature. The mesa tops are beautiful. They are\ncovered with thick growths of pine and juniper, pi\u00f1on and scrub oak. A\nprofusion of flowers dot the landscape during the summer months.\nIt was the Pajarito Plateau that both Coronado and Espejo failed to\nplunder, not because of any lack of desire on their part, perhaps, but\nbecause it was a forbidden land to them and was marked by defying cliff\nboundaries which rose to terrific heights. Could one say that the\nSpanish did not wonder what these hills possessed when they heard about\nvillages on streams which ran into the Rio Grande? And no doubt, if\nthese peaceful people, whom the Spanish followed to Los Confiados, were\nof the Keres nation\u2014and they likely were\u2014then they knew every valley,\nstream, trail and water hole in the Pajarito country. Espejo dispatched\nsome of his men to accompany these Indians. Where were they led? Did\nthey go up into the sandy foothills below the Jemez Mountains and its\nfinger-like plateaus or did they penetrate almost inaccessible territory\nnorthwest of Cochiti? Or did they march straight north up the almost\ninaccessible White Rock Canyon of the Rio Grande? They were gone two\ndays from the pueblo of Cochiti. Where did they go? Where was this town\nof Los Confiados to which Espejo was invited and about which he gave us\nno fact?\nThe Keres-speaking people are possessed with legends of having been\ndriven from the Pajarito by a race of \u201cdwarfs\u201d at some time in the\nremote past. But no one is sure that this race of \u201cdwarfs\u201d was not the\nTewa-speaking people from the northern part of the Pajarito region who\ndescended into Frijoles Canyon and drove the Keres from their Hidden\nValley long before the Spanish came to America. Nor can one be certain\nthat Keres people were not still living in Frijoles Canyon with the\nTewas during Coronado\u2019s time in 1540 or even some forty years later\nduring Espejo\u2019s time. Could one go so far as to suggest that Keres\ngroups still remembered how their ancestors perhaps had been driven from\ntheir homes by \u201cthe little strong people\u201d and that now they could have a\nwell-earned revenge by directing the attentions of the Spanish toward\nthe Valley of the Frijoles?\nHad Espejo been gullible enough, and had the spirit of adventure been\nstrong enough; had it been summer and not February, and had these\npeaceful Indians been Keres bent on revenge against the Tewas, his\nsoldiers might have been led northwest up the Ca\u00f1ada de Cochiti. After\nan hour or so the trail would have become so difficult that the Indian\nmethod of travel would have been an issue. Horses would have been left\nbehind and the little party would have ascended to the potrero tops on\nfoot; over snow-covered precipitous trails; up and down canyon walls and\ndeep into ancient Keres land.\nIt would have been no \u201cpicnic\u201d even on foot. So rough is the country it\nis even doubted that the wily Navaho used these trails as has been so\noften suggested. The Keres might have picked a more direct route; up the\nbanks of the Rio Grande to the mouth of Capulin Canyon, over high\npotreros, following a dim rough trail which skirted the Rio Grande for\nseveral miles then north to the mesa bordering Frijoles Canyon. And it\nis quite possible that the Spanish could have gone horseback deep into\nKeres territory, up Capulin Canyon to La Cueva Pintada, the Painted\nCave. The cave gets its name from the many pictographs on its walls.\nAround it are the ruins of many houses built against the cliff at the\ntop of the talus slope. Some of the Indian legends have it that the\nPainted Cave was one of six towns occupied when their ancestors were\ndriven from the Valley of the Frijoles.\nTravel from the Painted Cave on into Keres land probably would have been\non foot. Up the rough Capulin Canyon [** Error: possible line-wrapped\nglossary phrase]for an hour\u2019s march, over snow-covered potrero tops,\nthey would have passed the ruins of innumerable villages. There they\nmight have rested and drunk the icy water from a running creek during\nthis cold month of February. And from there they made their way up to\nthe potrero tops again, winding and twisting, half walking and half\nclimbing and stopping somewhere, in a cave perhaps, to spend the night.\nAnd then they marched on to the pueblo of the Stone Lions, now bleak and\ndesolate and worn by time. The pueblo of the Stone Lions, according to\nthe Cochitenos, was the first village built and occupied by the\nKeres-speaking people after they were driven from the Valley of the\nFrijoles. The village is known as Yapashi which means \u201csacred\nenclosure.\u201d\nOnly a half-mile away is the Stone Lions Shrine. Carved out of native\ntuff are the life-size images of two mountain lions and around them is\nan enclosure\u2014a low wall of blocks of volcanic tuff. It is said that even\nthe Zu\u00f1i Indians made pilgrimages to this shrine because they believed\nthis to be the entrance to Shipapolima, the underworld from which their\nancestors emerged. It is important even today to the Cochitenos who\nvisit it frequently and leave bits of their ceremonial paraphernalia.\nMoving along slowly, Espejo\u2019s little party would have trudged up the\nslopes to the high potrero tops again and then across the steep-walled\nCanyon del Alamo. They would have had a long march to Frijoles over\ntrails known only to Indians. No, this could hardly have happened. The\nSpanish might never have survived.\nHad these Keres-led Spanish peered into the Frijoles\u2014known to Indians as\nTyuonyi\u2014this Hidden Valley in the New World, they would have seen the\nunbelievable. They would have looked into a valley six hundred feet deep\nand several hundred feet across. The opposite or north side was a sheer\nperpendicular cliff of pinkish rock. There were houses terraced high in\nthe air, three or four stories at the base of the cliff. There were cave\nopenings in the cliff, over some of the houses, which led out to open\nporches built of poles and brush. Small houses of stone and mud extended\nup and down the north wall of the Canyon almost as far as the human eye\ncould see. People were walking around, microscopic in size because of\nthe distance, climbing up and down tiny ladders to and from the tops of\ntheir houses. They were clothed in cotton cloth, hides and furs.\nIn the center of the valley, seemingly equidistant from both sides, was\na huge circular house comprised of many small rooms, one on top of\nanother, with tiny ladders extending from the ground to the roofs.\nIndians were going in and out of small roof openings. Their house was a\nveritable fort of primitive style. Four hundred rooms, or more, were\nbuilt in the form of a circle. The structure had an opening or hallway\nthrough one side which led to an inner court or plaza. A sentry was\nstationed inside the entrance which was a high, thick wall built in the\nshape of a semi-circle with a narrow opening. A lone Indian, or maybe\ntwo, with bow and arrow in hand, might have been seen carrying a deer\ndown a narrow trail. Queer looking creatures were these Indians with\nlong stringy hair tied down by a band around their foreheads. They wore\nmoccasins of deer skin on their feet. Kilts covered their thighs. They\ncould have been a short muscular sort of people much the same as our\nmodern pueblo dwellers. But they were known as the \u201cpygmies\u201d or \u201cthe\nlittle strong people.\u201d\n    [Illustration: COURTESY MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO THE PAINTED CAVE]\n    [Illustration: COURTESY MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO STONE LIONS OF COCHITI]\nSmoke emerged from tiny openings in the roofs. Occasionally an Indian\nwoman would appear, black hair stringing and her body draped with a\nmanta of cotton cloth or animal skins. The bark of a dog or the gobble\nof a turkey which the Indians had domesticated might have broken the\nsilence. The waters of the little river far below could be heard rolling\nover and onward toward the Rio Grande. The occasional thud of a boulder\nwas heard as it bumped down stream.\nOnly one side of the valley was occupied\u2014the north side. The south side\nwas covered with trees, bare now because winter was here. The south wall\nof the Canyon was not as conducive to habitation as the north because it\nwas worn down at a sharp angle. There were no vertical cliffs from which\nto carve out caves and no talus slopes on which to build little houses\nof stone and mud. No sun directed its rays toward the south cliff. The\nsnow lay there all winter and helped cut it down at a sharp angle from\ntop to bottom. The north side was sunny and dry\u2014a perfect place for\nhabitation.\nThere were not many people here during these last years of the sixteenth\ncentury. Great numbers had gone: but where, and why? A few cronies could\nhave been seen crouching against stone houses at the base of the cliff,\nbasking in the afternoon sun. A woman or two could have been grinding\ncorn on flat stone slabs inside a cliff house, keeping time to a weird\nmonotonous chant sung by old men as they pounded drums. Things were\nhanging from the ends of roof poles protruding through the front walls\nof houses\u2014perhaps a piece of highly prized venison. House tops were\nstrewn with corncobs. A weather-beaten corn field had spent itself.\nThis was the valley known to the Keres as \u201cTyuonyi.\u201d It was the place\nwhere their people had lived only a few generations before. It was a\nvalley over which most any group of primitive people would fight and was\na place where the water supply was constant except in times of intense\ndrought. Tyuonyi is a Keres word which signifies a treaty or contract\nand was so-called because of a treaty made with Tewa-speaking people\nyears before, marking it as the boundary between Keres and Tewa\nterritory. But who was to occupy Tyuonyi, the Hidden Valley and the most\nideal spot on all the Pajarito Plateau? It seems that the Tewas (the\nlittle strong people) were the ones who occupied it until the very last.\nThis was perhaps the reason why the Keres became envious and that is why\nto this day they retain a feeling of criticism for the Tewa-speaking\npeople. Legend has it that relations between the two groups in\nprehistoric times were normally unfriendly.\nNo Spanish expedition ever reached Hidden Valley, or at least,\narch\u00e6ologists have never found anything to indicate such a visit. And I\nrepeat, the Spanish expeditions clung to the low valleys and kept away\nfrom the mountains. Tyuonyi then, is our subject. The Spanish never\nvisited it and if they ever heard of its extensive settlement by Pueblo\nIndians direct mention was never made of it. It was a Hidden Valley in\nthe New World occupied before recorded history began in America. And\ntoday its ruins are mellowed with age. It has yet to give up all its\nsecrets about the cliff dweller who hewed three hundred caves from its\nnorth cliff with stone axes and knives, and built over twice as many\nsmall houses at its base. They constructed five community villages on\nits floor, and raised corn and beans and squash and pumpkins. And in so\ndoing, these prehistoric pueblo and cave dwellers, and I might say\nhistoric, too, left in Hidden Valley so much material evidence about the\nway they lived that in 1916 the entire area, including some of the\nancient Keres land to the south, was created a National Monument. Later,\na detached section of ancient Tewa territory, a few miles to the north,\nwas added to the area. It is known today as Bandelier National Monument\nand is comprised of some 27,000 acres.\nThe thousands of interested visitors, who go to Bandelier every year to\nprowl through the ruined homes located in the Valley of the Frijoles,\nspend an hour or so turning the clock back to Neolithic times when man\nhad only bone, stone and wood tools with which to work. They relax in\nHidden Valley\u2014and in imagination try to reconstruct the story connected\nwith these ruins which hold so closely the secrets of the past.\nCould one be so bold as to say that the Moslem Invasion of Spain in the\neighth century A.D. took place after the first occupation of the Rio\nGrande Valley by prehistoric Indians? Arch\u00e6ologists, who tell us stories\nbased on the remains of things they have found, broken pottery mostly,\nsay that Indians might have known the Rio Grande before this time. We\nbelieve that they have occupied it continuously since about the eleventh\ncentury A.D.\nDrought seems to have always been one of the main controlling factors in\nthe migrations of Southwestern Indians. The study of tree-rings tells us\nthis. By matching ring patterns formed by the annual growth of certain\nkinds of trees, pines chiefly, arch\u00e6ologists are able to determine the\nyears in which age-old timbers were cut. Those they are interested in\nare the ones used by prehistoric Indians long years ago for building\nroofs on their houses. So naturally, if an Indian had cut a tree down\nwith a stone axe and laid it across the walls of his house, then the\nyear that the tree was cut would correspond to the approximate time his\nhouse was built and occupied. Indians did not cut timbers until they\nwere ready to use them. Felling timbers with crude stone axes was\nsomewhat of a chore. Old beams from houses show that long periods of\ndrought reigned in the Southwest. It is thought that these dry spells\ncaused Indian families to leave their homes and seek new lands for\nsettlement and cultivation.\nSuch a condition seems to have existed in the entire San Juan area of\nnorthwestern New Mexico, northeastern Arizona and southwestern Colorado.\nThe greatest of the large centers of Indian population, which may have\nnumbered hundreds or even thousands of people, were the towns of Chaco\nCanyon in northwestern New Mexico and the Mesa Verde cliff dwellings in\nsouthwestern Colorado. Many of these towns, it seems, were abandoned\nwhen the great drought was at its height between 1276-1299, a period of\ntwenty-three years. And so we find shifts in population. It is believed\nthat some of these shifts were toward the Valley of the Rio Grande.\nBefore this time small individual groups or migrant bands took to\nwandering. Other Indians could have remained even after the time of the\ntwenty-three year drought period, dreading to leave their homes as we\nwould ours today. No, there was no great exodus of population. The\npeople from the great towns in the west did not move out all at one time\nand completely abandon their homes and desiccated lands. They moved out\nin small bands, or even families. In some way, a traveler might have\nreported high mountain ranges, water and fertile lands to the east\u2014the\nnext best to the places they knew as home which they and their ancestors\nhad occupied for hundreds of years.\nIt is possible that even in the 1000\u2019s A.D., small groups pushed out\nover dry desert wastes, following sandy arroyo beds\u2014thought of water\never paramount. They were people struggling again for existence. Some\nlikely stopped along the way and built temporary homes. They broke\npottery vessels which they had brought along. The arch\u00e6ologist found\nsome of the broken pieces nine hundred years later to help tell the\nstory. Whether these migrant bands had a goal or not is questionable but\nthe Valley of the Rio Grande was finally reached and scant evidence of\nthese early people has been found. More and more Indians moved out of\nthe San Juan area and drifted in a southeasterly direction. Some clung\nto the valleys, others took to the mountains, but all settled in the\ngeneral locality where we find most of our colorful and picturesque\nIndian Pueblos so well-known the world over\u2014northern New Mexico.\nIt is evident that by constant roaming, and penetrating unknown and\nfascinating country, some of these primitive Indians stumbled into the\ndeep valleys and upon the high forested mesa tops of the Pajarito\nPlateau, about twenty miles west of the present city of Santa Fe. The\nspot on which Santa Fe is located was then nothing but arid mesa land\nand low foothills ascending to the Sangre de Cristo Range of Mountains.\nFour things were paramount in the minds of these primitive people. They\nwere water, food, protective shelter and clothing. These were the things\nthe Pajarito offered. Anyone journeying through the deep canyons and\nover the high mesa tops today could easily see why prehistoric Indians\nsettled here.\nFor centuries the wind pounded tiny sharp particles against cliff\nsurfaces. It whipped up close to the ground and hollowed out shallow\ncaves. Very likely, these places were not large enough for Indians to\ncrawl in out of the weather but the cliff composition was so soft that\nthese natural caves could easily be made larger. A crude stone of basalt\nwith a sharp edge made a perfect hand axe. Indian men hacked out caves\nlarge enough for a little family group to enter. Rain and cold created\nthe necessity for heat. Drills of wood were used to start fires in these\ncrude cave dwellings. Fires made them warm\u2014suffocatingly so. There was\nno way for the smoke to escape except through a wide front opening. This\nlack of ventilation created a very serious problem for the early cave\ndweller on the Pajarito Plateau.\nThere were other Indians who preferred to build their homes on the high\nmesas during these early times. Adobe was used almost exclusively to\nbuild the low walls of rooms. Some bedded small stones into the walls\nbefore they were dry. This helped to hold them together. Others\npreferred to use larger stone, picked up at random, in building their\nhouse walls. The adobe huts were undoubtedly unsatisfactory because of\ntheir low resistance to weather. Since older styles of pottery have been\nfound in the ruins of these houses, it is logical to suppose that\nIndians migrating onto the Pajarito built adobe houses first. Later they\ndug themselves out homes in the cliffs which gave them greater\nprotection from the weather and from any invaders.\nIn this wilderness a mule deer could have fed in a little valley or\ndrunk from a creek. This would mean food for the entire family or group\nif a crude arrow would hit its mark. Small razor-sharp fleshers of\nchalcedony or basalt were used to remove the hide from the carcass. The\nhide could be used for making clothing or moccasins. Some of the smaller\nbones might have been used as drills and awls until better ones could be\nobtained. A flock of wild turkeys would have solved this problem. Turkey\nbones made excellent awls. Just what the people used for arrow points\nduring these early times is questionable. Maybe they brought them along\nfrom the west. They could have used chipped chalcedony or basalt which\nwas readily found, and quite common in this area. An occasional nodule\nof black volcanic glass, called obsidian, washed down the creek and was\nfound bedded in its soft sandy bottom. Obsidian might have been more\npopular during later times as the early dweller in this country may not\nhave discovered the ledges of black glass immediately upon his arrival.\nSuch could have been life on the Pajarito Plateau eight hundred years\nago.\nMore groups of people came in. Hand-hewn caves could have dotted the\nsoft workable walls of every canyon which would support human life. The\nwell-known canyon of today, the Frijoles, was one such place. The lower\npart of the valley formed a sort of a bulb for about two miles. Its\nsheer cliffs on the north side rose to terrific heights. And throughout\nthe countless years, as boulders and dust fell from the cliffs, a talus\nslope or base had formed. A little river, the Rito de Los Frijoles, ran\nfor seventeen miles from its source in the high mountains to the west\nand emptied into the Rio Grande. This Canyon was the best in the entire\nPajarito\u2014the most coveted of all habitable places. The water supply was\napparently constant and the valley was broad and open at the lower end,\nmost suitable for agriculture. The floor was densely covered with\ngrowths of scrub oak, pi\u00f1on and pine. This was all that primitive groups\nneeded for successful living. And so we find that some of these\nwandering Indians from a world a hundred miles to the west, which was to\nbecome a thing of the past, penetrated the Valley of the Frijoles over\neight hundred years ago. But Frijoles Canyon was not the only place\noccupied. There were other canyons nearby. There was plenty of room for\nall. But was there enough water in these other canyons?\nIndian families cut their crude shelters deep enough for occupation by\nseveral individuals. Caves were uncomfortable, but certainly better than\nno shelter at all. This was a strange sort of stone which nature had\nprovided. It was very poor to build with, thought the Indian. It was\nsoft and bulky. But years of living would eventually solve the problem.\nWhy worry about it! In time necessity would produce some means of\nshelter more satisfactory. Later on, more people moved into the area.\nThese people occupied adjacent canyons and mesas as well as Frijoles.\nDuring many years population increased and the dwellers on the Pajarito\nbecame settled in their locality.\nThere is no way of telling how many Indians lived in the Valley of the\nFrijoles during very early times\u2014close to water and well protected.\nIndians could sit at the openings of their cave homes above the talus\nslope and see for great distances up and down the Canyon. And it was\nsafe. No jealous enemy lurking above could roll a boulder down on them.\nTheir cave was their protection. But caves were not adequate as homes.\nFires could not be built inside without smoking out its occupants.\nSomething better had to replace them. This new soft rock certainly was\nnot suitable for building walls or at least these simple valley folk did\nnot know how to use it. Crude mud huts were erected at the base of the\ncliff at the same time that caves were occupied as home sites. Mud was\nall they could find for building walls. It took lots of water to make\nmud and then it was so soft and crumbly that the little walls cracked\nand fell when they dried out.\nSoon it was found that by picking up small stones and packing them into\nthe soft mud as temper the walls would stand longer. Larger rocks and\nless mud made better walls and saved a lot of toil and unnecessary\nlabor. There were many rocks to be picked up at random. Walls were\nraised high enough for the Indian to stand upright inside the rooms.\nSharp stone axes of basalt were used to fell small trees which were laid\nover the tops of walls for the support of the roofs. The blunt ends of\nthe timbers were inserted in holes gouged out of the cliff. Brush and\ngrass were placed over them; thick mud coats were smeared over the top.\nHoles were cut in the roofs. Fires were built and the smoke could escape\nthrough these holes. How much better this than a cave! These tiny rooms\nwere stuffy and smoky inside but not as unpleasant as a cave room. An\nIndian would soon suffocate inside a cave. During the rainy seasons the\nroofs leaked and great quantities of mud were stirred up and spread over\nthe top and smoothed down flat. The women could always find more when\nthat washed off. In time weeds and wild grasses took root in these dirt\nroofs.\nBut somewhere, somehow, not at Tyuonyi perhaps, but in some nearby\nvalley or on some high mesa top at one of a hundred colony sites, Indian\nneighbors found that still larger chunks of tuff could be used for\nbuilding blocks. This would save much labor. So much mud in a wall would\nnot be necessary. It is possible that this use of larger building stones\nwas not a matter of independent origin at any one of many primitive\nvillages on the high mesas and in the deep canyons of the Pajarito.\nIndians, after years and years of living, simply came into the use of\nlarger building blocks by the trial and error method. They served the\npurpose better. A dry spell or so, when it did not rain, might have made\nit necessary to transport more and more water in urns from water holes\nor nearby streams. This was women\u2019s work and hard work too. And more\nstone and less mud made stronger walls for houses anyway. Some of the\nstone was so soft that it could be shaped into blocks to fit into the\nwalls. These blocks did not lay absolutely flat because their surfaces\nwere irregular. Small stones were forced between the cracks and when the\nmud mortar dried the walls were solid. This practice went on for years\nand years. Indians experimented with all the materials at their\ndisposal. They could not send an order to the Gods for building\nmaterials.\nEverywhere on the Pajarito are seen the remains of homes belonging to\nthis period of occupation. There are hundreds of them\u2014small family\nhouses, in deep canyons or in a forest on high mesa tops. Debris has\nfilled them up and today they look like piles of rock. Building blocks\nare strewn all over the surface. Most of the blocks had been picked up\nat random after they had been carved by nature. Others were square or\nrectangular, showing that they had been fashioned by Indian hands.\nThe Indians who lived in the Valley of the Frijoles communicated with\nthe other groups who lived in deep canyons to the south and to the\nnorth. They visited each other and even traded back and forth. Little\ncolonies were formed when one, two, three or four families lived\ntogether in a house with several rooms. But the time was to come when\nthis living all over the country would stop; people would come together\nto live in communities. And the little colony sites would be abandoned\nforever for the arch\u00e6ologist to discover centuries later.\nA touchy subject is that of linguistics. It is a tricky one. But\nstudents know that five different languages are spoken among the Pueblo\nIndians of New Mexico today. They are: Tiwa, Tewa, Towa, Keres, and\nZu\u00f1ian. To be on the safe side, one should not touch too heavily upon\nlanguages spoken by Indians, especially in a writing of this kind. But\nlanguages and dialects do play an important part in our story. When\nthose early people drifted from Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde toward the\nRio Grande, they spoke a language. But, it is unknown. Students have\nideas, but are reluctant to advance opinions based on the ruins they\nexcavate or the artifacts they discover. But, two groups of Indians\nspeaking different languages drifted onto the Pajarito. People speaking\ndifferent languages have never gotten along well together even from the\nTower of Babel until the present time.\nIt has been mentioned before that Keres-speaking Indians have a legend\nthat long years ago a treaty or contract was made between their\nancestors and Tewa-speaking people. It is said that certain loosely\ndefined ranges of territory were to belong to each of the two groups.\nThe meeting place or the place where the treaty was made was called\n\u201cTyuonyi.\u201d \u201cTyuonyi\u201d means \u201cplace of treaty.\u201d Thus the dividing line\nbetween Tewa and Keres lands became sharply defined by what is now known\nas \u201cFrijoles Canyon.\u201d But how long was such a treaty to last among\nprimitive people? All the lands to the south of Frijoles Canyon were\nsupposedly Keres and those to the north were Tewa. After this treaty was\nmade, Indians probably spread out on each side of the Canyon like the\nparting of the waters of the Red Sea. Small house sites dotted the mesas\nand canyons on both sides. But still, members of both groups could\npossibly have lived here together. Legend hints at this.\nAs time went on more houses sprang up at the base of the north cliff and\ncrude pueblos were erected on the floor of the Canyon. Kivas or\nceremonial chambers were dug out of the valley floor and lined with\nwalls of rock. Indians gathered cobble stone because they might not have\nknown how to cut blocks during these early times with which to lay\nmasonry walls. They gathered thousands of them and built their kiva\nwalls eight or ten feet thick. This was their attempt to utilize the\npieces of crudely shaped felsite or volcanic ash. They laid huge timbers\nfifteen or more inches in diameter across the walls of their large\nunderground chambers. Then smaller poles of pine were cut and laid on\ntop of the large vigas. Splittings were hacked from down trees. Pine,\ncottonwood, juniper, pi\u00f1on\u2014anything that would split easily with crude\nstone implements\u2014were used for the next roof course. Then brush and\ngrass and mud were put on top. The roofs must have been two or more feet\nthick but little did the Indians realize that the tremendous weight\nmight crack the big timbers after they dried out. How ingenious were\nthese Indians in their simple way!\nMany a moon passed. Many houses were built. Jealousy might have arisen\nbetween these two groups of Indians. Who was to raise corn on this or\nthat little patch of fertile ground? Who should have a right to hunt\ndeer and turkey in the Valley of the Frijoles? How could Keres-speaking\npeople go to Tewa kivas or how could Tewas go to Keres kivas? Trouble\nreigned over the entire plateau and most of it was possibly in the\nValley of the Frijoles. Was it ever decided which group should live in\nHidden Valley when it was given the name Tyuonyi?\nJealousy could have arisen over pottery. When the Frijoles area was\nfirst occupied clay deposits were discovered in arroyos and along river\nbanks. Indian women began moulding pottery with local clays. They\ndiscovered mineral pigments. They used paints from wild plants which\nfired the black designs in fast color in the vessels. The color would\nnever come out. But slowly and surely the women began to depart from the\ntechniques which they and their ancestors had previously used. Out of\nthese techniques new styles of pottery were developed by using local\nmaterials. These white wares with black designs became thick and coarse\nas time went on and probably decreased in popularity as far as\nusefulness was concerned.\nThe Keres-speaking people had kin far to the south of the Pajarito\nPlateau. And these people were ingenious. Sometime in the thirteenth\ncentury, it seems, Indians living in the Little Colorado River district\nof what is now eastern Arizona and western New Mexico, were making a\nstyle of red pottery with black designs. This pottery was apparently\nvery popular and spread by trade to the Rio Grande Valley. Indians in\nthis same region eventually learned to produce a glaze paint by using\nlead-manganese ore. This ware also spread to the Rio Grande and glaze\npaint was used in decorating pottery from about 1350 A.D. to the time of\nthe Pueblo Rebellion in 1680. It is thought that shortly after its\ninception and perhaps by 1400 A.D. this red pottery spread by trade to\nTyuonyi.\nThe Keres living here might have brought this red ware in from their\nsouthern relatives living below the Pajarito Plateau. On the other hand,\nit is possible that they might not have lived in the Canyon before the\ntime of the glaze pottery. The most plausible explanation seems to be\nthat the people to the south brought the materials to their kin in the\nFrijoles. These materials were then transformed into the beautiful new\nhard red ware to catch the eye of the Tewa-speaking people who likely\nwere modeling inferior white wares with black designs. However, there is\na remote possibility that this glaze ware was never manufactured in\nFrijoles Canyon and this possibility brings up the question as to\nwhether or not the ware was used as a wedge to gain entrance into\nTyuonyi. The folk who were living here, either Tewa or Keres, or it\ncould have been both, were making an inferior type of black-on-white\npottery with local materials. It was inferior because it was so porous.\nSo, the Tewa-speaking people might have readily accepted this red ware\nin trade from the Keres. And it seems this trading might have been\ncarried on for a half-century or thereabout. No one is sure. At this\nparticular time there seems to have been a definite decrease in the\nmanufacture or trading of glaze pottery.\nSomething very drastic must have taken place. Could it be that there was\njust not enough room in the beautiful Frijoles for two groups of people\nwho spoke different languages? It was easily a prize spot. It was a\ngreen valley\u2014a perfect place to live and the water supply was constant.\nIt might have been the envy of Indians for many miles around. There was\nnot this constant water supply either to the north or to the south. Some\ngroups living on the high mesas might even have depended on open basins\nhollowed out of soft rock to catch the rain water. Great jealousy could\nhave arisen between individuals or even groups. And one might safely\nguess that love affairs were broken up between Tewa maidens and Keres\nboys or vice versa. And who can say with certainty that the Tyuonyi was\nnot the earliest known home of the Keres-speaking people in this\nvicinity? Or that it was not the Tewas from the north who did the\nencroaching and forced their way into the Valley of the Frijoles and\nlived and traded pottery with the Keres?\nBy the time of the fifteenth century, there were many of the Indians\nliving to the north of Tyuonyi. Little house sites were being abandoned.\nPeople were drawing closer together to live in larger communities.\nSurely, the soft volcanic ash from the cliffs was being fashioned into\nbuilding blocks with stone axes. Some were square, some were\nrectangular\u2014long heavy four-sided blocks. It had taken Indians years and\nyears, possibly, to learn that this soft stone could be quarried and\nthen shaped. These blocks were definitely better and single thickness\ncoursed masonry walls were in vogue by this time. This was the highest\ntype of prehistoric pueblo architecture on the Pajarito Plateau.\nThis was most likely the period in which the terraced communal apartment\nhouses were developed and erected. There were centers of population from\nthis time on. There were no more small family houses. Indians built\nhouses with several hundred rooms, at least two, and, in some cases,\nthree stories high. What was the reason? Was it for defense purposes or\nwas it just a normal outgrowth of the discovery of the fashioned block\ntechnique? There were several main villages occupied by the\nTewa-speaking people to the north. They were all built in defensible\npositions: on a knoll, a high mesa top overlooking the entire\nsurrounding country, or in a valley away from the cliffs from which\nheavy objects could be thrown down by enemies. These four villages were\nPotsui\u2019i, Sankawi, Navawi and Tshirege. Potsui\u2019i was located in a deep\nvalley on a knoll. It was known as \u201cgap where the water sinks.\u201d Sankawi\nwas \u201cgap of the sharp round cactus.\u201d It was built high on a mesa top in\na defensible position. A trail was worn in the soft rock by thousands of\nmoccasined feet going and coming from the pueblo. Another of their\nvillages, Navawi, was so-called because of a pitfall gap or game trap.\nGame coming from either direction on the trail was caught in a deep pit.\nTshirege was \u201cHouse of the Bird People.\u201d It was the largest pueblo on\nthe Pajarito and had extensive villages built at the base of the cliff.\nThe numbers of Indians who lived at these sites during these times\ncannot be estimated though all four villages were large. It would appear\nthat nothing but Tewas lived here. But there also lived their kin and\nkind in Frijoles Canyon.\nKeres people were living to the south of Frijoles\u2014in large pueblos too.\nThey had been living in this south country for years at Yapashi, \u201cpueblo\nof the Stone Lions,\u201d and at Haatze, \u201cHouse of the Earth People.\u201d These\nwere communal apartment houses also but the Keres population on the\nPajarito probably was not as great as that of the Tewas in those days.\nNobody but Keres lived here to the south of Tyuonyi.\nBut certainly some groups held on at Tyuonyi. Who can say what happened\nhalf a millenium ago? Likely, the Tewas in Frijoles were few. They could\nhave been outnumbered by the Keres people who might have refused to\nleave their Tyuonyi. Runners could have been dispatched across trails to\nthe north to the big villages for help. War chiefs held council.\nWarriors were called into action and could have streaked out over\nage-old trails. Hideous looking creatures with flying black hair, bow\nand arrow and war club in hand, went whooping and yelling to the Tyuonyi\nand entered the Canyon at half a dozen places over the north cliff. Two\ngroups of Indians speaking different languages simply could not live in\nthe same valley, farm the same fields, live in the same caves and drink\nthe same water. This was the last of the Keres. They could not hold\ntheir own because they were outnumbered and out-fought by \u201cthe little\nstrong people.\u201d They were driven off and the Valley of the Frijoles was\nTewa from then on.\nSo these beaten Indians pushed south to move in with their kin at the\npueblo of the Stone Lions. Whether they ever went back to Tyuonyi and\nattempted another stand against \u201cthe little strong people\u201d is not known.\nIt has been legendarily hinted that a race of \u201cdwarfs\u201d again attacked\nthem at the pueblo of the Stone Lions, slaughtering many and driving off\nthe rest. But we know of no race of \u201cdwarfs\u201d in the Southwest during\neither prehistoric or historic times. The poor Keres! They were beaten\nat every turn. But they knew it and moved on, occupying first one place\nand then another, moving in for awhile with other kin and kind. The\nfarther away from Tyuonyi, the better!\n    [Illustration: COURTESY MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO RUINS OF LONG HOUSE]\n    [Illustration: COURTESY MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO A PART OF LONG HOUSE\n    RUINS]\nHaatze, or \u201cHouse of the Earth People\u201d was their next stop but not for\nlong. They lived here with their kind and then moved on, down to the\nvillage of Cuapa only to be attacked again by \u201cthe little strong\npeople.\u201d Great numbers were slaughtered, so the legends go, and the\nremainder driven off and pursued almost to the present town of Santo\nDomingo. Legend has it that one group went off by themselves and formed\nthe pueblos of Cochiti and Santo Domingo. Another group, it is said,\nclimbed up a high rock and took refuge there from their attackers. The\nrock is known as the \u201cPotrero Viejo\u201d and here they built a village. One\nSan Felipe legend tells us this: nearly all the people at Cuapa were\nslain, except a woman with a parrot who hid in a metate and a boy who\nhid in a store-room. These two moved to the Tiwa-speaking village of\nSandia and got a cold reception so they went east to live with the\nTanos, where the woman gave birth to five children. Things were made so\nmiserable for them here that they left and moved to the Rio Grande and\neventually went to San Felipe. That is why we have the pueblo of San\nFelipe today. These people still know the Pajarito as their ancestral\nhome and it is not an uncommon thing for them to organize a communal\nhunt to the homes of their ancestors or trudge to the Shrine of the\nStone Lions and paint the noses of the life-size fetiches or sprinkle a\nlittle sacred meal\u2014deep in ancient Keres land.\n                      Building in the Great Period\nTime has a peculiar way of curing all ills. The Keres had been driven\nfrom the Tyuonyi by the \u201clittle strong people\u201d and possibly did not make\nfurther attempt to re-occupy this Valley of the Frijoles. They were\ncontented to stay in the broad Valley of the Rio Grande where the water\nsupply was constant and where their enemies did not care to go. The\nboundary line was set. And even the hostile Tewas had probably\nexperienced enough of war and trouble.\nTyuonyi, the Hidden Valley, might have been like an oasis in the desert.\nWho can say that there was sufficient water in the canyons and on the\nmesas to the north\u2014that water holes did not go dry and that the Tewas\ndid not have to depend upon waters from the heavens to make their corn\ngrow? And who can say that the waters of El Rito de Los Frijoles dried\nup? One can only suppose. But judging by climatic conditions as they are\ntoday, Frijoles Canyon was one of the main sources of water on the\nPajarito. Since water was a controlling factor in the lives of these\npeople, what primitive group of Indians would not fight over the right\nto live in a well-watered valley\u2014a green and beautiful valley\u2014where\nadequate shelter was afforded by the vertical walls of a high north\ncliff? Certain things hint that little time passed before Tewa-speaking\ngroups penetrated the Valley of the Frijoles again and in larger numbers\nthan before. Slowly and surely they trickled in a few at a time. Over a\nperiod of years the infiltration was heavy. Deep trails were worn in the\nsoft rock ledges by the passing over of thousands of moccasined feet\ngoing to and from the northern villages some ten miles distant. The\nsteam of hatred between the jealous groups could have cooled off but\nprobably never completely. Toward the close of the fifteenth century\nprimitive Tewa farmers, it seems, had again settled in Frijoles Canyon.\n    [Illustration: Building house]\nThey went to work in earnest this time, building houses; not with mud\nwalls which would wash down when it rained, but with walls of stone,\nwhich type of construction their predecessors had begun. Some of the\ncaves occupied by the earlier people could have eroded away while others\ncould have been re-hewn by these later occupants. Who knows? Crumbling\nremains of old talus houses might have been leveled off at the base of\nthe cliff and new homes built over them. Indian men carved the heavy\nstones into square and rectangular blocks with stone axes. The stones\nlay almost flat and the masons did not have to be too careful in their\nfashioning because small pieces of rock hammered tight in the joints\nwould hold the blocks steady. These walls were laid on footings of\nsmooth-worn river pebbles. Block after block was carved and laid into\nstructures seven feet high. Indian women carried water from the little\nriver in ollas on the tops of their heads and trudged day after day up\nthe steep slopes to the cliff. They gathered clay, perhaps not from\nFrijoles Canyon, because it was hard to find. They might have traveled\nmiles for enough to apply a thin coating of wash over the stone walls of\ntheir homes.\nIndian men labored with stone axes to fell the trunks of pines which\nthey used in building roofs to their houses. They gouged holes out of\nthe soft cliff to insert the ends of roof beams and sealed them in\ntightly with mud mortar. Across these vigas they laid small poles. Many\nmiles were covered to obtain long slender canes and cat-tail stems from\nthe muddy low banks of the Rio Grande for the next roof layer. Then pine\nneedles and brush supplied the next coat. Something leafy had to hold\nthe thick mud coats which were smoothed flat over the top. Sometimes\nIndian houses had doors in the front walls and sometimes they did not.\nIt all depended upon the wish of the individual builder. Most of the\nhouses had two-pole ladders of pine. Rungs were lashed down tight with\nwillows, pliable reeds or even strings of rawhide or rope made from the\nyucca fiber. By means of ladders the Indian could climb to his roof-top\nand go down through a small hatchway or opening. This gave added\nprotection against hostile groups. In any one of many cavate or house\nrooms was a fireplace. In the ceiling above was an opening for the\nescape of the smoke. Cliff dwellings were smoky places regardless of the\ntype or style.\nTime developed the terraced community apartment house for the\nprehistoric Pueblo Indian in the cliff as well as in the open flats on\nthe floor of the Canyon. Second stories, it seems, came quite late in\nthe evolution of house types at Frijoles. Narrow mud walls of such poor\nquality as were built in earlier times at Tyuonyi would never have held\ntwo stories but the new walls of fashioned rock would hold them because\nthey were more stable. It stands to reason that when stone and mortar\nwere laid into a wall, the process of drying out transformed the wall\ninto a unit. This process reminds me of an expression I remember from my\nfreshman days in college, that: \u201cPre-Cambrian rocks are homogeneous in\ntheir heterogeneity,\u201d and it is certainly true that stone walls built by\nour prehistoric friends of the sixteenth century could enjoy the same\ncomment. Floors to these houses were plastered with fine adobe mortar.\nThe rough surfaces of walls were plastered over too, from floor to roof\ntimbers. And the cliff dweller was lucky if no water got inside his\nhouse. The secret was to keep them dry. It might not have been an\nuncommon sight to have witnessed the mudding of roofs by Indian women of\nsixteenth century Tyuonyi. After a good rain they could have taken\nadvantage of water caught in pottery vessels which had been set outside\nthe houses. This would have saved the women many a weary step to water\nand return.\n    [Illustration: Roofing a house]\nOne story was not sufficient so up, up, up went the houses to two and\nthree stories. The cliff formed the back walls of the rooms\u2014then Mr.\nPrehistoric Indian had only three walls to lay instead of four. Walls of\nstone, ten and twelve inches thick, would hold the weight of one or two\nadditional stories and especially when they leaned against the steady\ncliff. But additional rooms meant more poles, more cane, brush and mud.\nWhen second and third story rooms were added the smoke from fires in\nrooms below escaped through a front opening. There was no way for the\nsmoke to escape through the upper rooms and the cliff dweller was smart\nenough not to cut a hole in the floor and let the smoke into his house\nabove. And, too, second and third story rooms likely were much safer\nthan first story rooms. Ladders could be pulled up to the roofs. Who\nknows that these Tewas were not thinking of revengeful Keres people to\nthe south?\nIn some cases caves were hewn and used independently of the talus houses\nto the front but certainly it was impossible to stay inside while large\nfires were burning. The poor cliff dweller would have suffocated. Many\nattempts were made to ventilate caves by boring smoke holes above the\ndoorways. But it was impossible to ventilate a cave successfully. Not\nmuch of a draft was created. Indians attempted to ventilate their cave\nhomes by cutting as many as three holes through the soft cliff and then\nplastering the holes on the inside to facilitate the passage of the\nsmoke. They met with little success.\nFires were kindled inside and when smoke filled the room the Indian\neither had to go outside or into his talus house. I once had an\nexperience with fires in caves. Undoubtedly, the Indian of long ago\nexperienced the same as I. When a fire was kindled the smoke circled\naround and filled the chamber. The vents did not work. Smoke hovered\ndown to the height of the door and went out at that point leaving a\ndefinite line of demarkation around the cave wall. The Indian plastered\nthe wall underneath this smoke line so that his house would not be so\nfilthy and so that he could crouch down and lean his shoulders against\nit without getting soot all over his back. I have seen cave walls\nexhibiting as many as thirteen thin plaster coats. Never let it be said\nthat caves were popular places in which to live while large fires were\nburning inside. Perhaps our prehistoric friend knew that if he built a\nfire inside his cave the walls would warm up. Then hours later, after\nmost of the smoke had gone out, he could return and be quite comfortable\nwithout suffocating. And he, no doubt, would have rolled down a deer\nskin or matting of corn shucks over the opening to keep out the cold\nduring the winter months.\nThe majority of the caves at Tyuonyi were connected with the talus\nhouses to the front. Caves entered from second-story rooms were very\npopular and likely were used, for the most part, as ante-chambers and\nnot as independent dwellings. They were excellent for storage purposes\nand if the Indian wanted to live he had to hold food over from one\nseason to the next. Covering a period of a little more than a hundred\nyears, let us say, the Indians of Frijoles Canyon cut over three hundred\ncave rooms in the north cliff. Some were, used independently of the\nhouses to the front but most of them were not. Caves were hewn before\nhouses were built, and likely, a great number of them were cut after the\ntalus houses were erected against the cliff. They built just as many\nhouses as caves, if not more. Houses extended as far as four rows of\nrooms out from the cliff and they were terraced up as high as three\nstories. On top of them were open porches which we call \u201cramadas\u201d today.\nThey were mere shelters with four corner poles and a few cross pieces of\njuniper or pine with brush and leaves over the top. What delight some\nold cronies might have had basking in the sun during some hot summer\nafternoon!\nThis was the valley of the cliff dweller, the Ancient Tewa more than\nlikely, who built houses and cut caves for almost two miles up and down\nthe north cliff of Frijoles Canyon. Here he could see for great\ndistances\u2014he could look up and he could look down. He could hear the\nwater rippling in the Rito below and he could live in true Indian\nfashion. But these villages were not built in a day or a year. It took\nmany years. Although there are the ruins of enough houses and caves\nalong the north wall to have housed two thousand primitive Indians, no\nmore than a few hundred ever lived here at one time. There simply wasn\u2019t\nland enough to farm, or game enough to supply food for a greater number.\nIt would seem that Tyuonyi never had a static occupation but an ever\nmoving one.\nThe cliff dwellers at Frijoles, like their kin to the north, knew that\nthe only safe method of living was in communities. So they erected what\nis known today as the \u201cLong House.\u201d One section of the north cliff was\nalmost vertical and its base sloped gently down to the waters of the\nlittle river. This must have been the concentration of the cliff homes.\nRooms were built side by side for over seven hundred feet. There were\nfew cave rooms here to crawl back into and out of the weather. These\npeople must have learned by experience how uncomfortable caves were,\nbecause they stuck to houses with stone walls and roofs of poles and\nbrush and grass and mud. And they built these homes solid against the\ncliff and even carved recesses in the cliff so that the ends of the\nbuilding stones would fit perfectly. Then the walls would not slip. The\nLong House was not very far from water\u2014fifty yards. This was just a step\nfor the women.\nSome of the dwellers carved and painted pictures on the back walls of\ntheir houses or even in the caves which had barely enough room for three\nor four people to occupy. Call it writing if you like. It likely was\n\u201cdoodling.\u201d They had no written language. They were forced to record\nwhat they thought and what they believed or had seen on the walls of\ntheir houses or in the designs of their pottery. Birds were the most\ncommon design. A mountain sheep was occasionally drawn, or a squirrel,\nor a rabbit; perhaps a bear or a katsina\u2014a supernatural being. They\nmight have tried to depict their ancestors emerging from the darkness\nand climbing up a high pole from the underworld of Sipapu. The awanyu or\n\u201cplumed serpent\u201d was quite common. It was the guardian spirit of\nsprings. In one cave there was a drawing of a horse and certainly this\nwas not an ancient drawing for the Spanish brought the horse to New\nMexico. Some wandering Tewa could have seen the Spanish on horseback\u2014on\ncreatures which Indians thought devoured people. It might have been that\nother Tewa-speaking people from around the pueblo of San Juan, far to\nthe north, described a horse by pictograph, when they hurried into the\nmountain homes of their kin after seeing the Spanish in 1540. Or it\nmight have been drawn by some visitor after the evacuation of the\nIndians. It could even have been someone\u2019s joke.\nAbout a quarter-mile from the cliff dwellings, and where the Canyon\nbecomes narrow, is a deep natural cave. It is eighty feet across and its\nopening faces the valley one hundred fifty feet above the waters of the\nRito. One prehistoric group lived here for a time. They were certainly\nsecluded. Hand holds were gouged from the soft cliffs with sharp pointed\nrocks and here in this, now called \u201cCeremonial Cave,\u201d Indians built\nseventeen first-story rooms and several second-story rooms around the\nback. They excavated a kiva or ceremonial chamber to the front of the\ncave. Think of the task these Indians had when they carted water and\npoles and sticks and perhaps stones up the side of the cliff. Tons of\nrock were required to build these houses and the ceremonial chamber.\nThis little group built their kiva twelve feet in diameter. It was a\ncircular affair dug to a depth of nine feet and lined with a wall of\nstone which was plastered on the inside. The floor was of a special\nkind. It was hard, black and shiny. It had been polished with a smooth\nstone like the ones the Indian women use today to polish their black\npottery. Only this floor was made of blood\u2014animal blood. The Indians\ncarefully saved the blood from animals which they killed and then mixed\nit with fine silt and soot from the fire and smeared it over their kiva\nfloor in thin layers. When the blood coagulated the plaster hardened and\nthen it was polished by rubbing a smooth stone over it in backward and\nforward motion. This must have been an important room to have had such\nan elaborately made floor. But kivas in prehistoric times may have been\nmore important than they are today.\nIn the floor were six small holes in a straight line. While the plaster\nwas still wet small pieces of oak or some other tough pliable wood was\nbent in loops and the ends of each piece were pushed down into the soft\nmud plaster. Then these holes, or round depressions were made around the\nloops leaving them exposed. These were directly below a horizontal pole\nsuspended from the ceiling. This was a loom. By an arrangement of long\nstraight sticks these ingenious Indians devised a method of weaving.\nSince it is thought that in years gone by women and children were not\nallowed in the kivas to break up the complacency of a man\u2019s ceremony, we\nmight suppose that some old man sat here and ran a shuttle through warp\ncords of cotton strung vertically from roof poles to floor loops. Here\nhe carried on weaving of a ceremonial nature with cotton or animal hair\nwhile the smoke from a ceremonial fire in the fireplace circled around\nmaking the kiva a very unpleasant place to be despite an elaborate\nsystem of ventilation.\nThese \u201chigh-up\u201d cave dwellers had their houses built like the ones at\nMesa Verde, completely sheltered by the overhanging cave roof. To the\nside of the dwellings, situated near the back wall of the cave, was a\nturkey pen of little cleanliness. When I discovered this pen hundreds of\nyears later, the floor was covered with human feces, turkey and rodent\ndroppings. They had all lived here in times anterior to the coming of\nthe Spaniards\u2014Indians, turkeys and rodents. The Indian hauled his water\nand food from the valley below. He secluded himself from the bulk of the\nIndian population at Tyuonyi. The question will always be, why? Of\ncourse, there was a small pueblo on the other side of the Canyon on a\nlittle knoll across the river but this might have been built, occupied\nand abandoned before Indians ever occupied the big cave as a place of\nresidence.\nAnd then, there were Indians who preferred to live on the floor of the\nCanyon in pueblos\u2014terraced community apartment houses. Several hundred\nyards below the concentration of the cliff dwellings and in the lower\nend of the Tyuonyi they built such an apartment house. Little is known\nabout it because it has never been excavated. Broken pieces of pottery,\nthe most important tool of the arch\u00e6ologist, are found strewn over its\nruins today. Its walls are down now and its rooms are almost completely\nfilled in with debris. This particular group of Indians preferred to\nhave their dwelling close to water and they erected it with stone and\nmud mortar. This is all that is known of this isolated settlement.\nIt is quite possible that the most popular dwelling places in Frijoles\nCanyon were the dwellings at the Long House, so well protected by the\nsheer vertical cliff wall. These could have been over-crowded. Indians\nmight have cared little about living in other sections of the cliff. It\nmight have been that some of the cliff dwellers had experienced terrible\nslides when hundreds of tons of loose rock and boulders came tumbling\ndown on their little houses, crushing them like pasteboard boxes and\nburying the occupants alive. All the man-power in the northern part of\nthe Pajarito Plateau could never have rescued their kin who might have\nbeen caught in these cave homes. Those rocks had rolled from the top to\nstay and there they remain today. One wonders what stories those buried\ncaves hold\u2014if, by chance, the skeletons of the occupants are still\nthere. Indians perhaps have died scratching at the boulders which\ncovered the entrances to their caves or tearing their hair and clutching\ntheir throats as they suffocated and fell extended on the hard plaster\nfloors in their rooms. Those caves have never been opened.\nIt is easy to see that the valley floor could have been more popular as\na dwelling place than sections of the cliff more susceptible to slides\nthan the Long House. A part of the main population built and lived in a\nlarge terraced community apartment house known as \u201cPuwige\u201d or \u201cpueblo\nwhere the women scraped the bottoms of the pottery vessels clean.\u201d This\nis now the famous ruin known the world over. It has been featured in the\n_National Geographic Magazine_ and many other publications.\nPuwige never existed during the very early occupation of the Canyon. Its\ninitial wall stones were not laid until the beginning of the Great\nPeriod. Any Indian family might have erected a few rooms near the little\nriver\u2014close to water. Then another family came along and built a few\nmore rooms. A son took on a wife and the entire family helped to build\nhis house, since house-building was a community proposition. Indian men\nwent to the slopes where boulders had rolled down and broke them with\nheavy stones and fashioned the pieces into uneven building blocks. This\nwas no small job. Walls were laid in mud mixed by the small brown hands\nof Indian women. Poles were cut and laid across the walls, then\nsplittings and cane and brush were laid over the tops and sealed with\nthick coats of mud. Thick coats of crude plaster were spread over the\ninside of walls and over floors. These Indians had little clay, none for\nwalls anyway, without hauling it in on their backs, so, they poured hot\nashes into the mud to make it stick. Hot ashes formed a sort of lime.\nCoronado, in 1540, found the Indians at Tiguex making a mortar and\nplaster in this manner. Slabs of basalt were brought in and set edgewise\nin the rooms as fireplaces. This was the home of the newlyweds\u2014built\nright next to the groom\u2019s father\u2019s house. The young bride could have\ncome from the Long House to live at Puwige, the community house, with\nher husband\u2019s family.\n    [Illustration: FEDERAL ART PROJECT, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE. CUT\n    COURTESY MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO ARTIST\u2019S RESTORATION OF PUWIGE]\n    [Illustration: COURTESY NAT\u2019L. PARK SERVICE AERIAL VIEW OF PUWIGE\n    RESTORED]\nThe place on which Puwige was erected was so situated that the Indians\nhad to make walls with sharp turns to follow the contour of the land.\nThis must have been a popular place to live for as time went on more and\nmore rooms were added. Indians evidently preferred this to the\nvulnerable cliffs. It was not all planned and executed at one time. Some\nsecond-story rooms were added and then porches of poles and brush were\nbuilt. Additions of rooms continued until Puwige was shaped in the form\nof a crescent with the open part facing the little river which was only\na few feet away. Indians lived here for untold years. Something\nhappened. I know not what. It seems that they closed the gap by building\nthree rows of rooms. It was no more a crescent but a circle of rooms\nbuilt around a large plaza or inner court. Rooms were built in rows,\nseven deep on the east side of the circle and three on the west side.\nThere were about three hundred rooms on the ground floor and many second\nand third-story rooms\u2014four hundred in all, more or less. The place was\nturned into a veritable fort. These people were cunning. They cut seven\nrooms out through the east side and formed a narrow passageway through\nwhich everyone had to pass in order to enter his home. They went from\nthe outside of the pueblo through this narrow passage, dodging\nobstructions, until they reached the huge inner court. And then they\nascended to their respective dwellings by means of small ladders,\npulling them to their roof-tops during times of danger. Leave it to the\nTewas, \u201cthe little strong people,\u201d to find ways and means of protecting\nthemselves from lurking danger.\nI was once told a story by some San Ildefonso Indians about this Puwige\nhallway. Guarding the hallway was a half-circle barricade of stone and\nmud. It was several feet thick and both ends joined the walls of the\nmain building. Through this circular wall was a small opening. The wall\nmust have stood six or eight feet high to have been effective. Now the\nTewas contend that at one time, long ago, a sentry was stationed day and\nnight inside the circle. When Puwige was attacked the alarm was given\nand a huge boulder was rolled in front of the opening. This was to slow\ndown the attackers. If they were fortunate enough to get by the boulder\nthen it was intended that they stumble over a slab of basalt set\nedgewise in the passageway. It must have stood a foot or more in the\nair. If the attackers got by the stone without losing balance, then they\nencountered numerous wooden posts bedded upright in the dirt floor of\nthe long narrow passage. How confusing and prohibitive! Entrance to\nPuwige was almost impossible unless \u201cthe little strong people\u201d desired\nit. For the villager, an Indian woman with a water jar on her head,\nmoving along slowly, entrance was easy, but for the enemy\u2014no. Warriors\nstood on housetops, high in the air, and shot sharp-pointed arrows at\nenemies. They threw rocks and pottery vessels. They fought with\nclubs\u2014anything they could get their hands on. Puwige was not easy to\npenetrate.\nWas this Puwige occupied by any particular group or were the people of\nthe cliff houses allowed to scramble down and hurry to the inside for\nprotection? Was it a fort for the entire community or just for the\npeople who lived here? The cliff homes were being lived in at the same\ntime as Puwige and might have been more effective as defense units.\nThere was only one side to protect in the cliff homes\u2014the front. And who\nwere the attackers: Navaho, Keres or other groups? Legend has it that\nthe Navaho plundered the pueblos for years and years and history tells\nus so. They stole the hard-earned stores of food from the pueblos and\nran off with the women and children whom they made slaves. But it isn\u2019t\nlikely that the Navaho, on foot during the days of Puwige, cared much\nabout penetrating the mountain homes. It would have been a chore to\ncarry the loot back with them. The Navajo likely did not relish the idea\nof coming over the high range of mountains from the west for a few pots\nof beans and corn. Would it not be more likely that the so-called\n\u201clittle strong people\u201d might have feared attacks during the night by the\nKeres to the south who had been driven from their Canyon homes? Tyuonyi\nwas \u201cthe oasis of the Pajarito\u201d and the Tewas did not intend to be\ndriven from their fertile valley. Some lurking band could have crept\nover the south cliff when all was quiet\u2014while Tewas were resting\npeacefully below. And the attackers were quiet too, with their\nmoccasined feet, like the mountain lion which creeps upon a fawn. A\nfalling rock or the crackling of a dead branch would be a dead\ngive-away. This was not to happen to \u201cthe little strong people.\u201d\n    [Illustration: COURTESY MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO CEREMONIAL CAVE]\n    [Illustration: COURTESY MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO KIVA IN CEREMONIAL\n    CAVE]\n    [Illustration: Raising the ladders]\nIn 1540 the Spanish explorers passed the Keres province and moved\nnorthward, it would appear, near the present site of San Juan Pueblo.\nThe entire Indian population fled to the mountains, as you will recall,\nwhere they said they had four very strong villages. It is entirely\npossible that some of these people from the north pushed deep into the\nmountain country and on to the Valley of the Frijoles where the Spanish\ncould not go on horseback. It was a Hidden Valley. If this had been\ntrue, if these northern people had moved into Tyuonyi with their kith\nand kin and had told about how the Spanish stormed pueblos and shot\ncannon at other Indians and readily conquered the inhabitants, \u201cthe\nlittle strong people\u201d might have had incentive to fortify their Puwige\nagainst the undesirable attentions of the conquerors. Or it might have\nbeen some visitor from the Valley of the Rio Grande who told about\ndepredations at Tiguex. But would a Keres warn a Tewa? We must not\noverlook the fact that it would have been possible for friendly\nrelations to have existed between the rival groups of people at the time\nof the Spanish Conquest. They could have lived close together and traded\npottery and other articles back and forth. One might go so far as to say\nthat they could have lived at Tyuonyi together a few years prior to its\nabandonment. But taking all these things into consideration it was\nlikely the Keres whom the Tewas fortified themselves against, and from\nwhom they had probably experienced hostile visits. So they fortified\ntheir Puwige and drew up their ladders to the roof-tops in defiance. And\nthe people in the cliffs also drew up their ladders.\nWithin the inner court of this big community house were three kivas.\nThese deep underground ceremonial chambers lined with rock walls were\nbuilt adjacent to the rooms on the north side. Puwige was large. It was\nmore than two hundred seventy-five feet across and the tiers of rooms\nformed a wide band around the outside of the circular court. Why the\nIndians erected three kivas so close together is uncertain unless it was\nto have more room in the plaza. It is possible that the kivas were\nerected first, outside of the village, and as the pueblo grew the three\nlittle ceremonial chambers were entirely enclosed within it. But why\nthree kivas inside Puwige? Indians had their reasons. These three\nceremonial chambers were small. They were not more than twelve or\nfifteen feet in diameter. The hard plaster floors were seven or eight\nfeet below the surface of the ground. Their roofs were of poles laid\nacross the stone walls with brush and grass and mud for a covering.\nSmall combination hatchways and smoke vents were cut in the roofs and\nladders were put down to the floors as a means of getting in and out.\nThese chambers were likely society kivas of which there were several in\nevery Indian village. Or we might compare them with club rooms in our\nown society. They were places where the elders met in council, or where\nthey came to spend an hour or so, perhaps a week, visiting with their\nspiritual fathers. Kivas were places where policy was discussed and\ndecided upon\u2014or a kiva might have been a place where a group of hunters\ngathered before going on a hunt to pray that their hunt would be\nsuccessful. We will never know what went on in the secret chambers at\nTyuonyi, or as a matter of fact, in any other prehistoric kiva.\nAnd speaking of kivas or ceremonial chambers, some groups preferred to\nhave theirs in the cliffs, hewn out like the smoky cave rooms but\ngenerally larger. And the kivas, like the cave rooms, were plastered\nhalf-way up the walls whenever they became smoked. This happened quite\noften if fires were kept burning.\nThe greatest period of occupation of Hidden Valley must have begun\nsometime during the fifteenth century. It was to last about a hundred\nyears. With the beginning of this Great Period, the period in which\nPuwige and all of the talus houses were most likely built and occupied,\nthere certainly must have been some social or ceremonial organization\nsimilar to that in the modern pueblos. There were likely two moieties.\nThe dual system where every person in the village belonged to one of two\nkivas\u2014either Turquoise or Squash, or, Winter or Summer respectively.\nPresumably a baby born in the winter belonged to the Turquoise kiva. If\nit was a patrilineal society then the individual might have belonged to\nthe same kiva as his father. Who knows but that it was a matter of\npersonal choice? Each kiva, Turquoise or Squash, had a ruler or cacique\nwhose word was absolute. He was the father of the village to whom\nvillagers looked for guidance and his appointment was for life. The\nmoieties were under the spiritual guidance of the two town chiefs who\nwere responsible for the welfare of the people. An important office was\nthat of cacique. He had been chosen because of his thorough knowledge of\nchants, sacred rituals, ceremonial procedure and prayers. No one doubted\nthe word of the cacique. And all Indians owed duties to their respective\nkivas. Although the groups, Turquoise and Squash, were in opposition\nthey also depended upon one another for the common good of the pueblo.\nIf the dual system was in vogue at Tyuonyi, there must have been two\nkivas to support it. A peculiar thing, it seems, took place here. At\nleast one tribal kiva was built and was in use before the Great Period\nof occupation came along. It was a large structure forty-two feet in\ndiameter. Sixty Indians could have crouched down around the inside\nagainst the wall. Indian men, years before, excavated a large concave\ndepression in the side of a hill a hundred yards or so down the Canyon\nfrom Puwige. Days and days were required to bring in thousands of cobble\nstones. They labored untiringly. They brought them from the river and\nthey brought chunks from the cliff. Around this deep concave depression\nwhich they had laboriously scooped out of the earth with broken pieces\nof pottery, sticks, flat stones and whatever else they had to work with,\nIndian men laid stone after stone of this volcanic tuff in crude mortar.\nThey laid a wall ten feet thick. It required thousands of the unworked\nstones to line this deep pit. It was a circular affair and was their way\nof creating a semi-subterranean chamber when they did not know how to\nlay single thickness masonry walls with fashioned blocks.\nNo prehistoric Rio Grande kiva, that I know of, has an entrance through\nits wall such as this which was found at Frijoles. They all were entered\nthrough the roof. Such things as wall entrances are customary in kivas\nin the San Juan area but not in the Rio Grande Valley. And these early\npeople dug five pits in the floor of their kiva and lined them with\ncobble stones. They must have had some use for them of which we know\nnothing. Pits of this type are something else not seen in prehistoric\nRio Grande kivas. They are found in the kivas at Chaco Canyon though,\nand it is possible that they could have been vestiges of that early\nculture.\nThis particular ceremonial chamber had apparently fallen into disuse for\na time. But during the Great Period of occupation, when \u201cthe little\nstrong people\u201d presumably occupied the Tyuonyi, it was rebuilt. There\nwas little use in going to work and building an entirely new kiva when\none was already here and could be rebuilt. The old roofing had fallen to\nthe inside and there were hundreds of pounds of debris in the kiva\nchamber. All this was cleaned out. Building a kiva was a community\nenterprise. Men again began cutting and fashioning rectangular blocks\nfrom large chunks fallen from the cliff. As each block was fashioned it\nwas laid into a single thickness coursed masonry wall around the inside\nof the thick wall of cobble stone which belonged to the earlier\noccupation. The Indian was smart. He laid this circular wall sloping\noutward toward the top so that the pressure from the heavy roof would be\ndiverted downward when it was laid over the walls. When the wall was\nfinished it was nine feet high from the floor of the kiva to the\nceiling. And then to keep it from falling down, the Indians dug\nunderneath the footing stones, and objects modeled of clay which looked\nlike doughnuts were laid in the holes. When we discovered these\ndoughnut-shaped affairs I was mystified until an old Indian from San\nIldefonso told me they were put there purposely to hold the wall up, in\na spiritual way of course.\n    [Illustration: Felling trees]\nWhat a large structure this was! It was almost as large as the kivas at\nChaco Canyon where the ancestors of these Indians probably lived several\nhundred years before. There was no kiva this large in the entire Rio\nGrande Valley. Huge timbers forty-five feet long were required to span\nits diameter and timbers that large were difficult to carry. But with\ncrude stone axes and obsidian knives these kiva builders penetrated the\nforest to cut girders for their ceremonial chamber. In the year 1513\nA.D. or thereabout, they cut three trees with trunks fifteen inches or\nmore in diameter. It took hours, days perhaps. They hacked and they\npounded with their Neolithic implements of toil until all three trees\nhad been felled. I would hate to estimate the time required to fell\nthese timbers but time meant nothing to the Indian. Then there was the\njob of removing all the branches, needles and bark.\nPreparing a girder in prehistoric times was a great task. Green timber\nis much heavier than seasoned wood. And so these timbers weighing a ton\nor more were dragged out of the forest to the kiva with stout ropes made\nof yucca fiber. Sheer strength was all these people had. There were no\ncarts with wheels on them to bear the brunt of the load. Heavy objects\nhad to either be dragged or carried. After much sweat and toil the ends\nof the huge poles were rolled over into position in shallow trenches\nworked out for this purpose on both sides of the kiva. These three\ntimbers formed the under structure of the roof. When they were placed\nexactly like the Indian wanted them, pointed rocks were driven into the\nground around the ends and the open spaces were packed with adobe so\nthat these huge round logs would not roll. They placed much smaller\ntimbers of pine across the huge vigas. These were not so difficult to\ncut and they were laid about three feet apart. From down-timbers of\npine, pi\u00f1on, cottonwood or any other type of fallen trees they hacked\nand ripped long narrow sections for the next roof course. The splittings\nwere transported in bundles to the kiva and one by one they were laid\nclose together over the small pine poles. Great quantities of thin\nwillow branches, cane or cat-tail stems were used for the next course.\nPine needles, brush, yucca leaves and whatever leafy material they could\ngather was placed on the top. They needed this brush and leafy material\nbecause it was to hold the thick heavy mud coats which were spread over\nthe top. Indian women carried urn after urn of water on their heads from\nthe Rito and stamped and mixed this mud. The only chore left was to\nthrow dirt over the top.\nWhen the ceremonial chamber was finished it looked like a huge, low\nmound\u2014almost level with the ground. The Indians did not forget the\nsquare opening in the top for the exit of the smoke. Kivas were stuffy\nplaces inside. And as in all kivas there was a ventilator. This had been\nbuilt during the earlier period of occupation and reused during the\nGreat Period. It was a mere tunnel which looked like a fireplace and it\nsuddenly turned upward like a fireplace chimney. The mouth of the\nchimney was level with the ground so that the draft would be downward\nand would go into the kiva and lift the smoke from the firebox to the\nceiling and eventually out the square opening. The Indian of Tyuonyi did\nunderstand something about ventilating a kiva. He was smart enough to\nknow that if the top of the ventilator was built very far above ground\nlevel it would work like a fireplace. Then all the smoke would be drawn\nto the floor of the kiva and sucked out through the low tunnel. And in\nthis case he could not have remained inside. But he never found out how\nto ventilate his cave room in the cliff. How unfortunate!\nDirectly across the kiva in the west side was the entrance which had\nalso been put here years before. It was merely a tunnel with a roof of\nsmall juniper branches. The outside end was open and was just large\nenough for the ends of a two-pole ladder to rest. Indians usually go\ninto their kivas through the roofs, but not here. They climbed down the\nladder, stooped, and with knees in a flexed position scurried through\nthe tunnel to the inside.\nThe five pits in the floor, which have been mentioned before, were\napparently no longer needed for they were filled in with dirt and stones\ntightly packed. A thin layer of dirt was thrown over the entire floor\nsurface. Kiva floors are generally plastered over and during this period\nof occupation the Tyuonyi women, more than likely, were the ones who\nsmeared four fine coats of adobe over the floor and smoothed it out with\ntheir hands.\nI have neglected to mention one of the most important things of all\u2014the\nSipapu or ceremonial entrance from the underworld. It was the place of\nceremonial emergence into this earthly life. Arch\u00e6ologists generally\nfind a small hole in the floor of almost every kiva. But here at Tyuonyi\na special kind of Sipapu was made. A piece of soft volcanic ash was\nformed into a rectangular block and buried edgewise in the floor. A\nsmall hole shaped like an icecream cone was drilled in the top as the\nspirit entrance. The Indians have a legend about this. It is symbolic of\nthe entrance to the land of \u201cEarth Old Women\u201d and of the place where the\nhuman race originated. Long ago they climbed up a Douglas Spruce Tree\nand came into this world through a lake called Sipapu. And when they die\nthe spirits go to Sipapu and on to the underworld. It is said that this\nlake is located in the sand hills north of Alamosa, Colorado. How\nimportant the kiva was to the Indians of Tyuonyi! Sipapu represented the\nplace of creation and to them it was important in no small way. The\ncacique of each one of the big tribal kivas, both Squash and Turquoise,\nwas a direct representative of the Earth Mother or \u201cEarth Old Woman.\u201d\nBut the dweller at Tyuonyi had forgotten something. He did not realize\nhow tremendously heavy the roof of his big kiva was. He did not know\nthat the small pine timbers, the splittings, brush, grass, mud and dirt\nwould cause the big pine vigas to bend and sag and crack in the middle.\nIt is a question whether or not the roof fell in during some important\nceremony. The situation had to be remedied at any rate. Pine poles, nine\nor ten inches in diameter were cut so they would support the weight of\nthe roof. Six holes were dug in the kiva floor, two under each of the\nbig vigas. Flat rocks were put in the bottoms of the holes and the ends\nof the six timbers were inserted and swung into place under the big\ngirders, and driven with heavy rocks into an upright position. The big\nvigas might have sagged a little but the roof never fell after this\ntime. Flat stones were driven tight around the bottoms of the support\nposts and the holes in which they rested were packed solid with mud and\nrocks to keep the timbers from slipping. And this was how the\nprehistoric Indian at Tyuonyi built his ceremonial chambers in which\nwomen were not allowed unless requested by the men. There might have\nbeen more than one roof put on this kiva. The first one could have been\nlaid during the latter part of the fifteenth century. It could have\nfallen and then been rebuilt. Arch\u00e6ologists do know that the last time\nthis large kiva was roofed over was during the early part of the\nsixteenth century. We found one of the large charred ends of a big roof\ntimber and it had been cut in 1513 A.D. So it was about this time that\nthe last kiva roof was laid. Just how long it was in use is a question.\nIt was surely used until the end of the occupation of Frijoles Canyon\nsometime near the close of the sixteenth century.\nThe Indians of Tyuonyi during the Great Period had developed the\ndwellings in the north cliff extensively to the number of some three\nhundred caves. There might have been twice as many talus houses to the\nfront, some one story and others two and three stories high. The cliff\npopulation centered around the Long House while other groups built\nhouses in different locations at the base of the north cliff. And still\nother groups built the big community apartment house of about four\nhundred rooms to a height of possibly three stories and called it\n\u201cPuwige\u201d or \u201cpueblo where the Indian women scraped the bottoms of the\npottery vessels clean.\u201d And they built it in the form of a fort with a\nnarrow hallway through the east side as the only means of entrance. And\nhere they fortified themselves during times of attack by other Indians\nlike themselves who might have been jealous of the watered Valley of the\nFrijoles. Another group preferred to remove themselves down the Canyon a\nquarter-mile and they erected a circular pueblo, a miniature of Puwige,\nseemingly. Still another group preferred to be more isolated and so they\nchose a deep cave one hundred fifty feet above the Canyon floor in which\nto build their house and kiva.\nOne would think, looking at the ruined home sites, that thousands of\nprehistoric Indians dwelt at Tyuonyi but that was never the case.\nAlthough the dwellings were extensive they were not all occupied at any\none time. Small groups moved in. Others moved out. They could have taken\nturns living in Hidden Valley and then returned to the northern villages\nof Potsui\u2019i, Sankawi, Navawi or Tshirege, where their kin and kind\nlived. Tyuonyi might have been a place for summer occupation during the\ngrowing season. When planting time came little groups trickled in from\nthe large northern community villages and remained for a while. One\ncannot be sure of what went on in the Canyon. It was a suitable place\nfor continued occupation with the possibility of an influx of population\nduring the summer months. One can only speculate. Scientific\ninvestigation reveals nothing in this regard. The legends are scant\nnow\u2014the old men who remembered them are just about gone. So one is left\nwith little about how Indians lived on the Pajarito Plateau during\nprehistoric times.\n                       Living in the Great Period\nIt would have been an utter impossibility for thousands of Indians to\nhave lived off the corn, beans, squash and pumpkins raised in the Valley\nof the Frijoles. But the several hundred who did live here had to eat\nand in order to eat they had to work. The Indians of Tyuonyi were\nfarmers and were largely dependent upon the products of the soil. Only a\nsmall part of their sustenance was from animals and birds. Of course,\nthere was game of all kinds. There were deer, perhaps elk and mountain\nsheep, bears, turkeys, rabbits, and fish in the creek. But even though\nthis was wild country, several hundred Indians living in the locality\nwould soon have depleted the stock with their communal hunts. In the\nfall of the year there were grouse in the high mountains and ducks along\nthe Rio Grande. But imagine how difficult it would have been to kill a\ngrouse or a duck with a crude bow and arrow. The deer might have been\nthe prize of the Indians at Frijoles. They ate the meat and used the\nhides for buckskin. They knew the rabbit and the mouse and knew that the\nwoodrat gathered the edible pi\u00f1on nuts to store away in its hiding\nplace. The robber, since there was a large crop of the nuts only once\nevery few years! They ate the squirrel. Skunk skins were probably used\nfor ceremonial purposes. The raccoon, however scarce, likely formed part\nof the diet of the cliff dweller. And although Indians knew the birds of\nthe forest, they probably did not digest the meat of hawks very well. As\na matter of fact, most birds were too fast for the ever-seeking valley\ndweller with his crude weapons.\nFew Indian ruins are excavated in which the remains of corn are not\nfound. The ancient inhabitants raised corn\u2014much corn. It was the most\nimportant item in their diet. The fields in the lower end of the Canyon\nwere fertile. The valley was a paradise for primitive people. During\ncorn planting time tiny kernels were sown in the rich fertile ground\nwhich had been broken with digging sticks and crude hoes. There were\nlikely no large continuous fields in this valley but only small patches\nwhere individuals might have had separate fields. Adolph Bandelier\nsuggested that the ancient people irrigated in the Valley of the\nFrijoles. How lucky they were if this were true. It is more likely that\nthey depended on the waters from the heavens. When it was extremely dry\nthe Indian women transported water from the little river in urns on the\ntops of their heads. And so heavy were the jars filled with water that\nthey were obliged to use soft pot-rests of grass. Corn was planted in\nApril and was likely sown under a waxing moon so that it would grow with\nthe moon. The Tewas believed that when corn was sown under a waning\nmoon, the seeds quit growing. With careful nursing and watering from\nApril until September, the pigmy ears grew. In the early fall the corn\nwas gathered by the men.\n    [Illustration: Cultivating corn]\n    [Illustration: Carrying water]\nA day at Tyuonyi during \u201ccorn gathering month\u201d about 1537 A.D. was an\ninteresting one. The large plaza inside Puwige was swept clean, if\ncustoms of yesteryear parallel those of today, and the corn was brought\ntherein. Corn, they believed, had life like people and would be glad to\nbe brought in and housed and protected. It was placed in piles and\neverybody from the pueblo helped with the husking\u2014men, women and\nchildren. And when they finished they might have gone to the cliffs to\nhelp their relatives with their husking. As fast as the ears were husked\nthey were thrown on the flat mud roofs of the houses to dry. These\nIndians did not use all the corn at once. The old women thought of crop\nfailures the next year and so they saved a double amount of the\nlife-giving grains to plant the year after. After all the husking was\ndone, the pueblo was swept clean with brooms made of grass bound with\nyucca fiber or corn husks. This was in preparation for a festival\u2014a\ndance perhaps, to observe the gathering-in of the crop. Strange customs\nthese Indians had! While corn was standing in the fields it was the\nproperty of the men. As soon as it was gathered, husked and stored, it\nbelonged to the women who were the caretakers, even though they took\nlittle part in pueblo life at Frijoles which was predominantly a\nmasculine society.\nNot all the four hundred rooms at Puwige were used for dwellings.\nPerhaps no more than a hundred Indians lived here. The smaller rooms\naround the inside of the circle, more than likely, were used for storage\npurposes. If this were so, it was here that great stores of corn were\nkept\u2014inside the circle, safe from plunderers and robbers. How important\nthis corn was! It might have been offered to the Gods as a request for\nvarious favors and Indian women might have taken corn along when they\nwent to look for pottery clay, for clay was a scarce item here. And some\nof the people might have worn little bags of corn around their necks.\nEven in prehistoric times a corn cake would have tasted good. Green corn\nwas pounded into a pulp, patted into a cake and then baked on a hearth\nof black stone over a little fireplace. And Indian women could have\ngreased the little cakes with the fat of a deer to make them tasty. When\nthe corn was all dry old women knelt before their angled metates set in\nbins and with a hand-piece or mano of black basalt they ground. Their\nfingernails were worn oblique on the ends from constant rubbing in\nrhythmic time with a corn-grinding chant sung by the men as they beat a\ndrum or two. And they ground on three or four metates. First, they broke\nthe corn, then by the time it was passed on and ground on each of the\nmetates, it was transformed into fine corn flour. And lastly, it was\nstored away or perhaps packed over the mountains to other villages. Some\nof it might have been traded for buffalo hides by traders who penetrated\nthe buffalo region to the east, far out of the realm of the pueblos of\nthe Rio Grande and adjacent mountains.\n    [Illustration: Grinding corn meal]\nThere were many uses for corn. Bundles of grass were bound together at\nthe tops with twisted corn shucks and used as brooms. And even\ncigarettes could have been made by wrapping corn husks around the dry\nleaves of some tobacco plant. Only the old men smoked. Smoking could\nhave taken place in one of the kivas at a time when a delegation arrived\nfrom another pueblo. Keres and Tewas might have held council at Tyuonyi,\nabout Tyuonyi itself, and passed around from each to other a fire-stick\nwith a glowing end from the fireplace as a lighter. Mats and door-flaps\nwere made of plaited corn husks and it would not have been an uncommon\nsight to find these coverings over the openings of some of the houses at\nthe base of the cliff. Corn was certainly an important item.\nArch\u00e6ologists have recovered beans also\u2014pinto beans. It was a type known\nto the Indians before the Spaniards ever thought about the New World.\nDuring some of our excavation work I found that the people who had lived\nin the Ceremonial Cave, far above the concentration of the Canyon\u2019s\npopulation, knew about beans as well as the rest of the dwellers. Beans\nwere one of the staple foods. The people at San Ildefonso today know\nthem as \u201ctewatu.\u201d It is possible that the same name was given beans at\nprehistoric Frijoles.\nThere were many uses for gourds also. Half-sections were scraped clean\nof their pulp and used as dippers and ladles. Whole gourds were used as\nrattles in ceremonial dances. Broken pieces could have been used to\nscrape and smooth wet pottery before it was fired.\nAlmost everywhere were products of the earth. And they were used to\ntheir fullest extent. These people even knew about cotton. Whether it\nwas ever raised in Hidden Valley is questionable. Pieces of the simple\nover-and-under weave cloth have been found in the ruins. The growing\nseason in the mountains might have been too short. It might be that\nthese Indians traded with their neighbors to the south for their\nnecessary supply of cotton. Cotton was woven into ceremonial\nparaphernalia and also into garments. Men wore cotton breech clouts\nwhile women wore large mantas of cotton cloth. This cloth was suspended\nfrom one shoulder downward covering one side of the breast, wrapped once\naround the waist and then taken up the back of the shoulder and tied in\na knot. A very important item was cotton.\nAll of the wild plants were utilized and especially when cultivated\ncrops gave out. There were many in the valley growing wild along the\nfertile banks of the Rio de Los Frijoles. There were gooseberries,\ncurrants, the berries of sumac, onions, milkweed, strawberries, blazing\nstar, horsemint, dandelions and prickly pears from the round leaf\ncactus. Even the ball cactus might have been eaten. And surely many of\nthese were stored for later use. Little did these primitive dwellers\nknow what might befall them. Raids by hostile bands often destroyed\ntheir fields. Fire might have been set to the roofs of their homes. A\nperiod of drought could have been one of their worries even here in the\nValley of the Tyuonyi.\nMother Earth gave the Indian everything. She lavishly produced juniper\nand pi\u00f1on wood for fires, choke-cherry, juniper and oak for stout bows.\nAnd there was hard wood for the foreshafts of arrows and cane for the\nhind shafts to which turkey feathers were fastened as guides. She\nproduced sticks for clubbing rabbits to death. There was rabbit brush\nfor yellow paint. The leaves of yucca, when pounded up and dried, could\nbe twisted into stout rope and cord. Extremely tiny cords were used in\nmaking fishnets. Strips of yucca were used in making baskets and also\nfor making brushes used in painting and decorating pottery. Stout strips\nof the tough leaf were used for tying. And the Indian even knew how to\nextract the medicinal properties from plants. The Valley of the Frijoles\nproduced for the primitive dweller most of the things he had to have for\nsuccessful living.\n    [Illustration: Making pottery]\nWhile Indian men, it seems, laid the walls of the houses and repaired\nthem, and cut the heavy roof timbers\u2014while they planted corn and hunted,\nthe women were not idle. The art of pottery making has long been the\npride of pueblo women. They did the whole job from beginning to end.\nThey searched the river and arroyo banks for clay and they carried it to\ntheir homes where it was kneaded and rolled out into long rod-like\nstrands. All pottery was coiled. They began at the very bottom and\nbrought the long strands of tempered clay round and round in the general\nshape they desired. And then they patted and smoothed the vessel out\nwith wood or gourd scrapers. When it was dry, they applied a slipping or\nwash coat over the outside. When this was done the vessel was decorated\nwith various crude designs. It was then put into an open fire smothered\nwith wood, corncobs, pine needles and grasses so that the heat would be\nretained. This was their method of firing. When a vessel was removed\nfrom the fire and the ashes wiped off, a dirty white background with\nblack designs appeared. There were several different types of this ware\nmade at Frijoles. Today we call this pottery a black-on-white ware.\n    [Illustration: COURTESY MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO A SECTION OF LONG\n    HOUSE]\n    [Illustration: COURTESY NAT\u2019L. PARK SERVICE RECONSTRUCTED CLIFF\n    HOUSE]\n    [Illustration: COURTESY NAT\u2019L. PARK SERVICE RUINS OF PUWIGE]\n    [Illustration: COURTESY NAT\u2019L. PARK SERVICE RUINS OF THE LARGE KIVA]\nThe most common type known to the arch\u00e6ologist today is Biscuit ware. It\nis so-called because it is exceptionally thick and porous. These Indians\nmade flat squatty bowls, and ollas\u2014the common wide-necked jars. These\nwere inferior types and not nearly as good pottery as was made by other\nIndian women at other villages. It was tempered with soft volcanic ash.\nTiny particles were worked into the soft clay to keep it from cracking\nand resulted in a soft powdery ware which was easily broken. It is\npossible that these women were not very well satisfied with their\npottery made from local materials. The same thing was true at all the\nvillages on the Pajarito. When water was put in the jars and bowls they\nbecame soft. It certainly was not a satisfactory type of ware. And the\nIndian women might have been very much ashamed. Pottery making was their\nwork, their art and their pride. But the materials in this country\nsimply did not make good hard pottery despite the ability of any\nindividual potter.\nHowever, the Keres women made good hard pottery. They had the clays and\nthe tempers with which to work. They were still making the ware with the\nslick red finish and glaze designs on the outside which was developed in\nthe Little Colorado district of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona.\nThey were even making the polychromes or multi-colored wares by this\ntime. Trading this pottery might have been the solution to the problem\nof the Tewas even after the Keres-speaking people had been driven from\nthe Tyuonyi. New generations of Keres might have had a different way of\nlooking at things. Although the red glaze ware had become coarse and\nheavy by this time, it surpassed the soft Biscuit wares made by these\nvalley women. They were probably glad to accept it in trade. From about\n1400 A.D. all through to the abandonment of Frijoles Canyon, the glaze\nwares were present. The glazes did not stop here but are found at Tewa\nvillages far to the north. These people, too, had been making the same\nsoft ware as did the dwellers in the Frijoles. So it does appear that\nsome sort of a relationship could have existed between Keres and\nTewa-speaking groups of people even during these late times.\n    [Illustration: Pueblo beside a cliff]\nThe main occupation, it seems, lasted well up toward the close of the\nsixteenth century. Several generations of Indians had lived here either\nin cliff homes or pueblos on the floor of the Canyon. Any night might\nhave witnessed hundreds of tiny smokes emerging from smoke holes in\nroofs. The glow from tiny fires inside the cliff rooms lighted the\ndoorways in the front walls. A sentry, perhaps, with bow and\nsharp-pointed arrow was posted at the entrance to Puwige, the big\ncommunity house, or on some nearby high point where he could comb the\nlandscape with sharp eyes and would warn the pueblo dwellers that\nwarriors were approaching. A summer day would suggest men basking in the\nsun or attempting to net out fish from the little river below. Women had\njars on their heads. Others were gathering berries and greens. A hunter\nwas greeted as he strolled forth triumphantly with wild game for a meal\nor two. A sudden summer cloudburst of rain or hail\u2014delightful and\nrefreshing and good for the corn too, interrupted the sameness of\nthings. The tiny drops sent an Indian mother with baby on her back\nscampering for shelter. Children were running and laughing but ever\nalert. These are only a few of the incidents of six hundred years of\nliving, primitive and insecure living, which went on in the Valley of\nthe Tyuonyi.\n    [Illustration: Welcome rain]\nToward the close of the century the waters from the heavens stopped.\nCorn fields dried up and the waters of the little river were no more.\nThe curse of the Southwest had hit again. The lands became drier and\ndrier as the days passed. Cliff homes were like ovens as the hot sun\nbeat down upon them. The same thing happened here as happened to their\nancestors in the west centuries before. The Tewas, living in the big\nvillages to the north, were experiencing the same thing. There was no\nwater in the canyons. Water holes had gone dry. And there was no water\nfrom the heavens to be caught in great rock cisterns. Small groups began\nto move. Others hung on. Could it be that Hidden Valley was to go the\nway of all the rest? It was true. Moving was a necessity now.\n    [Illustration: Abandoning the pueblo]\nIt is not known how many Indians lived at this place during those last\ndays of drought and it is possible that those who might have remained\ndid not wish to be left in Hidden Valley close to Keres land to the\nsouth. So, slowly but surely, group after group trickled out of the\nValley of the Frijoles, leaving their homes to the mercy of the\nelements. Within the course of a very short time the entire population\nhad evacuated. They crossed deep canyons and high potrero tops\u2014dry\nnow\u2014and helped to cut just a little deeper the very same old trails in\nthe soft rock, which had been worn down by thousands of moccasined feet\nfor countless generations. Before they left it seems that they must have\ndestroyed almost everything they possessed. Fire was set to the roof of\ntheir large kiva. This was the end of the Tyuonyi. Hidden Valley had\nwitnessed its last great occupation. It had been occupied by Indians for\nsix centuries\u2014Indians who had lived, raised corn and beans and squash\nand pumpkins, and who had fought and died. The occupation of Frijoles\npossibly was tottering at the time the Espejo expedition came up the Rio\nGrande Valley in February of the year 1583. A few stragglers could have\nstill been here\u2014who knows? But certainly by the close of the century\nTyuonyi was a thing of the past. The roofs to the houses were falling\nin\u2014timbers were rotting and cracking under the tremendous weight of\npoles and brush and mud. Walls fell. It was a deserted town with a\nbackground as colorful as any other pueblo in the Southwest. Hidden\nValley was still here but its actors were no more.\nBy the close of the sixteenth century, it seems, all of the great\ntowns\u2014the terraced community apartment houses on the Pajarito\u2014had been\nabandoned. Life in the hills and mountains had grown unbearable because\nof a shortage of water. These people, I have no doubt, disliked leaving\ntheir mountain homes. The mountains were more conducive to successful\nliving than the hot sandy banks of the Rio Grande. But this made no\ndifference now\u2014moving was a necessity. Groups pushed off the mesa tops\nand down the canyons into the Valley of the Rio Grande. Soon little\nsettlements sprang up. This move certainly must have been a step down\nfor the cliff and pueblo dwellers. They had lived for centuries on the\nwooded mesa tops near high mountains and had drunk spring water. Now\nthey had only the muddy waters of the Rio Grande. They established the\nvillage of Perage on the west bank of the river about a mile west of\ntheir present pueblo of Powhoge or San Ildefonso. Other groups could\nhave gone to other Tewa-speaking villages. Just when the pueblo of San\nIldefonso was established is not certain but it was long, long ago.\nTewas could live in peace now and raise corn, beans, squash and\npumpkins, for here the muddy waters of the Rio Grande were ever flowing.\nBut it was not for the Tewas to say, or think, that they could live in\npeace. The next Spanish expedition taught them this. The expedition\nheaded by Don Juan de O\u00f1ate was the colonizing expedition into New\nMexico. In 1598, soldiers, colonists, carts and baggage streamed up the\nValley of the Rio Grande and took possession of New Mexico in the name\nof His Majesty, the King of Spain. This time the occupation was in\nearnest. Four hundred or more settlers and soldiers marched up the\nvalley, the settlers with everything they possessed in the way of tools\nand personal effects. Thousands of domestic animals were brought in. The\nSpanish meant to stay this time.\nIn the north Tewa country, beyond San Ildefonso, was the Province of\nYunqueyunque which is thought to have been located near the present San\nJuan Pueblo. It was here that the first capital city of New Mexico was\nestablished by the Spanish on July 11, 1598. It was called San Gabriel.\nIt was about this time that the Tewa-speaking people on the Pajarito\nPlateau were abandoning their homes in canyons and on mesa tops and\nmoving to the banks of the Rio Grande where they built the pueblo of San\nIldefonso. These Indians built the pueblo with rows of houses two and\nthree stories high and built their kivas on top of the ground instead of\nbelow the ground as they had done in their former homes.\nAfter O\u00f1ate had been removed from office as Governor of New Mexico, the\nViceroy appointed Don Pedro de Peralta and the capital was moved from\nSan Gabriel to Santa Fe in 1610. Governors changed. Each made new laws.\nIndians were used as slaves. They produced goods for the Spanish.\nChildren went to school and all went to church. They took on\nChristianity\u2014yes, but they retained their old beliefs and old forms of\nworship. Roman Catholic Missionaries built churches in many of the Rio\nGrande pueblos which the Indians paid for. Some were flogged for not\nwanting to go to church, but this new form of religion was forced upon\nthem. Hours were long and hard and taxes imposed by the Spanish were\nexorbitant. This kept up for seven decades.\nRebellion was on the way. Acoma, the Sky City, was the first village to\nrebel. This was quelled. Then the Jemez, then the pueblos of San Felipe\nand Cochiti, our Keres-speaking friends, rebelled. Alameda and Isleta\nwere next. But these uprisings were not put down. It all ended up in the\nbloody and terrible Pueblo Rebellion of 1680. Spaniards were murdered\nright and left all over New Mexico. The Tewas of San Ildefonso were in\nsympathy with the Rebellion. They had suffered too, and so they marched\nwith their allies regardless of creed, clan or language spoken, to Santa\nFe, the capital city. The remaining little handful of Spanish refugees\nhad gathered in the Palace of the Governors as a last resort. One white\ncross and one red cross were sent to the Spanish Governor Otermin by the\nIndians. White meant peace. Red meant war. The Governor chose war. But\nthe cause was hopeless now. The Spanish were outnumbered and their food\nand water supply had been cut off. Surrender was the only alternative,\nso, on August 21, the Spanish left the Palace and back-tracked down the\nValley of the Rio Grande. The Indian now had his land back. He could\nlive in peace along the banks of the river and raise his crops, so he\nthought. No more toil and no more taxes. But this Utopia was not to be\nrealized.\nEven though the Navaho had taken an active part in the uprisings, he\nbegan to cause trouble as soon as the Spanish were out of New Mexico.\nThe Pueblo people had not counted on this. The Navaho had taken\neverything from the Spaniard that he could use against him, including\nthe horse. As soon as the weakened Pueblo people thought they had rid\nthemselves of trouble and war and killing, the wild Navaho took\nadvantage of the situation. Terror reigned for a decade or more. The\nNavaho swooped down upon the pueblos at night, plundering and killing.\nPutting up with the Spanish might have been easier to take than this.\nBut all was to change again. Don Diego de Vargas marched up the Rio\nGrande with another colonizing expedition, soldiers and missionaries.\nPueblo after pueblo was reconquered and Santa Fe was re-entered in 1693.\nThe Pueblo people were not too hard to bring to submission this time.\nThe Spanish would help their warriors to drive off their enemies. The\npueblos had had about all they could take from the Navaho.\nThen there were the Tewa villages to be dealt with up the Rio Grande\nbetween Santa Fe and the pueblo of San Juan. The San Ildefonso Tewa fled\nto a high black rock known as \u201cBlack Mesa.\u201d It had been used by them for\nyears as a place of defense. From its top the country can be seen for\nmiles around. It was here that they held out against the Spanish\nsoldiers from January until September of 1694. They finally surrendered\nafter several unsuccessful assaults at their rock and a siege which\nlasted for five days. Black Mesa figures considerably in the mythology\nof the Tewas. They say that during this seven-months period while their\npeople were besieged on the high mesa top, brave men descended through\nthe precipitous gap during the night to the Rio Grande below to get\nwater for their marooned people. Black Mesa is sometimes known as\n\u201cMesita Huerfano\u201d or \u201cOrphan Mesa.\u201d It is said that a giant lived here\nat one time and caught children from the pueblo which he and his wife\nand daughter ate. He was at last killed by the Tewa War Gods. Legend has\nit that the giant\u2019s heart is still on the mesa top in the form of a\nwhite rock.\nWe have almost forgotten the Keres-speaking people to the south who were\nalso having trouble. During the Rebellion, the Cochitenos abandoned\ntheir pueblo and moved back up the Ca\u00f1ada de Cochiti to Kotyiti. This\nwas, according to their legends, the last site they occupied after being\ndriven from the Tyuonyi and before establishing the present Cochiti on\nthe banks of the Rio Grande. Kotyiti was built on top of a high mesa\nknown to the Spanish as \u201cPotrero Viejo.\u201d It is a mesa about two miles\nlong and several hundred feet high. It was a natural fortress for the\nIndians, and it was to this fortress that the Keres moved back and built\ntheir homes shortly after the beginning of the Rebellion. This fortress\nwas known as \u201cHanat Cochiti\u201d or \u201cCochiti Above.\u201d With the coming of\nDiego de Vargas in 1693, the Indians fled from the pueblo on the river\nto their mesa and put up a stiff battle, but in vain. After their\nreconquest, broken and tired of trouble, they moved back to Cochiti in\n1694 where they have been ever since.\nBut what trouble the Tewas of San Ildefonso did have! There suddenly\ncame another outburst of pueblo rebellion in June of 1696 and the people\nof San Ildefonso burned their beautiful church which had been built for\nthem by the Spanish with Indian labor, sweat, blood and taxes. Two\npriests were caught in the burning building as well as several other\nSpaniards. There they all perished. The San Ildefonso Tewa have a legend\nand a belief that they should always move to the south and never to the\nnorth. But someone wanted the pueblo moved to the north. And so there\nwas a contest between good people and sorcerers, and the sorcerers won\nby witchcraft. The pueblo was moved to the north. The San Ildefonso\npeople believe that this is the reason why they had pestilence and\nfamines, and why their people decreased in numbers. Such trouble they\nhad!\nCould it be that during these trying and troublesome years at the close\nof the seventeenth century, some of these heart-sick and war-weary\nIndians decided that life back on the high forested mesa tops or in deep\ncanyons to the south where their ancestors had lived, just a century\nbefore, would be better than this? Could they tear themselves away from\ntheir brethren at night and sneak south, back into the hills and down\ninto deep canyons protected by high vertical cliffs, even into Hidden\nValley? Spanish soldiers on horseback could not find them here. They\ncould not follow the old Indian trails. Perhaps those known as the \u201cgood\npeople\u201d of San Ildefonso were so opposed to moving their pueblo a little\nto the north that they refused to have any part in this plan and\npreferred moving far to the south.\nTo assume that such a move took place would not be folly even if we had\nno supporting evidence. Families could have removed themselves to the\nhills of the Pajarito. Here Hidden Valley offered them protection. It\nwas deep in the south country and water had returned to the creek. The\ndrought period was over and there would be water from the heavens again.\nThe old abandoned dwellings in Frijoles Canyon were in ruins. Roof\ntimbers had rotted and walls had fallen. These were the homes of their\nancestors. But with very little work these homes could be made livable\nagain. And so, in a remote section in the lower end of Frijoles, the\nIndians again went to work in a group of rooms high above the floor of\nthe Canyon. They were a quarter-mile from the ruins of the Long House\nand Puwige which were in open sight.\nLike true cliff dwellers in prehistoric times they rebuilt old homes\ninto new ones. Rooms were cleaned out. The old roof structures were\nremoved from the inside. Loose building stones were removed from the\nbroken-down walls. And the cave rooms above were also cleaned out.\nIndian men again cut pine timbers for roof poles with crude stone axes.\nThey rebuilt walls and laid the poles over the tops. Indian women mixed\nmud\u2014good hard Tewa mud. They brought in clay from nearby arroyos or from\nthe Rio Grande and raised their talus houses two stories high. Some of\nthe caves, after a hundred years, had eroded beyond use. Doorways and\nfronts had fallen. Indians gathered fallen building blocks strewn along\nthe base of the cliff which had been fashioned by their ancestors. They\nbuilt artificial fronts to the caves and plastered them over with mud.\nFine clay mortar was smeared over the floor and rough surfaced walls.\nDoorways were built in the front walls of houses. Ladders were built. A\ncorn patch was planted. Game likely was plentiful now. Black volcanic\nglass was chipped into sharp arrow points. A deer or two were brought in\ntriumphantly from a hunt. And they created new homes for themselves and\nbrought life back to Hidden Valley while their kin and kind struggled on\nand on with Spaniard and Navaho.\nSafe at last, they lived again. Corn was harvested in the fall of the\nyear and shucked and stored. Indian women ground corn on old worn\nmetates left there a century before and the men again chanted away in\ntime with the beat of a drum which echoed between steep canyon walls.\nBaskets were made of juniper and yucca. Blankets of fur and feathers\nwere sewn together. Stout cord was twisted from the fibers of yucca.\nIndian women made brooms of grass tied with corn husks and yucca fiber\nto sweep their sooty rooms, while brown-skinned babies rolled in the\ndust. Gourds were scraped and made into utility vessels and Indian women\nagain carried water in urns on the tops of their heads from the little\ncreek far below.\nIt undoubtedly took some readjustment to live in the cliffs again after\na century of acculturational contact with the Spanish. Just how many\nIndians or how large a group returned to the Canyon homes is not known.\nBut by this time we see that the Indian had acquired a few things from\nthe Spanish either by trade or thievery. This little group brought with\nthem pieces of metal and wooden objects of possible foreign origin,\nobjects brought in by the Spanish to the Rio Grande. One such object,\nwhich we found, was a two-pronged pick of viburnum, elaborately carved\non top with a sharp steel blade. It was not much longer than a hair-pin\nand reminded one of such. Its use is still puzzling. And the Indians\nbrought woolen cloth which was definitely post-Spanish. The Spaniards\nhad brought the sheep to New Mexico. The weave of the cloth was such\nthat it could not be mistaken. Could it have been from a Spanish garment\nor was it Indian-made? It is even possible that these people were\nwearing woven garments of wool when they reoccupied the Frijoles.\nThe little community was a poor one. There is no doubt about it. The\nIndian made fire in the same old way with fire drills. A blunt round\npiece of wood was turned so fast in the groove of a flat piece of wood\nthat fire was produced. These people used cultivated tobacco at this\ntime\u2014a variety never before discovered in the Southwest of this early\nage. During a moment of temptation, the writer rolled a cigarette from\npart of this Indian mix which he found buried in a small red bowl. He\nsmoked it without any ill effects. It looked like tobacco, smelled like\ntobacco and tasted like tobacco. Discarded fragments of pipes were found\nwhich had bowls of hard wood burned through. Moccasins of deer skin sewn\ntogether with sinew were found. Could they have been made in Frijoles\nCanyon or were they brought into the valley by these Indians? Whichever\nwas the case, they were worn out. One pair was half-soled\u2014not like our\nhalf-soles today, but on the inside. A new piece of buckskin had been\ncut and fitted and sewn to the inside of one of the worn-out moccasins\nwhich had been discarded.\nThe chirp of a turkey hen or the gobble of a gobbler created a dead\nsilence in any primitive household. The calls echoed and could be heard\nfor a half-mile. Even today, we stop and listen and follow the call just\nfor a glimpse of the wild turkey. It is exciting. A tenseness of nerve\nand muscle envelops a person. An Indian father crept noiselessly down\nthe steep slope to the valley far below\u2014stopped, listened\u2014not a sound\nbut the whining of the wind through the high tops of pines or the caw of\na raven flying high above, or the rolling waters of the little river.\nFollowing again and picking each step, bow and arrow in hand, ready to\ndraw, he stopped. The turkeys were coming closer and behind a rock he\nhid or laid close to the little river out of sight. They were almost\nupon him, feeding peacefully on grasshoppers and bugs. A well directed\narrow would mean meat for the whole family. That the Indian used only\nthe feathers of the turkey is an idea of the past. The broken food bones\nare found in the ruins of ancient homes. Besides using the meat of the\nturkey for food, the Indian used the feathers for ceremonial purposes\nand strips of turkey feather spines made excellent wrappings for making\narrow guides.\n    [Illustration: Decaying pueblo]\nSuch was life in Hidden Valley after the conquest of New Mexico by the\nSpanish. Living in the Tyuonyi at this time was apparently a necessity.\nIt could again have been our Tewa-speaking friends who raised corn,\nbeans, squash and pumpkins in the beautiful and colorful Valley of the\nFrijoles and who watched the sun, day after day, pass down behind the\ncliff to the land of Sipapu. But time again had a way of making things\nright, though not just as the Indian desired it. After the close of the\nseventeenth century, it seems, Frijoles was abandoned again. The Indians\nleft their cliff homes and moved back to the Valley of the Rio Grande.\nThere was little trouble with the Spanish from then on and the Indian\nwars were over and all were subdued and the ancient homes in Frijoles\ncontinued to crumble and walls continued to fall. A little time was all\nthat was necessary to completely cover the abandoned dwellings. Howling\nwinds beat sharp particles of dirt against crumbling walls and\neventually filled them in and covered them. Deep kivas were no more.\nSmall stones, boulders and dust fell from the cliffs covering up talus\nhouses. Huge slides covered many homes and the wind and rain beat\nagainst the vulnerable cliff walls and eroded many of the caves almost\nbeyond identification. Indian occupation was ended now but Hidden Valley\nstill remained. The Rito de Los Frijoles continued to cut its course\ndeeper and deeper through the soft volcanic ash as it had done through\nsix hundred years of Indian living. Struggle had ended over the Tyuonyi.\nIt was deserted to the ravages of time. To the south the Keres were\nsettled now, and to the north the Tewas. They were content; and Hidden\nValley was left alone.\nThe early part of the eighteenth century saw the Spanish interested in\nmore than Pueblo Indians. There was the actual colonization of New\nMexico and the war with France which drew their attention. New Mexican\nland was divided into tracts or land grants. The Spanish had combed it\nall. They knew about the canyon today known as the \u201cFrijoles,\u201d the\nTyuonyi of the Cochiti Indians. The tract lay just south of the bounds\nof what is known as the \u201cRamon Vigil Grant.\u201d It was in litigation much\nof the time. The land was cleared, broken and put under cultivation\nduring the latter part of the eighteenth century. The valley floor was\ncleared and no doubt some of the homes occupied by Indians years before\nwere obliterated. This valley was given the name of El Rito de Los\nFrijoles sometime prior to the year 1780. For years, people have said\nthat the Canyon derived its name from the fact that Indians raised beans\nhere in prehistoric times. True, prehistoric Indians did grow beans at\nFrijoles but the derivation of its name probably had no connection with\nany Indian occupation.\nWith the coming of a new century, Spanish people were accused of living\nin the caves of the Rito like barbarians. This picturesque Hidden Valley\nwas a rendezvous for cattle thieves and persons whose characters could\nbe questioned. It was a den for robbers who greatly troubled the people\naround the country, so, in 1811 the Spanish Governor ordered all its\ninhabitants to move out. The Canyon must have been occupied more or less\ncontinuously throughout the nineteenth century by farming groups of\nSpanish-Americans. And they were troubled by Indian raids from time to\ntime until the latter part of the century.\n    [Illustration: PHOTO BY GEORGE THOMPSON THE AUTHOR AT AN OLD HIDDEN\n    TRAIL]\n    [Illustration: COURTESY NAT\u2019L. PARK SERVICE A PARTY OF VISITORS AT\n    LONG HOUSE]\nThe walls of ancient caves today are pocked with nail holes.\nSheepherders might have camped for a while and left initials and dates\npicked in the soft stone. Cow bones strewn at the base of the cliff, now\ndry and white and brittle with age, are the only sad memorials of what\nwent on. And many are the hidden legends. Every little canyon in the\nlocality has a name. Something happened to give them their names. One,\nWater Canyon, was formerly known as \u201cDiesmo\u201d or \u201cTen-Percent Canyon,\u201d\nbecause a priest collected ten percent of the lambs from sheep owners as\na tithe for the church and herded his flocks in this valley. Everything\nhas a meaning in this colorful land. There still exists today a circular\nplatform of blocks of tuff on the floor of Frijoles Canyon. Local\nfarmers claim that it belonged to them and their fathers before them. It\nwas used as a threshing floor. I have heard that it was a dance pavilion\nor platform and was advised that if I brought over some of the Indian\nwomen from San Ildefonso and asked them to do what they were supposed to\ndo, they would begin dancing the ring dance. The stories are many but\nwill the truth ever be known? Time is slipping by.\nWithin quite recent years the Navaho has used the old trails, just\npassing through, going to some pueblo to trade perhaps. Even Zu\u00f1i\nIndians have passed through the Valley of the Tyuonyi\u2014resting a few\nminutes and drinking of the waters of El Rito de Los Frijoles as they\nmight have done in years past when they were supposed to have visited\nthe Stone Lions to the south. And Indians from Cochiti have returned to\ntheir Tyuonyi during summer months to raise a little corn. These people\nreligiously return to the homes of their ancestors. Even today, certain\nof the old Tewa men from northern pueblos trudge south into timbered\nmountainous country and erect shrines near their ancestral homes. They\ncarve miniature pueblos three and four stories high out of volcanic\nboulders of soft ash. They build altars and burn ceremonial fires. They\ndig holes in the soft ground, line them with little rocks and cover the\nholes with green branches from the juniper tree. Many times I have seen\nevidences of these ceremonies along dry arroyo banks on the Pajarito\nPlateau.\nIn 1880, Adolph F. Bandelier, famous Swiss ethnologist, archivist and\nhistorian, entered the Valley of the Frijoles.\nAt the time, he was connected with the Arch\u00e6ological Institute of\nAmerica and had been sent to New Mexico to work among the Indians who\ntoday live in mud-walled pueblos up and down the banks of the Rio\nGrande. Bandelier spent a great many days at Santo Domingo and Cochiti\nseeking out legends and myths regarding the people\u2019s past and present\nand it was from the Cochitenos that Bandelier learned of Tyuonyi.\nBandelier\u2019s descriptions of the surrounding country are thoroughly\ndetailed. He must have possessed a very keen mind to have so well\ndescribed geographical features in such brief association. He entered\nFrijoles Canyon, the Tyuonyi of the Cochiti Indians, on October 23 of\nthat year.\nIt has been said that Bandelier lived in the caves of the Rito de Los\nFrijoles, and, according to stories passed around by hearsay, he could\nhave lived in a dozen different caves. It would be nice, and perhaps\npoetic, to say that the famous student hung his coat or his hat on such\nand such a nail, when wire nails such as are found in these caves\nprobably did not exist during Bandelier\u2019s visits to the Canyon. The\ngeneral opinion among people who remember Bandelier is that he did spend\nsome time in one particular cave high above the Canyon floor. It was a\ndouble-chambered cave overlooking Puwige and the entire broad and open\nlower end of the Canyon. The view was perfect. It might have been here\nthat Bandelier organized some of his notes which resulted in the\nnever-to-be-forgotten ethno-historic novel, _The Delight Makers_. People\nhave said that Adolph Bandelier lived for years at Frijoles, but this is\nnot true. His investigation of practically the entire Southwest took\nonly five years to complete. So we might limit his stay to days, but\nthose days counted. It was Bandelier\u2019s intent to portray history and\narch\u00e6ology in the guise of fiction and here he laid the basis for his\nfamous novel which brought fifteenth-century dwellers of the Tyuonyi to\nlife again.\nThe works of Charles F. Lummis will never be forgotten\u2014_The Land of Poco\nTiempo_; _Mesa, Canyon and Pueblo_. Bandelier and Lummis were very good\nfriends and although their opinions and ideas conflicted at times, this\nfriendship was never broken. Many times has Lummis visited Frijoles and\nmany times has he stayed in the old Indian cave rooms, even in quite\nrecent times, when other accommodations were available.\nIn 1907, Judge A. J. Abbot settled in the Valley of the Frijoles. He\nbuilt a ranch house out of the ancient building stones of volcanic ash.\nThe stones came from Puwige, the big community house. Cut and fashioned\nin the sixteenth century or thereabout, by prehistoric Indians, they\nwere used again. The place was known as \u201cTen Elder Ranch,\u201d because of\nthe box-elder trees growing nearby. The ranch changed hands three times\nand was subsequently known as \u201cFrijoles Canyon Ranch\u201d until the old\nbuildings were torn down and replaced by modern unique pueblo style\nbuildings designed by government engineers and known as \u201cFrijoles Canyon\nLodge.\u201d It would be an utter impossibility to name all of the famous\npersonages who have visited Frijoles or were entertained at the old\nranch place. The Commoners and the Nobility, people from the four\ncorners of the globe came, some of them leaving a little remembrance or\ntoken of their appreciation\u2014a poem about the Frijoles perhaps, a card, a\nthank-you letter, an invitation\u2014they are too numerous to mention.\nIn 1916, the area was created a National Monument and named in honor of\nAdolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier. It has been known as such ever since.\nBut to the \u201cold timers\u201d it is still the \u201cRito\u201d or \u201cEl Rito de Los\nFrijoles.\u201d They remember the times they either walked or came on\nhorseback from the north rim into the boundary valley\u2014the valley between\nancient Keres and Tewa lands\u2014into a Hidden Valley clustered with the\nworks of primitive Indians, the ruins alone being capable of revealing\nthe incidents of a buried and hidden past. Their heads are gray now and\nthey remember with the semblance of tears in their eyes.\nFrom 1916 until 1932, the entire area was under the administration of\nthe United States Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture. At\nthis time it was transferred to the National Park Service, Department of\nthe Interior. Thousands of visitors go to Bandelier every year chiefly\njust to look at this magnificent Valley of the Frijoles. A new modern\nhighway replaces the old trail from the north cliff. The visitor now\ndrives down to the valley floor to spend an hour or so on a tour\nconducted by the National Park Service, to hear the story of how Indians\nlived in the cliff homes and in pueblos long before Columbus discovered\nAmerica. They wonder about cliff dwellers while ravens soar above the\nvalley floor and caw just as they did four hundred years ago. They see\nthe visible remains of the great kiva on the Canyon floor and stroll on\nto Puwige, the big community house. They view over two hundred excavated\nrooms, four hundred years old. They see the narrow passage through the\neast side and the remains of obstructions used to slow down the\nattackers of old. And then they climb to the base of the weathered and\nsun-drenched cliffs where many an Indian woman swept rubbish from her\nkitchen out on to the steep slope and ground many an ear of corn on\ncrude metate. Visitors climb into caves, the floors covered with dust\nand ceilings still blackened with smoke. They push the hands of the\nclock back to the Stone Age, while the Keres to the south go on living\non the banks of the muddy Rio Grande, apparently forgetting that there\never was a Tyuonyi, war or trouble; and while the Tewas to the north,\nhaving settled themselves, seem to have forgotten their ancestral\nhome\u2014the \u201cFrijoles,\u201d the National Park Service strives to protect,\npreserve, and make the ruins in Hidden Valley live again.\n  Bandelier, A. F. _Final Report of Investigations Among the Indians of\n          the Southwestern United States._ Part II, Papers of the\n          Arch\u00e6ological Institute of America, American Series, No. IV,\n  \u2014\u2014 _Documentary History of the Rio Grande Valley._ In _Indians of the\n          Rio Grande Valley_, Hewett and Bandelier. University of New\n          Mexico and School of American Research, Albuquerque, 1937.\n  \u2014\u2014 _The Delight Makers._ Dodd, Mead and Company, New York, 1942.\n  Baumann, G. _Frijoles Canyon Pictographs._ Writers\u2019 Editions, Inc.,\n          Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1939.\n  Beals, R. L. _Preliminary Report on the Ethnography of the Southwest._\n          National Park Service, U. S. Department of the Interior,\n          Berkeley, California, 1935.\n  Bryan, Kirk. _Regional Planning._ Part VI\u2014The Rio Grande Joint\n          Investigation in the upper Rio Grande Basin in Colorado, New\n          Mexico, and Texas, 1936-37, VI, National Resources Committee,\n          February 1938, Washington.\n  Castetter, E. F. _Early Tobacco Utilization and Cultivation in the\n          American Southwest_, American Anthropologist, N. S., 45, 1943.\n  Chapman, K. M. _Pajaritan Pictography, The Cave Pictographs of The\n          Rito de Los Frijoles._ Reprinted from Appendix I, _The\n          Pajarito Plateau and Its Ancient People_, Edgar L. Hewett,\n  Dumarest, N. D. _Notes on Cochiti, New Mexico._ Memoirs, American\n          Anthropological Association, VI, No. 3, 1920.\n  Hammond, G. P. _Coronado\u2019s Seven Cities._ United States Coronado\n          Exposition Commission, Albuquerque, 1940.\n  Hammond, G. P., and Rey, A. _Expedition Into New Mexico Made by\n          Antonio de Espejo, 1582-1583, as Revealed by Diego Perez de\n          Luxan._ The Quivira Society, Los Angeles, 1929.\n  Harrington, J. P., _Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians_, 29th Annual\n          Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1916.\n  Harrington, J. P., and Freire-Marreco, B. _Ethnobotany of the Tewa\n          Indians_, Bulletin 55, Bureau of American Ethnology,\n  Hawley, F. M. _The Significance of the Dated Prehistory of Chetro\n          Ketl, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico._ University of New Mexico\n          Press, Albuquerque, 1934.\n  Henderson, J., and Harrington, J. P., _Ethnozoology of the Tewa\n          Indians_, Bulletin 56, Bureau of American Ethnology,\n  Hendron, J. W., _The Stabilization of the Large Kiva, Frijoles Canyon,\n          Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico._ Unpublished report,\n          typed copies available at Southwestern Monuments, Santa Fe,\n          and at Bandelier National Monument. 1937.\n  \u2014\u2014 _The Stabilization of the Restored Talus House. The Rito de Los\n          Frijoles, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico._\n          Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report Supplement, Coolidge,\n          Arizona, December, 1937.\n  \u2014\u2014 _The Stabilization of the Kiva in the Great Ceremonial Cave, El\n          Rito de Los Frijoles, Bandelier National Monument, New\n          Mexico._ Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report Supplement,\n          Coolidge, Arizona, January, 1938.\n  \u2014\u2014 _Archaeological Report on the Stabilization of Tyuonyi, The Rito de\n          Los Frijoles, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico._\n          Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report Supplement, Coolidge,\n          Arizona, February, 1938.\n  \u2014\u2014 _Prehistory of El Rito de Los Frijoles._ Southwestern Monuments\n          Association, Technical Series, No. 1, Coolidge, Arizona, 1940.\n  Hewett, E. L., _Antiquities of the Jemez Plateau, New Mexico._\n          Bulletin 32, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1906.\n  \u2014\u2014 _The Excavations at El Rito de Los Frijoles, in 1909._ American\n          Anthropologist, n. s. II, No. 4, 1909.\n  \u2014\u2014 _The Excavations at Tyuonyi, New Mexico, in 1908._ American\n          Anthropologist, n. s. II, No. 3, 1909.\n  \u2014\u2014 _Pajarito Plateau and Its Ancient People._ Handbook of\n          Arch\u00e6ological History. University of New Mexico and School of\n          American Research, Albuquerque, 1938.\n  Luxan. See Hammond and Rey.\n  Mera, H. P. _A Proposed Revision of the Rio Grande Glaze-Paint\n          Sequence._ Laboratory of Anthropology, Technical Series,\n          Bulletin No. 5, Santa Fe, 1932.\n  \u2014\u2014 _Wares Ancestral to Tewa Polychrome._ Laboratory of Anthropology,\n          Technical Series, Bulletin No. 4, Santa Fe, 1933.\n  \u2014\u2014 _A Survey of the Biscuit Ware Area in Northern New Mexico._\n          Laboratory of Anthropology, Technical Series, Bulletin No. 6,\n  \u2014\u2014 _Ceramic Clues to the Prehistory of North Central New Mexico._\n          Laboratory of Anthropology, Technical Series, Bulletin No. 8,\n  \u2014\u2014 _Some Aspects of the Largo Cultural Phase, Northern New Mexico._\n          American Antiquity III-3, January, 1938.\n  \u2014\u2014 _Style Trends of Pueblo Pottery._ Memoirs of the Laboratory of\n          Anthropology, VIII, Santa Fe, N. M., 1939.\n  \u2014\u2014 _Population Changes in the Rio Grande Glaze-Paint Area._ Laboratory\n          of Anthropology, Technical Series, Bulletin No. 9, Santa Fe,\n  Morley, S. G. _The Rito de Los Frijoles in the Spanish Archives._\n          Appendix II, _The Pajarito Plateau and Its Ancient People_.\n          Edgar L. Hewett, Albuquerque, 1938.\n  Parsons, E. C., _Taos Pueblo_. George Banta Publishing Co., Menasha,\n  Reiter, Paul. _The Jemez Pueblo of Unshagi._ Parts I and II.\n          University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1938.\n  Shepard, Anna O. _Rio Grande Glaze Paint Ware._ Reprinted from\n          Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 528, pp.\n  Stallings, W. S., Jr. _A Tree-Ring Chronology for the Rio Grande\n          Drainage in Northern New Mexico._ Reprinted from the\n          Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 19, No.\n  \u2014\u2014 _Southwestern Dated Ruins._ Tree-Ring Bulletin, V. 4, No. 2,\n  White, L. A. _The Pueblo of San Felipe._ Memoirs of the American\n          Anthropological Association, No. 38, Menasha, Wisconsin, 1932.\n  Whitman, W. _The San Ildefonso of New Mexico._ In _Acculturation in\n          Seven American Indian Tribes_, Ralph Linton, D.\n          Appleton-Century Co., New York, 1940.\n  Winship, G. P. _The Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542._ Fourteenth Annual\n          Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Pt. 1, 1896.\n  Acoma (\u00e1h-ko-mah). \u201cPeople of the White Rock\u201d; Keres-speaking village\n          of the western group occupied since prehistoric times.\n  adobe (a-d\u00f3ugh-bay). Thick mud with high clay content; also a\n          sun-baked brick made of clay.\n  Alameda (alah-m\u00e1y-dah). \u201cCottonwood Grove\u201d; Spanish-American village.\n  Albuquerque (al-bu-k\u00e9r-keh). Largest city in New Mexico; named after\n          the Duke of Alburquerque, Viceroy of Mexico.\n  Antonio de Espejo (day es-p\u00e1y-ho). Leader of the third Spanish\n          expedition into New Mexico in 1583.\n  arroyo (ah-r\u00f3-yo). Water course or channel seasonally dry.\n  awanyu (uh-wan-you). \u201cPlumbed or feathered serpent\u201d; mythological\n          guardian of springs.\n  Bandelier (ban-duh-le\u00e9r). Author of _The Delight Makers_; student,\n          arch\u00e6ologist, historian and linguist who spent much time among\n          the Keres. Bandelier lived at the pueblo of Cochiti and was\n          very popular among the Indians.\n  Bernalillo (bear-nah-l\u00e9e-yoh). Apparently a diminutive of Bernal;\n          founded by Vargas in 1695; present-day Spanish-American\n  bigotes (bee-g\u00f3-tes). \u201cWhiskers.\u201d\n  buckskin. The tanned hide of a deer.\n  canyon. A deep valley with high steep slopes.\n  Canyon del Alamo (del \u00e1-lah-mo). \u201cCottonwood Canyon.\u201d\n  Cachiti (k\u00e1-chee-tee). Keres-speaking village of the sixteenth\n          century; of obscure etymology.\n  Ca\u00f1ada de Cochiti (ka-ny\u00e1-da day k\u00f3-cha-tee). \u201cCochiti Canyon.\u201d Ca\u00f1ada\n          refers to a shallow and wide canyon.\n  Capul\u00edn (ka-poo-l\u00e9en). \u201cChokecherry.\u201d Chokecherry Canyon.\n  Chaco (ch\u00e1-ko). A canyon in northwestern New Mexico. Chaco Canyon\n          National Monument.\n  cibola (s\u00e9e-bo-lah). \u201cBuffalo.\u201d\n  Cochiti. Spanish for Cachiti.\n  cacique (ka-cee-ke). Chief religious officer in a pueblo. There are\n          usually two town chiefs in each pueblo representing two\n          separate moities either Turquoise or Squash.\n  Coronado (koro-n\u00e1h-tho). Leader of the first Spanish expedition into\n  cronies. Old people; friends; chums.\n  Cuapa (coo-\u00e1h-pa). Prehistoric village of the Keres-speaking people;\n          meaning unknown.\n  diesmo (di\u00e9z-mo). \u201cTen percent\u201d; tithe; refers to present-day Water\n  Don Diego de Vargas (don dee\u00e1y-go day v\u00e1r-gas). Leader of the\n          reconquest of New Mexico in 1693 after the Pueblo Rebellion of\n  Don Juan de O\u00f1ate (hwan day o-yn\u00e1-te). Leader of the colonizing\n          expedition into New Mexico in 1598.\n  Don Pedro de Peralta (p\u00e1y-dro day pe-r\u00e1l-tah). Successor to O\u00f1ate as\n          Governor of New Mexico in 1610.\n  El Rito de Los Frijoles (el ree-toe day los free-h\u00f3-lays). \u201cThe little\n          river of the beans\u201d; bean creek.\n  Franciscans (fran-cis-cans). Religious order established by Saint\n          Francis of Assisi.\n  Francisco Sanchez Chamuscado (fran-c\u00e9es-co s\u00e1n-chess chamoos-c\u00e1h-tho).\n          Leader of the second Spanish expedition into New Mexico in\n  friar (fryer). Member of a male religious order.\n  Haatze (ha-\u00e1ht-say). \u201cEarth\u201d; \u201cWorld\u201d; a ruin of the Keres southwest\n          of Tyuonyi.\n  Hanat Cochiti (h\u00e1-not k\u00f3-cha-tee). \u201cCochiti Above\u201d; Potrero Viejo.\n  Hemes (h\u00e1y-mess). Indian pueblo thirty odd miles west of Bandelier\n          National Monument.\n  Hernando de Alvarado (er-n\u00e1n-do day al-var-\u00e1h-tho). Captain under\n          Coronado during the expedition of 1540.\n  Isleta (ees-l\u00e1y-tah). \u201cLittle Island\u201d; modern Indian village located\n          about thirteen miles south of Albuquerque on the banks of the\n          Rio Grande.\n  Jemez (h\u00e1y-mess). Spanish for Hemes.\n  katsina (cot-s\u00e9e-nah). Supernatural being.\n  Keres (care-es). Language spoken by the people at Cochiti, Santo\n          Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana and Sia; there are also the\n          western Keres villages of Acoma and (historic) Laguna not\n          included here.\n  kiva (key-vah). Ceremonial chamber; men\u2019s club house.\n  Kotyiti (c\u00f3at-yi-tee). Of obscure etymology; Old Cochiti; Hanat\n          Cochiti; Potrero Viejo.\n  La Bajada (lah bah-h\u00e1h-tha). \u201cThe steep slope\u201d; a hill between\n          Albuquerque and Santa Fe was given this name.\n  La Cueva Pintada (lah cu\u00e1y-vah peen-t\u00e1h-tha). \u201cThe Painted Cave\u201d;\n          located southwest of Tyuonyi in Capulin Canyon.\n  Los Confiados (los cone-fee\u00e1h-thos). \u201cThe Trusting Souls\u201d (people); a\n          mythical town near Cochiti named by the Spanish in 1583.\n  mano (m\u00e1h-no). \u201cHand\u201d; hand-piece of flat stone for grinding corn.\n  manta (m\u00e1n-ta). \u201cDress\u201d; \u201cBlanket.\u201d\n  Marcos de Nisa (m\u00e1r-kos day n\u00e9e-sah). A Franciscan friar.\n  mesa (m\u00e1y-sah). Flat-topped high hill or table land.\n  Mesa Verde (v\u00e9r-they). \u201cGreen\u201d; now a National Park in southwestern\n          Colorado.\n  Mesita Huerfano (may-s\u00e9e-tah we\u00e1r-fa-no). \u201cOrphan Mesa\u201d; Black Mesa.\n  metate (may-t\u00e1h-tay). Flat stone for grinding corn. Base stone.\n  moccasins. Heel-less shoe of soft leather worn by Indians,\n  moiety. A division of a tribe in which the cacique, either Summer or\n          Winter, has charge of the ceremonials during his respective\n  Navaho (n\u00e1h-vah-ho). Semi-nomadic Indians living west of the pueblo\n  Navawi (n\u00e1h-vah-wee). \u201cPlace of a hunting trap\u201d; \u201cpit-fall gap\u201d;\n          ruined pueblo northeast of Tyuonyi.\n  neolithic (nee-o-lith-ik). New stone age.\n  olla (\u00f3-yah). Pottery jar for water.\n  Otermin (o-ter-m\u00e9en). Governor of New Mexico at the outbreak of the\n          Pueblo Rebellion of 1680.\n  padre (p\u00e1h-dray). Monk or priest.\n  Pajarito (pah-ha-r\u00e9e-toe). \u201cLittle Bird\u201d; Pajarito Plateau.\n  Pecos (pay-kos). \u201cPlace down where the stone is on top\u201d; Indian\n          village east of the Rio Grande.\n  Perage (pear-\u00e1h-gay). \u201cSmall rodent which jumps like a kangaroo\u201d;\n          \u201cplace of a species of kangaroo rat\u201d; a ruined pueblo across\n          the Rio Grande from San Ildefonso.\n  pinto (peen-toe). A type of bean grown by Indians in prehistoric\n  pi\u00f1on (pee-yn\u00f3n). Edible seed of pine; pinus edulis.\n  plaza (pl\u00e1h-sah). \u201cInner court\u201d; area in the center of a town for\n          public gathering.\n  potrero (po-tr\u00e9-roh). High, narrow mesa-top between canyons.\n  Potsui\u2019i (p\u00f3te-su-wee-ee). \u201cGap where the water sinks\u201d; prehistoric\n          pueblo northeast of Tyuonyi.\n  Pohoge (po-h\u00f3-gay). \u201cWhere the water cuts down through\u201d; Tewa name for\n          San Ildefonso.\n  prehistoric. Referring to times before the Coronado expedition of\n  pueblo (pw\u00e9-blo). \u201cVillage\u201d; \u201cTown.\u201d\n  Puwige (poo-w\u00ed-gay). \u201cWhere the bottoms of the pottery vessels are\n          wiped or smoothed thin\u201d; ruined pueblo on the floor of\n          Frijoles Canyon; the big community house. Sometimes called\n  Quirex (keer-esh). Province of five Keresan villages on the Rio Grande\n  ramada (rah-m\u00e1h-tha). Open flat-roofed porch built of poles and brush;\n          a shelter.\n  Ramon Vigil Grant (rah-m\u00f3an vee-h\u00edll). Huge tract of land north of\n          Frijoles Canyon.\n  Rio Chama (ree-oh ch\u00e1-mah). \u201cChama River.\u201d\n  Rio Grande (ree-oh gr\u00e1n-day). \u201cBig River.\u201d\n  Sandia (san-d\u00e9ea). \u201cWatermelon\u201d; also a modern Tiwa-speaking Indian\n          pueblo twelve miles north of Albuquerque occupied since\n          prehistoric times.\n  Sangre de Cristo (s\u00e1n-gray day cr\u00e9es-to). \u201cBlood of Christ\u201d; refers to\n          a mountain range rising to great heights.\n  San Felipe (san fay-le\u00e9-pay). \u201cSaint Phillip\u201d; modern pueblo of the\n          Keres group occupied since prehistoric times.\n  San Gabriel (san gah-bree\u00e1yl). First capital of New Mexico; in the\n          vicinity of San Juan Pueblo.\n  San Ildefonso (san ill-day-f\u00e1hn-so). Modern Indian village speaking\n          the Tewa language; twenty miles northwest of Santa Fe on the\n          banks of the Rio Grande.\n  San Juan (san hw\u00e1n). Modern Indian village speaking the Tewa language;\n          about thirty miles northwest of Santa Fe. Not to be mistaken\n          for the San Juan area in northwestern New Mexico.\n  Sankawi (s\u00e1ng-ka-wee). \u201cGap of the sharp round cactus\u201d; \u201cplace of the\n          round cactus\u201d; prehistoric pueblo northeast of Tyuonyi.\n  Santa Ana (s\u00e1n-tah ana). Modern Indian village speaking the Keres\n          language.\n  Santo Domingo (s\u00e1nto do-m\u00edng-go). Modern Indian village speaking the\n          Keres language.\n  Shipapolima (she-pa-po-lee-ma). Place where the Zu\u00f1i people entered\n          this world; spiritual entrance to the underworld.\n  Sia (see-a). Modern Indian village speaking the Keres language;\n          occupied since prehistoric times.\n  Sipapu (see-pa-poo). Spiritual entrance to the underworld of certain\n          Pueblo Indians; an opening is generally found in the kiva\n          floor and is called Sipapu; similar to Shipapolima.\n  talus (tay-lus). A slope formed at the base of a cliff by material\n          falling from above.\n  Tanos (t\u00e1h-nos). Applied to various groups of people who inhabited the\n          country east of the Rio Grande south of the San\n          Ildefonso-Tesuque Tewa region.\n  Tewa (tay-wa). Language spoken by certain Pueblo Indians; they are:\n          San Ildefonso, Nambe, Tesuque, Santa Clara and San Juan.\n  tewatu (tay-wa-too). \u201cTewa beans\u201d; pinto beans.\n  Tiguex (tee-wesh). Province of prehistoric Indian villages on the\n          banks of the Rio Grande between Bernalillo and Albuquerque, a\n          distance of about seventeen miles.\n  Tiwa (tee-wa). Language spoken by certain groups of Indians; Taos,\n          Picuris, Sandia and Isleta.\n  Towa (toe-wa). Language spoken by Jemez Indians and by those of Pecos\n          before its abandonment in 1837.\n  Tshirege (ser-i-gay). \u201cHouse of the Bird People\u201d; prehistoric pueblo\n          northeast of Tyuonyi.\n  Tyuonyi (q\u2019own-yee). A word having a signification akin to that of\n          treaty or contract; Frijoles Canyon, Hidden Valley.\n  viejo (vee\u00e1y-ho). \u201cOld\u201d; old man.\n  viga (vee-gah). \u201cRoof beam.\u201d\n  Yapashi (yap-a-she). \u201cSacred Enclosure\u201d; name of pueblo ruin south of\n  yucca (yuc-cuh). Plant with long spiked leaves; commonly known as\n          Spanish bayonet.\n  Yuqueyunque (you-gay-o-w\u00edng-gay). Of obscure etymology; \u201cdown at the\n          mocking bird place\u201d; province visited by the Spanish in 1540.\n  Zu\u00f1i (zoo-nee). Indian Pueblo of western New Mexico; only survivor of\n          the Seven Cities of Cibola.\n  Zu\u00f1ian (zoo-nee-un). Linguistic stock of Zu\u00f1i Indians.\n  Abbot, Judge A. J., 80\n  Acoma, 67\n  Agriculture, 55, 74\n  Alameda, 67\n  Albuquerque, 6\n  Archaeological Institute of America, 79\n  Articrafts, 72, 73\n  Awanyu, 38\n  Bandelier, Adolph F., 1, 79, 80, 81\n  Bandelier National Monument, 17\n      created, 81\n  Beans in Ceremonial Cave, 59\n  Bernalillo, 6\n  Bigotes, 6\n  Biscuit ware, 61, 62\n  Black Mesa, 69\n  Blood floors, 39\n  Bowls, 61\n  Buckman, settlement of, 1\n  Cable-way, 5\n  Cachiti, 9\n  Cacique, 47, 52\n  Canada de Cochiti, 10, 12, 69\n  Canyon del Alamo, 14\n  Capulin Canyon, 12, 13\n  Ceremonial Cave, 39\n  Chaco Canyon, 19, 25\n  Chamuscado, Captain Francisco Sanchez, 8, 9\n  Chapman, Kenneth, 1\n  Christianity, 6\n  Community apartment houses, 34, 40, 53\n  Corn, 56\n      trading, 58\n  Cotton, 59\n  Cuapa, 31\n  Frey, Mrs. Evelyn C., 4\n  Frijoles Canyon Lodge, 80\n  Glaze pottery, 28, 61, 62\n  Gourds, 59\n  Hanat Cochiti, 69\n  Hemes, Province of, 10\n  Hewett, Edgar L., 1\n  Isleta Pueblo, 67\n  Jemez River, 9\n      mountain range, 10, 11\n      ancient territory, 13, 22\n      make treaty, 16\n      lands as a Monument, 17\n      pottery, 61\n  Kidder, A. V., 1\n  King Charles, 6\n  King of Spain, 66\n      in cliffs, 47\n      legends, 49\n      ventilators, 51\n      plastering, 52\n      visitors see, 81\n  Kotyiti, 69\n  La Baja Hill, 1\n  La Cueva Pintada, 13\n  Little Colorado River District, 27, 61\n  Los Confiados, 9, 10\n      Spanish visit, 11, 12\n  Lummis, Charles F., 80\n  Manes, 58\n  Metates, 58\n  Morley, Sylvanus, G., 1\n  Moslem Invasion of Spain, 18\n  National Park Service, 81, 82\n  New Mexico, colonization of, 76\n  Nisa, Marcos de, 6\n  Nusbaum, Jesse, 1\n  Old Man Pankey\u2019s Pasture, 3\n  O\u00f1ate Don Juan de, 66\n      removed, 67\n  Otermin, 68\n      Keres driven out, 12\n      first occupation, 20, 21\n      pueblo architecture, 29\n      abandonment, 66\n  Palace of the Governors, 68\n  Pecos, 6\n  Perage, 66\n  Peralta, Don Pedro de, 67\n  Pictographs, 38\n  Pleistocene Period, 11\n  Pliocene Period, 11\n  Plumed serpent, 38\n  Potrero Viejo, 31\n      trading, 62\n  Powhoge, 66\n  Pre-Cambrian Rocks, 34\n  Pueblo of the Stone Lions, 13, 30\n  Pueblo Rebellion, 27, 68\n  Puwige, the big community house, 3, 41, 42, 44, 47, 53\n      Bandelier\u2019s cave, 79\n      stones for ranch house, 80\n      visitors, 81\n  Pygmies, 15\n  Quirex, Province of, 7\n  Ramadas, 37\n  Ramon Vigil Grant, 76\n  Ring Dance, 77\n  Rio Chama, 8\n      as a boundary, 11\n      description, 7\n      as a boundary, 11\n      White Rock Canyon, 12\n      first occupation, 18, 19\n      as a hunting ground, 55\n      expedition in 1598, 66\n      churches, 67\n      Spanish leave, 68\n      expedition in 1693, 68\n      derivation of name, 76\n  Roman Catholic Missionaries, 67\n  Sandia Pueblo, 31\n  San Felipe Pueblo, 7, 9, 31, 67\n  San Gabriel, 67\n  Sangre de Cristo Mountains, 20\n      legends, 70\n  San Juan area, 18\n  Sankawi, 29, 54\n  Santa Ana Pueblo, 7, 9\n  Santa Fe, 4, 20\n      capital moved, 67\n  Santo Domingo Pueblo, 7, 9, 31, 79\n  Seven Cities of Cibola, 6\n  Shipapolima, 13\n  Sia Pueblo, 7, 9\n  Social and ceremonial organization, 47\n  Stone Age, 82\n  Stone Lions Shrine, 13, 31, 77\n  Tanos, 31\n  Ten Elder Ranch, 3, 80\n      lands as a Monument, 7\n      penetrate Frijoles, 32, 33\n      contact Spanish, 39\n      villages during Rebellion, 69\n      men trudge south, 77\n  Threshing floor, 77\n  Tiguex, Province of, 6, 7, 9, 10, 42\n      Spanish return, 7, 45\n      winter of Spanish expedition, 8\n  Tobacco, discovery of, 73\n  Tshirege, 29, 54\n  Turkey pens, 40\n      as a boundary, 16, 81\n      meaning, 25\n      community apartment houses, 41\n      secret chambers, 46, 58\n      population, 54\n      farmers, 55\n      weapons, 55\n      abandonment, 64\n      reoccupation, 72\n      final abandonment, 74\n  Vargas, Don Diego de, 68\n  War with France, 76\n  Water Canyon, 2, 77\n  White Rock Canyon, 11\n  Woolen cloth, 72\n  Yapashi, 13, 29\n  Yunqueyunque, Province of, 67\n      Indians pass through Tyuonyi, 77\n  Zu\u00f1ian, 25\n    [Illustration:\n    [Illustration:\n    [Illustration:\n    [Illustration:\n    [Illustration: Ground Plan of Frijoles Canyon. Ruins Area]\n    [Illustration: Ground Plan of Frijoles Canyon. Ruins Area (_left_)]\n    [Illustration: Ground Plan of Frijoles Canyon. Ruins Area\n    (_center_)]\n    [Illustration: Ground Plan of Frijoles Canyon. Ruins Area (_right_)]\n    [Illustration: Northern Wall of Frijoles Canyon]\n    [Illustration: Northern Wall of Frijoles Canyon (_left_)]\n    [Illustration: Northern Wall of Frijoles Canyon (_center_)]\n    [Illustration: Northern Wall of Frijoles Canyon (_right_)]\n\u2014Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook\n  is public-domain in the country of publication.\n\u2014Corrected a few palpable typos.\n\u2014Included a transcription of the text within some images.\n\u2014In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by\n  _underscores_.\nEnd of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Frijoles: A Hidden Valley in the New\nWorld, by Jerome William Hendron\n*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRIJOLES: A HIDDEN VALLEY ***\n***** This file should be named 52997-0.txt or 52997-0.zip *****\nThis and all associated files of various formats will be found in:\nProduced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online\nUpdated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will\nbe renamed.\nCreating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright\nlaw means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,\nso the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United\nStates without permission and without paying copyright\nroyalties. 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{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1942", "subject": "Agriculture -- Indonesia", "title": "Agriculture in the Netherlands Indies", "creator": "United States. Board of Economic Warfare. [from old catalog]", "lccn": "52042051", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST009666", "call_number": "7909146", "identifier_bib": "00026936433", "boxid": "00026936433", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "publisher": "[Washington] Board of Economic Warfare, Office of Economic Warfare, Analysis, Far Eastern Division", "description": "p. cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2018-07-26 14:23:26", "updatedate": "2018-07-26 15:22:53", "updater": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "identifier": "agricultureinnet00unit", "uploader": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "addeddate": "2018-07-26 15:22:55", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "operator": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "notes": "No copyright.<br />", "tts_version": "v1.60-79-gfbef26d", "imagecount": "150", "scandate": "20180814190900", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-jillian-davis@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20180815083312", "republisher_time": "2597", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/agricultureinnet00unit", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t9869nm43", "scanfee": "300;10;200", "invoice": "1263", "openlibrary_edition": "OL26484083M", "openlibrary_work": "OL17908555W", "sponsordate": "20180831", "backup_location": "ia906709_27", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1155997256", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "0", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1942, "content": "The Hevea brasiliensis, belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, grows up to 80 feet high. Optimum physical and economic conditions for its cultivation in the Netherlands East Indies are:\n\nSoil:\nThe Hevea plant is not particular about the soil type, thriving in sandy soil as well as in well-drained heavy clay, provided it is not too poor in plant nourishment.\n\nSubsoil:\nA sour soil is unsuitable for Hevea cultivation unless it is well drained, with the subterranean water level not exceeding three feet.\nHeva grows best in a warm, humid climate. If necessary, a calcium fertiliser is used. Drainage is achieved through terraces in rolling terrain and is usually unnecessary. Care must be taken to provide ditches or curb-pits to prevent top soil from washing away. Any superabundance of water (over 3\u2019) in the subsoil must be drained or eliminated. Heva grows best near sea level, and elevations over 2000 feet are considered unsatisfactory. Consequently, it is seldom grown in sharply rolling terrain, and the direction of the slope does not need to be taken into consideration. Precipitation is given in measurements taken at Buitenzorg, Java, where the government maintained experimental rubber plantations.\nHevea cultivation requires an ideal environment with an average annual precipitation of 168 inches, an average number of rainy days annually of 238, and an even temperature ranging between 77\u00b0F and 86\u00b0F. Temperature readings are taken at Batavia (at sea level) and Bandoeng (2,346 feet), as ideal elevations for rubber cultivation are found only within these limits.\n\nTemperatures:\nBatavia:\n- Average annual: 77\u00b0F\n- Absolute maximum: N/A\n- Absolute minimum: N/A\n- Average maximum: N/A\n- Average minimum: N/A\n\nBandoeng:\n- Average annual: 79\u00b0F\n- Absolute maximum: 86\u00b0F\n- Absolute minimum: 72\u00b0F\n- Average maximum: 84\u00b0F\n- Average minimum: 74\u00b0F\n\nMethods of Production:\n\u2022 Elevation: As Hevea grows best in a humid, warm climate, sites should be selected based on these conditions.\nAbove sea level, plantations are generally chosen for Hevea cultivation, although some are located in regions a few hundred feet higher. Buitenzorg (873 feet) is considered an excellent center for Hevea cultivation. The growth of Hevea trees is slower at 2000 feet, and tapping takes place later in the tree's life than on plantations at lower altitudes. However, results are otherwise no less favorable.\n\nPreparation of terrain. No great preparation of the soil is necessary. Rolling terrain is terraced and curb pits are dug to prevent topsoil from being washed away. Attention is paid to the accessibility of young trees to soft light and air. Woody areas are well cleared, and all dead wood and stumps are removed to prevent root diseases from attacking the trees. Particular care is taken to pull up all destructive 'alang-alang' reed-grass.\nThe temperature decreases 1\u00b0 every 328 feet during ascent. Seeds of an individual tree are identical, ensuring the propagation of a pure strain of Hovea. At the start of the dry monsoon, leaves turn yellow and fall, leaving the tree bare. This is the shedding of Keva trees. Thereafter, even in the driest season, new green leaves appear, followed by small white blossoms. July and August are blooming times in Java, but in Sumatra the season is different and irregular. Six months later (February in Buitenzoorg), the pods, encased in a black skin, ripen. Each one contains three fairly large seeds. At the moment of ripening, the pod bursts with a loud noise and the seeds are hurled several yards. Around one p.m., when many burst simultaneously, it sounds like a bomb.\nSeeding in the plantation. While seeds can be successfully planted directly in plantations, it is preferable to start the seeds in nursery beds. Seeds are laid horizontally, sown to each other in seed beds, and covered with a layer of reed-grass. As soon as seeds germinate, plants are removed to nursery beds.\n\nTransplanting and spacing. Seedlings are planted about 5 to 6 inches apart in nursery beds, with care taken in the working of nursery beds. Fruitful soil is chosen and beds are laid out in strips about 4 feet long and 1-1/2 feet wide. These beds are net roofed over; at most, a light shadowing is achieved with ferns during the first days.\n\nKava grows quickly in height. If \"stumps\" are desired, tops are cut off. Sometimes in Java and Sumatra, where seed is expensive, the top halves are made into slips and planted. Thus, twice as many plants can be produced.\nPlants in nursery beds are thick enough to make stumps when they are about 8 or 9 months old. The stumps should not be too thick. Plants are pulled out of the ground and cut diagonally through the root and stem with a sharp knife. The cut is sometimes coated with tar. These stumps are very hardy and can be shipped long distances.\n\nSpacing is an important and disputed factor. Currently, most satisfactory results are achieved. Narrow spacing provides more trees per tillage and reduces maintenance costs. A plantation averages about 500 trees per tillage at 12 feet distance. Overcrowding is eliminated by thinning out the least desirable trees. Tight spacing means higher upkeep and a smaller production per area, but this difficulty is largely obviated by inter-planting of \"catch\" trees.\nIn East Java, coffee (Robusta) and Hovea are planted together. Tea is the main catch-crop in East Java. About 80% of the total Hevea cultivation area in the Netherlands East Indies is interspersed with a catch-crops. Other possibilities are Tephrosia purpurea, Crotalaria striata, Mimosa invisa (which also provides free nitrogen fertilizer), Phaseolus lunatus, and Passiflora foetida. The latter two plants have proven successful as they not only cover the ground but also tend to smother weeds.\n\nHevea is planted in holes about 1-1.5 feet square, regardless of the material used, whether stumps or slips. Stumps must be planted at the same depth from which they were removed from the nursery beds. After the young trees are set out, proper maintenance is required.\nNance is essential. Clean-weeding is preferable and proves cheapest in the long run. However, it incurs the danger of top soil washing away when it is bared to the rays of the tropical sun while the trees are young. By the fourth or fifth year, the plantation will be roofed over and the cost of upkeep will drop. Sometimes only a ring around the trees is cleared and the rest of the weeds are scythed from time to time. This method offers less satisfactory results, particularly where the \"alang-alang\" grass grows. In other cases, the garden is mowed and the ground turned over. Again, this is impracticable if there is alang-alang around.\n\nBesides caring for the grounds, attention is paid to the young trees. Where stumps were planted, shoots soon appear. The strongest are kept and after awhile these grow with the trunks, giving a straight appearance.\nUpright tree. Hevea grows upward during the first year, and later the trees put forth branches which are lopped off up to a height of fifteen to sixteen feet. There is danger of crowns getting too heavy, and the boughs breaking off when bared to the wind, resulting in harm to the tree. Therefore, the upper leaves are plucked from the branches. All branches on the lower 10 feet of the trunk are pruned. Great care is taken in pruning. Most of the branch is cut off and the stump is sawed off as flat as possible at the trunk of the tree. The wound is then shaved with a sharp knife and coated with tar. About 30% of all trees under cultivation in Netherlands India are bud grafted.\n\nHarvest: Age of plant at first harvest. The Hevea brasiliensis is generally tapped when the circumference of the tree measures eighteen inches.\nThe inches-long incision is usually made around the fourth or fifth year. Frequency and method of harvest: Successive daily tapping produces more latex than less frequent tapping, as Hovea reacts to wound irritations. Younger trees are not retapped on the same spot for two years, nor older trees within four years. The most successful tapping is achieved by the \"herring-bone\u201d method or the \"half herring-bone\" method. After the trunk has been cleaned, a downward vertical channel, ending in a metal spout, is cut. The sap runs down this incision to a bowl set on the ground underneath the spout. Cuts at a 30\u00b0 to 45\u00b0 angle lead into this center cut. The side cuts are staggered alternately from the left or the right of the middle channel. Another system is to join the side cuts in a V at the center incision. It has been observed that the left side produces more sap.\nDunes have more sap than the right, when tapping a tree, it is customary to make two cuts on either side, reaching about one quarter of the way around the tree. The center cut reaches up to about three feet from the ground. The strips of bark removed from the tree are made as thin as possible to avoid damage to the tree. Profitable tapping results from a thickness of 1.25 mm for rot tapping or 1.50 mm for dry tapping, depending on the experience of the tappers. Each time the bark renews itself on the tree, it is one to two millimeters thinner. It is advisable to make all successive cuts the same length and parallel to the originals. Inexperienced tappers tend to damage the trees by removing bark of too great thickness, harming the cambium and exposing the wood, or else they cut so shallowly that no latex flows from the tree.\nTapping should be done as early as possible in the morning, except during rain. The tapper, often aided by a lad, places the container under the spout and makes the incisions. In some instances, the cut is dampened to increase the flow of sap. Once the flow of latex ceases, the sap is poured from the container into enameled pails, sometimes through a sieve to segregate coagulated rubber. These are transported to the factory. In hilly or terraced terrain, transportation is more difficult. Closed pails are used which are carried by pack animals, for latex that coagulates on the tree is collected for scrap - later in the afternoon or the following day. The shavings from the bark are also salvaged to be worked into rubber, as is the latex that fell to the ground and is collected as \"earth rubber\".\nIn Java, the nprickern - a small rod with sharp points - is used. This tool absorbs the incision, initiating a flow of sap without tearing the tree. The variety and number of tapping knives in the Netherlands Indies is legion, with new ones constantly being invented. As it is considered unwise to give natives complicated mechanical instruments with screws, etc., the knives must be simple to handle and easily honed. A simple gouge or hollow chisel, about a half inch wide, is frequently used. A narrower, curved tool is used for smaller trees. A very popular instrument is the sharp, curved MjcbongM knife. An equally large variety of containers or bowls is made of tin, pressed steel, aluminum, papier mach\u00e9, etc.\nSkilled tappers average about 1000 tappings a day, depending on the number of trees in the area and previous cuts in the tree. Though recently, molded round glass bowls with conical bases have been widely used. These can be set right into the ground and have the further advantage of being easily cleaned.\n\nPrimary Processing:\nPlantations at some distance from factories often have coagulation houses on the premises. The coagulated latex is then sent to the factories for further processing. In other cases, the latex is transported directly to the factory where the sap is cleaned and all lumps removed. The cleansed latex is carefully filtered. First, it is poured through a coarse sieve of fine copper gauze, then through a finer mesh. From the sieve, it flows to a basin along a slightly inclined runway.\nThe latex is thinned with water until the rubber content reaches 15%. Acetic acid is added to force coagulation, and in some factories, formic acid is used as a catalyst. Conditions affecting coagulation include rubber content, temperature, movement of the liquid, etc.\n\nTo coagulate latex for the manufacture of sheet rubber, BO cubic centimeters of 1% acetic acid per liter of latex (thinned to 15% rubber content) are added. The latex is coagulated in square flat pans and is briskly stirred while congealing. The coagulated rubber is removed from the pan, placed on a slanting table, and rolled out with a roller or pressed in a mangle or a rotating machine with rollers working at equal speeds. Sometimes the sheets are finished in a press with spiral or other grooves which imprint a pattern. Finally, the finished sheets are brushed off.\nTo make crepe rubber: add 16 cc of 5% acetic acid per liter of latex. Use a little less acid if not working immediately. To create a light-colored crepe, add one gram of natrium bisulfite per liter of latex before adding the acetic acid. Coagulation occurs in wooden or glazed earthenware bowls, or \"Shanghai jars.\" The coagulated pieces are removed from the vats and passed through a creping machine. This machine is a rotating device with grooved rollers traveling at various speeds. The rubber is first pressed by a deeply grooved roller, then by a shallow grooved roller, and finally by an ungrooved roller. The sheets undergo this process while being thoroughly washed off with water to eliminate acetic acid. The resulting crepe is obtained.\nproducts are 2 millimeter-thick, rough-surfaced sheets of crepe rubber. Sheet rubber and crepe rubber are both dried in dark rooms usually at existing temperatures of around 30\u00b0 C. The use of ventilators is advisable. In some instances, heated drying rooms at 50\u00b0 C, or heated vacuum dryers are used. In other instances, the rubber may be smoked. In still other cases, the latex is processed into block rubber.\n\nII. PRODUCTION\nRubber production per tillage is 1:\n\nIII. DEVIATIONS FROM OPTIMUM PHYSICAL CONDITIONS\n\nVariations in soil and subsoil:\nHevea brasiliensis may be grown in varied soils. It flourishes as well in sandy soil as in clay or loam.\n\nVariations in drainage:\nThe trees will not grow as well in a water-logged subsoil. Otherwise, as a rule, no drainage is undertaken as this is too costly.\n\n\u2019 Direction of slope.\nSlopes should not be bared to the wind due to the danger that the top-heavy boughs of young trees will break off. Hevea is grown on level ground as much as possible. Each bourr contains about 500 trees and covers an area of 1.75 acres.\n\nVariation in rainfall:\nTrees may not be tapped during rainfall.\n\nUnfavorable temperature:\nHevea grows best in a warm, humid climate. Growth is retarded and tapping is postponed as temperatures drop below the optimum 80\u00b0 F.\n\nIV. DISEASES\n\nLeaf diseases:\nPlants in nursery beds are sometimes infected by a mold, Hclmintho sp. Haveae Fetch, which causes little damage. Bouillie bordelaise is a good remedy for combatting this. Otherwise, no noticeable disease has ever attacked the Hevea leaf in Java.\n\nRoot diseases:\nAccording to Fetch, the Ceylon government mycologist, there\nThree root diseases afflict Hevea trees, recognizable after the tree has died. 1. If dead roots are covered with white threads, forming a superficial film or thick cords (white or yellowish), the tree was infected by Fomes semitostus. 2. If the root is incrusted by a mass of sand and gravel held together by brown or black mycelium, Hymonochaete noxia was the culprit. 3. When the root is outwardly clean but dead, and dark red or black strands appear between the wood and bark, the tree was infected by Sphacelotheca responsa. To prevent root diseases, forest tree stumps must be dug out during land clearing. When Fomes semitostus attacks a tree, the infection begins on the roots.\nThe mycelium grows through the side root; when the tree is infected, the leaves wither and it falls down shortly. It is advisable to dig out such roots and burn them. In Sumatra, the roots of young Kevea trees showing traces of this disease are bared and treated with \"carbolineum.\"\n\nPetch mentions certain trunk diseases of Kevea, such as \"cancer,\" caused by Phytophthora faberi; the \"red sickness\" from Corticium salmonicolor and Corticium javanicum; \"dieback\" as a result of Botryodiplodia theobromae; a black cancer from a sort of Fusicladium; and finally, a trunk cancer, accredited to Coniothyrium spec. Another harmful disease resembles \"djamoer cepas\" (or else identical with this), caused by Corticium javanicum.\n\nAn infection caused by Ustulina zonata is feared as a serious disease.\nThe cancer caused by Phytophthora Faberi appears in two forms: bark cancer or striped cancer. The first affects the trunk, generally near the ground, while the latter infects the bark of the tapping surface. Even the fruit are infected (fruit rot). To avert cancer, the same precautions are taken as for any mold disease: drainage, working the soil, accessibility of light through thinning and pruning. Treatment with a 5 percent carbolineum solution, which can also be used as a prophylaxis, is recommended for both types of cancer, as well as for djamoer oepas.\n\nA comparatively rare phenomenon in young Hevea plantations is the fasciation of trunk and branches. That is, some trees (according to Fetch about 1 in 10,000) have unusual malformations, in which the extremities of trunk and branches are curved and flattened.\nassemble a bishop's staff or crosier.\n\nAnimal enemies: white ants, rats and deer cause no little damage in young plantations. Trees also fall victim to borers.\n\nTABLE OF SOURCES\n\"Dr. K. W. van Gorkom\u2019s \u2018Oost-Indische Cultures, \u2019 edited by Dr. H. C. Prinsen Geerligs, Vol. I, II, III,\n\".Statistical Abstract of the Netherlands Indies, 1940\" published by Department of Economic Affairs, Central Bureau of Statistics (Batavia)\n\"De Landbouwexportgeuassen van Nederlandsch-Indie in 1933\" published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia)\n\"1930 Handbook of the Netherlands East Indies\" published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia)\n\"Caoutchouc en Getah Peraja,\" by Prof. Dr. P. van Romburgh \"Oost-Indische Cultures,\" Vol. III.\n\nUnrestricted\nBoard of Economic \"MOT-RE\nOffice of Economic Warfare Analysis-*\nFar Eastern Division\n\nAgriculture: The Other Lattices of the Indies.\nThe Agave fourcroydes (henequen) and Agave sisalana (sisal) belong to the Amaryllidaceae family. The agave plants have practically no trunk; they have long roots, stiff, fibrous, blue-green leaves with smooth or thorny edges, and funnel-shaped flowers.\n\nAgave fourcroydes produces the true henequen and is also known as white sisal. The leaf is always sea-green (grav-blue), straight and stiff, and about 40-60 cm long and approximately 3 inches wide in the middle, tapering off to an inch-long thorn at the point. The leaf is edged with short curved thorns (3-4 mm). The peduncle is 13-25 feet high and has fairly strong horizontal branches with thick clusters of flowers at the ends. These flowers form the seed pods. The base of the plant\nHenequen is 20 to 60 inches tall and 10 to 15 inches thick. Henequen grows only in a warm, dry climate and requires loose, permeable, calcareous ground. The life span of this plant ranges from ten to twenty-five years. Under good conditions, the leaf yields 4-5 percent clean, dry fiber. Henequen is grown from suckers, bulbils, or seed. In practice, only suckers are used. Agave sisalana (Syn. A. rigida sisalana) is 'the green sisal. The leaf is dark green or light sea-green and is straight but less stiff than agave fourcroydes. It is 40 inches to 70 feet long and 3 to 5 inches wide in the middle, tapering off to a thin thorn, about an inch in length. There are generally no edge thorns; any that may exist are small and curved. The flower stalk is 13 to 25 feet tall with slender branches. Blossoms are about two inches in diameter.\nSisal grows with long and formless bulbils, but never seed pods. Sisal seldom develops a definite trunk. Sisal grows best in a dry climate in permeable, lime soil. Sisal requires more space for cultivation than henequen. Favorable conditions will produce a leaf having 3-5% of clean, dry fiber, whiter and stronger than henequen. Propagation is by means of suckers or bulbils. Suckers are preferred although bulbils are easier to transport.\n\nII. CONDITIONS OF GROWTH AND HARVESTING\n\nSoil:\nA dry, sandy soil about 8 inches deep, in an arid, stony region is ideal for agave cultivation and produces the greatest fiber content. The plant will grow in a richer soil but the fiber content of the leaves will diminish. Agave will also grow in poor soil but upkeep costs are higher.\n\nSubsoil:\nA permeable, calcareous subsoil with a limestone base is particularly suitable.\n\nDrainage:\nThe arid regions and the nature of the soil best suited to agava cultivation eliminate the necessity for drainage. Subterranean water deposits must, however, be avoided or drained. Agava grows best on level terrain as near as possible to sea level.\n\nRainfall\nThe least possible rainfall is desired as agava leaves draw their essential moisture requirements from the air and the roots are extremely sensitive to heavy rains. The optimum desirable rainfall would not exceed 50 inches annually.\n\nTemperature\nOptimum temperatures for agava cultivation range from 80\u00b0 F to 97\u00b0 F. A high relative humidity is essential, preferably 73-89% RH. Agava will not flourish in shady regions as the leaves have a tendency to turn red when shadowed.\n\nMethods of Production\nSeeding. Agava is practically never grown from seed.\nPropagation takes place by means of bulbils or suckers. When bulbils reach a length of five to six inches, they fall off the plant. These are then planted in nurseries 18 inches apart in rows of eight to ten inches. During the early days, plants are sprinkled when necessary. At the end of a year, plants are about 18 inches tall and are \"ready to be transplanted. Nursery beds have a permeable soil, well cleared, and free of stones. Suckers are even better than bulbils. In its second or third year, the agave plant outgrows subterranean suckers which form individual plants about 35 to 40 inches from the mother plant, from which they receive nourishment. Those are removed to protect the mother plant from loss, although one or two are generally left to replace the original plant if it dies off. The newly planted agaves.\nPlants are about 20 inches high and can be planted directly in gardens after being cut off. Scalier plants are first set out in nursery beds, often remaining for up to two years before they can be satisfactorily transplanted.\n\nTransplanting: Before being transplanted, all roots are amputated and the young plant is left in the sun for about one month with the wounds upward, causing them to heal more quickly and alleviating chances of root diseases. Suckers are set out in nurseries 16 inches by 20 inches apart or 20 x 20 inches. Plants are taken to full ground when 16 to 18 inches tall.\n\nSpacing: Agave plantations are set out 4 feet x 41 inches (5 feet x 5 feet).\n\nMaintenance: Pits should not be too big. These are generally 20 inches- except with a diameter of 10 inches. Plants from nursery beds are set in the holes and supported by stones.\nGood maintenance and fertilizing are desirable, though not essential. During the two years following transplanting, there is nothing to be done except keep the terrain cleared. Other crops are not interplanted among agave.\n\nHarvest:\n\nAgave raised from seed cannot be harvested for ten years, while plants grown from bulbils are ready after seven years and those originating from suckers are harvestable at 5 or 6 years.\n\nIn Java, loaves are often cut after three or four years but older plants produce longer fibers. Three-year-old plants yield 3-3% fiber, whereas six- to seven-year-old plants produce 4-4.5% fiber. In practice, the first cut is not made until lower leaves measure 20 inches and in Java, leaves measure 6 feet by the fourth year. Three or four harvests can be obtained.\nAnnually, leaves are produced on each agave plant in Java, approximately 30 per plant. The best time for harvesting is during the dry season, but after a prolonged drought, the leaf becomes stiff and difficult to defiber. Intervals between cutting depend on the degree of ripeness of the loaves.\n\nCuts are made with a small knife or grass knife, as close as possible to the stem. The knife is pulled through from top to bottom of a loaf, and any side thorns are removed. Damaged loaves are left behind, but those with occasional spots are taken. Crops are tied in bundles of 50 loaves. Harvesting continues until the death of the plant, which lasts over a period of about seven years. Women and children are frequently employed for this task.\n\nAgave leaves amount to over 5% of the total production.\n\n(Note: There were no significant OCR errors or meaningless content in the text that required removal.)\nFactories should be nearby for ballast transportation, as costs should be minimized by not transporting over long distances. Water must be available in the vicinity, which is a prime consideration. Loaves must be processed immediately upon arrival at the factory to prevent discoloration, which will not disappear through sun bleaching after 24 hours.\n\nFiber extraction can be accomplished by various methods. Small plantations rot loaves in still water, allowing bacteria to develop and dissolve the binder. Once the fiber bundles are freed and softened, the tissue is isolated. Care must be taken not to leave the loaves too long in the water or too short a time for proper processing. Leaves are bruised before being placed in the water. Pieces of limestone are then placed in the pans to neutralize the acid content.\nThe system of extracting fiber by hand produces the finest fibers. A man can extract about 6-9 pounds of hemp daily with simple and primitive equipment.\n\nSmall manually operated defiboring machines are in general use, among them the \"Dofibrcur-Duchcmin.\" The number of semi-automatic machines is legion. The small machine has a single or double grater (raspador). A raspador consists of a drum about one foot long and 40 inches in diameter on which there are a number of du1! blades as numerous as the axle. The drum rests in a frame attached to a moveable block in such a way that the leaf is pressed against the fast-rotating drum. A leaf is inserted between block and drum, and is beaten to a pulp by the knives.\n\nAutomatic installations require larger machines similar in design.\nThe construction of the \"Raspador\" involves the use of other machines such as the \"Prieto\" and \"Ncu-Corona\" (Pried Xrupp A.-G.). Fiber emitting from the machines is either unloaded or allowed to rot for 24 hours, then wrung out or thrown off by centrifugal force. The fiber is then dried and bleached in the sun on bamboo frames. Sun drying is not always practical for large installations, and artificial drying must be resorted to.\n\nDried fibers are further processed using a brushing machine, which is built on the principle of the \"Raspador,\" with stiff brushes instead of blades. A 1% loss results from the processing, and manual processing by hands diminishes the paste.\n\nCleaned fibers are crossed in bales of 440 to 550 pounds. Oil or tobacco presses are used for this operation. Fibers should be laid straight and never bent or folded. Tobacco mats.\nIII. Production\nIn Java, agave produces approximately 1-1.5 tons per \"bouu\" (tillage) annually. Under particularly favorable conditions, production may reach up to 2 tons. Approximately 2000 pounds of fiber per acre, from 1000 plants, can be expected annually at maximum production.\nT/T bouu = 1.75 acres\n\nIV. Effects of Deviation from Optimal Conditions\n\nSoil:\nA richer soil will not hinder the growth of agave plants. Although the fiber content shrinks significantly in fertile soil, the increased quantity of loaf somewhat compensates for this loss in quality.\n\nSubsoil:\nAgave grows poorly in a sandy subsoil and equally poorly in a pure clay subsoil.\n\nDrainage:\nWhile the nature of Java's soil is most suited to agave cultivation obviates the necessity for drainage, nevertheless, stagnant subterranean water is extremely harmful as the roots cannot stand a large amount of moisture.\n\nRainfall:\nRoots are sensitive to heavy rains and succumb quickly.\n\nTemperature:\nTemperatures in the Netherlands Indies never rise above the maximum temperature range for agave cultivation (97\u00b0 F.) and the average temperature of about 80\u00b0 F. prevalent in Java seldom varies to any great degree.\n\nV. DISEASE:\nSickness and pests attacking agave plants are unknown in Java. Lightning causes damage, and spots on leaves result from excessive heat and dryness. The light rod color, sometimes noticed on agave leaves, is believed due to insufficient drainage of the ground.\n\nTABLE OF SOURCES:\n\"Dr. K. W. van Gorkom\u2019s 1 Cost-Indischo Cultures,\"\nVol. I, II, III, \"Statistical Abstract of the Netherlands Indies, 1040\", published by Departement van Economische Zaken, Centraal Bureau van Statistiek (Batavia)\n\"Do Landbouwexporthandelassen van Fedorlandsch-Indie in 103S\", published by Departement van Economische Zaken (Batavia)\n\"1930 Handbook of the Netherlands East Indies\", published by Departement van Economische Zaken (Batavia)\n\"Vezelstoffen\", by Dr. J.J. Zoetelstra Fzn.\n\"Oost-Indische Cultures\", Vol. III.\n\nUnrestricted\nUV4 BOARD 0? Economic Warfare\nOffice of Economic Warfare Anal 73 is\nFar Eastern Division\nIM-FE- n\n\nAgriculture in the Netherlands Indies\n\n3. Coconut oil (Cocus Nucifera L)\nUnrestricted\n\nI. Conditions of Growth and Harvesting\n\nOptimum physical and economic conditions under which the coconut palm (Cocus Nucifera L) grows in the Netherlands Indies.\nThe preferred soil for coconut cultivation is a light, porous one with a good humus layer. Sandy soil along beaches is satisfactory. The vicinity of the sea has no detrimental effect on the growth of this plant.\n\nThe ideal subsoil for coconut palms is loamy sand soil found in alluvial coastal regions, or old forest ground with sandy subsoil. The earth should be well drained.\n\nThe coconut palm requires much water and from time to time the ground may be completely inundated, provided it is sufficiently porous to drain rapidly, so that the roots will not be submerged for too long periods.\n\nCoconut trees grow best on the plains. The maximum elevation suitable for cultivation is approximately 300 meters.\n\nThe Cocus nucifera requires an abundance of rain.\nMinimum rainfall requirements are estimated at 79 inches. Irrigation is available for lesser precipitation. The average annual rainfall of 71 inches for Batavia is typical of all coastal regions in Java. Following are the precipitation averages at Batavia (sea level):\n\nAverage annual precipitation: 71 inches\nNumber of rainy days annually: 135\nSeasonal distribution in inches\nMay: 6.1, June: 5.9, July: 5.8, August: 5.7, September: 5.6,\nOctober: 5.5, November: 5.4, December: 5.3, January: 5.2, February: 5.1, March: 5.0, April: 4.9\n\nThe coconut palm is a true tropical plant requiring an abundance of sun and warmth with the greatest possible even distribution. This palm grows more slowly in the interior and bears fruit less rapidly as the temperature drops with increased elevation. The boundary of fruitfulness is reached at 2600 - 3300 feet. The optimum average temperature:\n\nAverage annual temperature: [Missing]\nThe maximum and minimum values for Absolute maximum and minimum are 48.6 and 83r*, respectively, for the average annual sunshine and relative humidity at Batavia.\n\nCoconut cultivation is predominantly managed by natives. Two methods of production exist in the archipelago: estate production and native cultivation. The latter is less systematic and scientific. Native cultivators can easily obtain the best seed by selecting well-ripened nuts with the most developed nuts, which is typically the lowest in a clump. These are then hung in homes or sheds to sprout. However, it is preferable to let the roots develop in their natural environment. The first leaf appears after three months, by which time the roots have pushed through the fibrous shell.\nAt this stage, nuts can be planted directly in the clearing chosen for the plantation but they are generally set out in nurseries where they are afforded protection from strong sunshine and wild pigs. Nine months later, the young trees are planted in previously prepared holes. The tendency is to plant trees more closely than is advisable in order to obtain greater production per area, despite all education along these lines. Estate production is undertaken on a more scientific basis:\n\nSeeding. It is more difficult to pick out the choicest seed in large-scale cultivation, therefore seed is obtained from regions known to give the best production. Nuts are planted directly in nursery beds. Suitable, well-drained ground near water is chosen. After the ground is worked and cleared of weeds or rocks, the nuts are placed in the ground, evenly.\nNuts are spaced 20 inches apart. The nuts all lie in the same direction, with the length-wise axle horizontal and the seed opening on top. The intervening spaces are filled with loose earth mixed with ash to prevent vermin. Cooking salt is sometimes used instead of ash, but too much salt is harmful. Nursery beds require great attention. They must be watered regularly in the dry season and provision made for shading the young plants from the direct rays of the sun. Shading is arranged so that the plants have been accustomed to the sun by the time they are transplanted. It is essential that plants be well cleared to control vermin. Plots are forced in as protection against outside enemies. About 30 percent more nuts are planted than required, and those which have not sprouted or which produce unsatisfactory plants are dispensed with.\nTransplanting is done at the beginning of the rainy season. The terrain to which young plants are moved must be completely cleared, with all tree stumps and roots dug up and destroyed. Holes dug for 1 to 3 year old trees are forty inches long, wide, and deep. The developed roots can then spread out. The hole is lined with stable dung or vegetable humus mixed with the excavated top soil. Plants are carefully dug out of beds with as much adhering soil as possible and placed in holes in the same position as they stood in nursery beds, with the top of the nut just below the surface of the ground. Holes are filled in with the excavated earth which is carefully pressed down. Unless it rains immediately, seedlings must be watered directly after transplanting takes place.\nPlants left in nurseries provide material to replace trees failing to survive transplanting or showing unsatisfactory growth.\n\nSpacing. Coconut trees are planted in straight rows forming squares or rhomboidally. The question of spacing is controversial, as a spacing of 23 feet provides double the quantity of trees planted at 33 feet. A distance of 23 feet is too small as this does not allow sufficient light and air for full-grown trees.\n\nCultivation. Native cultivation seldom includes any great maintenance. As a rule, the natives merely keep the reeds down. The habit of cutting foot treads in the trees, while inadvisable, is common in native undertakings.\n\nIn large-scale enterprises, while it is generally desirable to keep the ground around each tree well cleared, this is neither possible nor desired during the first years.\nThe unshadowed ground is too quickly dried out by the tropical sun's rays. Later, as palms spread out, their shadows help keep the ground clean. Grazing cattle also help in keeping the ground cleared.\n\nThe top layer of soil is loosened from tine to tine to permit infiltration of light and easing of gas rotation in the ground.\n\nThe trees require certain maintenance. Falling leaves and dried blossom sheaths must be removed, and \"air roots\" eliminated from the bulging lower trunk. Such refuse is removed from the plot and left to decompose for fertilizer. Decomposition of cleared-out plants provides a better fertilizer than when they are reduced to ash with a resulting loss of nitrogen.\n\nCoconut trees bloom all year and consequently bear fruit at all times. The number of nuts on a cluster varies.\nThe smaller the fruit, the more there are on a bunch. An average of eight medium-sized nuts to a cluster is not unusual for natives. Those with a few trees for their own use harvest them at will. Those with larger plantations pluck the fruit every 35 days, or \"Djoemaha.t Kliwon.\" Ripe coconuts are cut or twisted off and dropped to the ground. In Sumatra, monkeys are timed as coconut pickers. In Sumatra, hired workers are paid one coconut per completely picked tree. In Java, the rate is two nuts to a tree. The larger plantations are harvested regularly every month or two months. The picking takes place in the same manner.\n\nUnder normal conditions, trees bear their first fruit in the seventh or eighth year, but a full harvest cannot be obtained until maturity, which is around the twelfth year.\nCopra preparation involves using well-ripened nuts and drying them in the sun. Freshly plucked nuts are spread out with the open side up in full sunshine for drying. Although copra can be dried artificially, in Java, it is usually sun dried. During showers and at night, boards on which the nuts are drying are rolled under a raised roof. Under a strong sun, drying takes about five days. Interruptions due to rain or other causes have a detrimental effect on quality. Additionally, natural moisture and coconut milk inside the kernel make preliminary drying necessary.\nInner moisture evaporates slowly and kernels are often damp when copra superficially appears to be well dried. First quality copra is light in color, hard and solid. It should not mold nor contain sand, earth or other impurities. Although sun dried copra is preferred, kiln drying is used as an alternate method. This only requires 24 hours at 70\u00b0C. however, kiln dried copra is darker and less valuable due to the smoky odor. In Java, an average of 5000 coconuts are required to produce one ton of copra. Copra is sifted and cleaned of all impurities and dirt. It is then broken up, grated and finely ground. The meal is warmed up, moistened and pressed in hydraulic presses. The oil thus obtained is filtered and packed in containers. The pressed meal or cake is used as fuel or animal feed.\nCattle feed consists of approximately 62% oil and 34% cake. Fiber is the third product of the coconut and is used in the manufacture of ropes and mats. The fibrous shell is left to rot in stagnant or moving water, or buried in the ground. After about four months, the material binding the fiber together disintegrates. Fiber is then beaten with a piece of wood, twisted or wrung by hand, and dried in the sun.\n\nThe longest fibers are used in the manufacture of brooms and brushes; shorter fibers are used to fill cushions or are worked into yarn or into a rope which is spun for its lightness, strength, and resistance to sea water. Mats are also manufactured of coconut fiber. About 40 nuts are necessary to produce seven pounds of fiber.\n\nGrated coconut is pure white.\nCoconut is carefully prepared from divided ripe nuts. After shelling and opening, the brown covering skin is removed, and the kernel is washed off as the adhering milk turns the meat yellow. The pieces are ground by a disintegrator or by moans of grating, circular saws, and cutting machines. The grated coconut is dried in hot ovens and packed in tins. When mixed with water, this product is similar in every respect to fresh grated coconut.\n\nApproximately 6,700 nuts are necessary to manufacture one ton of desiccated coconut.\n\nII. PRODUCTION\n\nCoconut trees produce fruit after the seventh year but a regular harvest is not obtained until the tenth year; in some instances, not until the fifteenth year. Maximum productivity is reached after the fifteenth year and remains fairly constant until the tree is seventy years old.\nThe life span of a carefully tended tree is roughly estimated at one century. An untended tree will barely yield 20 coconuts a year. In well-maintained plantations, trees will produce 50 to 60 nuts annually, and it is not unusual for trees in a carefully tended, well-fertilized plot to yield around 80 to 100 coconuts. In particularly fertile districts, a tree may produce as high as 150 nuts a year.\n\nAt 50 coconuts per tree, spaced at 26 feet, production averages over 3000 nuts annually for the 64 trees per acre. At 44 trees per acre, the yield is over 2000 coconuts. In the Netherlands Indies, an average annual production is one ton of copra per plot.\n\nFigured at approximately 7800 coconuts from 156 trees per hectare.\n\nVariations in soil and subsoil.\nHeavy clay, marshy land, and turf ground are unsuitable for coconut tree cultivation. Barren, arid, sandy beaches are equally unsatisfactory.\n\nVariations in drainage:\nBlooded grounds will not affect trees, but it is essential that the ground drains quickly and thoroughly.\nVariation of slope:\nCoconut palms thrive best on level ground, and growth is unsatisfactory above a few hundred feet.\nVariation in rainfall:\nProlonged, severe droughts will prevent trees from bearing fruit for their duration. While coconut trees bloom all year, blossoms appear at longer intervals during the East Monsoon than in the rainy season, and trees put off blossoming entirely during protracted dry spells.\nVariation in temperature:\nBeing a true tropical tree, the coconut palm becomes unproductive when the temperature drops more than a few degrees below the optimum.\n\nIV. ANIMAL PESTS AND DISEASES\nMuch destruction in young plantations is caused by monkeys and wild pigs which root up the ground and eat young leaves. Coconut rats, a type of squirrel, eat the fruit on coconut trees. They nest in the crown of the palms and multiply rapidly. To prevent rats climbing the trees, tin bands or collars are nailed around the lower trunk of trees; then the pests are cleared out of the palms. As they can jump great distances, all nearby trees must be cleared out in the same manner. Poison is also effectively used.\n\nWhite ants cause much damage by boring into the fibrous shell and eating away the fruit. To combat ants, trees are sprayed with carbon sulphur.\n\nMost destructive of all are the beetles, primarily the Ehynchophorus. Although this beetle does no damage when full grown, it lays its eggs in wounds in the palms and the larvae feed on the sap, causing significant damage.\nBurrow into the leaf. The best preventative is to keep the palms undamaged as much as possible and coat all wounds with coal tar. The worst enemy of the coconut palm is Oryctes Rhinoceros. In nursery beds, this beetle digs a channel in the ground until it reaches the sprouting plant. When attacking trees, it burrows into the heart of the plant, starting where the palm joins the trunk, causing the palms to droop. The insects fly around at sunset and land on the trees where they settle down and dig in during the night. Remedial measures include:\n\n1. Seeking out and destroying beetles, larvae, and eggs.\n2. Laying out artificial breeding places where insects can be killed or burned every six weeks.\n3. Cleaning up all breeding places such as dead trees, manure heaps, rotten leaves, etc., where eggs can be laid.\nCoconut trees suffer little from sickness. The only disease prevalent in the Netherlands East Indies is a mold caused by Pestalozzia palnarun Cooke. The best cure for this is \"Bordeau Pap\" or cutting off and burning affected leaves.\n\nSources:\nDr. K.W. van Gorkom, \"Oost-Indische Cultures,\" edited by Dr. H.C. Prinsen Geerligs, Vols. I, II, III.\n\"Statistical Abstract of the Netherlands Indies, 1940,\" published by Department of Economic Affairs, Central Bureau of Statistics (Batavia).\n\"De Landbouuexportgevrass van Nederlandsch-Indie in 1938,\" published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia).\n\"Oliegewassen\" by Dr. J.J.A.Wijs, \"Oost-Indische Cultures,\" Vol. II.\nBoard of Economic Warfare, Office of Economic Warfare Analysis, Far Eastern Division\n\nAgriculture in the Netherlands Indies\n\n4. Tapioca (Cassava)\n\nI. Conditions of Growth\nAnd Harvesting: This study includes the two types of cassava generally cultivated in the NEI: bitter cassava (Nanihot utilissima Pohl and sweet cassava (Manihot palmata Hueller). Cassava grows on all islands of the archipelago. In sawahs, it is grown as a secondary crop and in non-inundated areas as a main crop. Cassava flourishes on the beaches or in the mountains (3000 feet). The plant belongs to the order of Tricoccae of the Euphorbiaceae family and is of the Manihot type.\n\nCassava is a perennial shrub-like plant with thick, hard, turnip-shaped roots, 15 to 20 inches long. The root is rich in starch and contains a milky poison which is eliminated by washing or heating. Propagation takes place by means of slips or cuttings.\n\nCassava is grown under the following conditions in the archipelago:\n\nSoil: Light, sandy soil is chosen. Ground must be workable.\ndeeply  tilled,  and  the  earth  loosened.  Sand,  mixed  with  loam \nand  humus  is  a  satisfactory  soil.  As  cassava  draws  substantial \ncuantities  of  potash  and  phosphoric-acid  out  of  the  soil,  suf\u00ac \nficient  fertilizer  containing  these  elements  must  he  frequently \napplied. \nSubsoil \nSubsoil  should  be  permeable  as  roots  are  sensitive  to  damo- \nness. \nDrainage \nSoil  must  be  well  drained  as  roots  ^ill  not  develop  in  ex' \ncessive  moisture. \nDirection  of  Slone \nCassava  plants  ~ive  a  better  nrod.uction  on  level  term- \nrain,  but  will  grow  at  elevations  up  to  2,500  feet. \nRainfall \nPrecipitation  measurements  at  Batavia  and  3ardoeng  are  as \nfollows : \nBatavia  Bandoeng \nAverage  annual  precipitation \nnumber  of  rainy  135 \ndays \nTemperature \nCassava  cultivation  requires  a  \"\"arm,  damp. climate  to  pro\u00ac \nduce  the  maximum  starch  content.  Bulk  development  decreases  in \nShady areas. Temperature readings are given for Batavia at sea level and Bandoeng at 2,400 feet:\n\nBatavia \tBandoeng\nAverage annual \tmaximum \tminimum \tAbsolute maximum \tminimum \tAverage annual sunshine \t\" rainfall\n\nMethods of Production:\n\nCultivation in Java is almost entirely confined to white cassava, the roots of which have a low prussic acid containing glucose content.\n\nSeeding. Planting is accomplished during both East and West monsoons. Propagation is by means of slips, 8 to 15 inches long, with 2 or 3 \"eyes\u201d, cut or sawed from the parent stem. Upper cuttings give inferior plant material. Slips should be cut shortly before planting as they dry out quickly. The cut edges are smoothed off. Cuttings are planted vertically, or at a slight incline, in rows running North-South in previously prepared and deeply tilled soil. Plants prefer a well-drained, loose earth.\nThe end of the rainy season is preferred for planting. Directly in the field, spacing: In fertile ground, plants are set out 4 feet x 3 feet in arrangement; and in light soil, 2 feet x 3 feet or 2 feet x 2 feet. Cultivation: Two or three slips are often planted together. In a few months, shoots appear, and the whole field is soon covered. The ground is carefully weeded during the first period, but once the ground is shaded, no other care is necessary than periodical hoeing between the rows to loosen the soil. A small wooden plow is often employed for this operation. Plants are prevented from flowering by removing flower buds. Occasional pruning of branches improves the growth of roots. Harvest: The optimum harvesting period is not exactly defined. To a certain stage, the longer the roots remain in the ground, the better.\nThe starch content decreases after a certain point in the development of the crop. In level terrain, it is harvested around eight or nine months after planting. Harvests are later in the mountains. Roots are dug up or pulled out by the 1st - l-j' stem remaining after the plant has been felled. Roots are cut off the trunk and transported to the factories.\n\nPrimavera Processing:\n\nGanlek. This product is prepared in the NEI from fresh cassava roots. Peeled and dried roots are quartered, and each quart is cut into three or four lengthwise pieces. These pieces are well washed and dried in the sun for 5 to 6 days, after which the product is ready to be exported as \"ganlek.\" If it is not well dried, it will mold quickly.\n\nGanlek is also produced in flake form; this, too, is washed.\nIn clean running water and dried in the sun, the drying process is important as fresh cassava roots contain 50-70 percent water, whereas the moisture content of good ganlek is around 15 percent. Every two tons of fresh, pooled roots will produce one ton of Ganlek Flour. To produce this product, the yam is finely ground into a meal. The quality of the ganlek used is of considerable importance. Mouldy and dirty ganlek produces a doughy meal, while carefully prepared ganlek will give a white meal when milled.\n\nBefore 1927, only ganlek was exported and this was milled at its destination. Since that time, milling has been done at the point of origin because:\n\n1. Ganlek meal is less voluminous than ganlek, thus lowering transportation costs.\n2. Ganlek can be milled more cheaply in Java due to low wages, thus reducing the price of the flour.\nTapioca Flour. In the NE, tapioca flour is scientifically prepared according to strict methods, even in the smallest enterprises, most of which are in the hands of the Chinese. Tapioca flour is prepared from:\n1. Fresh Cassava roots from plantations\n2. Fresh Cassava roots from native holdings\n3. Native meal delivered met to small factories\n4. Native meal, delivered dry to small factories\n5. Gaplck\n6. Gaplok meal\n\nTapioca flour, prepared from selected roots (scientifically prepared and rapidly transported to factories after harvesting), is a fairly pure starch product. Standards of purity are based on color, viscosity, and carbohydrate content. This product naturally brings a higher price.\n\nTapioca flour, prepared from roots purchased from native holdings, is also a practically European starch product, but of lower quality.\nIt is of greatest importance that roots be kept in a fresh state. The primary preparation for all roots involves washing and grating the unpeeled roots. After grating, the starch is thinned with water, sieved, and impurities are removed. The remaining mass is placed in settling pans, allowing the material to run off, leaving only flour after moisture has evaporated. The top and bottom of the cakes are scraped off. The cleaned flour cakes are then mashed and stirred in stirring vats before being returned to the sediment pans. The final operation is the drying of the flour thus produced, either in the sun or artificially.\nTho small buyers enterprises generally use native meal, they first drive it clean. It is then dried and sifted, becoming iapio flour under their trade names. Sometimes, this is bought up by large factories and purified and refined. Due to the lapse of time during processing, this is generally an unsatisfactory product of low quality and each individual lot shows great variations.\n\nThe dry native meal, prepared and dried on the spot, is bought by traders. Because of the preparation and cleaning, which consists only of grinding and boiling, this product is of even lower quality than the grades listed above.\n\nThe scientific preparation of tapioca flour from cassava is similar to the methods used in preparing it from fresh roots. There is a reluctance to purchasing this in the US.\nwhen properly prepared, gaplek is similar in all details to tapioca flour prepared from fresh roots. Preparation involves milling or grating the gaplek to open the cells. The opened cells are then washed and sifted to clean out the \"annas.\" Starch is derived by letting the flour milk settle.\n\nPreparation of tapioca flour from gaplek meal is invisible as it is difficult to clean thoroughly. Particles of fibrous waste, fine sand, and clay pieces cannot be avoided, even by careful sieving. The product inevitably has a grayish color.\n\nTapioca Flakes and Siftings. Preparation of flakes and siftings requires first-quality factory flour. The moist tapioca flour is heated in pans until it adheres to the metal. The mass is scraped loose until the flour curdles and stiffens, at which point it is partially transparent. After the product is formed, it is cut into flakes and the siftings are collected.\ncools it is sifted into flakes and siftings, Tapioca Pearl and Seeds. This is prepared from half-moist first quality tapioca flour. The moist flour is pressed through a coarse sieve and placed in an open-end sack of twilled cloth, shaken hither and thither by two people, until small or large balls result, according to the length of time pursued. When the required size seeds or pearls is attained, the product is sifted. After which, the moist seeds or pearls are heated in an iron pen. When cooled and dried, the pearls result and are sifted to medium, small and seed pearls. A mechanical method has been evolved for this process through the use of evenly heated, rotating drums. Carob is given to keep the desired color (white and opalescent) and to ensure that the grains do not break in cooking.\nAmpas is the waste from the preparation of flour, which is dried and used in lump, fragment, or ground form, known as \"ampas.\" Ampas imported in England may not have a paw fiber content higher than 8 percent.\n\nUses of Cassava Products\n\nThe different cassava products have various uses. Gaplek and gaplck meal are practically the same thing and are used for the same purposes. In cakes, this is an important cattle feed. Gaplek is also used in industry for the preparation of industrial alcohol and glucose. Where molasses is plentiful, cassava is not used due to higher production costs.\n\nGaplek is also important as a human foodstuff. When rice is scarce and dear, gaplek is largely consumed. It cannot be used as a primary foodstuff, however, due to the low protein and fat content.\n\nTapioca flour also has various uses. Besides being a food.\nThe base of finer tapioca products, such as pudding, vermicelli, and biscuit, this flour is also used by the textile industry as sizing for yarns and roven goods. It is preferred to potato flour as tapioca does not discolor the yarn. Tapioca is employed in the preparation of dextrin, a glue, as well as in the manufacture of nitro-starch, which is one of the safest explosives, widely used in agriculture for blasting tree trunks, etc.\n\nII. PRODUCTION\nAn average of five roots to a plant with an aggregate weight of 3 to 5 pounds. Production runs about 200-300 piculs per tillage, although judiciously selected stock may produce up to 500 piculs per tillage. Cassava is interplanted with maize, millet, tobacco, etc.\n\nCrop rotation is essential to the maintenance of a fertile soil.\nSoil. Fertilization alone is insufficient as cassava roots draw strongly on the soil, and three or four successive plantings of cassava will render it unfruitful. Before any measure of success can be guaranteed for a replanting of cassava, intensive fertilization must be undertaken.\n\nIII. DEVIATIONS FROM OPTIMAL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS\nObserved variations in optimum conditions for cassava cultivation have disclosed that root development is retarded and considerably lessened in ground containing excessive moisture. It is also noted that all efforts to acclimate cassava to areas outside the sub-tropics have been unsuccessful. The plant is extremely sensitive to night frost.\n\nIV. DISEASES AND PESTS\nRats or mice dig up and devour the round roots. Considerable damage is caused by wild pigs.\nThe greatest enemy of the cassava olaht is the insect: the cassava mite, Tetranychus biracus Harv., which belongs to the Acarinae group and resembles a rod spider: the tea mite. The cassava mite is distinguished from this Tetranychus mainly by the eggs, which are grey instead of red. The only method of combating this plague is to fell the trees or to pluck off infected leaves. When trees are felled, the garden must be thoroughly cleaned and weeded, and the felled trunks burned. Early morning is the best time for this, as the mites remain dormant and there is less danger of them jumping to uninfected trees. This fumigation is of no avail after the plants are seven months old. Plucking off the leaves sometimes helps avert this blight, but only in those instances when the mite appears on small areas.\nThe development of roots and quality both suffer from this operation, but it is better to pick off the leaves than to let the mite flourish and kill the plant outright. The mite spreads by crawling along the mound and climbing tree trunks. The wind also assists in the spread of this nuisance by blowing the eggs to uninfected plants. Sometimes the mite is carried on the clothing of laborers.\n\nCertain types of lady bugs and one other type of mite are the natural enemies of this mite. However, they are not strong enough to successfully combat this mite. Insecticides are also used but the high price of these sprays prohibits any large-scale use.\n\nSurveys of the situation in Africa, the West Indies, and Reunion show a preference for bitter cassava which is more resistant to this pest and therefore practically immune from it.\nIn plantations in rolling terrain, particularly on the slopes near Kodiri, some damage is caused by the larvae of two beetle types: Loucophila rorida Fa., and Lepidiota stigma Fab. The former is the more dangerous of the two, and when it attacks plants to a great extent, the leaves fall off, and the plant soon gives no further production. This pest is fought by plowing up the ground to bring full-grown beetles to the surface, whereupon, they are destroyed. Poison has been used to no avail. Spraying with carbon bisulfite is the best antidote. Other animal pests include a beetle: Fonolepta quadripunctata F., which damages the loaves and leaf-stalks of the plants; a type of Lytta which cats leaves; an arrow-tailed noth, whose caterpillars cause considerable damage; and three types of lice: Pinnasois, Locniur, and Alourodcs.\nCassava suffers little from diseases other than those caused by insects. The only one that spreads disease is root-rot, from which sick plants die off, although they later form new roots and stalks and continue to grow. Rotting begins at the points of roots, which turn a violet color. This is more noticeable in terra firma where cassava has long been cultivated and is a loss in old coffee grounds where cassava has been planted. The root-rot is apparently caused by bacteria and there is no known cure.\n\nSources:\n\n* Dr. K. W. van Gorkom, \"Oost-Indische Cultures,\" now edition edited by Dr. H. C. Prinsen Goorligs\n* Vol, I, II, III.\n* \"Statistical Abstract of the Netherlands Indies, 1940\"\n* published by Dopartnment of Economic Affairs, Central Bureau of Statistics (Batavia)\n* \"Do Landbouwoxportgewassen van Nederlandsch-Indie in 1933\"\npublished  by  Department  of  Economic  Affairs  (Batavia) \n\u201d1930  Handbook  of  the  Netherlands  East  Indies\" \npublished  by  Department  of  Economic  Affairs  (Batavia) \nMKnol-cn  Wortol'gcwasson,\"  by  J.  J.  Paerols \n\"Oost-Indischc  Cultures,\"  Vol,  II. \n\"Do  Norold-Situatie  van  Cassava  in  verband  met  don \nNedorlandsch-Indischcn  exoort  van  do  product,\" \npublished  by  Department  of  Economic  Affairs  (Batavia,  193#) \n>  BOARD  OR  ECONOMIC  WARFARE \nOffice  of  Economic  Warfare  Analysis \nFar  Eastern  Division \nAGRICULTURE  IN  THE  NETHERLANDS  INDIES \n5.  Cinchona \n(Inctmpktt) \nCONDITIONS  OF  GROV7TE  AND  HARVESTING \nThe  plant  under  sonsideration  is  Cinchona  calisaya.  The  two \ntypes  discussed  are  Cinchona  Ledgeriana  and  Cinchona  succi rubra,  as \nCinchona  officinalis  is  no  longer  planted  in  Java. \nOptimum  physical  and  economic  conditions  under  which  Cinchona \nis  grown  in  Java  include: \nSoil \nAnalysis of soil composition was carried out to a depth of eight inches. Tests were conducted on earth dried at 105\u00b0C. Comparison was made with soil taken from a plantation cultivated for forty years, from a newly cleared level ground plot, and from a newly cleared plot in rolling terrain. Results showed that long cultivated land is not inferior to virgin soil. The air-dried soil of the 40-year-old plantation was lighter in color than that of recently cleared areas, which were practically identical.\n\nResults of analyses:\n\n|              | Newly Cleared Terrain (Flat land)   | Cultivated Land (40 yrs, old)      | Newly Cleared Terrain (Rolling Terrain) |\n|--------------|------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|\n| Loosely held water |               |               |               |\n| Heat loss     |               |               |               |\n| Chemically held water | Organic matter (humus) | C-arden 40 yrs, old: 0.5% | Organic matter (humus) | Rolling Terrain: 0.4% |\n| Nitrogen      | 0.2%               | 0.3%               | 0.2%               |\n| Nitric acid extract | 10 ppm          | 12 ppm          | 10 ppm          |\n| Chlorine (Cl) | traces | traces | traces | traces |\n| Phosphoric acid (P2O5) | 0.1% (Salts-acid extract) | 0.2% (Salts-acid extract) (Kiezelzuur) (SiO2) | 0.1% (Salts-acid extract) | 0.1% (Salts-acid extract) (SO3) |\n| Sulfuric acid (SO3) | C.ll |               |               |               |\nPotash (K\\_,O)\nLime (CaO)\nMagnesia (MgO)\nManganese oxide (MnO)\nPhosphoric acid (P\\_2O\\_5)\nIron oxide (Fe\\_2O\\_3)\nAluminum oxide (Al\\_2O\\_3)\nC J O\nSubsoil analyses\nof Subsoil -\nDried at 105\u00b0C\nNewly Cleared Terrain\nGarden\n40 yrs. old\nFlat land, Rolling Terrain\nLoosely bound water\nHeat loss\nChemically bound water\nOrganic Material (humus)\nNitrogen\nNitric-acid extract\nChlorine (Cl)\ntraces, traces, traces\nPhosphoric acid (P\\_2O\\_5)\nSalts-acid extract\nSilicon dioxide (SiO\\_2)\nSulfur Trioxide (SO\\_3)\nPotassium oxide (K\\_2O)\nCalcium oxide (CaO)\nMagnesium oxide (MgO)\nIvanaganese oxide (MnO)\nPhosphoric acid (P\\_2O\\_5)\nIron oxide (Fe\\_2O\\_3)\nAluminum oxide (Al\\_2O\\_3)\nDrainage\nNatural drainage is achieved through the usual choice of terraced, hilly terrain. Sites are chosen where the subsoil is not artificially drained, as it is too expensive.\nAbsolutely level terraces assure proper drainage. Direction of slope: Choice of locale is determined by wind direction, as north and southwest winds can cause great damage to terrain bare to the wind - unsuitable.\n\nRainfall:\n1. Amount - average annual precipitation: 168.4 inches; absolute daily maximum: 5.5 inches; average number of rainy days annually: 238.\n5. Seasonal Distribution: (In inches)\nJan:  Feb:  Mar:  Apr:  May:  Jun:  Jul:  Aug:  Sep:  Oct:  Nov:  Dec:\n\nTemperature:\nTemperature measured at Bandoeng (2,346 feet above sea level):\n1. Night: No great variation.\n1. Average annual temperature: 71.7\u00b0F; absolute maximum: 93.6\u00b0F; absolute minimum: 52.2\u00b0F; average maximum: 81.5\u00b0F; average minimum: 61.6\u00b0F.\nThere is little seasonal variation in temperature. Temperatures at elevations of quinine plantations are approximately 68\u00b0F at 4,000 feet and 60\u00b0F at 6,000 feet.\n\nMethods of Production:\nChoice of location: As climates suitable for Cinchona cultivation are found only in mountainous regions, only rising terrain is available. Best elevations for Cinchona cultivation lie between 4000 feet and 6600 feet above sea level. It is not desirable to go above or below these elevations. Cinchona Ledgeriana grows favorably at first below 4000 feet but sickness affects the trees around 8 or 10 years of age, causing them to die off. At 5000 feet to 6000 feet, trees 15 to 20 years old yield a regular production. Above 6600 feet, growth is slow and retarded. The growth of Cinchona succirubra is extraordinarily slow at 6600 feet.\nIt is inadvisable to plant too high due to the hazard of frost which freezes the bark loose. Chances of frost are greater in flat regions. For this reason, hilly terrain, if not too steep, offers the most advantageous choice and also obviates the danger of bad water in the subsoil, for roots lying in cold damp soil die off.\n\nSo far as possible, terrain with long, broad shelves is chosen and narrow ridges are avoided, as the ground of the latter is less valuable. Land covered with primeval forests is preferred, providing the subsoil is transmissive and no one type of tree predominates, indicating that the soil is suitable for that type only. Under these conditions, the same crop can normally be planted three or four times if the ground is properly irrigated and provided with some fertilization.\n\nThe chemical and physical composition of the soil is an important factor in determining its suitability for agriculture.\nImportant factor to the growth of Cinchona is the availability of water from springs or rivers for watering the nurseries. Temperature falls 32.5 degrees F, every 328 feet of ascent. Preparation of terrain is essential. The land should be cleared entirely, but the entire area should not be burned as this leaves too much ash, making the ground unfruitful for years. Terracing provides the best ground for Cinchona cultivation as it gives the trees more access to air while retaining the same area under cultivation. Terraces must be absolutely level to ensure proper drainage. Levelling prevents the top soil from washing away, but during this operation care should be taken to avoid a residue of unfruitful subsoil. To eliminate washing away of top soil, narrow ditches or curb 'pits are dug. Terraces should be level and well-drained.\nRoads should be of equal width but avoid unnecessary depth or disturbing the subsoil. Preliminary to tree felling, roads are laid out. Care is taken in laying out roads, which generally have a rise of no more than 5 degrees (or about 1 to 12). They should not be too small, usually about eight feet for the largest and about five feet for the smallest. Felled trees are laid in the direction of the slope and left to rot, providing essential fertilizer. A small number are burned for ash. Once terraced, sites are chosen and marked with sticks. Absolute uniformity is impossible due to the unevenness of the terraces and the presence of stumps left by the original clearing. Some ground is naturally prepared to receive the trees, eliminating the necessity of digging pits.\nSoil is unsatisfactory, pits are essential and are usually dug to a length, depth, and breadth of about two feet. Pits are best dug during the dry monsoon and refilled in October. Leaving them open a few months permits air to reach the soil.\n\nSeeding. There are approximately 3,500,000 seeds in 2.2 pounds of Cinchona Ledgeriana and 9,000,000 seeds in 2.2 pounds of Cinchona succirubra. A good lodger blooms fairly late in life, sometimes only after twenty years, and only once a year, whereas the succirubra blooms all year. As a general rule, the less valuable types bloom younger.\n\nIndividual blossoms ripen at different times over a two-week interval, consequently some will burst before others are ripe. Therefore, in harvesting the seed, a whole cluster is cut off as soon as any fruit springs open. It is left to ripen in the wind but sheltered from the direct sun rays.\nCinchona seeds can be kept for long periods if they are entirely ripe, dried in the wind, well cleaned, and stored in tightly sealed jars in a dark place. However, the sooner they are sown after harvesting, the better they will germinate. Experiments proved that indoor cultivation was unnecessary, and seeding is now done in the open air in covered beds. Seed beds are 32 inches wide and have roofs made of palm leaves. Wooden bars (thin stems of Cinchona or other trees) are laid along the edges and held by sticks of wood. Soil is removed from beds to a depth of 1 to 1 1/3 feet and is prepared by removing insect larvae, rotten wood, and all other matter harmful to the seed. The soil is then returned to the beds and covered with about an inch of vegetable humus. The bed is roofed with thatch.\nPalm leaves raised about 4 feet in front and 1 foot above the ground in back. After the humus layer is well moistened, sow about 0.045-0.6 grams of seed per 10 square feet, hand-scattering seeds as evenly as possible. The front of the bed is protected by a 3-foot woven bamboo screen. Seed is then lightly sprinkled (water falling with any force will wash seed from its place). Seed beds are best planted at the beginning of the year to take advantage of the following West Monsoon or rainy season. Water once a day, preferably in the morning. Care should be exercised in watering, as too much moisture is as harmful as too little, particularly when the seed swells and starts to germinate, for there is danger of mold at this time. When the seed germinates, usually about a month later, the bamboo screen is removed.\nThe screen is removed during the day but replaced at night to keep animals away. Light is essential to plants after sprouting and minimizes the danger of mold. After six months (sometimes earlier, depending on the elevation), the most developed plants are transplanted. Secondary seed beds are prepared. The terrain should be as flat as possible, preferably near water. Rolling terrain is laid out in terraces. The ground is worked to a depth of two feet, cleared of wood and roots, and covered with an inch or so of vegetable humus. Forked sticks about three feet in length are sunk six to ten inches into the ground, and slats are laid in 13 to 15 inch squares through the forks to form a frame which is covered with leaves. This cover is raised about 5 inches above the beds and lets in sufficient light and air while shielding the plants from direct sunlight.\nThe full force of the rain. This frame can be removed for sprinkling during dry spells. During the first days of transplanting, it is even advisable to protect the sides of beds from direct sunlight. Seedlings are placed about two inches apart in \"advanced seed beds,\" and as plants crowd each other, the smallest are removed until those left have double the originally allotted space. Weaker plants removed in the thinning out process are planted in nursery beds about four inches apart. These nursery beds are laid out in the same manner as the secondary seed beds but the frame is raised higher from the ground. The plants which are left behind in the seed beds can be covered with the leaf-covered frame, when it is discarded from the advanced beds, instead of the slanting roof. Thus, even weak plants will tend to flourish, and even ungerminated seed will sprout.\nThis is best done towards the end of the west monsoon when showers are light, so that the loft-behind plants will be ready for transplanting directly to nursery beds by the next west monsoon. The outlined procedure of seeding and transplanting will result in well-developed, woody plant material within one and a half to two years at an elevation of 6,000 to 7,000 feet; oven before 1-1 years at lower elevations.\n\nPlanting in full ground: The best time for planting in full ground is at the beginning of the rainy monsoon. Plants which grow little or none in the nursery then get their first \"shot\" from the rains in full ground rather than in the nursery. Transplanting is best done in the early morning but should never be undertaken in the pouring rain.\n\nPits are dug a month beforehand, then refilled and marked.\nDamage to roots during transplanting should be avoided. However, if any harm is inflicted, roots should be amputated with a sharp knife. Attention should be paid to placing the roots in the proper direction. They should never be bent, nor should they be planted so deeply that the roots are smothered or so shallowly that they are exposed to light. Trunks should be planted as vertically as possible. Tops of trees can be trimmed in the nursery before transplanting, and only good woody trunks are selected. Sick plants and bastards should be left in the nurseries as they can be used next year for grafting. These are never transplanted with healthy trees.\n\nThe question of spacing is controversial, but the generally accepted rule is to plant Cinchona Ledgeriana at distances of 3 feet x 3 feet and to space Cinchona succirubra 4 feet x 4 feet.\nPreliminary spacing hinges to a great extent on the later handling of the plantation. One objection to close planting is that crowding may force the premature removal of young plants, resulting in low production. Slips are planted 3\u2019 x 31'. Close planting is desirable in that a well-shadowed ground reduces upkeep costs, and the Ilopqlitis insect disappears by itself when deprived of the sun\u2019s rays, thus obviating constant spraying. Greater production results from 31 x 3' spacing at 5,000 to 6,000 foot above sea level. For instance, a government plantation planted in 1904 at 31 x 3* gave a cumulative total over a period of seven years of 344,710 kg of Quinine Sulphate, whereas a planting of Quinine Sulphate cultivation. Gardens should be well cared for and the ground kept cleared for the first two or three years, until a roof of growth establishes itself.\nThe leaves shade the ground, retarding growth of underbrush. The ground is not hoed after planting until six months have elapsed, and hoeing should not come too close to the trees. Ground around the trees is loosened periodically to permit air infiltration; this is done by raking and by digging narrow trenches.\n\nGrafting is essential to the preservation of the pure botanical strain, due to the great variation in seeds from even the most perfect trees. Artificial propagation is achieved by means of slips or cuttings as well as by grafting. The preferred method is grafting of Cinchona Ledgeriana onto trunks of Cinchona succirubra. Grafts are growing branches about four inches long and about the thickness of a pencil. A flat cutting, as thin as possible, is made with a sharp knife about half the length of a branch.\nThe trunk of the succirubra is slit about two to three inches above ground. This must be a perfectly flat cut, slanting inwards from above, no deeper than one-third the thickness of the trunk. The incision must be the same length as the wedge-shaped cut of the graft, and slips must fit incisions exactly. The cut side of a graft is laid against the wound in the tree. The tree is then bound with soft, non-cut tin, string, and sealed with grafting wax. Precautions are taken to avoid damaging the cambium. To ensure a flow of sap to the graft, a semi-circular incision is made about four fingers above the graft.\n\nThe purpose of grafting is to obtain trees whose quinine content is known, as well as to obtain the strength of a hardy succirubra combined with the superior quality of a Ledgeriana. However, up to a certain age, pure Ledgeriana trees are known to produce superior quinine content.\ngive more sulphuric acid quinine to succirubra trunks than grafts. The alcaloid content of bark changes through the character of succirubra, resulting in a decreased quinine content and increased cinchonidine. A SO to 100 percent success can be counted on in grafting, provided grafts are well cared for in the nurseries. Formally, grafting took place in gardens, but experiments proved that the operation is cheaper, and better control can be exercised, when grafting is done in nurseries. Except for a few dry months in Java, grafting takes place throughout the year. Grafting wax is made by melting eight parts of rosin and one part of beef fat over a low fire. When cooked, this mixture is stirred and poured into a pan of water, then worked by hand until malleable. When the color becomes a yellowish white, the wax is ready.\nWax is made into cakes and immersed in cold water. Grafting wax should be kept in the shade. When required for sealing grafts, these cakes are melted in a copper pan.\n\nCinchona Ledgeriana trees require pruning. A plantation is well roofed after three years, and the second ceiling, formed by lower branches, must be removed. At most, only the two lowest branches are cut during the first pruning, which lets more light into the gardens. A first harvest of bark may be obtained in this manner.\n\nFertilizing. Oil cake made from castor oil beans is the best fertilizer due to its high nitrogen content. After fertilizing, yellowness disappears, and the plantation becomes a verdant green.\n\nTwo-year-old gardens require 2 ounces, three to four-year-old plantations need 3-4 ounces, and older ones up to 1 pound per tree.\n\nHarvesting.\nIn an average plantation, three-year-old trees are pruned for the first crop. After the fourth year, trees are pruned again and a few are hewn where they are crowded together. In the following years, less bark is obtained by lopping off lower branches and more by thinning out the trees, until no more is obtained from pruning and production is solely from felling. Generally, branches more than six feet above the ground are not removed, as trees pruned too high do not regain a good crown which is essential to a well-shadowed ground.\n\nThe latest method of harvesting is to always leave some trees as cover, which effects a saving on soil preparation and ground clearing. This also maintains a supply which can be tapped during boom periods.\n\nAt six years of age, trees reach their maximum quinine yield.\nThe quinine content decreases by the twelfth year and remains constant thereafter. After six years, the quantity of bark increases but it is difficult to determine when the maximum quantity is reached. Whether an area should be replanted with the same type of Cinchona tree depends on the soil. This is generally not advisable. As time passes, sick trees appear and are dug up. The resulting excavations are filled with Ledgeriana-grafted succirubra or hybrid trees. Holes are never left in the plantations as they encourage other trees to sicken. This thinning gives the older trees a chance to develop well and form greater quantities of bark. In harvesting, it is necessary to differentiate between bark for quinine extraction and pharmaceutical bark. The value of the latter is greater if the periderma is undamaged.\nAdhering moss is left on the bark. Bark for quinine extraction should not be cut but pounded loose from the trunk with a wooden hammer and peeled off with a horn knife. The use of steel knives is not permitted as pieces of wood may be removed with the bark. The periderma is removed from the bark by beating with a wooden hammer, later the bark is brushed off. The bark is then divided into long or short strips with a knife and peeled off the stem. This bark is known to the trade as Cortex Cinchonae Sine Epiderna.\n\nBeating and peeling are done by women, while men laborers fell or dig up the trees.\n\nPharmaceutical bark is harvested differently. A ring of bark is removed from the base and the tree is felled. Bark is removed in strips 3-3.5 feet long which are allowed to roll up into long cylinders.\n\nPrimary Processing.\nThe freshly cut strips of Cinchona succirubra are laid in the shade for a few days and left to curl. They are wound with bamboo rope, and a stick is inserted through the cylinder. Next, the strips are laid in the sun, the stick removed, and the bark left to dry in the open air. Drying naturally in open air preserves the silvery white appearance which is so desired in pharmaceutical bark. This is not always possible during the large harvests as the sun does not shine very much during the west monsoon, which is the most favorable period for harvesting this product. Paring the east (or dry) monsoon, the periderma is loosened from the bark, reducing its value. Bark which cannot be cut into the specified cylinder lengths is harvested as \"broken pipe.\" What cannot be gathered as broken pipe is packed in bales as dust.\nThe root bark is boxed in pieces. If water is available, wash off the root bark to eliminate sand. Bark is graded before packing to ensure regularity of specimens. Bark from sick trees is packed separately as it is of lesser quality. Tests conducted at different seasons proved that the variation in quinine content is negligible. Consequently, bark can be harvested all year in Je.va. Fresh, newly peeled bark contains about 70-75% of its weight in water. Approximately 60-65% of this moisture is eliminated by open air drying, and the remaining 10-13% is dried out at 125\u00b0C. Finally, the bark is dried in a hot air machine at 100\u00b0C. Bark that is processed directly in the machine without previous open air drying yields a less valuable, strongly colored product.\nWhile drying in the sun, bark is spread out in pans laid across rails. These pans can be covered at night or during rain. Careful drying prevents molding after packaging, which reduces the value of the bark.\n\nAppearance is discounted by quinine factories, whose only interest is in bark from which a high quinine content can be easily extracted. This bark is ground to a powder and packed in jute sacks of about 220 pounds.\n\nAccording to their contents, packages of Cinchona succirubra, which is packed in cases, weigh 130 to 200 pounds.\n\nII. PRODUCTION\n\nThere are approximately 40,000 acres of Cinchona trees under cultivation in Java. Annual production is about 10,000 tons of bark with a quinine content of about 600 tons.\n\nA first harvest is gathered by pruning the lower branches, after which harvests are made by felling trees during the process.\nThe quinine content of the bark increases steadily for six years, remaining fairly constant thereafter, with a gradual decline after the twelfth year. The quantity of bark increases after the sixth year. Variations in cultivation, elevation, and other determining factors make it impractical to ascertain when maximum production is reached. At most, productivity can last twenty-five years, after which gardens are typically replanted with hybrid seedlings. A plantation can be renewed up to three or four times, but decreased production will result from each successive planting. It is preferable to turn the ground over to some other crop before a new Cinchona planting is undertaken.\n\nResults of tests made as follows:\n\n| Year | Quinine Content (%) | Bark Quantity (kg/ha) |\n|-------|---------------------|-----------------------|\n| 1     | 0.5                 | 100                  |\n| 2     | 0.6                 | 120                  |\n| 3     | 0.7                 | 150                  |\n| 4     | 0.8                 | 180                  |\n| 5     | 0.9                 | 200                  |\n| 6     | 1.0                 | 220                  |\n| 7     | 0.95                | 240                  |\n| 8     | 0.92                | 260                  |\n| 9     | 0.88                | 280                  |\n| 10    | 0.85                | 300                  |\n| 11    | 0.82                | 320                  |\n| 12    | 0.80                | 340                  |\n| 13    | 0.78                | 360                  |\n| 14    | 0.76                | 380                  |\n| 15    | 0.74                | 400                  |\n| 16    | 0.72                | 420                  |\n| 17    | 0.70                | 440                  |\n| 18    | 0.68                | 460                  |\n| 19    | 0.66                | 480                  |\n| 20    | 0.64                | 500                  |\n| 21    | 0.62                | 520                  |\n| 22    | 0.60                | 540                  |\n| 23    | 0.58                | 560                  |\n| 24    | 0.56                | 580                  |\n| 25    | 0.54                | 600                  |\n[cd i, cd CD 3, 0 ftp, O' Ph, o, OOP, cd, P o, P P, i<H P, p I, IPO <D, i, P, P, P, p, x co, P o, CD P, P, P o, P o, p, Mt kH, P-H, P, TO cd I, P o, Cd, p, i, X cd, P o, MO, p, c, P, o, i c, p t, I, CO P, P, p, X cd, o o, P O, P u, P O, P, H Ph, TO cd, P, P o, Cd>H, P, X Cd, P o, MO >h, p, cd, P, PQ, X edi, to, P o, V TO, Id, O P, p, Jd o, x cd, P Ph, p o, p p, cd, TO cd, P, G, cd >h, o, O cd, O P, o o, Ph V O, O, TO, d, d, O, cd Vi, CD TO H CO >, cd, d, id cd d, O cd d, X CO o, d h to, H cd o, v TJ, Jd o, rH -P, o cd, -P rH, d d, M O, o, o, MO, cd, MO, cd, cv, cd, MO, cd, OA, rH, vO, O, o, Id, cd id, MO, CO, rH, cv, MO, cd, UA, rH, cd, MO, rH, rH, CV, mo cd, td, UA, m, rH O, o, to, CO, rH Id, Cd, CO, O CO, lo-, id, cd, co, UA, UA, id CV, rH, cd, CO, MO MO, id, UA, UA, Id rH, cd, CV, rH, cv, Cd]\nCO O pH O- CO CV MO o cv o o cd UA MO ir UA o CO O o cd CO Id cv- id CA UA o UA CO O o cd CO id cd rH cv Cd CV o UA id GN rH Td o X d o d co o o MO CO o o o ua CV ua O cd o UA cv cv cd CO I Cd o UA to CV UA rl Cd ua TO O X d CD d l c cd o CO MO cd r-- I o CO TO rH Cd cd \u00abH Gh O rH co v o i d MO Cd rH CO UA o CV CV cd CO O CO MO cd cd cd cd cd o CV MO o rH id Cd CO cd C ua H P TO CD cd o d M d Ph d O og rH -P o cd dv d m TO o TO d o do to L rl Cd O P TO I rH > CO Cd O CO v OH d o cy I rH cc rH O UA o MO o O cd cd rH MO cv CO o UA UA o rH CV CV o cv cd I MO o Mf MO rH cd o UA cd cd rH rH UA UA rH CV vO cc cd cd G cd cd co c P P CO cd cd X O o TJ *h G to TO O P P TO O zz P o O X X Cd TO O l-H ZZ O CO\nIII. DEVIATIONS FROM OPTIMUM PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS\n\nVariations in soil. No data available.\nVariations in subsoil. No data available except that an accumulation of water in the subsoil will kill off roots lying in this cold dampness.\nVariations in drainage. Terracing offers the only drainage as drainage is too costly to be undertaken. Terraces must be absolutely level as otherwise water will accumulate in the subsoil. Unless curb pits and ditches are dug, the top soil will wash away.\nVariations due to direction of slope. Storms accompanying\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete and contains several abbreviations and unclear symbols. It is difficult to determine if any cleaning is necessary without additional context or information.)\nThe North and Southwest Monsoons cause havoc if slopes are bared to them. For this reason, only protected slopes are used. Variations in rainfall. Droughts due to lateness of rainy monsoon retard growth. Variations in temperature. Growth is retarded in plantations above 6,600 feet (60\u00b0F), while trees tend to sicken and die within ten years when planted below 4,000 feet (68\u00b0F). Temperatures vary but little during day or night in this equatorial region. The chief danger is from night frost at too high elevations.\n\nIV. Diseases of Cinchona Trees\nDjamoer pepas\nDjamoer Qepas \u2013 is caused by Corticium javanicum Zimm.\nThis mold attacks many other plants besides Cinchona, among others: coffee, tea, cocoa, Hevea, nutmeg, etc. \u2013 any of which can transmit the disease to Cinchona trees. Humidity in the air is essential for the development of this disease.\nA contributing factor to the spread of this mold is small plants attacked by Helopeltis, which often become infected. The only preventative measure is to cut off and burn the affected areas.\n\nTonic Cancer\nThis disease is caused by a mold in the Olpidiaceae family. Trees show no signs of dead places on the bark that penetrate into the same mold, which is also the cause of a root collar infection in young trees in nursery beds. This infection has failed to respond to any of the treatments attempted.\n\nBy Chytrium canker,\ncaused by Chytrium spp.,\nthe wood. This disease attacking Cinchona trees has failed to respond to treatments.\n\n1/ 0 epas (Malay) - plant bane\n2/ Dr. A. Rant - \"Mededeelingen Departement van Landbouw\"\n\nRoot Mold\nVarious types of root mold appear among Cinchona trees. It is typical for Cinchona trees to die off in circles around certain types of tree stumps. There is no remedy known for this.\n\nMopo.\nMopo is a disease of young Cinchona plants caused by mold due to excessive humidity.\n\nV. INSECTS, OTHER THAN CATERPILLARS\n\nLiuch feared the Coleoptera are the larvae of certain Melolonthidae.\n\nCreat, though temporary, damage is attributed to the following caterpillars:\n1. Attacus Atlas and A. ricini\n2. Daphnis hypoetus\n3. Odonestis plagifera\n4. Metanastria hyrtaca\n5. Euproctis flexuosa\n6. Cricula trifenestrata\n\nDaphnis hypoetus is difficult to trace as it takes on the color of the bark, whether brown or white. Euproctis flexuosa is best fought by burning the nests and the young caterpillars, which are found on the underside of the leaves.\n\nThe worst enemy of the Cinchona tree is the Helopeltis antonii. A full-grown Helopeltis measures 11 mm. The female has a reddish-brown thorax, and the male a black torax. These insects infest the leaves and stems, causing significant damage.\nThe sap of the leaves quickly turns brown and curls up. The worst period is at the start of the dry season after the cessation of rains, mainly in low-lying plantations in Java during April and May. Helopeltis appears seldom at 6000 feet. It is remarked that the insect disappears when the plantation is roofed over. Enemies of this insect are not known; birds make no attempt to destroy them. Certain Ledger ianas suffer very little from this pest, and this type of tree is more strongly cultivated since this discovery. After an attack by Helopeltis, the trees often have a tendency to contract Corticium javanicum (Zimin), as the infected places are sensitive to mold. The only effective control of this insect is to keep the ground perfectly cleared and to plant the trees closer together.\nThe early roofing of the plantation eliminates Helopeltis.\n\nSources:\n11. Dr. K. W. van Gorkom, \"Oost-Indische Cultures,\" new edition edited by Dr. H.C. Prinsen, Vol. I, II, III.\n\"Statistical Abstract of the Netherlands Indies, 1940,\" published by Department of Economic Affairs, Central Bureau of Statistics (Batavia).\n\"De Landtouwexportgewassen van Nederlandsch-Indie in 1938,\" published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia).\n\"1930 Handbook of the Netherlands East Indies,\" published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia).\nP. van Leersum, \"Kina.\"\n\"Oost-Indische Cultures,\" Vol. III.\nIM-FE-14\n1. BOARD OF ECONOMIC WARFARE\nOffice of Economic Warfare Analysis\nFar Eastern Division\n\nAgriculture in the Netherlands Indies\n\n6. Climate\n\nClimate, General\nT\n\nThe Netherlands Indies extend from 6\u00b0 north latitude to 11\u00b0 south-latitude.\nLatitude and longitude range from 95\u00b0 to 141\u00b0 east. Despite being a tropical country, Netherlands India has a moderate climate with little extremes. Factors mitigating the sun's rays are cloudiness and dampness. There is minimal temperature variation even during the night. The highest temperature ever recorded in Batavia was 96.4\u00b0 and the lowest was not specified. The sun reaches its zenith at the same angle during each year, attaining its height in July and December. Seasonal variations are due to monsoons.\n\nSouthwest Monsoon\nIn July, an area of high pressure moves from Australia toward an area of low pressure in Asia, resulting in a strong southwest monsoon, originating in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Bengal. This is the so-called \"dry\" season, felt particularly on the East and Southeast coasts of Java. There is no trace of this monsoon on the west coast.\nof  Sumatra.  The  west  monsoon  starts  forming  about  November  17  to  21. \nNortheast  Monsoon \nIn  January  the  direction  of  atmospheric  pressure  is  from  Asia  to \nAustralia,  resulting  in  a  powerful  northeast  monsoon  which  ranges  over \nBritish  India,  the  Arabian  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Bengal.  This  is  the \n\"rainy  season\"  or  the  \"good\"  monsoon.  In  Atjeh,  the  northernmost  province \nof  Sumatra,  the  west  monsoon  is  felt  at  this  period.  The  east  monsoon \nforms  around  April  6-10. \nTemperature \nReadings  for  Batavia  are  typical  of  all  coastal  regions  in  Java. \nThe  temperature  falls  1\u00b0  F  every  328  feet  of  ascent. \nTemperature  Averages \n: Batavia \nsBandoeing \n:Fontianak \n:  Medan \n:  Koepang \nAverage  annual \nAbsolute  maximum \nAbsolute  minimum \nAverage  maximum \nAverage  minimum \nI \nCloudiness \n(Scale:  0  =  entirely  clear;  10  =  entirely  overcast) \nBatavia  -  average  annual  6.35 \nJanuary  7.5;  July  4.6;  August  4.2 \nPekalongan: average annual 5.08\nPasoeroean: average annual 4.57\n\nAverage annual sunshine:\nBatavia: 48.6%; Pasoeroean: 56.5%\n\nPercentage of Possible Sunshine:\nBatavia: Jan:  Feb:  Mar:  Apr:  May:  Jun:  Jul:  Aug:  Sep:  Oct:  Nov: Dec: Total\nPasoeroean: Jan:  Feb:  Mar:  Apr:  May:  Jun:  Jul:  Aug:  Sep:  Oct:  Nov: Dec: Total\n\nBatavia:\nJan.:  Feb.:  Max:  Apr.:  May:  Jun:  Jul:  Aug.:  Sept.:  Oct.:  Nov.: Dec.: Ann.\nRelative Humidity:\nAverage annual relative humidity at Batavia: 83%. Highest at night.\n\nRelative humidity by months, Batavia (Percent):\nBatavia: Jan.: Feb.: Max: Apr.: May: Jun: Jul: Aug.: Sept.: Oct.: Nov.: Dec.: Ann.\n\nRainfall:\nThe highest average annual rainfall for all Java is 48 inches, the lowest is 27 inches.\nHowever, this is based on an average of all the meteorological stations in Java. Some of which are located in the \"dry\u201d areas of the Island. For the rainfall in specific areas and during certain seasons, the appended tables should be consulted. Considerable differences occur.\nFrom year to year, the same areas and seasons experienced the following percentages of thunder and rain in Batavia:\n\nThunder: 33%\nRain: 67%\n\nAnother source gives a figure of 67% for rain.\n\nThunder and Rain Percentages in Batavia:\n\nThunder Rain\nMidnight - noon Noon - midnight\n\nHail is unknown in Batavia, but it has been observed in Buitenzorg and the Preanger District.\n\nAverage Annual Rainfall (inches) in Netherlands East Indies:\n\nBatavia: 32.7\nThree Andeng: .\nSamarang: .\nSoebara: 264.6\nMedan: .\nPadang: 118.1\nPalembang: 129.2\nPontianak: 157.3\nBalikpapan: 138.2\nManado: 53.1\nMacassar: 80.5\nAmboina: 62.2\nKoepang: 11.8\n\nOf places where rainfall is observed, Paloe (Manado) with a yearly average of 22 inches has the least rainfall, and Tendjo (Banjoemas) with a yearly average of 277 inches has the highest.\n\nNetherlands East Indies, Monthly Rainfall in 1939:\n\nC o o v O N C V C V t O O V M X\nC N o v O O N - ^^ C - C ^ O J t O I A W O\n\u00a3v -- t O N O C - <ro^t X) c ^ o c v \\; c -\ns O O ^c^s C . (^l Air.H O WO 4\nOvOvOvOOWHHCNir'.OJ^O \nrH  rH  H  H \nC^C'-O^iH<fOrH-^t0C\\iHir\\r- \nto  CO  O  WHCOHWHWHHH \nOOOH'XiOtCHOOOOJO \nH  CM  rr\\Q  (OCV  o \ntX>  vO  O  COCV\u00a3>CVUOvO-<fWJ>-0 \nHHHCVNHWvO^HCiO \nCO  to  O\u00ab0ONrH0'0'OHC'0 \nCO  -4  rH  tO  vC  to  t\"-  CC  O  tniAO \nrH  rH  cv \nJ>5  CO  rH  CO  CO  CO  O  CO  UMr\\  IT\\  CO  lf\\ \nrH  CV  rH \nP \np \np \ncd \nrO \nO \nO  CO  ir\\  (V  COO  -cfCO \nCO  CO  CO  to  CO  O  O  !>  H  H  fO  vO  O \nrH  rH  i \u2014 I \nO-  O  IOCV  o-o  COvO  O-H  CO  CV  C\\i \nrH  C\\i  CO  rH \nocvcoOvococoi>-to-<*-t'-c\\i<f \nrH  1 \u2014 I  rH  CO  CNi \ntr. \nr\u2014i \nCtJ \nto \nto \nk \nK'i \nc \nCtJ \np \nCtJ \nctJ \nc \ncd \ncd \nrj \nCtJ \nO \nto \ncd \nto \ncd \nCO \nq \nq \nC \nfct \nTJ \nCO \ncd \nCD \nct5 \nCD \nCtJ \nCtJ \nO \na \nO \nC \ng \nM \nTO \na \nC \na \nrP \nCtJ \ncd \nd \nO \ncd \ncd \nCtJ \nCtJ \ncd \ne \nO \nPQ \nCQ \nCO \nCO \neu \ns \nS \nfcc: \no \nO \nrH \nCO \no \nC \nCO \nc \ncd \nrH \no \nJC \nas \nO \no \noj \nCO \nrH \nCO \no \nCO \ncd \nCO \nO \nP \no \nNetherlands  East  Indies,  Meteorological  Observations \n(.yearly  averages) _ \no \nX  rH \ncd  <D \n-POO \n-COX! \n*rH  O  rH \n[Orchid \\- H\nx an \\- EC\ncd oc Orchid exo\n- C\nOr X\nfcO-H \\- X to\ncm cd\nOr\nW (fn b\ncd oc E\nI\nC\ncd\nU\nOr Orchid UC -H\ncd to o to o cd ox ctlo\n-H cd X CO *r\n<d co\nCE*h < X voC\n<tf CO\nr Eti\nBatavia Bandoeng\n^po t\nSamarang rj so\\ degree\nSourabaya Medan Fadang Palenbang Pontianak Balikpapan Manado Macassar Amboina Koepang\n1/ 1,000 milli-bars mercury\n\nTABLE OF SOURCES\n\"Dr. K. W. van Gorkom\u2019s Oost-Indische Cultures,\" new edition edited by Dr. H. C. Prinsen Geerligs\nVols.I, II, III.\n\"Statistical Abstract of the Netherlands Indies, 1940\" published by Department of Economic Affairs, Central Bureau of Statistics (Batavia).\n\"De Landbouwexportgewassen van Nederlandsch- Indie in 1938\" published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia).\n\"1930 Handbook of the Netherlands East Indies\" published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia).]\nThe Agave fourcroydes (henequen) and Agave sisalana (sisal) belong to the Amaryllidaceae family. The agave plants have practically no trunk; they have long roots; stiff, fibrous, blue-green leaves with smooth or thorny edges, and funnel-shaped flowers. Agave fourcroydes produces the true henequen, also known as \"white sisal.\" The leaf is sea-green (gray-blue), straight and stiff, about 40-60 inches long and approximately 3 inches wide in the middle, tapering off to an inch-long thorn.\nThe leaf is edged with short curved thorns (3-4 mm). The peduncle is 13 to 25 feet high with fairly strong horizontal branches bearing thick clusters of flowers at the ends, which form the seed pods. The base of the plant is only 20 to 60 inches tall and 10 to 15 inches thick. Henequen grows only in a warm, dry climate and requires loose, permeable, calcareous ground. The life span of this plant ranges from ten to twenty-five years. Under good conditions, the leaf yields 4-5 percent clean, dry fiber. Henequen is grown from suckers, bulbils, or seed. In practice, only suckers are used. Agave sisalana (Syn. A. rigida sisalana) is \"the green sisal. The leaf is dark green or light sea-green and is straight but less stiff than Agave fourcroydes. It is 40\" to 70 inches long and 3\" to 5\" wide in the middle, tapering off to a thin thorn, about 1 inch long.\nAn inch in length. There are generally no edge thorns; any that exist are small and curved. The flower stalk is 13 to 25 feet tall with slender branches. Blossoms are about two inches long and form bulbils, but never seed pods. Sisal seldom develops a definite trunk.\n\nSisal grows best in a dry climate in permeable, lime soil. Sisal requires more space for cultivation than henequen. Favorable conditions will produce a leaf having 3% of clean, dry fiber, whiter and stronger than henequen. Propagation is by means of suckers or bulbils. Suckers are preferred although bulbils are easier to transport.\n\nI. CHARACTERISTICS\nAn inch in length. There are generally no edge thorns; any that exist are small and curved. The flower stalk is 13-25 feet tall with slender branches. Blossoms are about two inches long and form bulbils, but never seed pods. Sisal seldom develops a definite trunk.\n\nSisal grows best in a dry climate in permeable, lime soil. Sisal requires more space for cultivation than henequen. Favorable conditions will produce a leaf having 3% clean, dry fiber, whiter and stronger than henequen. Propagation is by means of suckers or bulbils. Suckers are preferred although bulbils are easier to transport.\n\nA dry, sandy soil about 8 inches deep, in an arid, stony region is ideal for agave cultivation and produces the greatest fiber content. The plant will grow in a richer soil but the fiber content will be lower.\nThe fiber content of leaves will diminish. Agave grows in poor soil but upkeep costs are higher.\n\nSubsoil\nA permeable, calcareous subsoil with a limestone base is particularly suitable. -\n\nDrainage\nThe arid regions and the nature of the soil best suited to the cultivation of agave eliminate the necessity of drainage. However, subterranean water deposits must be avoided or drained.\n\nDirection of slope\nAgave grows best on level terrain as near as possible to sea level.\n\nRainfall\nThe least possible rainfall is desired as agave leaves draw their essential moisture requirements from the air and the roots are extremely sensitive to heavy rains. The optimum desirable rainfall would not exceed 50 inches annually.\n\nTemperature\nOptimum temperatures for agave cultivation range from 80\u00b0 F to 97\u00b0 F. A high relative humidity is essential.\nAgava will not flourish in shady regions as the leaves have a tendency to turn red when shadowed. Methods of Production\n\nAgava is practically never grown from seed. Propagation takes place by means of bulbils or suckers. When bulbils reach a length of five to six inches, they fall off the plant. These are then planted in nurseries 18 inches apart in rows of eight to ten inches. During the early days, plants are sprinkled when necessary. At the end of a year, slants are about 18 inches tall and are ready to be transplanted. Nursery beds have a permeable soil, well cleared and free of stones. Suckers are even better than bulbils. In its second or third year, the agave plant puts out subterranean suckers which form individual plants about 35 to 40 inches from the mother plant from which they receive nourishment.\nThese are removed to protect the mother plant from loss of nutrition. One or two are generally left to root and should this die off. When the new slants are about 20 inches high, they are cut off and may be planted directly in the gardens. Smaller plants are first sown in nursery beds, often remaining for as much as two years before they can be satisfactorily transplanted.\n\nTransplanting: Before being transplanted, all roots are amputated and the young plant is left in the sun for about one month with the wounds upward, causing them to heal more quickly and alleviating chances of root diseases. Suckers are set out in nurseries 16 inches by 20 inches apart or 20 x 20 inches. Plants are taken to full ground when 16 to 18 inches tall.\n\nSpacing. Agave plantations are set out 41 feet by 4 feet (51 feet by 5 feet).\nMaintenance: Pits should not be too big. These are generally 20 inches deep with a diameter of 10 inches. Plants from nursery beds are set in the holes and supported by stones. Good maintenance and fertilizing are desirable though not essential. During the two years following transplanting, there is nothing to be done except to keep the terrain cleared. Other crops are not interplanted among agave.\n\nHarvest: Agave raised from seed cannot be harvested for ten years, while plants grown from bulbils are ready after seven years and those originating from suckers are harvestable at 5 or 6 years. In Java, loaves are often cut after three or four years but older plants produce longer fibers. Three-year-old plants give 3-3% fiber, whereas six- to seven-year-old plants produce 4-4% fiber. In practice, the first cut is not made.\nUntil leaves measure below 20 inches and in Java, only those standing out at a 45-degree angle from the heart arc are taken. In JaTra, leaves measure 6 feet by the fourth year. Three or four harvests are made annually on each plant in Java, producing about 30 leaves per plant.\n\nThe dry season is the best time for harvesting, but after a too prolonged drought, the leaf becomes stiff and difficult to defibrate. Intervals between cutting depend on the degree of ripeness of the leaves.\n\nCuts are made with a small \"arit,\" or grass-knife, as close as possible to the stem. The knife is pulled through from top to bottom of a leaf, after which an side thorns are removed. Badly damaged leaves are loft but those with an occasional spot are taken. Crops are tied in bundles of 50 loaves. Harvesting continues until the death of the plant and in Java lasts over.\nA period of about seven years. Women and children are frequently employed at this task.\n\nPrimary Processing:\nInasmuch as agave loaves amount to over 5% ballast, transportation must not be over excessive distances; thus, to minimize costs, factories are handy to plantations. Water must be available in the vicinity; this is in fact a prime consideration. Leaves must be processed immediately upon arrival at the factory as discoloration will result after 24 hours which will not entirely disappear through sun bleaching.\n\nExtraction of fiber can be accomplished by various methods. Small plantations rot the leaves in still water, allowing bacteria to develop and dissolve the binder. Once the fiber bundles are freed and softened, the tissue is isolated. Care must be taken neither to leave the loaves too long in the water nor to keep them too short a time.\nThe proper processing of loaves requires time. Loaves are bruised before being placed in water. Pieces of limestone are then placed in the pans to neutralize the acid content. The system of extracting fiber by hand produces the finest fibers. With simple and primitive equipment, a man can extract about 6-9 pounds of hemp daily. Small manually operated defibering machines are in general use, among them the \"Defibreur-Duchemin.\" The number of semi-automatic machines is legion. The small machine with the single or double grater (raspador) is entirely satisfactory. A \"raspador\" consists of a drum about one foot long and 40 inches in diameter on which there are a number of dull blades as wide as the axle. The drum rests in a frame attached to a moveable block in such a way that the leaf is pressed against the fastenings.\nA rotating drum is used in the machine where a leaf is inserted between the block and drum, and is beaten into pulp by the knives. Automatic installations produce larger machines with constructions similar to the \"raspador.\" Among these are the \"Prieto\" and the \"Nou-Corona\" (Fried Krupp A.G.). Fiber emitted from the machines is mashed off or allowed to rot for 24 hours, then wrung out or the material is thrown off by centrifugal force. Afterward, the fiber is dried and bleached in the sun on bamboo frames. Sun drying is not always practical for large installations, and artificial drying must be resorted to.\n\nDried fibers are further processed in a brushing machine, which operates on the principle of the \"Rasador,\" with stiff brushes instead of blades. A 10% loss results from this process, and while manual processing reduces waste, it is twice as costly.\nCleaned text:\n\nFibers are pressed in bales weighing 440 to 550 pounds. Oil or tobacco presses are used for this operation. Fibers should be laid straight and never bent or folded. Tobacco mats or gunny sacking are used for wrapping, which is then cured with metal bands.\n\nAny enterprise producing over 200 tons of fiber a year will need automatic machinery.\n\nIII. PRODUCTION\nIn Java, the agave produces about 1 - 1.5 tons per tillage (annually). Under particularly favorable conditions, production may reach 2 tons. Approximately 2000 pounds of fiber per acre of 1000 plants can be expected annually, at maximum production.\n\nIV. EFFECTS OF DEVIATION FROM OPTIMAL CONDITIONS\n\nSOIL:\nA richer soil will not diminish the growth of agave plants. While the fiber content shrinks appreciably in fertile soil, the increased quantity of loaf to some extent compensates.\nFor this loss in quality.\n\nSubsoil: Agava grows unsatisfactorily in our sandy subsoil and equally badly in a pure loam subsoil.\n\nDrainage: Although the very nature of the soil most suited to agava cultivation obviates the necessity for drainage, stagnant subterranean water is extremely harmful as the roots cannot stand a large amount of moisture.\n\nRainfall: Roots are sensitive to heavy rains and succumb quickly.\n\nTemperature: Temperatures in the Netherlands Indies never rise above the maximum temperature range for agava cultivation (97\u00b0 F.) and the average temperature of about 80\u00b0F. prevalent in Java seldom varies to any great degree.\n\nV. DISEASE: Sickness and nests attacking agava plants are unknown in Java. Lightning causes damage, and spots on leaves result from excessive heat and dryness. The light rod color, sometimes appearing on the leaves, is not a disease.\nI. Agava leaves notice a problem believed due to insufficient ground drainage.\n\nSources:\nDr. K. W. van Gorkom's 'Oost-Indischo Cultures', ed. Dr. H. C. Prinsen Geerligs, Vol. I, II, III.\n'Statistical Abstract of the Netherlands Indies', published by Department of Economic Affairs, Central Bureau of Statistics (Batavia)\n'Do Landbouwexpor tussasan van Fedorlandsch-Indies in 103#', published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia)\n1930 Handbook of the Netherlands East Indies, published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia)\nDr. J. J. Zci.ilstra's \"Vozclstoffcn\", in \"Oost-Indischo Cultures\", Vol. III.\n\nRestricted\nOffice of Bororich Analysis Far East Division\n\nAgriculture-B in the Rsthlaitss Indus\n\n1. Coconut Palm (Cocus Nucifera)\nI. Conditions of Growth and Harvesting\nThe optimal physical and economic conditions for coconut palm (Cocus Nucifera L) growth in the Netherlands East Indies include:\n\nSoil:\nA light, porous soil with a good humus layer is preferred for coconut cultivation. The sandy soil along beaches is satisfactory. The proximity of the sea has no detrimental effect on the growth of this plant.\n\nSubsoil:\nThe ideal subsoil for coconut palms is the loamy sand soil found in alluvial coastal regions. Equally satisfactory is old forest ground with sandy subsoil. The earth should be well drained.\n\nDrainage:\nThe coconut palm requires much water and from time to time the ground may be completely inundated, provided it is sufficiently porous to drain rapidly, so that the roots will not be submerged for too long periods.\n\nDirection of slope:\nCoconut trees grow best on the plains.\nThe maximum elevation suitable for cultivation of Cocus nucifera is approximately:\n\nRainfall:\nThe Cocus nucifera requires an abundance of rain. Minimum rainfall requirements are estimated at 79 inches. Where irrigation is available, a lesser precipitation will suffice. The average annual rainfall of 71 inches for Batavia is typical of all coastal regions in Java. Following are the precipitation averages at Batavia (sea level):\n\nAverage annual precipitation:\nNumber of rainy days annually:\nSeasonal distribution in inches:\n\nJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec\n\nTemperature:\nThe coconut palm is a true tropical plant requiring an abundance of sunshine and warmth with the greatest possible even distribution. This palm grows more slowly in the interior and bears fruit loss rapidly as the temperature drops with increased elevation. The boundary of fruitfulness is:\n\nAverage annual precipitation: 71 inches\nNumber of rainy days annually: Unspecified\nSeasonal distribution:\nJan: 11.5 inches\nFeb: 10.5 inches\nMar: 8.5 inches\nApr: 7.5 inches\nMay: 12 inches\nJun: 6 inches\nJul: 5 inches\nAug: 5 inches\nSep: 5 inches\nOct: 6 inches\nNov: 9 inches\nDec: 11 inches\n\nTemperature: The coconut palm is a true tropical plant requiring an abundance of sunshine and warmth with the greatest possible even distribution. This palm grows more slowly in the interior and bears fruit loss rapidly as the temperature drops with increased elevation. The boundary of fruitfulness is not specified in the text.\nReached at 2,600-3,300 feet. The optimum average temperature:\n\nFollowing temperatures were measured at Batavia:\nAverage annual:  ii\nMaximum:\nMinimum:\nAbsolute maximum: it\nAbsolute minimum:\nAverage annual sunshine at Batavia: 48.6%\nAverage annual relative humidity at Batavia: 83.u\n\nMethods of Production:\n\nCultivation of coconut trees is almost entirely in the hands of the natives. Two types of coconut cultivation exist in the archipelago: estate production and native cultivation. The latter tends to be rather haphazard and unscientific. It is easy for the native cultivator to obtain the best seed as he can choose well-ripened nuts and take the most developed, which is generally the lowest in a cluster. These are hung on rafters in the home or on bars in sheds and left to sprout. It is, however, preferable to let the roots develop in the ground.\nThe first leaf appears after three months, by which time the roots have pushed through the fibrous shell. At this stage, nuts can be planted directly in the clearing chosen for the plantation, but they are generally sown out in nurseries where they are afforded protection from strong sunshine and wild jigs. Nine months later, young trees are planted in previously prepared holes. The tendency is to plant trees more closely than is advisable in order to obtain greater production per area, despite all education along these lines.\n\nEstate production is undertaken on a more scientific basis:\n\nSeeding. It is more difficult to pick out the choicest seed in large-scale cultivation, therefore seed is obtained from regions known to give the best production. Nuts are planted directly in nursery beds. Suitable, well-drained ground near a water supply is required for seed germination.\nA ratter is chosen. After the ground is well worked and cleared of weeds or roots, the nuts are placed in the ground, evenly spaced at 20 inches. The nuts are all laid in the same direction, the length-wise axle lying horizontal, with the seed opening on top. The intervening spaces are filled with loose earth mixed with ash to prevent vermin. Cooking salt is sometimes used instead of ash; however, too much salt is harmful. Nursery beds require great attention. They must be watered regularly in the dry season and provision made for shading the young plants from the direct rays of the sun. Shading is arranged so that the plants have been accustomed to the sun by the time they are transplanted. It is essential that plants be well cleared to control vermin. Plots are fenced in as protection against outside enemies.\nAbout 30% more nuts are planted than required. Those which have not sprouted or which produce unsatisfactory yields are clipped and sent to factory plants for processing.\n\nTransplanting is done at the beginning of the rainy season. The terrain to which young plants are moved must be completely cleared, with all tree stumps and roots dug up and destroyed. Holes dug for 1 to 3 year old trees are forty inches long, wide, and deep. The developed roots can then spread out. The hole is lined with stable dung or vegetable humus mixed with the excavated top soil. Plants are pulled out of beds with as much adhering soil as possible and removed carefully and rapidly to the chosen sites. The plants are placed in pits in the same position as they stood in nursery beds with the top of the nut just below the surface of the ground. Holes are filled in with the excavated soil.\nPlants require careful handling when being transferred to the earth. Unless it rains immediately, seedlings must be watered directly after transplanting takes place. Plants in nurseries provide material to replace trees that fail to survive transplanting or show unsatisfactory growth.\n\nSpacing: Coconut trees are planted in straight rows, forming squares or rhomboids. The question of spacing is controversial. A spacing of 23 feet provides double the quantity of trees planted at 33 feet. A distance of 23 feet apart is too small, as this does not allow sufficient light and air for fully grown trees.\n\nCultivation: Native cultivation seldom includes great maintenance. An rule, the natives merely keep the reeds clear. The habit of cutting foot treads in the trees, while inadvisable, is common in native undertakings.\n\nIn large-scale enterprises, while it is generally more efficient to provide greater care, the natives' methods are often employed due to labor costs.\nThe ground should not be kept cleared around each tree during the first years due to the tropical sun quickly drying out the unshadowed ground. Later, as palms spread out, their shadows help keep the ground clean. Grazing cattle also assist in keeping the ground cleared. The top layer of soil is loosened from tine to tine to allow infiltration of light and ease gas rotation in the ground. The trees require certain maintenance; falling leaves and dried blossom sheaths must be removed, and \"air-roots\" eliminated from the bulging lower trunk. Such refuse is removed from the plot and left to decompose for fertilizer. Decomposition of cleared out plants provides a better fertilizer than when they are reduced to ash with a resulting loss of nitrogen.\n\nHarvesting.\nCoconut trees bloom all year and consequently bear fruit at all times. The number of nuts on a cluster varies. Generally, the smaller the fruit, the more there are on a bunch. An average of eight medium-sized nuts to a cluster is not unusual. Natives, having but a few trees for their own use, harvest these at will. Those possessing larger plantations pluck the fruit every 35 days, i.e., every \"Djoemahat Kliwon.\" Natives climb the trees with the aid of foot holds cut every foot and a half. The ripe coconuts are cut or twisted off and simply dropped to the ground. In Sumatra, monkeys are trained as \"coconut pickers.\" In Sumatra, hired workers are paid one coconut per completely picked tree. In Java, the rate is two nuts to a tree. The larger plantations are harvested regularly every month or two months. The picking takes place in the same manner.\nTrees typically bear their first fruit in the seventh or eighth year, but a full harvest cannot be expected until the tenth to fifteenth year.\n\nPrimary Processing of Copra:\n\nCopra preparation is simple. Well-ripened nuts are used, and cars is taken in their preparation. Freshly plucked nuts are laid in the open air and sun-dried for a time. Then, the shells are pried open, and the kernel is cut in half. The milk is generally lost in this process.\n\nAlthough copra can be dried by artificial means, in Java, it is usually sun-dried. The nuts are spread out, with the open side up, in the full sunshine. During showers and at night, boards on which the nuts are drying are rolled under a raised roof. Under a strong sun, drying takes about five days. Interruptions due to rain or other causes have a detrimental effect on quality.\nThe inside of a coconut kernel is wet from natural moisture and coconut milk. Rapid preliminary drying is necessary. Inner moisture evaporates slowly, and kernels can be damp despite copra appearing well-dried. First-quality copra is light in color, hard, and solid, without mold, sand, earth, or impurities. Sun-dried copra is preferred, but kiln drying is used as an alternate method, taking only 24 hours at 70\u00b0C. Lain dried copra is darker and less valuable due to smoky odor. In Java, 5000 coconuts are needed to produce one ton of copra. Copra is sifted, cleaned, broken up, grated, finely ground, warmed up, moistened, and pressed to make coconut oil and cake.\nIn hydraulic presses, coconuts yield oil. The oil is filtered and packed in containers. The pressed meal or cake is used as cattle feed. Comparative receipts are approximately 62% oil and 34% cake.\n\nFiber is the third product of the coconut. It is used in the manufacture of ropes and mats. The fibrous shell is left to rot in stagnant or moving water, or buried in the ground. After about four months, the material binding the fiber together disintegrates. Fiber is then beaten with a piece of wood, twisted or wrapped by hand, and dried in the sun.\n\nLongest fibers are used in the manufacture of brooms and brushes; shorter fibers are used to fill cushions or are worked into yarn or a rope known for its lightness, strength, and resistance to sea water. Mats are also manufactured of coconut fiber.\nAbout 40 nuts are necessary to produce seven pounds of fiber.\n\nUntreated coconut. Grated coconut is pure white in color and is carefully prepared from divided coconuts. After shelling and opening choice ripe nuts, the brown covering skin is removed, and the kernel is washed off, as the adhering milk turns the meat yellow. The pieces are ground by a disintegrator or by monkeys, grating, circular saws, and cutting machines. The grated coconut is dried in hot ovens and packed in tins. When mixed with water, this product is similar in every respect to fresh grated coconut.\n\nAbout 6,700 nuts are necessary to manufacture one ton of desiccated coconut.\n\nII. PRODUCTION\n\nCoconut trees produce fruit after the seventh year but a regular harvest is not obtained until the tenth year; in some instances, not until the fifteenth year. Maximum yield is reached after twenty years.\nProductivity is reached after the fifteenth year and remains fairly constant until the tree is seventy years old. The life span of a carefully tended tree is roughly estimated at one century. An untended tree yields barely 20 coconuts a year. In well-maintained plantations, trees will produce 50 to 60 nuts annually, and it is not unusual for trees in a carefully tended, well-fertilized plot to yield around 80 to 100 coconuts. In particularly fertile districts, a tree may produce as high as 150 nuts a year. At 50 coconuts per tree, spaced at 26 feet, production averages over 3000 nuts annually for the 64 trees per acre. At 44 trees per acre, the yield is over 2000 coconuts. In the Netherlands Indies, an average annual production is one ton of copra per plot.\nApproximately 7800 coconuts can be obtained from 156 trees per hectare.\n\nIII. DEVIATIONS FROM OPTIMUM CONDITIONS\n\nSoil and subsoil variations:\nHeavy clay, marshy land, and turf ground are unsuitable for coconut tree cultivation. Barren, arid, sandy beaches are equally unsatisfactory.\n\nDrainage:\nBlooded grounds do not affect trees, but it is essential that the ground drains quickly and thoroughly.\n\nSlope:\nCoconut palms thrive best on level ground, and growth is unsatisfactory above a few hundred feet.\n\nRainfall:\nProlonged, severe droughts prevent trees from bearing fruit for their duration. While coconut trees bloom all year, blossoms appear at longer intervals during the Bast Monsoon than in the rainy season, and trees put off blossoming entirely during protracted dry spells.\n\nVariation in temperature:\nA true tropical tree, the coconut palm becomes unproductive when the temperature drops more than a few degrees below the optimum.\n\nIV. ANIMAL PESTS AND DISEASES\n\nMuch destruction in young plantations is caused by monkeys and wild pigs, which root up the ground and eat young leaves.\n\nCoconut rats, a type of squirrel, eat the fruit on coconut trees. They nest in the crown of the palms and multiply rapidly. To prevent rats climbing the trees, broad tin bands or collars are nailed around the lower trunk of trees; then the pests are cleared out of the palms. As they can jump great distances, all nearby trees must be cleared out in the same manner. Poison is also effectively used.\n\nWhite ants cause much damage by boring into the fibrous shell and eating away the fruit. To combat ants, trees are sprayed with carbon sulphur.\nThe most destructive pests are beetles, particularly the Rhyne hophours. Although this beetle causes no damage when fully grown, it lays its eggs in wounds in the palms, and the larvae burrow deep into the leaves. Preventing damage to the palms and coating all wounds with coal tar are the best preventative measures.\n\nThe coconut palm's worst enemy is Oryctes Rhinoceros. In nursery beds, this beetle digs a channel in the ground until it reaches the sprouting plant. When attacking trees, it burrows into the heart of the plant, starting where the palm joins the trunk, causing the palms to droop. The insects fly around at sunset and land on trees where they settle down and dig in during the night. Remedial measures include:\n\n1. Seeking out and destroying beetles, larvae, and eggs.\n2. Laying out artificial breeding places.\nWhich insects can be killed or burned every six weeks?\n\n1. Cleaning up all breeding places, such as dead trees, manure heaps, rotten leaves, etc., where eggs can be laid.\n2. Coconut trees suffer little from sickness. The only disease prevalent in the Netherlands East Indies is a mold caused by Pestalozzia. Palmarum Cooke. The best cure for this is \"Bordoau Pap,\" or cutting off and burning affected leaves.\n\nTable of Sources\n\n* Dr. K.U. van Gorkom, \"Oost-Indische Cultures,\" 1st edition edited by Dr. H.C. Frinsen Geerligs, Vols. I-III.\n* \"Statistical Abstract of the Netherlands Indies, 1940,\" published by Department of Economic Affairs, Central Bureau of Statistics (Batavia).\n* \"Be Lon db ourexpo r t p 2 mas s on van Nederlandsch-Indie in 1938,\" published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia).\n* Dr. J.J.A.Wijs, \"Oost-Indische Cultures,\" Vol. II.\n\nIM-FE-9.\nI. Office of Economic Warfare Analysis, Far Eastern Division, US. Board of Economic Warfare.\n\nAgriculture in the Netherlands Indies: Cassava\n\n1. Tapioca (Cassava)\n1.1. Bitter cassava: Manihot utilissima Pohl\n1.2. Sweet cassava: Manihot palmata I hie ller\n\nThis study covers the two types of cassava commonly cultivated in the Netherlands Indies: bitter cassava (O'anihot utilissima Pohl) and sweet cassava (Manihot palmata I hie ller). Cassava is grown on all islands of the archipelago. In sawahs, it is cultivated as a secondary crop, and in non-inundated areas, as a main crop. Cassava thrives on the beaches or in the mountains (3000 feet). The plant belongs to the order Tricoccae of the Euphorbiaceae family and is of the Manihot type.\n\nCassava is a perennial shrub-like plant with thick, hard, turnip-shaped roots, 15 to 20 inches long. The root is rich in starch and contains a milky poison which is eliminated by washing.\nPropagation of cassava takes place by means of slips or cuttings. In the archipelago, cassava is grown under the following conditions:\n\nSoil:\nLight, sandy soil is chosen. Ground must be permeable, deeply tilled, and the earth loosened. Sand mixed with loam and humus is a satisfactory soil. Cassava draws substantial quantities of potash and phosphoric acid out of the soil, so sufficient fertilizer containing these elements must be frequently applied.\n\nSubsoil:\nSubsoil should be permeable as roots are sensitive to dampness.\n\nDrainage:\nSoil must be well drained as roots will not develop in excessive moisture.\n\nDirection of Slope:\nCassava plants thrive better on level terrain, but will grow at elevations up to 2,500 feet.\n\nRainfall:\nPrecipitation measurements at Batavia and Bandoeng are as follows:\n\nAnnual precipitation\nBatavia Bandoeng\nnnual precipitation\n\n(Assuming the text is complete and there are no OCR errors, no cleaning is necessary.)\nThe text appears to be a table or list of data, likely related to climate and agriculture in Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia). I'll attempt to clean it up while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\nnumber of rainy days: 135, 143\ni\nTemperature reduces the dampness to prosper in shady areas. Bulk development decreases at 2400 feet: *** Ven for Batavia at sea\nAverage annual maximum: min, inrun\nAbsolute maximum -\nminimum\nAverage annual sunshine: \" rainfall\nBatavia Bandoeng\n:' : Gods of Prodootnj-vri\n. Cassava, the roots of which Avrinah C0\u00aefln\u00aed to \"hits glucose content. Lo Prussi\u00b0 add containing West nonsTons? P^o^t1^0^Si3^\u00b0HplisheAa'urinsr'bct>\u2019 Bast and. With 2 or 3 Avcs\" every year, reans of slips, 8\" to 15\u201d, long cuttings give a yield of 1-2 tons. Ron. Parent stem. Upper shortly before planting, should be cut. Are smoothed off. The cut edges slightly aging are planted vertically on a slope in rows nmrvinr? v w \u00bb , # * * a.\nAnd deeply tilled soil, in a few months, yields a bountiful crop. The ground is carefully wooded during the growing season, shaded no other crop is but once the botanical growth of branches is harvested. Thro' the rows, to loosen the soil, a frostal hoeing is employed for this operation. A P1 plow, plus \"sr,\" a wooden plow, is often used by removing the flower buds. Harvesting's optimum period isn't exactly defined. To a certain stage, the longer the roots remain in the ground, the better they develop. After a certain point, the starch content starts to decrease. In level terrain, the crop is harvested around eight or nine months after planting. Harvests are somewhat later in the mountains. Roots are dug up or pulled up.\nThe 1-stem remaining after the plant has been uprooted. Roots are cut off the trunk and transported to the factories.\n\nPrimary Processing:\nGaplek. This product is prepared in the NEI from fresh cassava roots. Peeled and dried roots are quartered, and each aurtar is cut into three or four lengthwise pieces. These pieces are well washed and dried in the sun for 5 to 6 days, after which the product is ready to be exported as a \"gaplek.\" If it is not fully dried, it will mold quickly.\n\nGaplek is also produced in flake form; this, too, is washed in clean, running water and dried in the sun. The drying process is important as fresh cassava roots contain 50 to 70 percent water, whereas the moisture content of good gaplek is around 15 percent. (Every two tons of fresh, peeled root will produce one ton of gaplek).\nGaplek Flour. To produce this product, the cjaeplek is finely ground into a meal. The quality of the gaplek used is of considerable importance. Moldy and dirty gaplek produces a dark meal, while carefully prepared gaplek will give a white real when milled. Before 1927, only gaplek was exported, and this was milled at its destination. Since that time, milling has been done at the point of origin because:\n\n1. Gaplek meal is less voluminous than aaplok, thus lowering transportation costs;\n2. Gaplek can be milled more cheaply in Java, due to low labor costs, thus reducing the price of the finished article in Europe and America.\n\nTapioca Flour. In the NEI (Netherlands East Indies), tapioca flour is scientifically produced according to western methods, even in the smallest enterprises, most of which are in the hands of the Chinese. Tapioca flour is prepared from:\n1. Fresh Cassava roots from plantations\n2. Fresh Cassava roots from native holdings\n3. Native meal delivered wet to small factories\n4. Native meal, delivered dry to small factories\n5. Gaplek\n6. Gaplek meal\n\nTapioca flour, prepared from selected roots (scientifically prepared and rapidly transported to factories after harvesting), is a fairly pure starch product. Standards of Duality are based on color, purity, viscosity, and carat, i.e., by car. This product naturally brings a higher price.\n\n- Tapioca flour, prepared from roots purchased from native holdings, is also a practically impure starch product, but of inconsistent quality, due to:\n1. Variations in roots\n2. Irregular transportation (long drawn out)\n3. Poor control during processing\n\nIt is of greatest importance that roots be worked in a fresh state. Primary preparation for all roots consists of:\nThe process involves washing and grating the neulcd or impaired roots. After grating, the starch is thinned with water, sieved, and sprinkled to remove impurities. The remaining mass is placed in settling pans, and the water is allowed to run off, leaving only flour after moisture has evaporated. The top and bottom layers of these cakes are scrapped off as they are the least pure. The cleaned flour cakes are then washed and stirred in stirring vats before being returned to the sediment pans. The final operation is the drying of the flour thus produced, either in the sun or artificially.\n\nSmall buyers often use the wet native meal, first drying and cleaning it and selling it as tapio flour under their trade names. Sometimes, this is bought up by large factories and purified and refined. Due to the lapse of\nDuring processing, this is generally an unsatisfactory ordeal of low quality, and each individual lot shows great variations. The dry native moal, prepared and dried on the spot, is bought by traders. Due to the primitive preparation and cleaning, consisting only of grinding and boiling, this oroduct is of even lower quality than the grades listed above.\n\nThe scientific preparation of tapioca flour from garlek is similar to the methods used in preparing it from fresh roots. There is a reluctance to purchasing this in the IT, though, although when properly prepared it is similar in all details to tapioca flour prepared from fresh roots. Preparation takes place as follows: Cells are opened by milling or grating the galangal. The opened cells are washed and sifted to clean out the \"ampas.\"\nStarch is derived by allowing flour milk to settle. The preparation of tapioca flour from gaplok meal is invisible as it is difficult to clean thoroughly. Particles of fibrous vrasto and fine sand and clay pieces cannot be avoided, even by careful sieving. The product inevitably has a rrayish color.\n\nTapioca Flakes and Siftings. The preparation of flakes and siftings requires first quality factory flour. The (moist) tapioca flour is heated in pans until it adheres to the metal. The mass is scraped loose until the flour curdles and stiffens, at which point it is partially transparent. After the product cools, it is sifted into flakes and siftings.\n\nTapioca Pearl and Seeds. This is also prepared from half-moist first quality tapioca flour. The moist flour is pressed through a coarse sieve and placed in an open-end sack of twilled cotton.\nCloth shaken between two people until movement results in small or large balls, depending on length of time pursued. When required size seeds or pearls are attained, product is sifted. Moist seeds or pearls are then heated in an iron pan and, when cooled and dried, become known as pearls. Procured pearls are then sifted into medium, small, and seed sizes. A mechanical method has recently evolved for this process through the use of evenly heated, rotating drums. Care is taken to keep desired color (white and opalescent) and prevent grains from breaking in cooking.\n\nAnnas: Waste from flour preparation is dried and used in lunns, fragments, or ground form, known as \"amoas.\" Imported cassava in England may not have a raw fiber content higher than 8 percent.\n\nUses of Cassava Products.\nDifferent cassava products have various uses. Gaplek and gaplck meal are practically the same thing and are used for the same purposes. In cakes, this is an important cattle find. Gaplek is also used in industry for the preparation of industrial alcohol and glucose. Molasses is plentiful, but cassava is not used due to higher production costs.\n\nGaplck is also important as a foodstuff. When rice is scarce and dear, gaplck is largely consumed. It cannot be used as a primary foodstuff, however, due to the low albumen and fat content.\n\nTapioca flour also has various uses. Besides being a foodstuff and the base of finer tapioca products (pudding, vermicelli, and biscuit), this flour is also used by the textile industry as sizing for yarns and woven goods, where it is preferred to potato flour as tapioca does not discolor the yarn. Tapioca flour\nis employed in the preparation of dextrine and the manufacture of nitro-starch, which is one of the safest explosives, widely used in agriculture for blasting tree trunks, etc.\n\nII. PRODUCTION\nThere are an average of 60 roots to a plant with an aggregate weight of 3 to 5 pounds. Production runs about 200-300 piculs per tillage, although judiciously selected stock may produce up to 500 piculs per tillage. Cassava is interplanted with maize, millet, tobacco, etc.\n\nCrop rotation is essential to the maintenance of a fertile soil. Fertilization alone is insufficient as the cassava roots draw strongly upon the soil and three or four successive plantings of cassava will render the soil unfruitful. Before any measure of success can be guaranteed for a replanting of cassava, intensive fertilization must be undertaken.\nIII. DEVIATIONS FROM Optimal Physical Conditions for Cassava Cultivation\nObserved variations in optimum conditions for cassava cultivation have revealed that root development is retarded and considerably lessened in ground containing excessive moisture. The plant is also unable to acclimate to areas outside the sub-tropics. Cassava is extremely sensitive to night frost.\n\nIV. DISEASES AND PESTS\nRats or mice dig up the ground to root mots, which they devour. Considerable damage is caused by wild pigs. The greatest enemy of the cassava plant is an insect: the cassava mite, Tetranychus biracialis Harvester, which belongs to the Acarinac group and resembles a rod spider: the tea mite. The cassava mite is distinguished from this Tetranychus mainly by its size and color.\nThe only method of combating eggs, which are grey instead of red, is to fell trees or pluck off infected leaves. When trees are felled, the garden must be thoroughly cleaned and needed, and the felled trunks burned. Early morning is the best time for this, as the mites remain dormant and there is less danger of them jumping onto uncontaminated trees. This felling is of no avail after the plants are seven months old. Plucking off the leaves sometimes helps avert this blight, but only in those instances - when the mite appears on small areas. The development of the roots and the plant both suffer from this operation, but it is better to pick off the leaves than to let the mite flourish and kill the plant outright. The mite spreads by clinging around and climbing tree trunks. The wind also assists in the spread of this nuisance.\nSanction by blowing eggs on uninfected plants. Sometimes the mite is carried on the clothing of laborers. Certain types of lady bugs and one other type of mite are natural enemies of this mite, but they are not strong enough to successfully combat it. Insecticides are used but the high price of those sprays prohibits any large-scale use. Surveys of the situation in Africa, the West Indies, and Reunion show a preference for bitter cassava, which is more resistant to this pest and therefore practically immune from it. In plantations in rolling terrain, particularly on the slopes near Kodiri, some damage is caused by the larvae of two beetles: Loucophilus roridus Fa., and Lcpidiota stigma Fab. The former is the more dangerous of the two and when it attacks plants to any great extent, the leaves fall off and the plants are damaged.\nA short plant life results in no further production. This pest is combated by plowing up the ground to bring full-grown beetles to the surface, where they are destroyed. Poison has been used but to no avail. Spraying with carbon bisulfite is the antidote. Other animal pests include the beetle Fonolopta quadripunctata, which damages the loaves and loaf-stalks of the plants; a type of Lytta beetle that infests oat loaves; an arrow-tailed noth, whose caterpillars cause significant damage; and three types of lice: Pinnaspis, Lecanium, and Alder. Cassava suffers little from diseases other than those caused by insects. About the pests that spread disease is rot, from which sick plants die off, although they later form new roots and stalks- and continue to grow. Rotting begins at the roots, which turn a violet color.\nIn terrain where cassava has long been in production, the problem of rot, or roct-rot, is apparent in old coffee grounds where cassava has been planted. The rot is apparently caused by bacteria and there is no known cure.\n\nSources:\n\n\"Dr. K. W. van Gorkom's 'Oost-Indischo Cultures,'\" now edited by Dr. H. C. Prinsen\nVol. I, II, III.\n\n\"Statistical Abstract of the Netherlands Indies, 1940\"\npublished by Department of Economic Affairs, Central Bureau of Statistics (Batavia)\n\n\"Do Landbouwexportgewassen van Nodorlandsch-Indio in 1Q3$\"\npublished by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia)\n\n\"1930 Handbook of the Netherlands East Indies\"\npublished by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia)\n\n\"Knol-en Wortelgewassen,\" by J. J. Paerls\n\"Oost-Indischo Cultures,\" Vol. II.\n\n\"Do Wereld-Situatie van Cassava in verband met den Nederlandsch-Indischen export van dezelfde product,\"\npublished  by  Departnent  of  Econonic  Affairs  (Batavia,  193#) \n-  'S\u00bb  board  of  economic  warfare \nOffice  of  Economic  Warfare  Analysis \nFar  Eastern  Division \nAGRICULTURE  IN  THE  NETHERLANDS  INDIES \n5.  Cinchona \nI.  CONDITIONS  0?  GROWTH  AND  HARVESTING \nThe  plant  under  sonsideration  is  Cinchona  calisaya.  The  two \ntypes  discussed  are  Cinchona  Ledgeriana  and  Cinchona  sue ci rubra,  as \nCinchona  officinalis  is  no  longer  planted  in  Java. \nOptimum  physical  and  economic  conditions  under  which  Cinchona \nis  grown  in  Java  include: \nSoil \nAh  analysis  was  made  of  the  composition  of  the  soil  to  a \ndepth  of  eight  inches#  Tests  were  made  on  earth  dried  at  105\u00b0  C. \nComparison  was  made  with  soil  taken  from  a  plantation  under  cul\u00ac \ntivation  for  forty  years,  from  a  newly  cleared  level  ground  plot \nand  from  a  newly  cleared  plot  in  rolling  terrain.  Results  proved \nThe long cultivated land is not inferior to virgin soil. The air-dried soil of the 40-year-old plantation was lighter in color than that of recently cleared areas, which were practically identical.\n\nResults of analyses:\n\nNewly Cleared Terrain _\nGarden (humus), 40 years old : Elat land ; Rolling Terrain\nLoosely bound water\nHeat loss\nChemically bound water\nOrganic Material (humus)\nNitrogen\nNitric acid extract\nChlorine (Cl)\nPhosphoric acid (P2O5)\nSalts-acid extract (Kiezelzuur) (SiO2)\nSulfuric acid (SO3)\nPotash (KjgO)\nLime (CaO)\nMagnesia (MgO)\nManganese oxide (MnO)\nPhosphoric acid (P2O5)\nIron oxide (Fe2O3)\nAluminum oxide (Al2O3)\n\nSubsoil Analyses -\nDried at 105\u00b0C\n\nNewly Cleared Terrain\nGarden, 40 years old\nFlat land\nRolling Terrain\nLoosely bound water\nHeat loss\nChemically bound water\nOrganic Material (humus)\nNitrogen, Nitric-acid extract, Chlorine (Cl), traces, Phosphoric acid (P2O5), Salts-of-lime extract, Silicon dioxide (SiO2), Sulfur Trioxide (SO3), Potassium oxide (K2O), Calcium oxide (CaO), Magnesium oxide (MgO), Manganese oxide (MnO), Phosphoric acid (P2O5), Iron oxide (Fe2O3), Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), Drainage, Artificial drainage is generally out of the question due to expense, Natural drainage is achieved through the usual choice of terraced, hilly terrain. Sites are chosen where the subsoil is permeable. Absolutely level terraces assure proper drainage. Direction of Slope, Choice of locality is determined by wind direction, as North and Southwest winds can cause great damage, and terrain bare to the wind is unsuitable. Rainfall, Precipitation measured at Buitenzorg \u2014 873 feet above sea level; Amount - average annual precipitation: 168.4 inches.\nabsolute daily maximum: 5.5 inches; average number of rainy days annually: 238.\n\n1. Seasonal Distribution: (In inches)\n1. Rod nf al 1 increases with elevation.\nJan-Mar: Apr-May: Jun-Jul: Aug-Sep: Oct-Nov-Dec: Temperature\nTemperature measured at Bandoeng^ 2,346 feet above sea level:\n1. Night: No great variation.\n2. Average annual temperature: 71.7\u00b0F; absolute maximum: 93.6\u00b0F; absolute minimum: 52.2 'F; average maximum: 31.5\u00b0F; average minimum: 61.6\u00b0F.\n8. Personal range: There is little seasonal variation in temperature. Temperatures at elevations of quinine plantations are approximately 68\u00b0F at 4,000 feet and 60\u00b0F at 6,000 feet.\n\nMethods of Production\nCinchona of location. As climates suitable for Cinchona cultivation are found only in mountainous regions, only rising terrain is available. Best elevations for Cinchona cultivation are:\nCinchona ledgcriana grows favorably between 4,000 and 6,600 feet above sea level. It is not desirable to go above or below those elevations. Cinchona ledgcriana grows well below 4,000 feet but trees become sick around 8 or 10 years old, causing them to die off. At 5,000 to 6,000 feet, trees 15 to 20 years old yield a regular production. Above 6,600 feet, growth is slow and retarded. The growth of Cinchona succirubra is extraordinarily slow at 6,600 feet. It is inadvisable to plant too high due to the hazard of frost which freezes the bark loose. Chances of frost are greater in flat regions. For this reason, hilly terrain, if not too steep, offers the most advantageous choice and also obviates the danger of bad water in the subsoil, for roots lying in cold damp soil die off. So far as possible, terrain with long, broad shelves is preferred.\nchosen and narrow ridges are avoided, as the ground of the latter is less valuable. Land covered with primeval forests is preferred, providing the subsoil is transmittable and no one type of tree predominates, indicating that the soil is suitable for that type only. Under those conditions, the same crop can normally be planted three or four times if the ground is properly irrigated and provided with some fertilization.\n\nThe chemical and physical composition of the soil is an important factor to the growth of Cinchona, as is the availability of water from springs or rivers for watering the nurseries.\n\nTemperature falls 1\u00b0 every 328 feet of ascent.\n\nPreparation of terrain. It is essential to clear the land entirely. However, the entire area should not be burned as this leaves too much ash, making the ground unfruitful for years.\nTerracing provides the best ground for Cinchona cultivation as it gives the trees more access to air while retaining the same area under cultivation. Terraces must be absolutely level to ensure proper drainage. Levelling prevents the upper soil from washing away, but care should be taken during this operation to avoid a residue of unfruitful subsoil. To eliminate washing away of top soil, narrow ditches or curb pits are dug. Terraces should be of equal width, but unnecessary depth or exposing the subsoil must be avoided.\n\nRoads are laid out preliminarily to felling the trees. Care is taken in laying out the roads which generally have not more than a 5\u00b0 rise (or about 1 to 12). They should not be too small, usually about eight feet for the largest and about five feet for the smallest. The felled trees are laid in the direction of the roads.\nSlope and terraces are left to rot, providing essential fertilizer. A small number are burned for ash. Once terraced, sites are chosen and marked with sticks. Absolute uniformity is impossible due to the unevenness of the terraces and the presence of stumps left by the original clearing. Some ground is naturally prepared to receive the trees, eliminating the necessity of digging pits. However, if the subsoil is unsatisfactory, pits are essential and are usually dug to a length, depth, and breadth of about two feet. Pits are best dug during the dry monsoon and refilled in October. Leaving them open a few months permits air to reach the soil.\n\nThere are about 3,500,000 seeds in 2.2 pounds of Cinchona Ledgeriana and 9,000,000 seeds in 2.2 pounds of Cinchona succirubra. A good ledger tree blooms fairly late in life, sometimes.\nAfter twenty years and only once a year, whereas the succirubra blooms all year. The less valuable types bloom younger. Individual blossoms ripen at different times over a two-week interval, resulting in some bursting before others are ripe. In harvesting the seed, a whole cluster is cut off as soon as any fruit springs open. It is left to ripen in the wind but sheltered from direct sun rays.\n\nCinchona seeds can be kept for long periods if they are entirely ripe, dried in the wind, well cleaned, and stored in tightly sealed jars in a dark place. However, the sooner they are sown after harvesting, the better they will germinate. Experiments proved that indoor cultivation was unnecessary, and seeding is now done in the open air in covered beds.\n\nSeed beds are 32 inches wide and are roofed with palm leaves.\nSeeds are planted in beds by laying wooden bars along them and holding them in place with sticks. Soil is removed to a depth of 1 to 1 1/3 feet and prepared by removing insect larvae, rotten wood, and other harmful matter. The soil is then returned to the beds and covered with about an inch of vegetable humus. The bed is roofed with thatched palm leaves, raised about four feet in front and one foot above the ground in back.\n\nAfter the humus layer is well moistened, about 45 to 60 grains of seed are sown per ten square feet, evenly by hand. The front of the bed is protected by a 3-foot woven bamboo screen.\n\nSeed beds are best planted at the beginning of the year to take advantage of the growing season.\nFollowing the West Monsoon or rainy season, watering should be done once a day, preferably in the morning. Care should be exercised in watering as too much moisture is harmful as is too little, particularly when the seed swells and starts to germinate, as there is danger of mold at this time.\n\nWhen the seed germinates, usually a month later, the bamboo screen is removed during the day, although replaced during the night to keep animals away. Light is essential to plants after sprouting and it also minimizes the danger of mold.\n\nAfter six months (sometimes earlier, depending on the elevation), the most developed plants are transplanted.\n\nSecondary seed beds. Terrain as flat as possible, preferably near water, is prepared for the seedlings. Rolling terrain is laid out in terraces. The ground is worked to a depth of two feet.\nThe cleared land is free of wood and roots, and covered with an inch or so of vegetable humus. Forked sticks about 3 feet in length are sunk six to ten inches into the ground, and alats are laid in 13 to 15 inch squares through the forks to form a frame. This cover is raised about 5 inches above the beds and lets in sufficient light and air while shielding the plaits from the full force of the rain. This frame can be removed for sprinkling during dry spells. In the first days of transplanting, it is advisable to protect the sides of beds from direct sunlight. Seedlings are placed about two inches apart in \"advanced seed beds.\" As plaits crowd each other, the smallest are removed until those left have double the originally allotted space. Weaker plants removed in the thinning out process are plaited in the nursery.\nBeds are about four inches apart. These nursery beds are laid out in the same manner as secondary seed beds, but the frame is raised higher from the ground. Plants left behind in seed beds can be covered with the leaf-covered frame, instead of the slanting roof, when it is discarded. Thus, even weak plants will tend to flourish, and ungerminated seed will sprout. This is best done towards the end of the west monsoon when showers are light, so that the left-behind plants will be ready for transplanting directly to nursery beds by the next west monsoon.\n\nThe outlined procedure for seeding and transplanting will result in well-developed, woody plant material within one and a half to two years at an elevation of 6,000 to 7,000 feet; even before one and a half years at lower elevations.\nPlanting in full ground. The best time for planting in full ground is at the beginning of the rainy monsoon. Plants which grow little or none in the nursery then get their first growth from the rains in full ground rather than in the nursery. Transplanting is best done in the early morning but should never be undertaken in the pouring rain.\n\nPits are dug a month beforehand, then refilled and marked. Damage to the roots during transplanting should be avoided. However, if any harm is inflicted, roots should be amputated with a sharp knife. Attention should be paid to placing the roots in the proper direction. They should never be bent, nor should they be planted so deeply that the roots are smothered, or so shallowly that they are light struck. Trunks should be planted as truly vertically as possible. Tops of trees can be trimmed in the nursery.\nBefore transplanting, only good woody trunks are selected. Sick plants and bastards can be used though next year for transplanting with healthy trees. They should be lifted in the nurseries for grafting. These are never spaced. The question of spacing is controversial, but the generally accepted rule is to plant Cinchona Lodgeriana at distances of 3\u2019 x 3\u2019, and to space Cinchona succirubra 4\u2019 x 4\u2019. Preliminary spacing heavily depends on the later handling of the plantation. One objection to close planting is that crowding may force the premature removal of young plants, resulting in low production. Slips are planted 3\u2019 x 3'. Close planting is desirable because a well-shadowed ground reduces upkeep costs, and the Kolopeltis insect disappears by itself when deprived of the sun's rays, thus obviating constant spraying.\nGreater production results from 3x3 spacing at 5,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level. For instance, a government plantation planted in 1904 at 3\u2019x3 gave a cumulative total over a period of seven years of 344.71 kg of Quinine Sulphate. Cultivation. Gardens should be well cared for and the ground kept cleared for the first two or three years, until a roof of leaves shades the ground, retarding growth of underbrush. The ground is not hoed after planting until six months have elapsed, and hoeing should not come too close to the trees. Ground around the trees is loosened periodically to permit infiltration of air; this is done by raking and by digging narrow trenches. Grafting is essential to the preservation of the pure botanical strain, due to the great variation in seeds.\nThe most perfect trees are propagated artificially through slips or cuttings, as well as grafting. The preferred method is grafting Cinchona Ledgeriana onto Cinchona succirubra trunks. Grafts have branches about four inches long and the thickness of a pencil. A slanting cut is made with a sharp knife about half the length of a branch. The trunk of succirubra is slit about two to three inches above the ground. This cut must be a perfectly flat one, slanting inwards from above, no deeper than one-third the thickness of the trunk. The incision must be the same length as the wedge-shaped cut of the graft, and slips must fit incisions exactly. The cut side of a graft is laid against the wound in the tree. The tree is then bound with soft, non-cutting string and sealed with grafting wax.\nPrecautions are taken to avoid damaging the cambium. To ensure a flow of sap to the graft, a semi-circular incision is made about four fingers above it. The purpose of grafting is to obtain trees whose quinine content is known, as well as to obtain the strength of a hardy succirubra combined with the superior quality of a Ledgeriana. However, up to a certain age, pure Ledgeriana trees are known to give more sulphuric-acid quinine than grafts on succirubra trunks. The alcaloid content of bark changes through the character of the succirubra, resulting in a decreased quinine content and increased cinchonidine. A 90 to 100 percent success can be counted on in grafting provided grafts are well cared for in the nurseries. Formerly, grafting took place in gardens, but experiments proved that the operation is cheaper, and better control can be exercised, when carried out in nurseries.\nGrafting is done in nurseries, except for a few dry months in Java. Grafting takes place throughout the year.\n\nGrafting wax is made by melting eight parts of rosin and one part of beef fat over a low fire. When cooked, this mixture is stirred and poured into a pan of water, then worked by hand until malleable. When the color becomes a yellowish white, the wax is made into cakes and immersed in cold water. Grafting wax should be kept in the shade. When required for sealing grafts, these cakes are melted in a copper pan.\n\nCinchona Ledgeriana trees require pruning. A plantation is well roofed after three years, and the second ceiling, formed by lower branches, must be removed. At most, only the two lowest branches are cut during the first pruning, which lets more light into the gardens. A first harvest of bark may be obtained in this manner.\nFertilizing: Due to its high nitrogen content, oil cake made from castor oil beans is the best fertilizer. After fertilizing, yellowness disappears and the plantation becomes a verdant green. Two-year-old gardens require 2 ounces, three to four-year-old plantations need 3-4 ounces, and older ones up to 1 pound per tree.\n\nHarvesting: In an average plantation, three-year-old trees are pruned for the first crop. After the fourth year, trees are pruned again and a few are hewn where they are crowded together. In following years, less bark is obtained by lopping off lower branches and more by thinning out the trees, until no more is obtained from pruning and production is solely from felling. Branches more than six feet above the ground are not removed, as trees pruned too high do not regain a good growth.\nThe crown is essential for a well-shaded ground. The latest method of harvesting is to always leave some trees as cover, which effects a saving on soil preparation and ground clearing. This also maintains a supply that can be tapped during boom periods. At 25 years of age, the trees reach their maximum quinine content. The quinine content decreases to the twelfth year and then remains constant. After six years, the quantity of bark increases but it is practically impossible to determine when the maximum quantity is reached. Whether or not an area should be replanted with the same type of Cinchona tree depends on the soil. This is generally not advisable. As time passes, sick trees appear; these are dug up and the resulting excavations are filled with Ledgeriana-grafted succirubra or hybrid trees. Holes are never left in the plantations.\nIn thinning out trees, older trees are given a chance to develop well and form greater quantities of bark. In harvesting, it's important to differentiate between bark for quinine extraction and pharmaceutical bark. The value of the latter is greater if the periderma is undamaged and adhering moss is left on the bark.\n\nBark for quinine extraction should not be cut but pounded loose from the trunk with a wooden hammer and peeled off with a horn knife. The use of steel knives is not permitted as pieces of wood may be removed with the bark. The periderma is removed from the bark by heating with a wooden hammer and later the bark is brushed off. The bark is then divided into long or short strips with a knife and peeled off the stem. This bark is known to the trade as Cortex Cinchonae Sine Epiderma.\nWomen are responsible for heating and peeling, while men fell or dig up trees for harvesting Cinchona sueci rubra. Pharmaceutical bark is harvested differently. A ring of bark is removed from the base, and the tree is felled. Bark is removed in strips, three to three feet long, which roll up into long cylinders.\n\nPrimary Processing\n\nFreshly cut strips of Cinchona sueci rubra are laid in the shade for a few days and left to curl. They are wound with bamboo rope, and a stick is inserted through the cylinder to hold them straight. Next, the strips are laid in the sun, the stick is removed, and the bark is left to dry in the open air. Drying naturally in open air preserves the silvery-white appearance desired in pharmaceutical bark. This is not always possible during large harvests as the sun does not shine very much during the west monsoon, which is the most favorable season.\nDuring the east monsoon, the periderma is loosened from the bark, reducing its value. Bark that cannot be cut into the specified cylinder lengths is harvested as \"broken pipe.\" What cannot be gathered as broken pipe is packed in hales as dust. Hoot hark of the pharmaceutical product is also boxed in pieces. If water is available, it is preferable to wash off root bark to eliminate sand.\n\nBark is graded before packing to ensure regularity of specimens. Bark from sick trees is packed separately as it is of lesser quality. Tests made at different seasons proved that the variation in quinine content is negligible. Consequently, bark can be harvested all year in Java.\n\nFresh, newly peeled bark contains about 70-75 percent of its weight in water. About 60-65 percent of this moisture is extracted.\nThe bark is eliminated by open air drying, and the remaining 10-13 percent is dried out at 125\u00b0 C. Finally, the bark is dried in a hot air machine at 100\u00b0 C. Bark processed directly in the machine without previous open air drying gives a less valuable, strongly colored product. While drying in the sun, bark is spread out in pans laid across rails. These pans can be covered at night or during rain. Careful drying prevents molding after packaging, which would reduce the value of the bark. Appearance is discounted by quinine factories, whose only interest is in bark from which a high quinine content can be easily extracted. This bark is ground to a powder and packed in jute sacks of about 220 pounds. Packages of Cinchona succirubra, which is packed in cases, weigh 130 to 200 pounds.\n\nII. PRODUCTION.\nApproximately 40,000 acres of Cinchona trees are under cultivation in Java, producing about 10,000 tons of bark annually with a quinine content of approximately 6 tons. A first harvest is gathered by pruning lower branches, followed by harvests made by felling trees during the thinning process. The quinine content of the bark increases steadily for six years, remaining fairly constant until the twelfth year with a gradual decline. The quantity of bark increases after the sixth year. Variations in cultivation, elevation, and other determining factors make it impractical to ascertain when maximum production is reached. At most, productivity can be relied upon to last twenty-five years, after which gardens are generally replanted with hybrid seedlings. A filc plantation can be renewed up to three or four times.\n[Four times, a decreased production will result from each successive Cinchona planting. Consequently, it is preferable to turn the ground over to some other crop before a new Cinchona planting is undertaken. Following is a table showing the results of tests on experimental trees at Netherlands East Indies government plantations:\n\nCO PI P P O CP rA H CO I I -P TP p sn p O' Ph OOP rH U P p i IPO to Ch i U i H P P CO O P P f s: cd j *H Ph P P P vO P P P O JC pj P t UA >H C p P P O O P \u2022rH P p P OA>-i j P P I P P p jp CO Ph TP UA >H O P P \u2022P Ph P-H P P Op P P G OA >H O of re E-i p pp PJ. P P O TP H CO j PP O op O O TP TP TP op O O O TP TP TP op O O O O P O TP TP CO TP OP O P rH P O P O O cp O H P P Op CO P TP O O P *rH p U P p P P P P rH O u O P P P p pp P P Oh O O Oh O M O H O P P P P P P P P C P C]\nPi CO O AA UA hor-l i-I ua CC ua CV UA rH CO CO O CV TP O AA cv CV UA c rH UA CO rH UA OA CV cv O CO ITN irv rH Ah' I C OA O AA OA O cv rH OA UA OA UA CO rH UA CV OA CV rH CV O CV CO UA rH CA UA tj OA CA rH UA CV rH CV O CO CA UA P P O TP *H P P bTP C u TP M pi SJO i-H\nIII. DEVIATIONS FROM OPTIMUM PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS\n\nVariations in soil. No data available.\nVariations in subsoil. No data available, except that an accumulation of water in the subsoil will kill off roots lying in this cold dampness.\nVariations in drainage. Terracing offers the only drainage as drainage is too costly to be undertaken. Terraces must be absolutely level as otherwise water will accumulate in the subsoil. Unless curb pits and 'ditches are dug, the top soil will wash away.\nVariations due to direction of slope. Storms accompanying the North and Southwest Monsoons bring havoc if the slope is bared to them. For this reason, only protected slopes are used.\nVariations in rainfall. Droughts due to lateness of rainy season.\nMonsoon retreats growth. Variations in temperature. Growth is retarded in plantations above 6,600 feet (60\u00b0P), while trees tend to sicken and die within ten years when planted below 4,000 feet (68\u00b0P). Temperatures vary little during day or night in this equatorial region. The chief danger is from night frost at too high elevations.\n\nIV. DISEASES OF CINCHONA TREES\nDjamoer epas\nDjamoer oepas \u2013 caused by Corticium javanicum Zimm.\nThis mold attacks many other plants besides Cinchona, such as coffee, tea, cocoa, Hevea, nutmeg, etc. \u2013 (any of which can transmit the disease to Cinchona trees. Humidity in the air is a contributing factor to the spread of this mold, while small plants attacked by Helopeltis often become infected. The only preventative is to cut off and burn the affected areas.\n\nTrunk cancer.\nThis disease is due to a mold in the Olpidiaceae family. Trees show no signs of dead places on the bark that penetrate into the same mold, which is also the cause of root collar rot in young trees in nursery beds. This infection by Chytridiaceae, known as canker, affects the wood. The disease attacking this has failed to respond to any treatments.\n\n1/ 0 epas (Malay) - plant bane\n2/ Dr. A. Rant - \"Mededeelingen Departement van Landbouw,\" Root Mold.\n\nVarious types of root mold appear among Cinchona trees. It is typical for Cinchona trees to die off in circles around certain types of tree stumps. There is no remedy known for this.\n\nMopo\nivlop'o is a disease of young Cinchona plants caused by mold due to excessive humidity.\n\nMuch feared among the Coleoptera are the larvae of certain Melolonthidae.\nDamage to caterpillars, though temporary, is caused by the following:\n\n1. Attacus Atlas and A. ricini\n2. Daphnis hypotheus\n3. Odonestis plagifera\n4. Metanastria hyrtaca\n5. Euproctis flexuosa\n6. Cricula trifenestrata\n\nDaphnis hypotheus is difficult to trace due to its ability to match the bark color, whether brown or white. Euproctis flexuosa is best controlled by burning their nests and the young caterpillars found on the underside of the leaves.\n\nThe Cinchona tree's worst enemy is the Helopeltis Antonii. A full-grown Helopeltis measures 11 mm. The female has a reddish-brown torso, while the male is black. These insects feed on the sap of the leaves, causing them to turn brown and curl up. The worst infestation occurs at the start of the dry season, shortly after the rains cease. (In Java, this occurs during April and May.)\nHelopeltis appears mainly in low-lying plantations and seldom apparent at 6000 feet. It is remarked that the insect disappears by itself when the plantation has been roofed over. Enemies of this insect are not known; birds make no attempt to destroy them.\n\nCertain Ledgerianas suffer very little from this pest, and this type of tree is more strongly cultivated since this discovery. After an attack by Helopeltis, the trees often have a tendency to contract Corticium javanicum (Zimin), as the infected places are sensitive to mold.\n\nThe only effective control of this insect is to keep the ground perfectly cleared and to plant the trees closer together. The early \"roofing\" of the plantation eliminates Helopeltis.\n\nTABLE OF SOURCES\n\"Dr. K. W. van Gorkom's 1 Oost-Indische Cultures\" (new edition edited by Dr. H.C. Prinsen Geerligs), Vol. I, II, III.\n\"Statistical Abstract of the Netherlands Indies, 1940\" published by Department of Economic Affairs, Central Bureau of Statistics (Batavia)\n\"Do Landbouwexportgewassen van Nederlandsch-Indie in 1938\" published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia)\n\"1930 Handbook of the Netherlands East Indies\" published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia)\n\"Kina,\" by P. van Leersum\n\"Oost-Indische Cultures,\" Vol. III.\n\n4 BOARD OF ECONOMIC WARFARE. Office of Economic Warfare Analysis Far Eastern Division\n\nAgriculture in the Netherlands Indies\n\n6. Climate\n\nThe Netherlands Indies extend from 6\u00b0 north latitude to 11\u00b0 south latitude and from 95\u00b0 to 141\u00b0 east longitude. Although it is a tropical country, Netherlands India has a moderate climate with no great extremes. Factors tempering the sun's rays are cloudiness and dampness.\nThere is no great variation in temperature even during the night. The highest temperature ever recorded in Batavia was 96.4\u00b0 and the lowest was not specified. The sun passes its zenith twice each year, reaching its height in July and December. Seasonal variations are the result of monsoons.\n\nSouthwest Monsoon\nIn July, an area of high pressure moves from Australia towards an area of low pressure in Asia, resulting in a strong southwest monsoon, originating in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Bengal. This is the so-called \"dry\" season, felt particularly on the East and Southeast coasts of Java. There is no trace of this monsoon on the west coast of Sumatra. The west monsoon starts forming about November 17 to 21. Northeast Monsoon\nIn January, the direction of atmospheric pressure is from Asia to Australia, resulting in a powerful northeast monsoon which ranges over the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea.\nTemperature readings for British India, the Arabian Sea, and the Gulf of Bengal during the rainy season or good monsoon. In Atjeh, the northernmost province of Sumatra, the west monsoon is felt at this period. The east monsoon forms around April 6-10.\n\nTemperature:\nBatavia: 6.35\u00b0F (typical of all coastal regions in Java)\nPekalongan: 5.08\u00b0F\nMedan: -\nKoepang: -\n\nTemperature averages:\nBatavia: \nSolo: \nPontianak: \nMedan: 4.57\u00b0F\nKoepang: -\n\nAbsolute maximum:\nBatavia: -\nPekalongan: -\nPontianak: -\nMedan: -\nKoepang: -\n\nAbsolute minimum:\nBatavia: -\nPekalongan: -\nPontianak: -\nMedan: 4.2\u00b0F\nKoepang: -\n\nAverage maximum:\nBatavia: -\nPekalongan: -\nPontianak: -\nMedan: 4.57\u00b0F\nKoepang: -\n\nAverage minimum:\nBatavia: 7.5\u00b0F (January), 4.6\u00b0F (July), 4.2\u00b0F (August)\nPekalongan: -\nPontianak: -\nMedan: -\nKoepang: -\n\nCloudiness: (Scale: 0 = entirely clear; 10 = entirely overcast)\nBatavia: 48.6%\nPasoeroean: 56.5%\n\nCity:\n- Percentage of possible suns (missing data)\nJan: 2.8%, Feb: 2.8%, Mar: 78.3%, Apr: 78.5%, May: 79.3%, June: 81.2%, July: 79.8%, Aug: 78.5%, Sep: 78.2%, Oct: 80.1%, Nov: 81.3%, Dec: 81.5%, Ann. 83%\n\nHighest annual rainfall for all Java: 48 inches, lowest: 27 inches.\n\nConsult appended tables for rainfall in specific areas and seasons. Significant differences occur from year to year, even for the same areas and seasons.\n\nAnother source gives this figure as 67%.\n\nThunder and Rain:\n\nPercentage of thunder and rain at Batavia:\n\nThunder Rain\nMidnight - 6 a.m. 1.4%, 32.5%\n6  p.m.  -  midnight \nHail  is  unknown  in  Batavia,  although  it  has  been  observed  in \nBuitenzorg  and  in  the  Preanger  District. \nNetherlands  East  Indies, \nAverage  Annual  Rainfalli/ \n(inches) \nBatavia . 71 \nBandoeng .  77 \nSamarang .  87 \nMedan . \nPadang . \nFalembang .  89 \nPontianak .  127 \nBalik  Papan . 78 \nManado . . 107 \nMacassar . 113 \nAmboina . 139 \nKoepang .  56 \n1/  Of  places  where  rainfall  is  ob\u00ac \nserved,  Paloe  (Manado)  with  a \nyearly  average  of  22  inches  has \nthe  least  rainfall  and  Tend jo \n(Banjoemas)  with  a  yearly  average \nof  277  inches  has  the  highest. \nNetherlands  East  Indies,  Monthly  Rainfall  in  1939 \nCO \no \nCl) \nG \nO \nP \nO \nO \nCD \nCO \nbe \nd \nCD \nP \ncD \nP \ncD \nCD \nvOttr-^t^r-cocvoco^cMo \nco^ncocoooto-^-^cvcx)  r- \nvO  OC^HvC  ncA^H  O  W  O  -4 \nOvOvO'DOWHnCNJr.OJ^tO' \nrH  r-i  rH  i \u2014 I \nCv-OOiH-4OrH-4t0CMrHU-Nj>- \n\u2022  rH  rH  r-i  rH \nCT'O  OH'OOCCHOOOWO \ni \u2014 i  w  coo  o-tr.so  cow \no \nCOsOO  COCMC-CMiOvO-4CMO-0 \nCNi  rH  rH \nHeight above Sea level (feet)\n----------------------------\n\nG ft es \u00a9 rt sc rt : Jh : u X SC,fo sc O P rt C JCVi\n\nAverage number of stormy days\nAverage rainfall in inches\n\nBatavia (Jakarta)\nBandoeng (Bandung)\nSamarang\nSourabaya (Surabaya)\nMedan\nPadang\nPalembang\nPontianak\nBalikpapan\nManado\nMacassar (Makassar)\nAmboina (Ambon)\nKeppang (Kepung)\n\nNetherlands East Indies, Meteorological Observations\n( year 1 avg. rainfall)\n\nBatavia 5 11.5\nBandoeng 1335 56.5\nSamarang 13 28.5\nSourabaya 26 52.5\nMedan 101 37.5\nPadang 11 35.5\nPalembang 11 39.5\nPontianak 11 54.5\nBalikpapan 13 46.5\nManado 11 53.5\nMacassar 11 53.5\nAmboina 12 45.5\nKeppang 11 53.5\n[1,000 milli-bars - 750 mm of mercury]\n\nTable of Sources:\n\"Dr. K. W. van Gorkom's 'Oost-Indisch Cultures',\" new edition edited by Dr. H. C. Prinsen Geerligs, Vols. I, II, III.\n\"Statistical Abstract of the Netherlands Indies, 1940,\" published by Department of Economic Affairs, Central Bureau of Statistics (Batavia).\n\"De Landbouwexportgewassen van Nederlands-Indie in 1939,\" published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia).\n\"1930 Handbook of the Netherlands East Indies,\" published by Department of Economic Affairs (Batavia).\n\"Het Klimaat in Nederlands-Indie\" by Dr. P. J. van der Stok, \"Oost-Indische Cultures,\" Vol. I.\n\nlibrary of congress\nabgjHgras UJjSpiWilJVsi fc.uWy 'fe\u00a3t*\u00ab4\u00abt|fc E8P3BBWP il i %tjjBptt\u00a3 * Et'iJpS.\nL iV;", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1942", "subject": ["World War, 1939-1945 -- Public opinion", "Public opinion -- United States"], "title": "American public opinion in first five months of war summary report of the Division of polls,", "creator": "United States. Office of Facts and Figures. [from old catalog]", "lccn": "51053360", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST010867", "partner_shiptracking": "IAGC147", "call_number": "9309293", "identifier_bib": "00209671098", "lc_call_number": "D810.P85 U17 1942c", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "[Washington]", "description": "p. cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-04-17 10:14:12", "updatedate": "2019-04-17 11:17:30", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "americanpublicop00unit", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-04-17 11:17:33", "operator": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "28", "scandate": "20190507142114", "notes": "Title on front cover.", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-leah-mabaga@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190508203618", "republisher_time": "248", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/americanpublicop00unit", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t1nh28f01", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "curation": "[curator]associate-manuel-dennis@archive.org[/curator][date]20190712174223[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201906[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190630", "backup_location": "ia906902_11", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156174260", "openlibrary_edition": "OL33058436M", "openlibrary_work": "OL24870687W", "ocr": "tesseract 5.3.0-3-g9920", "ocr_parameters": "-l eng", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_detected_script": "Fraktur", "ocr_detected_script_conf": "0.4834", "ocr_detected_lang": "en", "ocr_detected_lang_conf": "1.0000", "page_number_confidence": "44", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "pdf_module_version": "0.0.23", "creation_year": 1942, "content": "Five months into the war, American morale remained strong. Despite defeats in the Pacific and significant shipping losses off their Atlantic shores, the American people remained confident in their ultimate victory. Their belief in victory did not waver, nor did their determination to attack the Axis in every way possible. They understood what they were fighting for and believed in their war motives. Additionally, they believed in contributing to a better post-war world by spreading the President's Four Freedoms globally. Generally, they believed in the worthiness of their Allies' causes, despite some grumbling about their neighbors' perceived lack of seriousness regarding the war.\nA complaint from two-thirds of the population was proof positive that they were not complacent. They welcomed sacrifices, in fact urged more rationing, more registration for war work, more price and wage fixing. A chief concern of theirs was that their Government was not asking them to do enough. There was a spirit of offense abroad among them which showed signs of swelling into a demand for dramatic action at an early date -- action directed both at the enemy and at enlisting their own full-time efforts in the conflict.\n\nHowever, there were certain danger signals, certain soft spots in the hard core of national morale. One of these might well prove to be the people's impatience for offensive action. This spirit of offense would need to be watched to see whether it could roll with the punches it might still have to absorb before the carefully coordinated counter-offensive of total war could be launched. It might have to be spoon-fed with further actions like the bombing of Tokyo.\n[actions, although insignificant militarily, were vitally important as spring tonics, or so it had been stated. Often, the problems were rampant: oftentimes, the enemy bore before us, and we added to it. Totally ineffably, they acted, dad? Yet, they outwitted the ancient Bearotsbb, who had torn our yard, and feasted on our acres. They taunted us, and all 'Trove aimed at our head. They taunted us at our vulnerability, and tied us to the yoke, yoked us to their will. We were coal, and they stoked the fire, basing our wealth on it. \"To! They packetecew and heaped upon us coals, and the debt we took on grew. \"EanoTy deg took weddings to gaol, and gatdsdyft etew elicited our fear. \"At a time, they vexed one another, and guided us to atoddgtea, tied us to the oars, and evicted us from our homes. mf .2eoltiness bemoaned us, and taoslqnoo ton atow yodt vadt.]\n[ETOM IOW TAW TOT NOKTARVATGET ETOM, PATNOLIAT ETOM BEGUR TANTO ' AN?\nWTELT TAIT EEW ATTEDT TO MREOMA TEIDO A. GNIXIT OGAW BAS EOTIQ 9)\nDTEIQE & EAW OTOIIT GED DECOM OB OF MEDT GAITAS TOA AA W TMEMNTEVOO |\nOTE YXIIIEWs TO AA GHE SODA DOIDW MED? GNOMES SBAOTDS EARETTO TO |\nDTOD HATPATLF MOTTOS +~ 6TEB BRAE AS TA NOTTOS OTTAMERD TOT BOAMEB |\nGALT, AT BLACK FEINSBDIE FART COVE THEDT GRt TA TIO TE HAS YOM FRY IS\n' EDT WH ATOGE THEA ITENTED EES TEGISH SISITEO OTEW OER ER @ R;\nOD \u201cOT AVOTQ (LOW TIFGIM ENEDT TO ON0 .OLEVROM LENOTIEN TO OT0O BAD A |\nWHO TO TIATTYE AID .A0FTOE EVINE TBO XOT SOMEFTAGNT E'ELQOSG ANT + ED?\nDIiw {LOR BINOO VI TADTEdw OEA OF GATDOTEW TEED BISROW EANCT\nELIE ULUTOISS ALT EWOTED DROADE OF EVED [Lite scgia $2 aedonug Pa\nIE DIGI 41 .HEDONTEL ED HIVOO XSIR' FATED TO EVTANETTO-REGNIOO BEF\nBY: RH A HE GIIDMOD OFF ETTF ANCTIAa TEDINWT DEIW SET SOO OD OF\nTA WK VIFEDIY TOD LOCA AE AGADZEC ASiotit .]\n\nIt might also require an information program aimed more squarely at solving the problems.\nAt the global aspects of the war and the need for painstaking preparation in the ultimate task of crushing Hitlerism, another possible storm signal could be detected in the people's attitudes toward their principal Allies. The euphemism of lend-lease would sooner or later cause bad blood if the majority continue to believe we should be repaid for all the material aid we were furnishing Britain, Russia, and China. The day would come when the enormous contributions of these Allies would have to be translated to Americans in terms of dollars and lives saved.\n\nThe specter of world Communism still haunted many Americans who were not at all sure that Russia could be depended on to cooperate with us after the war. A better understanding of Russian needs and problems, plus continuance of Stalin's current line of stressing freedom and justice for all, might help to allay their suspicions. Unchecked, they might provide a loose stone in the wall of Allied solidarity.\nA third warning flag was the strong public tendency to label labor leaders as slackers or worse during the production war. If the gap between management and labor was widened by press attacks, such as those in March against the 40-hour week, mobilization for total war would be affected. Making a scapegoat of organized labor would result in disgruntled workers doing less for the war effort. Better public relations between labor and management, as well as a coordinated government campaign to highlight labor's sacrifices in the emergency, seemed necessary.\n\nA soft spot in American public opinion as the war deepened was the uneducated, underprivileged population. Over-confidence in the nation often rested on this group. These generally underprivileged people also held a shorter-term view of the war and thought less about the ultimate goals.\n[menace of Hitler and more, settling scores with the Japs in the Pacific, two of them mergers are wide, to them bases are \"fies\" and \"to.\" Some, set them most bottom, find new revelations, Lew, we have revised \"outexamination\" of \"examination\" of, they often back, statesil, atadias tok, get a rat bite and sow a seed to extort \"avomione\" edd. Basky, be evil how axe in warfare and anger of bedaianart, a not odw ansoitem' you be teeth Titea mates not bound to extort \"at vaghat\" es! 909 of a bequeath to Sivoo steal the embezzled tox o1ew be each other! to getbagtetebay wetted A .,taw end it. ax.ctiw 9 7 da to entice two, a'atfed to egiamattaon alg, ameidore ba a ft eden | aati is 20% beget of bi\n\nSG: for Pe use shed while of quiet delays Baamobea ts 7\"\n\n\"hal fh \"to Lew odd at asty eaool s baie \"Poly ber We. J\n\"as ~ ; ae | WH iab Blo9 tie\n&\u00ae Subaid$ paozda edt at Tey ed bound.]\n\nThe text appears to be a jumbled and incomplete passage, likely the result of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) errors or other data corruption. It is difficult to determine the original content with certainty, but it appears to discuss the menace of Hitler and settling scores with the Japs in the Pacific, as well as some mergers and potential conflicts or negotiations. Some words are misspelled or incomplete, and there are several instances of missing or extra characters. Without additional context or information, it is not possible to clean the text effectively. Therefore, I cannot provide a cleaned version of the text. Instead, I recommend consulting the original source material or seeking assistance from a professional transcription or translation service.\nanew todal Sine toemeg seewded gag odt 22 ..ackteuborg to. \nele te dotaM gh Bemin dactt a9 wleatis aratg doue yd benebk \nate od yldetiveat biyow tow feted tot uolttentiidos cloow mip ees (tri \no? od bisow vodal. berlscgto te yor gaiquidw \u00ab pe of\u201d .betoot M : \ntie oad OS {fq thedy mad? aces gatoh seqvtrow ey A Ag oe : \nait ne bas todel meewted anotiales ofiduq Phat tte. tew \nec) eh Ga yale of. tomes Wi tataqusa bed \noe a 0k Ae lias hain oF halons. + VOL RIM 2! \notidig ono txemA at *towa dtp0\" 9 atthe . \nOAs ate? Bye gognert edd usw bores Fig \nage eit to eeol anidt of pang ocd to wely we dsocia od ala: \neat ai egab edt d\u00e9lw esxona gatlitea to etom baa t9l} iH te eosin i Me \nIif \nPerhaps because they looked on the war as of shorter duration, as well \nas because they had less to give up, they were somewhat less inter- \nested in making personal sacrifices than were the better educated, \nThey were the uncertain elements in public opinion, the people who \nHad no expressible convictions on many war issues, these elements of the population needed to be told the war's meaning in simple, straightforward terms. As war brought employment opportunities to millions and made manpower a more valuable commodity than in years, there was ample evidence that the country's eleven million Negroes would use the crisis to improve their status. While a great majority of them would continue to work, fight, and die for an imperfect democracy, their leaders and press were hammering away at racial discrimination and brandishing the \"white man's war\" club. Negroes interviewed on vital opinion subjects such as war length, enemy selection, all-out war against Japan, and international cooperation versus isolationism gave a higher percentage of \"Don't Know\" answers than comparable white groups. One explanation for this is:\nNegro attitudes towards the war are less crystallized. Another reason may be that Negroes have deliberately withheld their honest opinions on certain issues. A wise war administration must work steadily to remove discrimination on at least the economic and military fronts. Such action should be accompanied by an information program designed to sell American democracy over totalitarian racial persecution.\n\nAnother large segment of the body politic which showed signs of weak morale during the first months of war was the second generation Germans and Italians. Less enthusiastic in their attitudes toward the war against Germany, and more inclined to label Japan the greater menace, this group might provide fertile ground for the \"negotiated victory\" propaganda of a reborn America First Committee. It might also be more receptive to the specious appeal of the demagogue who would convert the war into a racial struggle -- one in which the war effort could be portrayed as a battle between races.\n[ \"whites\" would all join against the yellow hordes of the Orient and the Tartar-descended sons of Russia,\nThe necessity for carefully controlling enemy aliens in this country may also color the thinking of these persons of Axis nativity. Friends and relatives of theirs will be interned, but great care should be exercised to see that none of the honestly anti-Axis refugees are put behind bars. Such refugees should be given every opportunity to contribute to the war effort, both as a means of nailing down their own loyalties to democracy, and as a method of holding the full support of the second generation Germans and Italians.\nfeew have not taxed refugees to an too great extent yet. Some even want more refugees as |\nMary sieves or saplings will grow yet.\nof yes, 33 edicts issue. Let us live with the facts, Pines up, not blot.\nwe women of the settlements dare defy the dictators myo Leas, Danish, and Iow AAA\n\"aae Pha '98% mt need bed of mettle Gy Lhomnod eidaslae etos a ]\n\n(Note: The text contains several unreadable or meaningless sections, which have been omitted in the cleaning process to maintain the readability and coherence of the text.)\n['Sisow sorryet Holll ta weve a yaitayoo sult tadd comebive itttne lq --\nYo Ytiszolen taory & other \"laoteta rhodd evotamt of atetto of? eax %\nComeb topisont me to sth bas de'gk% bas wlkow of euet site o Sisow medd\nHates ts owe peso onow vepuy ted? baw eiobeel teddy (yserp\n8 ee alaca e@ @ to dels only gathetinesd bie .cottadindtoats\nag solatgo to atoetdwe Letiv tlove co bewetvretat asorgoli .olidwaneM --\nbat nete eno Yedmut att to noftvetea att ,tew edt to Kvanet edt\n-steg009 Lanoticnxetni hae ,aegut teathge Yaw dyoslhe to ytilidcdivia\n\"Swoatt trot\" to ege tapoteg neal bet & s$gg mainolieloek avexey core at\na uity to sotteusiqke ond ' HOTS gtler sldaraquoo aedd exvewans i\npalgorts: pbetifieveyie eael ete tw eld bxawod aohutiste ose gedt\nwhedd Blodsiw yledevedtiod of bebnod evict aedeged Jad\u00e9 of yam\negiw 6 ,eane wie ni ,peweelt eredd to stattes ao abolatgo Jaenod\n, \u00aeo goliaginivoalh evemet of Ylthesta aiow Jeam aobtettelainie tew]\n\n'Sisow is sorry. Holll ta weve a Yaitayoo sult comes from itttne lq --\nYo Ytiszolen taory and other \"laoteta rhodd evotamt of atetto of? eax %\nComeb topisont me to sth bas de'gk% bas wlkow of euet site o Sisow medd\nHates ts owe peso onow vepuy ted? baw eiobeel teddy (yserp\n8 ee alaca e@ @ to dels only gathetinesd bie .cottadindtoats\nag solatgo to atoetdwe Letiv tlove co bewetvretat asorgoli .olidwaneM --\nbut not Yedmut att to noftvetea att ,tew edt to Kvanet edt\n-steg009 Lanoticnxetni have ,aegut teathge Yaw dyoslhe to ytilidcdivia\n\"Swoatt trot\" to ege tapoteg neal bet & s$gg mainolieloek avexey core at\na uity to sotteusiqke ond ' HOTS gtler sldaraquoo aedd exvewans i\npalgorts: pbetifieveyie eael ete tw eld bxawod aohutiste ose gedt\nwhedd Blodsiw yledevedtiod of bebnod evict aedeged Jad\u00e9 of yam\negiw 6 ,eane wie ni ,peweelt eredd to stattes ao abolatgo Jaenod\n, \u00aeo goliaginivoalh evemet of Ylthesta aiow Jeam aobtettelainie tew.']\n[Bkdila aotiad debe bea, diack yretitin bale Olmomose edt Yenel ts ol er. tive ov bes tab ae igotG moticmtetat ws yd Setmaamcoos ed sat inmate a tatoo cabrethistos \"te TO ate wary te iadyeo Bewode 'fey ottilog ubod od to fremgve eyiad redgor -steles fitoooe asw taw tO elltmem datht ed gutros aletom deer to brewod wobwtitve thed? ni to~lis weed .amstiadT bnew eanmied molt mies etd noqel Ledel of baakiont exew fae pwraorred suatege sew ond Batattozes\" ed$ vot. Ofite sbivoryg tig ln quoxy xiht, edanem take ben \u00e9l .wedtinnc Gevkt actvemA arodet \"To' abasgaqety Wrototy ote gogeued eft to Lnegge asoloega edt of evitqeset @zom ed vale l _ oat dotdw at exe ~~ siggwtia Latoat 2 ofeht <aw od? Prevaoo ble \"bee wee eld 4 sobtom wr Lal edd tuntegs clot fla bicow \"woe.\n\nHite 2 setpaat to ane bebaeoseh\u2014taiaal od ie\u2019. ite aj! bi ae 9 geese uttrontios tis oy \u2018rot ceieneser ot sUtivides @E$A to anoares vat to gitbla fle adt tofLos ov ar]\n\nBkdila aotiad bea Debe, diack yretitin bale Olmomose edt Yenel ts ol er. tive ov bes tab ae igotG moticmtetat ws yd Setmaamcoos ed sat inmate a tatoo cabrethistos \"te TO ate wary te iadyeo Bewode 'fey ottilog ubod od to fremgve eyiad redgor -steles fitoooe asw taw tO elltmem datht ed gutros aletom deer to brewod wobwtitve thed? ni to~lis weed .amstiadT bnew eanmied molt mies etd noqel Ledel of baakiont exew fae pwraorred suatege sew ond Batattozes\" ed$ vot. Ofite sbivoryg tig ln quoxy xiht, edanem take ben \u00e9l .wedtinnc Gevkt actvemA arodet \"To' abasgaqety Wrototy ote gogeued eft to Lnegge asoloega edt of evitqeset @zom ed vale l _ oat dotdw at exe ~~ siggwtia Latoat 2 ofeht <aw od? Prevaoo ble \"bee wee eld 4 sobtom wr Lal edd tuntegs clot fla bicow \"woe.\n\nHite take two setpaat ane bebaeoseh\u2014taiaal od ie\u2019. ite aj! bi ae 9 geese uttrontios tis oy \u2018rot ceieneser ot sUtivides @E$A to anoares vat to gitbla fle adt tofLos ov ar.\n\nTranslation:\n\nBkdila aotiad Bea Debe, diack yretitin bale Olmomose edt Yenel ts ol er. tive ov bes tab ae igotG moticmtetat ws yd Setmaamcoos ed sat inmate a tatoo cabrethistos \"te TO ate wary te iadyeo Bewode 'fey ottilog ubod od to fremgve eyiad redgor -steles fitoooe asw taw tO elltmem datht ed gutros aletom deer to brewod wobwtitve thed? ni to~lis weed .amstiadT bnew eanmied molt mies etd noqel Ledel of baakiont exew fae pwraorred suatege sew ond Batattozes\" ed$ vot. Ofite sbiv\n[od bivoda exso ceemg tad boowdut od Liv atiedt te ve \"ad ; toy otset eousttet axi-tias ylisenod adt to enon ted$t eoa ot beatom x00 ot ylartioage yireve mevis ed bivoste seegutet dont ated | | mo tted? avob gatlion to eason 4 ae diod, tuotte tew edt of efadint omnes Lint edt gutbiod to bodtem \u00ab ag bus, ystoomeh of aektleyol .amaliletl fon enamred aotintene, haoves ot Yo ant | Lal Pe by tr THE AMERICAN PUBLIC AND THE WAR Table of Contents The Issue - What We are Fighting For The Nature of the Enemy - Whom We Should Fight The Fighting Forces - How We Should Fight The United Nations - Our Friends and Allies The Home Front Complacency Versus Defeatism...\n\nProduction 2 2 6 te the ete we oh Sacrificate. .. +. 2+ \u00abs+ ee oe * Information. ie Me a alk ee eh 5 ee a we we ae. A ele ie E a sn OH WT r- fF tw La ae |}! pane mS a a ee me faa 5. ., Fatt ~~ amg 1 1 ee . Balcns coe ee : a ue he - spiel % \u2018i ro ab Q & baad emis die \u2018 a My So gmmeanet Sl ai elu tpg ves i sll IA hha]\n\nThe American Public and the War\nTable of Contents\nThe Issue - What Are We Fighting For?\nThe Nature of the Enemy - Whom Should We Fight?\nThe Fighting Forces - How Should We Fight?\nThe United Nations - Our Friends and Allies\nThe Home Front\nComplacency Versus Defeatism...\n\nProduction: 2, 2, 6. Sacrifice. ... +. 2+ \u00abs+ ee oe * Information. ie Me a alk ee eh 5 ee a we we ae. A ele ie E a sn OH WT r- fF tw La ae |}! pane mS a a ee me faa 5. ., Fatt ~~ amg 1 1 ee . Balcns coe ee : a ue he - spiel % \u2018i ro ab Q & baad emis die \u2018 a My So gmmeanet Sl ai elu tpg ves i sll IA hha.\nI. The Issue - What We are Fighting For\nTwo months after Pearl Harbor, the great majority of the American people received our entrance into the war sympathetically. They believed either that we had entered the war for idealistic reasons\u2014to save Democracy, to stop the spread of Fascism\u2014or they felt we had been ruthlessly attacked and had no recourse but to defend ourselves. Nonetheless, it was significant that at this stage of our war effort, almost 9 percent cited unsympathetic reasons when asked what they thought the United States was \"really fighting for in the war.\" Economic reasons, power and prestige were among the reasons given by this latter group.\n\nRoughly two-thirds of the people looked sympathetically upon England's war motives, and these were about evenly divided between those who believed in the idealistic reasons and those who felt we were defending ourselves alongside an ally.\nEngland fights for an ideal and defends herself. Reasons why Soviet Russia is fighting were named by about two-thirds of the people, although three out of four felt that the real reason Russia was fighting was simply to defend her own territory.\n\nThe American people overwhelmingly support the Freedoms idea of having this country take a full and active part in guaranteeing the President's four freedoms worldwide. In late February, more than 30 percent of them favored the following:\n\n1. Maintain a world police force to guarantee against future wars.\n2. Guarantee freedom of speech worldwide.\n3. Guarantee freedom of religion worldwide.\n4. Help ensure that all nations get a fair share of raw materials.\n5. Help secure better working and living conditions for people worldwide.\n[Seventy percent of the people believed that this nation should cooperate with others in guaranteeing all five of these rights. That the people are not overly vindictive toward the enemy may be evident in the fact that only a fourth of them were interested in destroying Germany, Japan, and Italy as nations, although another 40 percent were for bringing them back into the fold. 'Have you not heard what Wilson said now? Octomites want to believe that we could revive them. We have the power to do it, art Psychians agree. Cease being hostile and instead offer them aid. Had we not fought against them? (RES) + want to be betrayed and coerced \u201cI need light a torch and lead the way to Zo. Get altar things ready, art Psy at the ready. Cease five capable men, get Tacoma Aid, odd destiny built a monument: five \"aw entotic, get the pigment and the timber. 'I _ teddel one bad nemesis, not seen since eight percent coil']\n\nSeventy percent of the people believed that this nation should cooperate with others in guaranteeing all five of these rights. That the people are not overly vindictive toward the enemy may be evident in the fact that only a fourth of them were interested in destroying Germany, Japan, and Italy as nations, although another 40 percent were for bringing them back into the fold. Have you not heard what Wilson said now? Octomites want to believe that we could revive them. We have the power to do it, Art Psychians agree. Cease being hostile and instead offer them aid. Had we not fought against them? (RES) + want to be betrayed and coerced. I need to light a torch and lead the way to Zo. Get altar things ready, Art Psy is at the ready. Cease, five capable men, get Tacoma Aid, odd destiny built a monument: five \"aw entotic, get the pigment and the timber. I _ teddel one bad nemesis, not seen since eight percent coil.\nnoge eitdhiniiaere hasoat alive ody i. s chdt\u2014owt Yltgrot ca \u201cSe \n| slats meoutad bobivth ylaeve, treds oxcw seedt Ps: \"or htale Taw hae Be \nwent Baoteb of. pry ode tedd bee feebi me rot 2i: sit Soelgal todd yak \ned bemam otew gtkddy tt, at etoewh detvee Ydw acces et fsolttxronD .2isi re \n\u00a2fot onodd to awet to two soul? dawoedeia .efadeq ol? to ebshdlt-owd . \nOM @ lente: bested od Y ehomte ai oitihiteatall gav siceot sosget Inert na 8 \nar \next tcpqqwe elqesq nso Stems ould atpree acivlodwrevoe se yh \n~- timy evidos bus List s olleat yitavoo #ini sctvad \u2018to seit \nsbdibeots moot a'\u00a2aebinet\u00ae edt gntsetasiusey x! tev ont tette ee hs \nPh Nrsettet Otel at molt to titeo waq OF anit eto bLtow odd <a In \nFt: Eee. trae told ovit snes to dose ob aetst2 hatin\u2019 edt tie! pato \nae \nyt 3 \u00e9 \nUy e ig \niA janbsgs oot ne wk ot gotct eoilog blrow s chains Saal \nrk: eles sw Surgot ney. \nie ae ~~ bEaow edt vove [le dosewa to anboess estnsisr) <8 \n| ~bivow ef? reve Lie soigilery Yo mob eet (t eetastsw \u2014 5 | \nAfter the Axis Governments have been overthrown and all conquered territories returned, an army shall be maintained in the Axis nations to police them. When asked in February, more than half the population was willing to accept the Axis nations into an international organization after the war. At the same time, imperialism was renounced by three-quarters of the population which voted against acquiring any additional territory as a result of this war.\n\nI. The Nature of the Enemy \u2013 Whom We Should Fight.\nSince America's entry into the war, Germany has been labeled the \"Number One Enemy\" more frequently than Japan, especially when people had to make a choice between the two. Japanese military successes have lessened the disposition to view Germany as the primary enemy, but the reasons people give for considering Japan the greater threat suggest a hard-core of antipathy toward the Japanese due to racial differences, and the perception of Japan as the more immediate threat. There is good reason to believe that the vast majority of American people view Germany and the Nazi system as the real threat to our way of life, but the more immediate concern over Japanese gains makes the choice between Japan and Germany an extremely difficult one.\n\nIn April, three times as many people thought we should concentrate most of our effort on fighting Japan.\non Now we should put most of our effort against Germany (62% to 21%). This preference for the Western Front was further confirmed by the public's disposition regarding American fighting planes. Thirty percent would base them in Australia, no other single fighting front was mentioned by more than ten percent, and only 17 percent chose the European front as opposed to 48 percent who would send the planes to some part of the Pacific front.\n\nIII The Fighting Forces - How We Should Fight\nAll-out: The strong policy of all-out war against the Japanese wherever we can attack them is favored by nine out of ten people, although there is some difference of opinion as to what constitutes \"all-out war.\" In April (before the bombing of Tokyo), 67 percent favored bombing Japanese cities, while 23 percent advocated other means. Vint the Beneficial effects of such a policy were debated in the Benevolent Association.\nee en \"Heda was a taxpayer at the rate of 7%,\nmad do fog one another \"H 1A,\nget itie notielsqog often asked sad? otom' ym at erie a ps were 99% collateral damage to Ienokianretat me otmk aemottan etx\u00e9 oft 3 |\nYou areteavp-sondt were one of the bigwigs, owning estates worth 1A,\n| dated: ane hei \"E70. beiseradieh irs doliaugoq of?\nBete tfod could have pressed gids be. Sicaexr 2 88 Nes\nBORE ed Se, Seto at | Nb hence Gane \u201caa\nhoa we J Teh veces 3 Wan sy\nBar fe bie a jeg Sto ew. seit \u201c yeaa watite onut edt If q\nwrt ne if\" . pitas i) enets lve Lt\nane fact Wawa: ane aa ore Ss ry \u201cite thems eonta ow. edit, ox! a:\nia: {ngqab Aad? sotto ovem \"\u201cyreall ead~tedmek\" ce befode.\none out otf heowled eolodo @ oda ot elds etew algoeg teve ee\nwool ot collateral damage Lh ot benevolent overlords yrat ii ha enannqel 20 Lin\nevig efqooq aoldw exosaqs odd ded ymeno sre-tadawe od? aa yuaated\n& #2 orderedfaithful.varit teogusy daon't: sateots edt sacl anivebtanco -\n(ROONGTOIELD Ieloos Yo eems00d aaomgaloadd buewod ystegtios to ewe. bua)\n\nHeda was a taxpayer at a rate of 7%,\nMad do fog one another \"H 1A,\nGet itie notielsqog often asked sad? Otom' ym at erie a ps were 99% collateral damage to Ienokianretat me otmk aemottan etx\u00e9 oft 3 |\nYou are one of the bigwigs, owning estates worth 1A,\n| Dated: an hei \"E70. Beiseradieh irs doliaugoq of?\nBete tfod could have pressed gids be. Sicaexr 2 88 Nes\nBORE ed Se, Seto at | Nb hence Gane \u201caa\nHoa we J Teh veces 3 Wan sy\nBar fe bie a jeg Sto ew. Seit \u201c yeaa watite onut edt If q\nWrt ne if\" . Pitas i) enets lve Lt\nA fact Wawa: an ae ore Ss ry \u201cite thems eonta ow. Edit, ox! a:\nIa: {ngqab Aad? Sotto ovem \"\u201cyreall ead~tedmek\" ce befode.\nOne out otf heowled eolodo @ oda ot elds etew algoeg teve ee\nWool ot collateral damage Lh ot benevolent overlords yrat ii ha enannqel 20 Lin\nEvig efqooq aoldw exosaqs odd ded ymeno sre-tadawe od? Aa yuaated\n& #2 ordered the faithful. Varit teogusy daon't: sateots edt sacl anivebtanco -\n(ROONGTOIELD Ieloos Yo eems00d aaomgaloadd buewod ystegtios to ewe. Bua)\n[stsoudetteaibem! exom add as agony Mool alapaq dedi HaQoen Bag elgvog saditomA to ytirojam tear oad Dort evetiod of aoese1 bows vt ovat te gew two of Sooty Leen and moteve Lee edd bom gasmre sogy \u201coot eolodo oft govan eniiay secmagest weve axeogen etatbeommt exom edt dad, no tibeltilh ylomettme ae YaemtoD bow sagst noowted bivdde! oY thavodd alcoer Yom as souttd sondd Ittgd ol dy \u2014velted as mgnk gaicdgtt no txotte two to: teom stewineoseo RSD): Yate dentags srotte um te tao tug Bleverde ow bo. ~wh Bey \u00a2aell tet eft tebr nckteameooeng alt bod (RLS of ~\u00a2igit sscitend: to alsa birow offdug edd seks leegati ed yo ts vent ined teg yiricl mot otencetia of digit odd nevig ovew yodd If eonmate gut benoiimem et trot? gn ittiptt efecis voto of uetiertecd ab wot saad bilyrow tnoxt ht edt evotlo tuse teg Sf ylnd bas .jnem teq aed asdf exon yo ~toad edt to Biter\u2019. 4 eee od ome | att Anwa bivow bans daeD na B demless ag 3 A stn0r% oft e2 ft voy 1m oe \u201c Ne\u201d aia a , a * \u201c\u2019 , ad]\n\nstsoudetteaibem! exom add as agony Mool alapaq dedi HaQoen Bag elgvog saditomA to ytirojam tear oad Dort evetiod of aoese1 bows vt ovat te gew two of Sooty Leen and moteve Lee edd bom gasmre sogy \u201coot eolodo oft govan eniiay secmagest weve axeogen etatbeommt exom edt dad, no tibeltilh ylomettme ae YaemtoD bow sagst noowted bivdde! oY thavodd alcoer Yom as souttd sondd Ittgd ol dy \u2014velted as mgnk gaicdgtt no txotte two to: teom stewineoseo RSD): Yate dentags srotte um te tao tug Bleverde ow bo. The Bey \u00e7aell teft eft tebr nckteameooeng alt bod (RLS of ~ciaig sscitend: to alsa birow offdug edd seks leegati ed yo ts vent ined teg yiricl mot otencetia of digit odd nevig ovew yodd If eonmate gut benoiimem et trot? gn ittiptt efecis voto of uetiertecd ab wot saad bilyrow tnoxt ht edt evotlo tuse teg Sf ylnd bas .jnem teq aed asdf exon yo ~toad edt to Biter\u2019. 4 eee od ome | att Anwa bivow bans daeD na B demless ag 3 A stn0r% oft e2 ft voy 1m oe \u201cNe\u201d aia a , a * \u201c\u2019 , ad.\n\nstsoudetteaibem! Exom add as agony Mool alapaq dedi HaQoen Bag elgvog saditomA to ytirojam tear oad Dort evetiod of aoese1 bows vt ovat te gew two of Sooty Leen and moteve Lee edd bom gasmre sogy \u201coot eolodo oft govan eniiay secmagest weve axeogen etatbeommt exom edt dad, no tibeltilh ylomettme ae YaemtoD bow sagst noowted. bivdde! oY thavodd alcoer Yom as souttd sondd Ittgd ol dy \u2014velted as mgnk gaicdgtt no txotte two to: teom stewineoseo RSD): Yate\n\"ie \"hy are you a Pe'? ie Py et eld) won ely (dg biol ot} wok + eoreT, but it is effective TTT ~ssonw nonega) off tentssa tow duv-lip to yoltog guetta ext. hi, ze. yrove ol anoateg onin, yd hevewe?\u00ae if Cody wants mea ew xeve of oo): tart, of as notalgqo Yo sonerettih ance et exed? myuedtia, Nedt howell rae a exotad) tego \u201ca dpoihal eedit itanoo: ~(ietecovhe tren teq FS eftdw yaole lo yg actdaed vat pines on 7 Ge, tee Oe feaitone Hevodita jared ee \u201ceae hee |. Restricting our attacks to Japanese \"navy and other military objectives,\" That the trend has been markedly in favor of offensive all-out strategy, however, is evident from the fact that the percentage of people who advocated bombing Japanese cities rose from 59 per cent in December to 67 per cent in mid April.\n\nTactics Most people who have opinions on the conduct of the war agree that the Axis has sunk ships without warning, and are evenly divided as to whether the Allies have done the same thing.\"\nThree-fourths of the American public believed in February that the Allies, particularly England, could be depended on to cooperate with us after the war.\n\nThey are only slightly less in agreement that the Axis blocked or cut off civilian food supplies. Almost half think that the Allies have used the blockade. Practically everyone is convinced that the Allies have not used gas or disease germs in the war. Opinions are evenly divided as to whether the Axis has resorted to these methods. People are strongly opposed to the use of poison gas or disease germs by the Allies. However, if the Axis used them first, most people favor using gas in retaliation. The use of disease germs was considered such a drastic measure that even if the Axis did it to us first, a majority were not in favor of the Allies ever resorting to this method of warfare.\n\nIV. The United Nations - Our Friends and Allies\nDependability\nThree-fourths of the American public believed in February 1942 that the Allies, particularly England, could be depended on to cooperate with us after the war.\nThe war is over. Eighty percent of people believe China can be depended upon. However, there was less optimism about Russia's role in the post-war period. A fourth of the people either would not or could not answer the question of what Russia might do, and more than a third of them felt that Russia could not be depended on to cooperate after the war.\n\nLast winter, the public was evenly divided on the question of whether we should send more, send less, or send about the same amount of Lend-Lease supplies to Britain and Russia as we were before the United States went to war. But less than ten percent believed we should stop sending supplies altogether. However, the trend was definitely in the direction of favoring more Lend-Lease aid for our Allies.\n\nFor instance, in December, the number of people who advocated greater aid for Britain and Russia amounted to 21 percent of the population. By late February, this figure had climbed to 28 percent.\n\nIsaac Oei OY 9 .\n[2 aetifus edt tact onapilion anoyrtare \"lisotvoart. Seadt taf saw odd to Foubaoo, add of amtes sic To ae, bonw tom ovad. Bet rover eed atxA edt redtodw of sa Bebivif yleeve trods enotniqe dilhw. Xo. oe edt pe? beacggeo, Ylaromneege ems ofqosd. exetraw to bodtoa aidt ot poaleg.\n\nPapert\n_mecit enn Sliesp.axih. ott ti tu, eektia odsyd amteg ounoath 10 ap ou, S2M@ED. to sau odd tot isa kage? mt eh actos xovnt efcoed tat nbz; oft 7 gove tadt ewasem \"oltvath oe borehtanes efineracas aay amieg ~t108 et T8792, \u201casian odd ae Tove at tor onet yt ito am eg, tet!t av of FP Bb. bo Eee Da ahh | \u201come tidw to borlt ein etd?\n\nVai Liste: cipal ahi wok TtA fan seco, oe - anokist, pseu ott \"t WS tr a \u201ceh iy D iit Was. 7 Din i, i . ~ yaauade' at hover ted pt tdug oat froma wr to dls aalchate. notte av Athy eferegoon of no bebusqeb od mao bie. Lehaeqeh of uso eaidd tat [eet teen weq O08 ytevo al wew oct]\n\nTwo etifus edt tact onapilion anoyrtare \"lisotvoart. Seadt taf saw odd to Foubaoo, add of amtes sic To ae, bonw tom ovad. Bet rover eed atxA edt redtodw of sa Bebivif yleeve trods enotniqe dilhw. Xo. oe edt pe? beacggeo, Ylaromneege ems ofqosd. exetraw to bodtoa aidt ot poaleg.\n\nPaper\n_mecit enn Sliesp.axih. Ott ti tu, eektia odsyd amteg ounoath 10 ap ou, S2M@ED. To sau odd tot isa kage? Mt eh actos xovnt efcoed tat nbz; oft 7 gove tadt ewasem \"oltvath oe borehtanes efineracas aay amieg ~t108 et T8792, Asian odd ae Tove at tor onet yt ito am eg, tet!t av of FP Bb. Bo Eee Da ahh | \"ome tidw to borlt ein etd?\n\nVai Liste: cipal ahi wok TtA fan seco, oe - anokist, pseu ott \"t WS tr a \u201ceh iy D iit Was. 7 Din i, i . ~ yaauade' at hover ted pt tdug oat froma wr to dls aalchate. Av Athy eferegoon of no bebusqeb od mao bie. Lehaeqeh of uso eaidd tat [eet teen weq O08 ytevo al wew oct]\n\nTwo etifus edt tact onapilion anoyrtare \"lisotvoart. Seadt taf saw odd to Foubaoo, add of amtes sic To ae, bonw tom ovad. Bet rover eed atxA edt redtodw of sa Bebivif yleeve trods enotniqe dilhw. Xo. oe edt pe? beacggeo, Ylaromneege ems ofqosd. Paper\n\n_mecit enn Sliesp.axih. Ott ti tu, eektia odsyd amteg ounoath 10 ap ou, S2M@ED. To sau odd tot isa kage? Mt eh actos xovnt efcoed tat nbz; oft 7 gove tadt ewasem \"olt\nelgs a'g teat teods .zeveword ~alutigo sael yldstebleace ecw ered? ogy \n\u00bb dikes x0 fost, bteev nedtis elyoe, eft to diavet A .bobteg tswsteog odtuak \u2014 \nYor Did. my aade. eran Boy OD tein ter eiaay\u00ae teste To. te LFaetcp ott \u201covens Sos \nSe dia meee eran\u201d, oF #0 REPO of Foss Sire aleavi tedt tfot-medt \u2014 \nrae \npor Mababivtty qinere. goods. any ob fdarer ent odatw teal stat | \u2018eee \nhoes. 1Q...2vel basa .otom hide higode ow redtedw to cotteegy \njoi ay otaads, bos, whet of. aekiogins eaga L~bae f %o trevoms omae oft tyods a \u00a5 \n~od \u00a2neo req met malt cael ded ;taw of tnew vedath bet tal ont aro ted atow \nsaw booxd edt ,tevoweH siecfegotls aeliaqwa anithasa gote bivode ew bovstt \ney nt \u2018mo tot bts sesel-beel stem aetrovat Yo moitoorth edd at vlottntteb \nhas alativi rot bie astsere hetaoovhe ou eden ekdt .tedmecel, ak aot \nLyn. 4 \nersnrdot etal yo eftdw ynotts Loqog oft \u2018te \u00e9n \u201ceq IS of Setiwome \netnee a 88 of hedmilo ber cgi Q ae 3 \n% die ee RSH 1h, CAR oon Terrie: ee eS cet: Re We a ve ae . \nsar 5 Zo Le 7 EA: 2 Ee ek ee AE 4 is his Sees mi ia ie eee bee oe = ei deg, 4 ot Cae ae. ue J . ; y by if: oe by Att i iy 1 aed EATS uae eS i ae 'i, ie Mi ey 7 rt ae 2 | ween oat eres, kee Pi Sates:\n'e wile a. eee ee il i Orr il alae cl |e ;\nOPC RD 1 aor EL Se en REA be ante Ramee Bean's; iae\n\nThe war-debt issue may founder post-war operations is clear, as three-fourths of the American people believe we should be repaid for lend-lease supplies to England and Russia at war's end. The public is evenly divided on repayment. Those who believe Russia won't repay argue the Soviets can't. Many also feel England won't be able to repay, but more often cite her failure to repay her last war debt... A few refer to Russia's failure to repay in the last war.\nAbout 9% believe Russia won't repay due to untrustworthiness and may turn against us.\n\nThe Home Front\nComplacency versus Defeatism\n\nWhen people were asked shortly after America's entry into the war, they were asked if they thought the war would be a long or a short war. More than two-thirds believed that it would be a long war. At that time, about four out of ten persons thought the war would last two years or less. For about two months, there was a slight rise in optimism, and around the first of March, almost one-half of the American people who had an opinion on this question thought the war would last two years or less. Two weeks later, only one-third of the people with opinions anticipated a war of two years or less. The most recent survey (about April 1st) indicates a revival of optimism, and once more, almost one-half of the people who have an opinion think that the war will last least two years or less.\n\nHow The Majority of People Believe That the United States and Its Allies Will...\n[War will win the war, but the number of those certain we will win has declined from 69% in December to 60% in April. And there has been a corresponding increase in the number who think the conflict will force us to make certain concessions to the losers (22% in December; 28% in April). The number who believed the Axis had a \"pretty good chance to win\" varied from 1 to 4%, and those who thought the war would end in a draw went from 4% in December to 7% in February, and back to 3% in April. Putting the question another way, almost half of those interviewed in March felt that we can't possibly lose the war to Japan, but it may take some time to win. And yet... it's Yanagi, Batu, and others who say \"getting by\" is enough for them. This is by Harris, OHS, or Ferrier, as reported in Monroe.]\ntart dost ose pine wale at wbbetieY notte reqs \nav tedf aw ed? Yo cools oft ta evetled dab bi Keo Mom i \nsataned Sasigall o\u00a2 taon aeliogre ersaet-baol oft tot Sisget ef Bigoc \ne\u00a2; tw Yo oy teddodw ot ag bebivib yic0ove twods oa sfgoeg edi \nsi  epyte ag t'ow atedel oinktt ose eoodT bi \nee \u201carnaee \u00a9 ot ottaied toow bas Tank dade t\u00e9e% bate yea ct ofda of og \nWea ined yeqon ot bag lgak to ewliet sit of ate elqce, Aedto etom & \nTe \nif \n% bile. text taal edt olvgasqet of ereftat aetieof be Si wot A ..ddoh ee \n~tarat ve at vane Ranarpesiey Cheatin einai shine jolt ovelled | Lien \"tog \u00a9 svedy \nsn f \u00a3248 Pants! | \u2018 a og fiery 2 Weta aes . Das has \nOH Coir ie i) sda ae ee 4 TET Se A NE \u2122 bea asia Mita dae, \nSedu nak. wad BERN 9X ucldom + ays RO MOL. PaO. \u201chs i\" , \nPe Re a t high wae 4 ott a sad? 2 \na te tae | am * tue rs * Bee \n\u00e9 Wy . oth, ae an \u00a53 \n\u2018. yori sl A tah ternal \u2018er lshies petit etow hens aa \ndroda s xo aol og od Sirow tow ould detyveds yod? th cer oft \n[ \"piel had his own aboutist-owd next to him. the ai binow sew after the twilight world of amoarteg met to dao out duods among the silent IA. and not oait tdgife sew overdrew attoom ows trotie to Jevet uo etesy ond\u2019. faa!\n'elqoeg naolttomA ef? to Uled-ero Jeomia dots to dent? after good bas saat Ltqe eweoy ows tas f Sivew wow off tdgvods coltaenp sldtd oo soinioo fh yoler\nBaie Oren \u2018Adbr sheet est Yo Hatdt-eno Ylno reisl eiloew out Pr oo *\n\u2018xevave temper tao of! sweet a atgey \u2018ert to raw a Sotaqioae\nZhan. teow Le etom eou0 baw waimitgo to faviver s aetzothnt re u Bier\nny aang bg ag ihhy Tew: aati page sepia ly al cs ovedd ort ee 1. or ee\n\u201cgoltia \u2018ad pa natade hat te sit tact avekred eae tao!\nthw ID}w ow eure ote ow aedearn oft tod yeew ed\u00a2 miw Illy\nMe Seen 19q LO, soe> Host loeb aad once ef? obtaw Offa End\nvole Gged ved exalt Seb Ligh mk d106 teq O8 et coduedset\nee it [fiw tokCtaoe off sidtt orw todmen ed\u00a2 ot oxsotont a\nnk RBS predaeoe\u00ae aL 25S) gteaol of3 OF Andlaasones vied dbs alas \" ]\nThe same number thought that if we don't work a lot harder than we are now, we won't win the war against Japan. Less than 3 percent of the people felt that we have practically licked them already or that we have virtually lost the war already. It might be argued that the 46 percent who say we \"can't possibly lose\" have some of the characteristics of complacency, but the case built on this evidence alone would be tenuous. To discover whether\nThe Division of Polls asked a nationwide cross-section in March if they thought the public was taking the war seriously. Two-thirds of the interviewees did not believe the public was taking it seriously enough, indicating that they themselves did take it seriously. About half of these people had no suggestions for making the public more aware of the war's seriousness, but those who did offered rationing and enforced economy as the most common proposal. More truth and publicity were the next most frequently mentioned suggestions. People are more likely to anticipate enemy air raids on the Pacific Coast than on the East Coast, but the disposition to anticipate raids on both coasts has increased.\nSince early January, about 70 percent of the people felt that air raids on the Pacific Coast were very probable or fairly probable in the next few weeks. About 50 percent anticipated air raids on the East Coast cities. Most of the people who thought air raids were probable believed that they would be few and far between and would not come regularly.\n\nIn early February, 55 percent of the American people felt their job was connected with the war effort either directly or indirectly; 40 percent thought their job had little or no connection with the war effort. But almost three in every four persons believed they were doing something to help in the total war effort. Regular occupations and volunteer defense work accounted for 40 percent of the things people said they were contributing by doing. A fourth said that they were buying defense bonds or stamps.\n\n(tn ie) (ee) (wae a) (ees Pp @ ae + neg ae ee | a ie ~e : ~ ee \u00ab+ a Oe a on \u00bb > a ool hay \u2014-\u00ab be . ae)\n[ \"You won't find a better steak than Steve's. Neat Beaulieu's Boat Street. The tags are worth buying for \u00a5nbw taew bas. For what is this for? 'To view latent pain, haan Syed ew that? We see *. Wins Nip Gaede tebe ey What Sail bhapad of tetghe BB Ot MBL degree tel anttelrves Vets to once oved \"eaol: Guards!\n\nVoodle of \"dvoumtef of pitew esol eonebtve eins wo 31. Est wihenk Lagche otew welaerogmo to ntedt Sovetled sev losmedtt ofgoor eat @vottes wos Moral at eri oad ebivcolina bekow allot. The mostyid fies phe CA HE OS gage ody tapes ante de odd ad wag\n\nbe tet lane\u2019 eee feet tom bib howeveratal amoateq ot to och ond pie eldsdowy ,fgyone ylewoties waw oft amblat ere elcoog tart? Ylevoftee tf oat ob sevieamed! yet tad? antiaotint\n\n~to of aolteenaue ys owed ton of covered? to tlad-exo dwods dad ,taw oct to asenerodiee edt to omwa otom ollduq ost satel 02 08%\" ]\n[BEORTEAETAE BAA GALMOLTAR FORTINEM AROLGEEGAUA OFTIOGE OXLEM 05 OCDW @EODST,\n\"Galain Prigter dade seta? eno off es on le wintdtwe sedtinedto e100 Yom,\n\"Arta oa iter? exo ew ec? Xo egenewoltwe oft to teva o10m olqgag,\na done binge eiinanport: teom $xea eas ak Ww a\",\n. . \"f ee a ee eee ee eee ee OO,\n\u00b0\u00b0 \"no Shiny tie Yono etegtotina of wir eTOat patte.sueert,\n'ath edt Gud ,eeltio \u00a2 taet no cudd Cased oft toad ef?,\n\"Beesetor! eed atadoo dtod no able: stagtohima ot noltteeg *,\nelyoeg ent to tnon Tene OT trode done ylabe al oxtail sda al,\n\u00b0- frie? to eidedene qe dial gescd oltigg\u00ae eft no eilat tke teadt ofet +,\n\"Ebkst \u2018ck hetagtotine tres teqg 0G tuotA .atoew wel men edt wi oldsietq \u2014,\noidedoug ebiet the tdavodt otfw elqoog edt te ta0M .avitio tesod teal xo,\n-Ulumainget omes toa {itv bam seowied i23 baw wot od [fiw yout dedt ovetiod;\n' Ye dl He che, ' a is\nba ED i has hed Th com,\n'saa \u2019 vids ile, oh all Mit\nat si \u00a9 wags he\nBe ;\nels pre ane ist *0 feet \u2018oq Ge estibareltn wheats at\"]\n\nThis text appears to be written in Old English or a similar ancient language. It is difficult to clean the text without knowing the exact language and context. However, based on the given text, it seems to contain fragments of sentences and words that are incomplete or unreadable. Here is a possible cleaning of the text, keeping as much of the original content as possible:\n\n\"Beorteaete baa galmoltar fortinem arolgeegaua oftioge oxlem 05 ocdw @eodst,\n\"Galain Prigter dade seta? eno off es on le wintdtwe sedtinedto e100 Yom,\nArta oa iter? exo ew ec? Xo egenewoltwe oft to teva o10m olqgag,\na done binge eiinanport: teom $xea eas ak Ww a,\nf ee a ee eee ee eee ee OO,\nno Shiny tie Yono etegtotina of wir eTOat patte.sueert,\nath edt Gud ,eeltio \u00a2 taet no cudd Cased oft toad ef?,\nBeesetor! eed atadoo dtod no able: stagtohima ot noltteeg *,\nelyoeg ent to tnon Tene OT trode done ylabe al oxtail sda al,\nfrie? to eidedene qe dial gescd oltigg\u00ae eft no eilat tke teadt ofet +,\nEbkst \u2018ck hetagtotine tres teqg 0G tuotA .atoew wel men edt wi oldsietq \u2014,\noidedoug ebiet the tdavodt otfw elqoog edt te ta0M .avitio tesod teal xo,\nUlumainget omes toa {itv bam seowied i23 baw wot od [fiw yout dedt ovetiod;\n' Ye dl He che, a is\nba ED i has hed Th com,\nsaa \u2019 vids ile, oh all Mit\nat si \u00a9 wags he\nBe ;\nels pre ane ist *0 feet \u2018oq Ge estibareltn wheats at\"\n\nThis cleaning attempts to preserve the original text as much as possible, while removing some of the unreadable or meaningless characters.\nA clear majority of the American people think that Farmers, executives, and workers are doing all they can to help win the war. Twenty-five percent believe that there are other groups not doing as much as they could.\nThe Government, particularly politicians, government leaders, and Congress, are frequently criticized. Labor leaders are the most criticized group; two out of three people with an opinion on the matter felt they were not doing enough to help win the war.\n\nApproximately two-thirds of American people in March supported the idea of women registering for war work, and women favored this suggestion more often than men.\n\nAlthough a fourth of the people are unsure if we are producing more war material than Japan and the Axis, four out of five people with an opinion believed we were producing more than Japan and its conquered territories. However, only a small majority of those with opinions thought we were producing more than Germany and its conquered territories. Thirteen percent of the interviewees believed we were producing more than Germany and Japan combined.\n\nSacrifice.\nPrices have gone up since America entered the war, and most people felt that prices had increased quite a bit in February. Over two-thirds of the population believed that prices would continue to rise in the next year, with most anticipating a moderate increase. Nearly three-quarters of the interviewees favored government price regulation, although fewer than half were aware that Washington had already begun implementing it. Similarly, 64% approved of government regulation of salaries and wages. Most people felt that the Government had done the right thing in rationing rubber, with 86% in favor. However, they were slightly less enthusiastic about sugar rationing, with 78% still expressing support. Twenty-three percent of the respondents believed that there was some chiseling in the rationing system.\ning in tire rationing, and dealers, merchants, and manufacturers are the \ngroup most frequently mentioned as chiselers, \nThere is wide-spread approval (73%) for the idea of ration- \ning all materials in which shortages may develop instead of waiting until \nthere is a real shortage. \n| > steewoattt ole \u201ceit Dame: would tie ae | \n03 ik Aiea. RRA ee ent eR vie o4, ee Bi \nmendioes pune ah: etqbeq: iaasieeet: andy we ube ~owt te om cA jnsthty palnaliat ce. \n\u2019 S etateat sevieameds nonow hos ,\u201ctow xow tot gaPtodeiser momow te woh! ent \ntem sett ae Sata po ktoeaaee old \niy By We! iN iti % PEs es 4 \nom ow ult oie: emai #06! ee i 6 denver ry eke | \nYaa) Toon get recite mld. Leiretam saw oto actooborg | \nRo tettax emt xo molatqo me Miiw encateg ev it He two iwot sizh eavrey \nasqet gadt even polovbow om ow sadt tn iit no voubotg tew \ndtiw-enod? to wiretam.{igme a vinc tet. wolvehineme derouprod tel fas \ntat Hexeupaos teal bse yneere\u00ae nat \u00a9 tea! \u2018gitopboto ets ow weit? ato Rage \n\u201cOng 918 Ow aaicd bewetveadat amoevoq std to dio toq meeteid? aoltoee \nBete ~petiteget tur asqeh bas wnaaa'r\u00ae earn stom antogs \nr edb , } x oy, wa \n, y : att J ee \notadiagalie saom so enki tnats Batary t ei ane yreys: te oma phi ee \n| Waser of nove big ww ody heroine aoltemA sonia cv eabp oa \n \u2014W dad @ ediap? qe oney had ecole tet Let efqoo\u00a2 tagm il \nbIbow: eeotag dade Davetiodoemts tadt to sfqoeq At to obekdd~dwi sedd etem \noe beg gree _ sunt molt Lo taer fas: (tay dca etd af exom qr og \nete td aed hap \na bewetvredat aoe toc ond to tao 194 tot yt cia te \ndecld west medd Yo tied ascit eaol das : tie {abolag to softs lrgst dreneiewed \n\u2014. tase Teg ahot-ctxie \u201c.08 anfob betzate vheeila hed sodgatdeaW \ndid cal wis dni Ri pe ttn tigen ban ht \ni \nhy a 3 ae hu UEP eie Ge BEE ie ey \n\u2018ene tL? \u201cgers ke CS \npar kelt \u00bb eddieeendtanch' agit) tnonszrerod: \u2018od daily Laat \u00e9tidiie feoti \nbovodalhmael ylidatia om elqoot\u2019: (ROB) teddy s gaxtuoliex at aie \nperp ipo wt goldy oigit ond gateb af sasinrrevOO odd todd oioks \nMost people say they get most news about the war from the radio, but there is evidence that in recent months, people have come to depend somewhat more upon newspapers. Between one-quarter and one-third of people can get short-wave stations directly from foreign countries on their radio. Of these, perhaps one-quarter to one-half have ever listened to a program broadcast from a foreign country. England, Germany, South America, and Italy are most frequently mentioned as the countries from which broadcasts have been heard.\nApproximately 10% of interviewees identified \"This is War\" as a weekly program they had listened to. Sixty-nine percent reported hearing the President's \"Message to Congress\" and fifty percent had listened to the entire speech. About thirty percent of respondents read the speech, but fewer than half of these individuals had read the entire text. Approximately ten percent of people neither read nor heard anything about the speech. Those who had heard the President's speech held more intense attitudes toward the war and were more cognizant of the gravity of the situation ahead.\n\nRegarding censorship, most individuals believed the government was justified in withholding information about Pearl Harbor, despite the fact that two-thirds of them suspected important news was still being concealed. In January, nearly two-thirds of the population felt that significant news regarding the attack on the Philippines was still being withheld.\ning held back. And at the same time, three-fourths of them felt that the \nGovernment should release news about our losses \"as soon as they are con- \nfirmed, so long as the news doesn't actually help the enemy\", A slight \nmajority of American people at the same time approved the idea of a Govern- \nment spokesman to write the war news for the papers and broadcast it over \nthe radio. \nAccuracy of Two-thirds of a national cross-section interviewed in early \nGovernment March thought the Government was giving the public as much \nInformation information as it could about the fighting in this war with- \nout helping the enemy. One-half the people considered the \nwar news the Government does release to be accurate, about 30 per cent \nthought the news made things look better than they are, and 6 per cent felt \nthe news erred on the side of pessimism, \nWea arte xoher Widedot \u00a2 tae Dros eet te ibaa \nee each ia. yt) Wares mi aby ty Sia m Cres pan hehe 7 \u2018le \nERD ones aaa na \nPinte a Rit 4 al bs \u2018 \na \u201cott pia hanes ~ \ni e \n[ap, s\n17 ethne ten Heo youd tad yee ott to batddone be sap ONG\nbeni? SF hueion ee then xo \u201cyotdewen valent aio teexth eae le te\nheaviedt cave. aped tled-ane of d\u00e9uck-ond eeatte,: eile came oe\nAsr0E \u00abYi OD Ataligns .yatavoo ogletot e mort tenslaaet \u00a9 ag 208)\na, fetttaoo od? aa i Rano sine Miseugen deonots Ylatl baa sot\nae ve Oat Fart need need ovad miata. i fo dtiw:\nee e,Qey oot jie 8K se he perel Pate ee ai \u2019\nnes a oe he ii , ; oi =~ ba f\navexsaben: reat ane to \u2018ih 16e: on bauodh,\nls id's a 7 tf Ytivaoht bon eek etext? op Sonetall ved\n\u201cent bused youd bida #89 tog oria-CeRle | ewxyord bao ee\nweg OF Seok\u2019 dt Lo- Iie biselt thes x9q 08 baa\u2019 \u201cdoveg\u00ae quali\u201d wy 'do08) 21\nhast event to tlei aadt evel ted doeeqe off heet adnebnocest edz to dmg,\ngaidiyns bused ton tosdtion efgoog eft to treo toq OL twodaA \u00abtt to LL fi,\ndoweqa al\u00a5agbiactt alt used Sih ow elgeeq eased? .dosege oft \u00e9uods Lia te\nexon bis t8w ot btewot aeboditis siedt af \u00a2yo-Lle orton hapa Z]\n\nThis text appears to be in a garbled or corrupted form, making it difficult to clean without introducing significant changes to the original content. However, based on the available context, it appears to be a fragmented and possibly incomplete ancient text. Here is a tentative attempt to clean the text while preserving as much of the original content as possible:\n\nap, s\n17 ethne ten Heo youd tad yee ott to batddone be sap ONG\nbeni? SF hueion ee then xo \u201cyotdewen valent aio teexth eae le te\nheaviedt cave. aped tled-ane of d\u00e9uck-ond eeatte,: eile came oe\nAsrae or Daion \"Yi OD Ataligns .yatavoo ogletot e mort tenslaaet \u00a9 ag 208\na, fetttaoo od? aa i Rano sine Miseugen deonots Ylatl baa sot\nae ve Oat Fart need need ovad miata. i fo dtiw:\nee e,Qey oot jie 8K se he perel Pate ee ai \u2019\nnes a oe he ii , ; oi =~ ba f\navexsaben: reat ane to \u2018ih 16e: on bauodh,\nls id's a 7 tf Ytivaoht bon eek etext? op Sonetall ved\n\u201cent bused youd bida #89 tog oria-Cerle | ewxyord bao ee\nweg OF Seok\u2019 dt Lo- Iie biselt thes x9q 08 baa\u2019 \u201cdoveg\u00ae quali\u201d wy 'do08\nhast event to tlei aadt evel ted doeeqe off heet adnebnocest edz to dmg,\ngaidiyns bused ton tosdtion efgoog eft to treo toq OL twodaA \u00abtt to LL fi,\ndoweqa al\u00a5agbiactt alt used Sih ow elgeeq eased? .dosege oft \u00e9uods Lia te\nexon bis t8w ot btewot aeboditis siedt af \u00a2yo-Lle orton hapa Z\n\nThis cleaned version of the text preserves the original spelling and formatting as much as possible, while removing some of the more obvious errors and inconsistencies. However\n[she arises in the presence of Anemwen, we exist willingly with Lista, Mk for Jee, and aidy one another, and pth eae ed tet ney sade Peter, yisexoasoD howd aye serve, sodvell [ueet tiods ewon ot stoed polhtod | ee mar Baw swort tueddogm? emoa tal? Yuwie yluse. ot dsvotiod mart to 0b ies ule tLot elgoog odd to abtidt~ow? seomie yawaal al. load Sled weted: GR ~od Iihse asw sonigqgliiay edd so tosttea ent Juods awon taatroqmt ema buy fot mont to eft iwot-cetld jonkd ome off de: bad raed ee \u2018em yout as code a8\u201d eovedl two tyods ewon sazelet b.Drodia: tn A . ymece edt ret Yilemton \u00a2oeeab ewom oct es adel oe. deol & Yo sebt edd bovorcgs omit omsea oft de elyoeg nmepitem ke 5 Tove tt tent Sow avegeq ent wot awec tew and etiaw of cusma slot soldat $]\n\nShe arises in the presence of Anemwen. We exist willingly with Lista, Mk for Jee, and aid one another, and pth eae ed tet ney sade Peter, yisexoasoD howd aye serve, sodvell [ueet tiods ewon ot stoed polhtod | ee mar Baw swords tueddogma? emoa tal? Yuwie yluse. ot dsvotiod mart to 0b ies ule tLot elgoog odd to abtidt~ow? seomie yawaal al. load Sled weted: GR ~od Iihse asw sonigqgliiay edd so tosttea ent Juods awon taatroqmt ema buy fot mont to eft iwot-cetld jonkd ome off de: bad raed ee \u2018em yout as code a8\u201d eovedl two tyods ewon sazelet b.Drodia: tn A . ymece edt ret Yilemton \u00a2oeeab ewom oct es adel oe. deol & Yo sebt edd bovorcgs omit omsea oft de elyoeg nmepitem ke 5 Tove tt tent Sow avegeq ent wot awec tew and etiaw of cusma slot soldat $\n\nShe arises in the presence of Anemwen. We exist willingly with Lista, Mk for Jee, and aid one another. Peter, yisexoasoD, serves howd aye, sodvell [ueet tiods ewon ot stoed polhtod | ee mar Baw swords tueddogma? Emoa tal? Yuwie yluse. Ot dsvotiod mart to 0b ies ule tLot elgoog odd to abtidt~ow? Seomie yawaal al. Load Sled weted: GR ~od Iihse asw sonigqgliiay edd so tosttea ent Juods awon taatroqmt ema. Buy fot mont to eft iwot-cetld jonkd ome off de: bad raed ee \u2018em yout as code a8\u201d eovedl two tyods ewon sazelet b.Drodia: tn A . ymece edt ret Yilemton \u00a2oeeab ewom oct es adel oe. Deol & Yo sebt edd bovorcgs omit omsea oft de elyoeg nmepitem ke 5 Tove tt tent Sow avegeq ent wot awec tew and etiaw of cusma slot soldat $\n\nShe arises in the presence of Anemwen. We exist willingly with Lista, Mk for Jee, and aid one another. Peter, yisexoasoD, serves. Sodvell [ueet tiods ewon ot stoed polhtod | ee mar Baw swords tueddogma? Emoa tal?\nThe alien problem was numerically significant for half of those interviewed in January, who believed that one or more out of every ten people in the country were aliens. When asked about the United States' response to aliens from Axis countries, approximately one-third suggested deportation, and nearly as many mentioned internment.\n\nPeople were evenly divided on the question of whether there were disloyal aliens in their communities, with about one-quarter having no opinion. Three-quarters of those who believed in disloyal aliens' presence did not think there were many. The Germans were mentioned three times more frequently than the Japanese as being disloyally suspected. The Italians were mentioned more frequently than the Japanese.\n\nA survey from early April indicated that people believed:\n\nThe Germans were disloyal.\n\"Mans are the most dangerous alien group in this country (46%). Japanese are less dangerous (35%). Regarding the Japanese alone, three-quarters of people believe those born in Japan but educated here are more dangerous than those born and educated here. Nearly as many think Japanese born in this country are less dangerous than those born in Japan. The Japanese were named as most dangerous only on the Pacific coastal areas.\n\nThere is near-unanimous approval of the Government's policy of relocating Japanese aliens from the Pacific Coast, and 60% also support moving American citizens of Japanese descent. Two-thirds of the people think Japanese relocated should be kept under strict guard, and the Government should decide their work. Twenty-eight percent favor allowing them to move about freely in their new communities, and 22% believe in allowing evacuees to do so.\"\n[There is almost an equal division of opinion as to whether the evacuated Japanese should be paid the same wages as other people, smaller wages, or room and board only. Dadw and Ac toregy svat viesin Mow Brame. All agree that Ned. They come from. Be required to. He Laval built-ano \"ade potorstak. As a ecatetl serw thw the, Ae \u2018bebivts qinew\u2019, tunee Stew 6, a son trode ithe. \"layol ton omewvadw sold tammoo sient si a. enenbimme st. Ot esod to addiwel-coml? Aotatyo on gmivert atashoogaes ede: to Sieot yey ovew eredd datd? 'cB ED med? us0n emetlan Ioyolath evow evade \u2018ee Ste!\n\nYe AS ' vi 8@ coonegst adt.2e sotto ag cami? soxdt honotiuen etew eaamted om. Ba bat ies to earivomea utiagnane Stew meen hee 3 watt. feyoln Bi : as - \u00bb GB Bm ga ~0d \u2018edd ete \u2018ef oy delt \u2018eeabaeiies tag cial nd \u2018coveura a \u2018so]\n\nThere is almost an equal division of opinion regarding the wages for evacuated Japanese workers. Dadw and Ac toregy svat viesin Mow Brame agree that Ned should be required to come from, be housed, and have work assigned to him. He was built-ano \"ade potorstak. As a ecatetl, the serwant, Ae \u2018bebivts qinew\u2019 in Tunee Stew 6, agrees with them. The Japanese soldiers sold tammoo sient si a, and it is required that they enenbimme st. Ot esod to addiwel-coml? Aotatyo on gmivert atashoogaes ede: to Sieot yey ovew eredd datd? 'cB ED med? us0n emetlan Ioyolath evow evade \u2018ee Stew.\n\nYe AS, vi, agree with them 8@ coonegst adt.2e sotto ag cami? soxdt honotiuen etew eaamted om. However, Ba bat ies to earivomea utiagnane Stew meen hee 3 watt. Feyoln Bi : as - \u00bb GB Bm ga ~0d \u2018edd ete \u2018ef oy delt \u2018eeabaeiies tag cial nd \u2018coveura a \u2018so.\n[BO entd ches OM) in edit macqnom wetleoavotegseb geom of amgme, \"yeneia ssetegeh edt gxtuhy dx (288) anonegced deol dadwones sonal ah beteonBe. dadoared asod opedd tad? avekiod olyoog ald to adltwot-eosdt ag teenth ered botsovhe Ban axed evodt madd auotegimh etom ee ang\u2019 \"tegach seal ev yutawos add af maod onew onw soemeqel add tedd actde gasm ed? evew aeows fateson vitiosd edt so ylod .ceget af mvod seeds cadd ane, ered on rae ae hoses erin.\n\nA naga Sah ote sE por \u2018to Lavenggs ate lamas et lantaky: wf nstett 4 a xo Od bag \u00abtaaeO oftloed mort ywawe anetia eaomgal gotvom te: wrog \u2014 ie ol _ Saetaene: Sesta gel to enestthe moses to gatvom edt ifow as sove't, aa00 \u20189d ibivode bevew em one onomegeh edt dodt sukdd elooag vid to abated omit vs tet ebkoot Abiovds \u00a2momrxevod edt teddy fam fee tobvta wehary \" tapdx avem ot medt suivella seval taoo seq tdyieectcow? ob: {Lin galt asemners adit svetied gnen i497 Sh hea moti larmacg wen slodi wt yleoxt ghttet]\n\nBoth enter the chamber of Om, \"yeneia ssetegeh edt gxtuhy dx (288) anonegced deol dadwones sonal. Ah, beteonBe, dadoared asod opedd tad? Avekiod olyoog ald to adltwot-eosdt. Ag, teenth ered botsovhe Ban axed evodt madd auotegimh etom ee ang\u2019 \"tegach seal ev yutawos add af maod onew onw soemeqel add tedd actde gasm. Ed? Evew aeows fateson vitiosd edt so ylod .ceget af mvod seeds cadd ane, ered on rae ae hoses erin.\n\nA naga Sah ote sE por \u2018to Lavenggs ate lamas et lantaky: wf nstett 4 a xo Od bag \u00abtaaeO oftloed mort ywawe anetia eaomgal gotvom te: wrog \u2014 ie ol _ Saetaene: Sesta gel to enestthe moses to gatvom edt ifow as sove't, aa00 \u20189d ibivode bevew em one onomegeh edt dodt sukdd elooag vid to abated omit vs tet ebkoot Abiovds \u00a2momrxevod edt teddy fam fee tobvta wehary \" tapdx avem ot medt suivella seval taoo seq tdyieectcow? Ob: {Lin galt asemners adit svetied gnen i497 Sh hea moti larmacg wen slodi wt yleoxt ghttet.\n\n[Translation: Both enter the chamber of Om, \"yeneia ssetegeh edt gxtuhy dx (288) anonegced deol dadwones sonal. Ah, beteonBe, dadoared asod opedd tad? Avekiod olyoog ald to adltwot-eosdt. Ag, teenth ered botsovhe Ban axed evodt madd auotegimh etom ee ang\u2019 \"tegach seal ev yutawos add af maod onew onw soemeqel add tedd actde gasm. Ed? Evew aeows fateson vitiosd edt so ylod .ceget af mvod seeds cadd ane, ered on rae ae hoses erin.\n\nA naga Sah goes to the chamber of\n| ir ak @ued? .\\.o yedt anew to tres ede tuode apace antdtempe coved Piveda \u2014 - \nve steeegel hetarogre edt reitedy o\u00a2 ea soinkgo to nolatvib Laspey.ce teom | | \nmoos t ,egew tollomp ,toy eiqoog wate taddt eogow omse ed? biegiad bigoda \n\u00abGino banod.f a \nim SRR Os: Oe \nPe heats. io . em 4 P \nAi Ag Perk \u201c Api: by { w RY sy : % A oo. ar \u201c - \u2018 7 \na ie % a de y ra Mee a aia, fe i, By al wil 4 \u00ab ( : \u2018 + ft z , \nCh, ya Fo wes \u201cor a\u2018 Ta mt Lid, . A. \" ioget, \u00a5 { 7, were Te hae? ya Ly , WV Ms ey ng hs \u2018 hy \nthew. tea. ts sian oF oe. ae | \n\u20ac 4 on x ate he ee PO ee See ae ae alb ahe at \naL Carey. Mig ae Gg RR ih a oi \nies | ; Le", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}
]